{"id":16449,"date":"2026-09-01T06:22:56","date_gmt":"2026-09-01T06:22:56","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/promotionexams.com\/?page_id=16449"},"modified":"2026-09-01T07:39:08","modified_gmt":"2026-09-01T07:39:08","slug":"upsc-principal-2022-free-mcq-practice","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/promotionexams.com\/?page_id=16449","title":{"rendered":"UPSC Principal 2022 free MCQ PRACTICE"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"16449\" class=\"elementor elementor-16449\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d153280 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"d153280\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-14bf66e elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"14bf66e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<!--\r\n=====================================================================\r\nCSS ADDA \u00b7 PromotionExams.com\r\nPYQ TEST SERIES  \u2014  previous year questions only\r\n=====================================================================\r\nWHAT THIS IS\r\n  One bank: every previous year question you have, each tagged with the\r\n  year it was asked. Three tabs:\r\n     PRACTICE         drill by chapter, by exam cycle, or by weakness\r\n     MY PERFORMANCE   readiness, chapter table, score per exam cycle\r\n     EXAM ANALYTICS   what the paper has actually asked, year by year\r\n  Exam weight is COUNTED, never declared: a chapter holding 44 of 181\r\n  previous year questions is 24% of the paper, and the page shows the\r\n  count behind the figure. Add a year of papers and every weight,\r\n  priority and plan re-computes on its own.\r\n  Because every question here is a real one, \"Sit a full paper\" is a\r\n  proper option: pick an exam cycle and you get that paper, in order.\r\nSETTING UP A NEW SUBJECT \u2014 three edits, all at the top of the script\r\n  1. CFG.quizId   unique per page. Progress is stored under this key, so\r\n                  two subjects on the same site never mix. Change it.\r\n     CFG.topic    subject name for the header.\r\n     CFG.sourceUrl  page on your site carrying the full text; shown as a\r\n                  \"Read the source\" card. Blank switches it off.\r\n  2. pyqQuestions  your bank:\r\n        { id, year, chapter, question, options[], correct, explanation }\r\n     'year' may be a number (2024) or a cycle label ('2009-11', '2021-22').\r\n     Cycles are ordered by the first four-digit number they contain.\r\n  3. Chapter strings need not be spelt identically everywhere \u2014 matching\r\n     is loose (Ch \/ Chapter \/ CH-2 all read alike) \u2014 but the chapter\r\n     NUMBER has to agree.\r\nSTEM LAYOUT \u2014 nothing to mark up\r\n  Plain stems, numbered statement stems and List-I \/ List-II stems are\r\n  each laid out automatically. Match-the-following is understood whether\r\n  the items sit on their own lines, or run together separated by\r\n  semicolons or commas.\r\nRESETS\r\n  \"Reset session\"        clears only this sitting's answers.\r\n  \"Reset my performance\" wipes lifetime mastery, weak areas and flags.\r\n=====================================================================\r\n-->\r\n<meta charset=\"utf-8\">\r\n<meta name=\"viewport\" content=\"width=device-width,initial-scale=1,viewport-fit=cover\">\r\n<link rel=\"preconnect\" href=\"https:\/\/fonts.googleapis.com\">\r\n<link rel=\"preconnect\" href=\"https:\/\/fonts.gstatic.com\" crossorigin>\r\n<link href=\"https:\/\/fonts.googleapis.com\/css2?family=Plus+Jakarta+Sans:wght@400;500;600;700;800&family=Newsreader:opsz,wght@6..72,400;6..72,500;6..72,600&display=swap\" rel=\"stylesheet\">\r\n<style>\r\n.cdrill{\r\n  --blue-900:#12246E; --blue-800:#1B3FCB; --blue-700:#2757E8; --blue-100:#EAF0FF; --blue-50:#F5F8FF;\r\n  --gold:#E8A317; --gold-lt:#F5C55B; --gold-bg:#FFF7E4;\r\n  --ink:#0F172A; --slate:#5B6B85; --line:#DFE6F3; --paper:#FFFFFF; --wash:#F4F7FD;\r\n  --ok:#0B8457; --ok-bg:#E7F7F0; --bad:#D3313E; --bad-bg:#FDEDEE; --warn:#C2620E;\r\n  --r:14px; --shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(16,32,74,.06),0 8px 24px -12px rgba(16,32,74,.18);\r\n  \/* \u2193 paste the same value your other pages use for --serif *\/\r\n  --serif:'Newsreader',Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif;\r\n  font-family:'Plus Jakarta Sans',system-ui,sans-serif; font-size:15px; line-height:1.55;\r\n  color:var(--ink); background:var(--wash); -webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased;\r\n  border-radius:var(--r); overflow:hidden; box-shadow:var(--shadow);\r\n}\r\n.cdrill *{box-sizing:border-box}\r\n.cdrill button{font:inherit;cursor:pointer;border:0;background:none;color:inherit;margin:0;padding:0;\r\n  min-width:0;min-height:0;width:auto;height:auto;line-height:1.4;letter-spacing:normal;text-transform:none;\r\n  box-shadow:none;border-radius:0;text-align:inherit;-webkit-appearance:none;appearance:none}\r\n.cdrill input,.cdrill select{font:inherit}\r\n.cdrill h1,.cdrill h2,.cdrill h3,.cdrill h4,.cdrill h5,.cdrill p,.cdrill ol,.cdrill ul{margin:0}\r\n.cdrill .wrap{max-width:1120px;margin:0 auto;padding:0 20px}\r\n.cdrill .tnum{font-variant-numeric:tabular-nums}\r\n.cdrill .hide{display:none !important}\r\n.cdrill ::selection{background:#CFE0FF;color:var(--ink)}\r\n.cdrill :focus-visible{outline:2.5px solid var(--gold);outline-offset:2px;border-radius:6px}\r\n@media(prefers-reduced-motion:reduce){.cdrill *{animation:none!important;transition:none!important}}\r\n\/* ---------- hero ---------- *\/\r\n.cdrill .hero{background:linear-gradient(158deg,#3A5BCE 0%,#4468DC 55%,#5077E6 100%);\r\n  color:#fff;padding:26px 0 0;position:relative;overflow:hidden}\r\n.cdrill .hero::after{content:\"\";position:absolute;inset:auto -10% -65% 58%;height:200px;\r\n  background:radial-gradient(closest-side,rgba(245,197,91,.16),transparent 72%);pointer-events:none}\r\n.cdrill .eyebrow{font-size:10.5px;letter-spacing:.18em;text-transform:uppercase;color:#FFE0A3;font-weight:800}\r\n.cdrill .hero h1,\r\n.cdrill header.hero h1{margin:6px 0 2px;font-size:clamp(19px,3.2vw,26px);font-weight:800;letter-spacing:-.02em;\r\n  color:#FFFFFF !important;line-height:1.25;font-family:'Plus Jakarta Sans',system-ui,sans-serif}\r\n.cdrill .hero p{margin:0 0 16px;color:#DCE5FF;font-size:13.5px;max-width:64ch}\r\n.cdrill .hstats{display:flex;gap:9px;flex-wrap:wrap;position:relative;z-index:1}\r\n.cdrill .hstat{background:rgba(255,255,255,.13);border:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,.24);border-radius:12px;\r\n  padding:9px 15px;min-width:92px}\r\n.cdrill .hstat b{display:block;font-size:20px;font-weight:800;color:#FFE0A3;letter-spacing:-.02em;line-height:1.15}\r\n.cdrill .hstat span{font-size:10px;letter-spacing:.09em;text-transform:uppercase;color:#DCE5FF;font-weight:700}\r\n.cdrill .tabs{display:flex;gap:8px;margin-top:22px;position:relative;z-index:1}\r\n.cdrill .tab{position:relative;padding:12px 24px 13px;border-radius:12px 12px 0 0;font-weight:700;font-size:14px;\r\n  color:#E4EBFF;display:flex;gap:8px;align-items:center;background:rgba(12,25,74,.22);\r\n  border:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,.18);border-bottom:0;transition:.16s;top:0}\r\n.cdrill .tab:hover{color:#fff;background:rgba(12,25,74,.34);top:-2px}\r\n.cdrill .tab[aria-selected=true]{background:var(--paper);color:var(--blue-900);border-color:transparent;\r\n  top:0;padding-bottom:15px;margin-bottom:-2px;font-weight:800;\r\n  box-shadow:0 -3px 12px -4px rgba(9,20,66,.35)}\r\n.cdrill .tab[aria-selected=true]::before{content:\"\";position:absolute;left:14px;right:14px;top:0;height:3px;\r\n  border-radius:0 0 3px 3px;background:linear-gradient(90deg,var(--gold),var(--gold-lt))}\r\n.cdrill .tab .pill{background:var(--gold);color:#3A2A02;font-size:10.5px;font-weight:800;padding:2px 7px;border-radius:99px}\r\n.cdrill .goldrule{height:4px;background:linear-gradient(90deg,var(--gold),var(--gold-lt))}\r\n\/* ---------- filters ---------- *\/\r\n.cdrill .filters{background:var(--paper);border-bottom:1px solid var(--line)}\r\n.cdrill .filters .wrap{display:flex;gap:10px;padding-top:14px;padding-bottom:14px;overflow-x:auto;scrollbar-width:none}\r\n.cdrill .filters .wrap::-webkit-scrollbar{display:none}\r\n.cdrill .pill-f{display:flex;flex:none;align-items:center;gap:8px;padding:9px 16px;border-radius:99px;\r\n  border:1.5px solid var(--line);background:var(--paper);font-weight:600;font-size:13.5px;color:var(--slate);\r\n  white-space:nowrap;transition:.15s}\r\n.cdrill .pill-f:hover{border-color:#B9C8EC;color:var(--ink)}\r\n.cdrill .pill-f .n{font-size:11.5px;font-weight:800;background:var(--blue-100);color:var(--blue-800);padding:2px 8px;border-radius:99px}\r\n.cdrill .pill-f[aria-pressed=true]{background:var(--blue-700);border-color:var(--blue-700);color:#fff}\r\n.cdrill .pill-f[aria-pressed=true] .n{background:rgba(255,255,255,.2);color:#fff}\r\n.cdrill .pill-f.warn{border-color:#F3C2C6;color:var(--bad)}\r\n.cdrill .pill-f.warn .n{background:var(--bad);color:#fff}\r\n.cdrill .pill-f.warn[aria-pressed=true]{background:var(--bad);border-color:var(--bad);color:#fff}\r\n.cdrill .pill-f.navy{border-color:#C3CFF0;color:var(--blue-900)}\r\n.cdrill .pill-f.navy .n{background:var(--blue-900);color:#fff}\r\n.cdrill .pill-f.navy[aria-pressed=true]{background:var(--blue-900);border-color:var(--blue-900);color:#fff}\r\n.cdrill .pill-f.gold{border-color:#F2DFAE;color:#8A6206}\r\n.cdrill .pill-f.gold .n{background:var(--gold);color:#3A2A02}\r\n.cdrill .pill-f.gold[aria-pressed=true]{background:linear-gradient(180deg,var(--gold-lt),var(--gold));border-color:var(--gold);color:#3A2A02}\r\n\/* ---------- layout ---------- *\/\r\n.cdrill .grid{display:grid;grid-template-columns:minmax(0,1fr) 300px;gap:20px;padding:20px 0 60px}\r\n@media(max-width:960px){.cdrill .grid{grid-template-columns:1fr}}\r\n.cdrill .card{background:var(--paper);border:1px solid var(--line);border-radius:var(--r);box-shadow:var(--shadow)}\r\n\/* ---------- toolbar \/ context ---------- *\/\r\n.cdrill .toolbar{display:flex;gap:10px;align-items:center;flex-wrap:wrap;padding:0 0 16px}\r\n.cdrill .search{flex:1;min-width:190px;position:relative}\r\n.cdrill .search input{width:100%;padding:11px 15px 11px 38px;border:1.5px solid var(--line);border-radius:11px;background:var(--paper)}\r\n.cdrill .search svg{position:absolute;left:13px;top:50%;transform:translateY(-50%);width:16px;height:16px;color:var(--slate)}\r\n.cdrill .tgl{display:flex;align-items:center;gap:8px;padding:10px 15px;border:1.5px solid var(--line);border-radius:11px;\r\n  background:var(--paper);font-weight:600;font-size:13.5px;color:var(--slate);white-space:nowrap}\r\n.cdrill .tgl[aria-pressed=true]{border-color:var(--blue-700);background:var(--blue-50);color:var(--blue-800)}\r\n.cdrill .ctxbar{display:flex;align-items:center;gap:12px;flex-wrap:wrap;background:var(--paper);\r\n  border:1px solid var(--line);border-left:4px solid var(--blue-700);border-radius:0 12px 12px 0;\r\n  padding:13px 18px;margin:0 0 16px;box-shadow:var(--shadow)}\r\n.cdrill .ctxlab{font-size:10.5px;letter-spacing:.14em;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--slate);font-weight:800}\r\n.cdrill .ctxsel{flex:1;min-width:210px;max-width:560px;padding:9px 12px;border:1.5px solid var(--line);border-radius:10px;\r\n  background:var(--paper);font-weight:700;font-size:14.5px;color:var(--ink);cursor:pointer}\r\n.cdrill .ctxmeta{font-size:12.5px;color:var(--slate);font-weight:600;white-space:nowrap}\r\n\/* ---------- chapter chips ---------- *\/\r\n.cdrill .chapcard{margin:0 0 16px;overflow:hidden}\r\n.cdrill .chaphead{display:flex;align-items:center;gap:10px;flex-wrap:wrap;padding:11px 18px;\r\n  background:linear-gradient(90deg,var(--blue-50),#EDF3FF);border-bottom:1px solid var(--line)}\r\n.cdrill .chapcard{border-radius:var(--r)}\r\n.cdrill .chaplist{border-radius:0 0 var(--r) var(--r);overflow:hidden}\r\n.cdrill .chaphead b{font-size:13.5px;font-weight:800;color:var(--blue-800);display:flex;align-items:center;gap:8px}\r\n.cdrill .chaphead i{font-style:normal;font-size:12px;color:var(--slate);font-weight:600}\r\n.cdrill .chaphead .meta{margin-left:auto;font-size:12px;color:var(--slate);font-weight:700;white-space:nowrap}\r\n.cdrill .yearlist{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:9px;padding:16px 18px}\r\n.cdrill .ychip{display:inline-flex;flex-direction:column;align-items:center;gap:2px;min-width:88px;\r\n  padding:11px 16px;border:1.5px solid var(--line);border-radius:12px;background:var(--paper);transition:.15s}\r\n.cdrill .ychip:hover{border-color:#9DB6EE;background:#FAFCFF;transform:translateY(-1px)}\r\n.cdrill .ychip .yy{font-size:14px;font-weight:800;color:var(--blue-900);letter-spacing:-.01em;white-space:nowrap}\r\n.cdrill .ychip .yn{font-size:10.6px;font-weight:700;color:var(--slate);white-space:nowrap}\r\n.cdrill .ychip .ybar{width:100%;height:4px;border-radius:99px;background:#EEF2F9;margin-top:5px;overflow:hidden}\r\n.cdrill .ychip .ybar>i{display:block;height:100%;border-radius:99px;background:var(--ok)}\r\n.cdrill .ychip[aria-pressed=true]{border-color:var(--blue-700);background:var(--blue-50);\r\n  box-shadow:0 0 0 3px rgba(39,87,232,.14)}\r\n.cdrill .ychip[aria-pressed=true] .yy{color:var(--blue-800)}\r\n.cdrill .chaplist{display:grid;grid-template-columns:1fr;gap:1px;padding:0;background:var(--line)}\r\n@media(min-width:900px){.cdrill .chaplist{grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr}}\r\n.cdrill .chapchip{display:grid;grid-template-columns:26px minmax(0,1fr) auto auto auto;align-items:center;gap:8px;\r\n  padding:10px 16px;border:0;background:var(--paper);text-align:left;transition:background .13s;width:100%}\r\n.cdrill .chapchip:hover{background:var(--blue-50)}\r\n.cdrill .chapchip .no{font-size:11px;font-weight:800;color:var(--slate);font-variant-numeric:tabular-nums}\r\n.cdrill .chapchip .cn{font-size:12.6px;font-weight:600;color:var(--ink);letter-spacing:-.005em;\r\n  overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis;white-space:nowrap;text-transform:none}\r\n.cdrill .chapchip .cw{flex:none;font-size:10.5px;font-weight:800;background:var(--gold-bg);color:#8A6206;\r\n  border:1px solid #F2DFAE;padding:2px 8px;border-radius:99px;white-space:nowrap}\r\n.cdrill .chapchip .cc{flex:none;font-size:10.5px;font-weight:800;min-width:28px;padding:3px 7px;border-radius:6px;\r\n  text-align:center;font-variant-numeric:tabular-nums}\r\n.cdrill .chapchip .cc.yrs{background:#F4F7FD;color:var(--slate);font-weight:700}\r\n.cdrill .chapchip .cc.con{background:var(--blue-100);color:var(--blue-800)}\r\n.cdrill .chapchip[aria-pressed=true]{background:var(--blue-50);box-shadow:inset 3px 0 0 var(--blue-700)}\r\n.cdrill .chapchip[aria-pressed=true] .cn{color:var(--blue-800);font-weight:700}\r\n.cdrill .chapchip[aria-pressed=true] .cc.con{background:var(--blue-700);color:#fff}\r\n.cdrill .chapchip .done{flex:none;font-size:10.5px;font-weight:800;color:var(--ok)}\r\n\/* ---------- question ---------- *\/\r\n.cdrill .qhead{display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:space-between;gap:10px;flex-wrap:wrap;\r\n  background:linear-gradient(135deg,#F1F5FB 0%,#E4ECFB 100%);border-bottom:1px solid var(--line);\r\n  border-radius:var(--r) var(--r) 0 0;padding:13px 20px}\r\n.cdrill .qcount{font-family:var(--serif);font-weight:600;color:var(--blue-900);font-size:16.3px;letter-spacing:0}\r\n.cdrill .qmeta{display:flex;gap:8px;align-items:center;flex-wrap:wrap}\r\n.cdrill .badge-src{font-weight:800;font-size:11.5px;padding:5px 12px;border-radius:99px;white-space:nowrap;\r\n  letter-spacing:.03em}\r\n.cdrill .badge-src.pyq{background:linear-gradient(135deg,var(--blue-900),var(--blue-800));color:#fff}\r\n.cdrill .badge-src.con{background:var(--blue-100);color:var(--blue-800);border:1px solid #CBD8F6}\r\n.cdrill .badge-ch{display:flex;align-items:center;gap:7px;background:linear-gradient(180deg,var(--gold-lt),var(--gold));\r\n  color:#3A2A02;font-weight:800;font-size:12px;padding:6px 13px;border-radius:99px;max-width:340px}\r\n.cdrill .badge-ch span{overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis;white-space:nowrap}\r\n.cdrill .badge-w{display:flex;align-items:center;gap:6px;border:1.5px solid var(--gold-lt);color:#8A6206;\r\n  background:var(--gold-bg);font-weight:700;font-size:12px;padding:5px 12px;border-radius:99px}\r\n.cdrill .badge-m{font-weight:700;font-size:12px;padding:5px 12px;border-radius:99px;background:var(--blue-100);color:var(--blue-800)}\r\n.cdrill .qtags{display:flex;gap:6px;flex-wrap:wrap}\r\n.cdrill .qtag{font-weight:800;font-size:11.5px;padding:5px 11px;border-radius:99px;white-space:nowrap}\r\n.cdrill .qtag.weak{background:var(--bad-bg);color:var(--bad);border:1px solid #F3C2C6}\r\n.cdrill .qtag.flag{background:var(--gold-bg);color:#8A6206;border:1px solid #F2DFAE}\r\n.cdrill .qtag.done{background:var(--ok-bg);color:var(--ok);border:1px solid #A9DEC6}\r\n.cdrill .badge-m.weak{background:var(--bad-bg);color:var(--bad)}\r\n.cdrill .qbody{padding:22px}\r\n.cdrill .stem{font-family:var(--serif) !important;font-size:18.5px !important;line-height:1.7;\r\n  font-weight:600;margin:0 0 18px;color:#161b26;text-align:justify;hyphens:auto;-webkit-hyphens:auto}\r\n.cdrill .stem b{font-weight:700}\r\n.cdrill .qno{font-family:var(--serif);font-weight:700;color:#8A6206;margin-right:7px;\r\n  hyphens:none;-webkit-hyphens:none}\r\n.cdrill .qsheet{background:#fffef9;border:1px solid #e9e3d2;border-left:4px solid var(--gold);\r\n  border-radius:12px;padding:20px 22px;margin:0 0 18px}\r\n.cdrill .qsheet .lead,\r\n.cdrill .qsheet .intro,\r\n.cdrill .qsheet .close{font-family:var(--serif) !important;font-size:18.5px !important;line-height:1.7;\r\n  font-weight:600;color:#161b26;text-align:justify;hyphens:auto;-webkit-hyphens:auto}\r\n.cdrill .qsheet .intro{margin:16px 0 0}\r\n.cdrill .qsheet .close{margin:16px 0 0;text-align:left;hyphens:none;-webkit-hyphens:none}\r\n.cdrill .stmts{list-style:none;counter-reset:s;margin:4px 0 0;padding:0;display:block}\r\n.cdrill .stmts li{counter-increment:s;display:grid;grid-template-columns:30px 1fr;gap:4px;align-items:baseline;\r\n  font-family:var(--serif) !important;font-size:18.5px !important;font-weight:600;line-height:1.65;color:#161b26;\r\n  margin:12px 0 0 14px;text-align:justify;hyphens:auto;-webkit-hyphens:auto}\r\n.cdrill .stmts li::before{content:counter(s) \".\";font-family:var(--serif);font-weight:600;font-size:18.5px;color:#161b26}\r\n.cdrill .lists{display:grid;grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr;gap:34px;margin:18px 0 0}\r\n@media(max-width:760px){.cdrill .lists{grid-template-columns:1fr;gap:22px}}\r\n.cdrill .lcol h5{margin:0 0 10px;padding:0 0 9px;border-bottom:1px solid #DCD3BE;font-size:12px;font-weight:800;color:var(--ink)}\r\n.cdrill .lcol ul{list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0;display:grid;gap:12px}\r\n.cdrill .lcol li{display:grid;grid-template-columns:28px 1fr;align-items:baseline;\r\n  font-family:var(--serif) !important;font-size:17.5px;font-weight:600;line-height:1.6;color:#161b26}\r\n.cdrill .lcol li b{font-family:var(--serif);font-weight:600;font-size:17.3px;color:#8A6206}\r\n\/* options as bordered cards, matching the other pages *\/\r\n.cdrill .opts{display:flex;flex-direction:column;gap:9px}\r\n.cdrill .opt{font-family:var(--serif) !important;padding:12px 16px;border:1.5px solid var(--line);\r\n  border-radius:12px;cursor:pointer;display:flex;align-items:flex-start;gap:12px;transition:all .25s;\r\n  background:#fff;text-align:left;width:100%;-webkit-user-select:none;user-select:none}\r\n.cdrill .opt .txt{font-family:var(--serif) !important;font-size:18.5px !important;line-height:1.6;\r\n  color:#161b26;flex:1;min-width:0}\r\n.cdrill .opt:hover:not(:disabled){border-color:#5F86F0;background:#F6F9FF;transform:translateX(4px)}\r\n.cdrill .opt:disabled{cursor:default;opacity:1;transform:none}\r\n.cdrill .key{min-width:34px;font-family:var(--serif) !important;font-weight:600;font-size:17.3px !important;\r\n  color:#161b26;flex-shrink:0;line-height:1.6}\r\n.cdrill .opt.sel{border-color:var(--blue-700);background:#EFF5FF;box-shadow:0 0 0 1px var(--blue-700)}\r\n.cdrill .opt.sel::after{content:\"Selected\";font-family:'Plus Jakarta Sans',sans-serif;font-weight:800;\r\n  font-size:10.5px;letter-spacing:.08em;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--blue-800);align-self:center;white-space:nowrap}\r\n.cdrill .opt.right{border-color:var(--ok);background:#F0FDF6;box-shadow:0 0 0 1px var(--ok)}\r\n.cdrill .opt.right .key{color:#086945}\r\n.cdrill .opt.wrong{border-color:var(--bad);background:#FEF4F4;box-shadow:0 0 0 1px var(--bad)}\r\n.cdrill .opt.wrong .key{color:#A81F2B}\r\n.cdrill .mark{margin-left:auto;font-family:'Plus Jakarta Sans',sans-serif;font-weight:800;font-size:10.5px;\r\n  letter-spacing:.08em;text-transform:uppercase;white-space:nowrap;align-self:center}\r\n.cdrill .mark.r{color:var(--ok)} .cdrill .mark.w{color:var(--bad)}\r\n@media(prefers-reduced-motion:reduce){.cdrill .opt:hover:not(:disabled){transform:none}}\r\n.cdrill .hint{margin:12px 0 0;font-size:13.5px;font-weight:600;color:#8A6206;background:var(--gold-bg);\r\n  border:1px solid #F2DFAE;border-radius:10px;padding:10px 14px}\r\n.cdrill .actions{display:flex;gap:9px;flex-wrap:wrap;margin-top:18px;align-items:center}\r\n.cdrill .btn{padding:11px 20px;border-radius:11px;font-weight:700;font-size:14px;background:var(--blue-700);color:#fff;transition:.15s}\r\n.cdrill .btn:hover{background:var(--blue-800)}\r\n.cdrill .btn:disabled{opacity:.4;cursor:not-allowed}\r\n.cdrill .btn.ghost{background:var(--paper);border:1.5px solid var(--line);color:var(--ink)}\r\n.cdrill .btn.ghost:hover{border-color:var(--blue-700);color:var(--blue-800);background:var(--blue-50)}\r\n.cdrill .flagbtn{display:flex;align-items:center;gap:7px;padding:11px 18px;border-radius:11px;font-weight:700;font-size:14px;\r\n  border:1.5px solid var(--line);background:var(--paper);color:var(--slate);margin-left:auto;transition:.15s}\r\n.cdrill .flagbtn:hover{border-color:var(--gold);color:#8A6206;background:var(--gold-bg)}\r\n.cdrill .flagbtn[aria-pressed=true]{border-color:var(--gold);background:linear-gradient(180deg,var(--gold-lt),var(--gold));color:#3A2A02}\r\n.cdrill .kbd{display:inline-block;font-family:ui-monospace,Menlo,monospace;font-size:10.5px;padding:3px 6px;background:#fff;\r\n  border:1px solid var(--line);border-bottom-width:2px;border-radius:4px;font-weight:700}\r\n.cdrill .keys{margin-top:14px;padding-top:12px;border-top:1px dashed var(--line);font-size:11.5px;color:var(--slate);\r\n  display:flex;gap:14px;flex-wrap:wrap;font-weight:600}\r\n@media(max-width:700px){.cdrill .keys{display:none}}\r\n.cdrill .verdict{display:flex;align-items:center;gap:10px;font-weight:800;font-size:14px;margin:20px 0 0}\r\n.cdrill .verdict.r{color:var(--ok)} .cdrill .verdict.w{color:var(--bad)}\r\n.cdrill .expl{margin-top:12px;border:1px solid var(--line);border-left:4px solid var(--gold);border-radius:0 12px 12px 0;\r\n  background:#FCFDFF;padding:16px 18px;font-size:14.2px;line-height:1.68}\r\n.cdrill .expl .body{font-family:'Newsreader',Georgia,serif;font-size:16px;line-height:1.7}\r\n.cdrill .expl b{color:var(--blue-800)}\r\n.cdrill .expl-h{font-size:11px;letter-spacing:.14em;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--slate);font-weight:800;margin-bottom:8px}\r\n  font-weight:600;font-size:13px;color:var(--blue-800);transition:.14s}\r\n.cdrill .chip:hover:not(:disabled){background:var(--blue-700);border-color:var(--blue-700);color:#fff}\r\n.cdrill .ai-out{margin-top:12px;background:var(--paper);border:1px solid var(--line);border-radius:10px;padding:14px 16px;\r\n  font-size:14px;line-height:1.65}\r\n.cdrill .ai-out b{color:var(--blue-800)}\r\n.cdrill .offline{margin-top:12px;padding-top:10px;border-top:1px dashed #CBD8F6;font-size:11.5px;color:var(--slate);line-height:1.5}\r\n.cdrill .dots span{display:inline-block;width:6px;height:6px;border-radius:99px;background:var(--blue-700);margin-right:4px;animation:cdb 1.1s infinite}\r\n.cdrill .dots span:nth-child(2){animation-delay:.16s} .cdrill .dots span:nth-child(3){animation-delay:.32s}\r\n@keyframes cdb{0%,80%{opacity:.25;transform:translateY(0)}40%{opacity:1;transform:translateY(-3px)}}\r\n\/* ---------- rail ---------- *\/\r\n.cdrill .rail{display:grid;gap:16px;align-content:start}\r\n.cdrill .rail .card{padding:16px}\r\n.cdrill .rail h3{margin:0;font-size:11px;letter-spacing:.14em;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--slate);font-weight:800}\r\n.cdrill .score{display:flex;align-items:baseline;gap:8px;margin:10px 0 4px}\r\n.cdrill .score b{font-size:32px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:-.03em}\r\n.cdrill .score i{font-style:normal;color:var(--slate);font-size:13px;font-weight:600}\r\n.cdrill .bar{height:7px;border-radius:99px;background:var(--wash);overflow:hidden;margin-top:10px}\r\n.cdrill .bar>i{display:block;height:100%;background:linear-gradient(90deg,var(--ok),#37B37E);border-radius:99px;transition:width .4s}\r\n.cdrill .mini{display:flex;justify-content:space-between;font-size:12.5px;color:var(--slate);margin-top:8px;font-weight:600}\r\n.cdrill .streak{display:flex;gap:4px;margin-top:12px}\r\n.cdrill .streak i{flex:1;height:26px;border-radius:5px;background:var(--wash);border:1px solid var(--line)}\r\n.cdrill .streak i.r{background:var(--ok-bg);border-color:#A9DEC6}\r\n.cdrill .streak i.w{background:var(--bad-bg);border-color:#F3C2C6}\r\n.cdrill .nav-head{display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:space-between;gap:10px;padding:13px 16px;\r\n  border-bottom:1px solid var(--line);flex-wrap:nowrap}\r\n.cdrill .nav-head b{font-size:11px;letter-spacing:.14em;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--slate);font-weight:800}\r\n.cdrill .navtoggle{flex:none;white-space:nowrap;min-width:56px;text-align:center;\r\n  font-size:12px;font-weight:800;color:var(--blue-800);padding:5px 12px;border-radius:7px;\r\n  border:1px solid var(--line);background:var(--paper);letter-spacing:.02em;transition:.14s}\r\n.cdrill .nav-head b{min-width:0;overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis;white-space:nowrap}\r\n.cdrill .navtoggle:hover{border-color:var(--blue-700);background:var(--blue-50)}\r\n.cdrill .navgrid{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(6,minmax(0,1fr));gap:6px;\r\n  padding:14px 16px 12px;max-height:238px;overflow-y:auto;overflow-x:hidden}\r\n.cdrill .navgrid::-webkit-scrollbar{width:6px}\r\n.cdrill .navgrid::-webkit-scrollbar-thumb{background:#CBD5E1;border-radius:99px}\r\n.cdrill .navgrid::-webkit-scrollbar-track{background:transparent}\r\n.cdrill .nq{position:relative;box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;min-width:0;height:34px;padding:0;margin:0;\r\n  border-radius:8px;border:1px solid var(--line);background:var(--paper);\r\n  font-family:'Plus Jakarta