{"id":5729,"date":"2025-12-22T07:38:25","date_gmt":"2025-12-22T07:38:25","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/promotionexams.com\/?page_id=5729"},"modified":"2026-08-21T11:29:52","modified_gmt":"2026-08-21T11:29:52","slug":"previous-year-papers-parliamentary-procedures","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/promotionexams.com\/?page_id=5729","title":{"rendered":"Previous Year Papers-Parliamentary Procedures"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"5729\" class=\"elementor elementor-5729\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9f9e5e2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"9f9e5e2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-01a1840 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"01a1840\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<!--\r\n=====================================================================\r\nCSS ADDA \u00b7 PromotionExams.com\r\nPYQ TEST SERIES  \u2014  previous year questions only\r\n=====================================================================\r\n\r\nWHAT THIS IS\r\n  One bank: every previous year question you have, each tagged with the\r\n  year it was asked. Three tabs:\r\n     PRACTICE         drill by chapter, by exam cycle, or by weakness\r\n     MY PERFORMANCE   readiness, chapter table, score per exam cycle\r\n     EXAM ANALYTICS   what the paper has actually asked, year by year\r\n\r\n  Exam weight is COUNTED, never declared: a chapter holding 44 of 181\r\n  previous year questions is 24% of the paper, and the page shows the\r\n  count behind the figure. Add a year of papers and every weight,\r\n  priority and plan re-computes on its own.\r\n\r\n  Because every question here is a real one, \"Sit a full paper\" is a\r\n  proper option: pick an exam cycle and you get that paper, in order.\r\n\r\nSETTING UP A NEW SUBJECT \u2014 three edits, all at the top of the script\r\n  1. CFG.quizId   unique per page. Progress is stored under this key, so\r\n                  two subjects on the same site never mix. Change it.\r\n     CFG.topic    subject name for the header.\r\n     CFG.sourceUrl  page on your site carrying the full text; shown as a\r\n                  \"Read the source\" card. Blank switches it off.\r\n  2. pyqQuestions  your bank:\r\n        { id, year, chapter, question, options[], correct, explanation }\r\n     'year' may be a number (2024) or a cycle label ('2009-11', '2021-22').\r\n     Cycles are ordered by the first four-digit number they contain.\r\n  3. Chapter strings need not be spelt identically everywhere \u2014 matching\r\n     is loose (Ch \/ Chapter \/ CH-2 all read alike) \u2014 but the chapter\r\n     NUMBER has to agree.\r\n\r\nSTEM LAYOUT \u2014 nothing to mark up\r\n  Plain stems, numbered statement stems and List-I \/ List-II stems are\r\n  each laid out automatically. Match-the-following is understood whether\r\n  the items sit on their own lines, or run together separated by\r\n  semicolons or commas.\r\n\r\nRESETS\r\n  \"Reset session\"        clears only this sitting's answers.\r\n  \"Reset my performance\" wipes lifetime mastery, weak areas and flags.\r\n\r\n=====================================================================\r\n-->\r\n\r\n<meta charset=\"utf-8\">\r\n<meta name=\"viewport\" content=\"width=device-width,initial-scale=1,viewport-fit=cover\">\r\n<link rel=\"preconnect\" href=\"https:\/\/fonts.googleapis.com\">\r\n<link rel=\"preconnect\" href=\"https:\/\/fonts.gstatic.com\" crossorigin>\r\n<link href=\"https:\/\/fonts.googleapis.com\/css2?family=Plus+Jakarta+Sans:wght@400;500;600;700;800&family=Newsreader:opsz,wght@6..72,400;6..72,500;6..72,600&display=swap\" rel=\"stylesheet\">\r\n\r\n<style>\r\n.cdrill{\r\n  --blue-900:#12246E; --blue-800:#1B3FCB; --blue-700:#2757E8; --blue-100:#EAF0FF; --blue-50:#F5F8FF;\r\n  --gold:#E8A317; 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.lists{grid-template-columns:1fr;gap:22px}}\r\n.cdrill .lcol h5{margin:0 0 10px;padding:0 0 9px;border-bottom:1px solid #DCD3BE;font-size:12px;font-weight:800;color:var(--ink)}\r\n.cdrill .lcol ul{list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0;display:grid;gap:12px}\r\n.cdrill .lcol li{display:grid;grid-template-columns:28px 1fr;align-items:baseline;\r\n  font-family:var(--serif) !important;font-size:17.5px;font-weight:600;line-height:1.6;color:#161b26}\r\n.cdrill .lcol li b{font-family:var(--serif);font-weight:600;font-size:17.3px;color:#8A6206}\r\n\r\n\/* options as bordered cards, matching the other pages *\/\r\n.cdrill .opts{display:flex;flex-direction:column;gap:9px}\r\n.cdrill .opt{font-family:var(--serif) !important;padding:12px 16px;border:1.5px solid var(--line);\r\n  border-radius:12px;cursor:pointer;display:flex;align-items:flex-start;gap:12px;transition:all .25s;\r\n  background:#fff;text-align:left;width:100%;-webkit-user-select:none;user-select:none}\r\n.cdrill .opt .txt{font-family:var(--serif) !important;font-size:18.5px !important;line-height:1.6;\r\n  color:#161b26;flex:1;min-width:0}\r\n.cdrill .opt:hover:not(:disabled){border-color:#5F86F0;background:#F6F9FF;transform:translateX(4px)}\r\n.cdrill .opt:disabled{cursor:default;opacity:1;transform:none}\r\n.cdrill .key{min-width:34px;font-family:var(--serif) !important;font-weight:600;font-size:17.3px !important;\r\n  color:#161b26;flex-shrink:0;line-height:1.6}\r\n.cdrill .opt.sel{border-color:var(--blue-700);background:#EFF5FF;box-shadow:0 0 0 1px var(--blue-700)}\r\n.cdrill .opt.sel::after{content:\"Selected\";font-family:'Plus Jakarta Sans',sans-serif;font-weight:800;\r\n  font-size:10.5px;letter-spacing:.08em;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--blue-800);align-self:center;white-space:nowrap}\r\n.cdrill .opt.right{border-color:var(--ok);background:#F0FDF6;box-shadow:0 0 0 1px var(--ok)}\r\n.cdrill .opt.right .key{color:#086945}\r\n.cdrill .opt.wrong{border-color:var(--bad);background:#FEF4F4;box-shadow:0 0 0 1px var(--bad)}\r\n.cdrill .opt.wrong .key{color:#A81F2B}\r\n.cdrill .mark{margin-left:auto;font-family:'Plus Jakarta Sans',sans-serif;font-weight:800;font-size:10.5px;\r\n  letter-spacing:.08em;text-transform:uppercase;white-space:nowrap;align-self:center}\r\n.cdrill .mark.r{color:var(--ok)} .cdrill .mark.w{color:var(--bad)}\r\n@media(prefers-reduced-motion:reduce){.cdrill .opt:hover:not(:disabled){transform:none}}\r\n.cdrill .hint{margin:12px 0 0;font-size:13.5px;font-weight:600;color:#8A6206;background:var(--gold-bg);\r\n  border:1px solid #F2DFAE;border-radius:10px;padding:10px 14px}\r\n.cdrill .actions{display:flex;gap:9px;flex-wrap:wrap;margin-top:18px;align-items:center}\r\n.cdrill .btn{padding:11px 20px;border-radius:11px;font-weight:700;font-size:14px;background:var(--blue-700);color:#fff;transition:.15s}\r\n.cdrill .btn:hover{background:var(--blue-800)}\r\n.cdrill .btn:disabled{opacity:.4;cursor:not-allowed}\r\n.cdrill .btn.ghost{background:var(--paper);border:1.5px solid var(--line);color:var(--ink)}\r\n.cdrill .btn.ghost:hover{border-color:var(--blue-700);color:var(--blue-800);background:var(--blue-50)}\r\n.cdrill .flagbtn{display:flex;align-items:center;gap:7px;padding:11px 18px;border-radius:11px;font-weight:700;font-size:14px;\r\n  border:1.5px solid var(--line);background:var(--paper);color:var(--slate);margin-left:auto;transition:.15s}\r\n.cdrill .flagbtn:hover{border-color:var(--gold);color:#8A6206;background:var(--gold-bg)}\r\n.cdrill .flagbtn[aria-pressed=true]{border-color:var(--gold);background:linear-gradient(180deg,var(--gold-lt),var(--gold));color:#3A2A02}\r\n.cdrill .kbd{display:inline-block;font-family:ui-monospace,Menlo,monospace;font-size:10.5px;padding:3px 6px;background:#fff;\r\n  border:1px solid var(--line);border-bottom-width:2px;border-radius:4px;font-weight:700}\r\n.cdrill .keys{margin-top:14px;padding-top:12px;border-top:1px dashed var(--line);font-size:11.5px;color:var(--slate);\r\n  display:flex;gap:14px;flex-wrap:wrap;font-weight:600}\r\n@media(max-width:700px){.cdrill .keys{display:none}}\r\n\r\n.cdrill .verdict{display:flex;align-items:center;gap:10px;font-weight:800;font-size:14px;margin:20px 0 0}\r\n.cdrill .verdict.r{color:var(--ok)} .cdrill .verdict.w{color:var(--bad)}\r\n.cdrill .expl{margin-top:12px;border:1px solid var(--line);border-left:4px solid var(--gold);border-radius:0 12px 12px 0;\r\n  background:#FCFDFF;padding:16px 18px;font-size:14.2px;line-height:1.68}\r\n.cdrill .expl .body{font-family:'Newsreader',Georgia,serif;font-size:16px;line-height:1.7}\r\n.cdrill .expl b{color:var(--blue-800)}\r\n.cdrill .expl-h{font-size:11px;letter-spacing:.14em;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--slate);font-weight:800;margin-bottom:8px}\r\n\r\n  font-weight:600;font-size:13px;color:var(--blue-800);transition:.14s}\r\n.cdrill .chip:hover:not(:disabled){background:var(--blue-700);border-color:var(--blue-700);color:#fff}\r\n.cdrill .ai-out{margin-top:12px;background:var(--paper);border:1px solid var(--line);border-radius:10px;padding:14px 16px;\r\n  font-size:14px;line-height:1.65}\r\n.cdrill .ai-out b{color:var(--blue-800)}\r\n.cdrill .offline{margin-top:12px;padding-top:10px;border-top:1px dashed #CBD8F6;font-size:11.5px;color:var(--slate);line-height:1.5}\r\n.cdrill .dots span{display:inline-block;width:6px;height:6px;border-radius:99px;background:var(--blue-700);margin-right:4px;animation:cdb 1.1s infinite}\r\n.cdrill .dots span:nth-child(2){animation-delay:.16s} .cdrill .dots span:nth-child(3){animation-delay:.32s}\r\n@keyframes cdb{0%,80%{opacity:.25;transform:translateY(0)}40%{opacity:1;transform:translateY(-3px)}}\r\n\r\n\/* ---------- rail ---------- *\/\r\n.cdrill .rail{display:grid;gap:16px;align-content:start}\r\n.cdrill .rail .card{padding:16px}\r\n.cdrill .rail h3{margin:0;font-size:11px;letter-spacing:.14em;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--slate);font-weight:800}\r\n.cdrill .score{display:flex;align-items:baseline;gap:8px;margin:10px 0 4px}\r\n.cdrill .score b{font-size:32px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:-.03em}\r\n.cdrill .score i{font-style:normal;color:var(--slate);font-size:13px;font-weight:600}\r\n.cdrill .bar{height:7px;border-radius:99px;background:var(--wash);overflow:hidden;margin-top:10px}\r\n.cdrill .bar>i{display:block;height:100%;background:linear-gradient(90deg,var(--ok),#37B37E);border-radius:99px;transition:width .4s}\r\n.cdrill .mini{display:flex;justify-content:space-between;font-size:12.5px;color:var(--slate);margin-top:8px;font-weight:600}\r\n.cdrill .streak{display:flex;gap:4px;margin-top:12px}\r\n.cdrill .streak i{flex:1;height:26px;border-radius:5px;background:var(--wash);border:1px solid var(--line)}\r\n.cdrill .streak i.r{background:var(--ok-bg);border-color:#A9DEC6}\r\n.cdrill .streak i.w{background:var(--bad-bg);border-color:#F3C2C6}\r\n.cdrill .nav-head{display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:space-between;gap:10px;padding:13px 16px;\r\n  border-bottom:1px solid var(--line);flex-wrap:nowrap}\r\n.cdrill .nav-head b{font-size:11px;letter-spacing:.14em;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--slate);font-weight:800}\r\n.cdrill .navtoggle{flex:none;white-space:nowrap;min-width:56px;text-align:center;\r\n  font-size:12px;font-weight:800;color:var(--blue-800);padding:5px 12px;border-radius:7px;\r\n  border:1px solid var(--line);background:var(--paper);letter-spacing:.02em;transition:.14s}\r\n.cdrill .nav-head b{min-width:0;overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis;white-space:nowrap}\r\n.cdrill .navtoggle:hover{border-color:var(--blue-700);background:var(--blue-50)}\r\n.cdrill .navgrid{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(6,minmax(0,1fr));gap:6px;\r\n  padding:14px 16px 12px;max-height:238px;overflow-y:auto;overflow-x:hidden}\r\n.cdrill .navgrid::-webkit-scrollbar{width:6px}\r\n.cdrill .navgrid::-webkit-scrollbar-thumb{background:#CBD5E1;border-radius:99px}\r\n.cdrill .navgrid::-webkit-scrollbar-track{background:transparent}\r\n.cdrill .nq{position:relative;box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;min-width:0;height:34px;padding:0;margin:0;\r\n  border-radius:8px;border:1px solid var(--line);background:var(--paper);\r\n  font-family:'Plus Jakarta Sans',system-ui,sans-serif;font-weight:700;font-size:11.5px;line-height:1;\r\n  color:var(--slate);display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:center;overflow:visible;\r\n  transition:background .12s,border-color .12s,color .12s;font-variant-numeric:tabular-nums;letter-spacing:-.02em}\r\n.cdrill .nq:hover{border-color:var(--blue-700);color:var(--blue-800);background:var(--blue-50)}\r\n@media(max-width:960px){.cdrill .navgrid{grid-template-columns:repeat(10,minmax(0,1fr))}}\r\n@media(max-width:520px){.cdrill .navgrid{grid-template-columns:repeat(7,minmax(0,1fr))}}\r\n.cdrill .nq.r{background:var(--ok-bg);border-color:#8FD3B6;color:#086945}\r\n.cdrill .nq.w{background:var(--bad-bg);border-color:#F0AEB4;color:#A81F2B}\r\n.cdrill .nq.cur{border-color:var(--blue-700);background:var(--blue-700);color:#fff}\r\n.cdrill .nq .fl{position:absolute;top:-5px;right:-4px;font-size:9.5px;line-height:1;\r\n  filter:drop-shadow(0 0 2px #fff)}\r\n.cdrill .nq.mastered::after{content:\"\";position:absolute;bottom:3px;left:50%;transform:translateX(-50%);\r\n  width:4px;height:4px;border-radius:99px;background:var(--ok)}\r\n.cdrill .legend{display:flex;gap:12px;flex-wrap:wrap;font-size:10.5px;color:var(--slate);font-weight:600;\r\n  padding:10px 16px 14px;border-top:1px solid var(--line);margin-top:4px}\r\n.cdrill .legend i{display:inline-block;width:9px;height:9px;border-radius:3px;margin-right:5px;vertical-align:-1px}\r\n\r\n\/* ---------- performance ---------- *\/\r\n.cdrill .perf{padding:24px 24px 32px;display:grid;gap:34px}\r\n.cdrill .ph{margin:0 0 10px;font-size:11px;letter-spacing:.14em;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--slate);font-weight:800}\r\n.cdrill .ph .secno{color:var(--gold);font-size:12px;letter-spacing:0}\r\n\r\n\/* ---------- performance blocks ---------- *\/\r\n.cdrill .pblock{border:1px solid var(--line);border-radius:16px;background:var(--paper);overflow:hidden}\r\n.cdrill .pbh{display:flex;align-items:flex-start;gap:16px;padding:20px 24px 18px;\r\n  background:linear-gradient(180deg,#FBFCFF,#F6F9FF);border-bottom:1px solid var(--line)}\r\n.cdrill .pbh .txt{flex:1;min-width:0}\r\n.cdrill .pbh h4{font-size:17px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:-.015em;color:var(--ink);margin:0 0 7px;\r\n  display:flex;align-items:center;gap:9px}\r\n.cdrill .pbh h4 .dot{width:7px;height:7px;border-radius:99px;background:var(--gold);flex:none}\r\n.cdrill .pbh p{font-size:13px;color:var(--slate);line-height:1.6;margin:0}\r\n.cdrill .pbh .pbtag{flex:none;font-size:10.5px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.07em;text-transform:uppercase;\r\n  color:var(--blue-800);background:var(--blue-100);border-radius:99px;padding:6px 13px;white-space:nowrap}\r\n.cdrill .bars{padding:8px 24px 18px}\r\n.cdrill .subhead{display:flex;align-items:baseline;gap:10px;flex-wrap:wrap;padding:18px 24px 2px;\r\n  border-top:1px solid #EEF2F9;margin-top:6px}\r\n.cdrill .subhead:first-of-type{border-top:0;margin-top:0}\r\n.cdrill .subhead h5{font-size:12.5px;font-weight:800;color:var(--ink);letter-spacing:.01em;margin:0}\r\n.cdrill .subhead span{font-size:11.8px;color:var(--slate);font-weight:600}\r\n.cdrill .hero2{display:grid;grid-template-columns:260px 1fr;gap:18px}\r\n@media(max-width:860px){.cdrill .hero2{grid-template-columns:1fr}}\r\n.cdrill .ring-card{background:linear-gradient(150deg,var(--blue-900),var(--blue-800) 70%,var(--blue-700));border-radius:var(--r);\r\n  padding:24px 20px;color:#fff;text-align:center;display:flex;flex-direction:column;align-items:center;justify-content:center}\r\n.cdrill .ring{position:relative;width:150px;height:150px}\r\n.cdrill .ring svg{transform:rotate(-90deg)}\r\n.cdrill .ring .bg{fill:none;stroke:rgba(255,255,255,.14);stroke-width:11}\r\n.cdrill .ring .fg{fill:none;stroke:var(--gold-lt);stroke-width:11;stroke-linecap:round;transition:stroke-dashoffset 1s ease}\r\n.cdrill .ring-txt{position:absolute;inset:0;display:flex;flex-direction:column;align-items:center;justify-content:center}\r\n.cdrill .ring-txt b{font-size:40px;font-weight:800;color:var(--gold-lt);letter-spacing:-.03em;line-height:1}\r\n.cdrill .ring-txt span{font-size:9.5px;letter-spacing:.12em;text-transform:uppercase;color:#BFDBFE;margin-top:5px;font-weight:700}\r\n.cdrill .verdict2{margin-top:14px;font-size:13.4px;color:#DBEAFE;line-height:1.55}\r\n.cdrill .verdict2 b{color:#fff}\r\n.cdrill .coach{border:1px solid var(--line);border-radius:var(--r);padding:18px 20px;background:var(--paper)}\r\n.cdrill .coach h4{font-size:14.5px;font-weight:800;margin-bottom:12px;display:flex;gap:8px;align-items:center}\r\n.cdrill .reco{display:flex;gap:12px;padding:11px 0;border-bottom:1px dashed var(--line);align-items:flex-start}\r\n.cdrill .reco:last-child{border-bottom:0}\r\n.cdrill .reco .ic{width:30px;height:30px;border-radius:8px;display:grid;place-items:center;font-size:13px;flex:none;margin-top:1px}\r\n.cdrill .reco .ic.hot{background:var(--bad-bg);color:var(--bad)}\r\n.cdrill .reco .ic.warm{background:var(--gold-bg);color:#8A6206}\r\n.cdrill .reco .ic.cool{background:var(--blue-100);color:var(--blue-800)}\r\n.cdrill .reco .ic.good{background:var(--ok-bg);color:var(--ok)}\r\n.cdrill .reco p{font-size:13.8px;line-height:1.55}\r\n.cdrill .reco .go{margin-left:auto;flex:none;background:var(--blue-50);color:var(--blue-800);border:1px solid #D4E2FB;\r\n  border-radius:8px;padding:6px 12px;font-size:11.5px;font-weight:800;white-space:nowrap;transition:.15s}\r\n.cdrill .reco .go:hover{background:var(--blue-700);color:#fff}\r\n.cdrill .planner{background:linear-gradient(135deg,#FFFDF6,#FFF8E8);border:1px solid #EADFC2;border-left:4px solid var(--gold);\r\n  border-radius:0 var(--r) var(--r) 0;padding:18px 20px;display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:space-between;gap:18px;flex-wrap:wrap}\r\n.cdrill .planner h4{font-size:17px;font-weight:800;margin-bottom:5px;letter-spacing:-.01em;\r\n  display:flex;align-items:center;gap:9px}\r\n.cdrill .planner p{font-size:13px;color:var(--slate);line-height:1.55;max-width:62ch}\r\n.cdrill .pbtns{display:flex;gap:10px;flex-wrap:wrap}\r\n.cdrill .pbtn{padding:11px 18px;border:1.5px solid var(--gold);border-radius:11px;background:#fff;color:#8A6206;\r\n  font-weight:800;font-size:13.5px;display:flex;gap:7px;align-items:center;white-space:nowrap;transition:.15s}\r\n.cdrill .pbtn:hover{background:var(--gold-bg)}\r\n.cdrill .pbtn.primary{background:linear-gradient(180deg,var(--gold-lt),var(--gold));color:#3A2A02;border-color:var(--gold)}\r\n.cdrill .pbtn.navy{background:var(--blue-900);border-color:var(--blue-900);color:#fff}\r\n.cdrill .pbtn.navy:hover{background:var(--blue-800);border-color:var(--blue-800)}\r\n.cdrill .kpis{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(auto-fit,minmax(150px,1fr));gap:12px}\r\n.cdrill .kpi{border:1px solid var(--line);border-radius:12px;padding:15px;background:linear-gradient(180deg,#fff,var(--blue-50))}\r\n.cdrill .kpi b{display:block;font-size:26px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:-.03em}\r\n.cdrill .kpi span{font-size:11.5px;color:var(--slate);font-weight:700;text-transform:uppercase;letter-spacing:.06em}\r\n.cdrill .tblwrap{overflow-x:auto;border:1px solid var(--line);border-radius:12px;background:#fff}\r\n\/* nested two-tier header, PYQ and concept side by side *\/\r\n.cdrill table.nested{min-width:880px}\r\n.cdrill table.nested thead th{background:var(--blue-700);border-bottom:0;padding:11px 10px;\r\n  font-size:10.6px;letter-spacing:.06em;vertical-align:middle}\r\n.cdrill table.nested thead th.grp{background:var(--blue-900);border-left:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,.16);\r\n  border-right:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,.16);font-size:11.4px;letter-spacing:.04em}\r\n.cdrill table.nested thead th.sub2{background:#2F62EA;font-size:10.2px;font-weight:600;padding:8px 10px}\r\n.cdrill table.nested thead th.lft{text-align:left;padding-left:14px}\r\n.cdrill table.nested td{padding:12px 10px;font-size:12.6px}\r\n.cdrill table.nested td.lft{text-align:left;padding-left:14px;font-weight:700;max-width:270px;\r\n  line-height:1.4;background:#FBFCFE;font-size:12.8px}\r\n.cdrill .wt{font-size:15px;font-weight:800;color:var(--blue-900)}\r\n.cdrill .wsub{font-size:10.6px;color:var(--slate);font-weight:700;margin-left:5px}\r\n.cdrill .nil{color:#B6C2D6;font-weight:700}\r\n.cdrill .minibar{height:6px;width:62px;margin:0 auto 4px;border-radius:99px;background:#EEF2F9;overflow:hidden}\r\n.cdrill .minibar>i{display:block;height:100%;border-radius:99px}\r\n.cdrill .miniv{font-size:11.4px;font-weight:800}\r\n.cdrill td.prac{white-space:nowrap}\r\n.cdrill td.prac .mini-go+.mini-go{margin-left:5px}\r\n.cdrill .mini-go.pyq{color:#fff;background:var(--blue-900);border-color:var(--blue-900)}\r\n.cdrill .mini-go.pyq:hover{background:var(--blue-800);border-color:var(--blue-800)}\r\n\/* numbered section headings *\/\r\n.cdrill .pbh h4 .secno{font-size:15px;font-weight:800;color:var(--gold);letter-spacing:0;\r\n  font-variant-numeric:tabular-nums;margin-right:2px}\r\n.cdrill .pbh .sechint{flex:none;font-family:'Newsreader',Georgia,serif;font-style:italic;font-size:12.8px;\r\n  color:var(--slate);white-space:nowrap;align-self:center}\r\n@media(max-width:760px){.cdrill .pbh .sechint{display:none}}\r\n.cdrill table.perf-t{border-collapse:collapse;width:100%;font-size:13px;min-width:760px}\r\n.cdrill table.perf-t th,.cdrill table.perf-t td{padding:10px;border-bottom:1px solid #EEF2F9;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle}\r\n.cdrill table.perf-t thead th{background:var(--blue-900);color:#fff;font-weight:700;font-size:11px;letter-spacing:.05em;text-transform:uppercase}\r\n.cdrill table.perf-t th:first-child,.cdrill table.perf-t td:first-child{text-align:left;padding-left:14px}\r\n.cdrill table.perf-t td:first-child{font-weight:700;max-width:280px;line-height:1.35;background:#FBFCFE}\r\n.cdrill .sub{display:block;font-size:10.6px;color:var(--slate);font-weight:600;margin-top:3px}\r\n.cdrill .tbar{height:6px;border-radius:99px;background:var(--wash);overflow:hidden;min-width:80px}\r\n.cdrill .tbar>i{display:block;height:100%;border-radius:99px}\r\n.cdrill .tag{display:inline-block;font-size:10.4px;font-weight:800;padding:3px 9px;border-radius:99px;text-transform:uppercase;letter-spacing:.04em}\r\n.cdrill .tag.hot{background:var(--bad-bg);color:var(--bad)}\r\n.cdrill .tag.warm{background:var(--gold-bg);color:#8A6206}\r\n.cdrill .tag.ok{background:var(--blue-100);color:var(--blue-800)}\r\n.cdrill .tag.good{background:var(--ok-bg);color:var(--ok)}\r\n.cdrill .tag.na{background:#F1F5F9;color:var(--slate)}\r\n.cdrill .mini-go{border:1px solid var(--line);border-radius:8px;padding:5px 10px;font-size:11.2px;font-weight:800;color:var(--blue-800);transition:.15s}\r\n.cdrill .mini-go:hover{background:var(--blue-700);color:#fff;border-color:var(--blue-700)}\r\n.cdrill .lrow{display:grid;grid-template-columns:minmax(150px,1.2fr) 2.4fr 96px;gap:18px;align-items:center;\r\n  padding:12px 10px;border-radius:9px;transition:background .13s;margin:0 -10px}\r\n.cdrill .lrow:hover{background:#FAFCFF}\r\n.cdrill .lrow+.lrow{border-top:1px solid #F1F5FB}\r\n@media(max-width:620px){.cdrill .lrow{grid-template-columns:1fr auto;row-gap:6px}.cdrill .lrow .ltrack{grid-column:1\/-1}}\r\n.cdrill .lname{font-size:13.4px;font-weight:700;line-height:1.35}\r\n.cdrill .lsub{display:block;font-size:10.8px;font-weight:600;color:var(--slate);margin-top:4px}\r\n.cdrill .ltrack{background:#EEF2F9;border-radius:99px;height:11px;overflow:hidden;\r\n  box-shadow:inset 0 1px 2px rgba(16,32,74,.05)}\r\n.cdrill .lfill{height:100%;border-radius:99px;transition:width .8s cubic-bezier(.22,.9,.28,1)}\r\n.cdrill .lval{text-align:right;font-size:16px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:-.02em}\r\n.cdrill .lval small{display:block;font-size:10px;font-weight:700;color:var(--slate);text-transform:uppercase;letter-spacing:.05em;margin-top:2px}\r\n.cdrill .split{display:grid;grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr;gap:16px}\r\n@media(max-width:860px){.cdrill .split{grid-template-columns:1fr}}\r\n.cdrill .panel{border:1px solid var(--line);border-radius:12px;padding:16px 18px}\r\n.cdrill .rev{display:flex;align-items:center;gap:10px;width:100%;text-align:left;background:#FAFBFE;border-left:3px solid var(--gold);\r\n  border-radius:8px;padding:10px 12px;margin-bottom:8px;font-size:12.6px;transition:.15s}\r\n.cdrill .rev:hover{background:var(--gold-bg);transform:translateX(3px)}\r\n.cdrill .rev .n{font-weight:800;color:#8A6206;flex:none}\r\n.cdrill .rev .t{flex:1;color:var(--slate);white-space:nowrap;overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis}\r\n.cdrill .rev .d{background:var(--gold);color:#3A2A02;padding:2px 8px;border-radius:99px;font-size:10.2px;font-weight:800;white-space:nowrap}\r\n.cdrill .danger{border:1px dashed #F3C2C6;border-radius:12px;background:#FFFAFA;padding:16px 18px;\r\n  display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:space-between;gap:14px;flex-wrap:wrap}\r\n.cdrill .danger p{font-size:13px;color:var(--slate);flex:1;min-width:220px;line-height:1.6}\r\n.cdrill .danger b{color:var(--bad)}\r\n.cdrill .dbtn{padding:11px 20px;background:#fff;border:1.5px solid #F3C2C6;border-radius:11px;color:var(--bad);\r\n  font-size:13px;font-weight:800;white-space:nowrap;transition:.15s}\r\n.cdrill .dbtn:hover{background:var(--bad);border-color:var(--bad);color:#fff}\r\n\/* ---------- exam analytics ---------- *\/\r\n.cdrill .rankrow{display:grid;grid-template-columns:26px minmax(120px,1.25fr) 2.2fr 42px 46px;gap:14px;\r\n  align-items:center;padding:9px 10px;margin:0 -10px;border-radius:9px;transition:background .13s}\r\n.cdrill .rankrow:hover{background:#FAFCFF}\r\n.cdrill .rankrow+.rankrow{border-top:1px dashed #EEF2F9}\r\n.cdrill .rankrow .rk{font-size:11.5px;font-weight:800;color:#B6C2D6;text-align:right;font-variant-numeric:tabular-nums}\r\n.cdrill .rankrow .rname{font-size:12.4px;font-weight:600;color:var(--blue-800);line-height:1.35;\r\n  overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis;white-space:nowrap}\r\n.cdrill .rankrow .rname.gold{color:#8A6206;font-weight:800}\r\n.cdrill .rankrow .rtrack{height:15px;border-radius:5px;background:#EEF2F9;overflow:hidden}\r\n.cdrill .rankrow .rtrack>i{display:block;height:100%;border-radius:5px;transition:width .8s cubic-bezier(.22,.9,.28,1)}\r\n.cdrill .rankrow .rv{font-size:15px;font-weight:800;text-align:right;font-variant-numeric:tabular-nums;letter-spacing:-.02em}\r\n.cdrill .rankrow .rp{font-size:11px;font-weight:700;color:var(--slate);text-align:right;font-variant-numeric:tabular-nums}\r\n@media(max-width:700px){.cdrill .rankrow{grid-template-columns:22px minmax(0,1fr) 34px 42px}\r\n  .cdrill .rankrow .rtrack{grid-column:1\/-1;order:9}}\r\n\r\n.cdrill table.hm{min-width:760px;font-size:12px}\r\n.cdrill table.hm thead th{background:var(--blue-700);padding:9px 6px;font-size:10.4px}\r\n.cdrill table.hm thead th.lft{text-align:left;padding-left:14px;min-width:230px}\r\n.cdrill table.hm thead th.tot{background:var(--blue-900)}\r\n.cdrill table.hm td{padding:7px 6px;font-size:11.8px;border-bottom:1px solid #F1F5FB;font-variant-numeric:tabular-nums}\r\n.cdrill table.hm td.lft{text-align:left;padding-left:14px;font-weight:600;font-size:11.8px;line-height:1.35;\r\n  background:#FBFCFE;max-width:250px}\r\n.cdrill table.hm td.tot{font-weight:800;background:#F4F7FD;color:var(--blue-900)}\r\n.cdrill table.hm tfoot td{background:var(--blue-700);color:#fff;font-weight:800;font-size:11.6px;padding:9px 6px;border:0}\r\n.cdrill table.hm tfoot td.lft{background:var(--blue-700);color:#fff;text-align:left;padding-left:14px}\r\n.cdrill .hmlegend{display:flex;align-items:center;gap:5px;padding:12px 24px 16px;font-size:10.8px;\r\n  color:var(--slate);font-weight:700}\r\n.cdrill .hmlegend i{width:26px;height:11px;border-radius:3px;display:inline-block;border:1px solid rgba(0,0,0,.05)}\r\n.cdrill .hmlegend span:last-child{margin-left:3px}\r\n\r\n.cdrill .cyc{display:flex;align-items:flex-end;gap:12px;padding:26px 24px 18px;overflow-x:auto}\r\n.cdrill .cycbar{display:flex;flex-direction:column;align-items:center;gap:7px;flex:1;min-width:52px}\r\n.cdrill .cycbar .cn{font-size:12.5px;font-weight:800;color:var(--blue-800);font-variant-numeric:tabular-nums}\r\n.cdrill .cycbar .cbar{width:100%;max-width:46px;border-radius:6px 6px 0 0;\r\n  background:linear-gradient(180deg,var(--gold-lt),var(--gold));transition:height .8s cubic-bezier(.22,.9,.28,1)}\r\n.cdrill .cycbar .cy{font-size:10.4px;font-weight:700;color:var(--slate);white-space:nowrap}\r\n\r\n.cdrill .empty{text-align:center;padding:40px 20px;color:var(--slate)}\r\n.cdrill .empty b{display:block;color:var(--ink);font-size:16px;margin-bottom:6px}\r\n.cdrill .toast{position:fixed;bottom:26px;left:50%;transform:translateX(-50%);background:var(--blue-900);color:#fff;\r\n  padding:12px 22px;border-radius:11px;font-weight:700;font-size:13.5px;z-index:9999;display:none;box-shadow:var(--shadow)}\r\n.cdrill .toast.show{display:block}\r\n.cdrill .toast.ok{background:var(--ok)}\r\n\r\n\/* ---------- mobile ---------- *\/\r\n@media(max-width:640px){\r\n  .cdrill .wrap{padding:0 14px}\r\n\r\n  \/* hero: tighter, and the stat tiles share the row evenly *\/\r\n  .cdrill .hero{padding-top:18px}\r\n  .cdrill .hero h1{font-size:19px}\r\n  .cdrill .hero p{font-size:12.6px;margin-bottom:14px}\r\n  .cdrill .hstats{gap:7px}\r\n  .cdrill .hstat{flex:1 1 0;min-width:0;padding:8px 10px;text-align:center}\r\n  .cdrill .hstat b{font-size:17px}\r\n  .cdrill .hstat span{font-size:8.8px;letter-spacing:.06em}\r\n\r\n  \/* tabs scroll sideways instead of wrapping onto two lines *\/\r\n  .cdrill .tabs{margin-top:16px;gap:5px;flex-wrap:nowrap;overflow-x:auto;scrollbar-width:none;\r\n    -webkit-overflow-scrolling:touch}\r\n  .cdrill .tabs::-webkit-scrollbar{display:none}\r\n  .cdrill .tab{flex:none;padding:10px 15px;font-size:12.6px;gap:6px;white-space:nowrap}\r\n  .cdrill .tab[aria-selected=true]{padding-bottom:13px}\r\n\r\n  \/* THE FIX: pills were shrinking to fit instead of scrolling, which cut\r\n     every label in half. flex:none makes the row scroll as intended. *\/\r\n  .cdrill .filters .wrap{padding-top:11px;padding-bottom:11px;gap:8px;\r\n    -webkit-overflow-scrolling:touch}\r\n  .cdrill .pill-f{flex:none;padding:8px 14px;font-size:12.6px;gap:6px}\r\n  .cdrill .pill-f .n{font-size:10.5px;padding:2px 7px}\r\n\r\n  \/* toolbar stacks *\/\r\n  .cdrill .grid{padding:14px 0 40px;gap:14px}\r\n  .cdrill .toolbar{gap:8px;padding-bottom:12px}\r\n  .cdrill .search{flex:1 1 100%;min-width:0}\r\n  .cdrill .tgl{flex:1;justify-content:center;padding:9px 12px;font-size:12.6px}\r\n\r\n  \/* question card *\/\r\n  .cdrill .qhead{padding:11px 14px;gap:8px}\r\n  .cdrill .qcount{font-size:15px;width:100%}\r\n  .cdrill .qmeta{gap:6px}\r\n  .cdrill .badge-ch{max-width:100%;font-size:11px;padding:5px 11px}\r\n  .cdrill .badge-m,.cdrill .badge-src,.cdrill .qtag{font-size:10.6px;padding:4px 10px}\r\n  .cdrill .qbody{padding:16px 14px 18px}\r\n  .cdrill .qsheet{padding:15px 15px 16px;border-radius:0 9px 9px 0}\r\n  .cdrill .stem,.cdrill .qsheet .lead,.cdrill .qsheet .intro,.cdrill .qsheet .close,\r\n  .cdrill .stmts li,.cdrill .opt .txt{font-size:16.6px !important;line-height:1.6}\r\n  .cdrill .lists{grid-template-columns:1fr;gap:18px}\r\n  .cdrill .opt{padding:11px 13px;gap:9px}\r\n  .cdrill .key{min-width:28px;font-size:16px !important}\r\n  .cdrill .opt.sel::after{display:none}\r\n  .cdrill .actions{gap:7px}\r\n  .cdrill .btn{flex:1;padding:11px 14px;font-size:13.4px;text-align:center}\r\n  .cdrill .flagbtn{margin-left:0;flex:1 1 100%;justify-content:center;padding:11px 14px}\r\n  .cdrill .expl{padding:14px 15px}\r\n  .cdrill .expl .body{font-size:15.4px}\r\n\r\n  \/* chapter list and navigator *\/\r\n  .cdrill .chaphead{padding:10px 14px;gap:8px}\r\n  .cdrill .chaphead .meta{margin-left:0;flex:1 1 100%;white-space:normal}\r\n  .cdrill .chapchip{padding:10px 14px;gap:7px}\r\n  .cdrill .chapchip .cn{font-size:12.2px}\r\n  .cdrill .yearlist{padding:14px;gap:8px}\r\n  .cdrill .ychip{flex:1 1 calc(33.333% - 6px);min-width:0;padding:10px 8px}\r\n  .cdrill .navgrid{grid-template-columns:repeat(8,minmax(0,1fr));max-height:none}\r\n  .cdrill .rail .card{padding:14px}\r\n\r\n  \/* performance and analytics *\/\r\n  .cdrill .perf{padding:16px 14px 24px;gap:22px}\r\n  .cdrill .pbh{padding:16px 15px 14px;gap:10px}\r\n  .cdrill .pbh h4{font-size:15.4px}\r\n  .cdrill .pbh p{font-size:12.4px}\r\n  .cdrill .bars{padding:6px 15px 14px}\r\n  .cdrill .hero2{gap:14px}\r\n  .cdrill .ring-card{padding:20px 16px}\r\n  .cdrill .coach{padding:15px}\r\n  .cdrill .reco{gap:10px}\r\n  .cdrill .reco p{font-size:13px}\r\n  .cdrill .reco .go{margin-left:0;flex:1 1 100%;margin-top:6px}\r\n  .cdrill .planner{padding:15px;gap:12px}\r\n  .cdrill .pbtns{width:100%;gap:8px}\r\n  .cdrill .pbtn{flex:1 1 100%;justify-content:center;padding:12px 14px}\r\n  .cdrill .kpis{grid-template-columns:repeat(2,minmax(0,1fr));gap:9px}\r\n  .cdrill .kpi{padding:12px}\r\n  .cdrill .kpi b{font-size:22px}\r\n  .cdrill .kpi span{font-size:10.4px}\r\n  .cdrill .panel{padding:14px}\r\n  .cdrill .danger{padding:14px}\r\n  .cdrill .dbtn{width:100%}\r\n  .cdrill .cyc{padding:20px 14px 14px;gap:8px}\r\n  .cdrill .cycbar{min-width:42px}\r\n  .cdrill .toast{left:14px;right:14px;transform:none;text-align:center;bottom:16px}\r\n}\r\n@media(max-width:380px){\r\n  .cdrill .hstat b{font-size:15.5px}\r\n  .cdrill .navgrid{grid-template-columns:repeat(6,minmax(0,1fr))}\r\n  .cdrill .ychip{flex:1 1 calc(50% - 5px)}\r\n  .cdrill .kpis{grid-template-columns:1fr}\r\n}\r\n<\/style>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"cdrill\" id=\"cdRoot\">\r\n\r\n  <header class=\"hero\">\r\n    <div class=\"wrap\">\r\n      <div class=\"eyebrow\" id=\"cdEyebrow\">CSS ADDA \u00b7 PromotionExams.com<\/div>\r\n      <h1 id=\"cdTopic\">Chapter-wise Test Series<\/h1>\r\n      <p id=\"cdSub\">Chapter drills with a planner that builds your next sitting for you.<\/p>\r\n      <div class=\"hstats\">\r\n        <div class=\"hstat\"><b class=\"tnum\" id=\"hQ\">0<\/b><span>PYQs<\/span><\/div>\r\n        <div class=\"hstat\"><b class=\"tnum\" id=\"hYr\">0<\/b><span>Exam cycles<\/span><\/div>\r\n        <div class=\"hstat\"><b class=\"tnum\" id=\"hCh\">0<\/b><span>Chapters<\/span><\/div>\r\n        <div class=\"hstat\"><b class=\"tnum\" id=\"hMastered\">0%<\/b><span>Mastered<\/span><\/div>\r\n        <div class=\"hstat\"><b class=\"tnum\" id=\"hReady\">\u2014<\/b><span>Readiness<\/span><\/div>\r\n      <\/div>\r\n      <div class=\"tabs\" role=\"tablist\">\r\n        <button class=\"tab\" role=\"tab\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"quiz\">\u270f\ufe0f Practice<\/button>\r\n        <button class=\"tab\" role=\"tab\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"perf\">\ud83d\udcca My Performance <span class=\"pill hide\" id=\"perfPill\">!<\/span><\/button>\r\n        <button class=\"tab hide\" role=\"tab\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"exam\" id=\"tabExam\">\ud83d\udcdc Exam Analytics<\/button>\r\n      <\/div>\r\n    <\/div>\r\n  <\/header>\r\n  <div class=\"goldrule\"><\/div>\r\n\r\n  <div class=\"filters\" id=\"cdFilters\">\r\n    <div class=\"wrap\" role=\"group\" aria-label=\"Filter questions\">\r\n      <button class=\"pill-f\" data-f=\"all\" aria-pressed=\"true\">\ud83d\udccb All questions<span class=\"n tnum\" id=\"fAll\">0<\/span><\/button>\r\n      <button class=\"pill-f\" data-f=\"chapter\">\ud83d\udcda By chapter<\/button>\r\n      <button class=\"pill-f navy\" data-f=\"year\">\ud83d\udcdc Sit a full paper<span class=\"n tnum\" id=\"fYear\">0<\/span><\/button>\r\n      <button class=\"pill-f gold hide\" data-f=\"session\" id=\"pillSession\">\ud83e\udde9 <span id=\"sessLabel\">My session<\/span><span class=\"n tnum\" id=\"fSess\">0<\/span><\/button>\r\n      <button class=\"pill-f warn\" data-f=\"weak\">\u26a0\ufe0f Weak areas<span class=\"n tnum\" id=\"fWeak\">0<\/span><\/button>\r\n      <button class=\"pill-f\" data-f=\"flagged\">\ud83d\udd16 Flagged<span class=\"n tnum\" id=\"fFlag\">0<\/span><\/button>\r\n    <\/div>\r\n  <\/div>\r\n\r\n  <div class=\"wrap\">\r\n    <!-- ============ PRACTICE ============ -->\r\n    <div class=\"grid\" id=\"viewQuiz\">\r\n      <div>\r\n        <div class=\"toolbar\">\r\n          <div class=\"search\">\r\n            <svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\"><circle cx=\"11\" cy=\"11\" r=\"7\"\/><path d=\"M20 20l-3.5-3.5\"\/><\/svg>\r\n            <input id=\"cdSearch\" placeholder=\"Search a phrase or a rule number\" aria-label=\"Search questions\">\r\n          <\/div>\r\n          <button class=\"tgl\" id=\"tglUn\" aria-pressed=\"false\">\u25fb Unattempted only<\/button>\r\n          <button class=\"tgl\" id=\"tglReset\">\u21ba Reset session<\/button>\r\n        <\/div>\r\n\r\n        <section class=\"card chapcard hide\" id=\"chapPanel\">\r\n          <div class=\"chaphead\">\r\n            <b>\ud83d\udcda Filter by chapter<\/b><i id=\"chapHint\"><\/i>\r\n            <span class=\"meta\" id=\"ctxMeta\"><\/span>\r\n          <\/div>\r\n          <div class=\"chaplist\" id=\"chapList\" role=\"group\" aria-label=\"Choose chapter\"><\/div>\r\n        <\/section>\r\n\r\n        <section class=\"card chapcard hide\" id=\"yearPanel\">\r\n          <div class=\"chaphead\">\r\n            <b>\ud83d\udcdc Sit a full paper<\/b><i>\u2014 every question from one exam cycle, in order<\/i>\r\n            <span class=\"meta\" id=\"yearMeta\"><\/span>\r\n          <\/div>\r\n          <div class=\"yearlist\" id=\"yearList\" role=\"group\" aria-label=\"Choose exam cycle\"><\/div>\r\n        <\/section>\r\n\r\n        <section class=\"card hide\" id=\"emptyCard\">\r\n          <div class=\"qhead\"><span class=\"qcount\">Nothing to show<\/span><\/div>\r\n          <div class=\"empty\" id=\"emptyBody\"><\/div>\r\n        <\/section>\r\n\r\n        <section class=\"card\" id=\"qCard\">\r\n          <div class=\"qhead\">\r\n            <span class=\"qcount\" id=\"qCount\">Question 1 of 1<\/span>\r\n            <span class=\"qmeta\">\r\n              <span class=\"badge-src\" id=\"qSrc\">Concept<\/span>\r\n              <span class=\"badge-m\" id=\"qMastery\">Not seen yet<\/span>\r\n              <span class=\"badge-ch\"><span id=\"qChap\">Chapter<\/span><\/span>\r\n              <span id=\"qTags\" class=\"qtags\"><\/span>\r\n            <\/span>\r\n          <\/div>\r\n          <div class=\"qbody\">\r\n            <p class=\"stem\" id=\"qStem\"><\/p>\r\n            <div class=\"opts\" id=\"qOpts\"><\/div>\r\n            <div class=\"actions\">\r\n              <button class=\"btn\" id=\"btnCheck\">Check answer<\/button>\r\n              <button class=\"btn ghost\" id=\"btnPrev\">\u2190 Previous<\/button>\r\n              <button class=\"btn ghost\" id=\"btnNext\">Next \u2192<\/button>\r\n              <button class=\"flagbtn\" id=\"btnFlag\" aria-pressed=\"false\"><span id=\"flagIco\">\ud83c\udff3\ufe0f<\/span><span id=\"flagTxt\">Flag for review<\/span><\/button>\r\n            <\/div>\r\n            <p class=\"hint hide\" id=\"pickHint\">Choose an option above, then check your answer.