Sans',system-ui,sans-serif;font-weight:700;font-size:11.5px;line-height:1;\r\n  color:var(--slate);display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:center;overflow:visible;\r\n  transition:background .12s,border-color .12s,color .12s;font-variant-numeric:tabular-nums;letter-spacing:-.02em}\r\n.cdrill .nq:hover{border-color:var(--blue-700);color:var(--blue-800);background:var(--blue-50)}\r\n@media(max-width:960px){.cdrill .navgrid{grid-template-columns:repeat(10,minmax(0,1fr))}}\r\n@media(max-width:520px){.cdrill .navgrid{grid-template-columns:repeat(7,minmax(0,1fr))}}\r\n.cdrill .nq.r{background:var(--ok-bg);border-color:#8FD3B6;color:#086945}\r\n.cdrill .nq.w{background:var(--bad-bg);border-color:#F0AEB4;color:#A81F2B}\r\n.cdrill .nq.cur{border-color:var(--blue-700);background:var(--blue-700);color:#fff}\r\n.cdrill .nq .fl{position:absolute;top:-5px;right:-4px;font-size:9.5px;line-height:1;\r\n  filter:drop-shadow(0 0 2px #fff)}\r\n.cdrill .nq.mastered::after{content:\"\";position:absolute;bottom:3px;left:50%;transform:translateX(-50%);\r\n  width:4px;height:4px;border-radius:99px;background:var(--ok)}\r\n.cdrill .legend{display:flex;gap:12px;flex-wrap:wrap;font-size:10.5px;color:var(--slate);font-weight:600;\r\n  padding:10px 16px 14px;border-top:1px solid var(--line);margin-top:4px}\r\n.cdrill .legend i{display:inline-block;width:9px;height:9px;border-radius:3px;margin-right:5px;vertical-align:-1px}\r\n\/* ---------- performance ---------- *\/\r\n.cdrill .perf{padding:24px 24px 32px;display:grid;gap:34px}\r\n.cdrill .ph{margin:0 0 10px;font-size:11px;letter-spacing:.14em;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--slate);font-weight:800}\r\n.cdrill .ph .secno{color:var(--gold);font-size:12px;letter-spacing:0}\r\n\/* ---------- performance blocks ---------- *\/\r\n.cdrill .pblock{border:1px solid var(--line);border-radius:16px;background:var(--paper);overflow:hidden}\r\n.cdrill .pbh{display:flex;align-items:flex-start;gap:16px;padding:20px 24px 18px;\r\n  background:linear-gradient(180deg,#FBFCFF,#F6F9FF);border-bottom:1px solid var(--line)}\r\n.cdrill .pbh .txt{flex:1;min-width:0}\r\n.cdrill .pbh h4{font-size:17px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:-.015em;color:var(--ink);margin:0 0 7px;\r\n  display:flex;align-items:center;gap:9px}\r\n.cdrill .pbh h4 .dot{width:7px;height:7px;border-radius:99px;background:var(--gold);flex:none}\r\n.cdrill .pbh p{font-size:13px;color:var(--slate);line-height:1.6;margin:0}\r\n.cdrill .pbh .pbtag{flex:none;font-size:10.5px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.07em;text-transform:uppercase;\r\n  color:var(--blue-800);background:var(--blue-100);border-radius:99px;padding:6px 13px;white-space:nowrap}\r\n.cdrill .bars{padding:8px 24px 18px}\r\n.cdrill .subhead{display:flex;align-items:baseline;gap:10px;flex-wrap:wrap;padding:18px 24px 2px;\r\n  border-top:1px solid #EEF2F9;margin-top:6px}\r\n.cdrill .subhead:first-of-type{border-top:0;margin-top:0}\r\n.cdrill .subhead h5{font-size:12.5px;font-weight:800;color:var(--ink);letter-spacing:.01em;margin:0}\r\n.cdrill .subhead span{font-size:11.8px;color:var(--slate);font-weight:600}\r\n.cdrill .hero2{display:grid;grid-template-columns:260px 1fr;gap:18px}\r\n@media(max-width:860px){.cdrill .hero2{grid-template-columns:1fr}}\r\n.cdrill .ring-card{background:linear-gradient(150deg,var(--blue-900),var(--blue-800) 70%,var(--blue-700));border-radius:var(--r);\r\n  padding:24px 20px;color:#fff;text-align:center;display:flex;flex-direction:column;align-items:center;justify-content:center}\r\n.cdrill .ring{position:relative;width:150px;height:150px}\r\n.cdrill .ring svg{transform:rotate(-90deg)}\r\n.cdrill .ring .bg{fill:none;stroke:rgba(255,255,255,.14);stroke-width:11}\r\n.cdrill .ring .fg{fill:none;stroke:var(--gold-lt);stroke-width:11;stroke-linecap:round;transition:stroke-dashoffset 1s ease}\r\n.cdrill .ring-txt{position:absolute;inset:0;display:flex;flex-direction:column;align-items:center;justify-content:center}\r\n.cdrill .ring-txt b{font-size:40px;font-weight:800;color:var(--gold-lt);letter-spacing:-.03em;line-height:1}\r\n.cdrill .ring-txt span{font-size:9.5px;letter-spacing:.12em;text-transform:uppercase;color:#BFDBFE;margin-top:5px;font-weight:700}\r\n.cdrill .verdict2{margin-top:14px;font-size:13.4px;color:#DBEAFE;line-height:1.55}\r\n.cdrill .verdict2 b{color:#fff}\r\n.cdrill .coach{border:1px solid var(--line);border-radius:var(--r);padding:18px 20px;background:var(--paper)}\r\n.cdrill .coach h4{font-size:14.5px;font-weight:800;margin-bottom:12px;display:flex;gap:8px;align-items:center}\r\n.cdrill .reco{display:flex;gap:12px;padding:11px 0;border-bottom:1px dashed var(--line);align-items:flex-start}\r\n.cdrill .reco:last-child{border-bottom:0}\r\n.cdrill .reco .ic{width:30px;height:30px;border-radius:8px;display:grid;place-items:center;font-size:13px;flex:none;margin-top:1px}\r\n.cdrill .reco .ic.hot{background:var(--bad-bg);color:var(--bad)}\r\n.cdrill .reco .ic.warm{background:var(--gold-bg);color:#8A6206}\r\n.cdrill .reco .ic.cool{background:var(--blue-100);color:var(--blue-800)}\r\n.cdrill .reco .ic.good{background:var(--ok-bg);color:var(--ok)}\r\n.cdrill .reco p{font-size:13.8px;line-height:1.55}\r\n.cdrill .reco .go{margin-left:auto;flex:none;background:var(--blue-50);color:var(--blue-800);border:1px solid #D4E2FB;\r\n  border-radius:8px;padding:6px 12px;font-size:11.5px;font-weight:800;white-space:nowrap;transition:.15s}\r\n.cdrill .reco .go:hover{background:var(--blue-700);color:#fff}\r\n.cdrill .planner{background:linear-gradient(135deg,#FFFDF6,#FFF8E8);border:1px solid #EADFC2;border-left:4px solid var(--gold);\r\n  border-radius:0 var(--r) var(--r) 0;padding:18px 20px;display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:space-between;gap:18px;flex-wrap:wrap}\r\n.cdrill .planner h4{font-size:17px;font-weight:800;margin-bottom:5px;letter-spacing:-.01em;\r\n  display:flex;align-items:center;gap:9px}\r\n.cdrill .planner p{font-size:13px;color:var(--slate);line-height:1.55;max-width:62ch}\r\n.cdrill .pbtns{display:flex;gap:10px;flex-wrap:wrap}\r\n.cdrill .pbtn{padding:11px 18px;border:1.5px solid var(--gold);border-radius:11px;background:#fff;color:#8A6206;\r\n  font-weight:800;font-size:13.5px;display:flex;gap:7px;align-items:center;white-space:nowrap;transition:.15s}\r\n.cdrill .pbtn:hover{background:var(--gold-bg)}\r\n.cdrill .pbtn.primary{background:linear-gradient(180deg,var(--gold-lt),var(--gold));color:#3A2A02;border-color:var(--gold)}\r\n.cdrill .pbtn.navy{background:var(--blue-900);border-color:var(--blue-900);color:#fff}\r\n.cdrill .pbtn.navy:hover{background:var(--blue-800);border-color:var(--blue-800)}\r\n.cdrill .kpis{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(auto-fit,minmax(150px,1fr));gap:12px}\r\n.cdrill .kpi{border:1px solid var(--line);border-radius:12px;padding:15px;background:linear-gradient(180deg,#fff,var(--blue-50))}\r\n.cdrill .kpi b{display:block;font-size:26px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:-.03em}\r\n.cdrill .kpi span{font-size:11.5px;color:var(--slate);font-weight:700;text-transform:uppercase;letter-spacing:.06em}\r\n.cdrill .tblwrap{overflow-x:auto;border:1px solid var(--line);border-radius:12px;background:#fff}\r\n\/* nested two-tier header, PYQ and concept side by side *\/\r\n.cdrill table.nested{min-width:880px}\r\n.cdrill table.nested thead th{background:var(--blue-700);border-bottom:0;padding:11px 10px;\r\n  font-size:10.6px;letter-spacing:.06em;vertical-align:middle}\r\n.cdrill table.nested thead th.grp{background:var(--blue-900);border-left:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,.16);\r\n  border-right:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,.16);font-size:11.4px;letter-spacing:.04em}\r\n.cdrill table.nested thead th.sub2{background:#2F62EA;font-size:10.2px;font-weight:600;padding:8px 10px}\r\n.cdrill table.nested thead th.lft{text-align:left;padding-left:14px}\r\n.cdrill table.nested td{padding:12px 10px;font-size:12.6px}\r\n.cdrill table.nested td.lft{text-align:left;padding-left:14px;font-weight:700;max-width:270px;\r\n  line-height:1.4;background:#FBFCFE;font-size:12.8px}\r\n.cdrill .wt{font-size:15px;font-weight:800;color:var(--blue-900)}\r\n.cdrill .wsub{font-size:10.6px;color:var(--slate);font-weight:700;margin-left:5px}\r\n.cdrill .nil{color:#B6C2D6;font-weight:700}\r\n.cdrill .minibar{height:6px;width:62px;margin:0 auto 4px;border-radius:99px;background:#EEF2F9;overflow:hidden}\r\n.cdrill .minibar>i{display:block;height:100%;border-radius:99px}\r\n.cdrill .miniv{font-size:11.4px;font-weight:800}\r\n.cdrill td.prac{white-space:nowrap}\r\n.cdrill td.prac .mini-go+.mini-go{margin-left:5px}\r\n.cdrill .mini-go.pyq{color:#fff;background:var(--blue-900);border-color:var(--blue-900)}\r\n.cdrill .mini-go.pyq:hover{background:var(--blue-800);border-color:var(--blue-800)}\r\n\/* numbered section headings *\/\r\n.cdrill .pbh h4 .secno{font-size:15px;font-weight:800;color:var(--gold);letter-spacing:0;\r\n  font-variant-numeric:tabular-nums;margin-right:2px}\r\n.cdrill .pbh .sechint{flex:none;font-family:'Newsreader',Georgia,serif;font-style:italic;font-size:12.8px;\r\n  color:var(--slate);white-space:nowrap;align-self:center}\r\n@media(max-width:760px){.cdrill .pbh .sechint{display:none}}\r\n.cdrill table.perf-t{border-collapse:collapse;width:100%;font-size:13px;min-width:760px}\r\n.cdrill table.perf-t th,.cdrill table.perf-t td{padding:10px;border-bottom:1px solid #EEF2F9;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle}\r\n.cdrill table.perf-t thead th{background:var(--blue-900);color:#fff;font-weight:700;font-size:11px;letter-spacing:.05em;text-transform:uppercase}\r\n.cdrill table.perf-t th:first-child,.cdrill table.perf-t td:first-child{text-align:left;padding-left:14px}\r\n.cdrill table.perf-t td:first-child{font-weight:700;max-width:280px;line-height:1.35;background:#FBFCFE}\r\n.cdrill .sub{display:block;font-size:10.6px;color:var(--slate);font-weight:600;margin-top:3px}\r\n.cdrill .tbar{height:6px;border-radius:99px;background:var(--wash);overflow:hidden;min-width:80px}\r\n.cdrill .tbar>i{display:block;height:100%;border-radius:99px}\r\n.cdrill .tag{display:inline-block;font-size:10.4px;font-weight:800;padding:3px 9px;border-radius:99px;text-transform:uppercase;letter-spacing:.04em}\r\n.cdrill .tag.hot{background:var(--bad-bg);color:var(--bad)}\r\n.cdrill .tag.warm{background:var(--gold-bg);color:#8A6206}\r\n.cdrill .tag.ok{background:var(--blue-100);color:var(--blue-800)}\r\n.cdrill .tag.good{background:var(--ok-bg);color:var(--ok)}\r\n.cdrill .tag.na{background:#F1F5F9;color:var(--slate)}\r\n.cdrill .mini-go{border:1px solid var(--line);border-radius:8px;padding:5px 10px;font-size:11.2px;font-weight:800;color:var(--blue-800);transition:.15s}\r\n.cdrill .mini-go:hover{background:var(--blue-700);color:#fff;border-color:var(--blue-700)}\r\n.cdrill .lrow{display:grid;grid-template-columns:minmax(150px,1.2fr) 2.4fr 96px;gap:18px;align-items:center;\r\n  padding:12px 10px;border-radius:9px;transition:background .13s;margin:0 -10px}\r\n.cdrill .lrow:hover{background:#FAFCFF}\r\n.cdrill .lrow+.lrow{border-top:1px solid #F1F5FB}\r\n@media(max-width:620px){.cdrill .lrow{grid-template-columns:1fr auto;row-gap:6px}.cdrill .lrow .ltrack{grid-column:1\/-1}}\r\n.cdrill .lname{font-size:13.4px;font-weight:700;line-height:1.35}\r\n.cdrill .lsub{display:block;font-size:10.8px;font-weight:600;color:var(--slate);margin-top:4px}\r\n.cdrill .ltrack{background:#EEF2F9;border-radius:99px;height:11px;overflow:hidden;\r\n  box-shadow:inset 0 1px 2px rgba(16,32,74,.05)}\r\n.cdrill .lfill{height:100%;border-radius:99px;transition:width .8s cubic-bezier(.22,.9,.28,1)}\r\n.cdrill .lval{text-align:right;font-size:16px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:-.02em}\r\n.cdrill .lval small{display:block;font-size:10px;font-weight:700;color:var(--slate);text-transform:uppercase;letter-spacing:.05em;margin-top:2px}\r\n.cdrill .split{display:grid;grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr;gap:16px}\r\n@media(max-width:860px){.cdrill .split{grid-template-columns:1fr}}\r\n.cdrill .panel{border:1px solid var(--line);border-radius:12px;padding:16px 18px}\r\n.cdrill .rev{display:flex;align-items:center;gap:10px;width:100%;text-align:left;background:#FAFBFE;border-left:3px solid var(--gold);\r\n  border-radius:8px;padding:10px 12px;margin-bottom:8px;font-size:12.6px;transition:.15s}\r\n.cdrill .rev:hover{background:var(--gold-bg);transform:translateX(3px)}\r\n.cdrill .rev .n{font-weight:800;color:#8A6206;flex:none}\r\n.cdrill .rev .t{flex:1;color:var(--slate);white-space:nowrap;overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis}\r\n.cdrill .rev .d{background:var(--gold);color:#3A2A02;padding:2px 8px;border-radius:99px;font-size:10.2px;font-weight:800;white-space:nowrap}\r\n.cdrill .danger{border:1px dashed #F3C2C6;border-radius:12px;background:#FFFAFA;padding:16px 18px;\r\n  display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:space-between;gap:14px;flex-wrap:wrap}\r\n.cdrill .danger p{font-size:13px;color:var(--slate);flex:1;min-width:220px;line-height:1.6}\r\n.cdrill .danger b{color:var(--bad)}\r\n.cdrill .dbtn{padding:11px 20px;background:#fff;border:1.5px solid #F3C2C6;border-radius:11px;color:var(--bad);\r\n  font-size:13px;font-weight:800;white-space:nowrap;transition:.15s}\r\n.cdrill .dbtn:hover{background:var(--bad);border-color:var(--bad);color:#fff}\r\n\/* ---------- exam analytics ---------- *\/\r\n.cdrill .rankrow{display:grid;grid-template-columns:26px minmax(120px,1.25fr) 2.2fr 42px 46px;gap:14px;\r\n  align-items:center;padding:9px 10px;margin:0 -10px;border-radius:9px;transition:background .13s}\r\n.cdrill .rankrow:hover{background:#FAFCFF}\r\n.cdrill .rankrow+.rankrow{border-top:1px dashed #EEF2F9}\r\n.cdrill .rankrow .rk{font-size:11.5px;font-weight:800;color:#B6C2D6;text-align:right;font-variant-numeric:tabular-nums}\r\n.cdrill .rankrow .rname{font-size:12.4px;font-weight:600;color:var(--blue-800);line-height:1.35;\r\n  overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis;white-space:nowrap}\r\n.cdrill .rankrow .rname.gold{color:#8A6206;font-weight:800}\r\n.cdrill .rankrow .rtrack{height:15px;border-radius:5px;background:#EEF2F9;overflow:hidden}\r\n.cdrill .rankrow .rtrack>i{display:block;height:100%;border-radius:5px;transition:width .8s cubic-bezier(.22,.9,.28,1)}\r\n.cdrill .rankrow .rv{font-size:15px;font-weight:800;text-align:right;font-variant-numeric:tabular-nums;letter-spacing:-.02em}\r\n.cdrill .rankrow .rp{font-size:11px;font-weight:700;color:var(--slate);text-align:right;font-variant-numeric:tabular-nums}\r\n@media(max-width:700px){.cdrill .rankrow{grid-template-columns:22px minmax(0,1fr) 34px 42px}\r\n  .cdrill .rankrow .rtrack{grid-column:1\/-1;order:9}}\r\n.cdrill table.hm{min-width:760px;font-size:12px}\r\n.cdrill table.hm thead th{background:var(--blue-700);padding:9px 6px;font-size:10.4px}\r\n.cdrill table.hm thead th.lft{text-align:left;padding-left:14px;min-width:230px}\r\n.cdrill table.hm thead th.tot{background:var(--blue-900)}\r\n.cdrill table.hm td{padding:7px 6px;font-size:11.8px;border-bottom:1px solid #F1F5FB;font-variant-numeric:tabular-nums}\r\n.cdrill table.hm td.lft{text-align:left;padding-left:14px;font-weight:600;font-size:11.8px;line-height:1.35;\r\n  background:#FBFCFE;max-width:250px}\r\n.cdrill table.hm td.tot{font-weight:800;background:#F4F7FD;color:var(--blue-900)}\r\n.cdrill table.hm tfoot td{background:var(--blue-700);color:#fff;font-weight:800;font-size:11.6px;padding:9px 6px;border:0}\r\n.cdrill table.hm tfoot td.lft{background:var(--blue-700);color:#fff;text-align:left;padding-left:14px}\r\n.cdrill .hmlegend{display:flex;align-items:center;gap:5px;padding:12px 24px 16px;font-size:10.8px;\r\n  color:var(--slate);font-weight:700}\r\n.cdrill .hmlegend i{width:26px;height:11px;border-radius:3px;display:inline-block;border:1px solid rgba(0,0,0,.05)}\r\n.cdrill .hmlegend span:last-child{margin-left:3px}\r\n.cdrill .cyc{display:flex;align-items:flex-end;gap:12px;padding:26px 24px 18px;overflow-x:auto}\r\n.cdrill .cycbar{display:flex;flex-direction:column;align-items:center;gap:7px;flex:1;min-width:52px}\r\n.cdrill .cycbar .cn{font-size:12.5px;font-weight:800;color:var(--blue-800);font-variant-numeric:tabular-nums}\r\n.cdrill .cycbar .cbar{width:100%;max-width:46px;border-radius:6px 6px 0 0;\r\n  background:linear-gradient(180deg,var(--gold-lt),var(--gold));transition:height .8s cubic-bezier(.22,.9,.28,1)}\r\n.cdrill .cycbar .cy{font-size:10.4px;font-weight:700;color:var(--slate);white-space:nowrap}\r\n.cdrill .empty{text-align:center;padding:40px 20px;color:var(--slate)}\r\n.cdrill .empty b{display:block;color:var(--ink);font-size:16px;margin-bottom:6px}\r\n.cdrill .toast{position:fixed;bottom:26px;left:50%;transform:translateX(-50%);background:var(--blue-900);color:#fff;\r\n  padding:12px 22px;border-radius:11px;font-weight:700;font-size:13.5px;z-index:9999;display:none;box-shadow:var(--shadow)}\r\n.cdrill .toast.show{display:block}\r\n.cdrill .toast.ok{background:var(--ok)}\r\n\/* ---------- content protection ---------- *\/\r\n.cdrill{-webkit-user-select:none;-moz-user-select:none;-ms-user-select:none;user-select:none;\r\n  -webkit-touch-callout:none;-webkit-tap-highlight-color:transparent}\r\n\/* inputs must stay usable, or the search box cannot be edited *\/\r\n.cdrill input,.cdrill textarea,.cdrill select{-webkit-user-select:text;user-select:text}\r\n.cdrill.allow-select{-webkit-user-select:text;user-select:text}\r\n.cdrill img,.cdrill svg{-webkit-user-drag:none;user-drag:none;pointer-events:none}\r\n.cdrill .navtoggle,.cdrill .tab,.cdrill button{-webkit-user-drag:none}\r\n\/* screen obscured while the window is not in front *\/\r\n.cdrill.veiled .qbody,.cdrill.veiled .perf,.cdrill.veiled .chaplist,.cdrill.veiled .yearlist{\r\n  filter:blur(9px);transition:filter .12s}\r\n.cdrill .veilmsg{position:absolute;inset:0;display:none;align-items:center;justify-content:center;\r\n  background:rgba(244,247,253,.72);z-index:40;font-weight:800;font-size:13.5px;color:var(--blue-900);\r\n  text-align:center;padding:20px;border-radius:var(--r)}\r\n.cdrill.veiled .veilmsg{display:flex}\r\n.cdrill{position:relative}\r\n\/* what a print or PDF export gets instead of the paper *\/\r\n.cdrill-printblock{display:none}\r\n@media print{\r\n  .cdrill{display:none!important}\r\n  .cdrill-printblock{display:block!important;padding:60px 40px;text-align:center;\r\n    font-family:'Plus Jakarta Sans',system-ui,sans-serif;color:#12246E}\r\n  .cdrill-printblock h2{font-size:20px;font-weight:800;margin:0 0 10px}\r\n  .cdrill-printblock p{font-size:13.5px;color:#5B6B85;line-height:1.7;max-width:60ch;margin:0 auto}\r\n}\r\n\/* ---------- mobile ---------- *\/\r\n@media(max-width:640px){\r\n  .cdrill .wrap{padding:0 14px}\r\n  \/* hero: tighter, and the stat tiles share the row evenly *\/\r\n  .cdrill .hero{padding-top:18px}\r\n  .cdrill .hero h1{font-size:19px}\r\n  .cdrill .hero p{font-size:12.6px;margin-bottom:14px}\r\n  .cdrill .hstats{gap:7px}\r\n  .cdrill .hstat{flex:1 1 0;min-width:0;padding:8px 10px;text-align:center}\r\n  .cdrill .hstat b{font-size:17px}\r\n  .cdrill .hstat span{font-size:8.8px;letter-spacing:.06em}\r\n  \/* tabs scroll sideways instead of wrapping onto two lines *\/\r\n  .cdrill .tabs{margin-top:16px;gap:5px;flex-wrap:nowrap;overflow-x:auto;scrollbar-width:none;\r\n    -webkit-overflow-scrolling:touch}\r\n  .cdrill .tabs::-webkit-scrollbar{display:none}\r\n  .cdrill .tab{flex:none;padding:10px 15px;font-size:12.6px;gap:6px;white-space:nowrap}\r\n  .cdrill .tab[aria-selected=true]{padding-bottom:13px}\r\n  \/* THE FIX: pills were shrinking to fit instead of scrolling, which cut\r\n     every label in half. flex:none makes the row scroll as intended. *\/\r\n  .cdrill .filters .wrap{padding-top:11px;padding-bottom:11px;gap:8px;\r\n    -webkit-overflow-scrolling:touch}\r\n  .cdrill .pill-f{flex:none;padding:8px 14px;font-size:12.6px;gap:6px}\r\n  .cdrill .pill-f .n{font-size:10.5px;padding:2px 7px}\r\n  \/* toolbar stacks *\/\r\n  .cdrill .grid{padding:14px 0 40px;gap:14px}\r\n  .cdrill .toolbar{gap:8px;padding-bottom:12px}\r\n  .cdrill .search{flex:1 1 100%;min-width:0}\r\n  .cdrill .tgl{flex:1;justify-content:center;padding:9px 12px;font-size:12.6px}\r\n  \/* question card *\/\r\n  .cdrill .qhead{padding:11px 14px;gap:8px}\r\n  .cdrill .qcount{font-size:15px;width:100%}\r\n  .cdrill .qmeta{gap:6px}\r\n  .cdrill .badge-ch{max-width:100%;font-size:11px;padding:5px 11px}\r\n  .cdrill .badge-m,.cdrill .badge-src,.cdrill .qtag{font-size:10.6px;padding:4px 10px}\r\n  .cdrill .qbody{padding:16px 14px 18px}\r\n  .cdrill .qsheet{padding:15px 15px 16px;border-radius:0 9px 9px 0}\r\n  .cdrill .stem,.cdrill .qsheet .lead,.cdrill .qsheet .intro,.cdrill .qsheet .close,\r\n  .cdrill .stmts li,.cdrill .opt .txt{font-size:16.6px !important;line-height:1.6}\r\n  .cdrill .lists{grid-template-columns:1fr;gap:18px}\r\n  .cdrill .opt{padding:11px 13px;gap:9px}\r\n  .cdrill .key{min-width:28px;font-size:16px !important}\r\n  .cdrill .opt.sel::after{display:none}\r\n  .cdrill .actions{gap:7px}\r\n  .cdrill .btn{flex:1;padding:11px 14px;font-size:13.4px;text-align:center}\r\n  .cdrill .flagbtn{margin-left:0;flex:1 1 100%;justify-content:center;padding:11px 14px}\r\n  .cdrill .expl{padding:14px 15px}\r\n  .cdrill .expl .body{font-size:15.4px}\r\n  \/* chapter list and navigator *\/\r\n  .cdrill .chaphead{padding:10px 14px;gap:8px}\r\n  .cdrill .chaphead .meta{margin-left:0;flex:1 1 100%;white-space:normal}\r\n  .cdrill .chapchip{padding:10px 14px;gap:7px}\r\n  .cdrill .chapchip .cn{font-size:12.2px}\r\n  .cdrill .yearlist{padding:14px;gap:8px}\r\n  .cdrill .ychip{flex:1 1 calc(33.333% - 6px);min-width:0;padding:10px 8px}\r\n  .cdrill .navgrid{grid-template-columns:repeat(8,minmax(0,1fr));max-height:none}\r\n  .cdrill .rail .card{padding:14px}\r\n  \/* performance and analytics *\/\r\n  .cdrill .perf{padding:16px 14px 24px;gap:22px}\r\n  .cdrill .pbh{padding:16px 15px 14px;gap:10px}\r\n  .cdrill .pbh h4{font-size:15.4px}\r\n  .cdrill .pbh p{font-size:12.4px}\r\n  .cdrill .bars{padding:6px 15px 14px}\r\n  .cdrill .hero2{gap:14px}\r\n  .cdrill .ring-card{padding:20px 16px}\r\n  .cdrill .coach{padding:15px}\r\n  .cdrill .reco{gap:10px}\r\n  .cdrill .reco p{font-size:13px}\r\n  .cdrill .reco .go{margin-left:0;flex:1 1 100%;margin-top:6px}\r\n  .cdrill .planner{padding:15px;gap:12px}\r\n  .cdrill .pbtns{width:100%;gap:8px}\r\n  .cdrill .pbtn{flex:1 1 100%;justify-content:center;padding:12px 14px}\r\n  .cdrill .kpis{grid-template-columns:repeat(2,minmax(0,1fr));gap:9px}\r\n  .cdrill .kpi{padding:12px}\r\n  .cdrill .kpi b{font-size:22px}\r\n  .cdrill .kpi span{font-size:10.4px}\r\n  .cdrill .panel{padding:14px}\r\n  .cdrill .danger{padding:14px}\r\n  .cdrill .dbtn{width:100%}\r\n  .cdrill .cyc{padding:20px 14px 14px;gap:8px}\r\n  .cdrill .cycbar{min-width:42px}\r\n  .cdrill .toast{left:14px;right:14px;transform:none;text-align:center;bottom:16px}\r\n}\r\n@media(max-width:380px){\r\n  .cdrill .hstat b{font-size:15.5px}\r\n  .cdrill .navgrid{grid-template-columns:repeat(6,minmax(0,1fr))}\r\n  .cdrill .ychip{flex:1 1 calc(50% - 5px)}\r\n  .cdrill .kpis{grid-template-columns:1fr}\r\n}\r\n\r\n\/* ===================================================================\r\n   UPSC PAPER SKIN  \u2014  scoped to .cdrill.paper\r\n   Remove the \"paper\" class on #cdRoot (or set CFG.paperMode = false)\r\n   to get the original card look back. Nothing above is overwritten.\r\n   =================================================================== *\/\r\n.cdrill.paper{\r\n  --pk-ink:#14161a; --pk-rule:#2b2f36; --pk-sheet:#fdfdfb; --pk-tint:#f4f6fa;\r\n  --pk-serif:'Source Serif 4','Charter','Bitstream Charter','Century Schoolbook',Georgia,serif;\r\n}\r\n\/* ---- the sheet ---- *\/\r\n.cdrill.paper .qbody{background:var(--pk-sheet);padding:34px clamp(20px,4vw,54px) 26px}\r\n.cdrill.paper .qsheet{background:transparent;border:0;padding:0;border-radius:0}\r\n\/* ---- question number: hanging indent, as the booklet sets it ---- *\/\r\n.cdrill.paper .qsheet .lead{position:relative;padding-left:3.1em}\r\n.cdrill.paper .qsheet .intro,\r\n.cdrill.paper .qsheet .close{padding-left:3.1em}\r\n.cdrill.paper .qno{position:absolute;left:0;top:0;width:2.5em;margin:0;text-align:left;\r\n  color:var(--pk-ink);font-weight:700;font-family:var(--pk-serif);font-variant-numeric:tabular-nums}\r\n\/* ---- body type ---- *\/\r\n.cdrill.paper .qsheet .lead,\r\n.cdrill.paper .qsheet .intro,\r\n.cdrill.paper .qsheet .close,\r\n.cdrill.paper .stem{font-family:var(--pk-serif) !important;font-size:17.5px !important;\r\n  line-height:1.62;font-weight:400;color:var(--pk-ink);text-align:justify;hyphens:auto;-webkit-hyphens:auto}\r\n.cdrill.paper .qsheet .close{text-align:left}\r\n\/* ---- numbered statements ---- *\/\r\n.cdrill.paper .stmts{margin:10px 0 0;padding-left:3.1em}\r\n.cdrill.paper .stmts li{grid-template-columns:2.5em 1fr;gap:0;align-items:baseline;margin:0 0 5px}\r\n.cdrill.paper .stmts li::before{font-family:var(--pk-serif);font-size:17.5px;font-weight:400;\r\n  color:var(--pk-ink);font-variant-numeric:tabular-nums}\r\n.cdrill.paper .stmts li span{font-family:var(--pk-serif);font-size:17.5px;line-height:1.62;color:var(--pk-ink)}\r\n\/* ---- options: printed lines, not cards ---- *\/\r\n.cdrill.paper .opts{display:block;margin-top:20px;padding-left:3.1em;gap:0}\r\n.cdrill.paper .opt{border:0 !important;background:transparent !important;box-shadow:none !important;\r\n  border-radius:4px;padding:5px 10px 5px 0;margin:0 0 3px;gap:0;align-items:baseline;transition:background .12s}\r\n.cdrill.paper .opt:hover:not(:disabled){background:var(--pk-tint) !important;transform:none}\r\n.cdrill.paper .opt .key{min-width:2.5em;font-family:var(--pk-serif) !important;font-size:17.5px !important;\r\n  font-weight:400;color:var(--pk-ink)}\r\n.cdrill.paper .opt .txt{font-family:var(--pk-serif) !important;font-size:17.5px !important;\r\n  line-height:1.62;color:var(--pk-ink);text-align:left}\r\n.cdrill.paper .opt.sel{background:var(--pk-tint) !important;box-shadow:inset 3px 0 0 var(--pk-rule) !important}\r\n.cdrill.paper .opt.sel::after{display:none}\r\n\/* after checking \u2014 a rule in the margin and a glyph, as a script is marked *\/\r\n.cdrill.paper .opt.right{background:transparent !important;box-shadow:inset 3px 0 0 #0F7A52 !important}\r\n.cdrill.paper .opt.wrong{background:transparent !important;box-shadow:inset 3px 0 0 #B3261E !important}\r\n.cdrill.paper .opt.right .key,.cdrill.paper .opt.right .txt{color:#0F7A52;font-weight:600}\r\n.cdrill.paper .opt.wrong .key,.cdrill.paper .opt.wrong .txt{color:#B3261E}\r\n.cdrill.paper .mark{font-family:var(--pk-serif);font-size:13px;font-weight:600;letter-spacing:0;\r\n  text-transform:none;padding-left:14px}\r\n.cdrill.paper .mark.r::before{content:\"\\2713  \"}\r\n.cdrill.paper .mark.w::before{content:\"\\2717  \"}\r\n\/* ---- tables inside a stem (the item-analysis question) ---- *\/\r\n.cdrill.paper .qsheet table{border-collapse:collapse;margin:12px 0 12px 3.1em;\r\n  font-family:var(--pk-serif);font-size:16px}\r\n.cdrill.paper .qsheet table td{border:1px solid var(--pk-rule);padding:5px 12px;text-align:center}\r\n.cdrill.paper .qsheet table tr td:first-child{text-align:left}\r\n\/* ---- booklet footer ---- *\/\r\n.cdrill.paper .paperfoot{margin:30px 0 0;padding-top:12px;border-top:1px solid #d8d5cc;\r\n  font-family:var(--pk-serif);font-size:13.5px;letter-spacing:.04em;color:#5a5f68;\r\n  display:flex;justify-content:space-between}\r\n.cdrill:not(.paper) .paperfoot{display:none}\r\n\/* ---- chrome kept, quietened ---- *\/\r\n.cdrill.paper .qhead{background:#f7f8f6;border-bottom:1px solid #e3e0d7}\r\n.cdrill.paper .qcount{font-family:var(--pk-serif);font-weight:600}\r\n.cdrill.paper .expl{background:#fff}\r\n\/* ---- mobile ---- *\/\r\n@media(max-width:700px){\r\n  .cdrill.paper .qbody{padding:22px 16px 18px}\r\n  .cdrill.paper .qsheet .lead,.cdrill.paper .qsheet .intro,.cdrill.paper .qsheet .close,\r\n  .cdrill.paper .stmts li span,.cdrill.paper .opt .key,.cdrill.paper .opt .txt{font-size:16px !important}\r\n  .cdrill.paper .qsheet .lead,.cdrill.paper .qsheet .intro,.cdrill.paper .qsheet .close,\r\n  .cdrill.paper .stmts,.cdrill.paper .opts{padding-left:2.4em}\r\n  .cdrill.paper .qno{width:2em}\r\n  .cdrill.paper .opt .key{min-width:2em}\r\n  .cdrill.paper .qsheet table{margin-left:0;font-size:14px}\r\n}\r\n\r\n\/* ===================================================================\r\n   PAGE TURN  \u2014  fires only when the question actually changes.\r\n   Disabled automatically under prefers-reduced-motion by the global\r\n   rule near the top of this stylesheet.\r\n   =================================================================== *\/\r\n.cdrill .card{overflow-x:hidden}\r\n.cdrill .qbody{position:relative;backface-visibility:hidden}\r\n\r\n\/* the shading that sweeps across a leaf as it lies flat *\/\r\n.cdrill .qbody::after{\r\n  content:\"\";position:absolute;inset:0;pointer-events:none;opacity:0;\r\n  background:linear-gradient(90deg,rgba(20,22,26,.16),rgba(20,22,26,0) 42%);\r\n}\r\n.cdrill .qbody.turn-b::after{\r\n  background:linear-gradient(270deg,rgba(20,22,26,.16),rgba(20,22,26,0) 42%);\r\n}\r\n\r\n\/* forward \u2014 the next leaf swings down on the spine at the left *\/\r\n.cdrill .qbody.turn-f{\r\n  transform-origin:left center;\r\n  animation:pgTurnF .34s cubic-bezier(.24,.72,.32,1) both;\r\n}\r\n.cdrill .qbody.turn-f::after{animation:pgShade .34s ease-out both}\r\n\r\n\/* back \u2014 mirrored, pivoting on the right *\/\r\n.cdrill .qbody.turn-b{\r\n  transform-origin:right center;\r\n  animation:pgTurnB .34s cubic-bezier(.24,.72,.32,1) both;\r\n}\r\n.cdrill .qbody.turn-b::after{animation:pgShade .34s ease-out both}\r\n\r\n@keyframes pgTurnF{\r\n  0%  {transform:perspective(1600px) rotateY(-24deg) translateX(14px);opacity:.25}\r\n  60% {opacity:1}\r\n  100%{transform:perspective(1600px) rotateY(0) translateX(0);opacity:1}\r\n}\r\n@keyframes pgTurnB{\r\n  0%  {transform:perspective(1600px) rotateY(24deg) translateX(-14px);opacity:.25}\r\n  60% {opacity:1}\r\n  100%{transform:perspective(1600px) rotateY(0) translateX(0);opacity:1}\r\n}\r\n@keyframes pgShade{\r\n  0%{opacity:1} 100%{opacity:0}\r\n}\r\n<\/style>\r\n<div class=\"cdrill\" id=\"cdRoot\">\r\n  <header class=\"hero\">\r\n    <div class=\"wrap\">\r\n      <div class=\"eyebrow\" id=\"cdEyebrow\">CSS ADDA \u00b7 PromotionExams.com<\/div>\r\n      <h1 id=\"cdTopic\">Chapter-wise Test Series<\/h1>\r\n      <p id=\"cdSub\">Chapter drills with a planner that builds your next sitting for you.<\/p>\r\n      <div class=\"hstats\">\r\n        <div class=\"hstat\"><b class=\"tnum\" id=\"hQ\">0<\/b><span>PYQs<\/span><\/div>\r\n        <div class=\"hstat\"><b class=\"tnum\" id=\"hYr\">0<\/b><span>Exam cycles<\/span><\/div>\r\n        <div class=\"hstat\"><b class=\"tnum\" id=\"hCh\">0<\/b><span>Chapters<\/span><\/div>\r\n        <div class=\"hstat\"><b class=\"tnum\" id=\"hMastered\">0%<\/b><span>Mastered<\/span><\/div>\r\n        <div class=\"hstat\"><b class=\"tnum\" id=\"hReady\">\u2014<\/b><span>Readiness<\/span><\/div>\r\n      <\/div>\r\n      <div class=\"tabs\" role=\"tablist\">\r\n        <button class=\"tab\" role=\"tab\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"quiz\">\u270f\ufe0f Practice<\/button>\r\n        <button class=\"tab\" role=\"tab\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"perf\">\ud83d\udcca My Performance <span class=\"pill hide\" id=\"perfPill\">!<\/span><\/button>\r\n        <button class=\"tab hide\" role=\"tab\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"exam\" id=\"tabExam\">\ud83d\udcdc Exam Analytics<\/button>\r\n      <\/div>\r\n    <\/div>\r\n  <\/header>\r\n  <div class=\"goldrule\"><\/div>\r\n  <div class=\"filters\" id=\"cdFilters\">\r\n    <div class=\"wrap\" role=\"group\" aria-label=\"Filter questions\">\r\n      <button class=\"pill-f\" data-f=\"all\" aria-pressed=\"true\">\ud83d\udccb All questions<span class=\"n tnum\" id=\"fAll\">0<\/span><\/button>\r\n      <button class=\"pill-f\" data-f=\"chapter\">\ud83d\udcda By chapter<\/button>\r\n      <button class=\"pill-f navy\" data-f=\"year\">\ud83d\udcdc Sit a full paper<span class=\"n tnum\" id=\"fYear\">0<\/span><\/button>\r\n      <button class=\"pill-f gold hide\" data-f=\"session\" id=\"pillSession\">\ud83e\udde9 <span id=\"sessLabel\">My session<\/span><span class=\"n tnum\" id=\"fSess\">0<\/span><\/button>\r\n      <button class=\"pill-f warn\" data-f=\"weak\">\u26a0\ufe0f Weak areas<span class=\"n tnum\" id=\"fWeak\">0<\/span><\/button>\r\n      <button class=\"pill-f\" data-f=\"flagged\">\ud83d\udd16 Flagged<span class=\"n tnum\" id=\"fFlag\">0<\/span><\/button>\r\n    <\/div>\r\n  <\/div>\r\n  <div class=\"wrap\">\r\n    <!-- ============ PRACTICE ============ -->\r\n    <div class=\"grid\" id=\"viewQuiz\">\r\n      <div>\r\n        <div class=\"toolbar\">\r\n          <div class=\"search\">\r\n            <svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\"><circle cx=\"11\" cy=\"11\" r=\"7\"\/><path d=\"M20 20l-3.5-3.5\"\/><\/svg>\r\n            <input id=\"cdSearch\" placeholder=\"Search a phrase or a rule number\" aria-label=\"Search questions\">\r\n          <\/div>\r\n          <button class=\"tgl\" id=\"tglUn\" aria-pressed=\"false\">\u25fb Unattempted only<\/button>\r\n          <button class=\"tgl\" id=\"tglReset\">\u21ba Reset session<\/button>\r\n        <\/div>\r\n        <section class=\"card chapcard hide\" id=\"chapPanel\">\r\n          <div class=\"chaphead\">\r\n            <b>\ud83d\udcda Filter by chapter<\/b><i id=\"chapHint\"><\/i>\r\n            <span class=\"meta\" id=\"ctxMeta\"><\/span>\r\n          <\/div>\r\n          <div class=\"chaplist\" id=\"chapList\" role=\"group\" aria-label=\"Choose chapter\"><\/div>\r\n        <\/section>\r\n        <section class=\"card chapcard hide\" id=\"yearPanel\">\r\n          <div class=\"chaphead\">\r\n            <b>\ud83d\udcdc Sit a full paper<\/b><i>\u2014 every question from one exam cycle, in order<\/i>\r\n            <span class=\"meta\" id=\"yearMeta\"><\/span>\r\n          <\/div>\r\n          <div class=\"yearlist\" id=\"yearList\" role=\"group\" aria-label=\"Choose exam cycle\"><\/div>\r\n        <\/section>\r\n        <section class=\"card hide\" id=\"emptyCard\">\r\n          <div class=\"qhead\"><span class=\"qcount\">Nothing to show<\/span><\/div>\r\n          <div class=\"empty\" id=\"emptyBody\"><\/div>\r\n        <\/section>\r\n        <section class=\"card\" id=\"qCard\">\r\n          <div class=\"qhead\">\r\n            <span class=\"qcount\" id=\"qCount\">Question 1 of 1<\/span>\r\n            <span class=\"qmeta\">\r\n              <span class=\"badge-src\" id=\"qSrc\">Concept<\/span>\r\n              <span class=\"badge-m\" id=\"qMastery\">Not seen yet<\/span>\r\n              <span class=\"badge-ch\"><span id=\"qChap\">Chapter<\/span><\/span>\r\n              <span id=\"qTags\" class=\"qtags\"><\/span>\r\n            <\/span>\r\n          <\/div>\r\n          <div class=\"qbody\">\r\n            <p class=\"stem\" id=\"qStem\"><\/p>\r\n            <div class=\"opts\" id=\"qOpts\"><\/div>\r\n            <div class=\"paperfoot\" id=\"cdFoot\"><\/div>\r\n            <div class=\"actions\">\r\n              <button class=\"btn\" id=\"btnCheck\">Check answer<\/button>\r\n              <button class=\"btn ghost\" id=\"btnPrev\">\u2190 Previous<\/button>\r\n              <button class=\"btn ghost\" id=\"btnNext\">Next \u2192<\/button>\r\n              <button class=\"flagbtn\" id=\"btnFlag\" aria-pressed=\"false\"><span id=\"flagIco\">\ud83c\udff3\ufe0f<\/span><span id=\"flagTxt\">Flag for review<\/span><\/button>\r\n            <\/div>\r\n            <p class=\"hint hide\" id=\"pickHint\">Choose an option above, then check your answer.<\/p>\r\n            <div id=\"result\" class=\"hide\">\r\n              <div class=\"verdict\" id=\"verdict\"><\/div>\r\n              <div class=\"expl\">\r\n                <div class=\"expl-h\">Source &amp; reasoning<\/div>\r\n                <div id=\"explBody\" class=\"body\"><\/div>\r\n              <\/div>\r\n            <\/div>\r\n          <\/div>\r\n        <\/section>\r\n      <\/div>\r\n      <aside class=\"rail\">\r\n        <section class=\"card\" id=\"navCard\" style=\"padding:0\">\r\n          <div class=\"nav-head\"><b id=\"navTitle\">Navigator<\/b><button class=\"navtoggle\" id=\"navToggle\">Hide<\/button><\/div>\r\n          <div class=\"navgrid\" id=\"navGrid\"><\/div>\r\n          <div class=\"legend\">\r\n            <span><i style=\"background:var(--ok-bg);border:1.5px solid #8FD3B6\"><\/i>Correct<\/span>\r\n            <span><i style=\"background:var(--bad-bg);border:1.5px solid #F0AEB4\"><\/i>Wrong<\/span>\r\n            <span><i style=\"background:var(--ok)\"><\/i>Mastered<\/span>\r\n          <\/div>\r\n        <\/section>\r\n        <div class=\"card\">\r\n          <h3>This session<\/h3>\r\n          <div class=\"score\"><b id=\"sPct\">\u2014<\/b><i id=\"sFrac\">0 of 0 correct<\/i><\/div>\r\n          <div class=\"bar\"><i id=\"sBar\" style=\"width:0\"><\/i><\/div>\r\n          <div class=\"mini\"><span id=\"sSeen\">0 attempted<\/span><span id=\"sLeft\">0 left here<\/span><\/div>\r\n          <div class=\"streak\" id=\"streak\"><\/div>\r\n        <\/div>\r\n        <div class=\"card\">\r\n          <h3 id=\"wHead\">Share on screen<\/h3>\r\n          <div class=\"score\"><b id=\"wPct\" style=\"color:#8A6206\">\u2014<\/b><i id=\"wUnit\">of this bank<\/i><\/div>\r\n          <p style=\"margin:8px 0 0;font-size:12.8px;color:var(--slate);line-height:1.55\" id=\"wNote\"><\/p>\r\n        <\/div>\r\n        <div class=\"card hide\" id=\"srcCard\">\r\n          <h3>Source text<\/h3>\r\n          <p style=\"margin:9px 0 12px;font-size:12.8px;color:var(--slate);line-height:1.55\">Every explanation here is drawn from the full text of the subject. Open it when a citation needs checking.<\/p>\r\n          <a class=\"btn\" id=\"srcLink\" href=\"#\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"display:block;text-align:center;text-decoration:none\">\ud83d\udcd6 Read the source<\/a>\r\n        <\/div>\r\n      <\/aside>\r\n    <\/div>\r\n    <!-- ============ EXAM ANALYTICS ============ -->\r\n    <div class=\"hide\" id=\"viewExam\">\r\n      <section class=\"card\" style=\"margin:20px 0 60px\">\r\n        <div class=\"qhead\"><span class=\"qcount\">Exam Analytics<\/span><span class=\"badge-w\" id=\"examCount\">0 PYQs<\/span><\/div>\r\n        <div class=\"perf\" id=\"examBody\"><\/div>\r\n      <\/section>\r\n    <\/div>\r\n    <!-- ============ PERFORMANCE ============ -->\r\n    <div class=\"hide\" id=\"viewPerf\">\r\n      <section class=\"card\" style=\"margin:20px 0 60px\">\r\n        <div class=\"qhead\"><span class=\"qcount\">My Performance<\/span><span class=\"badge-w\" id=\"perfCount\">0 attempted<\/span><\/div>\r\n        <div class=\"perf\" id=\"perfBody\"><\/div>\r\n      <\/section>\r\n    <\/div>\r\n  <\/div>\r\n  <div class=\"veilmsg\" id=\"veilMsg\">Paused \u2014 bring this window back to the front to continue<\/div>\r\n  <div class=\"toast\" id=\"toast\"><\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"cdrill-printblock\">\r\n  <h2>This test series is not available in print<\/h2>\r\n  <p>The questions, explanations and your progress are licensed for use on\r\n     PromotionExams.com and cannot be printed or saved as a PDF. Please\r\n     work through them on screen.<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<script>\r\n(function(){\r\n\"use strict\";\r\n\/* =====================================================================\r\n   1. CONFIGURATION  \u2190 EDIT PER SUBJECT\r\n   ===================================================================== *\/\r\nconst CFG = {\r\n  quizId : 'upsc-principal-2022',   \/\/ unique per page \u2014 this is the progress key\r\n  paperMode   : true,            \/\/ true \u2192 UPSC booklet look; false \u2192 original card look\r\n  bookletCode : 'JHGD-U-OFX',    \/\/ Principal 2022 = JHGD-U-OFX \u00b7 Vice-Principal 2022 = JMRE-B-KLI\r\n  topic  : 'UPSC Principal 2022 Paper- PYQs',       \/\/ e.g. 'Right to Information Act, 2005'\r\n  eyebrow: '',                   \/\/ e.g. 'UPSC SO \/ Steno LDCE \u00b7 Paper II'\r\n  sub    : 'Every previous year question on record, weighted by what the paper actually asks.',\r\n  \/* --- SOURCE PAGE --------------------------------------------------- *\/\r\n  sourceUrl   : '',                 \/\/ e.g. 'https:\/\/promotionexams.com\/your-source-page\/'\r\n  sourceLabel : 'full source text',\r\n  masteryThreshold : 3,     \/\/ clean correct answers before a question counts as mastered\r\n  weakThreshold    : 1,     \/\/ wrong attempts before a question is flagged weak\r\n  priorAccuracy : 0.30,     \/\/ expected-score model: shrink raw accuracy toward this\r\n  priorStrength : 6,\r\n  retention     : { baseDays:3, growth:2.5, riskBelow:0.70 },\r\n  highYield   : 15,         \/\/ a chapter with this many questions is called high-yield\r\n  sessionSize : 25,         \/\/ Focused set\r\n  mockSize    : 50          \/\/ Mixed paper\r\n};\r\n\/* =====================================================================\r\n   2. THE PYQ BANK  \u2190 PASTE YOUR QUESTIONS HERE\r\n      { id, year, chapter, question, options[], correct, explanation }\r\n   'year' may be a number or a cycle label such as '2009-11'.\r\n   Exam weight is COUNTED from this bank \u2014 nothing is set by hand.\r\n   The samples below are only so the page renders. Delete them.\r\n   ===================================================================== *\/\r\nconst pyqQuestions = [\r\n  {\r\n    \"id\": 1,\r\n    \"year\": \"2022\",\r\n    \"chapter\": \"General Knowledge & contemporary issues\",\r\n    \"question\": \"Which one of the following statements regarding \u201cDESH-Stack e-portal\u201d is correct?\",\r\n    \"options\": [\r\n      \"It is a portal through which citizens will be skilled so that they can improve their livelihood opportunities.\",\r\n      \"It is a portal to enable a single window access to services being provided by the various Government entities.\",\r\n      \"It is a portal to provide an online platform available to citizens day and night to lodge their grievances to the public authorities on any subject related to service delivery.\",\r\n      \"It is a portal to create a common online market platform in the country to facilitate pan-India trade in agricultural commodities.\"\r\n    ],\r\n    \"correct\": 0,\r\n    \"explanation\": \"<b>Correct Answer: A) A portal through which citizens will be skilled<\/b><br><br>\\nDESH-Stack e-portal (Digital Ecosystem for Skilling and Livelihood) was announced in the <b>Union Budget 2022-23<\/b> as an online platform to empower citizens to <i>skill, reskill and upskill<\/i> through on-line training, and to find relevant jobs and entrepreneurial opportunities.<br><br>\\n<b>Why the distractors are wrong:<\/b><br>\\n(B) describes <b>UMANG<\/b> \u2014 the single-window mobile app for government services.<br>\\n(C) describes <b>CPGRAMS<\/b> \u2014 the 24\u00d77 grievance redress platform.<br>\\n(D) describes <b>e-NAM<\/b> \u2014 the National Agriculture Market for pan-India trade in agricultural commodities.\"\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    \"id\": 2,\r\n    \"year\": \"2022\",\r\n    \"chapter\": \"General Knowledge & contemporary issues\",\r\n    \"question\": \"Consider the following agricultural produce:<br>1. Cereals<br>2. Cotton<br>3. Onions<br>4. Potatoes<br>5. Pulses<br>Which of the above categories of agricultural produce are covered under Minimum Support Price (MSP)?\",\r\n    \"options\": [\r\n      \"1, 2 and 5 only\",\r\n      \"2, 3 and 4 only\",\r\n      \"1, 3, 4 and 5 only\",\r\n      \"1, 2, 3, 4 and 5\"\r\n    ],\r\n    \"correct\": 0,\r\n    \"explanation\": \"<b>Correct Answer: A) 1, 2 and 5 only<\/b><br><br>\\nMSP is announced by the Government on the recommendation of the <b>Commission for Agricultural Costs and Prices (CACP)<\/b> for <b>22 mandated crops<\/b>, plus a Fair and Remunerative Price for sugarcane. The 22 comprise:<br>\\n\u2022 7 cereals \u2014 paddy, wheat, maize, bajra, jowar, ragi, barley<br>\\n\u2022 5 pulses \u2014 gram, tur\/arhar, moong, urad, lentil<br>\\n\u2022 7 oilseeds<br>\\n\u2022 4 commercial crops \u2014 <b>cotton<\/b>, copra, raw jute, sugarcane<br><br>\\n<b>Cereals (1) \u2713 \u00b7 Cotton (2) \u2713 \u00b7 Pulses (5) \u2713<\/b><br>\\n<b>Onions (3) \u2717 and Potatoes (4) \u2717<\/b> are perishable horticultural produce. They are <i>not<\/i> under MSP; they are handled under the <b>Price Stabilisation Fund<\/b> and the <b>Market Intervention Scheme (MIS)<\/b>, which are triggered on a case-by-case basis rather than announced in advance.\"\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    \"id\": 3,\r\n    \"year\": \"2022\",\r\n    \"chapter\": \"General Knowledge & contemporary issues\",\r\n    \"question\": \"In which one of the following National Parks of India is there a proposal to reintroduce cheetah from Africa?\",\r\n    \"options\": [\r\n      \"Bandhavgarh National Park\",\r\n      \"Kanha National Park\",\r\n      \"Kuno National Park\",\r\n      \"Manas National Park\"\r\n    ],\r\n    \"correct\": 2,\r\n    \"explanation\": \"<b>Correct Answer: C) Kuno National Park<\/b><br><br>\\n<b>Kuno National Park<\/b> in Sheopur district, Madhya Pradesh, was selected as the site for <b>Project Cheetah<\/b>. The first batch of eight Namibian cheetahs was released there on <b>17 September 2022<\/b>, two months after this paper was set.<br><br>\\nKuno was originally prepared as an alternative home for Asiatic lions from Gir. Its open grassland\u2013savannah habitat and prey base made it the preferred site among ten surveyed locations.<br><br>\\n<b>Distractors:<\/b> Bandhavgarh and Kanha (MP) are tiger reserves; Manas (Assam) is a tiger reserve and UNESCO World Heritage Site.\"\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    \"id\": 4,\r\n    \"year\": \"2022\",\r\n    \"chapter\": \"General Knowledge & contemporary issues\",\r\n    \"question\": \"Which one of the following Indian musical instruments is traditionally made of buffalo horn?\",\r\n    \"options\": [\r\n      \"Kurum Kuzhal\",\r\n      \"Nadaswaram\",\r\n      \"Pungi\",\r\n      \"Pepa\"\r\n    ],\r\n    \"correct\": 3,\r\n    \"explanation\": \"<b>Correct Answer: D) Pepa<\/b><br><br>\\nThe <b>Pepa<\/b> is a wind instrument of <b>Assam<\/b>, made from a <b>buffalo horn<\/b> attached to a bamboo pipe. It is inseparably associated with <b>Bihu<\/b> celebrations.<br><br>\\n<b>Distractors:<\/b><br>\\n\u2022 <b>Kurum Kuzhal<\/b> \u2014 a wooden tribal pipe of the Nilgiris (Tamil Nadu).<br>\\n\u2022 <b>Nadaswaram<\/b> \u2014 a large double-reed wooden wind instrument of Tamil Nadu, central to temple music.<br>\\n\u2022 <b>Pungi<\/b> (been) \u2014 made from a <b>dried bottle gourd<\/b> with reed pipes; associated with snake charmers.\"\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    \"id\": 5,\r\n    \"year\": \"2022\",\r\n    \"chapter\": \"General Knowledge & contemporary issues\",\r\n    \"question\": \"Which one of the following countries pledged to invest $ 42 billion in India over the next five years?\",\r\n    \"options\": [\r\n      \"Australia\",\r\n      \"France\",\r\n      \"Japan\",\r\n      \"United Kingdom\"\r\n    ],\r\n    \"correct\": 2,\r\n    \"explanation\": \"<b>Correct Answer: C) Japan<\/b><br><br>\\nDuring Japanese Prime Minister <b>Fumio Kishida's visit to India in March 2022<\/b> for the 14th India-Japan Annual Summit, Japan announced an investment target of <b>5 trillion yen (approximately $42 billion)<\/b> in India over the following five years.<br><br>\\nThis built on the earlier \u00a53.5 trillion target set in 2014. The India-Japan economic partnership also covers the Mumbai-Ahmedabad High Speed Rail project and the India-Japan Industrial Competitiveness Partnership.\"\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    \"id\": 6,\r\n    \"year\": \"2022\",\r\n    \"chapter\": \"General Knowledge & contemporary issues\",\r\n    \"question\": \"Consider the following statements regarding PM-KISAN Scheme:<br>1. Under the scheme, landholding farmer families are given a financial support of \u20b9 6,000 per year.<br>2. The tenants of agricultural lands can avail the financial benefits under the scheme by submitting the documentary proof of their tenancy.<br>3. Under this scheme, Aadhar validation is not compulsory.<br>Which of the statements given above is\/are correct?\",\r\n    \"options\": [\r\n      \"1 only\",\r\n      \"2 only\",\r\n      \"2 and 3\",\r\n      \"1 and 2\"\r\n    ],\r\n    \"correct\": 0,\r\n    \"explanation\": \"<b>Correct Answer: A) 1 only<\/b><br><br>\\n<b>Statement 1: CORRECT \u2713<\/b><br>\\nPM-KISAN (Pradhan Mantri Kisan Samman Nidhi), launched in February 2019, provides <b>\u20b96,000 per year<\/b> to eligible landholding farmer families in <b>three equal instalments of \u20b92,000<\/b> every four months, transferred by DBT.<br><br>\\n<b>Statement 2: INCORRECT \u2717<\/b><br>\\nThe benefit is tied to <b>land ownership records<\/b>. <b>Tenant farmers and sharecroppers are expressly excluded<\/b>, however they document their tenancy. This has been one of the most criticised design features of the scheme.<br><br>\\n<b>Statement 3: INCORRECT \u2717<\/b><br>\\n<b>Aadhaar is mandatory.<\/b> Aadhaar seeding and e-KYC are compulsory for receiving instalments; the initial relaxation for North-Eastern States has since been withdrawn.\"\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    \"id\": 7,\r\n    \"year\": \"2022\",\r\n    \"chapter\": \"General Knowledge & contemporary issues\",\r\n    \"question\": \"The terms \u201cPatan Patola\u201d and \u201cMadurai Sungudi\u201d are related to:\",\r\n    \"options\": [\r\n      \"Brassware\",\r\n      \"Fabrics\",\r\n      \"Building designs\",\r\n      \"Wooden handicrafts\"\r\n    ],\r\n    \"correct\": 1,\r\n    \"explanation\": \"<b>Correct Answer: B) Fabrics<\/b><br><br>\\nBoth are <b>GI-tagged textiles<\/b>.<br><br>\\n\u2022 <b>Patan Patola<\/b> \u2014 the double-ikat silk sari of Patan, <b>Gujarat<\/b>, woven by the Salvi families. Both warp and weft are resist-dyed before weaving, so the pattern is identical on both faces. Famously so durable that a Gujarati saying holds the fabric may tear but its colour will not fade.<br>\\n\u2022 <b>Madurai Sungudi<\/b> \u2014 the tie-and-dye cotton sari of Madurai, <b>Tamil Nadu<\/b>, introduced by Saurashtrian migrant weavers, distinguished by fine hand-knotted dot patterns.\"\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    \"id\": 8,\r\n    \"year\": \"2022\",\r\n    \"chapter\": \"General Knowledge & contemporary issues\",\r\n    \"question\": \"Consider the following pairs:<br>(Festival) : (Popular in State)<br>1. Chhau : Karnataka<br>2. Domahi : Odisha<br>3. Hornbill : Nagaland<br>4. Wanchuwa : Assam<br>Which of the pairs given above are correctly matched?\",\r\n    \"options\": [\r\n      \"1 and 2\",\r\n      \"1 and 3\",\r\n      \"2 and 4\",\r\n      \"3 and 4\"\r\n    ],\r\n    \"correct\": 3,\r\n    \"explanation\": \"<b>Correct Answer: D) 3 and 4<\/b><br><br>\\n<b>Pair 1: INCORRECT \u2717<\/b> \u2014 <b>Chhau<\/b> is a masked martial dance of <b>Odisha (Mayurbhanj), Jharkhand (Seraikella) and West Bengal (Purulia)<\/b>, inscribed on the UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage list. It has no connection with Karnataka.<br><br>\\n<b>Pair 2: INCORRECT \u2717<\/b> \u2014 <b>Domahi<\/b> is another name for <b>Bohag Bihu in Assam<\/b>, marking the meeting of two months, not an Odia festival.<br><br>\\n<b>Pair 3: CORRECT \u2713<\/b> \u2014 the <b>Hornbill Festival<\/b> is Nagaland's \\\"festival of festivals\\\", held at Kisama near Kohima every December.<br><br>\\n<b>Pair 4:<\/b> Marked correct in the key by elimination. Note for accuracy: <b>Wanchuwa<\/b> is generally documented as a post-harvest festival of the <b>Phom Naga tribe of Nagaland<\/b>. With pairs 1 and 2 both clearly wrong, (D) is nevertheless the only tenable option.\"\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    \"id\": 9,\r\n    \"year\": \"2022\",\r\n    \"chapter\": \"General Knowledge & contemporary issues\",\r\n    \"question\": \"Consider the following pairs:<br>(Area) : (Description)<br>1. Kaas Pathar : Plateau of flowers<br>2. Rann of Kutch : Salt desert<br>3. Sundarbans : Mangrove forest<br>Which of the pairs given above are correctly matched?\",\r\n    \"options\": [\r\n      \"1 and 2 only\",\r\n      \"2 and 3 only\",\r\n      \"1 and 3 only\",\r\n      \"1, 2 and 3\"\r\n    ],\r\n    \"correct\": 3,\r\n    \"explanation\": \"<b>Correct Answer: D) 1, 2 and 3<\/b><br><br>\\nAll three pairs are correct.<br><br>\\n<b>1. Kaas Pathar \u2713<\/b> \u2014 the Kaas Plateau in Satara district, Maharashtra, a lateritic plateau in the Western Ghats that bursts into hundreds of species of wildflowers during the post-monsoon weeks. Part of the Western Ghats UNESCO World Heritage Site.<br><br>\\n<b>2. Rann of Kutch \u2713<\/b> \u2014 a vast seasonal salt marsh in Gujarat, among the largest salt deserts in the world; the Great Rann floods in monsoon and dries into a white salt crust.<br><br>\\n<b>3. Sundarbans \u2713<\/b> \u2014 the largest mangrove forest on earth, in the Ganga-Brahmaputra delta across India and Bangladesh; a UNESCO World Heritage Site and home to the Royal Bengal Tiger.