<\/p>\r\n\r\n            <div id=\"result\" class=\"hide\">\r\n              <div class=\"verdict\" id=\"verdict\"><\/div>\r\n              <div class=\"expl\">\r\n                <div class=\"expl-h\">Source &amp; reasoning<\/div>\r\n                <div id=\"explBody\" class=\"body\"><\/div>\r\n              <\/div>\r\n            <\/div>\r\n          <\/div>\r\n        <\/section>\r\n      <\/div>\r\n\r\n      <aside class=\"rail\">\r\n        <section class=\"card\" id=\"navCard\" style=\"padding:0\">\r\n          <div class=\"nav-head\"><b id=\"navTitle\">Navigator<\/b><button class=\"navtoggle\" id=\"navToggle\">Hide<\/button><\/div>\r\n          <div class=\"navgrid\" id=\"navGrid\"><\/div>\r\n          <div class=\"legend\">\r\n            <span><i style=\"background:var(--ok-bg);border:1.5px solid #8FD3B6\"><\/i>Correct<\/span>\r\n            <span><i style=\"background:var(--bad-bg);border:1.5px solid #F0AEB4\"><\/i>Wrong<\/span>\r\n            <span><i style=\"background:var(--ok)\"><\/i>Mastered<\/span>\r\n          <\/div>\r\n        <\/section>\r\n        <div class=\"card\">\r\n          <h3>This session<\/h3>\r\n          <div class=\"score\"><b id=\"sPct\">\u2014<\/b><i id=\"sFrac\">0 of 0 correct<\/i><\/div>\r\n          <div class=\"bar\"><i id=\"sBar\" style=\"width:0\"><\/i><\/div>\r\n          <div class=\"mini\"><span id=\"sSeen\">0 attempted<\/span><span id=\"sLeft\">0 left here<\/span><\/div>\r\n          <div class=\"streak\" id=\"streak\"><\/div>\r\n        <\/div>\r\n        <div class=\"card\">\r\n          <h3 id=\"wHead\">Share on screen<\/h3>\r\n          <div class=\"score\"><b id=\"wPct\" style=\"color:#8A6206\">\u2014<\/b><i id=\"wUnit\">of this bank<\/i><\/div>\r\n          <p style=\"margin:8px 0 0;font-size:12.8px;color:var(--slate);line-height:1.55\" id=\"wNote\"><\/p>\r\n        <\/div>\r\n        <div class=\"card hide\" id=\"srcCard\">\r\n          <h3>Source text<\/h3>\r\n          <p style=\"margin:9px 0 12px;font-size:12.8px;color:var(--slate);line-height:1.55\">Every explanation here is drawn from the full text of the subject. Open it when a citation needs checking.<\/p>\r\n          <a class=\"btn\" id=\"srcLink\" href=\"#\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"display:block;text-align:center;text-decoration:none\">\ud83d\udcd6 Read the source<\/a>\r\n        <\/div>\r\n      <\/aside>\r\n    <\/div>\r\n\r\n    <!-- ============ EXAM ANALYTICS ============ -->\r\n    <div class=\"hide\" id=\"viewExam\">\r\n      <section class=\"card\" style=\"margin:20px 0 60px\">\r\n        <div class=\"qhead\"><span class=\"qcount\">Exam Analytics<\/span><span class=\"badge-w\" id=\"examCount\">0 PYQs<\/span><\/div>\r\n        <div class=\"perf\" id=\"examBody\"><\/div>\r\n      <\/section>\r\n    <\/div>\r\n\r\n    <!-- ============ PERFORMANCE ============ -->\r\n    <div class=\"hide\" id=\"viewPerf\">\r\n      <section class=\"card\" style=\"margin:20px 0 60px\">\r\n        <div class=\"qhead\"><span class=\"qcount\">My Performance<\/span><span class=\"badge-w\" id=\"perfCount\">0 attempted<\/span><\/div>\r\n        <div class=\"perf\" id=\"perfBody\"><\/div>\r\n      <\/section>\r\n    <\/div>\r\n  <\/div>\r\n\r\n  <div class=\"toast\" id=\"toast\"><\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<script>\r\n(function(){\r\n\"use strict\";\r\n\r\n\/* =====================================================================\r\n   1. CONFIGURATION  \u2190 EDIT PER SUBJECT\r\n   ===================================================================== *\/\r\nconst CFG = {\r\n  quizId : 'subject-pyq-only',   \/\/ unique per page \u2014 this is the progress key\r\n  topic  : 'Parliamentary Procedures -PYQs',       \/\/ e.g. 'Right to Information Act, 2005'\r\n  eyebrow: '',                   \/\/ e.g. 'UPSC SO \/ Steno LDCE \u00b7 Paper II'\r\n  sub    : 'Every previous year question on record, weighted by what the paper actually asks.',\r\n\r\n  \/* --- SOURCE PAGE --------------------------------------------------- *\/\r\n  sourceUrl   : '',                 \/\/ e.g. 'https:\/\/promotionexams.com\/your-source-page\/'\r\n  sourceLabel : 'full source text',\r\n\r\n  masteryThreshold : 3,     \/\/ clean correct answers before a question counts as mastered\r\n  weakThreshold    : 1,     \/\/ wrong attempts before a question is flagged weak\r\n\r\n  priorAccuracy : 0.30,     \/\/ expected-score model: shrink raw accuracy toward this\r\n  priorStrength : 6,\r\n  retention     : { baseDays:3, growth:2.5, riskBelow:0.70 },\r\n\r\n  highYield   : 15,         \/\/ a chapter with this many questions is called high-yield\r\n\r\n  sessionSize : 25,         \/\/ Focused set\r\n  mockSize    : 50          \/\/ Mixed paper\r\n};\r\n\r\n\/* =====================================================================\r\n   2. THE PYQ BANK  \u2190 PASTE YOUR QUESTIONS HERE\r\n      { id, year, chapter, question, options[], correct, explanation }\r\n   'year' may be a number or a cycle label such as '2009-11'.\r\n   Exam weight is COUNTED from this bank \u2014 nothing is set by hand.\r\n   The samples below are only so the page renders. Delete them.\r\n   ===================================================================== *\/\r\nconst pyqQuestions = [\r\n\r\n  \/\/ ===================== 2009-11 =====================\r\n  {\r\n    id: 1,\r\n    year: '2009-11',\r\n    chapter: 'Ch 9: Adjournment Motions',\r\n    question: \"Which one among the following statements regarding adjournment motion is correct?\",\r\n    options: [\r\n      \"Not more than one matter can be discussed on the same motion\",\r\n      \"The motion may be on any general matter\",\r\n      \"The motion may raise a question of privilege\",\r\n      \"The motion may anticipate a matter which has been previously appointed for consideration\"\r\n    ],\r\n    correct: 0,\r\n    explanation: `<b>Correct Answer: A) Not more than one matter can be discussed on the same motion<\/b><br><br>\r\n<b>Rule 58 (Restrictions on right to move motion):<\/b> \"The right to move the adjournment of the House for the purpose of discussing a definite matter of urgent public importance shall be subject to the following restrictions, namely:\u2014<br>\r\n<i>(i) not more than one such motion shall be made at the same sitting;<\/i><br>\r\n<i>(ii) not more than one matter shall be discussed on the same motion;<\/i><br>\r\n<i>(iii) the motion shall be restricted to a specific matter of recent occurrence involving responsibility of the Government of India;<\/i><br>\r\n<i>(iv) the motion shall not raise a question of privilege;<\/i><br>\r\n<i>(v) the motion shall not revive discussion on a matter which has been discussed in the same session;<\/i><br>\r\n<i>(vi) the motion shall not anticipate a matter, which has been previously appointed for consideration...<\/i>\"<br><br>\r\nOption A restates clause (ii). Options B, C and D are each barred by clauses (iii), (iv) and (vi) respectively.`\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    id: 2,\r\n    year: '2009-11',\r\n    chapter: 'Ch 6: Arrangement of Business and List of Business',\r\n    question: \"Which of the statements given below is\/are correct?<br>1. A private member in Parliament may be from the ruling party also<br>2. Private members bills\/resolutions is discussed in the Parliament from 3.30 pm to 6.00 pm everyday during session period<br>3. Money bills cannot be initiated by a private member\",\r\n    options: [\r\n      \"1, 2 and 3\",\r\n      \"1 and 3 only\",\r\n      \"1 and 2 only\",\r\n      \"3 only\"\r\n    ],\r\n    correct: 1,\r\n    explanation: `<b>Correct Answer: B) 1 and 3 only<\/b><br><br>\r\n<b>Statement 1: CORRECT.<\/b> <b>Rule 2 (Definitions):<\/b> <i>\"'private member' means a member other than a Minister\"<\/i> \u2014 so a member of the ruling party who is not a Minister is also a private member.<br><br>\r\n<b>Statement 2: INCORRECT.<\/b> <b>Rule 26:<\/b> <i>\"The last two and a half hours of a sitting on Friday shall be allotted for the transaction of private members' business...\"<\/i> \u2014 it is the last 2\u00bd hours of a Friday sitting, not 3:30-6:00 pm every day.<br><br>\r\n<b>Statement 3: CORRECT.<\/b> A Money Bill needs the President's recommendation and can be introduced only on that recommendation (Article 117(1) \/ Article 110); a private member cannot initiate it.`\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    id: 4,\r\n    year: '2009-11',\r\n    chapter: 'Ch 27: General Rules of Procedure',\r\n    question: \"In which among the following situations division in the House is essential?<br>1. Passing of a money bill<br>2. Passing of any resolution of national importance<br>3. Amending the Constitution<br>4. Passing no confidence motion\",\r\n    options: [\r\n      \"1, 2, 3 and 4\",\r\n      \"1, 3 and 4 only\",\r\n      \"1 and 2 only\",\r\n      \"3 and 4 only\"\r\n    ],\r\n    correct: 3,\r\n    explanation: `<b>Correct Answer: D) 3 and 4 only<\/b><br><br>\r\n<b>3. Constitutional Amendment \u2014 division ESSENTIAL.<\/b> A special majority must be verified. <b>Rule 158(1):<\/b> <i>\"Voting shall be by division whenever a motion has to be carried by a majority of the total membership of the House and by a majority of not less than two-thirds of the members present and voting.\"<\/i><br><br>\r\n<b>4. No-Confidence Motion \u2014 division ESSENTIAL<\/b> by convention, so the vote is recorded.<br><br>\r\n<b>1 & 2. NOT essential.<\/b> An ordinary decision is taken first by voice vote. <b>Rule 367(1)-(2):<\/b> <i>\"On the conclusion of a debate, the Speaker shall put the question and invite those who are in favour of the motion to say 'Aye' and those against the motion to say 'No'. The Speaker shall then say: 'I think the Ayes (or the Noes...) have it'. If the opinion of the Speaker as to the decision of a question is not challenged, the Speaker shall say twice: 'The Ayes (or the Noes...) have it' and the question before the House shall be determined accordingly.\"<\/i> Division follows only if the voices are challenged (Rule 367(3)).`\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    id: 5,\r\n    year: '2009-11',\r\n    chapter: 'Ch 7: Questions',\r\n    question: \"Which one among the following statements about raising of questions by Member of Parliament in the House is not correct?\",\r\n    options: [\r\n      \"Only those questions which were listed for the day can be asked by the members of the House\",\r\n      \"Every member whose name appears in the list can ask two supplementary questions\",\r\n      \"Starred questions are printed in white paper and replies are always given in writing\",\r\n      \"Reply to the Unstarred questions are not discussed in the House\"\r\n    ],\r\n    correct: 2,\r\n    explanation: `<b>Correct Answer: C) \u2014 this statement is NOT correct.<\/b><br><br>\r\nA starred question requires an <i>oral<\/i> answer (and is printed on green paper), not a written one. <b>Rule 36 (Starred questions):<\/b> <i>\"A member who desires an oral answer to one's question shall distinguish it by an asterisk. If the member does not distinguish it by an asterisk, the question shall be placed on the list of questions for written answer.\"<\/i><br><br>\r\nThe other statements are correct:<br>\r\n\u2022 <b>Rule 46:<\/b> <i>\"Questions for oral answers shall be called ... in the order in which they stand on the list ...\"<\/i><br>\r\n\u2022 <b>Rule 50(1):<\/b> <i>\"The member in whose name a question is listed for oral answer or any other member, when called by the Speaker, may ask a supplementary question for the purpose of further elucidating any matter of fact regarding which an answer has been given.\"<\/i><br>\r\n\u2022 <b>Rule 39(1):<\/b> an unstarred (written-answer) question's answer <i>\"shall be deemed to have been laid on the Table at the end of the Question Hour\"<\/i> \u2014 there is no discussion on it.`\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    id: 6,\r\n    year: '2009-11',\r\n    chapter: 'Ch 27: General Rules of Procedure',\r\n    question: \"Which among the following actions may be initiated by the Speaker in the event of grave disorder occasioned by a member coming into the Well of the House or abusing the rules of the House persistently and wilfully obstructing the business by shouting slogans or otherwise?<br>1. Such member may be suspended from the House for five consecutive sittings or for the remainder of the session, whichever is less<br>2. The Speaker may adjourn or suspend the business of the House in case of grave disorder<br>3. The Speaker may direct the member to withdraw from the House<br>4. The Speaker may send the member to judicial custody\",\r\n    options: [\r\n      \"1, 2, 3 and 4\",\r\n      \"1, 2 and 3 only\",\r\n      \"1 and 4 only\",\r\n      \"2 and 3 only\"\r\n    ],\r\n    correct: 1,\r\n    explanation: `<b>Correct Answer: B) 1, 2 and 3 only<\/b><br><br>\r\n<b>1. Automatic suspension \u2014 CORRECT. Rule 374A(1):<\/b> <i>\"Notwithstanding anything contained in rules 373 and 374, in the event of grave disorder occasioned by a member coming into the well of the House or abusing the Rules of the House persistently and wilfully obstructing its business by shouting slogans or otherwise, such member shall, on being named by the Speaker, stand automatically suspended from the service of the House for five consecutive sittings or the remainder of the session, whichever is less...\"<\/i><br><br>\r\n<b>2. Adjournment\/suspension of sitting \u2014 CORRECT. Rule 375:<\/b> <i>\"In the case of a grave disorder arising in the House, the Speaker, may if thinks it necessary to do so, adjourn the House or suspend any sitting for a time to be named by the Speaker.\"<\/i><br><br>\r\n<b>3. Direction to withdraw \u2014 CORRECT. Rule 373:<\/b> <i>\"The Speaker, if is of the opinion that the conduct of any member is grossly disorderly, may direct such member to withdraw immediately from the House...\"<\/i><br><br>\r\n<b>4. Judicial custody \u2014 INCORRECT.<\/b> The Speaker has no such power; committing a person to judicial custody is a judicial function.`\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    id: 7,\r\n    year: '2009-11',\r\n    chapter: 'Ch 8: Half-an-Hour Discussions',\r\n    question: \"Which one among the following statements regarding Half-an-hour discussions in Lok Sabha is correct?\",\r\n    options: [\r\n      \"The Speaker may allot half-an-hour every day during the session\",\r\n      \"A member wishing to raise a matter shall give notice to the Secretary General in writing\",\r\n      \"There shall be a formal motion before the House\",\r\n      \"Notice for Half-an-hour discussion can be given on any matter whether it is a subject of a recent occurrence or not\"\r\n    ],\r\n    correct: 1,\r\n    explanation: `<b>Correct Answer: B) Written notice to the Secretary-General.<\/b><br><br>\r\n<b>Rule 55(2):<\/b> <i>\"A member wishing to raise a matter shall give notice in writing to the Secretary-General three days in advance of the day on which the matter is desired to be raised, and shall shortly specify the point or points such member wishes to raise...\"<\/i><br><br>\r\nThe others are wrong:<br>\r\n\u2022 <b>Rule 55(1):<\/b> <i>\"The Speaker may allot half an hour on three sittings in a week ...\"<\/i> \u2014 not every day.<br>\r\n\u2022 <b>Rule 55(5):<\/b> <i>\"There shall be no formal motion before the House nor voting ...\"<\/i><br>\r\n\u2022 <b>Rule 55(1)<\/b> requires a matter <i>\"of sufficient public importance which has been the subject of a recent question ...\"<\/i> \u2014 not any matter.`\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    id: 8,\r\n    year: '2009-11',\r\n    chapter: 'Ch 26: Parliamentary Committees',\r\n    question: \"Which of the following statements is\/are correct?<br>1. All communications from Ministers and all suggestions, memoranda and representations received from various quarters in respect of matters pending before a Parliamentary Committee are addressed to the Speaker<br>2. The Secretary General of Lok Sabha\/Rajya Sabha is empowered to fix the date and time of a sitting of a Parliamentary Committee if the Chairman of that Committee is not readily available\",\r\n    options: [\r\n      \"1 only\",\r\n      \"2 only\",\r\n      \"Both 1 and 2\",\r\n      \"Neither 1 nor 2\"\r\n    ],\r\n    correct: 1,\r\n    explanation: `<b>Correct Answer: B) 2 only<\/b><br><br>\r\n<b>Statement 1: INCORRECT.<\/b> Communications on matters pending before a Committee are addressed to the Chairperson of that Committee, not to the Speaker.<br><br>\r\n<b>Statement 2: CORRECT. Rule 264:<\/b> <i>\"The sittings of a Committee shall be held on such days and at such hour as the Chairperson of the Committee may fix: Provided that if the Chairperson of the Committee is not readily available, the Secretary-General may fix the date and time of a sitting ...\"<\/i>`\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    id: 9,\r\n    year: '2009-11',\r\n    chapter: 'Ch 6: Arrangement of Business and List of Business',\r\n    question: \"Which of the following is the order of precedence with respect to Private Members' Bills?<br>1. Bills which have been passed by Council of States and transmitted to Lok Sabha<br>2. Bills which have been passed by the Lok Sabha and returned by the Council of States with amendment<br>3. Bills returned by the President with a message under Article 111 of the Constitution<br>4. Bills in respect of which the motion is that leave be granted to introduce the Bill\",\r\n    options: [\r\n      \"1-2-3-4\",\r\n      \"4-3-2-1\",\r\n      \"2-1-3-4\",\r\n      \"4-2-3-1\"\r\n    ],\r\n    correct: 1,\r\n    explanation: `<b>Correct Answer: B) 4-3-2-1<\/b><br><br>\r\n<b>Rule 27(1):<\/b> <i>\"On a day allotted for the disposal of private members' Bills, such Bills shall have relative precedence in the following order, namely:\u2014<br>\r\n(a) Bills in respect of which the motion is that leave be granted to introduce the Bill;<br>\r\n(b) Bills returned by the President with a message under article 111 of the Constitution;<br>\r\n(c) Bills which have been passed by the House and returned by the Council with amendments;<br>\r\n(d) Bills which have been passed by the Council and transmitted to the House; ...\"<\/i><br><br>\r\nSo: Item 4 \u2192 (a); Item 3 \u2192 (b); Item 2 \u2192 (c); Item 1 \u2192 (d), giving the order <b>4-3-2-1<\/b>.`\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    id: 10,\r\n    year: '2009-11',\r\n    chapter: 'Ch 4: Sittings of the House',\r\n    question: \"Which of the following statements regarding Quorum during the sitting of Lok Sabha is not correct?\",\r\n    options: [\r\n      \"The Quorum to constitute a sitting of the House is one-fifth of the total number of members of the House\",\r\n      \"The Speaker presumes that there is Quorum throughout the sitting until his attention is invited to the lack of Quorum\",\r\n      \"Objection to lack of Quorum once raised by a member cannot be withdrawn\",\r\n      \"Due to lack of Quorum the Speaker may adjourn the House\"\r\n    ],\r\n    correct: 0,\r\n    explanation: `<b>Correct Answer: A) \u2014 this statement is NOT correct.<\/b><br><br>\r\nThe quorum is one-<b>tenth<\/b>, not one-fifth. <b>Article 100(3) of the Constitution:<\/b> <i>\"Until Parliament by law otherwise provides, the quorum to constitute a meeting of either House of Parliament shall be one-tenth of the total number of members of the House.\"<\/i> (\u2248 55 members for the Lok Sabha, not 110.)<br><br>\r\nThe other statements reflect settled practice: the Speaker presumes quorum unless attention is drawn to its absence, the objection once raised is not withdrawn, and the Speaker may adjourn\/suspend the sitting for want of quorum.`\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    id: 11,\r\n    year: '2009-11',\r\n    chapter: 'Ch 3: Election of Speaker and Deputy Speaker and Nomination of Panel of Chairpersons',\r\n    question: \"Which of the following statements is\/are correct?<br>1. The Speaker holds office from the date of his election till immediately before the first meeting of Lok Sabha after the dissolution of the one to which he was elected<br>2. The Speaker cannot delegate his functions to the Deputy Speaker during his absence from the station or during his illness<br>3. The Speaker may resign his office by writing under his hand to the President\",\r\n    options: [\r\n      \"1, 2 and 3\",\r\n      \"1 and 2 only\",\r\n      \"1 only\",\r\n      \"2 and 3 only\"\r\n    ],\r\n    correct: 1,\r\n    explanation: `<b>Correct Answer: B) 1 and 2 only<\/b><br><br>\r\n<b>Statement 1: CORRECT. Article 94(a):<\/b> the Speaker vacates office <i>\"immediately before the first meeting of the House of the People after the dissolution\"<\/i> \u2014 ensuring continuity.<br><br>\r\n<b>Statement 2: CORRECT.<\/b> The Speaker does not \"delegate\"; the Deputy Speaker (or a Panel member) presides in the Speaker's absence and, while presiding, has the Speaker's powers. <b>Rule 10:<\/b> <i>\"The Deputy Speaker or any other member competent to preside over a sitting of the House under the Constitution or these rules shall, when so presiding, have the same powers as the Speaker when so presiding ...\"<\/i><br><br>\r\n<b>Statement 3: INCORRECT. Article 94(b):<\/b> the Speaker resigns <i>\"by writing under his hand addressed to the Deputy Speaker\"<\/i> \u2014 not to the President.`\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    id: 12,\r\n    year: '2009-11',\r\n    chapter: 'Ch 25: Secret Sitting of the House',\r\n    question: \"Which one among the following statements regarding secret sitting of Parliament is true?\",\r\n    options: [\r\n      \"It is a constitutional provision\",\r\n      \"The provision for secret sitting is available only for Lok Sabha\",\r\n      \"The secret sitting is fixed by the President of India\",\r\n      \"In the history of independent India no secret sitting was held in Lok Sabha\"\r\n    ],\r\n    correct: 3,\r\n    explanation: `<b>Correct Answer: D) No secret sitting has been held in the Lok Sabha.<\/b><br><br>\r\nSince 1947 no secret sitting has been held in either House.<br><br>\r\n<b>Rule 248(1):<\/b> <i>\"On a request made by the Leader of the House, the Speaker shall fix a day or part thereof for sitting of the House in secret.\"<\/i><br>\r\n<b>Rule 249:<\/b> <i>\"The Speaker may cause a report of the proceedings of a secret sitting to be issued in such manner as the Speaker thinks fit, but no other person present shall keep a note or record of any proceedings or decisions of a secret sitting ...\"<\/i><br><br>\r\nHence B is wrong (available to both Houses) and C is wrong (fixed by the Speaker on the Leader of the House's request, not the President).`\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    id: 13,\r\n    year: '2009-11',\r\n    chapter: 'Ch 20: Privileges',\r\n    question: \"Which of the following are the essential conditions which govern the right of a Member to raise a question of privilege in Parliament?<br>1. Not more than one question shall be raised at same sitting<br>2. The question shall be restricted to specific matter of recent occurrence<br>3. The matter requires the intervention of the House\",\r\n    options: [\r\n      \"1, 2 and 3\",\r\n      \"2 and 3 only\",\r\n      \"1 and 3 only\",\r\n      \"1 and 2 only\"\r\n    ],\r\n    correct: 0,\r\n    explanation: `<b>Correct Answer: A) 1, 2 and 3<\/b><br><br>\r\n<b>Rule 224 (Admissibility of questions of privilege):<\/b> <i>\"The right to raise a question of privilege shall be governed by the following conditions, namely:\u2014<br>\r\n(i) not more than one question shall be raised at the same sitting;<br>\r\n(ii) the question shall be restricted to a specific matter of recent occurrence; and<br>\r\n(iii) the matter requires the intervention of the House.\"<\/i><br><br>\r\nSupporting rules: <b>Rule 222:<\/b> <i>\"A member may, with the consent of the Speaker, raise a question involving a breach of privilege ...\"<\/i>; <b>Rule 223:<\/b> <i>\"A member wishing to raise a question of privilege shall give notice in writing to the Secretary-General by 10.00 hours on the day the question is proposed to be raised ...\"<\/i>`\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    id: 14,\r\n    year: '2009-11',\r\n    chapter: 'Ch 2: Summons to Members, Seating, Oath or Affirmation and Roll of Members',\r\n    question: \"Consider the following statements:<br>1. A member of Parliament becomes eligible for remuneration from the date of taking the oath\/affirmation<br>2. A member of Parliament can take part in the proceedings of the House only after taking the oath\/affirmation<br>3. A member of Parliament becomes eligible for parliamentary privileges from the date of taking the oath\/affirmation<br>Which of the statements given above is\/are correct?\",\r\n    options: [\r\n      \"1, 2 and 3\",\r\n      \"2 only\",\r\n      \"2 and 3 only\",\r\n      \"1 and 3 only\"\r\n    ],\r\n    correct: 1,\r\n    explanation: `<b>Correct Answer: B) 2 only<\/b><br><br>\r\n<b>Statement 1: INCORRECT.<\/b> Salary is payable from the date of election (Salary, Allowances and Pension of Members of Parliament Act, 1954), not from the date of oath.<br><br>\r\n<b>Statement 2: CORRECT. Article 99:<\/b> <i>\"Every member of either House of Parliament shall, before taking his seat, make and subscribe before the President, or some person appointed in that behalf by him, an oath or affirmation ...\"<\/i>; and <b>Rule 5:<\/b> <i>\"A member who has not already made and subscribed an oath or affirmation, in pursuance of article 99 of the Constitution, may do so at the commencement of a sitting of the House, or at any other time of the sitting of the House, as the Speaker may direct ...\"<\/i> A member may take his seat and participate only after the oath.<br><br>\r\n<b>Statement 3: INCORRECT.<\/b> Privileges attach from the date of election (Article 105), not from oath.`\r\n  },\r\n\r\n  \/\/ ===================== 2012-13 =====================\r\n  {\r\n    id: 19,\r\n    year: '2012-13',\r\n    chapter: 'Ch 13: Resolutions',\r\n    question: \"Which of the following statements regarding resolutions in the Lok Sabha is\/are correct?<br>1. A private member who wishes to move a resolution on a day allotted for private members' resolution shall give notice at least three days before the date of ballot.<br>2. Notice of the resolution shall be clearly and precisely expressed.<br>3. A member cannot authorize any other member to move the resolution on his behalf.<br>4. A member may raise substantially any number of issues.\",\r\n    options: [\r\n      \"1 and 2\",\r\n      \"2 only\",\r\n      \"1, 3 and 4\",\r\n      \"2 and 3\"\r\n    ],\r\n    correct: 1,\r\n    explanation: `<b>Correct Answer: B) 2 only<\/b><br><br>\r\n<b>Statement 1: INCORRECT. Rule 170:<\/b> <i>\"A member other than a Minister who wishes to move a resolution on a day allotted for private members' resolutions, shall give a notice to that effect at least two days before the date of ballot ...\"<\/i> \u2014 two days, not three.<br><br>\r\n<b>Statement 2: CORRECT. Rule 173:<\/b> <i>\"In order that a resolution may be admissible, it shall satisfy the following conditions, namely:\u2014 (i) it shall be clearly and precisely expressed; (ii) it shall raise substantially one definite issue; ...\"<\/i><br><br>\r\n<b>Statement 3: INCORRECT. Rule 176(2):<\/b> <i>\"A member may, with the permission of the Speaker, authorise any other member, in whose name the same resolution stands lower in the list of business, to move it on her or his behalf ...\"<\/i> \u2014 a member CAN authorise another.<br><br>\r\n<b>Statement 4: INCORRECT. Rule 173(ii):<\/b> a resolution <i>\"shall raise substantially one definite issue\"<\/i> \u2014 only one, not any number.`\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    id: 20,\r\n    year: '2012-13',\r\n    chapter: 'Ch 6: Arrangement of Business and List of Business',\r\n    question: \"Consider the following items in the List of Business of the Lok Sabha and arrange them as per approved order:<br>1. Obituary reference of sitting\/ex MPs<br>2. Oath\/Affirmation by newly elected members<br>3. Introduction of new members in the Council of Ministers to the House<br>4. Question Hour\",\r\n    options: [\r\n      \"1-2-3-4\",\r\n      \"2-3-1-4\",\r\n      \"2-1-3-4\",\r\n      \"4-1-2-3\"\r\n    ],\r\n    correct: 1,\r\n    explanation: `<b>Correct Answer: B) 2-3-1-4<\/b><br><br>\r\nApproved order of business: Oath\/Affirmation \u2192 Introduction of Ministers \u2192 Obituary references \u2192 Question Hour.<br><br>\r\n<b>1st: Oath\/Affirmation (Item 2). Rule 5:<\/b> <i>\"A member who has not already made and subscribed an oath or affirmation, in pursuance of article 99 of the Constitution, may do so at the commencement of a sitting of the House ...\"<\/i> \u2014 this precedes taking the seat and all other business.<br><br>\r\n<b>2nd: Introduction of Ministers (Item 3)<\/b> \u2014 by convention, immediately after oaths.<br><br>\r\n<b>3rd: Obituary references (Item 1)<\/b> \u2014 condolence references as a mark of respect.<br><br>\r\n<b>4th: Question Hour (Item 4). Rule 32:<\/b> <i>\"Unless the Speaker otherwise directs, the first hour of every sitting shall be available for the asking and answering of questions.\"<\/i>`\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    id: 21,\r\n    year: '2012-13',\r\n    chapter: 'Ch 27: General Rules of Procedure',\r\n    question: \"Consider the following statements regarding 'zero hour' in the Lok Sabha\/Rajya Sabha:<br>1. This term does not find any mention in the Rules of Procedure and Conduct of Business or in the Constitution of India.<br>2. A number of members raise their matters of urgent public importance at 12:00 noon in the House which has been termed as zero hour.<br>3. Proceedings of zero hour are not recorded in the House.<br>4. A written reply is given to the member by the concerned Minister for the matter raised during zero hour.\",\r\n    options: [\r\n      \"1 and 2\",\r\n      \"3 and 4\",\r\n      \"2 only\",\r\n      \"1 and 4\"\r\n    ],\r\n    correct: 0,\r\n    explanation: `<b>Correct Answer: A) 1 and 2<\/b><br><br>\r\n<b>Statement 1: CORRECT.<\/b> \"Zero Hour\" is not defined in the Rules of Procedure or in the Constitution; it is an informal device evolved through practice. The nearest codified device for raising a matter is <b>Rule 377:<\/b> <i>\"A member who wishes to bring to the notice of the House a matter which is not a point of order, shall give notice in writing to the Secretary-General ... The member shall be permitted to raise it only after the Speaker has given the consent ...\"<\/i><br><br>\r\n<b>Statement 2: CORRECT.<\/b> It begins around 12:00 noon, after the Question Hour ends.<br><br>\r\n<b>Statement 3: INCORRECT.<\/b> Zero Hour proceedings ARE recorded in the official debates.<br><br>\r\n<b>Statement 4: INCORRECT.<\/b> A Minister is under no obligation to reply; there is no formal reply mechanism (unlike Questions or Calling Attention).`\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    id: 22,\r\n    year: '2012-13',\r\n    chapter: 'Ch 8: Half-an-Hour Discussions',\r\n    question: \"Which one among the following statements regarding Half-an-Hour Discussion in the Lok Sabha is correct?\",\r\n    options: [\r\n      \"The Speaker may allot half-an-hour on three sittings in a week for raising discussions on matter of sufficient public importance\",\r\n      \"Half-an-hour discussion is held everyday in the House followed by a statement by the concerned Minister\",\r\n      \"Half-an-hour discussion has to be completed by voting\",\r\n      \"Half-an-hour discussion is taken up at 2:00 PM in the House\"\r\n    ],\r\n    correct: 0,\r\n    explanation: `<b>Correct Answer: A) The Speaker may allot half-an-hour on three sittings in a week.<\/b><br><br>\r\n<b>Rule 55(1):<\/b> <i>\"The Speaker may allot half an hour on three sittings in a week, for raising discussion on a matter of sufficient public importance which has been the subject of a recent question, oral or written, and the answer to which needs elucidation on a matter of fact.\"<\/i><br><br>\r\n<b>Rule 55(5):<\/b> <i>\"There shall be no formal motion before the House nor voting. The member who has given notice may make a short statement and the members who have previously intimated to the Speaker may ask a question for the purpose of further elucidating any matter of fact. Thereafter, the Minister shall reply shortly ...\"<\/i><br><br>\r\nTherefore B (not every day), C (no voting) and D (no fixed 2:00 pm slot \u2014 it is taken at the end of the sitting) are wrong.`\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    id: 23,\r\n    year: '2012-13',\r\n    chapter: 'Ch 9: Adjournment Motions',\r\n    question: \"Consider the following statements on adjournment motion in the Lok Sabha:<br>1. If objection to leave being granted is taken, the Speaker shall ensure that not less than fifty members rise to support the motion for leave of the House being granted.<br>2. The motion that 'the House do now adjourn' shall be taken up at 16:00 hours or earlier if the Speaker so directs.<br>3. The Speaker shall prescribe the time limit for speeches.<br>4. If the motion is withdrawn after its discussion, the House shall adjourn immediately.\",\r\n    options: [\r\n      \"1, 2 and 4\",\r\n      \"2 and 3 only\",\r\n      \"1 and 3 only\",\r\n      \"1, 2 and 3\"\r\n    ],\r\n    correct: 3,\r\n    explanation: `<b>Correct Answer: D) 1, 2 and 3<\/b><br><br>\r\n<b>Statement 1: CORRECT. Rule 60(2):<\/b> <i>\"If objection to leave being granted is taken, the Speaker shall request those members who are in favour of leave being granted to rise in their places, and if not less than fifty members rise accordingly, the Speaker shall intimate that leave is granted ...\"<\/i><br><br>\r\n<b>Statement 2: CORRECT. Rule 61:<\/b> <i>\"The motion 'that the House do now adjourn' shall be taken up at 16.00 hours or at an earlier hour if the Speaker, after considering the state of business in the House, so directs.\"<\/i><br><br>\r\n<b>Statement 3: CORRECT. Rule 63:<\/b> <i>\"The Speaker shall prescribe a time limit for speeches.\"<\/i><br><br>\r\n<b>Statement 4: INCORRECT.<\/b> A withdrawn adjournment motion does not cause the House to adjourn; the House adjourns only if the motion is carried.`\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    id: 24,\r\n    year: '2012-13',\r\n    chapter: 'Ch 23: Leave of Absence from the Sittings of the House',\r\n    question: \"Consider the following statements on leave of absence from the sittings of the Lok Sabha\/Rajya Sabha:<br>1. A member who intends to take leave of absence from the sittings of the House has to give an application in this regard addressed to the Secretary General of the Lok Sabha\/Rajya Sabha.<br>2. In case of the Lok Sabha, all applications under Rule 242, shall stand referred to the Committee on Absence of Members from the Sittings of the House.\",\r\n    options: [\r\n      \"1 only\",\r\n      \"2 only\",\r\n      \"Both 1 and 2\",\r\n      \"Neither 1 nor 2\"\r\n    ],\r\n    correct: 1,\r\n    explanation: `<b>Correct Answer: B) 2 only<\/b><br><br>\r\n<b>Statement 1: INCORRECT. Rule 242(1):<\/b> <i>\"A member desiring permission of the House to remain absent from the sittings thereof under clause (4) of article 101 of the Constitution shall make an application in writing to the Speaker.\"<\/i> \u2014 addressed to the Speaker, not the Secretary-General.<br><br>\r\n<b>Statement 2: CORRECT. Rule 243:<\/b> <i>\"All applications under rule 242 shall stand referred to the Committee on Absence of Members from the Sittings of the House.\"<\/i><br><br>\r\n(Also, <b>Rule 242(2)<\/b> proviso: <i>\"... leave of absence applied for at any one time shall not exceed a period of sixty days.\"<\/i>)`\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    id: 27,\r\n    year: '2012-13',\r\n    chapter: 'Ch 3: Election of Speaker and Deputy Speaker and Nomination of Panel of Chairpersons',\r\n    question: \"What is meant by the term 'Panel of Chairmen' in the Lok Sabha\/Rajya Sabha?\",\r\n    options: [\r\n      \"The members selected as Chairmen of various Parliamentary Committees\",\r\n      \"Members nominated by the Speaker\/Chairman to preside over the House, when required to do so\",\r\n      \"Chairmen of Departmentally Related Standing Committees\",\r\n      \"Selected few to send as heads of parliamentary delegations abroad\"\r\n    ],\r\n    correct: 1,\r\n    explanation: `<b>Correct Answer: B) Members nominated to preside over the House when required.<\/b><br><br>\r\n<b>Rule 9(1):<\/b> <i>\"At the commencement of the House or from time to time, as the case may be, the Speaker shall nominate from amongst the members a panel of not more than ten Chairpersons, anyone of whom may preside over the House in the absence of the Speaker and the Deputy Speaker when so requested by the Speaker or, in the absence of the Speaker, by the Deputy Speaker.\"<\/i><br><br>\r\n<b>Rule 10:<\/b> a Panel member, when presiding, <i>\"shall ... have the same powers as the Speaker when so presiding ...\"<\/i> The Panel is for presiding over sittings \u2014 not for chairing Committees or leading delegations.`\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    id: 28,\r\n    year: '2012-13',\r\n    chapter: 'Ch 16: Calling Attention',\r\n    question: \"What is meant by 'Calling Attention Notice' in the Lok Sabha?\",\r\n    options: [\r\n      \"A notice given by a Member to call the attention of the Speaker to a matter of urgent public importance\",\r\n      \"A notice given by a Member to call the attention of the Minister concerned to a matter of urgent public importance\",\r\n      \"A notice given by a Member to call the attention of the Union Government on a matter of national importance\",\r\n      \"A notice given by a Member to call the attention of the Prime Minister on a matter in the Concurrent List\"\r\n    ],\r\n    correct: 1,\r\n    explanation: `<b>Correct Answer: B) A notice to call the Minister's attention to a matter of urgent public importance.<\/b><br><br>\r\n<b>Rule 197(1):<\/b> <i>\"A member may, with the previous permission of the Speaker, call the attention of a Minister to any matter of urgent public importance and the Minister may make a brief statement or ask for time to make a statement at a later hour or date: Provided that no member shall give more than two such notices for any one sitting.\"<\/i><br><br>\r\n<b>Rule 197(2):<\/b> <i>\"There shall be no debate on such statement at the time it is made but each member in whose name the item stands in the list of business may, with the permission of the Speaker, ask a clarificatory question and the Minister shall reply at the end to all such questions: Provided that names of not more than five members shall be shown in the list of business.\"<\/i> The attention is that of the Minister, with the Speaker's prior permission \u2014 no debate, only clarificatory questions.`\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    id: 29,\r\n    year: '2012-13',\r\n    chapter: 'Rajya Sabha',\r\n    question: \"Consider the following statements on 'special mention' in the Rajya Sabha:<br>1. Unless the Chairman otherwise directs, no member shall make more than one special mention during a week.<br>2. The total number of special mentions to be admitted for a day shall not ordinarily exceed seven.<br>3. Unless the Chairman otherwise directs, no member shall make two special mentions per day.<br>4. The total number of special mentions to be admitted for a day shall not ordinarily exceed twenty.\",\r\n    options: [\r\n      \"2 and 3\",\r\n      \"1 and 2\",\r\n      \"2 only\",\r\n      \"3 and 4\"\r\n    ],\r\n    correct: 1,\r\n    explanation: `<b>Correct Answer: B) 1 and 2<\/b><br><br>\r\nSpecial Mention is now codified in the Rajya Sabha Rules (9th Edn) at Rules 180A-180E.<br><br>\r\n<b>Statement 1: CORRECT. RS Rule 180D(1):<\/b> <i>\"Unless the Chairman otherwise directs, no member shall make more than one Special Mention during a week.\"<\/i><br><br>\r\n<b>Statement 2: CORRECT. RS Rule 180D(2):<\/b> <i>\"Total number of Special Mentions to be admitted for a day shall not ordinarily exceed seven.\"<\/i><br><br>\r\n<b>Statement 3: INCORRECT.<\/b> The limit is one per week (not two per day).<br>\r\n<b>Statement 4: INCORRECT.<\/b> The daily ceiling is seven, not twenty.`\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    id: 30,\r\n    year: '2012-13',\r\n    chapter: 'Ch 22: Resignation and Vacation of Seats in the House',\r\n    question: \"Under Article 101(3)(b) of the Constitution of India, an MP can resign his seat in the Lok Sabha\/Rajya Sabha. Which of the following statements are true about the resignation?<br>1. An MP has to resign by writing under his hand addressed to the Speaker\/Chairman.<br>2. No reason may be appended to such resignation.<br>3. The Speaker\/Chairman after making enquiry and satisfied that the resignation is voluntary and genuine shall accept the resignation.<br>4. A resignation cannot be withdrawn by the Member after it is accepted by the Speaker\/Chairman.\",\r\n    options: [\r\n      \"1, 2, 3 and 4\",\r\n      \"1 and 2 only\",\r\n      \"3 and 4 only\",\r\n      \"1, 2 and 3 only\"\r\n    ],\r\n    correct: 0,\r\n    explanation: `<b>Correct Answer: A) 1, 2, 3 and 4<\/b><br><br>\r\n<b>Statement 1: CORRECT. Article 101(3)(b):<\/b> a member may resign <i>\"by writing under his hand addressed to the Chairman or the Speaker, as the case may be.\"<\/i> <b>Rule 240(1):<\/b> <i>\"A member who desires to resign one's seat in the House shall intimate in writing under one's own hand addressed to the Speaker, such intention to resign the seat ... and shall not give any reason for the resignation ...\"<\/i><br><br>\r\n<b>Statement 2: CORRECT.<\/b> Same Rule 240(1) proviso: <i>\"Provided that where any member gives any reason or introduces any extraneous matter the Speaker may while exercising discretion omit such words, phrases or matter ...\"<\/i><br><br>\r\n<b>Statement 3: CORRECT.<\/b> Where the letter is received by post or through another person, the Speaker may make a summary enquiry and, if not satisfied that it is voluntary and genuine, shall not accept it (Rule 240(1B)).<br><br>\r\n<b>Statement 4: CORRECT.<\/b> A member may withdraw the letter only before it is accepted (Rule 240(1C)); once accepted, it is final.`\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    id: 31,\r\n    year: '2012-13',\r\n    chapter: 'Ch 26: Parliamentary Committees',\r\n    question: \"Consider the following statements on Parliamentary Committees:<br>1. The quorum of a Committee shall be five.<br>2. The report of a Committee may be either preliminary or final.<br>3. Provided that where the Rajya Sabha has not fixed any time for the presentation of the report, the report shall be presented within one month of the date on which reference to the Committee was made.\",\r\n    options: [\r\n      \"1, 2 and 3\",\r\n      \"1 and 2 only\",\r\n      \"3 only\",\r\n      \"2 and 3 only\"\r\n    ],\r\n    correct: 3,\r\n    explanation: `<b>Correct Answer: D) 2 and 3 only<\/b><br><br>\r\n<b>Statement 1: INCORRECT. Rule 259(1):<\/b> <i>\"The quorum to constitute a sitting of a Committee shall be, as near as may be, one-third of the total number of members of the Committee.\"<\/i> \u2014 one-third, not a fixed five.<br><br>\r\n<b>Statement 2: CORRECT.<\/b> A Committee may present a preliminary (interim) or a final report.<br><br>\r\n<b>Statement 3: CORRECT.<\/b> Where no time has been fixed for presentation, the report is to be presented within one month of the date of reference.`\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    id: 34,\r\n    year: '2012-13',\r\n    chapter: 'Misc.',\r\n    question: \"What is meant by the term 'Well of the House' in parliamentary parlance?\",\r\n    options: [\r\n      \"The place around the Table of the Lok Sabha\/Rajya Sabha Chamber\",\r\n      \"Members' Lobbies in the Parliament House\",\r\n      \"The Central Hall in the Parliament House\",\r\n      \"None of the above\"\r\n    ],\r\n    correct: 0,\r\n    explanation: `<b>Correct Answer: A) The place around the Table of the Chamber.<\/b><br><br>\r\nThe \"Well of the House\" is the open space between the front benches and the Table of the House in the Chamber. Members are not to enter it; entering the Well is treated as grave disorder and can attract automatic suspension under <b>Rule 374A(1)<\/b>, which speaks of <i>\"a member coming into the well of the House ...\"<\/i> This is a term of parliamentary usage rather than a defined term in Rule 2.`\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    id: 35,\r\n    year: '2012-13',\r\n    chapter: 'Ch 20: Privileges',\r\n    question: \"Consider the following statements:<br>1. A Member of the Parliament committing a criminal offence and taking asylum in the precincts of the Parliament House can be arrested with the permission of the Speaker.<br>2. A Member of the Parliament's arrest has to be communicated to the Speaker\/Chairman immediately.\",\r\n    options: [\r\n      \"1 only\",\r\n      \"2 only\",\r\n      \"Both 1 and 2\",\r\n      \"Neither 1 nor 2\"\r\n    ],\r\n    correct: 2,\r\n    explanation: `<b>Correct Answer: C) Both 1 and 2<\/b><br><br>\r\n<b>Statement 1: CORRECT. Rule 232:<\/b> <i>\"No arrest shall be made within the precincts of the House without obtaining the permission of the Speaker.\"<\/i> (and <b>Rule 233:<\/b> <i>\"A legal process, civil or criminal, shall not be served within the precincts of the House without obtaining the permission of Speaker.\"<\/i>) Privilege does not shield a criminal act, but arrest within the precincts needs the Speaker's permission.<br><br>\r\n<b>Statement 2: CORRECT. Rule 229:<\/b> <i>\"When a member is arrested on a criminal charge or for a criminal offence or is sentenced to imprisonment by a court or is detained under an executive order, the committing judge, magistrate or executive authority, as the case may be, shall immediately intimate such fact to the Speaker ...\"<\/i>`\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    id: 36,\r\n    year: '2012-13',\r\n    chapter: 'Ch 26: Parliamentary Committees',\r\n    question: \"Consider the following statements relating to Business Advisory Committee of the Lok Sabha:<br>1. The Speaker acts as its Chairman.<br>2. The Deputy Speaker acts as its Chairman.<br>3. It allocates time for various Bills and determines priority of items to be discussed in the House.<br>4. Its Chairman is nominated by the Speaker.\",\r\n    options: [\r\n      \"1 and 3\",\r\n      \"2 and 3\",\r\n      \"1 only\",\r\n      \"3 and 4\"\r\n    ],\r\n    correct: 0,\r\n    explanation: `<b>Correct Answer: A) 1 and 3<\/b><br><br>\r\n<b>Statement 1: CORRECT. Rule 287:<\/b> <i>\"... the Speaker may nominate a Committee called the Business Advisory Committee consisting of not more than fifteen members including the Speaker who shall be the Chairperson of the Committee.\"<\/i> \u2014 the Speaker is ex-officio Chairperson.<br><br>\r\n<b>Statement 2: INCORRECT.<\/b> Not the Deputy Speaker.<br><br>\r\n<b>Statement 3: CORRECT. Rule 288(1)-(2):<\/b> <i>\"It shall be the function of the Committee to recommend the time that should be allocated for the discussion of the stage or stages of such Government Bills and other business ... The Committee shall have the power to indicate in the proposed time-table the different hours at which the various stages of the Bill or other business shall be completed.\"<\/i><br><br>\r\n<b>Statement 4: INCORRECT.<\/b> The Chairperson is the Speaker ex-officio; not separately nominated.`\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    id: 37,\r\n    year: '2012-13',\r\n    chapter: 'Ch 26: Parliamentary Committees',\r\n    question: \"Which one among the following statements relating to Committee on Absence of Members from the Sittings of the House in the Lok Sabha is correct?\",\r\n    options: [\r\n      \"The Committee examines the case where a Member has been absent for a period of sixty days without permission\",\r\n      \"The Committee can recommend leave for less than seventy-five days\",\r\n      \"The Committee can grant leave on the verbal request of a Member\",\r\n      \"The Committee meeting is held in camera\"\r\n    ],\r\n    correct: 0,\r\n    explanation: `<b>Correct Answer: A) It examines a case of 60 days' absence without permission.<\/b><br><br>\r\n<b>Rule 326(1):<\/b> <i>\"The functions of the Committee shall be:\u2014 (i) to consider all applications from members for leave of absence from the sittings of the House; and (ii) to examine every case where a member has been absent for a period of sixty days or more, without permission, from the sittings of the House and to report whether the absence should be condoned or circumstances of the case justify that the House should declare the seat of the member vacant.\"<\/i><br><br>\r\nThis tracks <b>Article 101(4):<\/b> <i>\"If for a period of sixty days a member of either House of Parliament is without permission of the House absent from all meetings thereof, the House may declare his seat vacant ...\"<\/i> A written application (Rule 242(1)) is required, not a verbal request.`\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    id: 39,\r\n    year: '2012-13',\r\n    chapter: 'Ch 27: General Rules of Procedure',\r\n    question: \"Consider the following statements regarding powers of the Speaker\/Chairman:<br>1. He can suspend a member if he willfully disrupts and impedes the proceedings of the House.<br>2. He can adjourn the sitting of the House.<br>3. He can summon and prorogue the House.\",\r\n    options: [\r\n      \"1 and 2 only\",\r\n      \"2 and 3 only\",\r\n      \"1, 2 and 3\",\r\n      \"1 only\"\r\n    ],\r\n    correct: 0,\r\n    explanation: `<b>Correct Answer: A) 1 and 2 only<\/b><br><br>\r\n<b>Statement 1: CORRECT. Rule 374A(1):<\/b> <i>\"... in the event of grave disorder ... such member shall, on being named by the Speaker, stand automatically suspended from the service of the House for five consecutive sittings or the remainder of the session, whichever is less ...\"<\/i> (also Rule 374 for suspension on a motion).<br><br>\r\n<b>Statement 2: CORRECT. Rule 375:<\/b> <i>\"In the case of a grave disorder arising in the House, the Speaker, may if thinks it necessary to do so, adjourn the House or suspend any sitting ...\"<\/i> (and Rule 15 for ordinary adjournment).<br><br>\r\n<b>Statement 3: INCORRECT. Article 85(1):<\/b> <i>\"The President shall from time to time summon each House of Parliament ...\"<\/i> and <b>Article 85(2)(a):<\/b> <i>\"The President may from time to time prorogue the Houses ...\"<\/i> \u2014 summoning and prorogation are the President's functions, not the Speaker's.`\r\n  },\r\n\r\n  \/\/ ===================== 2014 =====================\r\n  {\r\n    id: 74,\r\n    year: '2014',\r\n    chapter: 'Ch 26: Parliamentary Committees',\r\n    question: \"Consider the following statements relating to the Committee on Absence of Members from the sittings of the Lok Sabha:<br>1. The Committee recommends to the House the period of leave to be granted to the Member.<br>2. The Committee grants leave to the Member.<br>3. This is a Standing Parliamentary Committee.<br>Which of the statements given above is\/are correct?\",\r\n    options: [\r\n      \"1 and 2 only\",\r\n      \"1 and 3 only\",\r\n      \"1, 2 and 3\",\r\n      \"3 only\"\r\n    ],\r\n    correct: 1,\r\n    explanation: `<b>Correct Answer: B) 1 and 3 only<\/b><br><br>\r\n<b>Statement 1: CORRECT. Rule 326(1):<\/b> <i>\"The functions of the Committee shall be:\u2014 (i) to consider all applications from members for leave of absence from the sittings of the House; and (ii) to examine every case where a member has been absent for a period of sixty days or more, without permission ... and to report whether the absence should be condoned ...\"<\/i>; and <b>Rule 327<\/b> takes the pleasure of the House where leave is recommended \u2014 the Committee only recommends.<br><br>\r\n<b>Statement 2: INCORRECT.<\/b> The Committee does not grant leave; the House does, on the Committee's recommendation.<br><br>\r\n<b>Statement 3: CORRECT. Rule 325:<\/b> <i>\"The Committee on Absence of Members from the sittings of the House shall consist of fifteen members nominated by the Speaker and shall hold office for a term not exceeding one year.\"<\/i> \u2014 a Standing Committee.`\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    id: 75,\r\n    year: '2014',\r\n    chapter: 'Ch 26: Parliamentary Committees',\r\n    question: \"The term of office of members of the Committee on Public Accounts of the Parliament is for\",\r\n    options: [\r\n      \"five years\",\r\n      \"one year\",\r\n      \"two years\",\r\n      \"three years\"\r\n    ],\r\n    correct: 1,\r\n    explanation: `<b>Correct Answer: B) one year<\/b><br><br>\r\n<b>Rule 309(2):<\/b> <i>\"The term of office of members of the Committee shall not exceed one year.\"<\/i><br><br>\r\n(Constitution \u2014 <b>Rule 309(1):<\/b> <i>\"The Committee shall consist of not more than 22 members comprising 15 members who shall be elected by the House every year ... and not more than 7 members of Rajya Sabha to be nominated by that House ...\"<\/i>)`\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    id: 77,\r\n    year: '2014',\r\n    chapter: 'Ch 26: Parliamentary Committees',\r\n    question: \"The Committee on Public Accounts consists of\",\r\n    options: [\r\n      \"15 members from the Lok Sabha and 7 members from the Rajya Sabha\",\r\n      \"20 members from the Lok Sabha and 20 members from the Rajya Sabha\",\r\n      \"20 members from the Lok Sabha and 10 members from the Rajya Sabha\",\r\n      \"30 members from the Lok Sabha and 15 members from the Rajya Sabha\"\r\n    ],\r\n    correct: 0,\r\n    explanation: `<b>Correct Answer: A) 15 from the Lok Sabha and 7 from the Rajya Sabha.<\/b><br><br>\r\n<b>Rule 309(1):<\/b> <i>\"The Committee shall consist of not more than 22 members comprising 15 members who shall be elected by the House every year from amongst its members according to the principle of proportional representation by means of the single transferable vote and not more than 7 members of Rajya Sabha to be nominated by that House for being associated with the Committee ...\"<\/i> (15 elected by Lok Sabha + 7 nominated by Rajya Sabha = 22).`\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    id: 78,\r\n    year: '2014',\r\n    chapter: 'Ch 26: Parliamentary Committees',\r\n    question: \"Which of the following statements about Departmentally Related Standing Committees of the Parliament is correct?\",\r\n    options: [\r\n      \"They are chaired by the Minister-in-Charge of the Department concerned\",\r\n      \"Some of these Committees are serviced by the Lok Sabha Secretariat, while others are serviced by the Rajya Sabha Secretariat\",\r\n      \"The term of the members of these Committees is coterminous with their term as a Member of the Parliament\",\r\n      \"The Demands for Grants of a Ministry\/Department must be examined by the related Committee before it is presented to the Parliament\"\r\n    ],\r\n    correct: 1,\r\n    explanation: `<b>Correct Answer: B) Some are serviced by the Lok Sabha Secretariat, others by the Rajya Sabha Secretariat.<\/b><br><br>\r\n<b>Rule 331J:<\/b> <i>\"Except for matters for which special provision is made ... the general rules applicable to other Parliamentary Committees in Rajya Sabha shall apply mutatis mutandis to the Standing Committees specified in Part-I of the Fifth Schedule and the general rules applicable to other Parliamentary Committees in Lok Sabha shall apply to Standing Committees as specified in Part-II of the Schedule.\"<\/i> (Part-I committees are chaired\/serviced on the Rajya Sabha side, Part-II on the Lok Sabha side.)<br><br>\r\nOthers wrong: <b>Rule 331D(2):<\/b> <i>\"A Minister shall not be nominated as a member of the Committee ...\"<\/i> (so not chaired by a Minister); <b>Rule 331D(4):<\/b> <i>\"The term of office of the members of the Committees shall not exceed one year.\"<\/i>`\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    id: 80,\r\n    year: '2014',\r\n    chapter: 'Ch 26: Parliamentary Committees',\r\n    question: \"The Chairman of the Committee on Public Accounts is\",\r\n    options: [\r\n      \"appointed by the Speaker from amongst the members of the Lok Sabha elected to the Committee\",\r\n      \"appointed by the Vice President from amongst the members of the Rajya Sabha only appointed by the President\",\r\n      \"from amongst the members of either the Lok Sabha or the Rajya Sabha\",\r\n      \"elected by the members of the Committee\"\r\n    ],\r\n    correct: 0,\r\n    explanation: `<b>Correct Answer: A) Appointed by the Speaker from amongst the Lok Sabha members elected to the Committee.<\/b><br><br>\r\n<b>Rule 258(1):<\/b> <i>\"The Chairperson of a Committee shall be appointed by the Speaker from amongst members of the Committee: Provided that the Deputy Speaker, in case is a member of the Committee, shall be appointed as Chairperson of the Committee.\"<\/i><br><br>\r\nBy convention the PAC Chairperson is drawn from the Opposition, appointed by the Speaker from amongst the Lok Sabha members of the Committee.`\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    id: 82,\r\n    year: '2014',\r\n    chapter: \"Ch 5: President's Address and Messages to the House\",\r\n    question: \"Consider the following statements about Motion of Thanks to President's Address to the Lok Sabha and the Rajya Sabha:<br>1. Notices of amendments to Motion of Thanks to President's Address can be tabled after the motion has been moved in the House.<br>2. Amendments may refer to matters which the Address has failed to mention.<br>Which of the statements given above is\/are correct?\",\r\n    options: [\r\n      \"1 only\",\r\n      \"2 only\",\r\n      \"Both 1 and 2\",\r\n      \"Neither 1 nor 2\"\r\n    ],\r\n    correct: 1,\r\n    explanation: `<b>Correct Answer: B) 2 only<\/b><br><br>\r\n<b>Statement 1: INCORRECT.<\/b> Notice of amendments must be given in advance, before the Motion is moved \u2014 not after.<br><br>\r\n<b>Statement 2: CORRECT. Rule 18:<\/b> <i>\"Amendments may be moved to such Motion of Thanks in such form as may be considered appropriate by the Speaker.\"<\/i> The wide form permitted allows amendments to point to matters the Address omitted. (<b>Rule 17:<\/b> <i>\"... the House shall be at liberty to discuss the matters referred to in such Address on a Motion of Thanks moved by a member and seconded by another member.\"<\/i>)`\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    id: 83,\r\n    year: '2014',\r\n    chapter: 'Ch 6: Arrangement of Business and List of Business',\r\n    question: \"Consider the following statements about Private Members' Business in the Lok Sabha:<br>1. Every Member of the Parliament other than a Minister is called a Private Member and he can introduce Private Members' Bill.<br>2. The last two and half hours of a sitting of every Friday during session are generally allotted for transaction of Private Members' Business.<br>3. A Private Member cannot introduce Constitutional Amendment Bill.<br>Which of the statements given above is\/are correct?\",\r\n    options: [\r\n      \"1 only\",\r\n      \"2 only\",\r\n      \"1 and 2 only\",\r\n      \"1, 2 and 3\"\r\n    ],\r\n    correct: 2,\r\n    explanation: `<b>Correct Answer: C) 1 and 2 only<\/b><br><br>\r\n<b>Statement 1: CORRECT. Rule 2:<\/b> <i>\"'private member' means a member other than a Minister\"<\/i> \u2014 any non-Minister MP may introduce a private member's Bill.<br><br>\r\n<b>Statement 2: CORRECT. Rule 26:<\/b> <i>\"The last two and a half hours of a sitting on Friday shall be allotted for the transaction of private members' business ...\"<\/i><br><br>\r\n<b>Statement 3: INCORRECT.<\/b> A private member CAN introduce a Constitution Amendment Bill \u2014 <b>Rule 294(1)(a):<\/b> <i>\"to examine every Bill seeking to amend the Constitution notice of which has been given by a private member, before a motion for leave to introduce the Bill is included in the list of business\"<\/i> \u2014 which presumes private members may bring such Bills (subject to Committee examination).`\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    id: 84,\r\n    year: '2014',\r\n    chapter: 'Ch 26: Parliamentary Committees',\r\n    question: \"Who is the Chairman of the Committee on Private Members' Bills and Resolutions in the Lok Sabha?\",\r\n    options: [\r\n      \"The Speaker\",\r\n      \"The Deputy Speaker\",\r\n      \"A Member elected by the members of the Committee from amongst its members\",\r\n      \"A Member appointed by the Deputy Speaker\"\r\n    ],\r\n    correct: 1,\r\n    explanation: `<b>Correct Answer: B) The Deputy Speaker.<\/b><br><br>\r\n<b>Rule 258(1)<\/b> proviso: <i>\"Provided that the Deputy Speaker, in case is a member of the Committee, shall be appointed as Chairperson of the Committee.\"<\/i> The Deputy Speaker is invariably nominated to this Committee (<b>Rule 293:<\/b> <i>\"There shall be a Committee on Private Members' Bills and Resolutions consisting of not more than fifteen members ... nominated by the Speaker ...\"<\/i>) and therefore chairs it.`\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    id: 85,\r\n    year: '2014',\r\n    chapter: 'Ch 26: Parliamentary Committees',\r\n    question: \"The Committee on Public Accounts cannot call for evidence of\",\r\n    options: [\r\n      \"Representatives of the Ministries\",\r\n      \"Ministers\",\r\n      \"NGOs\",\r\n      \"Experts\"\r\n    ],\r\n    correct: 1,\r\n    explanation: `<b>Correct Answer: B) Ministers.<\/b><br><br>\r\nBy a settled convention the Public Accounts Committee does not summon Ministers as witnesses (they are collectively responsible to the House); it examines officials\/Secretaries as departmental witnesses. The general power to take evidence exists \u2014 <b>Rule 302:<\/b> <i>\"A Select Committee may hear expert evidence and representatives of special interests affected by the measure before them.\"<\/i> \u2014 and applies to experts, interest-groups and departmental representatives, but not to calling Ministers before the PAC.`\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    id: 86,\r\n    year: '2014',\r\n    chapter: 'Ch 6: Arrangement of Business and List of Business',\r\n    question: \"The relative precedence of the Private Members' Bill in a particular category is determined by\",\r\n    options: [\r\n      \"the Speaker\",\r\n      \"the Deputy Speaker\",\r\n      \"the Committee on Private Members' Bill\",\r\n      \"ballot\"\r\n    ],\r\n    correct: 3,\r\n    explanation: `<b>Correct Answer: D) ballot.<\/b><br><br>\r\n<b>Rule 27(2):<\/b> <i>\"The relative precedence of Bills falling under the same clause of sub-rule (1) shall be determined by ballot to be held in accordance with the orders made by the Speaker and on such day and in such manner as the Speaker may direct ...\"<\/i> (with provisos for category A \/ category B Bills, whose relative precedence within each category is again determined by ballot).`\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    id: 89,\r\n    year: '2014',\r\n    chapter: 'Ch 26: Parliamentary Committees',\r\n    question: \"Consider the following statements about the Committee on Estimates:<br>1. Members of the Committee are drawn from both the Lok Sabha and the Rajya Sabha.<br>2. The maximum number of members of the Committee is 30.<br>3. The members are nominated by the Speaker and the Chairman.<br>Which of the statements given above is\/are correct?\",\r\n    options: [\r\n      \"1, 2 and 3\",\r\n      \"2 and 3 only\",\r\n      \"2 only\",\r\n      \"1 and 3 only\"\r\n    ],\r\n    correct: 2,\r\n    explanation: `<b>Correct Answer: C) 2 only<\/b><br><br>\r\n<b>Rule 311(1):<\/b> <i>\"The Committee shall consist of not more than thirty members who shall be elected by the House every year from amongst its members according to the principle of proportional representation by means of the single transferable vote ...\"<\/i><br><br>\r\n<b>Statement 1: INCORRECT<\/b> \u2014 Estimates Committee has only Lok Sabha members.<br>\r\n<b>Statement 2: CORRECT<\/b> \u2014 not more than 30.<br>\r\n<b>Statement 3: INCORRECT<\/b> \u2014 members are elected by the House, not nominated.`\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    id: 90,\r\n    year: '2014',\r\n    chapter: 'Ch 27: General Rules of Procedure',\r\n    question: \"In the event of grave disorder occasioned by a member coming to the well of the House or abusing the Rules of the House persistently and willfully obstructing its business, such member shall, on being named by the Speaker, stand automatically suspended from the service of the House for\",\r\n    options: [\r\n      \"ten consecutive sittings\",\r\n      \"the day\",\r\n      \"two weeks or the remainder of the session whichever is less\",\r\n      \"five consecutive sittings or the remainder of the session whichever is less\"\r\n    ],\r\n    correct: 3,\r\n    explanation: `<b>Correct Answer: D) five consecutive sittings or the remainder of the session, whichever is less.<\/b><br><br>\r\n<b>Rule 374A(1):<\/b> <i>\"... such member shall, on being named by the Speaker, stand automatically suspended from the service of the House for five consecutive sittings or the remainder of the session, whichever is less ...\"<\/i>; <b>Rule 374A(2):<\/b> <i>\"On the Speaker announcing the suspension under this rule, the member shall forthwith withdraw from the precincts of the House.\"<\/i>`\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    id: 91,\r\n    year: '2014',\r\n    chapter: 'Ch 26: Parliamentary Committees',\r\n    question: \"The quorum required to constitute the sittings of a Parliamentary Committee is\",\r\n    options: [\r\n      \"one-half of the total membership\",\r\n      \"one-third of the total membership\",\r\n      \"one-fourth of the total membership\",\r\n      \"two-third of the total membership\"\r\n    ],\r\n    correct: 1,\r\n    explanation: `<b>Correct Answer: B) one-third of the total membership.<\/b><br><br>\r\n<b>Rule 259(1):<\/b> <i>\"The quorum to constitute a sitting of a Committee shall be, as near as may be, one-third of the total number of members of the Committee.\"<\/i> (Rule 259(2): if there is no quorum, the Chairperson shall suspend the sitting until there is a quorum or adjourn it to a future day.)`\r\n  },\r\n\r\n  \/\/ ===================== 2015 =====================\r\n  {\r\n    id: 94,\r\n    year: '2015',\r\n    chapter: 'Ch 26: Parliamentary Committees',\r\n    question: \"Which one of the following statements with regard to Business Advisory Committee of Lok Sabha is correct?\",\r\n    options: [\r\n      \"Minutes of the Committee are not laid on the Table of the House.\",\r\n      \"Minutes of the Committee are laid on the Table of the House.\",\r\n      \"The Deputy Speaker is the Chairman of the Committee.\",\r\n      \"The Committee undertakes study visits.\"\r\n    ],\r\n    correct: 0,\r\n    explanation: `<b>Correct Answer: A) Minutes of the Committee are not laid on the Table of the House.<\/b><br><br>\r\nThe BAC works by consensus; only its recommendations (report) are placed before the House, not its minutes. <b>Rule 289:<\/b> <i>\"The recommendations of the Committee shall be presented to the House in the form of a report.\"<\/i><br><br>\r\nOthers wrong: the <b>Speaker<\/b> chairs it \u2014 <b>Rule 287:<\/b> <i>\"... consisting of not more than fifteen members including the Speaker who shall be the Chairperson of the Committee.\"<\/i> The BAC allocates time for business; it does not undertake study visits.`\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    id: 95,\r\n    year: '2015',\r\n    chapter: 'Ch 26: Parliamentary Committees',\r\n    question: \"Consider the following statements:<br>1. When the report of a Parliamentary Committee is to be presented to the House, an entry is made in the List of Business.<br>2. The Chairman presents the report of a Parliamentary Committee to the Speaker when Lok Sabha is in session.<br>3. The Chairman presents the report of a Parliamentary Committee to the House when Lok Sabha is in session.<br>4. The report of the Public Accounts Committee of Parliament is laid on the Tables of Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha.<br>Which of the statements given above are correct?\",\r\n    options: [\r\n      \"1 and 2\",\r\n      \"1 and 3 only\",\r\n      \"1, 3 and 4\",\r\n      \"3 and 4 only\"\r\n    ],\r\n    correct: 2,\r\n    explanation: `<b>Correct Answer: C) 1, 3 and 4<\/b><br><br>\r\n<b>Statement 1: CORRECT.<\/b> An entry is made in the List of Business on the day of presentation.<br><br>\r\n<b>Statement 2: INCORRECT<\/b> and <b>Statement 3: CORRECT. Rule 279(1):<\/b> <i>\"The report of a Committee shall be presented to the House by the Chairperson or in the absence of the Chairperson by any member of the Committee.\"<\/i> \u2014 presented to the House, not to the Speaker (when the House is in session).<br><br>\r\n<b>Statement 4: CORRECT.<\/b> Since the PAC draws members from both Houses (Rule 309(1): 15 Lok Sabha + 7 Rajya Sabha), its report is laid on the Table of both Houses.`\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    id: 96,\r\n    year: '2015',\r\n    chapter: 'Ch 6: Arrangement of Business and List of Business',\r\n    question: \"Which one of the following statements with regard to the private members' business in Lok Sabha is correct?\",\r\n    options: [\r\n      \"The last two and a half hours on every Friday is allotted to private members' business in Lok Sabha.\",\r\n      \"During private members' business, members can seek clarificatory statement from the ministers on questions raised during question hour.\",\r\n      \"The time for various private members' business is allotted by the Business Advisory Committee.\",\r\n      \"Private members' business is taken up everyday after 3:30 p.m. in Lok Sabha.\"\r\n    ],\r\n    correct: 0,\r\n    explanation: `<b>Correct Answer: A) The last two and a half hours on Friday.<\/b><br><br>\r\n<b>Rule 26:<\/b> <i>\"The last two and a half hours of a sitting on Friday shall be allotted for the transaction of private members' business ...\"<\/i> (with provisos allowing the Speaker to allot a different day, or another day if there is no Friday sitting).<br><br>\r\nOthers wrong: option B describes Half-an-Hour Discussion (Rule 55); the time for private members' Bills\/Resolutions is allocated by the <b>Committee on Private Members' Bills and Resolutions<\/b> (Rule 294), not the BAC; and it is on Fridays, not every day after 3:30 pm.`\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    id: 97,\r\n    year: '2015',\r\n    chapter: 'Ch 27: General Rules of Procedure',\r\n    question: \"While according permission to treat a paper\/document as laid on the Table of Lok Sabha, the Speaker is not guided by which one of the following?\",\r\n    options: [\r\n      \"That matter contained in the paper or document was in some way connected with business then before the Houses\",\r\n      \"That the document contained facts and was propagandist in nature\",\r\n      \"That the document was original and authentic\",\r\n      \"That the document contained nothing which was against the wider interest of the nation\"\r\n    ],\r\n    correct: 1,\r\n    explanation: `<b>Correct Answer: B) That the document contained facts and was propagandist in nature \u2014 NOT a guiding criterion.<\/b><br><br>\r\nWhen permitting a paper to be laid, the Speaker looks to whether it is connected with the business before the House, whether it is original and authentic, and whether it is against the wider national interest. A propagandist document would be refused \u2014 so \"propagandist in nature\" is not a criterion that guides the Speaker (it is a ground for rejection).<br><br>\r\n<b>Rule 382(1):<\/b> <i>\"The Speaker may authorise printing, publication, distribution or sale of any paper, document or report in connection with the business of the House or any paper, document or report laid on the table or presented to the House or a Committee thereof.\"<\/i> (See also Rules 368-370 on papers laid on the Table.)`\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    id: 98,\r\n    year: '2015',\r\n    chapter: 'Ch 15: Short Duration Discussions',\r\n    question: \"Consider the following statements regarding short duration discussion in Lok Sabha:<br>1. Notice to raise a short duration discussion can be given in writing, addressed to the Prime Minister.<br>2. Notice to raise a short duration discussion is to be given in writing, addressed to the Secretary General.<br>3. Notices for raising short duration discussion can be laid on the Table of the House.<br>4. Notice for short duration discussion should be accompanied by an explanatory note.<br>Which of the statements given above is\/are correct?\",\r\n    options: [\r\n      \"1 only\",\r\n      \"1, 2 and 4\",\r\n      \"2 and 4 only\",\r\n      \"3 and 4\"\r\n    ],\r\n    correct: 2,\r\n    explanation: `<b>Correct Answer: C) 2 and 4 only<\/b><br><br>\r\n<b>Rule 193:<\/b> <i>\"Any member desirous of raising discussion on a matter of urgent public importance may give notice in writing to the Secretary-General specifying clearly and precisely the matter to be raised: Provided that the notice shall be accompanied by an explanatory note stating reasons for raising discussion on the matter in question: Provided further that the notice shall be supported by the signatures of at least two other members.\"<\/i><br><br>\r\nSo the notice is to the Secretary-General (Statement 2 \u2713) and must carry an explanatory note (Statement 4 \u2713). Statement 1 (Prime Minister) and Statement 3 (laid on the Table) are wrong.`\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    id: 99,\r\n    year: '2015',\r\n    chapter: \"Ch 5: President's Address and Messages to the House\",\r\n    question: \"After the Motion of Thanks is adopted in Lok Sabha, it is conveyed to the President directly by the\",\r\n    options: [\r\n      \"Speaker\",\r\n      \"Vice President\",\r\n      \"Prime Minister\",\r\n      \"Minister of Parliamentary Affairs\"\r\n    ],\r\n    correct: 0,\r\n    explanation: `<b>Correct Answer: A) Speaker.<\/b><br><br>\r\nBy parliamentary practice, once the Motion of Thanks on the President's Address (delivered under <b>Article 87(1)<\/b>) is adopted, the Speaker \u2014 as the constitutional head of the House \u2014 conveys the House's gratitude directly to the President. (Chapter V, Rules 16-18, governs the Address and the Motion of Thanks.)`\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    id: 100,\r\n    year: '2015',\r\n    chapter: 'Ch 14: Motions',\r\n    question: \"Which one of the following statements with regard to Motions in Lok Sabha is not correct?\",\r\n    options: [\r\n      \"Subsidiary Motions do not depend upon or relate to other motions or emerge from some proceedings in the House.\",\r\n      \"Subsidiary Motions are divided into Ancillary Motions, Superseding Motions and Amendments.\",\r\n      \"Ancillary Motions are motions which are recognized by the practice of the House as the regular way of proceedings with various kinds of business.\",\r\n      \"Superseding Motions are moved in the course of the debate on another question and seek to supersede that question.\"\r\n    ],\r\n    correct: 0,\r\n    explanation: `<b>Correct Answer: A) \u2014 this statement is NOT correct.<\/b><br><br>\r\nBy definition a Subsidiary Motion DOES depend upon, or relate to, another motion or emerge from a proceeding of the House; option A reverses this. Classification of motions (recognised by the practice of the House and Chapter XIV, Rules 184-192): <b>Substantive<\/b> (self-contained), <b>Substitute<\/b>, and <b>Subsidiary<\/b> motions \u2014 the last comprising Ancillary, Superseding and Amendment motions. Options B, C and D correctly describe these categories.`\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    id: 101,\r\n    year: '2015',\r\n    chapter: 'Ch 14: Motions',\r\n    question: \"Consider the following statements relating to Amendments in Lok Sabha:<br>1. An amendment is a Subsidiary Motion.<br>2. An amendment may relate to a clause of a bill, resolution or motion.<br>Which of the statements given above is\/are correct?\",\r\n    options: [\r\n      \"1 only\",\r\n      \"2 only\",\r\n      \"Both 1 and 2\",\r\n      \"Neither 1 nor 2\"\r\n    ],\r\n    correct: 2,\r\n    explanation: `<b>Correct Answer: C) Both 1 and 2<\/b><br><br>\r\n<b>Statement 1: CORRECT.<\/b> An amendment is a Subsidiary Motion \u2014 it cannot stand on its own and attaches to the original proposition.<br><br>\r\n<b>Statement 2: CORRECT.<\/b> Amendments may be moved to clauses\/schedules of a Bill (<b>Rule 79<\/b>), to resolutions (<b>Rule 177(1):<\/b> <i>\"After a resolution has been moved any member may, subject to the rules relating to resolutions, move an amendment to the resolution.\"<\/i>) and to motions (Chapter XXVII, Rules 344-347).`\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    id: 102,\r\n    year: '2015',\r\n    chapter: 'Ch 17: Motion of No-Confidence in Council of Ministers and Statement by Minister Who Has Resigned',\r\n    question: \"Consider the following statements relating to Lok Sabha:<br>1. A Motion of No-Confidence can be moved only against the Council of Ministers as a whole but not against any individual minister.<br>2. There is nothing in the rule either for or against a Censure Motion being moved against a single minister under rules relating to motions in general.<br>Which of the statements given above is\/are correct?\",\r\n    options: [\r\n      \"1 only\",\r\n      \"2 only\",\r\n      \"Both 1 and 2\",\r\n      \"Neither 1 nor 2\"\r\n    ],\r\n    correct: 2,\r\n    explanation: `<b>Correct Answer: C) Both 1 and 2<\/b><br><br>\r\n<b>Statement 1: CORRECT. Rule 198(1):<\/b> <i>\"A motion expressing want of confidence in the Council of Ministers may be made subject to the following restrictions ...\"<\/i> \u2014 it lies only against the Council of Ministers as a whole.<br><br>\r\n<b>Statement 2: CORRECT.<\/b> A Censure Motion is governed by the general rules on motions (Rules 184-192); nothing bars it from being directed at an individual Minister, a group of Ministers or the whole Council.`\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    id: 103,\r\n    year: '2015',\r\n    chapter: 'Ch 14: Motions',\r\n    question: \"Consider the following statements about No-Day-Yet-Named Motions in Lok Sabha:<br>1. Where notices of a Government motion and a private members' motion are received on the same subject, the Government motion is admitted and the private members' motion is disallowed.<br>2. A copy of the motion is forwarded to the Minister concerned as well as the Minister of Parliamentary Affairs.<br>Which of the statements given above is\/are correct?\",\r\n    options: [\r\n      \"1 only\",\r\n      \"2 only\",\r\n      \"Both 1 and 2\",\r\n      \"Neither 1 nor 2\"\r\n    ],\r\n    correct: 0,\r\n    explanation: `<b>Correct Answer: A) 1 only<\/b><br><br>\r\n<b>Statement 1: CORRECT.<\/b> On the same subject, the Government motion is admitted and the private member's motion disallowed (Government business has priority).<br><br>\r\n<b>Statement 2: INCORRECT. Rule 189:<\/b> <i>\"If the Speaker admits notice of a motion and no date is fixed for the discussion of such motion, it shall be notified in the Bulletin with the heading: 'No-Day-Yet-Named Motions'.\"<\/i> \u2014 it is merely notified in the Bulletin; it is not forwarded to the Minister of Parliamentary Affairs.`\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    id: 104,\r\n    year: '2015',\r\n    chapter: 'Ch 14: Motions',\r\n    question: \"Consider the following statements about Censure Motion:<br>1. No leave of the House is required to move a Censure Motion.<br>2. It is in the discretion of the Government to find time and to fix a date for its discussion.<br>Which of the statements given above is\/are correct?\",\r\n    options: [\r\n      \"1 only\",\r\n      \"2 only\",\r\n      \"Both 1 and 2\",\r\n      \"Neither 1 nor 2\"\r\n    ],\r\n    correct: 2,\r\n    explanation: `<b>Correct Answer: C) Both 1 and 2<\/b><br><br>\r\n<b>Statement 1: CORRECT.<\/b> A Censure Motion needs no leave of the House (unlike a No-Confidence Motion, which needs 50 members to rise under Rule 198(2)); it follows the general rules on motions.<br><br>\r\n<b>Statement 2: CORRECT. Rule 190:<\/b> <i>\"The Speaker may, after considering the state of business in the House and in consultation with the Leader of the House or on the recommendation of the Business Advisory Committee allot a day or days or part of a day for the discussion of any such motion.\"<\/i> \u2014 being a No-Day-Yet-Named Motion, the Government (through the Leader of the House) effectively decides when to take it up.`\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    id: 105,\r\n    year: '2015',\r\n    chapter: 'Ch 17: Motion of No-Confidence in Council of Ministers and Statement by Minister Who Has Resigned',\r\n    question: \"Consider the following statements relating to grant of leave of the House of the People for moving a No-Confidence Motion:<br>1. The Speaker calls upon members who are in favour of leave being granted to rise in their seats.