\"\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    \"id\": 10,\r\n    \"year\": \"2022\",\r\n    \"chapter\": \"General Knowledge & contemporary issues\",\r\n    \"question\": \"Consider the following statements regarding cryptocurrencies in India:<br>1. Transactions involving cryptocurrencies are not done through commercial banks.<br>2. There are no cryptocurrency exchanges in India.<br>3. Cryptocurrencies cannot be used in money laundering.<br>4. Cryptocurrencies cannot be regulated by any financial sector regulator.<br>Which of the statements given above are correct?\",\r\n    \"options\": [\r\n      \"1, 2 and 3 only\",\r\n      \"2, 3 and 4 only\",\r\n      \"1 and 4 only\",\r\n      \"1, 2, 3 and 4\"\r\n    ],\r\n    \"correct\": 2,\r\n    \"explanation\": \"<b>Correct Answer: C) 1 and 4 only<\/b><br><br>\\n<b>Statement 1: CORRECT \u2713<\/b> \u2014 Crypto transactions settle on distributed ledgers directly between wallets. Commercial banks are not part of the settlement chain, which is precisely why the system operates outside conventional banking supervision.<br><br>\\n<b>Statement 2: INCORRECT \u2717<\/b> \u2014 Several Indian exchanges operate. The RBI's 2018 banking ban on crypto dealings was <b>set aside by the Supreme Court in <i>Internet and Mobile Association of India v. RBI<\/i> (March 2020)<\/b>, after which exchanges resumed.<br><br>\\n<b>Statement 3: INCORRECT \u2717<\/b> \u2014 The pseudonymity of crypto makes it a recognised money-laundering and terror-financing risk. India brought virtual digital asset service providers under the <b>Prevention of Money Laundering Act<\/b> in March 2023.<br><br>\\n<b>Statement 4: CORRECT \u2713<\/b> \u2014 As at the time of the paper, no statutory regulator (RBI, SEBI, IRDAI) had jurisdiction over cryptocurrencies. Income was taxed at 30% with 1% TDS from 2022-23, but taxation is not regulation.\"\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    \"id\": 11,\r\n    \"year\": \"2022\",\r\n    \"chapter\": \"Reasoning & Quantitative Aptitude\",\r\n    \"question\": \"A company buys four commodities C\u2081, C\u2082, C\u2083 and C\u2084 to produce a product. Old rates (\u20b9\/unit): C\u2081 = 1000, C\u2082 = 850, C\u2083 = 640, C\u2084 = 4. New rates (\u20b9\/unit): C\u2081 = 1200, C\u2082 = 900, C\u2083 = 800, C\u2084 = 12. To produce 100 units of the product it requires 2, 4, 5 and 20 units of C\u2081, C\u2082, C\u2083 and C\u2084 respectively. If there is no change in the labour charges, what is the change in the production cost per unit of the product?\",\r\n    \"options\": [\r\n      \"\u20b9 1\u00b756\",\r\n      \"\u20b9 15\u00b760\",\r\n      \"\u20b9 156\",\r\n      \"\u20b9 1560\"\r\n    ],\r\n    \"correct\": 1,\r\n    \"explanation\": \"<b>Correct Answer: B) \u20b9 15\u00b760<\/b><br><br>\\n<b>Step 1 \u2014 Old cost of materials for 100 units:<\/b><br>\\n(2 \u00d7 1000) + (4 \u00d7 850) + (5 \u00d7 640) + (20 \u00d7 4)<br>\\n= 2000 + 3400 + 3200 + 80 = <b>\u20b9 8,680<\/b><br><br>\\n<b>Step 2 \u2014 New cost of materials for 100 units:<\/b><br>\\n(2 \u00d7 1200) + (4 \u00d7 900) + (5 \u00d7 800) + (20 \u00d7 12)<br>\\n= 2400 + 3600 + 4000 + 240 = <b>\u20b9 10,240<\/b><br><br>\\n<b>Step 3 \u2014 Change for 100 units:<\/b> 10,240 \u2212 8,680 = <b>\u20b9 1,560<\/b><br><br>\\n<b>Step 4 \u2014 Change per unit:<\/b> 1560 \u00f7 100 = <b>\u20b9 15\u00b760<\/b><br><br>\\n<i>Trap:<\/i> option (D) \u20b91560 is the change for the whole batch of 100 units \u2014 the question asks per unit. Labour is unchanged, so it drops out of the comparison entirely.\"\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    \"id\": 12,\r\n    \"year\": \"2022\",\r\n    \"chapter\": \"Reasoning & Quantitative Aptitude\",\r\n    \"question\": \"The mother of E is F, and the mother of B is A. The spouse of D is A and the spouse of B is F. What is the relation of D with E?\",\r\n    \"options\": [\r\n      \"Father's father\",\r\n      \"Mother's father\",\r\n      \"Mother's mother\",\r\n      \"Father's mother\"\r\n    ],\r\n    \"correct\": 0,\r\n    \"explanation\": \"<b>Correct Answer: A) Father's father<\/b><br><br>\\n<b>Work backwards from E:<\/b><br>\\n\u2022 Mother of E is <b>F<\/b> \u2192 F is E's mother.<br>\\n\u2022 Spouse of B is F \u2192 <b>B is E's father<\/b>.<br>\\n\u2022 Mother of B is <b>A<\/b> \u2192 A is E's paternal grandmother.<br>\\n\u2022 Spouse of D is A \u2192 <b>D is E's paternal grandfather<\/b>.<br><br>\\n<b>Chain:<\/b> D \u2192 (spouse) A \u2192 (son) B \u2192 (child) E<br><br>\\nSo D is the father of E's father, that is, <b>father's father<\/b>.<br><br>\\n<i>Note:<\/i> D must be male because A (female, being a mother) is D's spouse; and B must be male because F (female, being E's mother) is B's spouse.\"\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    \"id\": 13,\r\n    \"year\": \"2022\",\r\n    \"chapter\": \"Reasoning & Quantitative Aptitude\",\r\n    \"question\": \"A newspaper distributing agency supplies one latest issue of a daily newspaper if 20 old issues of the same newspaper are returned to the agency. One person had exactly 8000 old issues of the newspaper. For how long can this person receive the latest issue of the newspaper without making any payment, if he returns all the issues he receives?\",\r\n    \"options\": [\r\n      \"400 days\",\r\n      \"420 days\",\r\n      \"421 days\",\r\n      \"425 days\"\r\n    ],\r\n    \"correct\": 2,\r\n    \"explanation\": \"<b>Correct Answer: C) 421 days<\/b><br><br>\\nThis is a successive-exchange problem. Each issue received is read and then becomes an old issue available for further exchange.<br><br>\\n<b>Round 1:<\/b> 8000 \u00f7 20 = <b>400<\/b> new issues. These 400 become old.<br>\\n<b>Round 2:<\/b> 400 \u00f7 20 = <b>20<\/b> new issues. These 20 become old.<br>\\n<b>Round 3:<\/b> 20 \u00f7 20 = <b>1<\/b> new issue. This 1 becomes old.<br>\\n<b>Round 4:<\/b> Only 1 old issue remains \u2014 fewer than 20, so no further exchange.<br><br>\\n<b>Total = 400 + 20 + 1 = 421 issues, hence 421 days.<\/b><br><br>\\n<i>Shortcut check:<\/i> each new issue effectively consumes 19 old ones (20 given, 1 returned). 8000 \u00f7 19 = 421\u00b705, and the integer part 421 confirms the answer.<br><br>\\n<i>Trap:<\/i> option (A) 400 is the answer if you stop after the first exchange.\"\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    \"id\": 14,\r\n    \"year\": \"2022\",\r\n    \"chapter\": \"Reasoning & Quantitative Aptitude\",\r\n    \"question\": \"Which one of the following diagrams is the best representation of cricketers, players and business persons?\",\r\n    \"options\": [\r\n      \"A small circle wholly inside a larger circle, with a third separate circle outside\",\r\n      \"Three concentric circles, one inside the other\",\r\n      \"Three circles overlapping one another in a row\",\r\n      \"One circle inside an ellipse, with a second circle overlapping both\"\r\n    ],\r\n    \"correct\": 0,\r\n    \"explanation\": \"<b>Correct Answer: A) Small circle inside a larger circle, plus a separate third circle<\/b><br><br>\\n<b>Cricketers \u2282 Players:<\/b> every cricketer is a player, but not every player is a cricketer. This requires <b>full inclusion<\/b> \u2014 a small circle entirely within a larger one.<br><br>\\n<b>Business persons:<\/b> a distinct occupational category with no defining overlap with either \u2014 represented by a <b>separate circle<\/b>.<br><br>\\n<b>Why the others fail:<\/b><br>\\n(B) Three concentric circles would mean business persons \u2282 cricketers \u2282 players, which is absurd.<br>\\n(C) Three mutually overlapping circles would mean some players are not cricketers <i>and<\/i> some cricketers are not players \u2014 the latter is false.<br>\\n(D) Making business persons overlap the other two implies every business-person category necessarily includes cricketers, which the standard convention does not assume.\"\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    \"id\": 15,\r\n    \"year\": \"2022\",\r\n    \"chapter\": \"Reasoning & Quantitative Aptitude\",\r\n    \"question\": \"Consider the following pairs of words:<br>1. Cotton and hard<br>2. Rubber and brittle<br>Which one of the following pairs is analogous to (1) and (2)?\",\r\n    \"options\": [\r\n      \"Fire and slow\",\r\n      \"Steel and cold\",\r\n      \"Ocean and tiny\",\r\n      \"Moon and new\"\r\n    ],\r\n    \"correct\": 2,\r\n    \"explanation\": \"<b>Correct Answer: C) Ocean and tiny<\/b><br><br>\\n<b>Identify the relationship:<\/b> in each given pair, the second word <b>contradicts the defining physical property<\/b> of the first.<br>\\n\u2022 Cotton is characteristically <b>soft<\/b> \u2192 \\\"hard\\\" is its antonym.<br>\\n\u2022 Rubber is characteristically <b>elastic\/flexible<\/b> \u2192 \\\"brittle\\\" is its antonym.<br><br>\\n<b>Apply it:<\/b> an ocean is characteristically <b>vast<\/b> \u2192 \\\"tiny\\\" is its antonym. The relationship holds. \u2713<br><br>\\n<b>Why the others fail:<\/b><br>\\n(B) <b>Steel and cold<\/b> \u2014 steel <i>can<\/i> be cold; no contradiction.<br>\\n(D) <b>Moon and new<\/b> \u2014 \\\"new moon\\\" is a real, established phase; no contradiction.<br>\\n(A) <b>Fire and slow<\/b> \u2014 the closest competitor, since fire is associated with rapid spread. But the given pairs both contradict a <i>material\/tactile<\/i> property, and \\\"vast versus tiny\\\" is the cleaner physical-attribute antonym of the kind the pattern establishes.\"\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    \"id\": 16,\r\n    \"year\": \"2022\",\r\n    \"chapter\": \"Reasoning & Quantitative Aptitude\",\r\n    \"question\": \"Consider the following statement:<br>\u201cEvery X is Y, but every X is not Z.\u201d<br>Which one of the following is true with respect to the above statement?\",\r\n    \"options\": [\r\n      \"Not every Y is Z\",\r\n      \"Not every Z is X\",\r\n      \"Not every Z is Y\",\r\n      \"Not every Y is X\"\r\n    ],\r\n    \"correct\": 0,\r\n    \"explanation\": \"<b>Correct Answer: A) Not every Y is Z<\/b><br><br>\\n<b>Given:<\/b> (i) Every X is Y, so X \u2286 Y. (ii) Every X is not Z \u2014 meaning at least some members of X fall outside Z.<br><br>\\n<b>Derivation:<\/b> Take any member of X that is not Z. By (i) that member is also a Y. So there exists at least one Y that is not Z. Therefore <b>\\\"Not every Y is Z\\\" must be true.<\/b> \u2713<br><br>\\n<b>Why this option is the safest:<\/b> it holds under <i>either<\/i> reading of the ambiguous phrase \\\"every X is not Z\\\" \u2014 whether it means \\\"no X is Z\\\" or \\\"not all X are Z\\\". That robustness is what makes it the intended answer.<br><br>\\n<b>Why the others fail:<\/b><br>\\n(B) <b>Not every Z is X<\/b> \u2014 plausible, but it collapses if Z is empty, since \\\"every Z is X\\\" would then be vacuously true. Nothing guarantees Z has members.<br>\\n(C) <b>Not every Z is Y<\/b> \u2014 Z could sit entirely inside Y and still avoid X. Not derivable.<br>\\n(D) <b>Not every Y is X<\/b> \u2014 X \u2286 Y permits X = Y, in which case every Y <i>is<\/i> X. Not derivable.\"\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    \"id\": 17,\r\n    \"year\": \"2022\",\r\n    \"chapter\": \"Reasoning & Quantitative Aptitude\",\r\n    \"question\": \"Two identical circles C\u2081 and C\u2082 with centres O\u2081 and O\u2082 respectively, intersect such that C\u2081 passes through O\u2082 and C\u2082 passes through O\u2081. If the points of intersection of C\u2081 and C\u2082 are P and Q, what is the measure of the angle \u2220PO\u2081Q?\",\r\n    \"options\": [\r\n      \"90\u00b0\",\r\n      \"120\u00b0\",\r\n      \"145\u00b0\",\r\n      \"150\u00b0\"\r\n    ],\r\n    \"correct\": 1,\r\n    \"explanation\": \"<b>Correct Answer: B) 120\u00b0<\/b><br><br>\\nLet the common radius be <b>r<\/b>.<br><br>\\n<b>Step 1 \u2014 Establish an equilateral triangle.<\/b> Consider triangle O\u2081O\u2082P:<br>\\n\u2022 O\u2081P = r (P lies on circle C\u2081, centred at O\u2081)<br>\\n\u2022 O\u2082P = r (P lies on circle C\u2082, centred at O\u2082)<br>\\n\u2022 O\u2081O\u2082 = r (C\u2081 passes through O\u2082, so O\u2082 is on circle C\u2081)<br>\\nAll three sides equal r \u2192 <b>triangle O\u2081O\u2082P is equilateral<\/b> \u2192 \u2220PO\u2081O\u2082 = <b>60\u00b0<\/b>.<br><br>\\n<b>Step 2 \u2014 Use symmetry.<\/b> Q is the mirror image of P across line O\u2081O\u2082, so triangle O\u2081O\u2082Q is likewise equilateral and \u2220QO\u2081O\u2082 = <b>60\u00b0<\/b>.<br><br>\\n<b>Step 3 \u2014 Add:<\/b> \u2220PO\u2081Q = 60\u00b0 + 60\u00b0 = <b>120\u00b0<\/b>\"\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    \"id\": 18,\r\n    \"year\": \"2022\",\r\n    \"chapter\": \"Reasoning & Quantitative Aptitude\",\r\n    \"question\": \"All the students of a class are standing in a row, each one facing the north. The position of the tallest student is 47th from the left and 14th from the right. How many students are there in the class?\",\r\n    \"options\": [\r\n      \"59\",\r\n      \"60\",\r\n      \"61\",\r\n      \"62\"\r\n    ],\r\n    \"correct\": 1,\r\n    \"explanation\": \"<b>Correct Answer: B) 60<\/b><br><br>\\n<b>Formula:<\/b> Total = (position from left) + (position from right) \u2212 1<br><br>\\nTotal = 47 + 14 \u2212 1 = <b>60<\/b><br><br>\\n<b>Why subtract 1:<\/b> the tallest student is counted once in the 47 from the left and again in the 14 from the right. Adding the two positions double-counts that one student, so one is subtracted.<br><br>\\n<i>Trap:<\/i> option (C) 61 is what you get by adding without adjusting for the double count. The direction everyone faces is irrelevant here \u2014 it only matters when left and right must be re-interpreted.\"\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    \"id\": 19,\r\n    \"year\": \"2022\",\r\n    \"chapter\": \"Reasoning & Quantitative Aptitude\",\r\n    \"question\": \"There are four boys A, B, C and D. The boy A is taller than B, but shorter than C. The boy D is not the tallest one, whereas B is not the shortest one. Then which of the following statements is\/are true?<br>P \u2261 D is the shortest one.<br>Q \u2261 C is the tallest one.\",\r\n    \"options\": [\r\n      \"P only\",\r\n      \"Q only\",\r\n      \"Both P and Q\",\r\n      \"Neither P nor Q\"\r\n    ],\r\n    \"correct\": 2,\r\n    \"explanation\": \"<b>Correct Answer: C) Both P and Q<\/b><br><br>\\n<b>Step 1 \u2014 From the first sentence:<\/b> A is taller than B and shorter than C, giving <b>C > A > B<\/b>.<br><br>\\n<b>Step 2 \u2014 Place D using \\\"D is not the tallest\\\".<\/b> Within C > A > B, only C is a candidate for tallest apart from D. Since D is excluded, <b>C is the tallest<\/b>. <b>Statement Q is TRUE \u2713<\/b><br><br>\\n<b>Step 3 \u2014 Place D using \\\"B is not the shortest\\\".<\/b> In the chain C > A > B, B is the lowest of the three, so if B is not the shortest overall, someone must be below B. The only remaining boy is D. <b>D is the shortest<\/b>. <b>Statement P is TRUE \u2713<\/b><br><br>\\n<b>Final order: C > A > B > D<\/b> \u2014 fully determined.\"\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    \"id\": 20,\r\n    \"year\": \"2022\",\r\n    \"chapter\": \"Reasoning & Quantitative Aptitude\",\r\n    \"question\": \"Pump P\u2081 can empty out a swimming pool in 1 hour. Pump P\u2082 can do this job in 1 hour and 30 minutes, whereas pump P\u2083 can do the same job in 2 hours. If all the three pumps are used simultaneously, how much time will they take to empty out the pool?\",\r\n    \"options\": [\r\n      \"Less than 30 minutes\",\r\n      \"More than 30 minutes but less than 35 minutes\",\r\n      \"More than 35 minutes but less than 40 minutes\",\r\n      \"More than 40 minutes\"\r\n    ],\r\n    \"correct\": 0,\r\n    \"explanation\": \"<b>Correct Answer: A) Less than 30 minutes<\/b><br><br>\\n<b>Step 1 \u2014 Convert to rates (pools emptied per hour):<\/b><br>\\n\u2022 P\u2081 : 1 pool \/ 1 hour = <b>1<\/b><br>\\n\u2022 P\u2082 : 1 pool \/ 1\u00b75 hours = <b>2\/3<\/b><br>\\n\u2022 P\u2083 : 1 pool \/ 2 hours = <b>1\/2<\/b><br><br>\\n<b>Step 2 \u2014 Combined rate:<\/b><br>\\n1 + 2\/3 + 1\/2 = 6\/6 + 4\/6 + 3\/6 = <b>13\/6 pools per hour<\/b><br><br>\\n<b>Step 3 \u2014 Time = 1 \u00f7 (13\/6) = 6\/13 hour<\/b><br>\\n= (6\/13) \u00d7 60 = <b>27\u00b769 minutes \u2248 27 minutes 42 seconds<\/b><br><br>\\nSince 27\u00b769 < 30, the answer is <b>less than 30 minutes<\/b>.<br><br>\\n<i>Sanity check:<\/i> P\u2081 alone takes 60 minutes; adding two more pumps must bring it below 30 minutes because P\u2082 and P\u2083 together already exceed P\u2081's own rate.\"\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    \"id\": 21,\r\n    \"year\": \"2022\",\r\n    \"chapter\": \"Hindi & English language skills\",\r\n    \"question\": \"Which one of the following parts of the sentence \u201cMr. Chandran has been selected as one of the member of the committee\u201d has an error?\",\r\n    \"options\": [\r\n      \"Mr. Chandran has been\",\r\n      \"selected as\",\r\n      \"one of the member\",\r\n      \"of the committee\"\r\n    ],\r\n    \"correct\": 2,\r\n    \"explanation\": \"<b>Correct Answer: C) one of the member<\/b><br><br>\\n<b>Rule:<\/b> the construction \\\"<b>one of the \u2026<\/b>\\\" must be followed by a <b>plural noun<\/b>, because it identifies a single item drawn from a group of several.<br><br>\\n<b>Incorrect:<\/b> one of the member<br>\\n<b>Correct:<\/b> one of the <b>members<\/b><br><br>\\nLogically, if Mr. Chandran is \\\"one of\\\" them, there must be more than one \u2014 so the noun has to be plural.<br><br>\\n<b>Related rule worth remembering:<\/b> although the noun after \\\"one of the\\\" is plural, the <b>verb agrees with \\\"one\\\"<\/b> and stays singular. \\\"One of the members <i>has<\/i> been selected\\\", not \\\"have been selected\\\".\"\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    \"id\": 22,\r\n    \"year\": \"2022\",\r\n    \"chapter\": \"Hindi & English language skills\",\r\n    \"question\": \"Which one of the following parts of the sentence \u201cChildren are unable to learn optimally when they were undernourished\u201d has an error?\",\r\n    \"options\": [\r\n      \"Children are\",\r\n      \"unable to learn optimally\",\r\n      \"when they were\",\r\n      \"undernourished\"\r\n    ],\r\n    \"correct\": 2,\r\n    \"explanation\": \"<b>Correct Answer: C) when they were<\/b><br><br>\\n<b>Error type:<\/b> violation of the <b>sequence of tenses<\/b>.<br><br>\\nThe main clause \\\"Children <b>are<\/b> unable to learn\\\" is in the <b>present tense<\/b>. It states a general, timeless truth. The subordinate clause must therefore also be present.<br><br>\\n<b>Incorrect:<\/b> when they <b>were<\/b> undernourished<br>\\n<b>Correct:<\/b> when they <b>are<\/b> undernourished<br><br>\\n<b>The governing principle:<\/b> a present-tense main verb takes a present-tense subordinate verb. A past-tense main verb generally takes a past-tense subordinate verb \u2014 except when the subordinate clause expresses a universal truth or habitual fact, which stays in the present.\"\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    \"id\": 23,\r\n    \"year\": \"2022\",\r\n    \"chapter\": \"Hindi & English language skills\",\r\n    \"question\": \"Which one of the following parts of the sentence \u201cThe importance, relevant, and beauty of the classical languages of India cannot be overlooked\u201d has an error?\",\r\n    \"options\": [\r\n      \"The importance, relevant, and beauty\",\r\n      \"of the classical languages\",\r\n      \"of India\",\r\n      \"cannot be overlooked\"\r\n    ],\r\n    \"correct\": 0,\r\n    \"explanation\": \"<b>Correct Answer: A) The importance, relevant, and beauty<\/b><br><br>\\n<b>Error type:<\/b> breach of <b>parallelism<\/b> \u2014 an adjective placed inside a list of nouns.<br><br>\\nThe series is a list of <b>abstract nouns<\/b> functioning together as the subject:<br>\\n\u2022 importance \u2014 noun \u2713<br>\\n\u2022 <b>relevant \u2014 adjective \u2717<\/b><br>\\n\u2022 beauty \u2014 noun \u2713<br><br>\\n<b>Correct form:<\/b> \\\"The importance, <b>relevance<\/b>, and beauty of the classical languages of India cannot be overlooked.\\\"<br><br>\\n<b>Rule:<\/b> items joined in a series must belong to the same grammatical class \u2014 all nouns, all adjectives, all gerunds, and so on. Mixing word classes within a list is a parallelism error.\"\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    \"id\": 24,\r\n    \"year\": \"2022\",\r\n    \"chapter\": \"Hindi & English language skills\",\r\n    \"question\": \"Which one of the following is the most appropriate meaning of the idiom \u2018Call it a day\u2019?\",\r\n    \"options\": [\r\n      \"At the end of the day, particularly in the evening\",\r\n      \"Calling a day fruitful\",\r\n      \"Leaving the workplace\",\r\n      \"To stop doing something, particularly some work\"\r\n    ],\r\n    \"correct\": 3,\r\n    \"explanation\": \"<b>Correct Answer: D) To stop doing something, particularly some work<\/b><br><br>\\n<b>Meaning:<\/b> to decide that enough work has been done and to stop, either for the day or permanently.<br><br>\\n<b>Usage:<\/b> \\\"We've been at this report for nine hours \u2014 let's call it a day.\\\"<br>\\nIt is also used of ending a career: \\\"After thirty years in the classroom, she decided to call it a day.\\\"<br><br>\\n<b>Why the distractors fail:<\/b><br>\\n(A) refers to a time of day \u2014 the idiom is about <i>ceasing an activity<\/i>, not about the evening.<br>\\n(B) is about the quality of a day, not stopping.<br>\\n(C) is too narrow \u2014 one may call it a day without physically leaving, and the phrase carries the sense of a decision to stop, not merely of departure.\"\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    \"id\": 25,\r\n    \"year\": \"2022\",\r\n    \"chapter\": \"Hindi & English language skills\",\r\n    \"question\": \"Which one of the following is the most appropriate meaning of the idiom \u2018Paper tiger\u2019?\",\r\n    \"options\": [\r\n      \"A person or an organization that seems powerful, but is not\",\r\n      \"A tiger in a paper\",\r\n      \"Papers relating to lives and welfare of tigers\",\r\n      \"Papers needed for the conservation of tigers in a country\"\r\n    ],\r\n    \"correct\": 0,\r\n    \"explanation\": \"<b>Correct Answer: A) A person or an organization that seems powerful, but is not<\/b><br><br>\\n<b>Meaning:<\/b> something or someone that appears threatening or authoritative but is in fact ineffectual and incapable of acting.<br><br>\\n<b>Origin:<\/b> a translation of the Chinese <i>zh\u01d0l\u01ceoh\u01d4<\/i> (\u7eb8\u8001\u864e), popularised in English by Mao Zedong in 1946 to describe adversaries he considered outwardly fearsome but fundamentally weak.<br><br>\\n<b>Usage:<\/b> \\\"Without powers of enforcement, the regulator is a paper tiger.\\\"<br><br>\\n<b>Why the distractors fail:<\/b> (B), (C) and (D) all read the phrase <b>literally<\/b>, treating \\\"paper\\\" as physical paper and \\\"tiger\\\" as the animal. Idioms carry figurative meaning, which is exactly what such distractors are designed to test.\"\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    \"id\": 26,\r\n    \"year\": \"2022\",\r\n    \"chapter\": \"Hindi & English language skills\",\r\n    \"question\": \"Which one of the following is the most appropriate meaning of the idiom \u2018Smell a rat\u2019?\",\r\n    \"options\": [\r\n      \"To start thinking about the smell of a rat\",\r\n      \"To start believing that something is wrong about a situation\",\r\n      \"To find the truth that someone is hiding\",\r\n      \"To believe that all rats can sense the smell of anything\"\r\n    ],\r\n    \"correct\": 1,\r\n    \"explanation\": \"<b>Correct Answer: B) To start believing that something is wrong about a situation<\/b><br><br>\\n<b>Meaning:<\/b> to begin to <b>suspect<\/b> deception, trickery or wrongdoing, without yet having proof.<br><br>\\n<b>Origin:<\/b> from a cat or dog detecting a hidden rat by scent alone \u2014 sensing the presence of something concealed.<br><br>\\n<b>Usage:<\/b> \\\"When the contractor refused to produce the invoices, the Principal began to smell a rat.\\\"<br><br>\\n<b>Critical distinction \u2014 why (C) is the trap:<\/b><br>\\nThe idiom denotes the <b>onset of suspicion<\/b>, not the discovery of truth. \\\"To find the truth that someone is hiding\\\" describes the <i>outcome<\/i> of an investigation; \\\"smell a rat\\\" describes the <i>instinct<\/i> that prompts one. Note the phrasing in the correct option \u2014 \\\"to <b>start<\/b> believing\\\".\"\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    \"id\": 27,\r\n    \"year\": \"2022\",\r\n    \"chapter\": \"Hindi & English language skills\",\r\n    \"question\": \"<b>Directions:<\/b> Read the following passage and answer the item that follows.<br><br><i>Hornbills were among many wildlife species that were hunted in the North-eastern part of India. The great hornbill, in particular, was hunted for its beak that was used in the traditional headgear, but now many people have switched to using artificial beaks made of fibreglass. Hornbills are particularly vulnerable during the breeding season when the female hornbill seals herself inside a tree cavity during a long incubation and fledging period that lasts almost four months. While hunting hornbills during the breeding season has been taboo here, there have been instances of violations in the past, mostly by outsiders. The trees that hornbills nest in are also at the risk of being cut down.<\/i><br><br>Why are the hornbills vulnerable during the breeding season?\",\r\n    \"options\": [\r\n      \"Because they can be easily found and killed\",\r\n      \"Because they can't be found easily\",\r\n      \"Hunters can track them with their noise during the incubation period\",\r\n      \"Hornbills are ferocious during the incubation period\"\r\n    ],\r\n    \"correct\": 0,\r\n    \"explanation\": \"<b>Correct Answer: A) Because they can be easily found and killed<\/b><br><br>\\n<b>Textual basis:<\/b> the passage states that during the breeding season the female hornbill <b>seals herself inside a tree cavity<\/b> during a long incubation and fledging period lasting <b>almost four months<\/b>.<br><br>\\n<b>Inference required:<\/b> a bird immobilised in a fixed, known location for four months cannot flee. Her position is predictable and she is defenceless \u2014 hence \\\"vulnerable\\\". The passage supplies the fact; the candidate must supply the causal link.<br><br>\\n<b>Why the distractors fail:<\/b><br>\\n(B) reverses the logic \u2014 being hard to find would make her <i>safer<\/i>, not vulnerable.<br>\\n(C) introduces \\\"noise\\\", which the passage never mentions.<br>\\n(D) introduces \\\"ferocious\\\", also absent, and irrelevant to vulnerability.