<br>2. Leave is deemed to be granted by the House if not less than fifty-five members rise.<br>Which of the statements given above is\/are correct?\",\r\n    options: [\r\n      \"1 only\",\r\n      \"2 only\",\r\n      \"Both 1 and 2\",\r\n      \"Neither 1 nor 2\"\r\n    ],\r\n    correct: 0,\r\n    explanation: `<b>Correct Answer: A) 1 only<\/b><br><br>\r\n<b>Rule 198(2):<\/b> <i>\"If the Speaker is of opinion that the motion is in order, the Speaker shall read the motion to the House and shall request those members who are in favour of leave being granted to rise in their places, and if not less than fifty members rise accordingly, the Speaker shall declare that leave is granted and that the motion will be taken up on such day, not being more than ten days from the date on which the leave is asked for as the Speaker may appoint. If less than fifty members rise, the Speaker shall inform that the member has not the leave of the House.\"<\/i><br><br>\r\nStatement 1 matches the rule (members rise in their places). Statement 2 is wrong \u2014 the number is <b>fifty<\/b>, not fifty-five.`\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    id: 106,\r\n    year: '2015',\r\n    chapter: 'Ch 17: Motion of No-Confidence in Council of Ministers and Statement by Minister Who Has Resigned',\r\n    question: \"Consider the following statements about statement by a minister who has resigned:<br>1. A member who has resigned the office of minister may, with the consent of the Speaker, make a personal statement in the House in explanation of his resignation.<br>2. No such statement can be made in the House by a minister who is not a Member of Lok Sabha.<br>Which of the statements given above is\/are correct?\",\r\n    options: [\r\n      \"1 only\",\r\n      \"2 only\",\r\n      \"Both 1 and 2\",\r\n      \"Neither 1 nor 2\"\r\n    ],\r\n    correct: 2,\r\n    explanation: `<b>Correct Answer: C) Both 1 and 2<\/b><br><br>\r\n<b>Statement 1: CORRECT. Rule 199(1):<\/b> <i>\"A member who has resigned the office of Minister may, with the consent of the Speaker, make a personal statement in explanation of her or his resignation on any day during the session in which the resignation has been accepted by the President ...\"<\/i><br><br>\r\n<b>Statement 2: CORRECT.<\/b> The rule speaks of \"a member who has resigned the office of Minister\"; a resigned Minister who is not a member of the Lok Sabha cannot make such a statement in the Lok Sabha.`\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    id: 107,\r\n    year: '2015',\r\n    chapter: 'Misc.',\r\n    question: \"Which of the following statements relating to the Chief Whip of Lok Sabha is\/are correct?<br>1. Chief Whip of the Government Party in Lok Sabha is the Minister of Parliamentary Affairs.<br>2. Chief Whip of the Government Party in Lok Sabha is directly responsible to the Speaker.<br>Select the correct answer using the code given below.\",\r\n    options: [\r\n      \"1 only\",\r\n      \"2 only\",\r\n      \"Both 1 and 2\",\r\n      \"Neither 1 nor 2\"\r\n    ],\r\n    correct: 0,\r\n    explanation: `<b>Correct Answer: A) 1 only<\/b><br><br>\r\nThe office of Whip is not a creature of the Rules of Procedure; it is a matter of party organisation and parliamentary practice.<br><br>\r\n<b>Statement 1: CORRECT.<\/b> The Minister of Parliamentary Affairs functions as the Chief Whip of the Government party in the Lok Sabha.<br><br>\r\n<b>Statement 2: INCORRECT.<\/b> The Chief Whip is answerable to the party leadership (Prime Minister \/ Leader of the party), not to the Speaker, who is impartial.`\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    id: 108,\r\n    year: '2015',\r\n    chapter: 'Misc.',\r\n    question: \"Which of the following statements relating to the Speaker of Lok Sabha are correct?<br>1. He determines whether there is a prima facie case for a matter relating to breach of privilege or contempt of the House.<br>2. He uses his discretion to allot the days and to fix the duration for which the Budget, the Appropriation Bill and the Finance Bill are to be discussed by the House.<br>3. He is the supreme controller of all Parliamentary committees.<br>4. He decides on the admissibility of resolutions and motions.<br>Select the correct answer using the code given below.\",\r\n    options: [\r\n      \"1 and 2 only\",\r\n      \"2, 3 and 4 only\",\r\n      \"1, 3 and 4 only\",\r\n      \"1, 2, 3 and 4\"\r\n    ],\r\n    correct: 2,\r\n    explanation: `<b>Correct Answer: C) 1, 3 and 4 only<\/b><br><br>\r\n<b>Statement 1: CORRECT. Rule 222<\/b> (consent of Speaker to raise a privilege question) and <b>Rule 227<\/b> (Speaker may refer a question of privilege to the Committee of Privileges) \u2014 the Speaker decides the prima facie case.<br><br>\r\n<b>Statement 2: INCORRECT.<\/b> For financial business the Speaker acts in consultation, not at sole discretion \u2014 cf. <b>Rule 16:<\/b> <i>\"The Speaker shall, in consultation with the Leader of the House, allot time ...\"<\/i> (the same consultative approach governs Budget\/Appropriation\/Finance Bill timetabling).<br><br>\r\n<b>Statement 3: CORRECT. Rule 258(1):<\/b> <i>\"The Chairperson of a Committee shall be appointed by the Speaker from amongst members of the Committee ...\"<\/i> \u2014 the Speaker superintends the Committee system.<br><br>\r\n<b>Statement 4: CORRECT. Rule 187<\/b> (Speaker decides admissibility of motions) and <b>Rule 174<\/b> (Speaker decides admissibility of resolutions).`\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    id: 111,\r\n    year: '2015',\r\n    chapter: 'Ch 27: General Rules of Procedure',\r\n    question: \"Which one of the following statements is not correct?\",\r\n    options: [\r\n      \"A member who protests against the ruling of the Speaker commits contempt of the House and the Speaker.\",\r\n      \"The Speaker is bound to give reasons for his decisions.\",\r\n      \"Observations made by the Speaker in the House cannot be interpreted in private correspondence.\",\r\n      \"The Speaker is not bound to lay on the Table of the House any communication or representation received by him.\"\r\n    ],\r\n    correct: 1,\r\n    explanation: `<b>Correct Answer: B) \u2014 this statement is NOT correct.<\/b><br><br>\r\nThe Speaker is not bound to give reasons; the Speaker's decision is final and not open to appeal. <b>Rule 376(3):<\/b> <i>\"... a member may formulate a point of order and the Speaker shall decide whether the point raised is a point of order and if so, the decision of the Speaker thereon, shall be final.\"<\/i>; <b>Rule 378:<\/b> <i>\"The Speaker shall preserve order and shall have all powers necessary for the purpose of enforcing own decisions.\"<\/i><br><br>\r\nThe other statements reflect settled practice and are correct.`\r\n  },\r\n\r\n  \/\/ ===================== 2016-17 =====================\r\n  {\r\n    id: 112,\r\n    year: '2016-17',\r\n    chapter: 'Ch 26: Parliamentary Committees',\r\n    question: \"Which one of the following statements is not correct with regard to quorum of Lok Sabha Parliamentary Committees?\",\r\n    options: [\r\n      \"Quorum of the House is one-tenth of the total members of the House.\",\r\n      \"Quorum of a Parliamentary Committee is, as near as may be, one-third of its total members.\",\r\n      \"The House\/Committee cannot commence its sitting without ensuring quorum.\",\r\n      \"Quorum is ensured only when it is pointed out by a member.\"\r\n    ],\r\n    correct: 3,\r\n    explanation: `<b>Correct Answer: D) \u2014 this statement is NOT correct.<\/b><br><br>\r\nQuorum must exist to constitute the sitting; it is not something \"ensured only when a member points it out.\" <b>Article 100(3):<\/b> <i>\"... the quorum to constitute a meeting of either House of Parliament shall be one-tenth of the total number of members of the House.\"<\/i> (Option A \u2713)<br>\r\n<b>Rule 259(1):<\/b> <i>\"The quorum to constitute a sitting of a Committee shall be, as near as may be, one-third of the total number of members of the Committee.\"<\/i> (Option B \u2713)<br>\r\n<b>Rule 259(2):<\/b> <i>\"If at any time fixed for any sitting of the Committee, or if at any time during any such sitting, there is no quorum, the Chairperson of the Committee shall either suspend the sitting until there is a quorum or adjourn the sitting to some future day.\"<\/i> (Option C \u2713)`\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    id: 114,\r\n    year: '2016-17',\r\n    chapter: 'Misc.',\r\n    question: \"Which of the following statements is\/are correct with regard to the effect of dissolution of Lok Sabha?<br>1. Supplementary Demands for grants do not lapse.<br>2. A motion given in pursuance of Section 3(1) of Judges (Inquiry) Act, 1968 for presenting an address to the President praying for removal of a Judge, if admitted, will not lapse on the dissolution of the Lok Sabha.<br>3. Anything said or done during the existence of a House, can be raised as a privilege issue after that House has been dissolved.<br>Select the correct answer using the code given below:\",\r\n    options: [\r\n      \"1, 2 and 3\",\r\n      \"1 and 2 only\",\r\n      \"2 only\",\r\n      \"1 and 3 only\"\r\n    ],\r\n    correct: 2,\r\n    explanation: `<b>Correct Answer: C) 2 only<\/b><br><br>\r\nThe general rule (Article 107(5)) is that a Bill pending in the Lok Sabha, or passed by the Lok Sabha but pending in the Rajya Sabha, lapses on dissolution; established parliamentary practice (Kaul & Shakdher) settles the rest.<br><br>\r\n<b>Statement 1: INCORRECT.<\/b> Supplementary Demands for Grants (financial business) pending at dissolution lapse; they do not survive it.<br><br>\r\n<b>Statement 2: CORRECT.<\/b> A motion under Section 3(1) of the Judges (Inquiry) Act, 1968 for an address praying for a Judge's removal, once admitted, does not lapse on dissolution \u2014 a special feature of that statutory process, so removal proceedings are not defeated merely by dissolution.<br><br>\r\n<b>Statement 3: INCORRECT.<\/b> A breach of privilege relating to a House cannot be raised as a privilege issue once that House has been dissolved. (Note: <b>Rule 336<\/b> preserves a motion\/resolution\/amendment \"moved\" only against <i>prorogation<\/i>, and <b>Rule 284<\/b> protects Committee business only against <i>prorogation<\/i> \u2014 not dissolution.)`\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    id: 115,\r\n    year: '2016-17',\r\n    chapter: 'Misc.',\r\n    question: \"Which of the following statements is\/are correct with regard to Lok Sabha?<br>1. The procedure for summoning of Lok Sabha for an emergency session is generally not same as for a regular session.<br>2. The assurances given by Ministers on the floor of the House, which are pending for implementation are deemed not to lapse on the dissolution of the Lok Sabha.<br>3. Business pending before parliamentary committees of the Lok Sabha do not lapse on dissolution of Lok Sabha.<br>Select the correct answer using the code given below:\",\r\n    options: [\r\n      \"1 and 3 only\",\r\n      \"2 and 3 only\",\r\n      \"2 only\",\r\n      \"1, 2 and 3\"\r\n    ],\r\n    correct: 2,\r\n    explanation: `<b>Correct Answer: C) 2 only<\/b><br><br>\r\n<b>Statement 1: INCORRECT.<\/b> The procedure for summoning the House for an emergency\/special session is essentially the same as for a regular session \u2014 the President summons it under <b>Article 85(1):<\/b> <i>\"The President shall from time to time summon each House of Parliament to meet at such time and place as he thinks fit ...\"<\/i><br><br>\r\n<b>Statement 2: CORRECT.<\/b> Assurances given by Ministers that are pending implementation are, by settled practice, deemed not to lapse on dissolution; they carry over and are pursued by the Committee on Government Assurances of the new House.<br><br>\r\n<b>Statement 3: INCORRECT.<\/b> Business pending before Parliamentary Committees lapses on dissolution. <b>Rule 284:<\/b> <i>\"Business before Committee not to lapse on prorogation of House\"<\/i> \u2014 the protection is against <i>prorogation<\/i>, not dissolution.`\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    id: 118,\r\n    year: '2016-17',\r\n    chapter: 'Ch 27: General Rules of Procedure',\r\n    question: \"Which one of the following statements with regard to suspension of Members from Lok Sabha is correct?\",\r\n    options: [\r\n      \"In the event of grave disorder occasioned by a Member coming to the well of the House or abusing the rule of the House persistently and willfully obstructing its business he\/she shall stand automatically suspended from the service of the House.\",\r\n      \"In the event of grave disorder occasioned by a Member coming to the well of the House or abusing the rule of the House persistently and willfully obstructing its business he\/she shall stand automatically suspended from the service of the House only after being named by the Speaker.\",\r\n      \"A Member stands automatically suspended from the service of Lok Sabha for a period of 25 days if he\/she comes to the well of the House and willfully and persistently obstructs the business of the House.\",\r\n      \"A Member cannot be suspended automatically from the service of the House even in the event of grave disorder by shouting slogans in the well and obstructing the business of the House.\"\r\n    ],\r\n    correct: 1,\r\n    explanation: `<b>Correct Answer: B) Automatically suspended only after being named by the Speaker.<\/b><br><br>\r\n<b>Rule 374A(1):<\/b> <i>\"Notwithstanding anything contained in rules 373 and 374, in the event of grave disorder occasioned by a member coming into the well of the House or abusing the Rules of the House persistently and wilfully obstructing its business by shouting slogans or otherwise, such member shall, on being named by the Speaker, stand automatically suspended from the service of the House for five consecutive sittings or the remainder of the session, whichever is less ...\"<\/i><br><br>\r\nThe key words are \"on being named by the Speaker\" \u2014 the automatic suspension is triggered by the naming (so A is incomplete). Option C is wrong (it is five sittings\/remainder of session, not 25 days) and D is wrong (a member can be suspended automatically).`\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    id: 119,\r\n    year: '2016-17',\r\n    chapter: 'Ch 3: Election of Speaker and Deputy Speaker and Nomination of Panel of Chairpersons',\r\n    question: \"Which one of the following statements regarding Panel of Speaker\/Chairman, Lok Sabha\/Rajya Sabha is correct?\",\r\n    options: [\r\n      \"It is from the list of Panel of Chairman, Speaker\/Vice President appoints the Chairman of various Parliamentary Committees.\",\r\n      \"Panel of Speaker\/Chairman of Lok Sabha\/Rajya Sabha is constituted by the President.\",\r\n      \"A member of the Panel of Speaker who presides over the House while both the Speaker and Deputy Speaker are absent has the same powers of the Speaker while presiding over the House.\",\r\n      \"A Panel of Speaker is constituted for each session of Lok Sabha.\"\r\n    ],\r\n    correct: 2,\r\n    explanation: `<b>Correct Answer: C) A Panel member presiding has the same powers as the Speaker.<\/b><br><br>\r\n<b>Rule 10:<\/b> <i>\"The Deputy Speaker or any other member competent to preside over a sitting of the House under the Constitution or these rules shall, when so presiding, have the same powers as the Speaker when so presiding and all references to the Speaker in these rules shall in these circumstances be deemed to be references to any such person so presiding.\"<\/i><br><br>\r\nOthers wrong: <b>Rule 9(1)<\/b> shows the Panel is nominated by the <b>Speaker<\/b> (not the President), for presiding over the House (not for chairing Committees), <i>\"At the commencement of the House or from time to time\"<\/i> \u2014 not for each session.`\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    id: 120,\r\n    year: '2016-17',\r\n    chapter: 'Ch 2: Summons to Members, Seating, Oath or Affirmation and Roll of Members',\r\n    question: \"Which one of the following statements is correct with regard to right of Members before taking oath in Lok Sabha?\",\r\n    options: [\r\n      \"A Member can resign and seek leave of absence.\",\r\n      \"A Member is entitled to sit and vote in the House.\",\r\n      \"He is not entitled to receive salary.\",\r\n      \"He can be elected or nominated as a Member of a Committee and can function as a Member of such committee.\"\r\n    ],\r\n    correct: 0,\r\n    explanation: `<b>Correct Answer: A) A member can resign and seek leave of absence.<\/b><br><br>\r\n<b>KEY-CONFLICT NOTE:<\/b> This question is identical to Q127 (2016-17). The rule-based correct answer is <b>A<\/b> (as marked for Q127). The original key for this item showed option C; that appears to be an error and has been aligned to A here.<br><br>\r\nBefore oath a member has become a member from the date the result is declared, and may resign (<b>Rule 240(1):<\/b> <i>\"A member who desires to resign one's seat in the House shall intimate in writing under one's own hand addressed to the Speaker ...\"<\/i>) and seek leave of absence (<b>Rule 242(1):<\/b> <i>\"A member desiring permission of the House to remain absent from the sittings thereof under clause (4) of article 101 of the Constitution shall make an application in writing to the Speaker.\"<\/i>).<br><br>\r\nThe others are wrong: before oath a member cannot sit\/vote (<b>Article 99<\/b> bars taking the seat before oath), cannot function on a Committee, and IS entitled to salary (from the date of election) \u2014 so \"not entitled to receive salary\" is a false statement.`\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    id: 121,\r\n    year: '2016-17',\r\n    chapter: 'Ch 23: Leave of Absence from the Sittings of the House',\r\n    question: \"Which one of the following statements is not correct with regard to leave of absence by MPs?\",\r\n    options: [\r\n      \"If for a period of 60 days, an MP remains absent, without permission of the House, from all meetings thereof, his seat may be declared vacant by the House.\",\r\n      \"In computing the period of sixty days, account is taken of any period during which the House is prorogued or is adjourned.\",\r\n      \"The period of sixty days means a single unbroken period of sixty days.\",\r\n      \"The constitutional provisions are only directory and not mandatory and seat may be declared vacant unless there is a contumacious disregard of duty as an MP.\"\r\n    ],\r\n    correct: 1,\r\n    explanation: `<b>Correct Answer: B) \u2014 this statement is NOT correct.<\/b><br><br>\r\n<b>Article 101(4):<\/b> <i>\"If for a period of sixty days a member of either House of Parliament is without permission of the House absent from all meetings thereof, the House may declare his seat vacant: Provided that in computing the said period of sixty days no account shall be taken of any period during which the House is prorogued or is adjourned for more than four consecutive days.\"<\/i><br><br>\r\nSo in computing the 60 days, <b>no<\/b> account is taken of prorogation or of an adjournment for more than four consecutive days \u2014 option B says the opposite and is therefore incorrect. Options A, C and D correctly state the position.`\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    id: 122,\r\n    year: '2016-17',\r\n    chapter: 'Ch 4: Sittings of the House',\r\n    question: \"Which one of the following statements is not correct with regard to Lok Sabha?\",\r\n    options: [\r\n      \"President has the power to summon\/prorogue Lok Sabha.\",\r\n      \"Lok Sabha sits on such days as the Speaker may direct from time to time.\",\r\n      \"Presence of Minister(s) is necessary for constituting a sitting of the House.\",\r\n      \"A sitting of the House cannot be commenced unless there is quorum.\"\r\n    ],\r\n    correct: 2,\r\n    explanation: `<b>Correct Answer: C) \u2014 this statement is NOT correct.<\/b><br><br>\r\nThe presence of a Minister is not required to constitute a sitting. <b>Rule 11:<\/b> <i>\"A sitting of the House is duly constituted when it is presided over by the Speaker or any other member competent to preside over a sitting of the House under the Constitution or these rules.\"<\/i><br><br>\r\nThe other three are correct: <b>Article 85(1)\/(2)<\/b> \u2014 summoning and prorogation are the President's powers; <b>Rule 13:<\/b> <i>\"The House shall sit on such days as the Speaker, having regard to the state of business of the House, may from time to time direct.\"<\/i>; and a sitting requires quorum (Article 100(3)).`\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    id: 123,\r\n    year: '2016-17',\r\n    chapter: 'Ch 4: Sittings of the House',\r\n    question: \"Which one of the following statements is not correct with regard to adjournment in Lok Sabha?\",\r\n    options: [\r\n      \"The Speaker can call a sitting of the House before the date or hour to which it has been adjourned or at any time after the House has been adjourned sine die.\",\r\n      \"When the motion \\\"that the House now adjourn\\\" is being discussed, that is, from the hour the discussion on adjournment motion has commenced to the time the motion is disposed of, the Speaker cannot adjourn the House for the day.\",\r\n      \"The Speaker can extend the time of the House after taking sense of the House.\",\r\n      \"The Speaker cannot adjourn the House sine die without taking the approval of the President.\"\r\n    ],\r\n    correct: 3,\r\n    explanation: `<b>Correct Answer: D) \u2014 this statement is NOT correct.<\/b><br><br>\r\nAdjournment (including adjournment sine die) is the Speaker's own power; the President's approval is not needed (only prorogation is the President's act under Article 85). <b>Rule 15(1):<\/b> <i>\"The Speaker shall determine the time when a sitting of the House shall be adjourned sine die or to a particular day, or to an hour or part of the same day: Provided that the Speaker, if thinks fit, may call a sitting of the House before the date or time to which it has been adjourned or at any time after the House has been adjourned sine die.\"<\/i><br><br>\r\nThis also confirms option A. Options B and C reflect settled practice and are correct.`\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    id: 124,\r\n    year: '2016-17',\r\n    chapter: 'Misc.',\r\n    question: \"Which one of the following is not correct with regard to the Railway Convention Committee?\",\r\n    options: [\r\n      \"It is a Committee constituted by the Minister of Railways.\",\r\n      \"It is an ad hoc Committee of Parliament to review the rate of dividend which is payable by the Railways to the general revenues.\",\r\n      \"It suggests the level of appropriation to various Railway funds.\",\r\n      \"Minister of Finance is a nominated member of the Railway Convention Committee.\"\r\n    ],\r\n    correct: 0,\r\n    explanation: `<b>Correct Answer: A) \u2014 this statement is NOT correct.<\/b><br><br>\r\nThe Railway Convention Committee is an ad hoc Committee constituted by <b>Parliament<\/b> (through a motion), not by the Minister of Railways. It is not a Committee provided for by the Rules of Procedure; it is set up by motion and its functions are those recognised by practice: to review the rate of dividend payable by the Railways to the General Revenues and to advise on appropriations to Railway funds. The Ministers of Railways and of Finance are associated with it. Options B, C and D are correct.`\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    id: 125,\r\n    year: '2016-17',\r\n    chapter: 'Ch 2: Summons to Members, Seating, Oath or Affirmation and Roll of Members',\r\n    question: \"Consider the following statements:<br>1. Making and subscribing oath is not a proceeding of the House if the person administering the oath is other than a Presiding officer.<br>2. Oath administered in a sitting is a part of the proceedings of the House.<br>3. Oath cannot be taken by a member outside the Chamber of Lok Sabha\/Rajya Sabha.<br>Which of the above statements is\/are correct?\",\r\n    options: [\r\n      \"1 only\",\r\n      \"2 only\",\r\n      \"1 and 2 only\",\r\n      \"1, 2 and 3\"\r\n    ],\r\n    correct: 2,\r\n    explanation: `<b>Correct Answer: C) 1 and 2 only<\/b><br><br>\r\n<b>Statement 1: CORRECT.<\/b> Oath made before a person other than a Presiding Officer (e.g., a person appointed by the President under Article 99) is an individual act, not a proceeding of the House.<br><br>\r\n<b>Statement 2: CORRECT. Rule 5:<\/b> <i>\"A member who has not already made and subscribed an oath or affirmation, in pursuance of article 99 of the Constitution, may do so at the commencement of a sitting of the House, or at any other time of the sitting of the House, as the Speaker may direct ...\"<\/i> \u2014 when administered during a sitting, it forms part of the proceedings.<br><br>\r\n<b>Statement 3: INCORRECT. Article 99:<\/b> oath may be made <i>\"before the President, or some person appointed in that behalf by him\"<\/i> \u2014 so it can be taken outside the Chamber in appropriate cases.`\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    id: 126,\r\n    year: '2016-17',\r\n    chapter: 'Ch 2: Summons to Members, Seating, Oath or Affirmation and Roll of Members',\r\n    question: \"Consider the following statements:<br>1. A person becomes a Member of the House from the date on which the person is declared elected by the Returning Officer.<br>2. A person becomes a Member of the House only from the date on which the person makes and subscribes oath or affirmation.<br>3. A Member cannot ask a question in the House unless he has taken oath and signed the Roll of Members in the House.<br>Which of the above statements is\/are correct?\",\r\n    options: [\r\n      \"3 only\",\r\n      \"1 and 3 only\",\r\n      \"1 and 2 only\",\r\n      \"1, 2 and 3\"\r\n    ],\r\n    correct: 1,\r\n    explanation: `<b>Correct Answer: B) 1 and 3 only<\/b><br><br>\r\n<b>Statement 1: CORRECT.<\/b> Membership begins from the date the result is declared by the Returning Officer (hence salary and privileges run from election).<br><br>\r\n<b>Statement 2: INCORRECT.<\/b> Oath is a pre-condition to taking the seat and voting, not to becoming a member.<br><br>\r\n<b>Statement 3: CORRECT. Article 99<\/b> (oath before taking the seat) with <b>Rule 6:<\/b> <i>\"There shall be a Roll of Members of the House which shall be signed in the presence of the Secretary-General by every member, before taking one's own seat.\"<\/i> \u2014 without oath and signing the Roll a member cannot ask questions or participate.`\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    id: 127,\r\n    year: '2016-17',\r\n    chapter: 'Ch 22: Resignation and Vacation of Seats in the House',\r\n    question: \"Which one of the following statements is correct with regard to right of Members before taking oath in Lok Sabha?\",\r\n    options: [\r\n      \"A member can resign and seek leave of absence.\",\r\n      \"A Member is entitled to sit and vote in the House\",\r\n      \"He is not entitled to receive salary\",\r\n      \"He can be elected or nominated as a Member of Committee and can function as a Member of such committee.\"\r\n    ],\r\n    correct: 0,\r\n    explanation: `<b>Correct Answer: A) A member can resign and seek leave of absence.<\/b><br><br>\r\n<b>Rule 240(1):<\/b> <i>\"A member who desires to resign one's seat in the House shall intimate in writing under one's own hand addressed to the Speaker, such intention to resign the seat ...\"<\/i><br>\r\n<b>Rule 242(1):<\/b> <i>\"A member desiring permission of the House to remain absent from the sittings thereof under clause (4) of article 101 of the Constitution shall make an application in writing to the Speaker.\"<\/i><br><br>\r\nBoth acts (resignation and leave of absence) are addressed to the Speaker and do not require the oath to have been taken first. Before oath a member cannot sit\/vote (Article 99) or serve on a Committee, but is entitled to salary from the date of election.<br>\r\n(See Q120 \u2014 an identical item whose original key differed.)`\r\n  },\r\n\r\n  \/\/ ===================== 2018 =====================\r\n  {\r\n    id: 128,\r\n    year: '2018',\r\n    chapter: 'Ch 3: Election of Speaker and Deputy Speaker and Nomination of Panel of Chairpersons',\r\n    question: \"Consider the following statements regarding the election of the Deputy Speaker of the House:<br>1. The election of a Deputy Speaker shall be held on such date as the Speaker may fix, and the Secretary-General shall send to every member notice of this date.<br>2. At any time before noon on the day preceding the date so fixed, any member may give notice in writing, addressed to the Secretary-General, of a motion that another member be chosen as the Deputy Speaker of the House.<br>3. The notice shall be seconded by a third member and shall be accompanied by a statement by the member whose name is proposed in the notice that the member proposed is willing to serve as Deputy Speaker.<br>Which of the following statements are correct?\",\r\n    options: [\r\n      \"1 and 2 only\",\r\n      \"2 and 3 only\",\r\n      \"1 and 3 only\",\r\n      \"1, 2 and 3\"\r\n    ],\r\n    correct: 3,\r\n    explanation: `<b>Correct Answer: D) 1, 2 and 3<\/b><br><br>\r\nAll three reproduce <b>Rule 8:<\/b> <i>\"(1) The election of a Deputy Speaker shall be held on such date as the Speaker may fix, and the Secretary-General shall send to every member notice of this date. (2) At any time before noon on the day preceding the date so fixed, any member may give notice in writing, addressed to the Secretary-General, of a motion that another member be chosen as the Deputy Speaker of the House and the notice shall be seconded by a third member and shall be accompanied by a statement by the member whose name is proposed in the notice that the member proposed is willing to serve as Deputy Speaker, if elected ...\"<\/i>`\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    id: 129,\r\n    year: '2018',\r\n    chapter: \"Ch 5: President's Address and Messages to the House\",\r\n    question: \"The Speaker of the House may allot time for the discussion of the matters referred to in the President's address under which one of the following Articles of the Constitution of India?\",\r\n    options: [\r\n      \"Article 82(1)\",\r\n      \"Article 84(1)\",\r\n      \"Article 86(1)\",\r\n      \"Article 88(1)\"\r\n    ],\r\n    correct: 2,\r\n    explanation: `<b>Answer as per official key: C) Article 86(1).<\/b><br><br>\r\n<b>SOURCE NOTE:<\/b> The Rule that empowers the Speaker to allot this time is <b>Rule 16:<\/b> <i>\"The Speaker shall, in consultation with the Leader of the House, allot time for the discussion of the matters referred to in the President's Address to the Houses under article 87(1) of the Constitution.\"<\/i> The authorised text thus references <b>Article 87(1)<\/b> (the President's special address at the commencement of the first session after each general election and the first session of each year). Article 87(1) is not among the given options; the official key marks 86(1). Article 86(1) is the President's general right to address either House. Retained the key's answer but flagged the discrepancy with Rule 16.`\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    id: 130,\r\n    year: '2018',\r\n    chapter: 'Ch 6: Arrangement of Business and List of Business',\r\n    question: \"Consider the following statements:<br>In the House of the People, the last two and a half hours of a sitting on Friday shall be allotted for the transaction of private members' business:<br>1. Provided that the Speaker may allot different Fridays for the disposal of different classes of such business and on Fridays so allotted for any particular class of business, business of that class shall have precedence.<br>2. Provided further that the Speaker may, in consultation with the Leader of the House, allot any day other than a Friday for the transaction of private members' business.<br>3. Provided further that if there is no sitting of the House on a Friday, the Speaker may direct that two and a half hours on any other day in the week may be allotted for private members business.<br>Which of the above statements are correct?\",\r\n    options: [\r\n      \"1 and 2 only\",\r\n      \"2 and 3 only\",\r\n      \"1 and 3 only\",\r\n      \"1, 2 and 3\"\r\n    ],\r\n    correct: 3,\r\n    explanation: `<b>Correct Answer: D) 1, 2 and 3<\/b><br><br>\r\nAll three are the provisos to <b>Rule 26:<\/b> <i>\"The last two and a half hours of a sitting on Friday shall be allotted for the transaction of private members' business: Provided that the Speaker may allot different Fridays for the disposal of different classes of such business and on Fridays so allotted for any particular class of business, business of that class shall have precedence: Provided further that the Speaker may, in consultation with the Leader of the House, allot any day other than a Friday for the transaction of private members' business: Provided further that if there is no sitting of the House on a Friday, the Speaker may direct that two and a half hours on any other day in the week may be allotted for private members' business.\"<\/i>`\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    id: 131,\r\n    year: '2018',\r\n    chapter: 'Ch 7: Questions',\r\n    question: \"Consider the following statements regarding the limit of number of starred questions in the House of the People:<br>1. Not more than one question distinguished by an asterisk by the same member and not more than twenty questions in all shall be placed on the list of questions for oral answer on any one day.<br>2. When a question is postponed or transferred from one list of questions for oral answer to another, more than one question may stand in the name of one member and the total number of questions may exceed by such postponed or transferred question.<br>Which of the above statements is\/are correct?\",\r\n    options: [\r\n      \"1 only\",\r\n      \"2 only\",\r\n      \"Both 1 and 2\",\r\n      \"Neither 1 nor 2\"\r\n    ],\r\n    correct: 2,\r\n    explanation: `<b>Correct Answer: C) Both 1 and 2<\/b><br><br>\r\n<b>Rule 37(1):<\/b> <i>\"Not more than one question distinguished by an asterisk by the same member and not more than twenty questions in all shall be placed on the list of questions for oral answer on any one day: Provided that when a question is postponed or transferred from one list of questions for oral answer to another, more than one question may stand in the name of one member and the total number of questions may exceed by such postponed or transferred question.\"<\/i> \u2014 the two statements are the main provision and its proviso.`\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    id: 132,\r\n    year: '2018',\r\n    chapter: 'Ch 7: Questions',\r\n    question: \"Consider the following statements regarding the Speaker's decision on the admissibility of questions under the Rules of Procedure and Conduct of Business in the House of the People:<br>1. The Speaker shall decide whether a question, or a part thereof, is or is not admissible under these rules and may disallow any question, or a part thereof, when in the opinion of the Speaker, it is an abuse of the right of questioning or is calculated to obstruct or prejudicially affect the procedure of the House or is in contravention of these rules.<br>2. Subject to the provisions of Rule 38, the Speaker may direct that a question be placed on the list of questions for answer on a date later than that specified by a member in the notice if the Speaker is of the opinion that a longer period is necessary to decide whether the question is or is not admissible.<br>Which of the above statements is\/are correct?\",\r\n    options: [\r\n      \"1 only\",\r\n      \"2 only\",\r\n      \"Both 1 and 2\",\r\n      \"Neither 1 nor 2\"\r\n    ],\r\n    correct: 2,\r\n    explanation: `<b>Correct Answer: C) Both 1 and 2<\/b><br><br>\r\nBoth statements reproduce <b>Rule 43:<\/b> <i>\"(1) The Speaker shall decide whether a question, or a part thereof, is or is not admissible under these rules and may disallow any question, or a part thereof, when in the opinion of the Speaker, it is an abuse of the right of questioning or is calculated to obstruct or prejudicially affect the procedure of the House or is in contravention of these rules. (2) Subject to the provisions of rule 38, the Speaker may direct that a question be placed on the list of questions for answer on a date later than that specified by a member in the notice if the Speaker is of the opinion that a longer period is necessary to decide whether the question is or is not admissible.\"<\/i>`\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    id: 133,\r\n    year: '2018',\r\n    chapter: 'Ch 9: Adjournment Motions',\r\n    question: \"Notice of an adjournment motion shall be given by 10.00 hours on the day on which the motion is proposed to be made to the Secretary-General and copies thereof shall be endorsed among others, to:\",\r\n    options: [\r\n      \"the President of India\",\r\n      \"the Prime Minister\",\r\n      \"the Minister of Parliamentary Affairs\",\r\n      \"the Vice President of India\"\r\n    ],\r\n    correct: 2,\r\n    explanation: `<b>Correct Answer: C) the Minister of Parliamentary Affairs.<\/b><br><br>\r\n<b>Rule 57:<\/b> <i>\"Notice of an adjournment motion shall be given by 10.00 hours on the day on which the motion is proposed to be made to the Secretary-General and copies thereof shall be endorsed to:\u2014 (i) the Speaker; (ii) the Minister concerned; (iii) the Minister of Parliamentary Affairs ...\"<\/i> Of the options, only the Minister of Parliamentary Affairs figures in the list.`\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    id: 134,\r\n    year: '2018',\r\n    chapter: 'Ch 10: Legislation',\r\n    question: \"Consider the following statements: After the presentation of the final report of a Select Committee of the House or a Joint Committee of the House, as the case may be, on a Bill, the member in charge may move that the Bill as reported by the Select Committee of the House or the Joint Committee of the Houses, as the case may be, be re-committed to the same Select Committee or to a new Select Committee, or to the same Joint Committee or to a new Joint Committee with the concurrence of the Council:<br>1. with limitation.<br>2. with respect to particular clauses or amendments only.<br>3. without instructions to the Committee to make some particular or additional provision in the Bill.<br>Which of the above statements is\/are correct?\",\r\n    options: [\r\n      \"1 only\",\r\n      \"2 only\",\r\n      \"1 and 2 only\",\r\n      \"1 and 3 only\"\r\n    ],\r\n    correct: 1,\r\n    explanation: `<b>Correct Answer: B) 2 only<\/b><br><br>\r\n<b>Rule 77(1)(b):<\/b> the member in charge may move that the Bill be re-committed <i>\"... either\u2014 (i) without limitation, or (ii) with respect to particular clauses or amendments only, or (iii) with instructions to the Committee to make some particular or additional provision in the Bill ...\"<\/i><br><br>\r\nOnly statement 2 matches clause (ii). Statement 1 is wrong (the rule says \"without limitation\") and statement 3 is wrong (the rule says \"with instructions\", not \"without instructions\").`\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    id: 135,\r\n    year: '2018',\r\n    chapter: 'Ch 10: Legislation',\r\n    question: \"If any member desires to move an amendment to a Bill, no previous sanction or recommendation of the President shall be required, if an amendment seeks to:\",\r\n    options: [\r\n      \"abolish or reduce the limits of the tax proposed in the bill or amendment\",\r\n      \"decrease such tax up to the limits of an existing tax\",\r\n      \"increase such tax up to the limits of a proposed tax\",\r\n      \"decrease such tax up to the limits of a proposed tax\"\r\n    ],\r\n    correct: 0,\r\n    explanation: `<b>Correct Answer: A) abolish or reduce the limits of the tax proposed in the Bill or amendment.