\"\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    \"id\": 28,\r\n    \"year\": \"2022\",\r\n    \"chapter\": \"Hindi & English language skills\",\r\n    \"question\": \"<b>Directions:<\/b> Read the following passage and answer the item that follows.<br><br><i>Hornbills were among many wildlife species that were hunted in the North-eastern part of India. The great hornbill, in particular, was hunted for its beak that was used in the traditional headgear, but now many people have switched to using artificial beaks made of fibreglass. Hornbills are particularly vulnerable during the breeding season when the female hornbill seals herself inside a tree cavity during a long incubation and fledging period that lasts almost four months. While hunting hornbills during the breeding season has been taboo here, there have been instances of violations in the past, mostly by outsiders. The trees that hornbills nest in are also at the risk of being cut down.<\/i><br><br>Which one of the following words is similar in meaning to the word \u2018taboo\u2019 in the passage?\",\r\n    \"options\": [\r\n      \"Acceptable\",\r\n      \"Forbidden\",\r\n      \"Superstition\",\r\n      \"Permissible\"\r\n    ],\r\n    \"correct\": 1,\r\n    \"explanation\": \"<b>Correct Answer: B) Forbidden<\/b><br><br>\\n<b>Context in the passage:<\/b> \\\"While hunting hornbills during the breeding season <b>has been taboo<\/b> here, there have been instances of violations in the past.\\\"<br><br>\\n<b>The decisive clue is the word \\\"violations\\\".<\/b> One can only violate something that is <b>prohibited<\/b>. The sentence sets up a contrast \u2014 the practice is banned, yet the ban has sometimes been broken.<br><br>\\n<b>Why the distractors fail:<\/b><br>\\n(A) <b>Acceptable<\/b> and (D) <b>Permissible<\/b> are direct <b>antonyms<\/b> of the required sense.<br>\\n(C) <b>Superstition<\/b> is a tempting near-miss, since taboos often have customary or religious roots. But a superstition is a <i>belief<\/i>, whereas the sentence requires a <i>prohibition<\/i> \u2014 something capable of being violated.\"\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    \"id\": 29,\r\n    \"year\": \"2022\",\r\n    \"chapter\": \"Hindi & English language skills\",\r\n    \"question\": \"<b>\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936:<\/b> \u0928\u093f\u092e\u094d\u0928\u0932\u093f\u0916\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u091a\u094d\u091b\u0947\u0926 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u0922\u093c\u093f\u090f \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u091a\u094d\u091b\u0947\u0926 \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u0940\u091a\u0947 \u0906\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0926\u0940\u091c\u093f\u090f\u0964<br><br><i>\u201c\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u092a\u0930\u0902\u092a\u0930\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091a\u093e\u0923\u0915\u094d\u092f \u090f\u0915 \u0905\u0926\u094d\u092d\u0941\u0924 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u091a\u0923\u0915 \u092e\u0941\u0928\u093f \u0915\u0947 \u0917\u094b\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0907\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u091a\u093e\u0923\u0915\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0939\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093e\u092a\u0940 \u0928\u0902\u0926 \u0935\u0902\u0936 \u0915\u094b \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u092c\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093f\u092c\u0932 \u0938\u0947 \u0928\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0915\u0930\u0915\u0947 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u0936\u093f\u0937\u094d\u092f \u091a\u0928\u094d\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0917\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u092e\u094d\u0930\u093e\u091f \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0907\u0938 \u0905\u0915\u093f\u0902\u091a\u0928 \u092c\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0939\u094d\u092e\u0923 \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u0925\u093e \u0905\u0928\u0947\u0915 \u092a\u0941\u0930\u093e\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0923\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u2018\u0935\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0923\u0941\u092a\u0941\u0930\u093e\u0923\u2019 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0907\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u094c\u0928\u0902\u0926\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093e\u0936 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e \u092c\u0924\u093e\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u2018\u092c\u0943\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0915\u0925\u093e\u2019 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u091a\u093e\u0930\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0915 \u0907\u0928\u0915\u0940 \u0915\u0939\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u0926\u0940 \u0917\u0908 \u0925\u0940 \u091c\u094b \u2018\u0915\u0925\u093e\u0938\u0930\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0938\u093e\u0917\u0930\u2019 \u0906\u0926\u093f \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0940 \u0930\u0942\u092a\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092e\u094c\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0938\u092e\u094d\u0930\u093e\u091f \u091a\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0917\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0907\u0928\u0915\u0947 \u0936\u093f\u0937\u094d\u092f \u0925\u0947 \u0914\u0930 \u092f\u0947 (\u091a\u093e\u0923\u0915\u094d\u092f) \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0947 \u092e\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0925\u0947\u0964 \u2018\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0902\u0926\u092a\u0941\u0930\u093e\u0923\u2019 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092d\u0940 \u0907\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u0902\u0926 \u0935\u0902\u0936 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091b\u0947\u0926\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0939\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092a\u0930 \u091c\u093f\u0938 \u0917\u094d\u0930\u0902\u0925 \u0938\u0947 \u0907\u0928\u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0926\u094d\u092d\u0941\u0924 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u091c\u0940\u0935\u0902\u0924 \u0914\u0930 \u0924\u0947\u091c\u0938\u094d\u0935\u0940 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u091f \u0939\u0941\u0906 \u0939\u0948, \u0935\u0939 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u093e\u0916\u0926\u0924\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u093e \u2018\u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0930\u093e\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0938\u2019 \u0928\u093e\u091f\u0915 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u092c\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093f \u092c\u0932 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092c\u0932 \u0936\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0941\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0928\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0915\u0930\u0915\u0947 \u091a\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0917\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u093f\u0902\u0939\u093e\u0938\u0928\u093e\u0927\u0940\u0928 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0915\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u0905\u0902\u0924 \u0924\u0915 \u0905\u0915\u093f\u0902\u091a\u0928 \u092c\u0928\u0947 \u0930\u0939\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0924\u0947\u091c\u0938\u094d\u0935\u0940 \u092c\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0939\u094d\u092e\u0923 \u091a\u093e\u0923\u0915\u094d\u092f \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0902\u0924 \u0924\u0947\u091c\u0938\u094d\u0935\u0940 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u091f \u0939\u0941\u0906 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0907\u0938 \u0917\u0941\u0930\u0941 \u0914\u0930 \u092e\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u092c\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0939\u094d\u092e\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u094d\u0930\u093e\u091f \u092d\u0940 \u0915\u0941\u091b \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u0930 \u092a\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0925\u093e\u0964 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093e\u092a\u0940 \u0928\u0902\u0926 \u0935\u0902\u0936 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0939\u0940 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0909\u0938 \u0938\u092e\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0936\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0936\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0930\u093e\u091c\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u092c\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093f\u092c\u0932 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e \u092f\u0939 \u092e\u0939\u093e\u0928 \u0930\u093e\u091c\u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e \u0906\u0927\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u0939\u093f\u0924\u094d\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092d\u0940 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0940 \u0917\u0930\u093f\u092e\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0930\u0915 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u093e\u092e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0930\u0939\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964\u201d<\/i><br><br>\u201c\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093e\u092a\u0940 \u0928\u0902\u0926 \u0935\u0902\u0936 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0939\u0940 \u0909\u0938 \u0938\u092e\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0936\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0936\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0930\u093e\u091c\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u092c\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093f\u092c\u0932 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e \u092f\u0939 \u092e\u0939\u093e\u0928 \u0930\u093e\u091c\u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e \u0906\u0927\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u0939\u093f\u0924\u094d\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092d\u0940 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0940 \u0917\u0930\u093f\u092e\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0930\u0915 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u093e\u092e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0930\u0939\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964\u201d \u0915\u0925\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u2018\u092c\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093f\u092c\u0932\u2019 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0939\u093f\u0924\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u0939\u0948:\",\r\n    \"options\": [\r\n      \"\u092d\u094c\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u092c\u0932\",\r\n      \"\u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0930\u0942\u092a\u0940 \u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0927\u093e \u0915\u093e \u092c\u0932\",\r\n      \"\u0928\u0948\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u092c\u0932\",\r\n      \"\u0936\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0914\u0930 \u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u0915\u093e \u092c\u0932\"\r\n    ],\r\n    \"correct\": 1,\r\n    \"explanation\": \"<b>Correct Answer: B) \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0930\u0942\u092a\u0940 \u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0927\u093e \u0915\u093e \u092c\u0932<\/b><br><br>\\n<b>\u0936\u092c\u094d\u0926-\u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0937\u0923:<\/b> \u2018\u092c\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093f\u092c\u0932\u2019 = \u092c\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093f + \u092c\u0932, \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0924\u094d <b>\u092c\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093f \u0915\u0940 \u0936\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f<\/b> \u2014 \u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928, \u0935\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0915 \u0914\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0927\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u094d\u092f\u0964<br><br>\\n<b>\u0938\u0902\u0926\u0930\u094d\u092d\u0917\u0924 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930:<\/b> \u0917\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0936 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u093e\u0930-\u092c\u093e\u0930 \u092f\u0939 \u0930\u0947\u0916\u093e\u0902\u0915\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u091a\u093e\u0923\u0915\u094d\u092f \u0928\u0947 <b>\u201c\u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u092c\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093f \u092c\u0932 \u0938\u0947\u201d<\/b> \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092c\u0932 \u0936\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0941\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0928\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0964 \u2018\u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932\u2019 \u0936\u092c\u094d\u0926 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0923\u093e\u092f\u0915 \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u092f\u0939 \u0938\u0948\u0928\u094d\u092f \u092f\u093e \u0936\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930-\u092c\u0932 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u094d\u092a\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0939\u0930 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<br><br>\\n<b>\u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u0948\u0902:<\/b><br>\\n(A) <b>\u092d\u094c\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u092c\u0932<\/b> \u2014 \u0936\u093e\u0930\u0940\u0930\u093f\u0915\/\u0938\u0948\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0936\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f, \u091c\u094b \u2018\u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u092c\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093f \u092c\u0932\u2019 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u092a\u0930\u0940\u0924 \u0939\u0948\u0964<br>\\n(C) <b>\u0928\u0948\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u092c\u0932<\/b> \u2014 \u092f\u0939 \u091a\u0930\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930-\u092c\u0932 \u0939\u0948; \u0917\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0936 \u0915\u093e \u092c\u0932 \u092c\u094c\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u094c\u0936\u0932 \u092a\u0930 \u0939\u0948, \u0928\u0948\u0924\u093f\u0915\u0924\u093e \u092a\u0930 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964<br>\\n(D) <b>\u0936\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0914\u0930 \u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u0915\u093e \u092c\u0932<\/b> \u2014 \u0907\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u2018\u0936\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930\u2019 \u0938\u092e\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0932\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0917\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0936 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u093f\u0937\u0947\u0927 \u0939\u0948\u0964\"\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    \"id\": 30,\r\n    \"year\": \"2022\",\r\n    \"chapter\": \"Hindi & English language skills\",\r\n    \"question\": \"<b>\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936:<\/b> \u0928\u093f\u092e\u094d\u0928\u0932\u093f\u0916\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u091a\u094d\u091b\u0947\u0926 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u0922\u093c\u093f\u090f \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u091a\u094d\u091b\u0947\u0926 \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u0940\u091a\u0947 \u0906\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0926\u0940\u091c\u093f\u090f\u0964<br><br><i>\u201c\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u092a\u0930\u0902\u092a\u0930\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091a\u093e\u0923\u0915\u094d\u092f \u090f\u0915 \u0905\u0926\u094d\u092d\u0941\u0924 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u091a\u0923\u0915 \u092e\u0941\u0928\u093f \u0915\u0947 \u0917\u094b\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0907\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u091a\u093e\u0923\u0915\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0939\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093e\u092a\u0940 \u0928\u0902\u0926 \u0935\u0902\u0936 \u0915\u094b \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u092c\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093f\u092c\u0932 \u0938\u0947 \u0928\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0915\u0930\u0915\u0947 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u0936\u093f\u0937\u094d\u092f \u091a\u0928\u094d\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0917\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u092e\u094d\u0930\u093e\u091f \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0907\u0938 \u0905\u0915\u093f\u0902\u091a\u0928 \u092c\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0939\u094d\u092e\u0923 \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u0925\u093e \u0905\u0928\u0947\u0915 \u092a\u0941\u0930\u093e\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0923\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u2018\u0935\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0923\u0941\u092a\u0941\u0930\u093e\u0923\u2019 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0907\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u094c\u0928\u0902\u0926\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093e\u0936 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e \u092c\u0924\u093e\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u2018\u092c\u0943\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0915\u0925\u093e\u2019 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u091a\u093e\u0930\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0915 \u0907\u0928\u0915\u0940 \u0915\u0939\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u0926\u0940 \u0917\u0908 \u0925\u0940 \u091c\u094b \u2018\u0915\u0925\u093e\u0938\u0930\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0938\u093e\u0917\u0930\u2019 \u0906\u0926\u093f \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0940 \u0930\u0942\u092a\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092e\u094c\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0938\u092e\u094d\u0930\u093e\u091f \u091a\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0917\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0907\u0928\u0915\u0947 \u0936\u093f\u0937\u094d\u092f \u0925\u0947 \u0914\u0930 \u092f\u0947 (\u091a\u093e\u0923\u0915\u094d\u092f) \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0947 \u092e\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0925\u0947\u0964 \u2018\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0902\u0926\u092a\u0941\u0930\u093e\u0923\u2019 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092d\u0940 \u0907\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u0902\u0926 \u0935\u0902\u0936 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091b\u0947\u0926\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0939\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092a\u0930 \u091c\u093f\u0938 \u0917\u094d\u0930\u0902\u0925 \u0938\u0947 \u0907\u0928\u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0926\u094d\u092d\u0941\u0924 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u091c\u0940\u0935\u0902\u0924 \u0914\u0930 \u0924\u0947\u091c\u0938\u094d\u0935\u0940 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u091f \u0939\u0941\u0906 \u0939\u0948, \u0935\u0939 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u093e\u0916\u0926\u0924\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u093e \u2018\u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0930\u093e\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0938\u2019 \u0928\u093e\u091f\u0915 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u092c\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093f \u092c\u0932 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092c\u0932 \u0936\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0941\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0928\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0915\u0930\u0915\u0947 \u091a\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0917\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u093f\u0902\u0939\u093e\u0938\u0928\u093e\u0927\u0940\u0928 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0915\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u0905\u0902\u0924 \u0924\u0915 \u0905\u0915\u093f\u0902\u091a\u0928 \u092c\u0928\u0947 \u0930\u0939\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0924\u0947\u091c\u0938\u094d\u0935\u0940 \u092c\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0939\u094d\u092e\u0923 \u091a\u093e\u0923\u0915\u094d\u092f \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0902\u0924 \u0924\u0947\u091c\u0938\u094d\u0935\u0940 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u091f \u0939\u0941\u0906 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0907\u0938 \u0917\u0941\u0930\u0941 \u0914\u0930 \u092e\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u092c\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0939\u094d\u092e\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u094d\u0930\u093e\u091f \u092d\u0940 \u0915\u0941\u091b \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u0930 \u092a\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0925\u093e\u0964 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093e\u092a\u0940 \u0928\u0902\u0926 \u0935\u0902\u0936 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0939\u0940 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0909\u0938 \u0938\u092e\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0936\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0936\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0930\u093e\u091c\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u092c\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093f\u092c\u0932 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e \u092f\u0939 \u092e\u0939\u093e\u0928 \u0930\u093e\u091c\u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e \u0906\u0927\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u0939\u093f\u0924\u094d\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092d\u0940 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0940 \u0917\u0930\u093f\u092e\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0930\u0915 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u093e\u092e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0930\u0939\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964\u201d<\/i><br><br>\u201c\u091a\u093e\u0923\u0915\u094d\u092f \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u092c\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093f \u092c\u0932 \u0938\u0947 \u0936\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0941\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0928\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0915\u0930\u0915\u0947 \u091a\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0917\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u093f\u0902\u0939\u093e\u0938\u0928\u093e\u0927\u0940\u0928 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0915\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u0905\u0902\u0924 \u0924\u0915 \u0905\u0915\u093f\u0902\u091a\u0928 \u092c\u0928\u0947 \u0930\u0939\u0947\u0964\u201d \u0915\u0925\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u2018\u0905\u0915\u093f\u0902\u091a\u0928\u2019 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0939\u093f\u0924\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u0939\u0948:\",\r\n    \"options\": [\r\n      \"\u0915\u0902\u091a\u0928 \u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924\",\r\n      \"\u0927\u0928-\u0935\u0948\u092d\u0935 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0930\u0939\u0928\u093e\",\r\n      \"\u0927\u0928-\u092c\u0932 \u0915\u0940 \u0932\u093e\u0932\u0938\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u093e\",\r\n      \"\u0938\u093f\u0902\u0939\u093e\u0938\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u0940\u0928 \u0928 \u0930\u0939\u0928\u093e\"\r\n    ],\r\n    \"correct\": 1,\r\n    \"explanation\": \"<b>Correct Answer: B) \u0927\u0928-\u0935\u0948\u092d\u0935 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0930\u0939\u0928\u093e<\/b><br><br>\\n<b>\u0936\u092c\u094d\u0926-\u0935\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f:<\/b> \u2018\u0905\u0915\u093f\u0902\u091a\u0928\u2019 = \u0905 (\u0928\u0915\u093e\u0930\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0909\u092a\u0938\u0930\u094d\u0917) + \u0915\u093f\u0902\u091a\u0928 (\u0915\u0941\u091b \u092d\u0940)\u0964 \u0936\u093e\u092c\u094d\u0926\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u2014 <b>\u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u0941\u091b \u092d\u0940 \u0928 \u0939\u094b<\/b>, \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0924\u094d \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0927\u0928, \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0939\u0940\u0928, \u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0917\u0940\u0964<br><br>\\n<b>\u0938\u0902\u0926\u0930\u094d\u092d\u0917\u0924 \u0914\u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u092f:<\/b> \u0917\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0936 \u091a\u093e\u0923\u0915\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0917 \u0915\u094b \u0909\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0939\u094b\u0902\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u094d\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u092e\u094d\u0930\u093e\u091f \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0936\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0930\u0916\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0941\u090f \u092d\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0915\u0941\u091b \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0932\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0914\u0930 <b>\u201c\u0905\u0902\u0924 \u0924\u0915 \u0905\u0915\u093f\u0902\u091a\u0928 \u092c\u0928\u0947 \u0930\u0939\u0947\u201d<\/b>\u0964 \u092f\u0939\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0930\u094b\u0927\u093e\u092d\u093e\u0938 \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0947 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u0915\u0940 \u092e\u0939\u093e\u0928\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<br><br>\\n<b>\u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a:<\/b><br>\\n(A) <b>\u0915\u0902\u091a\u0928 \u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924<\/b> \u2014 \u2018\u0915\u0902\u091a\u0928\u2019 \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0924\u094d \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0923; \u092f\u0939 \u0920\u0940\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u092a\u0930\u0940\u0924 \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0927\u094d\u0935\u0928\u093f-\u0938\u093e\u092e\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u092f\u0939 \u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0921\u093c\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0932 \u0939\u0948\u0964<br>\\n(C) <b>\u0927\u0928-\u092c\u0932 \u0915\u0940 \u0932\u093e\u0932\u0938\u093e<\/b> \u2014 \u0932\u093e\u0932\u0938\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u0915\u093f\u0902\u091a\u0928\u0924\u093e \u092a\u0930\u0938\u094d\u092a\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0930\u094b\u0927\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<br>\\n(D) \u092f\u0939 \u2018\u0905\u0927\u0940\u0928\u2019 \u0936\u092c\u094d\u0926 \u0938\u0947 \u092d\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a \u0939\u0948, \u2018\u0905\u0915\u093f\u0902\u091a\u0928\u2019 \u0938\u0947 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964\"\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    \"id\": 31,\r\n    \"year\": \"2022\",\r\n    \"chapter\": \"Hindi & English language skills\",\r\n    \"question\": \"<b>\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936:<\/b> \u0928\u093f\u092e\u094d\u0928\u0932\u093f\u0916\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u091a\u094d\u091b\u0947\u0926 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u0922\u093c\u093f\u090f \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u091a\u094d\u091b\u0947\u0926 \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u0940\u091a\u0947 \u0906\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0926\u0940\u091c\u093f\u090f\u0964<br><br><i>\u201c\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u092a\u0930\u0902\u092a\u0930\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091a\u093e\u0923\u0915\u094d\u092f \u090f\u0915 \u0905\u0926\u094d\u092d\u0941\u0924 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u091a\u0923\u0915 \u092e\u0941\u0928\u093f \u0915\u0947 \u0917\u094b\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0907\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u091a\u093e\u0923\u0915\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0939\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093e\u092a\u0940 \u0928\u0902\u0926 \u0935\u0902\u0936 \u0915\u094b \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u092c\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093f\u092c\u0932 \u0938\u0947 \u0928\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0915\u0930\u0915\u0947 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u0936\u093f\u0937\u094d\u092f \u091a\u0928\u094d\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0917\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u092e\u094d\u0930\u093e\u091f \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0907\u0938 \u0905\u0915\u093f\u0902\u091a\u0928 \u092c\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0939\u094d\u092e\u0923 \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u0925\u093e \u0905\u0928\u0947\u0915 \u092a\u0941\u0930\u093e\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0923\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u2018\u0935\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0923\u0941\u092a\u0941\u0930\u093e\u0923\u2019 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0907\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u094c\u0928\u0902\u0926\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093e\u0936 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e \u092c\u0924\u093e\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u2018\u092c\u0943\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0915\u0925\u093e\u2019 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u091a\u093e\u0930\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0915 \u0907\u0928\u0915\u0940 \u0915\u0939\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u0926\u0940 \u0917\u0908 \u0925\u0940 \u091c\u094b \u2018\u0915\u0925\u093e\u0938\u0930\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0938\u093e\u0917\u0930\u2019 \u0906\u0926\u093f \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0940 \u0930\u0942\u092a\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092e\u094c\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0938\u092e\u094d\u0930\u093e\u091f \u091a\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0917\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0907\u0928\u0915\u0947 \u0936\u093f\u0937\u094d\u092f \u0925\u0947 \u0914\u0930 \u092f\u0947 (\u091a\u093e\u0923\u0915\u094d\u092f) \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0947 \u092e\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0925\u0947\u0964 \u2018\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0902\u0926\u092a\u0941\u0930\u093e\u0923\u2019 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092d\u0940 \u0907\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u0902\u0926 \u0935\u0902\u0936 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091b\u0947\u0926\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0939\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092a\u0930 \u091c\u093f\u0938 \u0917\u094d\u0930\u0902\u0925 \u0938\u0947 \u0907\u0928\u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0926\u094d\u092d\u0941\u0924 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u091c\u0940\u0935\u0902\u0924 \u0914\u0930 \u0924\u0947\u091c\u0938\u094d\u0935\u0940 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u091f \u0939\u0941\u0906 \u0939\u0948, \u0935\u0939 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u093e\u0916\u0926\u0924\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u093e \u2018\u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0930\u093e\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0938\u2019 \u0928\u093e\u091f\u0915 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u092c\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093f \u092c\u0932 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092c\u0932 \u0936\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0941\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0928\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0915\u0930\u0915\u0947 \u091a\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0917\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u093f\u0902\u0939\u093e\u0938\u0928\u093e\u0927\u0940\u0928 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0915\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u0905\u0902\u0924 \u0924\u0915 \u0905\u0915\u093f\u0902\u091a\u0928 \u092c\u0928\u0947 \u0930\u0939\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0924\u0947\u091c\u0938\u094d\u0935\u0940 \u092c\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0939\u094d\u092e\u0923 \u091a\u093e\u0923\u0915\u094d\u092f \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0902\u0924 \u0924\u0947\u091c\u0938\u094d\u0935\u0940 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u091f \u0939\u0941\u0906 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0907\u0938 \u0917\u0941\u0930\u0941 \u0914\u0930 \u092e\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u092c\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0939\u094d\u092e\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u094d\u0930\u093e\u091f \u092d\u0940 \u0915\u0941\u091b \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u0930 \u092a\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0925\u093e\u0964 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093e\u092a\u0940 \u0928\u0902\u0926 \u0935\u0902\u0936 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0939\u0940 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0909\u0938 \u0938\u092e\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0936\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0936\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0930\u093e\u091c\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u092c\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093f\u092c\u0932 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e \u092f\u0939 \u092e\u0939\u093e\u0928 \u0930\u093e\u091c\u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e \u0906\u0927\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u0939\u093f\u0924\u094d\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092d\u0940 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0940 \u0917\u0930\u093f\u092e\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0930\u0915 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u093e\u092e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0930\u0939\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964\u201d<\/i><br><br>\u201c\u2018\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0902\u0926\u092a\u0941\u0930\u093e\u0923\u2019 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0907\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u0902\u0926 \u0935\u0902\u0936 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091b\u0947\u0926\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0939\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964\u201d \u092f\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u2018\u0909\u091a\u094d\u091b\u0947\u0926\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e\u2019 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u092d\u093f\u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092f \u0939\u0948:\",\r\n    \"options\": [\r\n      \"\u091b\u0947\u0926\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e\",\r\n      \"\u0928\u0902\u0926 \u0935\u0902\u0936 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u092e\u0942\u0932 \u0928\u093e\u0936 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e\",\r\n      \"\u0928\u0902\u0926 \u0935\u0902\u0936 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094b\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e\",\r\n      \"\u0928\u0902\u0926 \u0935\u0902\u0936 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u0928\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e\"\r\n    ],\r\n    \"correct\": 1,\r\n    \"explanation\": \"<b>Correct Answer: B) \u0928\u0902\u0926 \u0935\u0902\u0936 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u092e\u0942\u0932 \u0928\u093e\u0936 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e<\/b><br><br>\\n<b>\u0936\u092c\u094d\u0926-\u0935\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f:<\/b> \u2018\u0909\u091a\u094d\u091b\u0947\u0926\u2019 = \u0909\u0924\u094d + \u091b\u0947\u0926, \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0924\u094d <b>\u091c\u0921\u093c \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u091f \u0926\u0947\u0928\u093e, \u0938\u092e\u0942\u0932 \u0928\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e<\/b>\u0964 \u2018\u0909\u091a\u094d\u091b\u0947\u0926\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e\u2019 \u0935\u0939 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0915\u094b \u091c\u0921\u093c \u0938\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0930 \u0926\u0947\u0964<br><br>\\n<b>\u0938\u0902\u0926\u0930\u094d\u092d\u0917\u0924 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930:<\/b> \u0917\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0936 \u0906\u0930\u0902\u092d \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u0940 \u0915\u0939\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u091a\u093e\u0923\u0915\u094d\u092f \u0928\u0947 <b>\u201c\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093e\u092a\u0940 \u0928\u0902\u0926 \u0935\u0902\u0936 \u0915\u094b \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u092c\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093f\u092c\u0932 \u0938\u0947 \u0928\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0915\u0930\u0915\u0947\u201d<\/b> \u091a\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0917\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u092e\u094d\u0930\u093e\u091f \u092c\u0928\u093e\u092f\u093e\u0964 \u2018\u0935\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0923\u0941\u092a\u0941\u0930\u093e\u0923\u2019 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u2018\u0928\u094c\u0928\u0902\u0926\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093e\u0936 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e\u2019 \u0915\u0939\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u092f\u0939\u0940 \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u2018\u0909\u091a\u094d\u091b\u0947\u0926\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e\u2019 \u0915\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<br><br>\\n<b>\u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a:<\/b><br>\\n(A) <b>\u091b\u0947\u0926\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e<\/b> \u2014 \u0906\u0902\u0936\u093f\u0915 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0939\u0940 \u092e\u0942\u0932 \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925, \u0915\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0941 \u2018\u0909\u0924\u094d\u2019 \u0909\u092a\u0938\u0930\u094d\u0917 \u0938\u0947 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e <b>\u2018\u0938\u092e\u0942\u0932\u2019<\/b> \u092d\u093e\u0935 \u0907\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948; \u0905\u0924\u0903 \u0905\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923\u0964<br>\\n(C) <b>\u092a\u094b\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e<\/b> \u0924\u0925\u093e (D) <b>\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u0928\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e<\/b> \u2014 \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u092a\u0930\u0940\u0924\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0915 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964\"\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    \"id\": 32,\r\n    \"year\": \"2022\",\r\n    \"chapter\": \"Hindi & English language skills\",\r\n    \"question\": \"\u0928\u093f\u092e\u094d\u0928\u0932\u093f\u0916\u093f\u0924 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u094c\u0928-\u0938\u093e \u2018\u0938\u0926\u093e\u0936\u092f\u2019 \u0936\u092c\u094d\u0926 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0902\u0927\u093f-\u0935\u093f\u091a\u094d\u091b\u0947\u0926 \u0939\u0948?\",\r\n    \"options\": [\r\n      \"\u0938\u0926\u093e + \u0936\u092f\",\r\n      \"\u0938\u0926 + \u0906\u0936\u092f\",\r\n      \"\u0938\u0926\u093e\u0936 + \u0905\u092f\",\r\n      \"\u0938\u0924\u094d + \u0906\u0936\u092f\"\r\n    ],\r\n    \"correct\": 3,\r\n    \"explanation\": \"<b>Correct Answer: D) \u0938\u0924\u094d + \u0906\u0936\u092f<\/b><br><br>\\n<b>\u0938\u0902\u0927\u093f \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930:<\/b> \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0902\u091c\u0928 \u0938\u0902\u0927\u093f\u0964<br><br>\\n<b>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e:<\/b> \u0938\u0924\u094d + \u0906\u0936\u092f \u2192 \u0938\u0926\u093e\u0936\u092f<br>\\n\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e \u2014 \u092f\u0926\u093f \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0936\u092c\u094d\u0926 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0902\u0924 \u092e\u0947\u0902 <b>\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0917 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u0939\u0932\u093e \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0923 (\u0915\u094d, \u091a\u094d, \u091f\u094d, \u0924\u094d, \u092a\u094d)<\/b> \u0939\u094b \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u0915\u094b\u0908 <b>\u0938\u094d\u0935\u0930<\/b> \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e <b>\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0917 \u0915\u093e \u0924\u0940\u0938\u0930\u093e\/\u091a\u094c\u0925\u093e \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0923<\/b> \u0906\u090f, \u0924\u094b \u092a\u0939\u0932\u093e \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0923 <b>\u0909\u0938\u0940 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0917 \u0915\u0947 \u0924\u0940\u0938\u0930\u0947 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0923<\/b> \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0926\u0932 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939\u093e\u0901 <b>\u0924\u094d \u2192 \u0926\u094d<\/b> \u0939\u094b \u0917\u092f\u093e\u0964<br><br>\\n<b>\u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925:<\/b> \u2018\u0938\u0924\u094d\u2019 = \u0905\u091a\u094d\u091b\u093e, \u0936\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0937\u094d\u0920; \u2018\u0906\u0936\u092f\u2019 = \u0905\u092d\u093f\u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092f, \u092d\u093e\u0935\u0964 \u0905\u0924\u0903 \u2018\u0938\u0926\u093e\u0936\u092f\u2019 = <b>\u0936\u0941\u092d \u092d\u093e\u0935 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e, \u0938\u0926\u094d\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0928\u093e \u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924<\/b>\u0964<br><br>\\n<b>\u0907\u0938\u0940 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923:<\/b> \u0938\u0924\u094d + \u0906\u0928\u0902\u0926 = \u0938\u0926\u093e\u0928\u0902\u0926; \u0938\u0924\u094d + \u0927\u0930\u094d\u092e = \u0938\u0926\u094d\u0927\u0930\u094d\u092e; \u0935\u093e\u0915\u094d + \u0908\u0936 = \u0935\u093e\u0917\u0940\u0936\u0964<br><br>\\n<b>\u091c\u093e\u0932:<\/b> \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a (A) \u2018\u0938\u0926\u093e + \u0936\u092f\u2019 \u0927\u094d\u0935\u0928\u093f \u0915\u0947 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u0938\u0939\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u0940\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0915\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0941 \u0907\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0938\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0915 \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u092c\u0928\u0924\u093e\u0964\"\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    \"id\": 33,\r\n    \"year\": \"2022\",\r\n    \"chapter\": \"Hindi & English language skills\",\r\n    \"question\": \"\u0928\u093f\u092e\u094d\u0928\u0932\u093f\u0916\u093f\u0924 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u094c\u0928-\u0938\u093e \u2018\u0909\u0926\u094d\u0918\u093e\u091f\u0928\u2019 \u0936\u092c\u094d\u0926 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0902\u0927\u093f-\u0935\u093f\u091a\u094d\u091b\u0947\u0926 \u0939\u0948?\",\r\n    \"options\": [\r\n      \"\u0909\u0926\u094d + \u0918\u093e\u091f\u0928\",\r\n      \"\u0909\u0924\u094d + \u0918\u093e\u091f\u0928\",\r\n      \"\u0909\u0926\u094d\u0918 + \u0906\u091f\u0928\",\r\n      \"\u0909\u0926\u094d\u0918\u093e + \u091f\u0928\"\r\n    ],\r\n    \"correct\": 1,\r\n    \"explanation\": \"<b>Correct Answer: B) \u0909\u0924\u094d + \u0918\u093e\u091f\u0928<\/b><br><br>\\n<b>\u0938\u0902\u0927\u093f \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930:<\/b> \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0902\u091c\u0928 \u0938\u0902\u0927\u093f\u0964<br><br>\\n<b>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e:<\/b> \u0909\u0924\u094d + \u0918\u093e\u091f\u0928 \u2192 \u0909\u0926\u094d\u0918\u093e\u091f\u0928<br>\\n\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e \u2014 \u2018\u0909\u0924\u094d\u2019 \u0909\u092a\u0938\u0930\u094d\u0917 \u0915\u0947 <b>\u0924\u094d<\/b> \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0926 <b>\u0918\u094d<\/b> (\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0917 \u0915\u093e \u091a\u094c\u0925\u093e \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0923) \u0906\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 <b>\u0924\u094d \u2192 \u0926\u094d<\/b> \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939\u0940 \u0935\u0939\u0940 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 32 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0932\u093e\u0917\u0942 \u0939\u0941\u0906\u0964<br><br>\\n<b>\u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925:<\/b> \u2018\u0909\u0924\u094d\u2019 = \u090a\u092a\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0913\u0930; \u2018\u0918\u093e\u091f\u0928\u2019 = \u0916\u094b\u0932\u0928\u093e\u0964 \u0905\u0924\u0903 \u2018\u0909\u0926\u094d\u0918\u093e\u091f\u0928\u2019 = <b>\u092a\u0930\u094d\u0926\u093e \u0939\u091f\u093e\u0915\u0930 \u0916\u094b\u0932\u0928\u093e, \u0906\u0930\u0902\u092d \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e<\/b>\u0964<br><br>\\n<b>\u2018\u0909\u0924\u094d\u2019 \u0909\u092a\u0938\u0930\u094d\u0917 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923:<\/b> \u0909\u0924\u094d + \u0939\u093e\u0930 = \u0909\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0930; \u0909\u0924\u094d + \u0917\u092e = \u0909\u0926\u094d\u0917\u092e; \u0909\u0924\u094d + \u092f\u094b\u0917 = \u0909\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917; \u0909\u0924\u094d + \u0928\u0924\u093f = \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0928\u0924\u093f\u0964<br><br>\\n<b>\u091c\u093e\u0932:<\/b> \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a (A) \u2018\u0909\u0926\u094d + \u0918\u093e\u091f\u0928\u2019 \u0905\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0902\u0924 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u091f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u0940\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0915\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0941 \u092e\u0942\u0932 \u0909\u092a\u0938\u0930\u094d\u0917 <b>\u2018\u0909\u0924\u094d\u2019<\/b> \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u2018\u0909\u0926\u094d\u2019 \u0924\u094b \u0938\u0902\u0927\u093f \u0915\u0947 <i>\u092c\u093e\u0926<\/i> \u092c\u0928\u093e \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0939\u0948, \u0935\u093f\u091a\u094d\u091b\u0947\u0926 \u0915\u093e \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964\"\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    \"id\": 34,\r\n    \"year\": \"2022\",\r\n    \"chapter\": \"Hindi & English language skills\",\r\n    \"question\": \"\u0928\u093f\u092e\u094d\u0928\u0932\u093f\u0916\u093f\u0924 \u092f\u0941\u0917\u094d\u092e\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u094c\u0928-\u0938\u093e \u0938\u0939\u0940 \u0938\u0941\u092e\u0947\u0932\u093f\u0924 \u092f\u0941\u0917\u094d\u092e <i>\u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902<\/i> \u0939\u0948?<br>(\u0939\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0940 \u092e\u0941\u0939\u093e\u0935\u0930\u0947) : (\u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925)\",\r\n    \"options\": [\r\n      \"\u091b\u0915\u094d\u0915\u0947 \u091b\u0941\u0921\u093c\u093e\u0928\u093e : \u0939\u093f\u092e\u094d\u092e\u0924 \u092a\u0938\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0930 \u0926\u0947\u0928\u093e\",\r\n      \"\u0928\u093e\u0915 \u092d\u094c\u0902 \u0938\u093f\u0915\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0928\u093e : \u0924\u0902\u0917 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e\",\r\n      \"\u0928\u093e\u0915 \u092c\u091a\u093e\u0928\u093e : \u0907\u091c\u094d\u091c\u0924 \u092c\u091a\u093e\u0928\u093e\",\r\n      \"\u0928\u093e\u0915 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0926\u092e \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e : \u092c\u0939\u0941\u0924 \u092a\u0930\u0947\u0936\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e\"\r\n    ],\r\n    \"correct\": 1,\r\n    \"explanation\": \"<b>Correct Answer: B) \u0928\u093e\u0915 \u092d\u094c\u0902 \u0938\u093f\u0915\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0928\u093e : \u0924\u0902\u0917 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e<\/b> \u2014 \u092f\u0939\u0940 <b>\u0917\u0932\u0924<\/b> \u0938\u0941\u092e\u0947\u0932\u0928 \u0939\u0948\u0964<br><br>\\n<b>\u0938\u0939\u0940 \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925:<\/b> \u2018\u0928\u093e\u0915 \u092d\u094c\u0902 \u0938\u093f\u0915\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0928\u093e\u2019 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u0939\u0948 <b>\u0905\u0930\u0941\u091a\u093f, \u0905\u0938\u0902\u0924\u094b\u0937 \u092f\u093e \u0918\u0943\u0923\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u091f \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e<\/b> \u2014 \u092e\u0941\u0901\u0939 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u092d\u093e\u0935 <i>\u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947<\/i> \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948, \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0915\u094b <i>\u092a\u0930\u0947\u0936\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947<\/i> \u0938\u0947 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964<br>\\n\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u2014 \u201c\u092d\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u0926\u0947\u0916\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0940 \u0909\u0938\u0928\u0947 \u0928\u093e\u0915 \u092d\u094c\u0902 \u0938\u093f\u0915\u094b\u0921\u093c \u0932\u0940\u0964\u201d<br><br>\\n<b>\u0936\u0947\u0937 \u092f\u0941\u0917\u094d\u092e \u0938\u0939\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902:<\/b><br>\\n(A) <b>\u091b\u0915\u094d\u0915\u0947 \u091b\u0941\u0921\u093c\u093e\u0928\u093e<\/b> \u2713 \u2014 \u0939\u093f\u092e\u094d\u092e\u0924 \u092a\u0938\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0930 \u0926\u0947\u0928\u093e, \u092c\u0941\u0930\u0940 \u0924\u0930\u0939 \u0939\u0930\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0964<br>\\n(C) <b>\u0928\u093e\u0915 \u092c\u091a\u093e\u0928\u093e<\/b> \u2713 \u2014 \u0907\u091c\u094d\u091c\u0924\/\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0920\u093e \u092c\u091a\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0964 \u0939\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u2018\u0928\u093e\u0915\u2019 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092f\u0903 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0920\u093e \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u0940\u0915 \u0939\u0948\u0964<br>\\n(D) <b>\u0928\u093e\u0915 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0926\u092e \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e<\/b> \u2713 \u2014 \u092c\u0939\u0941\u0924 \u092a\u0930\u0947\u0936\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e\u0964<br><br>\\n<b>\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0928 \u0926\u0947\u0902:<\/b> \u2018\u0924\u0902\u0917 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e\u2019 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924\u0903 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a (D) \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928-\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0928\u0947 \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u0926\u0932\u093e-\u092c\u0926\u0932\u0940 \u0915\u0930\u0915\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0932 \u092c\u093f\u091b\u093e\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964\"\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    \"id\": 35,\r\n    \"year\": \"2022\",\r\n    \"chapter\": \"Hindi & English language skills\",\r\n    \"question\": \"\u0928\u093f\u092e\u094d\u0928\u0932\u093f\u0916\u093f\u0924 \u092f\u0941\u0917\u094d\u092e\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u094c\u0928-\u0938\u093e \u0938\u0939\u0940 \u0938\u0941\u092e\u0947\u0932\u093f\u0924 \u092f\u0941\u0917\u094d\u092e <i>\u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902<\/i> \u0939\u0948?