<\/b><br><br>\r\n<b>Rule 81<\/b> proviso: <i>\"Provided that no previous sanction or recommendation of the President shall be required, if an amendment seeks to\u2014 (a) abolish or reduce the limits of the tax proposed in the Bill or amendment, or (b) increase such tax upto the limits of an existing tax.\"<\/i> Option A is clause (a); the other options misstate clause (b).`\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    id: 136,\r\n    year: '2018',\r\n    chapter: 'Ch 10: Legislation',\r\n    question: \"Consider the following statements regarding the voting on group of Clauses and Schedules: The Speaker, if thinks fit, may put, as one question, clauses and\/or schedules, or clauses and\/or schedules as amended, as the case may be, together to the vote of the House provided that:<br>1. If the Secretary-General requests that any clause or schedule, or any clause or schedule as amended, as the case may be, be put separately, the Speaker shall put that clause or schedule, or clause or schedule as amended, as the case may be, separately.<br>2. If a member requests that any clause or schedule, or any clause or schedule as amended, as the case may be, be put separately, the Speaker shall put that clause or schedule, or clause or schedule as amended, as the case may be, separately.<br>Which of the above statements are correct?\",\r\n    options: [\r\n      \"1 only\",\r\n      \"2 only\",\r\n      \"Both 1 and 2\",\r\n      \"Neither 1 nor 2\"\r\n    ],\r\n    correct: 1,\r\n    explanation: `<b>Correct Answer: B) 2 only<\/b><br><br>\r\n<b>Rule 91:<\/b> <i>\"The Speaker, if thinks fit, may put as one question clauses and or schedules, or clauses and or schedules as amended, as the case may be, together to the vote of the House: Provided that if a member requests that any clause or schedule, or any clause or schedule as amended, as the case may be, be put separately, the Speaker shall put that clause or schedule, or clause or schedule as amended, as the case may be, separately.\"<\/i><br><br>\r\nThe right to demand a separate vote lies with a <b>member<\/b> (Statement 2), not the Secretary-General (Statement 1).`\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    id: 137,\r\n    year: '2018',\r\n    chapter: 'Ch 10: Legislation',\r\n    question: \"If a bill other than a money bill passed by the House and transmitted to the Council is passed by the Council without amendment, the message received from the Council to that effect shall be reported by:\",\r\n    options: [\r\n      \"the Speaker of the House if in session or published in the bulletin for the information of the members if the House is not in session.\",\r\n      \"the concerned Minister if the House is in session or published in the bulletin for the information of the members if the House is not in session.\",\r\n      \"the Secretary-General to the House if in session or published in the bulletin for the information of the members if the House is not in session.\",\r\n      \"the Prime Minister if the House is in session or published in the bulletin for the information of the members if the House is not in session.\"\r\n    ],\r\n    correct: 2,\r\n    explanation: `<b>Correct Answer: C) the Secretary-General.<\/b><br><br>\r\n<b>Rule 97:<\/b> <i>\"If a Bill other than a Money Bill passed by the House and transmitted to the Council is passed by the Council without amendment, the message received from the Council to that effect shall be reported by the Secretary-General to the House if in session or published in the Bulletin for the information of the members if the House is not in session.\"<\/i>`\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    id: 138,\r\n    year: '2018',\r\n    chapter: 'Ch 11: Bills seeking to amend the Constitution',\r\n    question: \"In the Lok Sabha, the Rules of Procedure and Conduct of Business make certain specific provisions with regard to bills for amendment of the Constitution. They relate to\",\r\n    options: [\r\n      \"voting procedure in the house at various stages of such bills, in the light of the requirements of Article 368.\",\r\n      \"the procedure before introduction in case of such bills, if assent is given by the President of India.\",\r\n      \"the voting procedure in the house at various stages of such bills, in the light of the requirements of Article 372.\",\r\n      \"the procedure before introduction in the case of such bills, if assent is given by concerned State Governor.\"\r\n    ],\r\n    correct: 0,\r\n    explanation: `<b>Correct Answer: A) voting procedure at various stages, in the light of Article 368.<\/b><br><br>\r\nChapter XI (Rules 155-159) is devoted to the special voting requirements of Constitution amendment Bills flowing from Article 368. <b>Rule 155:<\/b> <i>\"Each clause or schedule or clause, or schedule as amended, as the case may be, of a Bill seeking to amend the Constitution shall be put to the vote of the House separately and shall form part of the Bill if it is passed by a majority of the total membership of the House and by a majority of not less than two thirds of the members present and voting ...\"<\/i>; and <b>Rule 158(1):<\/b> <i>\"Voting shall be by division whenever a motion has to be carried by a majority of the total membership of the House and by a majority of not less than two-thirds of the members present and voting.\"<\/i>`\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    id: 139,\r\n    year: '2018',\r\n    chapter: 'Ch 10: Legislation',\r\n    question: \"A private member's Bill pending before the House shall also be removed from the register of Bills pending in the House in case the member in charge\",\r\n    options: [\r\n      \"changes party from elected party\",\r\n      \"is appointed a minister\",\r\n      \"is involved in criminal cases\",\r\n      \"applied for leave during the session\"\r\n    ],\r\n    correct: 1,\r\n    explanation: `<b>Correct Answer: B) is appointed a Minister.<\/b><br><br>\r\n<b>Rule 113:<\/b> <i>\"A private member's Bill pending before the House shall also be removed from the Register of Bills pending in the House in case\u2014 (a) the member in charge ceases to be a member of the House; (b) the member in charge is appointed a Minister.\"<\/i> (On becoming a Minister the member ceases to be a \"private member\".)`\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    id: 140,\r\n    year: '2018',\r\n    chapter: 'Ch 10: Legislation',\r\n    question: \"After the amended Bill has been laid on the table, any minister in the case of a Government Bill, or, in any other case, any member may, after giving\",\r\n    options: [\r\n      \"one day notice or with the consent of the Speaker without notice, move that the amendments be taken into consideration.\",\r\n      \"two days' notice or with the consent of the Speaker without notice, move that the amendments be taken into consideration.\",\r\n      \"three days' notice or with the consent of the Speaker without notice, move that the amendments be taken into consideration.\",\r\n      \"four days' notice or with the consent of the Speaker without notice, move that the amendments be taken into consideration.\"\r\n    ],\r\n    correct: 1,\r\n    explanation: `<b>Correct Answer: B) two days' notice.<\/b><br><br>\r\n<b>Rule 123:<\/b> <i>\"After the amended Bill has been laid on the Table, any Minister in the case of a Government Bill, or in any other case, any member may, after giving two days' notice or with the consent of the Speaker without notice, move that the amendments be taken into consideration.\"<\/i>`\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    id: 141,\r\n    year: '2018',\r\n    chapter: 'Ch 10: Legislation',\r\n    question: \"When any of the following motions moved in the House with reference to a Bill originating in the Council and transmitted to the House is negatived by the House, the Bill shall be deemed to have been rejected by the House\",\r\n    options: [\r\n      \"that the Bill not be taken into consideration\",\r\n      \"that the Bill not be referred to a Select Committee\",\r\n      \"that the Bill as reported by Select Committee be taken into consideration\",\r\n      \"that the Bill be directly forwarded to the President of India.\"\r\n    ],\r\n    correct: 2,\r\n    explanation: `<b>Correct Answer: C) that the Bill as reported by Select Committee be taken into consideration.<\/b><br><br>\r\n<b>Rule 127:<\/b> <i>\"When any of the following motions moved in the House with reference to a Bill originating in the Council and transmitted to the House is negatived by the House, the Bill shall be deemed to have been rejected by the House: (i) that the Bill be taken into consideration; (ii) that the Bill be referred to a Select Committee; (iii) that the Bill as reported by Select Committee be taken into consideration; and (iv) that the Bill (or, that the Bill as amended...) be passed.\"<\/i> Option C is clause (iii); the other options do not appear in the list.`\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    id: 142,\r\n    year: '2018',\r\n    chapter: 'Ch 10: Legislation',\r\n    question: \"If the Bill is returned to the House with a message that the Council insists on an amendment or amendments to which the House has disagreed, the Houses shall be\",\r\n    options: [\r\n      \"deemed to have finally disagreed as to the amendment or amendments.\",\r\n      \"insisted to vote for majority\",\r\n      \"recommended for Select Committee\",\r\n      \"recommended for legal opinion\"\r\n    ],\r\n    correct: 0,\r\n    explanation: `<b>Correct Answer: A) deemed to have finally disagreed as to the amendments.<\/b><br><br>\r\n<b>Rule 126:<\/b> <i>\"If a Bill is returned with a message intimating that the House insists on amendments to which the Council is unable to agree, the Houses shall be deemed to have finally disagreed as to the amendments.\"<\/i> (Such final disagreement is what may lead to a joint sitting under Article 108.)`\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    id: 143,\r\n    year: '2018',\r\n    chapter: 'Ch 12: Petitions',\r\n    question: \"A petition, dealing with any of the matters specified in sub-clauses (a) to (f) of Clause (1) of Article 110 of the Constitution of India or involving expenditure from the Consolidated Fund of India, shall not be presented to the House unless recommended by\",\r\n    options: [\r\n      \"the Prime Minister\",\r\n      \"the Vice President\",\r\n      \"the President\",\r\n      \"the Finance Minister\"\r\n    ],\r\n    correct: 2,\r\n    explanation: `<b>Correct Answer: C) the President.<\/b><br><br>\r\n<b>Rule 160A:<\/b> <i>\"A petition, dealing with any of the matters specified in sub-clauses (a) to (f) of clause (1) of article 110 or involving expenditure from the Consolidated Fund of India, shall not be presented to the House unless recommended by the President.\"<\/i>`\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    id: 144,\r\n    year: '2018',\r\n    chapter: 'Ch 14: Motions',\r\n    question: \"In order that a motion may be admissible, it shall satisfy which one of the following conditions?\",\r\n    options: [\r\n      \"It shall not raise substantially one definite issue.\",\r\n      \"It shall not contain arguments, inferences, ironical expressions, imputations or defamatory statements.\",\r\n      \"It shall refer to the conduct or character of persons.\",\r\n      \"It shall not be restricted to a matter of recent occurrence.\"\r\n    ],\r\n    correct: 1,\r\n    explanation: `<b>Correct Answer: B).<\/b><br><br>\r\n<b>Rule 186:<\/b> <i>\"In order that a motion may be admissible it shall satisfy the following conditions, namely:\u2014 (i) it shall raise substantially one definite issue; (ii) it shall not contain arguments, inferences, ironical expressions, imputations or defamatory statements; (iii) it shall not refer to the conduct or character of persons except in their public capacity; (iv) it shall be restricted to a matter of recent occurrence ...\"<\/i><br><br>\r\nOption B is clause (ii). The other options invert clauses (i), (iii) and (iv).`\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    id: 145,\r\n    year: '2018',\r\n    chapter: 'Ch 15: Short Duration Discussions',\r\n    question: \"If the Speaker is satisfied, after calling for such information from the member who has given notice and from the Minister as the Speaker may consider necessary, that the matter is urgent and is of sufficient importance to be raised in the House at an early date, the Speaker may admit the notice provided that\",\r\n    options: [\r\n      \"if an early opportunity is otherwise available for the discussion of the matter, the Speaker may admit the notice.\",\r\n      \"if an early opportunity is otherwise available for the discussion of the matter, the Speaker may refuse to admit the notice.\",\r\n      \"allow such time for discussion not exceeding four hours at or before the end of the sitting.\",\r\n      \"allow such time for discussion not exceeding three hours at or before the end of the sitting.\"\r\n    ],\r\n    correct: 1,\r\n    explanation: `<b>Correct Answer: B) the Speaker may refuse to admit the notice.<\/b><br><br>\r\n<b>Rule 194(1):<\/b> <i>\"If the Speaker is satisfied ... that the matter is urgent and is of sufficient importance to be raised in the House at an early date, the Speaker may admit the notice: Provided that if an early opportunity is otherwise available for the discussion of the matter the Speaker may refuse to admit the notice.\"<\/i><br><br>\r\nOptions C and D are wrong on time as well \u2014 <b>Rule 194(2):<\/b> the Speaker may allow discussion <i>\"not exceeding two hours at or before the end of the sitting ...\"<\/i>`\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    id: 146,\r\n    year: '2018',\r\n    chapter: 'Ch 17: Motion of No-Confidence in Council of Ministers and Statement by Minister Who Has Resigned',\r\n    question: \"A motion expressing want of confidence in the Council of Ministers may be made subject to which one of the following restrictions?\",\r\n    options: [\r\n      \"Leave to make the motion shall be asked for by the member when called by the Speaker.\",\r\n      \"Leave to make the motion shall not be asked for by the member when called by the Speaker.\",\r\n      \"Leave to make the motion shall be asked for by the concerned Minister when called by the Speaker.\",\r\n      \"Leave to make the motion shall not be asked for by the concerned Minister when called by the Speaker.\"\r\n    ],\r\n    correct: 0,\r\n    explanation: `<b>Correct Answer: A) Leave shall be asked for by the member when called by the Speaker.<\/b><br><br>\r\n<b>Rule 198(1):<\/b> <i>\"A motion expressing want of confidence in the Council of Ministers may be made subject to the following restrictions, namely:\u2014 (a) leave to make the motion shall be asked for by the member when called by the Speaker; (b) the member asking for leave shall, by 10.00 hours on that day give to the Secretary-General a written notice of the motion which such member proposes to move ...\"<\/i>`\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    id: 147,\r\n    year: '2018',\r\n    chapter: 'Ch 17: Motion of No-Confidence in Council of Ministers and Statement by Minister Who Has Resigned',\r\n    question: \"A member who has resigned the office of Minister may, with the consent of the Speaker, make a personal statement in explanation of her or his resignation on any day during the session in which the resignation has been accepted by\",\r\n    options: [\r\n      \"the Prime Minister\",\r\n      \"the Secretary-General\",\r\n      \"the Vice President\",\r\n      \"the President\"\r\n    ],\r\n    correct: 3,\r\n    explanation: `<b>Correct Answer: D) the President.<\/b><br><br>\r\n<b>Rule 199(1):<\/b> <i>\"A member who has resigned the office of Minister may, with the consent of the Speaker, make a personal statement in explanation of her or his resignation on any day during the session in which the resignation has been accepted by the President ...\"<\/i> (A Minister's resignation is tendered to and accepted by the President.)`\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    id: 148,\r\n    year: '2018',\r\n    chapter: 'Ch 18: Resolution for Removal of Speaker or Deputy Speaker from Office',\r\n    question: \"A member wishing to give notice of a resolution, under Clause (c) of Article 94 of the Constitution, for the removal of the Speaker or the Deputy Speaker shall do so in writing to\",\r\n    options: [\r\n      \"the Secretary-General\",\r\n      \"the Prime Minister\",\r\n      \"the Vice President\",\r\n      \"the President\"\r\n    ],\r\n    correct: 0,\r\n    explanation: `<b>Correct Answer: A) the Secretary-General.<\/b><br><br>\r\n<b>Rule 200(1):<\/b> <i>\"A member wishing to give notice of a resolution, under clause (c) of article 94 of the Constitution, for the removal of the Speaker or the Deputy Speaker shall do so in writing to the Secretary-General and shall furnish the full text of such resolution.\"<\/i> (Rule 200(2): the day fixed for the motion for leave must be after fourteen days from receipt of the notice \u2014 the constitutional 14 days' notice.)`\r\n  },\r\n\r\n  \/\/ ===================== 2019-20 =====================\r\n  {\r\n    id: 149,\r\n    year: '2019-20',\r\n    chapter: 'Misc.',\r\n    question: \"Which one of the following statements is correct about the Zero Hour in the Rajya Sabha?\",\r\n    options: [\r\n      \"It is mentioned in the Rules of Procedure.\",\r\n      \"It is the first hour of the sitting.\",\r\n      \"It is the last hour of the sitting.\",\r\n      \"It is an informal opportunity for raising matters of urgent public importance.\"\r\n    ],\r\n    correct: 3,\r\n    explanation: `<b>Correct Answer: D) An informal opportunity for raising matters of urgent public importance.<\/b><br><br>\r\n\"Zero Hour\" is not defined in the Rules of Procedure of either House or in the Constitution; it is an informal device developed by practice, taken up immediately after the Question Hour (hence it is not the first hour). In the Lok Sabha the nearest codified device is <b>Rule 377:<\/b> <i>\"A member who wishes to bring to the notice of the House a matter which is not a point of order, shall give notice in writing to the Secretary-General ...\"<\/i>`\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    id: 150,\r\n    year: '2019-20',\r\n    chapter: 'Ch 3: Election of Speaker and Deputy Speaker and Nomination of Panel of Chairpersons',\r\n    question: \"The Speaker of the Lok Sabha can resign by addressing his\/her resignation to\",\r\n    options: [\r\n      \"the President of India\",\r\n      \"the Prime Minister of India\",\r\n      \"the Deputy Speaker of the Lok Sabha\",\r\n      \"the Chief Justice of India\"\r\n    ],\r\n    correct: 2,\r\n    explanation: `<b>Correct Answer: C) the Deputy Speaker of the Lok Sabha.<\/b><br><br>\r\n<b>Article 94(b):<\/b> the Speaker <i>\"may at any time ... resign his office by writing under his hand addressed to the Deputy Speaker.\"<\/i> (Correspondingly, the Deputy Speaker resigns by writing addressed to the Speaker.)`\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    id: 151,\r\n    year: '2019-20',\r\n    chapter: 'Misc.',\r\n    question: \"What is the minimum quorum required for holding a sitting of the Rajya Sabha?\",\r\n    options: [\r\n      \"One-third of the total membership\",\r\n      \"One-half of the total membership\",\r\n      \"One-fourth of the total membership\",\r\n      \"One-tenth of the total membership\"\r\n    ],\r\n    correct: 3,\r\n    explanation: `<b>Correct Answer: D) One-tenth of the total membership.<\/b><br><br>\r\n<b>Article 100(3):<\/b> <i>\"Until Parliament by law otherwise provides, the quorum to constitute a meeting of either House of Parliament shall be one-tenth of the total number of members of the House.\"<\/i> This applies equally to the Rajya Sabha.`\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    id: 152,\r\n    year: '2019-20',\r\n    chapter: 'Ch 17: Motion of No-Confidence in Council of Ministers and Statement by Minister Who Has Resigned',\r\n    question: \"Which motion is moved to express want of confidence in the Council of Ministers?\",\r\n    options: [\r\n      \"No-Confidence Motion\",\r\n      \"Confidence Motion\",\r\n      \"Censure Motion\",\r\n      \"Adjournment Motion\"\r\n    ],\r\n    correct: 0,\r\n    explanation: `<b>Correct Answer: A) No-Confidence Motion.<\/b><br><br>\r\n<b>Rule 198(1):<\/b> <i>\"A motion expressing want of confidence in the Council of Ministers may be made subject to the following restrictions ...\"<\/i> It lies only against the Council of Ministers as a whole and, if carried, obliges the Government to resign.`\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    id: 153,\r\n    year: '2019-20',\r\n    chapter: 'Ch 9: Adjournment Motions',\r\n    question: \"Which of the following motions is used to adjourn the House to discuss a definite matter of urgent public importance?\",\r\n    options: [\r\n      \"Adjournment Motion\",\r\n      \"Calling Attention Motion\",\r\n      \"Privilege Motion\",\r\n      \"No-Confidence Motion\"\r\n    ],\r\n    correct: 0,\r\n    explanation: `<b>Correct Answer: A) Adjournment Motion.<\/b><br><br>\r\n<b>Rule 58:<\/b> <i>\"The right to move the adjournment of the House for the purpose of discussing a definite matter of urgent public importance shall be subject to the following restrictions ...\"<\/i> The Adjournment Motion interrupts normal business to debate such a matter and carries an element of censure of the Government.`\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    id: 154,\r\n    year: '2019-20',\r\n    chapter: 'Misc.',\r\n    question: \"Who can ask for a joint sitting of both the Lok Sabha and the Rajya Sabha to resolve a deadlock over a Bill?\",\r\n    options: [\r\n      \"The President of India\",\r\n      \"The Prime Minister of India\",\r\n      \"The Speaker of the Lok Sabha\",\r\n      \"The Chairman of the Rajya Sabha\"\r\n    ],\r\n    correct: 0,\r\n    explanation: `<b>Correct Answer: A) the President of India.<\/b><br><br>\r\n<b>Article 108(1):<\/b> where a Bill has been passed by one House and rejected by the other (or the Houses have finally disagreed on amendments, or six months have elapsed), <i>\"the President may, unless the Bill has elapsed by reason of a dissolution of the House of the People, notify to the Houses ... his intention to summon them to meet in a joint sitting ...\"<\/i> The Speaker of the Lok Sabha presides over the joint sitting (Article 118(4)).`\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    id: 155,\r\n    year: '2019-20',\r\n    chapter: 'Ch 10: Legislation',\r\n    question: \"A Bill that has been rejected by either House of the Parliament cannot be reintroduced during the same\",\r\n    options: [\r\n      \"session\",\r\n      \"calendar year\",\r\n      \"parliamentary year\",\r\n      \"budget session\"\r\n    ],\r\n    correct: 0,\r\n    explanation: `<b>Correct Answer: A) session.<\/b><br><br>\r\nBy the rule against repetition, a Bill once rejected by the House cannot be reintroduced in the same session \u2014 the same principle that <b>Rule 338<\/b> applies to motions: <i>\"When a motion has been moved, no motion or amendment shall be moved which raises substantially the same question during the same session ...\"<\/i> A fresh session is required.`\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    id: 156,\r\n    year: '2019-20',\r\n    chapter: 'Ch 19: Financial Business',\r\n    question: \"Consider the following statements regarding Money Bill:<br>1. It can be introduced in either the Lok Sabha or the Rajya Sabha.<br>2. It can be returned by the President for reconsideration.<br>3. It requires the consent of the President before introduction.<br>4. It cannot be introduced in the Rajya Sabha.<br>Which of the above statements are correct?\",\r\n    options: [\r\n      \"1 and 2 only\",\r\n      \"1, 2, 3 and 4\",\r\n      \"2, 3 and 4 only\",\r\n      \"3 and 4 only\"\r\n    ],\r\n    correct: 3,\r\n    explanation: `<b>Correct Answer: D) 3 and 4 only<\/b><br><br>\r\n<b>Statement 3: CORRECT. Article 117(1):<\/b> a Bill dealing with Article 110 matters <i>\"shall not be introduced or moved except on the recommendation of the President ...\"<\/i><br>\r\n<b>Statement 4: CORRECT. Article 109(1):<\/b> <i>\"A Money Bill shall not be introduced in the Council of States.\"<\/i> (so it can be introduced only in the Lok Sabha \u2014 Statement 1 is wrong.)<br>\r\n<b>Statement 2: INCORRECT. Article 111<\/b> proviso: the President cannot return a Money Bill for reconsideration; the President must either assent or withhold assent.`\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    id: 157,\r\n    year: '2019-20',\r\n    chapter: 'Ch 26: Parliamentary Committees',\r\n    question: \"The committee responsible for scrutinizing the Annual Budget of the Government is known as the\",\r\n    options: [\r\n      \"Committee on Public Accounts\",\r\n      \"Committee on Estimates\",\r\n      \"Committee on Subordinate Legislation\",\r\n      \"Committee on Rules\"\r\n    ],\r\n    correct: 1,\r\n    explanation: `<b>Correct Answer: B) Committee on Estimates.<\/b><br><br>\r\n<b>Rule 310:<\/b> <i>\"There shall be a Committee on Estimates for the examination of such of the estimates as may seem fit to the Committee or are specifically referred to it by the House or the Speaker ...\"<\/i> \u2014 it scrutinises the estimates (Budget) and suggests economies. (The PAC, by contrast, examines accounts of expenditure already incurred.)`\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    id: 158,\r\n    year: '2019-20',\r\n    chapter: 'Ch 26: Parliamentary Committees',\r\n    question: \"Which constitutional body is responsible for conducting enquiries and taking appropriate action in cases of violation of the Code of Conduct by MPs?\",\r\n    options: [\r\n      \"The Election Commission of India\",\r\n      \"The Lok Sabha Speaker\",\r\n      \"The Rajya Sabha Chairman\",\r\n      \"The Ethics Committee of the Parliament\"\r\n    ],\r\n    correct: 3,\r\n    explanation: `<b>Correct Answer: D) the Ethics Committee of Parliament.<\/b><br><br>\r\n<b>Rule 316B<\/b> (Committee on Ethics): among its functions is <i>\"to examine cases concerning the alleged breach of the Code of Conduct by members ...\"<\/i> read with <b>Rule 316C<\/b> on its procedure. (The Committee is set up under Rules 316A-316F; complaints of ethical misconduct may also be referred by the Speaker under Chapter XXA, Rule 233B.)`\r\n  },\r\n\r\n  \/\/ ===================== 2021-22 =====================\r\n  {\r\n    id: 159,\r\n    year: '2021-22',\r\n    chapter: 'Misc.',\r\n    question: \"The time when the Members of Parliament can raise issues of urgent public importance is called\",\r\n    options: [\r\n      \"Notice period\",\r\n      \"Cooling-off period\",\r\n      \"Stipulated interval\",\r\n      \"Zero hour\"\r\n    ],\r\n    correct: 3,\r\n    explanation: `<b>Correct Answer: D) Zero hour.<\/b><br><br>\r\nZero Hour \u2014 an informal device (not found in the Rules of Procedure) that begins at 12:00 noon, immediately after the Question Hour \u2014 is used by members to raise matters of urgent public importance without prior notice. The nearest codified mechanism is <b>Rule 377<\/b> (matters which are not points of order).`\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    id: 160,\r\n    year: '2021-22',\r\n    chapter: \"Ch 5: President's Address and Messages to the House\",\r\n    question: \"Which one of the following motions is moved after the President's address to both the Houses of Parliament at the beginning of the Budget session?\",\r\n    options: [\r\n      \"Motion of Thanks\",\r\n      \"Motion of Confidence\",\r\n      \"Motion of No-Confidence\",\r\n      \"Motion of Withdrawal\"\r\n    ],\r\n    correct: 0,\r\n    explanation: `<b>Correct Answer: A) Motion of Thanks.<\/b><br><br>\r\n<b>Rule 17:<\/b> <i>\"On such day or days or part of any day, the House shall be at liberty to discuss the matters referred to in such Address on a Motion of Thanks moved by a member and seconded by another member.\"<\/i> The President addresses both Houses under Article 87(1); the discussion takes place on the Motion of Thanks.`\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    id: 161,\r\n    year: '2021-22',\r\n    chapter: 'Ch 22: Resignation and Vacation of Seats in the House',\r\n    question: \"In Lok Sabha, the resignation of a Member is addressed to the\",\r\n    options: [\r\n      \"Speaker of Lok Sabha\",\r\n      \"Prime Minister of India\",\r\n      \"President of India\",\r\n      \"Leader of the Opposition party\"\r\n    ],\r\n    correct: 0,\r\n    explanation: `<b>Correct Answer: A) Speaker of Lok Sabha.<\/b><br><br>\r\n<b>Article 101(3)(b)<\/b> (resign by writing addressed to the Speaker) read with <b>Rule 240(1):<\/b> <i>\"A member who desires to resign one's seat in the House shall intimate in writing under one's own hand addressed to the Speaker, such intention to resign the seat ...\"<\/i>`\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    id: 162,\r\n    year: '2021-22',\r\n    chapter: 'Ch 10: Legislation',\r\n    question: \"In Rajya Sabha, a money bill passed by the Lok Sabha is returned to the Lower House with the Rajya Sabha's recommendations. If the Lok Sabha does not accept any of the recommendations, it is deemed to be:\",\r\n    options: [\r\n      \"Passed by both the Houses of Parliament\",\r\n      \"Rejected by both the Houses of Parliament\",\r\n      \"Passed by the Lok Sabha alone\",\r\n      \"Passed by the Rajya Sabha alone\"\r\n    ],\r\n    correct: 0,\r\n    explanation: `<b>Correct Answer: A) Passed by both the Houses of Parliament.<\/b><br><br>\r\n<b>Rule 108:<\/b> <i>\"If the House does not accept any of the recommendations of the Council, the Bill shall be deemed to have been passed by both the Houses in the form in which it was passed by the House without any of the amendments recommended by the Council and a message to that effect shall be sent to the Council.\"<\/i> (This mirrors Article 109(4).)`\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    id: 163,\r\n    year: '2021-22',\r\n    chapter: 'Ch 26: Parliamentary Committees',\r\n    question: \"Who among the following determines the functions of the committees in the Lok Sabha?\",\r\n    options: [\r\n      \"Speaker of Lok Sabha\",\r\n      \"President of India\",\r\n      \"Council of Ministers\",\r\n      \"Rules Committee of Lok Sabha\"\r\n    ],\r\n    correct: 0,\r\n    explanation: `<b>Correct Answer: A) Speaker of Lok Sabha.<\/b><br><br>\r\nThe Committees work under the direction of the Speaker, who constitutes them, appoints their Chairpersons and gives them directions. <b>Rule 253:<\/b> a Parliamentary Committee is one which <i>\"works under the direction of the Speaker ...\"<\/i>; <b>Rule 283:<\/b> <i>\"The Speaker ... may issue such directions to the Chairperson or members of a Committee ...\"<\/i> (and Rule 258 on appointment of Chairpersons).`\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    id: 164,\r\n    year: '2021-22',\r\n    chapter: 'Rajya Sabha',\r\n    question: \"In Rajya Sabha, what is the maximum time limit for a discussion on a motion of thanks to the President for his\/her address?\",\r\n    options: [\r\n      \"6 hours\",\r\n      \"10 hours\",\r\n      \"12 hours\",\r\n      \"16 hours\"\r\n    ],\r\n    correct: 2,\r\n    explanation: `<b>Answer as per official key: C) 12 hours.<\/b><br><br>\r\n<b>SOURCE NOTE:<\/b> This is a figure of Rajya Sabha practice, not a verbatim provision of the Rules. Time for the Motion of Thanks is allotted by the House on the recommendation of the Business Advisory Committee; the RS convention cited by the exam sets the ceiling at 12 hours. (The Rules of Procedure prescribe no fixed number of hours, so verify against the current BAC\/House allocation.)`\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    id: 165,\r\n    year: '2021-22',\r\n    chapter: 'Ch 17: Motion of No-Confidence in Council of Ministers and Statement by Minister Who Has Resigned',\r\n    question: \"What is the minimum number of members required to table a \\\"No-Confidence Motion\\\" in the Lok Sabha?\",\r\n    options: [\r\n      \"10\",\r\n      \"20\",\r\n      \"30\",\r\n      \"50\"\r\n    ],\r\n    correct: 3,\r\n    explanation: `<b>Correct Answer: D) 50.<\/b><br><br>\r\n<b>Rule 198(2):<\/b> <i>\"... the Speaker shall ... request those members who are in favour of leave being granted to rise in their places, and if not less than fifty members rise accordingly, the Speaker shall declare that leave is granted ...\"<\/i> \u2014 the motion needs the support of at least 50 members to be admitted.`\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    id: 166,\r\n    year: '2021-22',\r\n    chapter: 'Ch 26: Parliamentary Committees',\r\n    question: \"The Public Accounts Committee consists of not more than:\",\r\n    options: [\r\n      \"22 Members, 15 Members elected by Lok Sabha and not more than 7 Members elected by Rajya Sabha.\",\r\n      \"23 Members, 16 Members elected by Lok Sabha and not more than 7 Members elected by Rajya Sabha.\",\r\n      \"22 Members, 7 Members elected by Lok Sabha and not more than 15 Members elected by Rajya Sabha.\",\r\n      \"23 Members, 7 Members elected by Lok Sabha and not more than 16 Members elected by Rajya Sabha.\"\r\n    ],\r\n    correct: 0,\r\n    explanation: `<b>Correct Answer: A) 22 Members \u2014 15 (Lok Sabha) + not more than 7 (Rajya Sabha).<\/b><br><br>\r\n<b>Rule 309(1):<\/b> <i>\"The Committee shall consist of not more than 22 members comprising 15 members who shall be elected by the House every year ... and not more than 7 members of Rajya Sabha to be nominated by that House for being associated with the Committee ...\"<\/i> (Rajya Sabha members are nominated by that House.)`\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    id: 167,\r\n    year: '2021-22',\r\n    chapter: 'Ch 27: General Rules of Procedure',\r\n    question: \"The term \\\"point of order\\\" in the context of parliamentary proceedings refers to:\",\r\n    options: [\r\n      \"a request by a member to make a formal statement\",\r\n      \"a request by a member to ask a question out of turn\",\r\n      \"a member's objection regarding the violation of parliamentary rules\",\r\n      \"a member's request for an extension of time for a debate\"\r\n    ],\r\n    correct: 2,\r\n    explanation: `<b>Correct Answer: C) a member's objection regarding the violation of parliamentary rules.<\/b><br><br>\r\n<b>Rule 376(1):<\/b> <i>\"A point of order shall relate to the interpretation or enforcement of these rules or such Articles of the Constitution as regulate the business of the House and shall raise a question which is within the cognizance of the Speaker.\"<\/i> The Speaker's decision on it is final (Rule 376(3)).`\r\n  },\r\n\r\n  \/\/ ===================== 2023 =====================\r\n  {\r\n    id: 168,\r\n    year: '2023',\r\n    chapter: 'Ch 7: Questions',\r\n    question: \"Consider the following statements regarding the \\\"starred questions\\\" asked during Question Hour of Parliament:<br>1. Oral Answer is required to be given by the minister on the floor of the house and supplementary questions may be asked on Minister's reply.<br>2. Oral Answer is required to be given by the minister on the floor of the house and supplementary questions may not be asked on Minister's reply.<br>3. Written Answer is to be given by the minister after 10 days' notice and no supplementary question may be asked.<br>Which of the above statements is\/are correct?\",\r\n    options: [\r\n      \"1 only\",\r\n      \"2 only\",\r\n      \"3 only\",\r\n      \"1, 2 and 3\"\r\n    ],\r\n    correct: 0,\r\n    explanation: `<b>Correct Answer: A) 1 only<\/b><br><br>\r\nA starred question is answered orally and supplementaries may follow. <b>Rule 36:<\/b> <i>\"A member who desires an oral answer to one's question shall distinguish it by an asterisk ...\"<\/i>; <b>Rule 50(1):<\/b> <i>\"The member in whose name a question is listed for oral answer or any other member, when called by the Speaker, may ask a supplementary question for the purpose of further elucidating any matter of fact regarding which an answer has been given.\"<\/i><br><br>\r\nStatement 2 is wrong (supplementaries ARE allowed); Statement 3 describes an unstarred (written-answer) question, not a starred one.`\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    id: 169,\r\n    year: '2023',\r\n    chapter: 'Ch 23: Leave of Absence from the Sittings of the House',\r\n    question: \"In the Indian Parliament, under which condition can a house declare the seat of a member vacant?\",\r\n    options: [\r\n      \"If the member is absent from all meetings of the house for 60 days continuously\",\r\n      \"If the member is absent from all meetings of the house for 45 days continuously\",\r\n      \"If the member is absent from all meetings of the house for 30 days continuously\",\r\n      \"If the member is absent from all meetings of the house for 21 days continuously\"\r\n    ],\r\n    correct: 0,\r\n    explanation: `<b>Correct Answer: A) 60 days.<\/b><br><br>\r\n<b>Article 101(4):<\/b> <i>\"If for a period of sixty days a member of either House of Parliament is without permission of the House absent from all meetings thereof, the House may declare his seat vacant ...\"<\/i> (in computing which, periods of prorogation or of adjournment for more than four consecutive days are excluded). See also <b>Rule 326(1)(ii).<\/b>`\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    id: 170,\r\n    year: '2023',\r\n    chapter: 'Ch 26: Parliamentary Committees',\r\n    question: \"The Chairperson of Public Accounts Committee is appointed by\",\r\n    options: [\r\n      \"Speaker of Lok Sabha\",\r\n      \"President of India\",\r\n      \"Chief Justice of India\",\r\n      \"Chairman of Rajya Sabha\"\r\n    ],\r\n    correct: 0,\r\n    explanation: `<b>Correct Answer: A) Speaker of Lok Sabha.<\/b><br><br>\r\n<b>Rule 258(1):<\/b> <i>\"The Chairperson of a Committee shall be appointed by the Speaker from amongst members of the Committee ...\"<\/i> By convention the PAC Chairperson is chosen from the Opposition, and is appointed by the Speaker.`\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    id: 171,\r\n    year: '2023',\r\n    chapter: 'Ch 19: Financial Business',\r\n    question: \"A money bill in the House of the People can be introduced on the recommendation of\",\r\n    options: [\r\n      \"Prime Minister of India\",\r\n      \"President of India\",\r\n      \"Speaker of Lok Sabha\",\r\n      \"Finance Minister\"\r\n    ],\r\n    correct: 1,\r\n    explanation: `<b>Correct Answer: B) President of India.<\/b><br><br>\r\n<b>Article 117(1):<\/b> a Bill dealing with any of the matters specified in Article 110 <i>\"shall not be introduced or moved except on the recommendation of the President ...\"<\/i> A Money Bill can be introduced only in the Lok Sabha (Article 109(1)) and only on the President's recommendation.`\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    id: 172,\r\n    year: '2023',\r\n    chapter: 'Ch 7: Questions',\r\n    question: \"In which type of question in the Parliament is a written answer desired?\",\r\n    options: [\r\n      \"Starred question\",\r\n      \"Unstarred question\",\r\n      \"Short notice question\",\r\n      \"Long notice question\"\r\n    ],\r\n    correct: 1,\r\n    explanation: `<b>Correct Answer: B) Unstarred question.<\/b><br><br>\r\n<b>Rule 36:<\/b> <i>\"... If the member does not distinguish it by an asterisk, the question shall be placed on the list of questions for written answer.\"<\/i> Such an unstarred question receives a written answer, which under <b>Rule 39(1)<\/b> is <i>\"deemed to have been laid on the Table at the end of the Question Hour ...\"<\/i> \u2014 with no supplementaries.`\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    id: 173,\r\n    year: '2023',\r\n    chapter: 'Misc.',\r\n    question: \"Which among the following Bill will not lapse in the event of dissolution of Lok Sabha?\",\r\n    options: [\r\n      \"Any Bill pending in Lok Sabha\",\r\n      \"Any Bill passed by the Lok Sabha but pending in Rajya Sabha\",\r\n      \"Any Bill passed by the Rajya Sabha and pending in Lok Sabha\",\r\n      \"Any Bill pending in Rajya Sabha and not passed by Lok Sabha\"\r\n    ],\r\n    correct: 1,\r\n    explanation: `<b>Answer as per official key: B.<\/b><br><br>\r\n<b>KEY-CONFLICT NOTE:<\/b> Under the settled constitutional position (Article 107(5) read with the dissolution doctrine), a Bill <i>passed by the Lok Sabha and pending in the Rajya Sabha<\/i> (option B) actually <b>lapses<\/b> on dissolution. The only Bill among these that does <b>not<\/b> lapse is <i>a Bill pending in the Rajya Sabha and not passed by the Lok Sabha<\/i> (option D) \u2014 because the Rajya Sabha is a permanent House. Bills that lapse: (i) a Bill pending in the Lok Sabha, and (ii) a Bill passed by the Lok Sabha but pending in the Rajya Sabha. Bills that do not lapse include one originating and pending in the Rajya Sabha (not passed by the Lok Sabha). The official key here (B) is inconsistent with that doctrine \u2014 the doctrinally correct answer is <b>D<\/b>. Verify against the department's answer key.`\r\n  },\r\n\r\n  \/\/ ===================== 2024 =====================\r\n  {\r\n    id: 58,\r\n    year: '2024',\r\n    chapter: 'Misc.',\r\n    question: \"Consider the following statements:<br>1. The Joint Chairman of the Rajya Sabha heads a sitting of both Houses when the Speaker, Deputy Speaker, and the panel of Speakers are absent.<br>2. Only the President can summon a joint sitting of both Houses.<br>Which of the above statements is\/are correct?\",\r\n    options: [\r\n      \"1 only\",\r\n      \"2 only\",\r\n      \"Both 1 and 2\",\r\n      \"Neither 1 nor 2\"\r\n    ],\r\n    correct: 1,\r\n    explanation: `<b>Correct Answer: B) 2 only<\/b><br><br>\r\n<b>Statement 1: INCORRECT.<\/b> The Speaker presides over a joint sitting; in the Speaker's absence the order of presiding officers is the Deputy Speaker of the Lok Sabha, then the Deputy Chairman of the Rajya Sabha, and then such other person as may be determined by the members present (Article 118(4) with the Joint Sittings Rules). The Chairman of the Rajya Sabha (Vice-President) does not preside.<br><br>\r\n<b>Statement 2: CORRECT. Article 108(1):<\/b> only the President may notify his intention to summon the Houses to meet in a joint sitting to resolve a legislative deadlock.`\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    id: 59,\r\n    year: '2024',\r\n    chapter: 'Ch 19: Financial Business',\r\n    question: \"Consider the following statements:<br>1. Article 117 deals with all three types of financial bills.<br>2. A Financial Bill (I) can be amended or rejected by the Rajya Sabha.<br>3. All financial bills are not money bills.<br>Which of the above statements are correct?\",\r\n    options: [\r\n      \"1 and 2 only\",\r\n      \"2 and 3 only\",\r\n      \"1 and 3 only\",\r\n      \"1, 2 and 3\"\r\n    ],\r\n    correct: 1,\r\n    explanation: `<b>Correct Answer: B) 2 and 3 only<\/b><br><br>\r\n<b>Statement 1: INCORRECT.<\/b> Money Bills are dealt with primarily by <b>Article 110<\/b> (with Article 109 on their procedure); Article 117 deals with Financial Bills \u2014 Category I under Article 117(1) and Category II under Article 117(3). So Article 117 does not deal with \"all three types\".<br><br>\r\n<b>Statement 2: CORRECT.<\/b> A Financial Bill (Category I), once introduced, is treated as an ordinary Bill for later stages \u2014 the Rajya Sabha can amend or reject it (unlike a Money Bill).<br><br>\r\n<b>Statement 3: CORRECT.<\/b> All Money Bills are Financial Bills, but not all Financial Bills are Money Bills \u2014 the Money Bill is a narrow sub-set (only Article 110 matters, certified by the Speaker).`\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    id: 60,\r\n    year: '2024',\r\n    chapter: 'Ch 19: Financial Business',\r\n    question: \"Consider the following statements regarding Money Bills:<br>1. They can only be introduced after the President's recommendation.<br>2. Money bill can be introduced only by a Minister.<br>3. Speaker's decision to decide whether a bill is a money bill or not cannot be questioned in the courts.<br>Which of the above statements are correct?\",\r\n    options: [\r\n      \"1 and 2 only\",\r\n      \"2 and 3 only\",\r\n      \"1 and 3 only\",\r\n      \"1, 2 and 3\"\r\n    ],\r\n    correct: 3,\r\n    explanation: `<b>Correct Answer: D) 1, 2 and 3<\/b><br><br>\r\n<b>Statement 1: CORRECT. Article 117(1):<\/b> a Money Bill cannot be introduced except on the President's recommendation.<br>\r\n<b>Statement 2: CORRECT.<\/b> Because it needs the President's recommendation (conveyed through a Minister) and can only be introduced in the Lok Sabha, it is moved by a Minister.<br>\r\n<b>Statement 3: CORRECT. Article 110(3):<\/b> <i>\"If any question arises whether a Bill is a Money Bill or not, the decision of the Speaker of the House of the People thereon shall be final\"<\/i>; and Article 110(4) shields it with the Speaker's certificate.`\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    id: 61,\r\n    year: '2024',\r\n    chapter: 'Ch 19: Financial Business',\r\n    question: \"Consider the following statements:<br>1. Money bills cannot be sent back for reconsideration by the President.<br>2. Money bills have no provision for joint sittings.<br>3. Defeat of an ordinary bill, when introduced by a minister, may lead to the resignation of the Government.<br>Which of the above statements are correct?\",\r\n    options: [\r\n      \"1 and 2 only\",\r\n      \"2 and 3 only\",\r\n      \"1 and 3 only\",\r\n      \"1, 2 and 3\"\r\n    ],\r\n    correct: 3,\r\n    explanation: `<b>Correct Answer: D) 1, 2 and 3<\/b><br><br>\r\n<b>Statement 1: CORRECT. Article 111<\/b> proviso: the President cannot return a Money Bill for reconsideration.<br>\r\n<b>Statement 2: CORRECT.<\/b> There is no joint sitting for a Money Bill \u2014 the Rajya Sabha can only recommend, and the Lok Sabha may accept or reject the recommendations (Article 109); a deadlock cannot arise, so Article 108 does not apply.<br>\r\n<b>Statement 3: CORRECT.<\/b> Defeat of a Government Bill can be treated as a loss of confidence and may lead the Government to resign (a matter of convention).`\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    id: 62,\r\n    year: '2024',\r\n    chapter: 'Ch 10: Legislation',\r\n    question: \"Consider the following statements regarding public and private bills:<br>1. Passing of public bill and private bill is governed by the same process.<br>2. Minister cannot introduce a private bill.<br>3. One-month notice is needed to introduce a private bill in the House.<br>Which of the above statements are correct?\",\r\n    options: [\r\n      \"1 and 2 only\",\r\n      \"2 and 3 only\",\r\n      \"1 and 3 only\",\r\n      \"1, 2 and 3\"\r\n    ],\r\n    correct: 1,\r\n    explanation: `<b>Correct Answer: B) 2 and 3 only<\/b><br><br>\r\n<b>Statement 1: INCORRECT.<\/b> Public (Government) and private members' Bills are not handled by an identical process \u2014 private members' Bills have their own precedence, ballot and Committee classification (Rules 26-30, 293-297), and a distinct time allocation, so the processes differ.<br><br>\r\n<b>Statement 2: CORRECT. Rule 65(1):<\/b> <i>\"Any member, other than a Minister, desiring to move for leave to introduce a Bill ...\"<\/i> \u2014 a Minister's Bill is a Government Bill; a Minister cannot introduce a private members' Bill.<br><br>\r\n<b>Statement 3: CORRECT.<\/b> A private members' Bill requires one month's notice for leave to introduce (the notice period under Rule 65).`\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    id: 63,\r\n    year: '2024',\r\n    chapter: 'Ch 13: Resolutions',\r\n    question: \"Consider the following statements regarding resolutions in Parliament:<br>1. All resolutions are motions.<br>2. Not all resolutions need to be voted.<br>Which of the above statements is\/are correct?\",\r\n    options: [\r\n      \"1 only\",\r\n      \"2 only\",\r\n      \"Both 1 and 2\",\r\n      \"Neither 1 nor 2\"\r\n    ],\r\n    correct: 2,\r\n    explanation: `<b>Correct Answer: C) Both 1 and 2<\/b><br><br>\r\n<b>Statement 1: CORRECT.<\/b> A resolution is a particular form of motion \u2014 every resolution is a motion (though not every motion is a resolution). It is moved and disposed of under the rules for motions\/resolutions (Chapter XIII, Rules 170-183).<br><br>\r\n<b>Statement 2: CORRECT.<\/b> Not every resolution reaches a vote \u2014 a private member's resolution not disposed of at the appointed hour lapses, and a resolution may be withdrawn (<b>Rule 180:<\/b> withdrawal of resolution) without being put to the vote.`\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    id: 64,\r\n    year: '2024',\r\n    chapter: 'Rajya Sabha',\r\n    question: \"Consider the following statements:<br>1. The Rajya Sabha does not have a device called Special Mention.<br>2. Short-duration discussion was introduced in Parliament post-1991.<br>Which of the above statements is\/are correct?\",\r\n    options: [\r\n      \"1 only\",\r\n      \"2 only\",\r\n      \"Both 1 and 2\",\r\n      \"Neither 1 nor 2\"\r\n    ],\r\n    correct: 3,\r\n    explanation: `<b>Correct Answer: D) Neither 1 nor 2<\/b><br><br>\r\n<b>Statement 1: INCORRECT.<\/b> Special Mention is a Rajya Sabha device, now codified in <b>RS Rules 180A-180E<\/b> \u2014 e.g., <b>Rule 180D(1):<\/b> <i>\"Unless the Chairman otherwise directs, no member shall make more than one Special Mention during a week.\"<\/i><br><br>\r\n<b>Statement 2: INCORRECT.<\/b> The Short Duration Discussion (the \"two-hour discussion\") is a long-standing device that predates 1991; it was not introduced post-1991.`\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    id: 65,\r\n    year: '2024',\r\n    chapter: 'Ch 17: Motion of No-Confidence in Council of Ministers and Statement by Minister Who Has Resigned',\r\n    question: \"Consider the following statements regarding censure and no-confidence motions:<br>1. No-confidence motion needs the support of 50 members to be admitted.<br>2. There is a need to state the reason for moving a no-confidence motion.<br>3. A censure motion can be moved against an individual minister.<br>Which of the above statements are correct?\",\r\n    options: [\r\n      \"1 and 2 only\",\r\n      \"2 and 3 only\",\r\n      \"1 and 3 only\",\r\n      \"1, 2, and 3\"\r\n    ],\r\n    correct: 2,\r\n    explanation: `<b>Correct Answer: C) 1 and 3 only<\/b><br><br>\r\n<b>Statement 1: CORRECT. Rule 198(2):<\/b> leave is granted <i>\"if not less than fifty members rise ...\"<\/i><br><br>\r\n<b>Statement 2: INCORRECT.<\/b> No reasons need be stated for a no-confidence motion (it simply expresses want of confidence in the Council of Ministers).<br><br>\r\n<b>Statement 3: CORRECT.<\/b> A censure motion (governed by the general rules on motions) may be directed at an individual Minister, a group of Ministers, or the whole Council \u2014 unlike a no-confidence motion, which lies only against the Council as a whole.`\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    id: 66,\r\n    year: '2024',\r\n    chapter: 'Misc.',\r\n    question: \"Consider the following statements regarding various motions in Parliament:<br>1. Calling Attention Motion is an Indian innovation.<br>2. The Rajya Sabha can make use of the Adjournment Motion.<br>3. Motion of Thanks is voted.<br>Which of the above statements are correct?\",\r\n    options: [\r\n      \"1 and 2 only\",\r\n      \"2 and 3 only\",\r\n      \"1 and 3 only\",\r\n      \"1, 2, and 3\"\r\n    ],\r\n    correct: 2,\r\n    explanation: `<b>Correct Answer: C) 1 and 3 only<\/b><br><br>\r\n<b>Statement 1: CORRECT.<\/b> Calling Attention (<b>Rule 197<\/b>) is an Indian innovation with no exact British parallel, combining an element of a question with a short comment.<br><br>\r\n<b>Statement 2: INCORRECT.<\/b> The Adjournment Motion is available only in the Lok Sabha; the Rajya Sabha has no such device.<br><br>\r\n<b>Statement 3: CORRECT.<\/b> The Motion of Thanks on the President's Address is put to the vote of the House (and its defeat would amount to a Government defeat).`\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    id: 67,\r\n    year: '2024',\r\n    chapter: 'Ch 14: Motions',\r\n    question: \"Consider the following statements:<br>1. Subsidiary motion, by itself, has no meaning.<br>2. In Kangaroo closure motion, only important clauses are debated and voted.<br>3. Removal of the President of India comes under a substantive motion.<br>Which of the above statements are correct?\",\r\n    options: [\r\n      \"1 and 2 only\",\r\n      \"2 and 3 only\",\r\n      \"1 and 3 only\",\r\n      \"1, 2, and 3\"\r\n    ],\r\n    correct: 3,\r\n    explanation: `<b>Correct Answer: D) 1, 2 and 3<\/b><br><br>\r\n<b>Statement 1: CORRECT.<\/b> A subsidiary motion depends on the original motion and has no meaning by itself.<br><br>\r\n<b>Statement 2: CORRECT.<\/b> In Kangaroo Closure the presiding officer selects only certain (important) clauses for debate and voting, the rest being treated as passed \u2014 a form of closure under Chapter XXVII (Rule 362).<br><br>\r\n<b>Statement 3: CORRECT.<\/b> Removal of the President (impeachment under Article 61) is a self-contained proposition and is a substantive motion.`\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    id: 68,\r\n    year: '2024',\r\n    chapter: 'Ch 7: Questions',\r\n    question: \"Consider the following statements regarding Question Hour and Zero Hour:<br>1. Zero Hour is not mentioned in the Rules of Procedure.<br>2. Unstarred questions cannot have supplementary questions.<br>Which of the above statements is\/are correct?\",\r\n    options: [\r\n      \"1 only\",\r\n      \"2 only\",\r\n      \"Both 1 and 2\",\r\n      \"Neither 1 nor 2\"\r\n    ],\r\n    correct: 2,\r\n    explanation: `<b>Correct Answer: C) Both 1 and 2<\/b><br><br>\r\n<b>Statement 1: CORRECT.<\/b> Zero Hour is an informal device not mentioned in the Rules of Procedure (the codified device closest to it is Rule 377).<br><br>\r\n<b>Statement 2: CORRECT.<\/b> An unstarred question gets a written answer only. <b>Rule 39(1):<\/b> such an answer <i>\"shall be deemed to have been laid on the Table at the end of the Question Hour ...\"<\/i> \u2014 there is no oral reply and therefore no supplementary (which under Rule 50(1) can be asked only where an oral answer \"has been given\").`\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    id: 69,\r\n    year: '2024',\r\n    chapter: 'Ch 27: General Rules of Procedure',\r\n    question: \"Consider the following statements:<br>1. The Presiding Officer of a House does not vote in the first instance.<br>2. The Presiding Officer can permit a member to address the House in his\/her mother tongue.<br>3. The Attorney General can take part in the proceedings as well as vote in both Houses due to constitutional nature of the post.<br>Which of the above statements are correct?\",\r\n    options: [\r\n      \"1 and 2 only\",\r\n      \"2 and 3 only\",\r\n      \"1 and 3 only\",\r\n      \"1, 2, and 3\"\r\n    ],\r\n    correct: 0,\r\n    explanation: `<b>Correct Answer: A) 1 and 2 only<\/b><br><br>\r\n<b>Statement 1: CORRECT. Article 100(1):<\/b> the presiding officer <i>\"shall not vote in the first instance, but shall have and exercise a casting vote in the case of an equality of votes.\"<\/i><br><br>\r\n<b>Statement 2: CORRECT.<\/b> A member may address the House in Hindi or English, or in a mother tongue with the permission of the Chair (Article 120).<br><br>\r\n<b>Statement 3: INCORRECT. Article 88:<\/b> the Attorney-General has the right to speak in, and take part in the proceedings of, either House and any Committee \u2014 <i>\"but shall not by virtue of this article be entitled to vote.\"<\/i>`\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    id: 70,\r\n    year: '2024',\r\n    chapter: 'Misc.',\r\n    question: \"Which one of the following statements is correct regarding the lapse of bills on the dissolution of the Lok Sabha?\",\r\n    options: [\r\n      \"Pending assurances that are to be examined by the Committee on Government Assurances do not lapse.\",\r\n      \"A bill passed by the Lok Sabha but pending in the Rajya Sabha does not lapse.\",\r\n      \"A bill pending in the Rajya Sabha but not passed by the Lok Sabha lapses.\",\r\n      \"All pending assurances that are to be examined by the Committee on Government Assurances lapse on the dissolution of the Lok Sabha.\"\r\n    ],\r\n    correct: 2,\r\n    explanation: `<b>Answer as per official key: C.<\/b><br><br>\r\n<b>KEY-CONFLICT NOTE:<\/b> On the settled position, option <b>A<\/b> is the correct statement \u2014 pending assurances before the Committee on Government Assurances do <b>not<\/b> lapse on dissolution (this is exactly what Q115 (2016-17) established). By the same doctrine: option B is wrong (a Bill passed by the Lok Sabha but pending in the Rajya Sabha <b>does<\/b> lapse), and option C is wrong (a Bill pending in the Rajya Sabha but not passed by the Lok Sabha does <b>not<\/b> lapse). The official key (C) is inconsistent with that doctrine \u2014 the doctrinally correct answer is <b>A<\/b>. Verify against the department's answer key.`\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    id: 71,\r\n    year: '2024',\r\n    chapter: 'Ch 4: Sittings of the House',\r\n    question: \"Consider the following statements:<br>1. The maximum gap between two sessions of Parliament cannot be more than four months.<br>2. The Presiding Officer can call a sitting of the House at any time after the House has been adjourned sine die.<br>Which of the above statements is\/are correct?\",\r\n    options: [\r\n      \"1 only\",\r\n      \"2 only\",\r\n      \"Both 1 and 2\",\r\n      \"Neither 1 nor 2\"\r\n    ],\r\n    correct: 1,\r\n    explanation: `<b>Correct Answer: B) 2 only<\/b><br><br>\r\n<b>Statement 1: INCORRECT. Article 85(1):<\/b> <i>\"... six months shall not intervene between its last sitting in one session and the date appointed for its first sitting in the next session.\"<\/i> \u2014 the maximum gap is six months, not four.<br><br>\r\n<b>Statement 2: CORRECT. Rule 15(1)<\/b> proviso: <i>\"Provided that the Speaker, if thinks fit, may call a sitting of the House before the date or time to which it has been adjourned or at any time after the House has been adjourned sine die.\"<\/i>`\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    id: 72,\r\n    year: '2024',\r\n    chapter: 'Ch 19: Financial Business',\r\n    question: \"Consider the following statements:<br>1. An Economy Cut Motion asks the demand for a grant be reduced by \u20b9100.<br>2. The Rajya Sabha cannot move cut motions.<br>3. Disapproval of Policy Cut Motion states that the amount of the demand be reduced to \u20b91.<br>Which of the above statements are correct?\",\r\n    options: [\r\n      \"1 and 2 only\",\r\n      \"2 and 3 only\",\r\n      \"1 and 3 only\",\r\n      \"1, 2, and 3\"\r\n    ],\r\n    correct: 1,\r\n    explanation: `<b>Correct Answer: B) 2 and 3 only<\/b><br><br>\r\n<b>Statement 1: INCORRECT. Rule 209(b):<\/b> an Economy Cut is <i>\"'that the amount of the demand be reduced by a specified amount' representing the economy that can be effected ...\"<\/i> \u2014 a specified amount, not a fixed \u20b9100 (the \u20b9100 figure belongs to the Token Cut, Rule 217).<br><br>\r\n<b>Statement 2: CORRECT.<\/b> Demands for Grants are voted only in the Lok Sabha (Article 113), so cut motions cannot be moved in the Rajya Sabha.<br><br>\r\n<b>Statement 3: CORRECT. Rule 209(a):<\/b> a Disapproval of Policy Cut is <i>\"'that the amount of the demand be reduced to Re. 1\/-' representing disapproval of the policy underlying the demand ...\"<\/i>`\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    id: 73,\r\n    year: '2024',\r\n    chapter: 'Ch 19: Financial Business',\r\n    question: \"Consider the following statements regarding the enactment of the budget in Parliament:<br>1. The Railway Budget used to be presented before the General Budget.<br>2. The Finance Bill must be enacted within 75 days of its introduction.<br>Which of the above statements is\/are correct?\",\r\n    options: [\r\n      \"1 only\",\r\n      \"2 only\",\r\n      \"Neither 1 nor 2\",\r\n      \"Both 1 and 2\"\r\n    ],\r\n    correct: 3,\r\n    explanation: `<b>Correct Answer: D) Both 1 and 2<\/b><br><br>\r\n<b>Statement 1: CORRECT.<\/b> Until the two Budgets were merged in 2017, the Railway Budget was presented separately, a few days before the General Budget.<br><br>\r\n<b>Statement 2: CORRECT.<\/b> The Finance Bill must be passed by Parliament (and receive assent) within 75 days of its introduction \u2014 the deadline flowing from the Provisional Collection of Taxes framework and the annual financial-business timetable. (Rule 219 governs the procedure for the Financial Bill; Rule 221 requires timely completion of financial business.)`\r\n  }\r\n,\r\n\r\n  \/\/ ===================== 2025 =====================\r\n\r\n  {\r\n    id: 20,\r\n    year: '2025',\r\n    paperQ: 20,\r\n    chapter: 'Constitution \u2014 Union Judiciary',\r\n    status: 'MISSING FROM EXISTING BANK \u2014 newly added',\r\n    question: \"Which one of the following Articles of the Constitution of India has the provision regarding appointment of acting Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of India?\",\r\n    options: [\"Article 124\",\"Article 126\",\"Article 127\",\"Article 128\"],\r\n    correct: 1,\r\n    explanation: `<b>Correct Answer: B) Article 126<\/b><br><br>\r\n<b>Article 126:<\/b> <i>\"When the office of Chief Justice of India is vacant or when the Chief Justice is, by reason of absence or otherwise, unable to perform the duties of his office, the duties of the office shall be performed by such one of the other Judges of the Court as the President may appoint for the purpose.\"<\/i><br><br>\r\n<b>The neighbouring Articles, which supply the distractors:<\/b><br>\r\n<b>Article 124<\/b> \u2014 establishment and constitution of the Supreme Court, and appointment of its Judges.<br>\r\n<b>Article 127<\/b> \u2014 appointment of <i>ad hoc<\/i> Judges, where there is no quorum of Judges available to hold or continue a session.<br>\r\n<b>Article 128<\/b> \u2014 attendance of retired Judges at sittings of the Supreme Court.<br><br>\r\n<b>Sequence to memorise: 124 appoint \u2192 126 ACTING Chief Justice \u2192 127 ad hoc Judges \u2192 128 retired Judges.<\/b>`\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    id: 21,\r\n    year: '2025',\r\n    paperQ: 21,\r\n    chapter: 'Ch 2: Summons to Members, Seating, Oath or Affirmation and Roll of Members',\r\n    status: 'MISSING FROM EXISTING BANK \u2014 newly added',\r\n    question: \"According to Rules of Procedure and Conduct of Business in the Lok Sabha, before taking one's seat, every member of the house shall need to sign in the presence of:\",\r\n    options: [\"the Speaker\",\"the Deputy Speaker\",\"the Secretary-General\",\"the Vice President\"],\r\n    correct: 2,\r\n    explanation: `<b>Correct Answer: C) the Secretary-General<\/b><br><br>\r\n<b>Rule 6:<\/b> <i>\"There shall be a Roll of Members of the House which shall be signed in the presence of the Secretary-General by every member, before taking one's own seat.\"<\/i><br><br>\r\nNote the two distinct pre-conditions to taking one's seat, and the different functionaries involved:<br>\r\n\u2022 <b>Oath or affirmation<\/b> \u2014 made and subscribed under <b>Article 99<\/b> before the President or some person appointed by him; and under <b>Rule 5<\/b> it may be made at the commencement of a sitting, or at any other time of the sitting, as the Speaker may direct.<br>\r\n\u2022 <b>Roll of Members<\/b> \u2014 signed in the presence of the <b>Secretary-General<\/b> under <b>Rule 6<\/b>.<br><br>\r\nThis is why the settled answer to the older PYQ runs: a member cannot ask a question in the House unless he has taken the oath AND signed the Roll of Members.`\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    id: 22,\r\n    year: '2025',\r\n    paperQ: 22,\r\n    bankId: 201,\r\n    chapter: 'Ch 3: Election of Speaker and Deputy Speaker and Nomination of Panel of Chairpersons',\r\n    question: \"Under Rule 8(1) of Rules of Procedure and Conduct of Business in the Lok Sabha, who fixes the date for the election of Deputy Speaker?\",\r\n    options: [\"Speaker\",\"Secretary-General\",\"Leader of opposition\",\"Vice President\"],\r\n    correct: 0,\r\n    explanation: `<b>Correct Answer: A) Speaker<\/b><br><br>\r\n<b>Rule 8(1):<\/b> <i>\"The election of a Deputy Speaker shall be held on such date as the Speaker may fix, and the Secretary-General shall send to every member notice of this date.\"<\/i><br><br>\r\nThe rule splits the work between two functionaries and the question turns on the split: the <b>Speaker FIXES<\/b> the date, the <b>Secretary-General only NOTIFIES<\/b> members of it. Option (b) is therefore the intended trap.<br><br>\r\n<b>Rule 8(2)<\/b> completes the procedure: at any time before noon on the day preceding the date so fixed, any member may give notice in writing addressed to the Secretary-General of a motion that another member be chosen as Deputy Speaker; the notice must be seconded by a third member and accompanied by a statement from the member proposed that he is willing to serve if elected.`\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    id: 23,\r\n    year: '2025',\r\n    paperQ: 23,\r\n    bankId: 202,\r\n    chapter: 'Ch 6: Arrangement of Business and List of Business',\r\n    question: \"What is the time allotted for the Private Members' business sitting on Friday in the Lok Sabha?\",\r\n    options: [\"The last one hour\",\"The last one and half hour\",\"The last two hours\",\"The last two and half hours\"],\r\n    correct: 3,\r\n    explanation: `<b>Correct Answer: D) The last two and half hours<\/b><br><br>\r\n<b>Rule 26:<\/b> <i>\"The last two and a half hours of a sitting on Friday shall be allotted for the transaction of private members' business.\"<\/i><br><br>\r\n<b>Its three provisos:<\/b><br>\r\n(i) the Speaker may allot different Fridays for the disposal of different classes of such business, and on a Friday so allotted business of that class shall have precedence;<br>\r\n(ii) the Speaker may, in consultation with the Leader of the House, allot any day other than a Friday for private members' business;<br>\r\n(iii) if there is no sitting of the House on a Friday, the Speaker may direct that two and a half hours on any other day in the week be allotted for private members' business.`\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    id: 24,\r\n    year: '2025',\r\n    paperQ: 24,\r\n    bankId: 203,\r\n    chapter: 'Ch 7: Questions',\r\n    question: \"Unless the Speaker otherwise directs, normally which hour of every sitting shall be available for the asking and answering of questions under Rule 32 of Rules of Procedure and Conduct of Business in the Lok Sabha?\",\r\n    options: [\"One hour during any time of every sitting\",\"The first hour of every sitting\",\"The last hour of every sitting\",\"The last two hours of every sitting\"],\r\n    correct: 1,\r\n    explanation: `<b>Correct Answer: B) The first hour of every sitting<\/b><br><br>\r\n<b>Rule 32:<\/b> <i>\"Unless the Speaker otherwise directs, the first hour of every sitting shall be available for the asking and answering of questions.\"<\/i><br><br>\r\nThis is the \"Question Hour\". Two things in the rule repay attention: it is the FIRST hour, and the words \"unless the Speaker otherwise directs\" make it the norm rather than an absolute \u2014 the Speaker may vary or dispense with it.<br><br>\r\nZero Hour, by contrast, finds no mention in the Rules of Procedure at all; it is an informal device that begins at 12.00 noon, immediately after the Question Hour.`\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    id: 25,\r\n    year: '2025',\r\n    paperQ: 25,\r\n    bankId: 204,\r\n    chapter: 'Ch 7: Questions',\r\n    question: \"The Speaker of the House may disallow any question, or a part thereof when in the opinion of the Speaker, :<br>1. It is an abuse of the right of questioning.<br>2. It is calculated to obstruct or prejudicially affect the procedure of the House.<br>3. It is in contravention of these rules.<br>4. It is the matter of public importance.<br>Choose the correct option\/s from the above :\",\r\n    options: [\"1 only\",\"1 and 2 only\",\"1, 2 and 3 only\",\"1, 2, 3 and 4\"],\r\n    correct: 2,\r\n    explanation: `<b>Correct Answer: C) 1, 2 and 3 only<\/b><br><br>\r\n<b>Rule 43(1):<\/b> <i>\"The Speaker shall decide whether a question, or a part thereof, is or is not admissible under these rules and may disallow any question, or a part thereof, when in the opinion of the Speaker, it is an abuse of the right of questioning or is calculated to obstruct or prejudicially affect the procedure of the House or is in contravention of these rules.\"<\/i><br><br>\r\nThe rule names exactly THREE grounds \u2014 statements 1, 2 and 3 reproduce them.<br><br>\r\n<b>Statement 4 is the trap \u2717<\/b> \u2014 being a matter of public importance is a reason to ADMIT a question; it can never be a ground to disallow one. The paper builds the distractor by appending a true-sounding but inverted fourth limb, a technique it uses again at Q33 and Q35.<br><br>\r\n<b>Rule 43(2):<\/b> subject to Rule 38, the Speaker may direct that a question be placed on the list for answer on a later date than that specified by the member, if a longer period is necessary to decide admissibility.`\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    id: 26,\r\n    year: '2025',\r\n    paperQ: 26,\r\n    bankId: 205,\r\n    chapter: 'Ch 7: Questions',\r\n    question: \"What is the procedure in the Lok Sabha according to Rule 50(3), about discussion during the time for questions under Rule 32 in respect of any question or of any answer given to a question?\",\r\n    options: [\"No discussion\",\"Partial discussion\",\"Full discussion\",\"Short notice discussion\"],\r\n    correct: 0,\r\n    explanation: `<b>Correct Answer: A) No discussion<\/b><br><br>\r\n<b>Rule 50(3):<\/b> <i>\"No discussion shall be permitted during the time for questions under rule 32 in respect of any question or of any answer given to a question.\"<\/i><br><br>\r\nWhat IS permitted during the Question Hour is the supplementary question \u2014 <b>Rule 50(1):<\/b> the member in whose name a question is listed for oral answer, or any other member when called by the Speaker, may ask a supplementary question \"for the purpose of further elucidating any matter of fact regarding which an answer has been given.\" And under <b>Rule 50(2)(ii)<\/b> a supplementary must SEEK information, not give it.<br><br>\r\nWhere an answer needs fuller elucidation, the route is a Half-an-Hour Discussion under <b>Rule 55<\/b> \u2014 which is precisely what the next question in the paper (Q27) goes on to test.`\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    id: 27,\r\n    year: '2025',\r\n    paperQ: 27,\r\n    bankId: 206,\r\n    chapter: 'Ch 8: Half-an-Hour Discussions',\r\n    question: \"How much time may the Speaker allot on three sittings in a week, for arising discussion on a matter of sufficient public importance, which has been the subject of a recent question and the answer to which needs elucidation on a matter of fact?\",\r\n    options: [\"15 minutes\",\"Half an hour\",\"45 minutes\",\"One hour\"],\r\n    correct: 1,\r\n    explanation: `<b>Correct Answer: B) Half an hour<\/b><br><br>\r\n<b>Rule 55(1):<\/b> <i>\"The Speaker may allot half an hour on three sittings in a week, for raising discussion on a matter of sufficient public importance which has been the subject of a recent question, oral or written, and the answer to which needs elucidation on a matter of fact.\"<\/i><br><br>\r\nThe stem is the rule almost word for word, with the quantum removed to the options. Note that the rule carries TWO numbers and the paper has taken the first: <b>half an hour<\/b> of time, on <b>three sittings<\/b> in a week. A question set on the other limb would have \"three\" in the options.<br><br>\r\n<b>Rule 55(2):<\/b> notice in writing to the Secretary-General three days in advance. <b>Rule 55(5):<\/b> no formal motion and no voting.`\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    id: 28,\r\n    year: '2025',\r\n    paperQ: 28,\r\n    bankId: 207,\r\n    chapter: 'Ch 8: Half-an-Hour Discussions',\r\n    question: \"How many Members are permitted in the Lok Sabha to ask a question each for the purpose of further elucidating any matter of fact?\",\r\n    options: [\"Not more than 4 Members\",\"Not more than 5 Members\",\"Not more than 6 Members\",\"Not more than 7 Members\"],\r\n    correct: 0,\r\n    explanation: `<b>Correct Answer: A) Not more than 4 Members<\/b><br><br>\r\n<b>Proviso to Rule 55(5):<\/b> <i>\"Provided that not more than four members who have previously intimated to the Secretary-General may be permitted to ask a question each for the purpose of further elucidating any matter of fact.\"<\/i><br><br>\r\n<b>Explanation to Rule 55(5):<\/b> the request must be made in writing before the sitting commences, and if more than four members apply, <i>\"a ballot shall be held to determine the names of first four members who may be permitted to ask a question each.\"<\/i><br><br>\r\n<b>Guard against the neighbouring five:<\/b> under the proviso to <b>Rule 197(2)<\/b> the names of not more than FIVE members are shown in the list of business for a Calling Attention. Four for a Half-an-Hour Discussion; five for Calling Attention.`\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    id: 29,\r\n    year: '2025',\r\n    paperQ: 29,\r\n    bankId: 208,\r\n    chapter: 'Ch 9: Adjournment Motions',\r\n    question: \"How many notices under Rule 57 can a member give for any one sitting?\",\r\n    options: [\"No Member shall give more than one such notice for any one sitting\",\"No Member shall give more than two such notices for any one sitting\",\"No Member shall give more than three such notices for any one sitting\",\"No Member shall give more than four such notices for any one sitting\"],\r\n    correct: 0,\r\n    explanation: `<b>Correct Answer: A) No Member shall give more than one such notice for any one sitting<\/b><br><br>\r\n<b>Second proviso to Rule 57:<\/b> <i>\"Provided further that no member shall give more than one such notice for any one sitting.\"<\/i><br><br>\r\n<b>The rest of Rule 57:<\/b> notice of an adjournment motion is given by 10.00 hours on the day on which the motion is proposed to be made, to the Secretary-General, with copies endorsed to (i) the Speaker, (ii) the Minister concerned and (iii) the Minister of Parliamentary Affairs. Where a notice is signed by more than one member it is deemed to have been given by the first signatory only, and where several notices are received on the same subject, priority is determined by ballot.<br><br>\r\n<b>Contrast Rule 197(1):<\/b> for a Calling Attention, no member may give more than TWO notices for any one sitting. One for an adjournment motion; two for Calling Attention.`\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    id: 30,\r\n    year: '2025',\r\n    paperQ: 30,\r\n    bankId: 209,\r\n    chapter: 'Ch 10: Legislation',\r\n    question: \"When a Bill is introduced or on some subsequent occasion, the member in-charge may make motions in regard to one's own Bill. Which one of the following motions is <b>not<\/b> correct in this context?\",\r\n    options: [\"That it be taken into consideration\",\"That it be referred to a Select Committee of the House\",\"That it be referred to a Joint Committee of the Houses with the concurrence of the Council\",\"That it be circulated for the purpose to just inform without obtaining opinion thereon\"],\r\n    correct: 3,\r\n    explanation: `<b>Correct Answer: D) \u2014 this motion is NOT among those permitted.<\/b><br><br>\r\n<b>Rule 74:<\/b> <i>\"When a Bill is introduced or on some subsequent occasion, the member in charge may make one of the following motions in regard to one's own Bill, namely:\u2014 (i) that it be taken into consideration; or (ii) that it be referred to a Select Committee of the House; or (iii) that it be referred to a Joint Committee of the Houses with the concurrence of the Council; or (iv) that it be circulated for the purpose of eliciting opinion thereon.\"<\/i><br><br>\r\nClause (iv) is circulation <b>FOR THE PURPOSE OF ELICITING OPINION<\/b>. The paper's option (d) reverses exactly that purpose \u2014 circulation \"to just inform without obtaining opinion\" \u2014 and is therefore the odd one out. Options (a), (b) and (c) reproduce clauses (i), (ii) and (iii) faithfully.<br><br>\r\nThe whole question turns on a single phrase; this is the paper's favourite construction and it recurs at Q35 and Q39.`\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    id: 31,\r\n    year: '2025',\r\n    paperQ: 31,\r\n    bankId: 210,\r\n    chapter: 'Ch 11: Bills seeking to amend the Constitution',\r\n    format: 'RULE-RECITAL \u2192 VALUE',\r\n    question: \"Each clause or Schedule or clause, or Schedule as amended, as the case may be, of a Bill seeking to amend the Constitution shall be put to the vote of the House separately and shall form part of the Bill if it is passed by a majority of the total membership of the House and by a majority of :\",\r\n    options: [\"Not less than one-third of the members present and voting\",\"Not less than two-thirds of the members present and voting\",\"Not less than fifty percent of the members present and voting\",\"Not less than forty percent of the members present and voting\"],\r\n    correct: 1,\r\n    explanation: `<b>Correct Answer: B) Not less than two-thirds of the members present and voting<\/b><br><br>\r\n<b>Rule 155:<\/b> <i>\"Each clause or schedule or clause, or schedule as amended, as the case may be, of a Bill seeking to amend the Constitution shall be put to the vote of the House separately and shall form part of the Bill if it is passed by a majority of the total membership of the House and by a majority of not less than two thirds of the members present and voting.\"<\/i><br><br>\r\nThis mirrors <b>Article 368(2)<\/b>. Note the DOUBLE requirement \u2014 a majority of the TOTAL MEMBERSHIP <i>and<\/i> two-thirds of those PRESENT AND VOTING; the stem supplies the first and asks for the second.<br><br>\r\n<b>Two riders worth carrying:<\/b> the last proviso to Rule 155 allows the Short Title, the Enacting Formula and the Long Title to be adopted by a SIMPLE majority; and <b>Rule 158(1)<\/b> requires voting to be by DIVISION whenever a motion has to be carried by such a special majority.<br><br>\r\n<b>FORMAT NOTE:<\/b> the whole rule is recited in the stem and the operative value is moved into the options. See also Q34 and Q37 of this paper, and File 6, which is built entirely on this pattern.`\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    id: 32,\r\n    year: '2025',\r\n    paperQ: 32,\r\n    bankId: 211,\r\n    chapter: 'Ch 12: Petitions',\r\n    question: \"Which one of the following petitions can <b>not<\/b> be presented by a member to the House unless recommended by the President of India?\",\r\n    options: [\"Petition dealing with financial matters\",\"Petition dealing with a Bill which has been published under Rule 64 or which has been introduced in the House\",\"Petition dealing with any matter connected with the business pending before the House\",\"Petition dealing with any matter of general public interest provided that it is not one under Rule 160 (iii) a, b, c, d\"],\r\n    correct: 0,\r\n    explanation: `<b>Correct Answer: A) Petition dealing with financial matters<\/b><br><br>\r\n<b>Rule 160A:<\/b> <i>\"A petition, dealing with any of the matters specified in sub-clauses (a) to (f) of clause (1) of article 110 or involving expenditure from the Consolidated Fund of India, shall not be presented to the House unless recommended by the President.\"<\/i><br><br>\r\nArticle 110(1)(a) to (f) covers the imposition or regulation of a tax, borrowing, the Consolidated Fund and the Contingency Fund, appropriation, charged expenditure and the receipt or custody of money \u2014 in short, FINANCIAL MATTERS.