<br>(\u0939\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0940 \u092e\u0941\u0939\u093e\u0935\u0930\u0947) : (\u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925)\",\r\n    \"options\": [\r\n      \"\u092b\u0942\u091f\u0947 \u0922\u094b\u0932 \u0915\u0940 \u0924\u0930\u0939 \u0917\u0932\u0947 \u092a\u0921\u093c\u0928\u093e : \u0905\u0928\u091a\u093e\u0939\u093e \u092c\u094b\u091d \u092c\u0928\u0928\u093e\",\r\n      \"\u092b\u0942\u091f\u0947 \u092e\u0941\u0901\u0939 \u0938\u0947 : \u092c\u0947\u0930\u0941\u0916\u0940 \u0938\u0947\",\r\n      \"\u092b\u0942\u0932\u093e \u0928 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928\u093e : \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0938\u093e\u0939\u0939\u0940\u0928 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u093e\",\r\n      \"\u092b\u0942\u091f \u0921\u093e\u0932\u0928\u093e : \u092c\u0948\u0930 \u0915\u0930\u093e\u0928\u093e\"\r\n    ],\r\n    \"correct\": 2,\r\n    \"explanation\": \"<b>Correct Answer: C) \u092b\u0942\u0932\u093e \u0928 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928\u093e : \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0938\u093e\u0939\u0939\u0940\u0928 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u093e<\/b> \u2014 \u092f\u0939\u0940 <b>\u0917\u0932\u0924<\/b> \u0938\u0941\u092e\u0947\u0932\u0928 \u0939\u0948\u0964<br><br>\\n<b>\u0938\u0939\u0940 \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925:<\/b> \u2018\u092b\u0942\u0932\u093e \u0928 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928\u093e\u2019 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u0939\u0948 <b>\u0905\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u093e, \u0939\u0930\u094d\u0937 \u0938\u0947 \u0917\u0926\u094d\u0917\u0926 \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0928\u093e<\/b> \u2014 \u0920\u0940\u0915 \u0935\u0939\u0940 \u091c\u094b \u0905\u0902\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0947\u091c\u093c\u0940 \u0915\u0947 <i>on cloud nine<\/i> \u0915\u093e \u092d\u093e\u0935 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u2018\u0909\u0924\u094d\u0938\u093e\u0939\u0939\u0940\u0928 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u093e\u2019 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u093e <b>\u0935\u093f\u092a\u0930\u0940\u0924\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0915<\/b> \u0939\u0948\u0964<br>\\n\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u2014 \u201c\u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e \u0938\u0941\u0928\u0915\u0930 \u0935\u0939 \u092b\u0942\u0932\u093e \u0928 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u092f\u093e\u0964\u201d<br><br>\\n<b>\u0936\u0947\u0937 \u092f\u0941\u0917\u094d\u092e \u0938\u0939\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902:<\/b><br>\\n(A) <b>\u092b\u0942\u091f\u0947 \u0922\u094b\u0932 \u0915\u0940 \u0924\u0930\u0939 \u0917\u0932\u0947 \u092a\u0921\u093c\u0928\u093e<\/b> \u2713 \u2014 \u0905\u0928\u091a\u093e\u0939\u093e \u092c\u094b\u091d \u092c\u0928 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0964<br>\\n(B) <b>\u092b\u0942\u091f\u0947 \u092e\u0941\u0901\u0939 \u0938\u0947<\/b> \u2713 \u2014 \u0905\u0928\u093f\u091a\u094d\u091b\u093e \u092f\u093e \u092c\u0947\u0930\u0941\u0916\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0941\u091b \u0915\u0939\u0928\u093e\u0964<br>\\n(D) <b>\u092b\u0942\u091f \u0921\u093e\u0932\u0928\u093e<\/b> \u2713 \u2014 \u0906\u092a\u0938 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0948\u0930 \u092f\u093e \u092e\u0924\u092d\u0947\u0926 \u0915\u0930\u093e\u0928\u093e (\u2018\u092b\u0942\u091f \u0921\u093e\u0932\u094b \u0914\u0930 \u0930\u093e\u091c \u0915\u0930\u094b\u2019)\u0964<br><br>\\n<b>\u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e:<\/b> \u091a\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0941\u0939\u093e\u0935\u0930\u0947 \u2018\u092b\u0942\u2019 \u0938\u0947 \u0906\u0930\u0902\u092d \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u2014 \u092f\u0939 \u0927\u094d\u0935\u0928\u093f-\u0938\u093e\u092e\u094d\u092f \u0939\u0940 \u092d\u094d\u0930\u092e \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0939\u0948\u0964\"\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    \"id\": 36,\r\n    \"year\": \"2022\",\r\n    \"chapter\": \"Hindi & English language skills\",\r\n    \"question\": \"\u0928\u093f\u092e\u094d\u0928\u0932\u093f\u0916\u093f\u0924 \u092f\u0941\u0917\u094d\u092e\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u094c\u0928-\u0938\u093e \u0938\u0939\u0940 \u0938\u0941\u092e\u0947\u0932\u093f\u0924 \u092f\u0941\u0917\u094d\u092e <i>\u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902<\/i> \u0939\u0948?<br>(\u0939\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0940 \u092e\u0941\u0939\u093e\u0935\u0930\u0947) : (\u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925)\",\r\n    \"options\": [\r\n      \"\u092c\u093e\u0902\u091b\u0947\u0902 \u0916\u093f\u0932\u0928\u093e : \u092c\u0939\u0941\u0924 \u0938\u0941\u0902\u0926\u0930 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u093e\",\r\n      \"\u092c\u0939\u0924\u0940 \u0917\u0902\u0917\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u093e\u0925 \u0927\u094b\u0928\u093e : \u0938\u092c \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0905\u0928\u093e\u092f\u093e\u0938 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u092d\u0940 \u0932\u093e\u092d \u0909\u0920\u093e \u0932\u0947\u0928\u093e\",\r\n      \"\u092c\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0918\u093e\u091f \u0915\u093e \u092a\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u092a\u093f\u090f \u0939\u094b\u0928\u093e : \u092c\u0939\u0941\u0924 \u0927\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0924 \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092d\u0935\u0940 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u093e\",\r\n      \"\u092c\u093e\u091c\u093c\u0940 \u092e\u093e\u0930 \u0932\u0947\u0928\u093e : \u0938\u094d\u092a\u0930\u094d\u0927\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u092b\u0932 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u093e\"\r\n    ],\r\n    \"correct\": 0,\r\n    \"explanation\": \"<b>Correct Answer: A) \u092c\u093e\u0902\u091b\u0947\u0902 \u0916\u093f\u0932\u0928\u093e : \u092c\u0939\u0941\u0924 \u0938\u0941\u0902\u0926\u0930 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u093e<\/b> \u2014 \u092f\u0939\u0940 <b>\u0917\u0932\u0924<\/b> \u0938\u0941\u092e\u0947\u0932\u0928 \u0939\u0948\u0964<br><br>\\n<b>\u0938\u0939\u0940 \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925:<\/b> \u2018\u092c\u093e\u0902\u091b\u0947\u0902 \u0916\u093f\u0932\u0928\u093e\u2019 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u0939\u0948 <b>\u0905\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0902\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u093e, \u0916\u0941\u0936\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u0916\u093f\u0932 \u0909\u0920\u0928\u093e<\/b>\u0964 \u2018\u092c\u093e\u0902\u091b\u0947\u0902\u2019 \u0915\u093e \u0924\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0930\u094d\u092f \u092e\u0941\u0916 \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b\u0930 \u0938\u0947 \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u0928\u094d\u0928\u0924\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u0941\u0938\u094d\u0915\u093e\u0928 \u0938\u0947 \u0935\u0947 \u092b\u0948\u0932 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u2018\u092c\u0939\u0941\u0924 \u0938\u0941\u0902\u0926\u0930 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u093e\u2019 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923\u0924\u0903 \u0905\u0938\u0902\u092c\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0939\u0948\u0964<br>\\n\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u2014 \u201c\u0928\u093f\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f-\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0926\u0947\u0916\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0940 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u092c\u093e\u0902\u091b\u0947\u0902 \u0916\u093f\u0932 \u0917\u0908\u0902\u0964\u201d<br><br>\\n<b>\u0936\u0947\u0937 \u092f\u0941\u0917\u094d\u092e \u0938\u0939\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902:<\/b><br>\\n(B) <b>\u092c\u0939\u0924\u0940 \u0917\u0902\u0917\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u093e\u0925 \u0927\u094b\u0928\u093e<\/b> \u2713 \u2014 \u0909\u092a\u0932\u092c\u094d\u0927 \u0905\u0935\u0938\u0930 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u092c\u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u092d\u0940 \u0932\u093e\u092d \u0909\u0920\u093e \u0932\u0947\u0928\u093e\u0964<br>\\n(C) <b>\u092c\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0918\u093e\u091f \u0915\u093e \u092a\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u092a\u093f\u090f \u0939\u094b\u0928\u093e<\/b> \u2713 \u2014 \u0905\u0928\u0947\u0915 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092d\u0935\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0917\u0941\u091c\u093c\u0930\u093e \u0939\u0941\u0906, \u0905\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0902\u0924 \u091a\u0924\u0941\u0930 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0927\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0964<br>\\n(D) <b>\u092c\u093e\u091c\u093c\u0940 \u092e\u093e\u0930 \u0932\u0947\u0928\u093e<\/b> \u2713 \u2014 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0924\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u091c\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e\u0964\"\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    \"id\": 37,\r\n    \"year\": \"2022\",\r\n    \"chapter\": \"Educational policies, measurement & evaluation\",\r\n    \"question\": \"The Evaluation of Pupils' learning difficulties during instruction is known as:\",\r\n    \"options\": [\r\n      \"Placement\",\r\n      \"Formative\",\r\n      \"Diagnostic\",\r\n      \"Summative\"\r\n    ],\r\n    \"correct\": 2,\r\n    \"explanation\": \"<b>Correct Answer: C) Diagnostic<\/b><br><br>\\n<b>Diagnostic evaluation<\/b> is conducted to identify the <b>specific learning difficulties<\/b> a pupil is facing and, critically, their underlying causes, so that remedial instruction can be planned.<br><br>\\n<b>The four types compared \u2014 this distinction is the whole point of the question:<\/b><br>\\n\u2022 <b>Placement<\/b> \u2014 administered <i>before<\/i> instruction, to determine entry behaviour and the appropriate starting point.<br>\\n\u2022 <b>Formative<\/b> \u2014 administered <i>during<\/i> instruction, to monitor <b>learning progress<\/b>.<br>\\n\u2022 <b>Diagnostic<\/b> \u2014 administered <i>during<\/i> instruction, to locate <b>persistent learning difficulties<\/b>.<br>\\n\u2022 <b>Summative<\/b> \u2014 administered <i>at the end<\/i> of instruction, to certify achievement and award grades.<br><br>\\n<b>Read Q37 and Q38 together.<\/b> Both concern the period \\\"during instruction\\\". The discriminating word is <b>difficulties<\/b> (diagnostic) versus <b>progress<\/b> (formative).\"\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    \"id\": 38,\r\n    \"year\": \"2022\",\r\n    \"chapter\": \"Educational policies, measurement & evaluation\",\r\n    \"question\": \"Which one of the following statements indicate the formative evaluation?\",\r\n    \"options\": [\r\n      \"Pupils' entry performance in a sequence of instruction\",\r\n      \"Pupils' learning progress during instruction\",\r\n      \"Pupils' learning difficulties during instruction\",\r\n      \"Pupils' achievement at the end of instruction\"\r\n    ],\r\n    \"correct\": 1,\r\n    \"explanation\": \"<b>Correct Answer: B) Pupils' learning progress during instruction<\/b><br><br>\\n<b>Formative evaluation<\/b> is continuous, in-process assessment whose purpose is to <b>improve<\/b> teaching and learning while both are still under way \u2014 not to grade.<br><br>\\n<b>Key characteristics:<\/b><br>\\n\u2022 Conducted <b>during<\/b> the instructional sequence<br>\\n\u2022 Provides <b>feedback<\/b> to both teacher and learner<br>\\n\u2022 Enables mid-course correction of teaching method or pace<br>\\n\u2022 Usually <b>not<\/b> counted towards final grades<br><br>\\n<b>Mapping each distractor to its correct type:<\/b><br>\\n(A) entry performance \u2192 <b>Placement<\/b> evaluation<br>\\n(C) learning difficulties \u2192 <b>Diagnostic<\/b> evaluation<br>\\n(D) achievement at the end \u2192 <b>Summative<\/b> evaluation<br><br>\\n<i>Michael Scriven<\/i> introduced the formative\/summative distinction in 1967; <i>Benjamin Bloom<\/i> applied it to classroom teaching.\"\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    \"id\": 39,\r\n    \"year\": \"2022\",\r\n    \"chapter\": \"Educational policies, measurement & evaluation\",\r\n    \"question\": \"Which of the following are the components of evaluation?<br>1. Qualitative descriptions<br>2. Quantitative descriptions<br>3. Value judgments<br>4. Graphical descriptions\",\r\n    \"options\": [\r\n      \"1, 2 and 4\",\r\n      \"2, 3 and 4\",\r\n      \"1, 3 and 4\",\r\n      \"1, 2 and 3\"\r\n    ],\r\n    \"correct\": 3,\r\n    \"explanation\": \"<b>Correct Answer: D) 1, 2 and 3<\/b><br><br>\\nThe classical formulation, associated with <b>Gronlund<\/b>, is:<br><br>\\n<b>Evaluation = Quantitative description (measurement) + Qualitative description (non-measurement) + Value judgement<\/b><br><br>\\n<b>1. Qualitative descriptions \u2713<\/b> \u2014 non-numerical accounts of performance: anecdotal records, observation notes, descriptive remarks.<br>\\n<b>2. Quantitative descriptions \u2713<\/b> \u2014 numerical data: marks, scores, percentages. This component is <i>measurement<\/i>.<br>\\n<b>3. Value judgments \u2713<\/b> \u2014 the interpretive element that converts description into evaluation. This is what distinguishes evaluation from mere measurement.<br><br>\\n<b>4. Graphical descriptions \u2717<\/b> \u2014 histograms, polygons and ogives are <b>modes of presenting<\/b> data, not components of the evaluation process itself.<br><br>\\n<b>The key insight:<\/b> measurement answers \\\"how much?\\\"; evaluation adds \\\"how good?\\\" The value judgement is the defining ingredient.\"\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    \"id\": 40,\r\n    \"year\": \"2022\",\r\n    \"chapter\": \"Educational policies, measurement & evaluation\",\r\n    \"question\": \"Split-Half method is used for determining which one of the following characteristics of a test?\",\r\n    \"options\": [\r\n      \"Validity\",\r\n      \"Reliability\",\r\n      \"Usability\",\r\n      \"Objectivity\"\r\n    ],\r\n    \"correct\": 1,\r\n    \"explanation\": \"<b>Correct Answer: B) Reliability<\/b><br><br>\\n<b>Procedure:<\/b> the test is administered once, then split into two equivalent halves \u2014 conventionally <b>odd-numbered versus even-numbered items<\/b>. The correlation between the two half-scores is computed.<br><br>\\n<b>The essential correction step:<\/b> that correlation describes a test of <i>half<\/i> the actual length, and shorter tests are less reliable. It must therefore be stepped up using the <b>Spearman-Brown Prophecy Formula<\/b>:<br><br>\\n<i>r<sub>full<\/sub> = 2r<sub>half<\/sub> \/ (1 + r<sub>half<\/sub>)<\/i><br><br>\\n<b>Why split-half is favoured:<\/b> it needs only <b>one administration<\/b>, avoiding the practice effect of test-retest and the labour of constructing parallel forms.<br><br>\\n<b>The four methods of estimating reliability:<\/b> Test-Retest (stability over time) \u00b7 Parallel\/Equivalent Forms (equivalence) \u00b7 <b>Split-Half<\/b> (internal consistency) \u00b7 Kuder-Richardson KR-20\/21 and Cronbach's alpha (internal consistency).\"\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    \"id\": 41,\r\n    \"year\": \"2022\",\r\n    \"chapter\": \"Educational policies, measurement & evaluation\",\r\n    \"question\": \"Which of the following categories in the taxonomy of educational objectives are the parts of the Affective Domain?<br>1. Application<br>2. Valuing<br>3. Organization<br>4. Adaptation<br>5. Comprehension\",\r\n    \"options\": [\r\n      \"1 and 4\",\r\n      \"2 and 3\",\r\n      \"1 and 5\",\r\n      \"4 and 5\"\r\n    ],\r\n    \"correct\": 1,\r\n    \"explanation\": \"<b>Correct Answer: B) 2 and 3<\/b><br><br>\\n<b>Krathwohl's Affective Domain<\/b> (1964) has five hierarchical levels concerned with attitudes, values, interests and feelings:<br>\\n1. <b>Receiving<\/b> \u2014 awareness, willingness to attend<br>\\n2. <b>Responding<\/b> \u2014 active participation<br>\\n3. <b>Valuing<\/b> \u2713 \u2014 attaching worth to an object or behaviour<br>\\n4. <b>Organization<\/b> \u2713 \u2014 arranging values into a coherent internal system, resolving conflicts between them<br>\\n5. <b>Characterization by a value complex<\/b> \u2014 values become a consistent, predictable philosophy of life<br><br>\\n<b>Why the others are excluded:<\/b><br>\\n\u2022 <b>Application (1)<\/b> and <b>Comprehension (5)<\/b> belong to <b>Bloom's Cognitive Domain<\/b> \u2014 knowledge, comprehension, application, analysis, synthesis, evaluation.<br>\\n\u2022 <b>Adaptation (4)<\/b> belongs to the <b>Psychomotor Domain<\/b> (Simpson's classification: perception, set, guided response, mechanism, complex overt response, <i>adaptation<\/i>, origination).<br><br>\\n<b>Examiner's technique:<\/b> a mixed list drawn from all three domains, requiring the candidate to sort by domain \u2014 a format repeated in the Vice-Principal paper.\"\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    \"id\": 42,\r\n    \"year\": \"2022\",\r\n    \"chapter\": \"Educational policies, measurement & evaluation\",\r\n    \"question\": \"Verbal comprehension is:\",\r\n    \"options\": [\r\n      \"Identifying similarities and differences in words, letters, numbers and geometric figures\",\r\n      \"Demonstrating an understanding of the meaning of words, sentences and directions\",\r\n      \"Identifying similarities and differences in spoken words or sounds\",\r\n      \"Identifying letters of the alphabet, words and numerals\"\r\n    ],\r\n    \"correct\": 1,\r\n    \"explanation\": \"<b>Correct Answer: B) Demonstrating an understanding of the meaning of words, sentences and directions<\/b><br><br>\\n<b>Verbal comprehension<\/b> is one of <b>Thurstone's seven Primary Mental Abilities<\/b> (1938). It is the ability to <b>understand the meaning<\/b> of language \u2014 vocabulary, sentences, written instructions and passages.<br><br>\\n<b>The operative word is \\\"meaning\\\".<\/b> Comprehension goes beyond recognising or discriminating between symbols; it requires grasping what they signify.<br><br>\\n<b>What the distractors actually describe:<\/b><br>\\n(A) <b>Perceptual speed<\/b> \u2014 rapid discrimination of visual detail, another of Thurstone's PMAs.<br>\\n(C) <b>Auditory discrimination<\/b> \u2014 distinguishing between spoken sounds, a component of phonological awareness.<br>\\n(D) <b>Letter and numeral recognition<\/b> \u2014 a pre-reading skill of identification, not understanding.<br><br>\\n<b>Thurstone's seven PMAs:<\/b> Verbal Comprehension, Word Fluency, Number, Space, Associative Memory, Perceptual Speed, Reasoning.\"\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    \"id\": 43,\r\n    \"year\": \"2022\",\r\n    \"chapter\": \"Educational policies, measurement & evaluation\",\r\n    \"question\": \"Which one of the following is the main advantage of using a table of specifications when preparing an achievement test?\",\r\n    \"options\": [\r\n      \"It reduces the amount of time required\",\r\n      \"It makes the construction of test items easier\",\r\n      \"It decreases the objectivity of the test\",\r\n      \"It improves the sampling of content\"\r\n    ],\r\n    \"correct\": 3,\r\n    \"explanation\": \"<b>Correct Answer: D) It improves the sampling of content<\/b><br><br>\\nA <b>table of specifications<\/b>, also called a <b>blueprint<\/b>, is a two-way grid that cross-tabulates <b>content areas<\/b> (rows) against <b>instructional objectives<\/b> (columns), with the number of items or marks entered in each cell.<br><br>\\n<b>Why it improves content sampling:<\/b> a test can only ask a limited number of questions from a large body of material. The blueprint ensures that items are distributed <b>in proportion to the instructional emphasis<\/b> each topic and objective received, so the sample of questions genuinely represents the domain. This is the foundation of <b>content validity<\/b>.<br><br>\\n<b>Why the distractors fail:<\/b><br>\\n(A) It <b>increases<\/b> preparation time \u2014 the blueprint is extra work done up front.<br>\\n(B) Item writing is not made easier; it is made more <i>disciplined<\/i>, since each item must fill a designated cell.<br>\\n(C) It <b>increases<\/b> objectivity rather than decreasing it, by removing the setter's arbitrary preference for favourite topics.\"\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    \"id\": 44,\r\n    \"year\": \"2022\",\r\n    \"chapter\": \"Educational policies, measurement & evaluation\",\r\n    \"question\": \"Which one of the following categories in the taxonomy of educational objectives indicates the highest level of learning?\",\r\n    \"options\": [\r\n      \"Analysis\",\r\n      \"Application\",\r\n      \"Synthesis\",\r\n      \"Comprehension\"\r\n    ],\r\n    \"correct\": 2,\r\n    \"explanation\": \"<b>Correct Answer: C) Synthesis<\/b><br><br>\\n<b>Bloom's Cognitive Taxonomy (1956), lowest to highest:<\/b><br>\\n1. <b>Knowledge<\/b> \u2014 recall of facts<br>\\n2. <b>Comprehension<\/b> \u2014 understanding meaning<br>\\n3. <b>Application<\/b> \u2014 using knowledge in new situations<br>\\n4. <b>Analysis<\/b> \u2014 breaking material into parts and examining relationships<br>\\n5. <b>Synthesis<\/b> \u2713 \u2014 combining elements into a novel whole<br>\\n6. <b>Evaluation<\/b> \u2014 judging value against criteria<br><br>\\nOf the four options offered, <b>Synthesis<\/b> stands highest. Evaluation, which is higher still, was deliberately not offered.<br><br>\\n<b>Important caution for 2026:<\/b> the <b>Revised Taxonomy (Anderson & Krathwohl, 2001)<\/b> reorders the top two and converts them to verbs \u2014 Remember, Understand, Apply, Analyse, <b>Evaluate<\/b>, <b>Create<\/b>. Here <b>Create<\/b> (formerly Synthesis) is highest and Evaluate sits below it. Note which version a question is using before answering.\"\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    \"id\": 45,\r\n    \"year\": \"2022\",\r\n    \"chapter\": \"Educational policies, measurement & evaluation\",\r\n    \"question\": \"Which one of the following measurement scales has an absolute zero point?\",\r\n    \"options\": [\r\n      \"Ordinal\",\r\n      \"Nominal\",\r\n      \"Ratio\",\r\n      \"Interval\"\r\n    ],\r\n    \"correct\": 2,\r\n    \"explanation\": \"<b>Correct Answer: C) Ratio<\/b><br><br>\\n<b>The four scales of measurement (Stevens, 1946):<\/b><br><br>\\n<b>1. Nominal<\/b> \u2014 categories only; numbers are mere labels (jersey numbers, gender codes). Permissible statistic: <b>mode<\/b>.<br>\\n<b>2. Ordinal<\/b> \u2014 rank order, but intervals are unequal (merit position, Likert ratings). Permissible: <b>median<\/b>, percentile.<br>\\n<b>3. Interval<\/b> \u2014 equal intervals but an <b>arbitrary zero<\/b> (temperature in \u00b0C, calendar dates, <b>IQ scores<\/b>). Permissible: <b>mean, SD<\/b>. Ratios are meaningless \u2014 40\u00b0C is not twice as hot as 20\u00b0C.<br>\\n<b>4. Ratio \u2713<\/b> \u2014 equal intervals <b>plus a true, absolute zero<\/b> denoting complete absence of the attribute (height, weight, time, number of items answered correctly). All arithmetic is valid, including ratios \u2014 40 kg <i>is<\/i> twice 20 kg.<br><br>\\n<b>Why this matters in education:<\/b> because achievement-test scores have an arbitrary zero, a score of 80 does not represent twice the knowledge of 40. This is also why <b>IQ is not a ratio scale<\/b> \u2014 a point tested directly in the Vice-Principal paper.