<br><br>\r\nOptions (b), (c) and (d) are the ordinary categories of petition under <b>Rule 160<\/b>, presentable with the consent of the SPEAKER and needing no recommendation of the President. The paper's option (d) preserves the internal cross-reference to Rule 160(iii), which the residuary category expressly excludes.`\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    id: 33,\r\n    year: '2025',\r\n    paperQ: 33,\r\n    bankId: 212,\r\n    chapter: 'Ch 13: Resolutions',\r\n    question: \"Consider the following conditions applied to admit a resolution in the Lok Sabha :<br>1. It shall be clearly and precisely expressed.<br>2. It shall raise substantially one definite issue.<br>3. It shall contain arguments and inferences.<br>4. It shall relate to any matter which is under adjudication by a court of law having jurisdiction in any part of India.<br>Which of the above conditions is\/are correct?\",\r\n    options: [\"1 only\",\"1 and 2 only\",\"1, 2 and 3 only\",\"1, 2, 3 and 4\"],\r\n    correct: 1,\r\n    explanation: `<b>Correct Answer: B) 1 and 2 only<\/b><br><br>\r\n<b>Rule 173:<\/b> <i>\"In order that a resolution may be admissible, it shall satisfy the following conditions, namely:\u2014 (i) it shall be clearly and precisely expressed; (ii) it shall raise substantially one definite issue; (iii) it shall NOT contain arguments, inferences, ironical expressions, imputations or defamatory statements; (iv) it shall NOT refer to the conduct or character of persons except in their official or public capacity; and (v) it shall NOT relate to any matter which is under adjudication by a court of law having jurisdiction in any part of India.\"<\/i><br><br>\r\nStatements 1 and 2 reproduce clauses (i) and (ii) as they stand. <b>Statements 3 and 4 have had the negative STRIPPED OUT<\/b> of clauses (iii) and (v) \u2014 a resolution must NOT contain arguments and inferences, and must NOT relate to a matter under adjudication (the sub judice bar).<br><br>\r\nThe identical technique is applied to motions at Q35 of this paper, and to questions of privilege at Q39.`\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    id: 34,\r\n    year: '2025',\r\n    paperQ: 34,\r\n    bankId: 213,\r\n    chapter: 'Ch 13: Resolutions',\r\n    format: 'RULE-RECITAL \u2192 VALUE',\r\n    question: \"According to Rule 178 of the Rules of Procedure and Conduct of Business in Lok Sabha, what is the time limit permitted for the speech on resolution by the Speaker?\",\r\n    options: [\"Shall not exceed five minutes in duration\",\"Shall not exceed ten minutes in duration\",\"Shall not exceed fifteen minutes in duration\",\"Shall not exceed twenty minutes in duration\"],\r\n    correct: 2,\r\n    explanation: `<b>Correct Answer: C) Shall not exceed fifteen minutes in duration<\/b><br><br>\r\n<b>Rule 178:<\/b> <i>\"No speech on a resolution shall, except with the permission of the Speaker, exceed fifteen minutes in duration: Provided that the mover of a resolution, when moving the same and the Minister concerned when speaking for the first time, may speak for thirty minutes or for such longer time as the Speaker may permit.\"<\/i><br><br>\r\n<b>The two figures in the rule:<\/b> 15 minutes for an ordinary speech, 30 minutes for the mover and for the Minister speaking for the first time \u2014 both extendable with the Speaker's permission. The paper has taken the first; a question set on the second would have \"thirty minutes\" in the options.<br><br>\r\n<b>FORMAT NOTE:<\/b> another rule-recital \u2192 value item. The stem names the rule number and asks only for the quantum.`\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    id: 35,\r\n    year: '2025',\r\n    paperQ: 35,\r\n    bankId: 214,\r\n    chapter: 'Ch 14: Motions',\r\n    question: \"Which one of the following conditions applies for the admissibility of motions in the House?\",\r\n    options: [\"It shall raise substantially one definite issue.\",\"It shall refer to the conduct or character of persons except in their public capacity.\",\"It shall not be restricted to a matter of recent occurrence.\",\"It shall raise a question of privilege.\"],\r\n    correct: 0,\r\n    explanation: `<b>Correct Answer: A) It shall raise substantially one definite issue.<\/b><br><br>\r\n<b>Rule 186:<\/b> <i>\"In order that a motion may be admissible it shall satisfy the following conditions, namely:\u2014 (i) it shall raise substantially one definite issue; (ii) it shall not contain arguments, inferences, ironical expressions, imputations or defamatory statements; (iii) it shall NOT refer to the conduct or character of persons except in their public capacity; (iv) it shall BE RESTRICTED to a matter of recent occurrence; (v) it shall NOT raise a question of privilege.\"<\/i><br><br>\r\nOption (a) is clause (i) stated correctly. Each of the other three has had a negative added or removed:<br>\r\n(b) drops the \"not\" from clause (iii);<br>\r\n(c) inserts a \"not\" into clause (iv);<br>\r\n(d) drops the \"not\" from clause (v).<br><br>\r\nRead the options for the NEGATIVE first \u2014 in this family of questions the answer is almost always the single clause the Commission has left untouched.`\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    id: 36,\r\n    year: '2025',\r\n    paperQ: 36,\r\n    bankId: 215,\r\n    chapter: 'Ch 14: Motions',\r\n    question: \"Who among the following decides whether a motion or a part thereof is or is not admissible under the Rules of Procedure and Conduct of Business in Lok Sabha and disallow any motion or a part thereof when he\/she is of the opinion that it is an abuse of the right of moving a motion?\",\r\n    options: [\"Speaker\",\"Leader of Opposition\",\"Concerned Minister\",\"Secretary-General\"],\r\n    correct: 0,\r\n    explanation: `<b>Correct Answer: A) Speaker<\/b><br><br>\r\n<b>Rule 187:<\/b> <i>\"The Speaker shall decide whether a motion or a part thereof is or is not admissible under these rules and disallow any motion or a part thereof when the Speaker is of the opinion that it is an abuse of the right of moving a motion or is calculated to obstruct or prejudicially affects the procedure of the House or is in contravention of these rules.\"<\/i><br><br>\r\nCompare <b>Rule 43(1)<\/b>, tested at Q25 of this same paper, which vests the identical power in the Speaker in respect of QUESTIONS, in almost identical language. The Commission has set the two limbs of the same idea in one paper \u2014 questions at Q25, motions at Q36 \u2014 and a third limb, resolutions, lies in <b>Rule 174<\/b>.`\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    id: 37,\r\n    year: '2025',\r\n    paperQ: 37,\r\n    bankId: 216,\r\n    chapter: 'Ch 17: Motion of No-Confidence in Council of Ministers and Statement by Minister Who Has Resigned',\r\n    format: 'RULE-RECITAL \u2192 VALUE',\r\n    question: \"With reference to the procedure regarding motion of no-confidence in Council of Ministers in Lok Sabha, if the Speaker is of the opinion that the motion is in order, the Speaker shall read the motion to the House and shall request those members who are in favour of leave being granted to rise in their places. Accordingly, the Speaker shall declare that leave is granted and that the motion will be taken up on such day, not being more than ten days from the date on which the leave is asked for as the Speaker may appoint :\",\r\n    options: [\"If not less than fifty members rise in their place\",\"If less than forty-five members rise in their place\",\"If less than forty members rise in their place\",\"If minimum thirty-five members rise in their place\"],\r\n    correct: 0,\r\n    explanation: `<b>Correct Answer: A) If not less than fifty members rise in their place<\/b><br><br>\r\n<b>Rule 198(2):<\/b> <i>\"If the Speaker is of opinion that the motion is in order, the Speaker shall read the motion to the House and shall request those members who are in favour of leave being granted to rise in their places, and if not less than fifty members rise accordingly, the Speaker shall declare that leave is granted and that the motion will be taken up on such day, not being more than ten days from the date on which the leave is asked for as the Speaker may appoint. If less than fifty members rise, the Speaker shall inform that the member has not the leave of the House.\"<\/i><br><br>\r\nThe stem reproduces the sub-rule almost in full and removes only the figure. Note that the paper leaves the OTHER number \u2014 \"not more than ten days\" \u2014 inside the stem; a companion question would keep fifty in the stem and put ten days in the options.<br><br>\r\n<b>The three numbers of a no-confidence motion:<\/b> notice by <b>10.00 hours<\/b> (Rule 198(1)(b)); support of <b>50<\/b> members (Rule 198(2)); discussion within <b>10 days<\/b> of leave being asked for (Rule 198(2)).<br><br>\r\n<b>FORMAT NOTE:<\/b> the purest example in this paper of the rule-recital \u2192 value construction.`\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    id: 38,\r\n    year: '2025',\r\n    paperQ: 38,\r\n    bankId: 217,\r\n    chapter: 'Ch 19: Financial Business',\r\n    question: \"Which one of the following is correct about the discussion on Budget on the day which it is presented to the House?\",\r\n    options: [\"Discussion with the permission of Speaker on Budget on the day on which it is presented to the House\",\"Discussion with the permission of Deputy Speaker on Budget on the day on which it is presented to the House\",\"Discussion on Budget after getting consent from the Secretary-General on the day on which it is presented to the House\",\"No discussion of the Budget on the day on which it is presented to the House\"],\r\n    correct: 3,\r\n    explanation: `<b>Correct Answer: D) No discussion of the Budget on the day on which it is presented to the House<\/b><br><br>\r\n<b>Rule 205:<\/b> <i>\"There shall be no discussion of the Budget on the day on which it is presented to the House.\"<\/i><br><br>\r\nThe bar is absolute \u2014 no permission of the Speaker, the Deputy Speaker or anyone else can lift it, which is what makes options (a), (b) and (c) wrong in the same way.<br><br>\r\nThe general discussion comes later \u2014 <b>Rule 207(1):<\/b> <i>\"On a day to be appointed by the Speaker subsequent to the day on which the Budget is presented ... the House shall be at liberty to discuss the Budget as a whole or any question of principle involved therein, but no motion shall be moved nor shall the Budget be submitted to the vote of the House.\"<\/i>`\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    id: 39,\r\n    year: '2025',\r\n    paperQ: 39,\r\n    bankId: 218,\r\n    chapter: 'Ch 20: Privileges',\r\n    question: \"Which one of the following conditions is <b>not<\/b> correct about the right to raise a question of privilege?\",\r\n    options: [\"Not more than one question shall be raised at the same sitting.\",\"Not less than five questions shall be raised at the same sitting.\",\"The question shall be restricted to a specific matter of recent occurrence.\",\"The matter requires the intervention of the House.\"],\r\n    correct: 1,\r\n    explanation: `<b>Correct Answer: B) \u2014 this condition is NOT correct.<\/b><br><br>\r\n<b>Rule 224:<\/b> <i>\"The right to raise a question of privilege shall be governed by the following conditions, namely:\u2014 (i) not more than one question shall be raised at the same sitting; (ii) the question shall be restricted to a specific matter of recent occurrence; and (iii) the matter requires the intervention of the House.\"<\/i><br><br>\r\nOptions (a), (c) and (d) are clauses (i), (ii) and (iii) verbatim. Option (b) converts the CEILING of one question into a FLOOR of five and is therefore the odd one out.<br><br>\r\n<b>Supporting rules:<\/b> <b>Rule 222<\/b> \u2014 a member may, with the consent of the Speaker, raise a question involving a breach of privilege; <b>Rule 223<\/b> \u2014 notice in writing to the Secretary-General by 10.00 hours on the day the question is proposed to be raised.`\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    id: 40,\r\n    year: '2025',\r\n    paperQ: 40,\r\n    bankId: 219,\r\n    chapter: 'Ch 20: Privileges',\r\n    question: \"Under which one of the following Rules of Procedure and Conduct of Business in Lok Sabha, the Speaker is empowered to give directions about the question of privilege?\",\r\n    options: [\"Rule 225\",\"Rule 226\",\"Rule 227\",\"Rule 228\"],\r\n    correct: 3,\r\n    explanation: `<b>Correct Answer: D) Rule 228<\/b><br><br>\r\n<b>Rule 228<\/b> (marginal note: \"Power of Speaker to give directions\"): <i>\"The Speaker may issue such directions as may be necessary for regulating the procedure in connection with all matters connected with the consideration of the question of privilege either in the Committee of Privileges or in the House.\"<\/i><br><br>\r\n<b>The neighbouring rules, which supply the distractors:<\/b><br>\r\n<b>Rule 225<\/b> \u2014 mode of raising a question of privilege, and the priority it enjoys;<br>\r\n<b>Rule 226<\/b> \u2014 the House may consider the question itself or refer it to the Committee of Privileges, on a motion;<br>\r\n<b>Rule 227<\/b> \u2014 <i>\"Notwithstanding anything contained in these rules, the Speaker may refer any question of privilege to the Committee of Privileges for examination, investigation or report.\"<\/i><br><br>\r\nNote that Rule 227 and Rule 228 both confer power on the Speaker, but of different kinds \u2014 227 is the power to REFER, 228 the power to give DIRECTIONS. The question asks for the latter.`\r\n  }\r\n];\r\n\r\n\r\n\/* =====================================================================\r\n   3. SANITISE + INDEX\r\n   Both banks are checked the same way; bad rows are dropped with a\r\n   console note rather than blanking the widget.\r\n   ===================================================================== *\/\r\nfunction sanitise(list, kind){\r\n  if(!Array.isArray(list)) return [];\r\n  const ok=[], bad=[];\r\n  list.forEach((q,i)=>{\r\n    const good = q && q.id!==undefined && typeof q.question==='string'\r\n      && Array.isArray(q.options) && q.options.length>=2\r\n      && Number.isInteger(q.correct) && q.correct>=0 && q.correct<q.options.length\r\n      && typeof q.chapter==='string' && q.chapter.length;\r\n    if(good){ q.bank = kind; ok.push(q); } else bad.push({row:i, id:q&&q.id});\r\n  });\r\n  if(bad.length) console.warn('['+kind+' bank] skipped '+bad.length+' malformed question(s):', bad);\r\n  return ok;\r\n}\r\nconst PYQ = sanitise(pyqQuestions,'pyq');\r\nconst QS  = PYQ;\r\n\r\nconst L = ['A','B','C','D','E','F'];\r\nconst uid = q => q.bank+'##'+q.chapter+'##'+q.id;\r\nconst BY_UID = new Map(QS.map(q=>[uid(q), q]));\r\n\r\n\/* ---------------------------------------------------------------------\r\n   Chapters are keyed on their number, so the two banks do not have to\r\n   spell the name identically. 'Ch 2', 'CH 2: Right to Information...'\r\n   and 'Chapter-2' all resolve to the same chapter; the longest spelling\r\n   found in either bank becomes the display name.\r\n   --------------------------------------------------------------------- *\/\r\nconst ROMAN = {i:1,ii:2,iii:3,iv:4,v:5,vi:6,vii:7,viii:8,ix:9,x:10,xi:11,xii:12};\r\nfunction chKey(str){\r\n  const t = String(str).toUpperCase().replace(\/[\\u2010-\\u2015]\/g,'-').trim();\r\n  let m = t.match(\/^(?:CH|CHAP|CHAPTER)\\s*[-.:]?\\s*(\\d+)\/);\r\n  if(m) return 'CH'+(+m[1]);\r\n  m = t.match(\/^(?:APPENDICES|APPENDIX|ANNEXURES?|ANNEXES?|APNDX|APPX|APDX|APP)\\s*[-.:]?\\s*(\\d+|[IVX]+)\\b\/);\r\n  if(m){ const v=m[1]; return 'APP'+(\/^\\d+$\/.test(v) ? +v : (ROMAN[v.toLowerCase()]||v)); }\r\n  m = t.match(\/^(\\d+)\\s*[-.:)]\/);\r\n  if(m) return 'CH'+(+m[1]);\r\n  return 'T:'+t.replace(\/[^A-Z0-9]+\/g,' ').trim();\r\n}\r\nconst CH_NAME = (function(){\r\n  const best={};\r\n  QS.forEach(q=>{ const k=chKey(q.chapter);\r\n    if(!best[k] || q.chapter.length>best[k].length) best[k]=q.chapter; });\r\n  return best;\r\n})();\r\nQS.forEach(q=>{ q.chKey = chKey(q.chapter); q.chapter = CH_NAME[q.chKey]; });\r\n\r\nconst CHAPTERS = (function(){\r\n  const seen=[]; QS.forEach(q=>{ if(!seen.includes(q.chapter)) seen.push(q.chapter); }); return seen;\r\n})();\r\nconst BY_CH = (()=>{ const m=new Map();\r\n  QS.forEach(q=>{ if(!m.has(q.chapter)) m.set(q.chapter,[]); m.get(q.chapter).push(q); }); return m; })();\r\nconst inCh = c => BY_CH.get(c) || [];\r\n\r\n\/* exam cycles, ordered by the first four-digit year in the label *\/\r\nconst YEAR_ORDER = y => { const m=String(y).match(\/\\d{4}\/); return m ? +m[0] : 9999; };\r\nconst YEARS = [...new Set(QS.map(q=>q.year).filter(y=>y!==undefined && y!==null && y!==''))]\r\n  .sort((a,b)=>YEAR_ORDER(a)-YEAR_ORDER(b) || String(a).localeCompare(String(b)));\r\nconst inYear = y => QS.filter(q=>String(q.year)===String(y));\r\n\r\nfunction chOrder(c){\r\n  const k = chKey(c);\r\n  if(k.startsWith('CH'))  return [0, +k.slice(2)||0, c];\r\n  if(k.startsWith('APP')) return [1, +k.slice(3)||99, c];\r\n  return [2, 0, c];\r\n}\r\nfunction byChapterOrder(a,b){\r\n  const x=chOrder(a.chapter||a), y=chOrder(b.chapter||b);\r\n  return x[0]-y[0] || x[1]-y[1] || String(x[2]).localeCompare(String(y[2]));\r\n}\r\n\r\n\/* a bank that stores chapter names in block capitals is softened for display *\/\r\nfunction titleCase(str){\r\n  const t=String(str), letters=t.replace(\/[^A-Za-z]\/g,'');\r\n  if(!letters || letters !== letters.toUpperCase()) return t;\r\n  const small=new Set(['of','the','and','for','in','to','a','an','on','by','or','with','from','as','at','under']);\r\n  return t.toLowerCase().replace(\/[A-Za-z][A-Za-z'\\u2019]*\/g,(w,i)=>\r\n    (i>0 && small.has(w)) ? w : w.charAt(0).toUpperCase()+w.slice(1))\r\n    .replace(\/\\bCh\\b\/g,'Ch').replace(\/\\bC&ag\\b\/gi,'C&AG').replace(\/\\bRti\\b\/g,'RTI');\r\n}\r\nconst chShort = c => { const k=chKey(c);\r\n  return k.startsWith('CH') ? 'Ch '+k.slice(2) : k.startsWith('APP') ? 'Appx '+k.slice(3) : titleCase(c).slice(0,22); };\r\nconst chBrief = c => { const m=String(c).match(\/^\\s*(?:CH|CHAPTER)\\s*(\\d+)\\s*:\\s*(.+)$\/i);\r\n  const cap=t=>t.length>40?t.slice(0,38).trim()+'\\u2026':t;\r\n  return m ? 'Ch '+m[1]+': '+cap(titleCase(m[2])) : cap(titleCase(String(c))); };\r\n\r\n\/* =====================================================================\r\n   4. EXAM WEIGHT \u2014 counted, not declared\r\n   A chapter's weight is its share of the PYQ bank. Nothing is set by\r\n   hand, so adding a year of papers re-weights the whole page. If there\r\n   are no PYQs at all, the page falls back to the concept bank's shape\r\n   and stops calling it exam weight.\r\n   ===================================================================== *\/\r\nconst W = (function(){\r\n  const pyqCount={};\r\n  CHAPTERS.forEach(c=>{ pyqCount[c]=inCh(c).length; });\r\n  const totalPyq = QS.length, weights={};\r\n  CHAPTERS.forEach(c=>weights[c]= totalPyq?pyqCount[c]\/totalPyq:0);\r\n  return {weights, pyqCount, totalPyq, untested:[], measured: totalPyq>0};\r\n})();\r\nconst weightOf = c => W.weights[c] || 0;\r\nconst pctLabel = x => { const v=(x||0)*100; if(!(v>0)) return '0%';\r\n  return (v<10 ? Math.round(v*10)\/10 : Math.round(v)) + '%'; };\r\n\r\n\/* wording \u2014 weights are counted from real papers here, so the exam\r\n   language is accurate; it softens on its own if no PYQs are loaded *\/\r\nconst WT = W.measured;\r\nconst T = {\r\n  ofPaper   : WT ? 'of the exam'          : 'of this bank',\r\n  onScreen  : WT ? 'Exam weight on screen': 'Share on screen',\r\n  colWeight : WT ? 'Exam weight'          : 'Share of bank',\r\n  covered   : WT ? 'Paper weight touched' : 'Bank covered',\r\n  projected : WT ? 'Projected paper score': 'Projected score',\r\n  leakHead  : WT ? 'Where your marks are leaking' : 'Where you are losing the most',\r\n  leakUnit  : WT ? 'marks \/100'           : 'points \/100',\r\n  leakWord  : WT ? 'marks'                : 'points',\r\n  readyDef  : WT ? 'Readiness = \\u03a3 (exam weight \\u00d7 mastery)' : 'Readiness = \\u03a3 (share of the bank \\u00d7 mastery)',\r\n  paperOut  : WT ? 'the paper would come out near' : 'you would score around'\r\n};\r\n\r\n\/* =====================================================================\r\n   6. PROGRESS (localStorage, one record per quizId)\r\n   ===================================================================== *\/\r\nconst SCHEMA = 1;\r\nconst KEY = 'pe_chapterdrill_' + CFG.quizId;\r\nfunction blank(){ return { schema:SCHEMA, stats:{}, weak:[], flags:[], log:[], queue:[], queueLabel:'', queueKind:'', lastUid:null }; }\r\nlet P = (function(){\r\n  const p = blank();\r\n  try{\r\n    const s = localStorage.getItem(KEY);\r\n    if(s){ const j=JSON.parse(s);\r\n      if(j && j.schema===SCHEMA) Object.assign(p, j);\r\n      else if(j) console.warn('[storage] older schema found; starting fresh.');\r\n    }\r\n  }catch(e){ console.warn('progress load failed', e); }\r\n  ['weak','flags','log','queue'].forEach(k=>{ if(!Array.isArray(p[k])) p[k]=[]; });\r\n  if(!p.stats) p.stats={};\r\n  return p;\r\n})();\r\nlet storageWarned=false;\r\nfunction save(){\r\n  try{\r\n    if(P.log.length>400) P.log = P.log.slice(-400);\r\n    localStorage.setItem(KEY, JSON.stringify(P));\r\n  }catch(e){\r\n    try{ P.log = P.log.slice(-80); localStorage.setItem(KEY, JSON.stringify(P)); }\r\n    catch(e2){ if(!storageWarned){ storageWarned=true; toast('Your browser is blocking saved progress \u2014 this sitting will not be remembered'); } }\r\n  }\r\n}\r\nfunction stat(u){ if(!P.stats[u]) P.stats[u]={correct:0,incorrect:0,last:null,lastOk:null}; return P.stats[u]; }\r\nconst flags = new Set(P.flags);\r\nconst weak  = new Set(P.weak);\r\n\r\n\/* =====================================================================\r\n   7. SESSION STATE\r\n   ===================================================================== *\/\r\nconst S = { tab:'quiz', filter:'all', chapter:null, year:null, i:0, pick:null, nudge:false,\r\n            query:'', unattempted:false, ans:{}, order:[] };\r\n\r\n\/* =====================================================================\r\n   8. FORMAT + TRAIT MODEL\r\n   SHAPE  = how the question is built (one per question)\r\n   TRAIT  = what it turns on (a question may carry several)\r\n   A shape gap is a reading habit; a trait gap is recall. Same number,\r\n   opposite remedy \u2014 so they are reported separately.\r\n   ===================================================================== *\/\r\nconst SHAPES = [\r\n  { key:'match',  label:'Match the following (List-I \/ List-II)',\r\n    test:q => \/list\\s*-?\\s*i\\b\/i.test(q.question) },\r\n  { key:'multi',  label:'Multi-statement \/ how many are correct',\r\n    test:q => q.question.split(\/<br\\s*\\\/?>|\\n\/).filter(x=>\/^\\s*\\d+[.)]\/.test(x)).length>=2 },\r\n  { key:'direct', label:'Explanation', test:()=>true }  \/\/ catch-all\r\n];\r\nconst TRAITS = [\r\n  { key:'cite',      label:'Para, rule, article or article-number recall',\r\n    test:q => \/\\b(para|paragraph|rule|article|section|appendix|schedule|clause)\\s*[-\u2013]?\\s*\\d\/i.test(q.question+' '+q.options.join(' ')) },\r\n  { key:'period',    label:'Time limits and periods',\r\n    test:q => \/\\b\\d+\\s*(day|week|month|year|hour)s?\\b|\\b(one|two|three|four|five|six|seven|ten|fourteen|fifteen|twenty|twenty-five|thirty|forty-five|sixty|ninety)[\\s-](day|week|month|year)s?\\b\/i.test(q.options.join(' ')) },\r\n  { key:'money',     label:'Numbers, monetary limits and percentages',\r\n    test:q => \/\u20b9|\\bRs\\.?\\s*\\d|\\blakhs?\\b|\\bcrores?\\b|per\\s*cent|%|\\bone-(third|fourth|half|tenth)\\b\/i.test(q.options.join(' ')) },\r\n  { key:'authority', label:'Competent authority \/ level \/ who does what',\r\n    test:q => \/\\bwho\\b|\\bby whom\\b|\\bauthority\\b|\\brank of\\b|\\blevel of\\b|\\bnot below\\b|addressed to|shall be (signed|issued|approved|maintained|prepared|submitted)\/i.test(q.question+' '+q.options.join(' ')) },\r\n  { key:'negative',  label:'Negatively phrased (\u201cNOT correct\u201d, \u201cexcept\u201d)',\r\n    test:q => \/\\bnot correct\\b|\\bis incorrect\\b|\\bare not correct\\b|\\bexcept\\b|\\bdoes not\\b|\\bcannot\\b|\\bnot required\\b|\\bneed not\\b|\\bis\\\/are not\\b\/i.test(q.question) }\r\n];\r\nconst _shape = {};\r\nfunction shapeOf(q){ const u=uid(q); return _shape[u] || (_shape[u] = SHAPES.find(s=>s.test(q)) || SHAPES[SHAPES.length-1]); }\r\n\r\n\/* =====================================================================\r\n   9. MODELS\r\n   ===================================================================== *\/\r\nfunction smoothed(c,i){ const k=CFG.priorStrength, p0=CFG.priorAccuracy; return (c + k*p0)\/(c + i + k); }\r\nfunction expectedRate(c,i,coverage){ return smoothed(c,i)*coverage + CFG.priorAccuracy*(1-coverage); }\r\nfunction recall(st){\r\n  if(!st || !st.last || st.correct<2) return null;\r\n  const R=CFG.retention, reps=Math.max(1, st.correct - st.incorrect);\r\n  const stability = R.baseDays * Math.pow(R.growth, reps-1);\r\n  return Math.exp(-((Date.now()-st.last)\/86400000)\/stability);\r\n}\r\nfunction retentionIndex(){\r\n  let s=0,n=0; QS.forEach(q=>{ const r=recall(P.stats[uid(q)]); if(r!==null){s+=r;n++;} });\r\n  return n ? Math.round(s\/n*100) : null;\r\n}\r\nfunction chapterRows(){\r\n  return CHAPTERS.map(c=>{\r\n    const qs = inCh(c);\r\n    let att=0, ok=0, bad=0, mastSum=0;\r\n    const yrs = new Set();\r\n    qs.forEach(q=>{ const st=P.stats[uid(q)];\r\n      if(q.year!==undefined && q.year!=='') yrs.add(String(q.year));\r\n      if(st && (st.correct+st.incorrect)>0){ att++; ok+=st.correct; bad+=st.incorrect; }\r\n      mastSum += st ? Math.min(st.correct\/CFG.masteryThreshold,1) : 0; });\r\n    const count=qs.length;\r\n    const acc = (ok+bad) ? ok\/(ok+bad) : null;\r\n    const weight = weightOf(c), coverage = count?att\/count:0, mastery = count?mastSum\/count:0;\r\n    const expected = expectedRate(ok,bad,coverage);\r\n    const leak = weight*(1-expected);\r\n    const difficulty = acc===null ? 1 : (1.4 - 0.6*acc);\r\n    return { chapter:c, count, weight, att, ok, bad, years:yrs.size,\r\n             coverage, acc, mastery, expected, leak,\r\n             priority: weight*(1-mastery)*difficulty };\r\n  }).sort((a,b)=>b.weight-a.weight);\r\n}\r\nfunction readiness(){\r\n  const rows=chapterRows();\r\n  return {\r\n    score     : Math.round(rows.reduce((a,r)=>a+r.weight*r.mastery,0)*100),\r\n    projected : Math.round(rows.reduce((a,r)=>a+r.weight*r.expected,0)*100),\r\n    covered   : Math.round(rows.reduce((a,r)=>a+r.weight*r.coverage,0)*100),\r\n    touched   : Object.values(P.stats).some(s=>(s.correct+s.incorrect)>0),\r\n    rows\r\n  };\r\n}\r\nfunction masteredCount(){ return QS.filter(q=>{ const s=P.stats[uid(q)]; return s && s.correct>=CFG.masteryThreshold; }).length; }\r\nfunction formatRows(){\r\n  const acc={};\r\n  const ensure=(k,l,kind)=> acc[k] || (acc[k]={key:k,label:l,kind:kind,ok:0,bad:0,total:0,seen:0});\r\n  SHAPES.forEach(s=>ensure(s.key,s.label,'shape'));\r\n  TRAITS.forEach(t=>ensure(t.key,t.label,'trait'));\r\n  QS.forEach(q=>{\r\n    const s=P.stats[uid(q)], buckets=[acc[shapeOf(q).key]];\r\n    TRAITS.forEach(t=>{ if(t.test(q)) buckets.push(acc[t.key]); });\r\n    buckets.forEach(r=>{ r.total++; if(s && (s.correct+s.incorrect)>0){ r.seen++; r.ok+=s.correct; r.bad+=s.incorrect; } });\r\n  });\r\n  return Object.values(acc).map(r=>{ const n=r.ok+r.bad; r.attempts=n; r.acc = n? r.ok\/n : null; return r; })\r\n    .filter(r=>r.total>0);\r\n}\r\nfunction dueForRevision(){\r\n  const risk=CFG.retention.riskBelow;\r\n  return QS.map(q=>{\r\n    const st=P.stats[uid(q)], r=recall(st);\r\n    if(r===null || r>=risk) return null;\r\n    return { q, recall:r, days:Math.floor((Date.now()-st.last)\/86400000), urgency: weightOf(q.chapter)*(1-r) };\r\n  }).filter(Boolean).sort((a,b)=>b.urgency-a.urgency);\r\n}\r\n\r\n\/* =====================================================================\r\n   10. SESSION PLANNER\r\n   Focused set \u2014 chapter time in proportion to the marks leaking out.\r\n   Mock paper  \u2014 ignores your history, mirrors the shape of the bank.\r\n   ===================================================================== *\/\r\nfunction gain(q){\r\n  const u=uid(q), st=P.stats[u], c=st?st.correct:0, i=st?st.incorrect:0;\r\n  const deficit = 1 - Math.min(c\/CFG.masteryThreshold, 1);\r\n  let urgency = 1 + 0.15*deficit;\r\n  if(weak.has(u)) urgency += 0.60;\r\n  const r = recall(st);\r\n  if(r!==null && r<CFG.retention.riskBelow) urgency += (1-r);\r\n  if(c+i===0) urgency += 0.15;\r\n  return weightOf(q.chapter)*(deficit+0.12)*urgency;\r\n}\r\nfunction allocate(rows,n,shareOf){\r\n  const total = rows.reduce((a,r)=>a+Math.max(0,shareOf(r)),0);\r\n  if(!(total>0)) return rows.map(r=>({r,slots:0}));\r\n  const out = rows.map(r=>{ const exact=n*Math.max(0,shareOf(r))\/total;\r\n    return {r, exact, slots:Math.min(Math.floor(exact), r.count)}; });\r\n  let left = n - out.reduce((a,x)=>a+x.slots,0);\r\n  out.slice().sort((a,b)=>(b.exact-b.slots)-(a.exact-a.slots))\r\n     .forEach(x=>{ if(left>0 && x.slots<x.r.count){ x.slots++; left--; } });\r\n  if(left>0) out.slice().sort((a,b)=>shareOf(b.r)-shareOf(a.r))\r\n     .forEach(x=>{ while(left>0 && x.slots<x.r.count){ x.slots++; left--; } });\r\n  return out;\r\n}\r\n\/* Fisher\u2013Yates, so the order of a sitting is never the order of the bank *\/\r\nfunction shuffle(a){\r\n  for(let i=a.length-1;i>0;i--){ const j=Math.floor(Math.random()*(i+1)); [a[i],a[j]]=[a[j],a[i]]; }\r\n  return a;\r\n}\r\n\/* Weighted sampling without replacement: a high score makes a question\r\n   likely, never certain. Two sittings built back to back therefore share\r\n   only part of their content instead of being identical. *\/\r\nfunction sampleWeighted(pool, n, scoreFn){\r\n  const items = pool.map(q=>({q, w:Math.max(scoreFn(q), 1e-9)}));\r\n  const out=[];\r\n  n = Math.min(n, items.length);\r\n  for(let k=0;k<n;k++){\r\n    let total=0; items.forEach(x=>total+=x.w);\r\n    let r=Math.random()*total, hit=items.length-1;\r\n    for(let i=0;i<items.length;i++){ r-=items[i].w; if(r<=0){ hit=i; break; } }\r\n    out.push(items[hit].q);\r\n    items.splice(hit,1);\r\n  }\r\n  return out;\r\n}\r\nfunction buildSession(kind){\r\n  const rows = chapterRows().filter(r=>r.count>0);\r\n  if(!rows.length) return 0;\r\n  const n = Math.min(kind==='mock'?CFG.mockSize:CFG.sessionSize, QS.length);\r\n  const share = kind==='focus' ? (r=>r.leak) : (r=>r.weight);\r\n  const alloc = allocate(rows, n, share);\r\n\r\n  \/\/ whatever you were given last time is pushed down, not banned\r\n  const last = new Set(P.queue||[]);\r\n  const fresh = u => last.has(u) ? 0.3 : 1;\r\n\r\n  const picked=[];\r\n  alloc.forEach(({r,slots})=>{\r\n    if(!slots) return;\r\n    const pool = inCh(r.chapter).slice();\r\n    if(kind==='mock'){\r\n      \/\/ the mock ignores how well you know a question and simply spreads\r\n      \/\/ itself over the bank, favouring what you have seen least\r\n      picked.push(...sampleWeighted(pool, slots, q=>{\r\n        const st=P.stats[uid(q)], seen=st?(st.correct+st.incorrect):0;\r\n        const stale=(st&&st.last) ? Math.min((Date.now()-st.last)\/(86400000*30),1) : 1;\r\n        return (1\/(1+seen*1.6) + 0.35*stale) * fresh(uid(q));\r\n      }));\r\n    } else {\r\n      picked.push(...sampleWeighted(pool, slots, q=>gain(q)*fresh(uid(q))));\r\n    }\r\n  });\r\n  shuffle(picked);\r\n  P.queue = picked.map(uid);\r\n  P.queueLabel = kind==='mock' ? 'Mixed paper' : 'Focused set';\r\n  P.queueKind = kind;\r\n  save();\r\n  return picked.length;\r\n}\r\nfunction startSession(kind){\r\n  const had = (P.queue||[]).length;\r\n  const n = buildSession(kind);\r\n  if(!n){ toast('Nothing to build a session from yet'); return; }\r\n  setTab('quiz'); setFilter('session');\r\n  S.ans = {};                                   \/\/ a new sitting starts clean\r\n  toast(P.queueLabel+' ready \u2014 '+n+' fresh questions'+(had?' (previous set replaced)':''), true);\r\n}\r\n\r\n\/* =====================================================================\r\n   11. POOL \/ FILTERS\r\n   ===================================================================== *\/\r\nfunction pool(){\r\n  let p = QS.slice();\r\n  if(S.filter==='chapter' && S.chapter) p = inCh(S.chapter).slice();\r\n  if(S.filter==='year' && S.year) p = inYear(S.year);\r\n  if(S.filter==='weak')    p = p.filter(q=>weak.has(uid(q)));\r\n  if(S.filter==='flagged') p = p.filter(q=>flags.has(uid(q)));\r\n  if(S.filter==='session') p = (P.queue||[]).map(u=>BY_UID.get(u)).filter(Boolean);\r\n  if(S.query){ const t=S.query.toLowerCase();\r\n    p = p.filter(q=>(q.question+' '+q.options.join(' ')+' '+q.explanation).toLowerCase().includes(t)); }\r\n  if(S.unattempted) p = p.filter(q=>S.ans[uid(q)]==null);\r\n  if(S.filter==='year') p.sort((a,b)=>(+a.id||0)-(+b.id||0));   \/\/ a paper keeps its printed order\r\n  return p;\r\n}\r\nfunction refreshWeak(){\r\n  weak.clear();\r\n  QS.forEach(q=>{ const s=P.stats[uid(q)];\r\n    if(s && s.incorrect>=CFG.weakThreshold && s.correct<CFG.masteryThreshold) weak.add(uid(q)); });\r\n  P.weak=[...weak];\r\n}\r\nrefreshWeak();\r\n\r\n\/* =====================================================================\r\n   12. STEM RENDERING (statements + List-I \/ List-II)\r\n   ===================================================================== *\/\r\nconst cleanStem = t => String(t).replace(\/^\\s*(?:Q|Question)\\s*\\.?\\s*\\d+\\s*[.):\\-]\\s*\/i,'').trim();\r\nconst QN = '<span class=\"qno\">Q.<\/span>';   \/\/ the marker printed before every stem\r\nfunction buildStem(raw){\r\n  const lines = raw.split(\/<br\\s*\\\/?>|\\n\/).map(s=>s.trim()).filter(Boolean);\r\n  const plain = s => s.replace(\/<\\\/?b>\/g,'').trim();\r\n  const isMatch = lines.some(l=>\/^List\\s*[-\u2013\u2014]?\\s*I\\b\/i.test(plain(l)));\r\n  const numbered = lines.filter(l=>\/^\\d+[.)]\\s\/.test(plain(l)));\r\n  if(isMatch) return matchCard(lines, plain);\r\n  if(numbered.length>=2) return stmtCard(lines, plain);\r\n  return plainCard(lines);\r\n}\r\n\/* a single-statement question gets the same sheet as the other two, so\r\n   every question on the page reads the same way *\/\r\nfunction plainCard(lines){\r\n  return '<div class=\"stem\" id=\"qStem\"><div class=\"qsheet\">'\r\n    + lines.map((l,i)=>'<p class=\"'+(i===0?'lead':'close')+'\">'+(i===0?QN:'')+l+'<\/p>').join('')\r\n    + '<\/div><\/div>';\r\n}\r\nfunction stmtCard(lines, plain){\r\n  const isN = l => \/^\\d+[.)]\\s\/.test(plain(l));\r\n  const first = lines.findIndex(isN);\r\n  let last=-1; lines.forEach((l,i)=>{ if(isN(l)) last=i; });\r\n  const head = lines.slice(0,first), tail = lines.slice(last+1);\r\n  const items = lines.slice(first,last+1).filter(isN).map(l=>plain(l).replace(\/^\\d+[.)]\\s*\/,''));\r\n  return '<div class=\"stem\" id=\"qStem\"><div class=\"qsheet\">'\r\n    + head.map((l,i)=>'<p class=\"'+(i===0?'lead':'intro')+'\">'+(i===0?QN:'')+l+'<\/p>').join('')\r\n    + '<ol class=\"stmts\">'+items.map(t=>'<li><span>'+t+'<\/span><\/li>').join('')+'<\/ol>'\r\n    + tail.map(l=>'<p class=\"close\">'+l+'<\/p>').join('')\r\n    + '<\/div><\/div>';\r\n}\r\n\/* Match-the-following comes in every shape: one item per line, or the\r\n   whole list run together on a single line separated by semicolons or\r\n   commas, or nothing at all between items. All three are split here so\r\n   the two columns always come out as proper rows. *\/\r\nfunction splitItems(body, kind){\r\n  const lab = kind==='alpha' ? '[A-Fa-f]' : '\\\\d{1,2}';\r\n  const mk  = re => new RegExp(re.replace('LAB', lab), 'g');\r\n  let parts = body.split(mk('\\\\s*[;\\\\n]\\\\s*(?=LAB\\\\s*[.):]\\\\s)'));\r\n  if(parts.length < 2) parts = body.split(mk('\\\\s*,\\\\s*(?=LAB\\\\s*[.):]\\\\s)'));\r\n  if(parts.length < 2) parts = body.split(mk('(?<=\\\\S)\\\\s+(?=LAB\\\\s*[.)]\\\\s)'));\r\n  const re = new RegExp('^\\\\s*('+lab+')\\\\s*[.):]\\\\s*(.+?)\\\\s*[;,.]?\\\\s*$');\r\n  return parts.map(p=>{ const m=String(p).match(re);\r\n    return m ? {k:m[1].toUpperCase(), v:m[2]} : null; }).filter(Boolean);\r\n}\r\nfunction matchCard(lines, plain){\r\n  \/\/ keep line breaks, normalise only runs of spaces\r\n  const text = lines.map(plain).join('\\n').replace(\/[ \\t]+\/g,' ').trim();\r\n\r\n  \/* The opening line almost always names both lists \u2014 \"Match List-I with\r\n     List-II and select\u2026\" \u2014 so the first occurrence of each is the wrong\r\n     one. Take the last List-I that actually has items after it, and the\r\n     first List-II following that. *\/\r\n  const at = re => [...text.matchAll(re)].map(m=>m.index);\r\n  const posI  = at(\/List\\s*[-\u2013\u2014]?\\s*I\\b\/gi);\r\n  const posII = at(\/List\\s*[-\u2013\u2014]?\\s*II\\b\/gi);\r\n  const hasItems = (str,kind) =>\r\n    (kind==='alpha' ? \/[A-F]\\s*[.):]\\s\/ : \/\\d{1,2}\\s*[.):]\\s\/).test(str);\r\n  let iI=-1, iII=-1;\r\n  for(let k=posI.length-1;k>=0 && iI<0;k--){\r\n    const ii = posII.find(x=>x>posI[k]);\r\n    if(ii===undefined) continue;\r\n    if(hasItems(text.slice(posI[k],ii),'alpha') && hasItems(text.slice(ii),'num')){ iI=posI[k]; iII=ii; }\r\n  }\r\n  if(iI<0 || iII<0) return plainCard(lines);\r\n\r\n  const head  = text.slice(0, iI).trim();\r\n  let segI    = text.slice(iI, iII).trim();\r\n  let segII   = text.slice(iII).trim();\r\n\r\n  \/\/ anything after the lists \u2014 \"Code :\", \"Select the correct answer\u2026\"\r\n  let tail = '';\r\n  const t = segII.match(\/(?:\\n|\\s)(Code\\s*[:.]?\\s*$|(?:Select|Choose)\\b[\\s\\S]*$)\/i);\r\n  if(t){ tail = t[1].trim(); segII = segII.slice(0, t.index).trim(); }\r\n\r\n  \/\/ column captions: \"List-I (Purpose of Leave) :\"\r\n  const capRe = \/^List\\s*[-\u2013\u2014]?\\s*I{1,2}\\b\\s*(\\([^)]*\\))?\\s*[:.]?\\s*\/i;\r\n  const hI  = segI.match(capRe),  hII = segII.match(capRe);\r\n  const capI  = hI  ? hI[0].replace(\/[\\s:.]+$\/,'')  : 'List-I';\r\n  const capII = hII ? hII[0].replace(\/[\\s:.]+$\/,'') : 'List-II';\r\n  const rowsI  = splitItems(hI  ? segI.slice(hI[0].length)  : segI,  'alpha');\r\n  const rowsII = splitItems(hII ? segII.slice(hII[0].length): segII, 'num');\r\n  if(!rowsI.length || !rowsII.length) return plainCard(lines);\r\n\r\n  const cell = x => '<li><b>'+x.k+'.<\/b><span>'+x.v+'<\/span><\/li>';\r\n  const headLines = head ? head.split('\\n').filter(Boolean) : [];\r\n  return '<div class=\"stem\" id=\"qStem\"><div class=\"qsheet\">'\r\n    + (headLines.length\r\n        ? headLines.map((l,i)=>'<p class=\"'+(i===0?'lead':'intro')+'\">'+(i===0?QN:'')+l+'<\/p>').join('')\r\n        : '<p class=\"lead\">'+QN+'Match List-I with List-II and select the correct answer using the code given below the Lists:<\/p>')\r\n    + '<div class=\"lists\">'\r\n      + '<div class=\"lcol\"><h5>'+capI+'<\/h5><ul>'+rowsI.map(cell).join('')+'<\/ul><\/div>'\r\n      + '<div class=\"lcol\"><h5>'+capII+'<\/h5><ul>'+rowsII.map(cell).join('')+'<\/ul><\/div>'\r\n    + '<\/div>'\r\n    + '<p class=\"close\">'+(tail || 'Select the correct answer using the code given below:')+'<\/p>'\r\n    + '<\/div><\/div>';\r\n}\r\n\r\n\/* =====================================================================\r\n   13. UI HELPERS\r\n   ===================================================================== *\/\r\nconst $ = id => document.getElementById(id);\r\nlet toastTimer=null;\r\nfunction toast(msg, ok){\r\n  const t=$('toast'); t.innerHTML=msg; t.className='toast show'+(ok?' ok':'');\r\n  clearTimeout(toastTimer); toastTimer=setTimeout(()=>t.className='toast',3000);\r\n}\r\nconst SRC_ON = !!(CFG.sourceUrl && CFG.sourceUrl.trim());\r\nconst stripHtml = s => String(s).replace(\/<[^>]+>\/g,'').replace(\/\\s+\/g,' ').trim();\r\nconst preview = (q,n) => { const t=stripHtml(q.question); return t.length>n ? t.slice(0,n)+'\u2026' : t; };\r\nfunction stars(u){\r\n  const s=P.stats[u]; if(!s || (s.correct+s.incorrect)===0) return null;\r\n  return { filled: Math.min(s.correct, CFG.masteryThreshold), c:s.correct, i:s.incorrect };\r\n}\r\n\r\n\/* =====================================================================\r\n   14. RENDER \u2014 PRACTICE\r\n   ===================================================================== *\/\r\nfunction renderYears(){\r\n  const panel=$('yearPanel');\r\n  const on = S.filter==='year';\r\n  panel.classList.toggle('hide', !on);\r\n  if(!on) return;\r\n  if(!S.year || !YEARS.some(y=>String(y)===String(S.year))) S.year = YEARS[YEARS.length-1];\r\n  $('yearList').innerHTML = YEARS.map(y=>{\r\n    const qs=inYear(y);\r\n    const done=qs.filter(q=>{ const st=P.stats[uid(q)]; return st && (st.correct+st.incorrect)>0; }).length;\r\n    const ok=qs.reduce((a,q)=>{ const st=P.stats[uid(q)]; return a+(st?st.correct:0); },0);\r\n    const bad=qs.reduce((a,q)=>{ const st=P.stats[uid(q)]; return a+(st?st.incorrect:0); },0);\r\n    const acc=(ok+bad)?Math.round(ok\/(ok+bad)*100):null;\r\n    return '<button class=\"ychip\" aria-pressed=\"'+(String(y)===String(S.year))+'\" data-year=\"'+encodeURIComponent(y)+'\"'\r\n      + ' title=\"'+qs.length+' questions'+(acc===null?'':' \u00b7 '+acc+'% accurate so far')+'\">'\r\n      + '<span class=\"yy\">'+y+'<\/span>'\r\n      + '<span class=\"yn\">'+qs.length+' Q'+(acc===null?'':' \u00b7 '+acc+'%')+'<\/span>'\r\n      + '<span class=\"ybar\"><i style=\"width:'+(qs.length?done\/qs.length*100:0)+'%\"><\/i><\/span><\/button>';\r\n  }).join('');\r\n  const qs=inYear(S.year);\r\n  const seen=qs.filter(q=>{ const st=P.stats[uid(q)]; return st && (st.correct+st.incorrect)>0; }).length;\r\n  $('yearMeta').textContent = S.year+' \u2014 '+qs.length+' questions \u00b7 '+Math.round(qs.length?seen\/qs.length*100:0)+'% attempted';\r\n}\r\nfunction renderCtx(){\r\n  renderYears();\r\n  const panel=$('chapPanel');\r\n  const on = S.filter==='chapter';\r\n  panel.classList.toggle('hide', !on);\r\n  if(!on) return;\r\n  const rows = chapterRows().filter(r=>r.count>0).sort(byChapterOrder);\r\n  if(!S.chapter || !rows.some(r=>r.chapter===S.chapter)) S.chapter = rows[0] ? rows[0].chapter : null;\r\n  $('chapList').innerHTML = rows.map((r,n)=>{\r\n    const sel = r.chapter===S.chapter;\r\n    const mastered = inCh(r.chapter).filter(q=>{ const s=P.stats[uid(q)]; return s && s.correct>=CFG.masteryThreshold; }).length;\r\n    const title = r.chapter+(WT?' \u2014 '+pctLabel(r.weight)+' of the exam':'')\r\n                + ' \u00b7 '+r.count+' question'+(r.count===1?'':'s')+' across '+r.years+' paper'+(r.years===1?'':'s')+' \u00b7 '\r\n                + Math.round(r.coverage*100)+'% seen'+(mastered?' \u00b7 '+mastered+' mastered':'');\r\n    return '<button class=\"chapchip\" aria-pressed=\"'+sel+'\" data-ch=\"'+encodeURIComponent(r.chapter)+'\" title=\"'+title+'\">'\r\n      + '<span class=\"no\">'+(n+1)+'<\/span>'\r\n      + '<span class=\"cn\">'+titleCase(r.chapter)+'<\/span>'\r\n      + (WT ? '<span class=\"cw\">'+pctLabel(r.weight)+' of exam<\/span>' : '')\r\n      + (mastered===r.count ? '<span class=\"done\">\u2713<\/span>' : '')\r\n      + '<span class=\"cc yrs\" title=\"papers this chapter has appeared in\">'+r.years+' pp<\/span>'\r\n      + '<span class=\"cc con\" title=\"questions\">'+r.count+'<\/span><\/button>';\r\n  }).join('');\r\n  const r = rows.find(x=>x.chapter===S.chapter);\r\n  $('ctxMeta').textContent = r\r\n    ? Math.round(r.coverage*100)+'% seen \u00b7 '+(r.acc===null?'not attempted':Math.round(r.acc*100)+'% accurate')\r\n    : '';\r\n}\r\nfunction render(){\r\n  renderCtx();\r\n  const p = pool();\r\n  const ec = $('emptyCard');\r\n  if(!p.length){\r\n    $('qCard').classList.add('hide'); ec.classList.remove('hide');\r\n    $('emptyBody').innerHTML =\r\n      S.query    ? '<b>No match for \u201c'+S.query+'\u201d<\/b>Try a rule or paragraph number, or a phrase like \u201cpart file\u201d.' :\r\n      S.filter==='weak'    ? '<b>No weak areas yet<\/b>Anything you answer wrong lands here until you have it right '+CFG.masteryThreshold+' times.' :\r\n      S.filter==='flagged' ? '<b>Nothing flagged yet<\/b>Press <b style=\"display:inline\">Flag for review<\/b> under any question and it collects here.' :\r\n      S.filter==='session' ? '<b>No session built yet<\/b>Open My Performance and build a Focused set or a Mock paper.' :\r\n      S.unattempted        ? '<b>You have attempted everything here<\/b>Turn off \u201cUnattempted only\u201d to revise what you have done.' :\r\n                             '<b>No questions in this selection<\/b>Clear the search or pick another chapter.';\r\n    renderNav(p); rail(p); return;\r\n  }\r\n  ec.classList.add('hide'); $('qCard').classList.remove('hide');\r\n  if(S.i>=p.length) S.i=0; if(S.i<0) S.i=p.length-1;\r\n\r\n  const q=p[S.i], u=uid(q), given=S.ans[u];\r\n  $('qCount').textContent = 'Question '+(S.i+1)+' of '+p.length;\r\n  $('qChap').textContent  = chBrief(q.chapter);\r\n  const src=$('qSrc');\r\n  src.className = 'badge-src pyq';\r\n  src.textContent = q.year ? 'PYQ '+q.year : 'PYQ';\r\n  const tags=[];\r\n  if(weak.has(u))  tags.push('<span class=\"qtag weak\">\u26a0\ufe0f Weak<\/span>');\r\n  if(flags.has(u)) tags.push('<span class=\"qtag flag\">\ud83d\udd16 Flagged<\/span>');\r\n  const sMast=P.stats[u];\r\n  if(sMast && sMast.correct>=CFG.masteryThreshold) tags.push('<span class=\"qtag done\">\u2713 Mastered<\/span>');\r\n  $('qTags').innerHTML = tags.join('');\r\n  const st = stars(u), badge=$('qMastery');\r\n  if(!st){ badge.textContent='Not seen yet'; badge.className='badge-m'; }\r\n  else {\r\n    const done = st.c>=CFG.masteryThreshold;\r\n    badge.textContent = '\u2605'.repeat(st.filled)+'\u2606'.repeat(Math.max(0,CFG.masteryThreshold-st.filled))+'  '+st.c+'\u2713 '+st.i+'\u2717';\r\n    badge.className = 'badge-m'+(weak.has(u)&&!done?' weak':'');\r\n  }\r\n  $('qStem').outerHTML = buildStem(cleanStem(q.question));\r\n\r\n  const box=$('qOpts'); box.innerHTML='';\r\n  q.options.forEach((o,k)=>{\r\n    const b=document.createElement('button');\r\n    b.className='opt';\r\n    b.innerHTML='<span class=\"key\">('+L[k].toLowerCase()+')<\/span><span class=\"txt\">'+o+'<\/span>';\r\n    if(given!=null){\r\n      b.disabled=true;\r\n      if(k===q.correct){ b.classList.add('right'); b.insertAdjacentHTML('beforeend','<span class=\"mark r\">Correct<\/span>'); }\r\n      else if(k===given){ b.classList.add('wrong'); b.insertAdjacentHTML('beforeend','<span class=\"mark w\">Your answer<\/span>'); }\r\n    } else if(S.pick===k) b.classList.add('sel');\r\n    b.onclick=()=>{ if(given!=null) return; S.pick=k; S.nudge=false; render(); };\r\n    box.appendChild(b);\r\n  });\r\n\r\n  const bc=$('btnCheck');\r\n  bc.disabled = given!=null;\r\n  bc.textContent = given!=null ? 'Answered \u2713' : 'Check answer';\r\n  $('pickHint').classList.toggle('hide', !(given==null && S.pick==null && S.nudge));\r\n  const on = flags.has(u);\r\n  $('btnFlag').setAttribute('aria-pressed', on);\r\n  $('flagIco').textContent = on ? '\ud83d\udd16' : '\ud83c\udff3\ufe0f';\r\n  $('flagTxt').textContent = on ? 'Flagged' : 'Flag for review';\r\n\r\n  const res=$('result');\r\n  res.classList.toggle('hide', given==null);\r\n  if(given!=null){\r\n    const ok = given===q.correct, v=$('verdict');\r\n    v.className='verdict '+(ok?'r':'w');\r\n    v.innerHTML = ok ? '\u2713 Correct \u2014 '+L[q.correct]+' is right'\r\n                     : '\u2715 Not quite \u2014 the answer is '+L[q.correct];\r\n    $('explBody').innerHTML = q.explanation;\r\n  }\r\n  renderNav(p); rail(p);\r\n}\r\nlet navOpen=true;\r\nfunction renderNav(p){\r\n  const card=$('navCard');\r\n  if(!p.length){ card.classList.add('hide'); return; }\r\n  card.classList.remove('hide');\r\n  const done=p.filter(q=>S.ans[uid(q)]!=null).length;\r\n  $('navTitle').textContent = 'Navigator \u2014 '+done+' of '+p.length+' attempted';\r\n  const g=$('navGrid');\r\n  g.classList.toggle('hide', !navOpen);\r\n  $('navToggle').textContent = navOpen ? 'Hide' : 'Show';\r\n  if(!navOpen) return;\r\n  g.innerHTML='';\r\n  p.forEach((q,k)=>{\r\n    const u=uid(q), a=S.ans[u], s=P.stats[u];\r\n    const b=document.createElement('button');\r\n    b.className='nq'+(k===S.i?' cur':(a!=null?(a===q.correct?' r':' w'):''))\r\n              + (s && s.correct>=CFG.masteryThreshold ? ' mastered':'');\r\n    b.innerHTML=(k+1)+(flags.has(u)?'<span class=\"fl\">\ud83d\udd16<\/span>':'');\r\n    b.title = 'Q'+(k+1)+' \u00b7 '+chBrief(q.chapter)+(a!=null?(a===q.correct?' \u00b7 correct':' \u00b7 wrong'):'');\r\n    b.setAttribute('aria-label','Go to question '+(k+1));\r\n    b.onclick=()=>{ S.i=k; S.pick=null; render(); };\r\n    g.appendChild(b);\r\n  });\r\n}\r\nfunction rail(p){\r\n  const seen=Object.keys(S.ans).length;\r\n  const right=Object.entries(S.ans).filter(([u,a])=>BY_UID.get(u) && BY_UID.get(u).correct===a).length;\r\n  $('sPct').textContent = seen ? Math.round(right\/seen*100)+'%' : '\u2014';\r\n  $('sFrac').textContent = right+' of '+seen+' correct';\r\n  $('sBar').style.width = (seen?right\/seen*100:0)+'%';\r\n  $('sSeen').textContent = seen+' attempted';\r\n  $('sLeft').textContent = Math.max(0,p.length-S.i-1)+' left here';\r\n  const st=$('streak'); st.innerHTML='';\r\n  Object.entries(S.ans).slice(-10).forEach(([u,a])=>{\r\n    const q=BY_UID.get(u); if(!q) return;\r\n    const el=document.createElement('i'); el.className = q.correct===a?'r':'w'; st.appendChild(el);\r\n  });\r\n  const chs=[...new Set(p.map(q=>q.chapter))];\r\n  const w=chs.reduce((s,c)=>s+weightOf(c),0)*100;\r\n  $('wPct').textContent = w.toFixed(1)+'%';\r\n  $('wNote').textContent = p.length+' questions on screen, from '+chs.length+' '+(chs.length===1?'chapter':'chapters')+'. '\r\n    + (w>=35 ? 'That is a big slice in one sitting \u2014 worth clearing properly.' : 'Useful for topping up once the bigger chapters are secure.');\r\n  hdr();\r\n}\r\nfunction hdr(){\r\n  $('hQ').textContent = QS.length;\r\n  $('hCh').textContent = CHAPTERS.length;\r\n  $('hYr').textContent = YEARS.length;\r\n  $('hMastered').textContent = (QS.length ? Math.round(masteredCount()\/QS.length*100) : 0)+'%';\r\n  const r=readiness();\r\n  $('hReady').textContent = r.touched ? r.score+'%' : '\u2014';\r\n  $('fAll').textContent  = QS.length;\r\n  $('fYear').textContent = YEARS.length;\r\n  $('fWeak').textContent = weak.size;\r\n  $('fFlag').textContent = flags.size;\r\n  $('fSess').textContent = (P.queue||[]).length;\r\n  $('pillSession').classList.toggle('hide', !(P.queue||[]).length);\r\n  $('sessLabel').textContent = P.queueLabel || 'My session';\r\n  $('perfPill').classList.toggle('hide', weak.size<5);\r\n}\r\n\r\n\/* =====================================================================\r\n   15. RENDER \u2014 PERFORMANCE\r\n   ===================================================================== *\/\r\nfunction renderPerf(){\r\n  const body=$('perfBody');\r\n  const seen=Object.values(P.stats).filter(s=>(s.correct+s.incorrect)>0).length;\r\n  $('perfCount').textContent = seen+' questions attempted';\r\n\r\n  if(!QS.length){ body.innerHTML='<div class=\"empty\"><b>No questions loaded<\/b>Paste your bank into <code>chapterQuestions<\/code> and reload.<\/div>'; return; }\r\n  const R = readiness();\r\n  if(!R.touched){\r\n    body.innerHTML = '<div class=\"empty\"><b>Your coach is waiting for data<\/b>Answer a few questions in Practice. '\r\n      + 'The coach then scores your readiness against the weightage of each chapter, works out where marks are leaking, and builds the next sitting for you.<\/div>'\r\n      + plannerHTML(true);\r\n    bindPerf(); return;\r\n  }\r\n  const rows=R.rows, byPriority=[...rows].sort((a,b)=>b.priority-a.priority);\r\n  const allC=Object.values(P.stats).reduce((a,s)=>a+s.correct,0);\r\n  const allI=Object.values(P.stats).reduce((a,s)=>a+s.incorrect,0);\r\n  const accAll = (allC+allI) ? Math.round(allC\/(allC+allI)*100) : 0;\r\n  const recent = P.log.slice(-20);\r\n  const accRec = recent.length ? Math.round(recent.filter(x=>x.ok).length\/recent.length*100) : 0;\r\n  const trend = recent.length>=5 ? (accRec>accAll?' \u2197':(accRec<accAll?' \u2198':'')) : '';\r\n  const ret = retentionIndex();\r\n  const due = dueForRevision();\r\n  const band=(v,hi,mid)=> v>=hi?'var(--ok)': v>=mid?'#8A6206':'var(--bad)';\r\n\r\n  const verdict = R.score>=80 ? '<b>In good shape.<\/b> Hold it there with the revision queue and weak-area drills.'\r\n    : R.score>=60 ? '<b>Strong base.<\/b> Close the gaps in the biggest chapters below to cross 80.'\r\n    : R.score>=35 ? '<b>Building up.<\/b> Work the plan top-down \u2014 it is ordered by what will move this number fastest.'\r\n    : '<b>Early stage.<\/b> Start at the top of the plan; the biggest chapters move this number fastest.';\r\n\r\n  body.innerHTML =\r\n  '<div class=\"hero2\">'\r\n  + '<div class=\"ring-card\"><div class=\"ring\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Readiness '+R.score+' out of 100\">'\r\n    + '<svg width=\"150\" height=\"150\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><circle class=\"bg\" cx=\"75\" cy=\"75\" r=\"64\"><\/circle>'\r\n    + '<circle class=\"fg\" cx=\"75\" cy=\"75\" r=\"64\" stroke-dasharray=\"402\" stroke-dashoffset=\"'+(402-402*R.score\/100)+'\"><\/circle><\/svg>'\r\n    + '<div class=\"ring-txt\"><b>'+R.score+'<\/b><span>Readiness \/ 100<\/span><\/div><\/div>'\r\n    + '<div class=\"verdict2\">'+verdict+'<br><span style=\"font-size:11.6px;opacity:.85\">'+T.readyDef+' across '+CHAPTERS.length\r\n    + ' chapters. On today\\u2019s form '+T.paperOut+' <b>'+R.projected+'%<\/b>.<\/span><\/div><\/div>'\r\n  + '<div class=\"coach\"><h4>\ud83e\udded What to do next<\/h4><div id=\"recoList\"><\/div><\/div>'\r\n  + '<\/div>'\r\n\r\n  + plannerHTML(false)\r\n\r\n  + '<div class=\"kpis\">'\r\n    + kpi(R.projected+'%',T.projected, band(R.projected,65,45))\r\n    + kpi(R.covered+'%',T.covered, band(R.covered,70,40))\r\n    + kpi(ret===null?'\u2014':ret+'%','Retention now', ret===null?'var(--slate)':band(ret,75,55))\r\n    + kpi(accAll+'%','Lifetime accuracy', band(accAll,70,45))\r\n    + kpi(accRec+'%'+trend,'Last 20 attempts', band(accRec,70,45))\r\n    + kpi(masteredCount(),'Mastered ('+CFG.masteryThreshold+'\u2713)','var(--ok)')\r\n    + kpi(weak.size,'Weak questions','var(--bad)')\r\n    + kpi(flags.size,'Flagged','#8A6206')\r\n  + '<\/div>'\r\n\r\n  + '<section class=\"pblock\"><div class=\"pbh\"><div class=\"txt\">'\r\n    + '<h4><span class=\"secno\">02<\/span>Chapter performance vs '+(WT?'exam weight':'bank share')+'<\/h4>'\r\n    + '<p>Every figure counted from the papers themselves. \\u201cAsked in\\u201d is how many exam cycles the chapter has appeared in \\u2014 a chapter in most papers is a near-certainty on the next one.<\/p><\/div>'\r\n    + '<span class=\"sechint\">priority = high weight \\u00d7 low accuracy<\/span><\/div>'\r\n    + '<div class=\"tblwrap\" style=\"border:0;border-radius:0\"><table class=\"perf-t\"><thead><tr>'\r\n    + '<th>Chapter<\/th><th>'+T.colWeight+'<\/th><th>Asked in<\/th><th>Covered<\/th><th>Accuracy<\/th>'\r\n    + '<th>Expected<\/th><th>Status<\/th><th><\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody>'\r\n    + byPriority.map(r=>{\r\n        const a = r.acc===null?null:Math.round(r.acc*100);\r\n        const tag = r.count===0 ? '<span class=\"tag na\">No questions<\/span>'\r\n          : r.acc===null ? '<span class=\"tag na\">Not started<\/span>'\r\n          : a<45 ? '<span class=\"tag hot\">Critical<\/span>'\r\n          : a<65 ? '<span class=\"tag warm\">Needs work<\/span>'\r\n          : a<85 ? '<span class=\"tag ok\">On track<\/span>'\r\n                 : '<span class=\"tag good\">Strong<\/span>';\r\n        const bar = a===null ? '<span class=\"nil\">\\u2014<\/span>'\r\n          : '<div class=\"minibar\"><i style=\"width:'+Math.max(a,4)+'%;background:'\r\n            + (a<45?'var(--bad)':a<65?'var(--gold)':'var(--ok)')+'\"><\/i><\/div>'\r\n            + '<span class=\"miniv\" style=\"color:'+(a<45?'var(--bad)':a<65?'#8A6206':'var(--ok)')+'\">'+a+'%<\/span>';\r\n        const reg = YEARS.length ? Math.round(r.years\/YEARS.length*100) : 0;\r\n        return '<tr><td class=\"lft\" title=\"'+r.chapter+'\">'+chBrief(r.chapter)+'<\/td>'\r\n          + '<td><b class=\"wt\">'+pctLabel(r.weight)+'<\/b><span class=\"wsub\">('+r.count+' Q'+(r.count===1?'':'s')+')<\/span><\/td>'\r\n          + '<td><b>'+r.years+'<\/b><span class=\"sub\">of '+YEARS.length+' papers'+(reg>=70?' \\u00b7 regular':'')+'<\/span><\/td>'\r\n          + '<td>'+r.att+'\/'+r.count+'<span class=\"sub\">'+Math.round(r.coverage*100)+'% seen<\/span><\/td>'\r\n          + '<td>'+bar+'<\/td>'\r\n          + '<td><b>'+Math.round(r.expected*100)+'%<\/b><span class=\"sub\">\\u2248 '+(r.leak*100).toFixed(1)+' '+T.leakWord+' lost<\/span><\/td>'\r\n          + '<td>'+tag+'<\/td>'\r\n          + '<td><button class=\"mini-go pyq\" data-goch=\"'+encodeURIComponent(r.chapter)+'\">Drill<\/button><\/td><\/tr>';\r\n      }).join('')\r\n    + '<\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/section>'\r\n\r\n  + '<section class=\"pblock\"><div class=\"pbh\"><div class=\"txt\">'\r\n    + '<h4><span class=\"secno\">03<\/span>'+T.leakHead+'<\/h4>'\r\n    + '<p id=\"leakNote\"><\/p><\/div>'\r\n    + '<span class=\"sechint\">'+rows.filter(r=>r.count>0).length+' chapters<\/span><\/div>'\r\n    + '<div class=\"bars\" id=\"leakBars\"><\/div><\/section>'\r\n\r\n  + '<section class=\"pblock\"><div class=\"pbh\"><div class=\"txt\">'\r\n    + '<h4><span class=\"secno\">04<\/span>How you handle each kind of question<\/h4>'\r\n    + '<p id=\"fmtNote\"><\/p><\/div>'\r\n    + '<span class=\"sechint\">format beats topic when the gap is wide<\/span><\/div>'\r\n    + '<div class=\"subhead\"><h5>How the question is built<\/h5><span>one shape per question<\/span><\/div>'\r\n    + '<div class=\"bars\" id=\"shapeBars\"><\/div>'\r\n    + '<div class=\"subhead\"><h5>What the question turns on<\/h5><span>a question can sit in more than one \u2014 a time limit asked as a multi-statement code counts on both<\/span><\/div>'\r\n    + '<div class=\"bars\" id=\"traitBars\"><\/div><\/section>'\r\n\r\n  + (YEARS.length>1 ? '<section class=\"pblock\"><div class=\"pbh\"><div class=\"txt\">'\r\n      + '<h4><span class=\"secno\">05<\/span>Your score, paper by paper<\/h4>'\r\n      + '<p id=\"cycNote\"><\/p><\/div>'\r\n      + '<span class=\"sechint\">click a cycle to sit that paper<\/span><\/div>'\r\n      + '<div class=\"bars\" id=\"cycPerf\"><\/div><\/section>' : '')\r\n\r\n  + '<div class=\"split\">'\r\n    + '<div class=\"panel\"><h4 class=\"ph\"><span class=\"secno\">06<\/span> Revision queue \u2014 what is fading fastest<\/h4><div id=\"revQ\"><\/div><\/div>'\r\n    + '<div class=\"panel\"><h4 class=\"ph\"><span class=\"secno\">07<\/span> Mastery distribution<\/h4><div id=\"mastDist\"><\/div><\/div>'\r\n  + '<\/div>'\r\n\r\n  + '<div class=\"danger\"><p><b>Danger zone.<\/b> This permanently erases your lifetime performance for this subject \u2014 mastery, weak areas, flags, accuracy history and the readiness score. Reset session on the Practice tab does <b>not<\/b> touch this.<\/p>'\r\n    + '<button class=\"dbtn\" id=\"btnWipe\">\ud83d\uddd1\ufe0f Reset my performance<\/button><\/div>';\r\n\r\n  renderRecos(byPriority, rows, due);\r\n  renderCyclePerf();\r\n  renderLeaks(rows);\r\n  renderFormats();\r\n  renderRevision(due);\r\n  renderMastery();\r\n  bindPerf();\r\n}\r\nfunction kpi(v,l,color){ return '<div class=\"kpi\"><b style=\"color:'+color+'\">'+v+'<\/b><span>'+l+'<\/span><\/div>'; }\r\nfunction plannerHTML(empty){\r\n  const rows=chapterRows().filter(r=>r.count>0).sort((a,b)=>b.leak-a.leak).slice(0,2).map(r=>chShort(r.chapter));\r\n  return '<div class=\"planner\"><div><h4><span class=\"secno\">01<\/span>Plan the next sitting<\/h4><p id=\"plannerNote\">'\r\n    + (empty\r\n        ? 'The focused set gives each chapter time in proportion to what you are losing in it. The mixed paper draws across every cycle in the weight the papers themselves set, and \\u201cSit the paper\\u201d gives you one full exam cycle in order.'\r\n        : 'The focused set gives each chapter time in proportion to what is leaking out of it \\u2014 right now mostly <b>'+rows.join('<\/b> and <b>')+'<\/b>. The mixed paper draws across every cycle in the weight the papers themselves set. Neither is fixed: press again for a fresh set, and last time\\u2019s questions are pushed to the back of the queue.')\r\n    + '<\/p><\/div><div class=\"pbtns\">'\r\n    + '<button class=\"pbtn primary\" id=\"btnFocus\">\ud83e\udde9 Focused set \u2014 '+Math.min(CFG.sessionSize,QS.length)+' Q<\/button>'\r\n    + '<button class=\"pbtn\" id=\"btnMock\">\ud83d\udcc4 Mixed paper \u2014 '+Math.min(CFG.mockSize,QS.length)+' Q<\/button>'\r\n    + (YEARS.length ? '<button class=\"pbtn navy\" data-goyear=\"'+encodeURIComponent(YEARS[YEARS.length-1])+'\">\ud83d\udcdc Sit the '+YEARS[YEARS.length-1]+' paper<\/button>' : '')\r\n    + '<\/div><\/div>';\r\n}\r\nfunction renderRecos(byPriority, rows, due){\r\n  const out=[], named=new Set();\r\n  byPriority.slice(0,3).forEach(r=>{\r\n    if(!r.count) return;\r\n    named.add(r.chapter);\r\n    const imp = WT ? '<b>'+pctLabel(r.weight)+'<\/b> of the exam ('+r.count+' question'+(r.count===1?'':'s')+')' : '';\r\n    if(r.acc===null)\r\n      out.push({ic:'warm',icon:'\ud83e\udded',txt:'<b>'+chBrief(r.chapter)+'<\/b>'+(imp?' is '+imp+' and':'')+' you have not touched it yet \u2014 start here.',ch:r.chapter});\r\n    else if(r.acc<0.6)\r\n      out.push({ic:'hot',icon:'\ud83d\udd25',txt:'<b>'+chBrief(r.chapter)+'<\/b>'+(imp?', '+imp+',':'')+' is running at only <b>'+Math.round(r.acc*100)+'%<\/b> \u2014 about <b>'+(r.leak*100).toFixed(1)+' '+T.leakWord+' per 100<\/b> are going here.',ch:r.chapter});\r\n    else if(r.coverage<0.6)\r\n      out.push({ic:'cool',icon:'\ud83d\udd0d',txt:'<b>'+chBrief(r.chapter)+'<\/b>: accuracy is fine at '+Math.round(r.acc*100)+'%, but you have seen only <b>'+Math.round(r.coverage*100)+'%<\/b> of a chapter'+(imp?' '+imp:'')+' \u2014 finish the set.',ch:r.chapter});\r\n    else\r\n      out.push({ic:'good',icon:'\u2705',txt:'<b>'+chBrief(r.chapter)+'<\/b>'+(imp?' ('+stripHtml(imp)+')':'')+' is in good shape at '+Math.round(r.acc*100)+'% \u2014 keep it warm through the revision queue.',ch:r.chapter});\r\n  });\r\n\r\n  \/\/ a format gap costs you in every chapter at once\r\n  const f = formatRows().filter(r=>r.acc!==null && r.attempts>=8).sort((a,b)=>a.acc-b.acc);\r\n  if(f.length>=2){\r\n    const worst=f[0], best=f[f.length-1];\r\n    if(best.acc-worst.acc >= 0.12){\r\n      const tail = worst.kind==='shape'\r\n        ? 'That is a reading habit, not a gap in the rules \u2014 and it costs you in every chapter at once.'\r\n        : 'That is recall, not comprehension \u2014 these have to be committed to memory, and they turn up everywhere.';\r\n      out.push({ic:'hot',icon:'\ud83e\udde9',txt:'<b>'+worst.label+'<\/b> questions are running at <b>'+Math.round(worst.acc*100)+'%<\/b> while you sit at '+Math.round(best.acc*100)+'% on '+best.label.toLowerCase()+'. '+tail});\r\n    }\r\n  }\r\n  \/\/ big chapter you have exhausted\r\n  const done = rows.filter(r=>!named.has(r.chapter) && r.weight>=0.08 && r.coverage>=0.9 && r.count>0).sort((a,b)=>b.weight-a.weight)[0];\r\n  if(done) out.push({ic:'warm',icon:'\ud83d\udcd8',txt:'You have worked nearly every question in <b>'+chBrief(done.chapter)+'<\/b>'+(WT?', '+pctLabel(done.weight)+' of the exam':'')+'. Practice has given what it can \u2014 go back to the source text for the rest.',ch:done.chapter});\r\n\r\n  \/\/ a chapter the paper keeps returning to\r\n  const regular = rows.filter(r=>r.years>=Math.ceil(YEARS.length*0.7) && r.count>=4 && (r.acc===null||r.acc<0.75))\r\n                      .sort((a,b)=>b.years-a.years)[0];\r\n  if(regular) out.push({ic:'warm',icon:'\ud83d\udd01',txt:'<b>'+chBrief(regular.chapter)+'<\/b> has appeared in <b>'+regular.years+' of '+YEARS.length+' papers<\/b>. A chapter that regular is a near-certainty on the next one.',ch:regular.chapter});\r\n  if(weak.size>=3) out.push({ic:'hot',icon:'\u26a0\ufe0f',txt:'You have <b>'+weak.size+' weak questions<\/b> flagged, biggest chapter first. One Weak-areas sitting clears the backlog.',weak:true});\r\n  if(due.length) out.push({ic:'warm',icon:'\ud83d\udd01',txt:'<b>'+due.length+' questions<\/b> you had mastered have decayed below <b>'+Math.round(CFG.retention.riskBelow*100)+'% recall<\/b>. Re-answering one costs seconds; re-learning it later costs an evening.'});\r\n  if(flags.size) out.push({ic:'cool',icon:'\ud83d\udd16',txt:'<b>'+flags.size+'<\/b> question'+(flags.size>1?'s are':' is')+' flagged for review. Clear the flags before the next mock.',flag:true});\r\n\r\n  $('recoList').innerHTML = out.map(r=>{\r\n    let btn='';\r\n    if(r.ch)        btn='<button class=\"go\" data-goch=\"'+encodeURIComponent(r.ch)+'\">Practice \u2192<\/button>';\r\n    else if(r.weak) btn='<button class=\"go\" data-goweak=\"1\">Start \u2192<\/button>';\r\n    else if(r.flag) btn='<button class=\"go\" data-goflag=\"1\">Open \u2192<\/button>';\r\n    return '<div class=\"reco\"><span class=\"ic '+r.ic+'\">'+r.icon+'<\/span><p>'+r.txt+'<\/p>'+btn+'<\/div>';\r\n  }).join('');\r\n}\r\n\/* how you actually score on each paper \u2014 the closest thing to a rehearsal *\/\r\nfunction renderCyclePerf(){\r\n  const box=$('cycPerf'); if(!box) return;\r\n  const rows = YEARS.map(y=>{\r\n    const qs=inYear(y);\r\n    let att=0, ok=0, bad=0;\r\n    qs.forEach(q=>{ const st=P.stats[uid(q)];\r\n      if(st && (st.correct+st.incorrect)>0){ att++; ok+=st.correct; bad+=st.incorrect; } });\r\n    return { y, count:qs.length, att, acc:(ok+bad)?ok\/(ok+bad):null, coverage:qs.length?att\/qs.length:0 };\r\n  });\r\n  const done = rows.filter(r=>r.acc!==null);\r\n  const note=$('cycNote');\r\n  if(note){\r\n    if(!done.length) note.innerHTML = 'Nothing attempted yet. Sit a paper and this becomes the closest thing to a rehearsal you have.';\r\n    else {\r\n      const best=done.slice().sort((a,b)=>b.acc-a.acc)[0], worst=done.slice().sort((a,b)=>a.acc-b.acc)[0];\r\n      note.innerHTML = done.length===1\r\n        ? 'One paper attempted so far \\u2014 <b>'+best.y+'<\/b> at <b>'+Math.round(best.acc*100)+'%<\/b>. Sit another to see whether that holds.'\r\n        : 'Your strongest paper is <b>'+best.y+'<\/b> at <b>'+Math.round(best.acc*100)+'%<\/b>, your weakest <b>'+worst.y\r\n          +'<\/b> at <b>'+Math.round(worst.acc*100)+'%<\/b>. A wide gap usually means the syllabus shifted, not that you did.';\r\n    }\r\n  }\r\n  box.innerHTML = rows.map(r=>{\r\n    const a = r.acc===null?null:Math.round(r.acc*100);\r\n    const col = a===null?'#CBD5E1' : a<45?'linear-gradient(90deg,#F08A92,var(--bad))'\r\n              : a<65?'linear-gradient(90deg,var(--gold-lt),var(--gold))'\r\n              : 'linear-gradient(90deg,#6EE7B7,var(--ok))';\r\n    return '<div class=\"lrow\" style=\"cursor:pointer\" data-goyear=\"'+encodeURIComponent(r.y)+'\">'\r\n      + '<div><span class=\"lname\">'+r.y+'<\/span>'\r\n      + '<span class=\"lsub\">'+r.count+' question'+(r.count===1?'':'s')+' \\u00b7 '+r.att+' attempted ('+Math.round(r.coverage*100)+'%)<\/span><\/div>'\r\n      + '<div class=\"ltrack\"><div class=\"lfill\" style=\"width:'+(a===null?0:a)+'%;background:'+col+'\"><\/div><\/div>'\r\n      + '<div class=\"lval\">'+(a===null?'\\u2014':a+'%')+'<small>accuracy<\/small><\/div><\/div>';\r\n  }).join('');\r\n}\r\nfunction renderLeaks(rows){\r\n  const list = rows.filter(r=>r.count>0).sort((a,b)=>b.leak-a.leak);\r\n  if(!list.length) return;\r\n  const max = Math.max(0.0001, ...list.map(r=>r.leak));\r\n  const total = list.reduce((a,r)=>a+r.leak,0)*100;\r\n  const top3 = list.slice(0,3);\r\n  $('leakNote').innerHTML = 'On today\\u2019s form you would expect to drop about <b>'+Math.round(total)+' '+T.leakWord+' in every 100<\/b>. <b>'\r\n    + top3.map(r=>chShort(r.chapter)).join(', ')+'<\/b> alone account for <b>'+Math.round(top3.reduce((a,r)=>a+r.leak,0)*100)\r\n    + '<\/b> of them \u2014 the shortest route to a better score.';\r\n  $('leakBars').innerHTML = list.map(r=>{\r\n    const m=r.leak*100;\r\n    const col = m>=8?'linear-gradient(90deg,#F08A92,var(--bad))' : m>=4?'linear-gradient(90deg,var(--gold-lt),var(--gold))' : 'linear-gradient(90deg,#9DB6EE,var(--blue-700))';\r\n    return '<div class=\"lrow\"><div><span class=\"lname\" title=\"'+r.chapter+'\">'+chBrief(r.chapter)+'<\/span>'\r\n      + '<span class=\"lsub\">'+(WT?pctLabel(r.weight)+' of the exam \u00b7 ':'')+'you would clear about '+Math.round(r.expected*100)+'% today<\/span><\/div>'\r\n      + '<div class=\"ltrack\"><div class=\"lfill\" style=\"width:'+(r.leak\/max*100)+'%;background:'+col+'\"><\/div><\/div>'\r\n      + '<div class=\"lval\">'+m.toFixed(1)+'<small>'+T.leakUnit+'<\/small><\/div><\/div>';\r\n  }).join('');\r\n}\r\nfunction renderFormats(){\r\n  const rows=formatRows();\r\n  const bar = r => {\r\n    const p = r.acc===null?null:Math.round(r.acc*100);\r\n    const col = p===null?'#CBD5E1' : p<50?'linear-gradient(90deg,#F08A92,var(--bad))' : p<70?'linear-gradient(90deg,var(--gold-lt),var(--gold))' : 'linear-gradient(90deg,#6EE7B7,var(--ok))';\r\n    return '<div class=\"lrow\"><div><span class=\"lname\">'+r.label+'<\/span>'\r\n      + '<span class=\"lsub\">'+r.total+' in this bank \u00b7 '+r.seen+' attempted<\/span><\/div>'\r\n      + '<div class=\"ltrack\"><div class=\"lfill\" style=\"width:'+(p===null?0:p)+'%;background:'+col+'\"><\/div><\/div>'\r\n      + '<div class=\"lval\">'+(p===null?'\u2014':p+'%')+'<small>accuracy<\/small><\/div><\/div>';\r\n  };\r\n  const sorter=(a,b)=>(a.acc===null)-(b.acc===null)||(a.acc-b.acc);\r\n  $('shapeBars').innerHTML = rows.filter(r=>r.kind==='shape').sort(sorter).map(bar).join('');\r\n  $('traitBars').innerHTML = rows.filter(r=>r.kind==='trait').sort(sorter).map(bar).join('');\r\n  const rated = rows.filter(r=>r.acc!==null && r.attempts>=8).sort(sorter);\r\n  $('fmtNote').innerHTML = rated.length>=2\r\n    ? (()=>{ const w=rated[0], b=rated[rated.length-1], gap=Math.round((b.acc-w.acc)*100);\r\n        return gap>=12\r\n          ? 'Your weakest kind of question is <b>'+w.label+'<\/b> at <b>'+Math.round(w.acc*100)+'%<\/b>, against <b>'+Math.round(b.acc*100)+'%<\/b> on '+b.label.toLowerCase()+' \u2014 a <b>'+gap+'-point<\/b> gap. That is worth more than any single chapter, because these turn up in all of them.'\r\n          : 'You handle the different kinds of question evenly, within <b>'+gap+' points<\/b> of each other. Nothing to fix here \u2014 keep working the chapter list.'; })()\r\n    : 'Attempt a few more and this will show whether the format is costing you more than the topic.';\r\n}\r\nfunction renderRevision(due){\r\n  $('revQ').innerHTML = due.length\r\n    ? due.slice(0,8).map(d=>'<button class=\"rev\" data-gouid=\"'+encodeURIComponent(uid(d.q))+'\">'\r\n        + '<span class=\"n\">Q'+d.q.id+'<\/span><span class=\"t\">'+preview(d.q,58)+'<\/span>'\r\n        + '<span class=\"d\">'+Math.round(d.recall*100)+'% recall<\/span><\/button>').join('')\r\n    : '<p style=\"font-size:13px;color:var(--slate);line-height:1.6\">Nothing decaying right now. Mastered questions return here as their estimated recall drops below '+Math.round(CFG.retention.riskBelow*100)+'%.<\/p>';\r\n}\r\nfunction renderMastery(){\r\n  const b=[0,0,0,0];\r\n  QS.forEach(q=>{ const s=P.stats[uid(q)];\r\n    if(!s || (s.correct+s.incorrect)===0) b[0]++;\r\n    else if(s.correct>=CFG.masteryThreshold) b[3]++;\r\n    else if(s.correct>=2) b[2]++;\r\n    else b[1]++; });\r\n  const labels=['Untouched','Learning (0\u20131 \u2713)','Almost there (2 \u2713)','Mastered ('+CFG.masteryThreshold+' \u2713+)'];\r\n  const cols=['#CBD5E1','var(--gold)','var(--blue-700)','var(--ok)'];\r\n  $('mastDist').innerHTML = b.map((n,i)=>\r\n    '<div class=\"lrow\" style=\"grid-template-columns:minmax(120px,1fr) 2fr 54px\"><span class=\"lname\">'+labels[i]+'<\/span>'\r\n    + '<div class=\"ltrack\"><div class=\"lfill\" style=\"width:'+(QS.length?n\/QS.length*100:0)+'%;background:'+cols[i]+'\"><\/div><\/div>'\r\n    + '<div class=\"lval\" style=\"font-size:15px\">'+n+'<\/div><\/div>').join('');\r\n}\r\nfunction bindPerf(){\r\n  const f=$('btnFocus'), m=$('btnMock'), w=$('btnWipe');\r\n  if(f) f.onclick=()=>startSession('focus');\r\n  if(m) m.onclick=()=>startSession('mock');\r\n  if(w) w.onclick=wipe;\r\n}\r\n\r\n\/* =====================================================================\r\n   15b. EXAM ANALYTICS  \u2014  what the paper has actually asked\r\n   Everything here is counted from the PYQ bank's year field. Nothing is\r\n   estimated, so the tab hides itself when no years are recorded.\r\n   ===================================================================== *\/\r\nfunction examData(){\r\n  const years = YEARS.slice();\r\n  const rows = CHAPTERS.map(c=>{\r\n    const qs=inCh(c), byYear={};\r\n    years.forEach(y=>byYear[y]=0);\r\n    qs.forEach(q=>{ if(byYear[q.year]!==undefined) byYear[q.year]++; });\r\n    return { chapter:c, total:qs.length, byYear,\r\n             share: PYQ.length?qs.length\/PYQ.length:0 };\r\n  }).filter(r=>r.total>0).sort((a,b)=>b.total-a.total);\r\n  const perYear={}; years.forEach(y=>perYear[y]=PYQ.filter(q=>q.year===y).length);\r\n  return {years, rows, perYear, total:PYQ.length};\r\n}\r\nfunction renderExam(){\r\n  const d = examData(), body=$('examBody');\r\n  $('examCount').textContent = PYQ.length+' previous year questions';\r\n  if(!PYQ.length){ body.innerHTML='<div class=\"empty\"><b>No previous year questions loaded<\/b>Paste them into <code>pyqQuestions<\/code>, each with its year.<\/div>'; return; }\r\n\r\n  const hi = CFG.highYield, maxTot = Math.max(...d.rows.map(r=>r.total), 1);\r\n  const maxCell = Math.max(1, ...d.rows.map(r=>Math.max(...Object.values(r.byYear))));\r\n  const shade = n => { if(!n) return '';\r\n    const t=n\/maxCell;\r\n    return 'background:'+(t>0.8?'#D99B12':t>0.6?'#E8B44A':t>0.4?'#F2D28C':t>0.2?'#F9E9C4':'#FDF6E6')\r\n         + ';color:'+(t>0.6?'#3A2A02':'#8A6206')+';font-weight:800';\r\n  };\r\n  const maxYear = Math.max(...Object.values(d.perYear), 1);\r\n  const heavy = d.rows.filter(r=>r.total>=hi);\r\n  const heavyShare = heavy.reduce((a,r)=>a+r.share,0);\r\n  const spread = d.rows.filter(r=>Object.values(r.byYear).filter(Boolean).length >= Math.ceil(d.years.length*0.6));\r\n\r\n  body.innerHTML =\r\n  \/\/ ---------- 01 ranked ----------\r\n  '<section class=\"pblock\"><div class=\"pbh\"><div class=\"txt\">'\r\n    + '<h4><span class=\"secno\">01<\/span>Ranked \u2014 questions per chapter<\/h4>'\r\n    + '<p>'+(heavy.length\r\n        ? '<b>'+heavy.length+' chapter'+(heavy.length===1?'':'s')+'<\/b> carry '+hi+' questions or more and together hold <b>'\r\n          + Math.round(heavyShare*100)+'%<\/b> of every paper on record. They are shown in gold.'\r\n        : 'No chapter has reached '+hi+' questions yet, so nothing is marked high-yield.')+'<\/p><\/div>'\r\n    + '<span class=\"sechint\">gold = high-yield ('+hi+'+ Qs)<\/span><\/div>'\r\n    + '<div class=\"bars\">'\r\n    + d.rows.map((r,i)=>{\r\n        const gold = r.total>=hi;\r\n        return '<div class=\"rankrow\"><span class=\"rk\">'+(i+1)+'<\/span>'\r\n          + '<span class=\"rname'+(gold?' gold':'')+'\" title=\"'+r.chapter+'\">'+titleCase(r.chapter)+'<\/span>'\r\n          + '<div class=\"rtrack\"><i style=\"width:'+(r.total\/maxTot*100)+'%;background:'\r\n            + (gold?'linear-gradient(90deg,var(--gold-lt),#D99B12)':'linear-gradient(90deg,#93B4F7,var(--blue-700))')+'\"><\/i><\/div>'\r\n          + '<span class=\"rv\">'+r.total+'<\/span><span class=\"rp\">'+(r.share*100).toFixed(1)+'%<\/span><\/div>';\r\n      }).join('')\r\n    + '<\/div><\/section>'\r\n\r\n  \/\/ ---------- 02 heatmap ----------\r\n  + '<section class=\"pblock\"><div class=\"pbh\"><div class=\"txt\">'\r\n    + '<h4><span class=\"secno\">02<\/span>Heatmap matrix \u2014 chapter \\u00d7 exam year<\/h4>'\r\n    + '<p>'+(spread.length\r\n        ? '<b>'+spread.map(r=>chShort(r.chapter)).slice(0,3).join(', ')+'<\/b> appear in most papers on record \u2014 those are the standing favourites, not one-off spikes.'\r\n        : 'Read down a column to see what a single paper favoured; read across a row to see whether a chapter is a regular or a one-off.')+'<\/p><\/div>'\r\n    + '<span class=\"sechint\">darker gold = more questions<\/span><\/div>'\r\n    + '<div class=\"tblwrap\" style=\"border:0;border-radius:0\"><table class=\"perf-t hm\"><thead><tr>'\r\n    + '<th class=\"lft\">Chapter<\/th>'+d.years.map(y=>'<th>'+y+'<\/th>').join('')+'<th class=\"tot\">Total<\/th>'\r\n    + '<\/tr><\/thead><tbody>'\r\n    + d.rows.map(r=>'<tr><td class=\"lft\" title=\"'+r.chapter+'\">'+titleCase(r.chapter)+'<\/td>'\r\n        + d.years.map(y=>{ const n=r.byYear[y];\r\n            return '<td style=\"'+shade(n)+'\">'+(n||'<span class=\"nil\">\\u00b7<\/span>')+'<\/td>'; }).join('')\r\n        + '<td class=\"tot\">'+r.total+'<\/td><\/tr>').join('')\r\n    + '<\/tbody><tfoot><tr><td class=\"lft\">Total<\/td>'\r\n    + d.years.map(y=>'<td>'+d.perYear[y]+'<\/td>').join('')+'<td>'+d.total+'<\/td><\/tr><\/tfoot><\/table><\/div>'\r\n    + '<div class=\"hmlegend\"><span>Low<\/span>'\r\n    + ['#FDF6E6','#F9E9C4','#F2D28C','#E8B44A','#D99B12'].map(c=>'<i style=\"background:'+c+'\"><\/i>').join('')\r\n    + '<span>High<\/span><\/div><\/section>'\r\n\r\n  \/\/ ---------- 03 per cycle ----------\r\n  + '<section class=\"pblock\"><div class=\"pbh\"><div class=\"txt\">'\r\n    + '<h4><span class=\"secno\">03<\/span>Questions per exam cycle<\/h4>'\r\n    + '<p>How many questions each paper on record contributed. A short bar usually means a partly recovered paper rather than a shorter exam \\u2014 worth knowing before you read too much into that year\\u2019s pattern.<\/p><\/div>'\r\n    + '<span class=\"sechint\">'+d.years.length+' cycles \\u00b7 '+d.total+' questions<\/span><\/div>'\r\n    + '<div class=\"cyc\">'\r\n    + d.years.map(y=>{ const n=d.perYear[y];\r\n        return '<div class=\"cycbar\"><span class=\"cn\">'+n+'<\/span>'\r\n          + '<div class=\"cbar\" style=\"height:'+Math.max(n\/maxYear*140,6)+'px\"><\/div>'\r\n          + '<span class=\"cy\">'+y+'<\/span><\/div>'; }).join('')\r\n    + '<\/div><\/section>'\r\n\r\n  \/\/ ---------- 04 what this means for you ----------\r\n  + '<section class=\"pblock\"><div class=\"pbh\"><div class=\"txt\">'\r\n    + '<h4><span class=\"secno\">04<\/span>What this means for your revision<\/h4>'\r\n    + '<p>The same counts, read against how you are actually performing.<\/p><\/div><\/div>'\r\n    + '<div class=\"bars\" id=\"examReco\"><\/div><\/section>';\r\n\r\n  \/\/ recommendations tie the counts back to the learner's own record\r\n  const perf = chapterRows();\r\n  const out=[];\r\n  d.rows.slice(0,3).forEach(r=>{\r\n    const p = perf.find(x=>x.chapter===r.chapter);\r\n    const acc = p && p.acc!==null ? Math.round(p.acc*100) : null;\r\n    out.push({ic: acc===null?'warm':acc<60?'hot':'good', icon: acc===null?'\\ud83e\\udded':acc<60?'\\ud83d\\udd25':'\\u2705',\r\n      txt:'<b>'+chBrief(r.chapter)+'<\/b> has produced <b>'+r.total+' questions<\/b> across '\r\n        + Object.values(r.byYear).filter(Boolean).length+' of '+d.years.length+' papers'\r\n        + (acc===null ? ' and you have not attempted it yet.' : ' and you are at <b>'+acc+'%<\/b> on it.'),\r\n      ch:r.chapter});\r\n  });\r\n  const recent = d.years.slice(-3);\r\n  const rising = d.rows.map(r=>{\r\n    const late = recent.reduce((a,y)=>a+(r.byYear[y]||0),0);\r\n    const early = d.years.slice(0,-3).reduce((a,y)=>a+(r.byYear[y]||0),0);\r\n    return {r, late, early, rate: late\/Math.max(recent.length,1)};\r\n  }).filter(x=>x.late>=2 && x.rate > (x.early\/Math.max(d.years.length-3,1))*1.5)\r\n    .sort((a,b)=>b.late-a.late)[0];\r\n  if(rising) out.push({ic:'warm',icon:'\\ud83d\\udcc8',\r\n    txt:'<b>'+chBrief(rising.r.chapter)+'<\/b> has been asked <b>'+rising.late+' times in the last '+recent.length\r\n      + ' papers<\/b>, well above its own earlier rate. Recent papers are the better guide to the next one.',ch:rising.r.chapter});\r\n  const thinYear = d.years.map(y=>({y,n:d.perYear[y]})).filter(x=>x.n>0 && x.n < d.total\/d.years.length*0.6);\r\n  if(thinYear.length) out.push({ic:'cool',icon:'\\ud83e\\uddfe',\r\n    txt:'<b>'+thinYear.map(x=>x.y).join(', ')+'<\/b> '+(thinYear.length===1?'holds':'hold')+' noticeably fewer questions than the other papers \\u2014 most likely partly recovered rather than genuinely shorter. Read those columns with that in mind.'});\r\n  $('examReco').innerHTML = out.map(r=>\r\n    '<div class=\"reco\"><span class=\"ic '+r.ic+'\">'+r.icon+'<\/span><p>'+r.txt+'<\/p>'\r\n    + (r.ch?'<button class=\"go\" data-goch=\"'+encodeURIComponent(r.ch)+'\">Drill \\u2192<\/button>':'')+'<\/div>').join('');\r\n}\r\n\r\n\/* =====================================================================\r\n   16. 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