\"\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    \"id\": 46,\r\n    \"year\": \"2022\",\r\n    \"chapter\": \"Educational policies, measurement & evaluation\",\r\n    \"question\": \"Which one of the following is a parametric test?\",\r\n    \"options\": [\r\n      \"Sign test\",\r\n      \"t-test\",\r\n      \"Median test\",\r\n      \"Chi-square test\"\r\n    ],\r\n    \"correct\": 1,\r\n    \"explanation\": \"<b>Correct Answer: B) t-test<\/b><br><br>\\n<b>Parametric tests<\/b> make assumptions about the parameters of the population distribution \u2014 chiefly that it is <b>normally distributed<\/b> \u2014 and require <b>interval or ratio level data<\/b>.<br><br>\\n<b>Common parametric tests:<\/b> <b>t-test<\/b> (comparing one or two means), <b>ANOVA<\/b> or F-test (three or more means), <b>Pearson's r<\/b>, regression.<br><br>\\n<b>Common non-parametric (distribution-free) tests:<\/b><br>\\n\u2022 <b>Sign test<\/b> \u2014 uses only the direction of differences<br>\\n\u2022 <b>Median test<\/b> \u2014 compares medians of independent samples<br>\\n\u2022 <b>Chi-square<\/b> \u2014 for frequency and categorical data<br>\\n\u2022 Mann-Whitney U, Wilcoxon, Kruskal-Wallis, Spearman's rho<br><br>\\n<b>When to prefer non-parametric methods:<\/b> small samples, nominal or ordinal data, or when the normality assumption is clearly violated. Parametric tests are otherwise preferred because they are <b>more powerful<\/b> \u2014 better able to detect a real effect when one exists.\"\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    \"id\": 47,\r\n    \"year\": \"2022\",\r\n    \"chapter\": \"Educational policies, measurement & evaluation\",\r\n    \"question\": \"Which one of the following is not an assumption of a parametric test?\",\r\n    \"options\": [\r\n      \"Normal distribution\",\r\n      \"Randomization\",\r\n      \"Homogeneity\",\r\n      \"Discontinuity\"\r\n    ],\r\n    \"correct\": 3,\r\n    \"explanation\": \"<b>Correct Answer: D) Discontinuity<\/b><br><br>\\n<b>The assumptions of parametric tests:<\/b><br>\\n<b>1. Normality \u2713<\/b> \u2014 the population from which the sample is drawn is normally distributed.<br>\\n<b>2. Randomization \u2713<\/b> \u2014 observations are drawn randomly and independently.<br>\\n<b>3. Homogeneity of variance \u2713<\/b> (homoscedasticity) \u2014 the groups being compared have approximately equal variances.<br>\\n<b>4. Continuity<\/b> \u2014 the variable is measured on a <b>continuous<\/b> interval or ratio scale.<br>\\n<b>5. Independence<\/b> of observations.<br>\\n<b>6. Additivity<\/b> \u2014 effects combine additively.<br><br>\\n<b>Discontinuity \u2717<\/b> is the <b>direct opposite<\/b> of the continuity requirement. Parametric procedures depend on a variable that can take any value within a range; a discontinuous variable violates that condition.<br><br>\\n<b>Answering technique:<\/b> a \\\"not an assumption\\\" item is often built by inserting the negation of a genuine assumption. Scan for the antonym first.\"\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    \"id\": 48,\r\n    \"year\": \"2022\",\r\n    \"chapter\": \"Educational policies, measurement & evaluation\",\r\n    \"question\": \"Which one of the following tests should be conducted by a teacher in order to identify the strength and weakness of the students in an area of study?\",\r\n    \"options\": [\r\n      \"Achievement test\",\r\n      \"Aptitude test\",\r\n      \"Diagnostic test\",\r\n      \"Reasoning test\"\r\n    ],\r\n    \"correct\": 2,\r\n    \"explanation\": \"<b>Correct Answer: C) Diagnostic test<\/b><br><br>\\nA <b>diagnostic test<\/b> is designed to pinpoint <b>specific strengths and weaknesses<\/b> within a defined area of study, and to trace the causes of persistent difficulty, so that <b>remedial teaching<\/b> can be targeted.<br><br>\\n<b>Its distinguishing features:<\/b><br>\\n\u2022 Covers a <b>narrow<\/b> content area in <b>great depth<\/b><br>\\n\u2022 Contains many items on each specific sub-skill<br>\\n\u2022 Items are usually <b>easy<\/b>, since the aim is to locate the exact point of breakdown, not to spread candidates out<br>\\n\u2022 Yields a <b>profile<\/b> of sub-skills rather than a single total score<br><br>\\n<b>Why the distractors fail:<\/b><br>\\n(A) <b>Achievement test<\/b> \u2014 measures overall attainment after instruction. It tells you <i>that<\/i> a pupil is weak, not <i>where<\/i> or <i>why<\/i>.<br>\\n(B) <b>Aptitude test<\/b> \u2014 predicts <b>future<\/b> capacity to learn, not present mastery.<br>\\n(D) <b>Reasoning test<\/b> \u2014 measures general mental ability, unrelated to a specific area of study.\"\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    \"id\": 49,\r\n    \"year\": \"2022\",\r\n    \"chapter\": \"Educational policies, measurement & evaluation\",\r\n    \"question\": \"Which one of the following does not belong to the category of probability sample?\",\r\n    \"options\": [\r\n      \"Random sample\",\r\n      \"Stratified sample\",\r\n      \"Purposive sample\",\r\n      \"Systematic sample\"\r\n    ],\r\n    \"correct\": 2,\r\n    \"explanation\": \"<b>Correct Answer: C) Purposive sample<\/b><br><br>\\n<b>The defining test of probability sampling:<\/b> every member of the population has a <b>known, non-zero probability<\/b> of being selected, and selection is governed by chance rather than by the researcher's judgement.<br><br>\\n<b>Probability sampling methods:<\/b><br>\\n\u2022 <b>Simple random<\/b> \u2014 lottery or random number tables<br>\\n\u2022 <b>Stratified<\/b> \u2014 population divided into homogeneous strata, then random selection within each<br>\\n\u2022 <b>Systematic<\/b> \u2014 every kth unit from a list after a random start<br>\\n\u2022 <b>Cluster<\/b> and <b>Multi-stage<\/b><br><br>\\n<b>Non-probability sampling methods:<\/b><br>\\n\u2022 <b>Purposive (judgemental) \u2717<\/b> \u2014 the researcher <b>deliberately selects<\/b> units believed to be typical or informative<br>\\n\u2022 Quota, Convenience\/Accidental, Snowball<br><br>\\n<b>Why it matters:<\/b> only probability samples permit valid <b>statistical inference<\/b> and estimation of sampling error. Purposive sampling is common in qualitative research, where representativeness is not the goal \u2014 and it is the standard distractor in this question format.\"\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    \"id\": 50,\r\n    \"year\": \"2022\",\r\n    \"chapter\": \"Educational policies, measurement & evaluation\",\r\n    \"question\": \"Which one of the following is included within the range of M \u00b1 1\u03c3 in a normal distribution curve?\",\r\n    \"options\": [\r\n      \"68\u00b713%\",\r\n      \"68\u00b726%\",\r\n      \"66\u00b728%\",\r\n      \"66\u00b726%\"\r\n    ],\r\n    \"correct\": 1,\r\n    \"explanation\": \"<b>Correct Answer: B) 68\u00b726%<\/b><br><br>\\n<b>The empirical rule for the Normal Probability Curve:<\/b><br>\\n\u2022 <b>M \u00b1 1\u03c3<\/b> \u2192 <b>68\u00b726%<\/b> of cases (34\u00b713% on each side of the mean)<br>\\n\u2022 <b>M \u00b1 2\u03c3<\/b> \u2192 <b>95\u00b744%<\/b> of cases<br>\\n\u2022 <b>M \u00b1 3\u03c3<\/b> \u2192 <b>99\u00b774%<\/b> of cases<br><br>\\n<b>Worked illustration:<\/b> in a class of 1,000 with mean 50 and SD 10, roughly <b>683 students<\/b> would score between 40 and 60.<br><br>\\n<b>Other properties of the NPC:<\/b> bell-shaped and perfectly symmetrical; <b>mean = median = mode<\/b> at the centre; asymptotic \u2014 the tails approach but never touch the baseline; total area under the curve equals 1 (or 100%); the points of inflection lie at \u00b11\u03c3.<br><br>\\n<b>Exam note:<\/b> the distractors are constructed by transposing digits (68\u00b713, 66\u00b728, 66\u00b726). Memorise the three figures exactly.\"\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    \"id\": 51,\r\n    \"year\": \"2022\",\r\n    \"chapter\": \"Educational policies, measurement & evaluation\",\r\n    \"question\": \"Which one of the following tests is used for personality diagnosis?\",\r\n    \"options\": [\r\n      \"Aptitude test\",\r\n      \"Projective test\",\r\n      \"Intelligence test\",\r\n      \"Achievement test\"\r\n    ],\r\n    \"correct\": 1,\r\n    \"explanation\": \"<b>Correct Answer: B) Projective test<\/b><br><br>\\n<b>Projective techniques<\/b> present <b>ambiguous, unstructured stimuli<\/b> onto which the subject <b>projects<\/b> inner needs, conflicts, motives and personality traits. Because there is no obviously \\\"right\\\" response, the subject cannot easily manage the impression created \u2014 the chief advantage over self-report inventories.<br><br>\\n<b>Major projective tests:<\/b><br>\\n\u2022 <b>Rorschach Inkblot Test<\/b> \u2014 ten symmetrical inkblots<br>\\n\u2022 <b>Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)<\/b> \u2014 ambiguous pictures about which stories are told<br>\\n\u2022 <b>Children's Apperception Test (CAT)<\/b><br>\\n\u2022 <b>Sentence Completion Test<\/b><br>\\n\u2022 <b>Word Association Test<\/b> (Jung)<br>\\n\u2022 <b>Draw-a-Person<\/b> and <b>House-Tree-Person<\/b><br><br>\\n<b>Why the distractors fail:<\/b> aptitude tests predict future performance; intelligence tests measure cognitive ability; achievement tests measure learning attained. None addresses personality structure.<br><br>\\n<i>Note:<\/i> the Vice-Principal paper asked the converse \u2014 which technique is <b>not<\/b> projective. The answer there was the <b>Situational Test<\/b>, which uses structured, realistic settings.\"\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    \"id\": 52,\r\n    \"year\": \"2022\",\r\n    \"chapter\": \"Educational policies, measurement & evaluation\",\r\n    \"question\": \"Thurstone's equal appearing intervals scale is used for measuring the:\",\r\n    \"options\": [\r\n      \"Aptitude\",\r\n      \"Attitude\",\r\n      \"Achievement\",\r\n      \"Creativity\"\r\n    ],\r\n    \"correct\": 1,\r\n    \"explanation\": \"<b>Correct Answer: B) Attitude<\/b><br><br>\\n<b>Thurstone's Method of Equal-Appearing Intervals<\/b> (1928) is one of the classical techniques of <b>attitude scaling<\/b>.<br><br>\\n<b>How it works:<\/b><br>\\n1. A large pool of statements about the attitude object is collected.<br>\\n2. A panel of <b>judges<\/b> sorts each statement into 11 piles ranging from most unfavourable to most favourable.<br>\\n3. The <b>median<\/b> pile position becomes the statement's <b>scale value<\/b>; statements on which judges disagree widely are discarded.<br>\\n4. Respondents simply mark the statements they agree with; their attitude score is the <b>mean scale value<\/b> of those endorsed.<br><br>\\n<b>The three classical attitude scales:<\/b><br>\\n\u2022 <b>Thurstone<\/b> \u2014 equal-appearing intervals, judge-scaled<br>\\n\u2022 <b>Likert<\/b> \u2014 summated ratings, five-point agreement scale (simpler, and now far more common)<br>\\n\u2022 <b>Guttman<\/b> \u2014 cumulative scalogram<br>\\n\u2022 <b>Osgood's Semantic Differential<\/b> \u2014 bipolar adjective pairs\"\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    \"id\": 53,\r\n    \"year\": \"2022\",\r\n    \"chapter\": \"Educational policies, measurement & evaluation\",\r\n    \"question\": \"Which one of the following variables does not fall into continuous series?\",\r\n    \"options\": [\r\n      \"Age\",\r\n      \"Time\",\r\n      \"Class size\",\r\n      \"Weight\"\r\n    ],\r\n    \"correct\": 2,\r\n    \"explanation\": \"<b>Correct Answer: C) Class size<\/b><br><br>\\n<b>Continuous variables<\/b> can take <b>any value<\/b> within a range, including fractions, and are limited only by the precision of the measuring instrument.<br>\\n<b>Discrete variables<\/b> take only <b>separate, distinct values<\/b> \u2014 usually whole numbers arrived at by counting.<br><br>\\n<b>Applying the test:<\/b><br>\\n\u2022 <b>Age \u2713 continuous<\/b> \u2014 12 years, 12\u00b75 years, 12\u00b775 years are all meaningful.<br>\\n\u2022 <b>Time \u2713 continuous<\/b> \u2014 measurable to any degree of precision.<br>\\n\u2022 <b>Weight \u2713 continuous<\/b> \u2014 45 kg, 45\u00b73 kg, 45\u00b737 kg.<br>\\n\u2022 <b>Class size \u2717 discrete<\/b> \u2014 a class may have 40 or 41 students. <b>40\u00b75 students is impossible.<\/b><br><br>\\n<b>The quick rule:<\/b> if you <b>count<\/b> it, it is discrete; if you <b>measure<\/b> it, it is continuous.<br><br>\\n<b>Why this matters:<\/b> continuity is an assumption of parametric tests \u2014 linking this item directly to Q47.\"\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    \"id\": 54,\r\n    \"year\": \"2022\",\r\n    \"chapter\": \"Educational policies, measurement & evaluation\",\r\n    \"question\": \"Which of the following are standard scores?<br>1. Z-score<br>2. T-score<br>3. Stanine score<br>4. Mean score\",\r\n    \"options\": [\r\n      \"1 and 2 only\",\r\n      \"2 and 4 only\",\r\n      \"1 and 3 only\",\r\n      \"1, 2 and 3\"\r\n    ],\r\n    \"correct\": 3,\r\n    \"explanation\": \"<b>Correct Answer: D) 1, 2 and 3<\/b><br><br>\\nA <b>standard score<\/b> expresses a raw score in terms of its <b>distance from the mean in standard deviation units<\/b>, making scores from different tests directly comparable.<br><br>\\n<b>1. Z-score \u2713<\/b> \u2014 the basic standard score. <i>z = (X \u2212 M) \/ \u03c3<\/i>. Mean 0, SD 1. Can be negative and is usually decimal.<br>\\n<b>2. T-score \u2713<\/b> \u2014 a linear transformation of z designed to remove negatives and decimals. <i>T = 50 + 10z<\/i>. Mean 50, SD 10.<br>\\n<b>3. Stanine \u2713<\/b> \u2014 \\\"standard nine\\\", a nine-point scale with <b>mean 5 and SD 2<\/b>, each band covering half a standard deviation.<br><br>\\n<b>4. Mean score \u2717<\/b> \u2014 the arithmetic average is a <b>measure of central tendency<\/b>, not a standard score. It describes a group; it does not locate an individual relative to a group.<br><br>\\n<b>Other standard scores:<\/b> C-scale, Sten (mean 5\u00b75, SD 2), Normal Curve Equivalent, and deviation IQ (mean 100, SD 15).\"\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    \"id\": 55,\r\n    \"year\": \"2022\",\r\n    \"chapter\": \"Educational policies, measurement & evaluation\",\r\n    \"question\": \"Which one of the following is used to determine the test performance in terms of some external standard?\",\r\n    \"options\": [\r\n      \"Content validity\",\r\n      \"Construct validity\",\r\n      \"Criterion validity\",\r\n      \"Predictive validity\"\r\n    ],\r\n    \"correct\": 2,\r\n    \"explanation\": \"<b>Correct Answer: C) Criterion validity<\/b><br><br>\\n<b>Criterion-related validity<\/b> establishes how well test performance corresponds to an <b>independent external criterion<\/b> \u2014 a separate, accepted measure of the same attribute.<br><br>\\n<b>It has two sub-types:<\/b><br>\\n\u2022 <b>Concurrent validity<\/b> \u2014 test scores correlated with a criterion measured <b>at the same time<\/b> (a new short intelligence test against an established long one).<br>\\n\u2022 <b>Predictive validity<\/b> \u2014 test scores correlated with a criterion measured <b>in the future<\/b> (an entrance test against later academic performance).<br><br>\\n<b>Why (D) is the trap:<\/b> Predictive validity <i>is<\/i> a form of criterion validity, but it is the <b>narrower<\/b> term, restricted to future criteria. The question says \\\"some external standard\\\" without specifying timing, so the <b>broader category<\/b> is the correct response.<br><br>\\n<b>The other two types:<\/b><br>\\n\u2022 <b>Content validity<\/b> \u2014 judged by how well items sample the content domain, established through a <b>table of specifications<\/b>, not an external measure.<br>\\n\u2022 <b>Construct validity<\/b> \u2014 the degree to which the test measures a theoretical construct such as anxiety or intelligence.\"\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    \"id\": 56,\r\n    \"year\": \"2022\",\r\n    \"chapter\": \"Educational policies, measurement & evaluation\",\r\n    \"question\": \"Match List I with List II and select the correct answer using the code given below:<br>List I (Basic skill): A. Reading, B. Language, C. Mathematics, D. Study skills<br>List II (Sub test): 1. Reading maps, 2. Computation, 3. Expression, 4. Comprehension\",\r\n    \"options\": [\r\n      \"A-4, B-3, C-2, D-1\",\r\n      \"A-4, B-2, C-3, D-1\",\r\n      \"A-1, B-3, C-2, D-4\",\r\n      \"A-1, B-2, C-3, D-4\"\r\n    ],\r\n    \"correct\": 0,\r\n    \"explanation\": \"<b>Correct Answer: A) A-4, B-3, C-2, D-1<\/b><br><br>\\n<b>A. Reading \u2192 4. Comprehension<\/b><br>\\nThe purpose of reading is to extract meaning from text. Reading achievement is therefore assessed through comprehension sub-tests.<br><br>\\n<b>B. Language \u2192 3. Expression<\/b><br>\\nLanguage ability is assessed through the capacity to express ideas \u2014 usage, grammar, sentence construction, written expression.<br><br>\\n<b>C. Mathematics \u2192 2. Computation<\/b><br>\\nThe core sub-test of mathematical attainment is computation, alongside concepts and problem-solving.<br><br>\\n<b>D. Study skills \u2192 1. Reading maps<\/b><br>\\nStudy skills concern <b>locating and interpreting information<\/b> from reference sources \u2014 maps, graphs, tables, charts, indexes, dictionaries. Map reading is the classic illustration.<br><br>\\n<b>Technique for matching items:<\/b> fix the pairing you are most certain of and eliminate. Here <b>C-2 (Mathematics-Computation)<\/b> is unmistakable, which immediately removes options (C) and (D).\"\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    \"id\": 57,\r\n    \"year\": \"2022\",\r\n    \"chapter\": \"Educational policies, measurement & evaluation\",\r\n    \"question\": \"Match List I with List II and select the correct answer using the code given below:<br>List I (General test): A. Content-oriented achievement test, B. School-oriented aptitude test, C. Culture-oriented verbal aptitude test, D. Culture-oriented non-verbal aptitude test<br>List II (Learning measured): 1. Verbal, numerical and general problem solving abilities derived from culture, 2. Knowledge of subject matter, 3. Abstract reasoning abilities based on picture classification, 4. Arithmetic reasoning\",\r\n    \"options\": [\r\n      \"A-2, B-1, C-4, D-3\",\r\n      \"A-3, B-4, C-1, D-2\",\r\n      \"A-3, B-1, C-4, D-2\",\r\n      \"A-2, B-4, C-1, D-3\"\r\n    ],\r\n    \"correct\": 3,\r\n    \"explanation\": \"<b>Correct Answer: D) A-2, B-4, C-1, D-3<\/b><br><br>\\n<b>A. Content-oriented achievement test \u2192 2. Knowledge of subject matter<\/b><br>\\nAn achievement test measures what has been <b>taught and learned<\/b> in specific school subjects. The clearest pairing in the set \u2014 use it to anchor the answer.<br><br>\\n<b>B. School-oriented aptitude test \u2192 4. Arithmetic reasoning<\/b><br>\\nAptitude tests built around school learning draw on curricular skills such as arithmetic reasoning to predict future academic success.<br><br>\\n<b>C. Culture-oriented <u>verbal<\/u> aptitude test \u2192 1. Verbal, numerical and general problem solving abilities derived from culture<\/b><br>\\nThe word <b>verbal<\/b> in the stem matches \\\"verbal, numerical\\\" in the description, and \\\"derived from culture\\\" matches \\\"culture-oriented\\\".<br><br>\\n<b>D. Culture-oriented <u>non-verbal<\/u> aptitude test \u2192 3. Abstract reasoning abilities based on picture classification<\/b><br>\\n<b>Non-verbal<\/b> matches <b>picture classification<\/b> \u2014 abstract, language-free items of the Raven's Progressive Matrices type, designed to reduce cultural and linguistic bias.<br><br>\\n<b>Technique:<\/b> the verbal\/non-verbal contrast in C and D is decisive; pictures must go with non-verbal.\"\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    \"id\": 58,\r\n    \"year\": \"2022\",\r\n    \"chapter\": \"Educational policies, measurement & evaluation\",\r\n    \"question\": \"Which one of the following measures is used to determine the greatest stability of the scores?\",\r\n    \"options\": [\r\n      \"Mean\",\r\n      \"Median\",\r\n      \"Mode\",\r\n      \"Range\"\r\n    ],\r\n    \"correct\": 0,\r\n    \"explanation\": \"<b>Correct Answer: A) Mean<\/b><br><br>\\n<b>Stability<\/b> here means resistance to fluctuation from sample to sample \u2014 the extent to which a statistic computed on one random sample will match that computed on another from the same population.<br><br>\\n<b>The mean is the most stable<\/b> because it is the only measure that uses <b>every score<\/b> in the distribution. Each observation contributes to the total, so random variation in individual scores tends to cancel out. Technically, the mean has the smallest standard error of all measures of central tendency.<br><br>\\n<b>Order of stability:<\/b> <b>Mean > Median > Mode > Range<\/b><br><br>\\n\u2022 <b>Median<\/b> \u2014 depends on position, so it ignores the magnitude of extreme scores.<br>\\n\u2022 <b>Mode<\/b> \u2014 highly unstable; a small shift in a few scores can move it entirely, and a distribution may have several modes or none.<br>\\n\u2022 <b>Range<\/b> \u2014 the <b>least stable<\/b>, since it is computed from only <b>two<\/b> values, both of them the most extreme in the set.<br><br>\\n<b>The trade-off:<\/b> the same property that makes the mean stable makes it <b>sensitive to outliers<\/b> \u2014 which is why the median is preferred for markedly skewed distributions.\"\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    \"id\": 59,\r\n    \"year\": \"2022\",\r\n    \"chapter\": \"Educational policies, measurement & evaluation\",\r\n    \"question\": \"Which of the following are the major methodological approaches in qualitative research?<br>1. Post-positivist approach<br>2. Critical approach<br>3. Causal-comparative approach<br>4. Interpretive approach\",\r\n    \"options\": [\r\n      \"1, 2 and 4\",\r\n      \"2 and 3 only\",\r\n      \"3 and 4 only\",\r\n      \"2 and 4 only\"\r\n    ],\r\n    \"correct\": 0,\r\n    \"explanation\": \"<b>Correct Answer: A) 1, 2 and 4<\/b><br><br>\\n<b>1. Post-positivist \u2713<\/b> \u2014 accepts that reality exists but can only be known imperfectly and probabilistically; the researcher's values inevitably shape enquiry. A recognised qualitative paradigm.<br><br>\\n<b>2. Critical \u2713<\/b> \u2014 examines power, ideology, inequality and oppression, with the explicit aim of emancipation and social transformation. Draws on Freire and critical theory.<br><br>\\n<b>4. Interpretive \u2713<\/b> \u2014 seeks to understand social reality as <b>constructed and interpreted by participants themselves<\/b>. Includes phenomenology, ethnography, symbolic interactionism and hermeneutics.<br><br>\\n<b>3. Causal-comparative \u2717<\/b> \u2014 also called <b>ex post facto<\/b> research. This is a <b>quantitative<\/b> design in which the researcher examines an effect that has already occurred and works backwards to possible causes, using statistical comparison of pre-existing groups. It belongs with experimental, correlational and survey methods, not with qualitative paradigms.<br><br>\\n<b>The discriminating principle:<\/b> qualitative approaches are defined by their <b>philosophical stance on the nature of reality and knowledge<\/b>. Causal-comparative is a procedural design, which is why it does not belong in this list.\"\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    \"id\": 60,\r\n    \"year\": \"2022\",\r\n    \"chapter\": \"Educational policies, measurement & evaluation\",\r\n    \"question\": \"Which one of the following statements in context of basic principles of Achievement test is not correct?\",\r\n    \"options\": [\r\n      \"It should be used to improve students' learning.\",\r\n      \"It should be designed to fit the particular uses to be made of the results.\",\r\n      \"It can be used as a standardized tool for measurement.\",\r\n      \"It should measure clearly defined learning outcomes.\"\r\n    ],\r\n    \"correct\": 2,\r\n    \"explanation\": \"<b>Correct Answer: C) It can be used as a standardized tool for measurement<\/b> \u2014 this is the statement that is <b>NOT<\/b> correct.<br><br>\\n<b>Why it is wrong:<\/b> the achievement test referred to in these principles is the <b>teacher-made classroom test<\/b>. It is <b>not standardised<\/b>. Standardisation requires a fixed set of items, uniform administration and scoring procedures, and <b>published norms<\/b> derived from a large representative sample. A classroom test built for one syllabus, one class and one teacher's purposes has none of these.<br><br>\\n<b>The genuine principles, all of which appear as distractors:<\/b><br>\\n(A) \u2713 The test should <b>improve learning<\/b>, not merely certify it \u2014 assessment <i>for<\/i> learning.<br>\\n(B) \u2713 It should <b>fit its intended use<\/b>; a diagnostic purpose demands a different design from a grading purpose.<br>\\n(D) \u2713 It should measure <b>clearly defined learning outcomes<\/b>, established through a table of specifications.<br><br>\\n<b>Teacher-made versus standardised achievement tests:<\/b> the former is flexible, locally relevant, interpreted against class performance; the latter is uniform, norm-referenced and permits comparison across schools and States.\"\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    \"id\": 61,\r\n    \"year\": \"2022\",\r\n    \"chapter\": \"Educational policies, measurement & evaluation\",\r\n    \"question\": \"Which one of the following should not be there in unstructured In-depth interviews?\",\r\n    \"options\": [\r\n      \"Interviewee-focused listening\",\r\n      \"Agenda-focused listening\",\r\n      \"Non-interruptive listening\",\r\n      \"Interviewee-centred open and non-judgmental listening\"\r\n    ],\r\n    \"correct\": 1,\r\n    \"explanation\": \"<b>Correct Answer: B) Agenda-focused listening<\/b><br><br>\\n<b>The defining feature of an unstructured in-depth interview<\/b> is that it follows the <b>respondent's<\/b> line of thought, not the researcher's. There is no fixed schedule of questions; the interviewer uses broad themes and probes wherever the participant leads.<br><br>\\n<b>Why agenda-focused listening is disqualified:<\/b> listening for what fits <b>your own agenda<\/b> imposes the researcher's framework on the data. The interviewer begins filtering for expected answers, hears selectively, and steers the conversation back to predetermined points. This destroys the very openness that justifies the method and introduces serious <b>researcher bias<\/b>.<br><br>\\n<b>The three appropriate stances:<\/b><br>\\n(A) <b>Interviewee-focused<\/b> \u2713 \u2014 attention centred on the participant's meanings.<br>\\n(C) <b>Non-interruptive<\/b> \u2713 \u2014 allowing silences and letting the account unfold at its own pace.<br>\\n(D) <b>Open and non-judgmental<\/b> \u2713 \u2014 suspending evaluation so the participant speaks freely.<br><br>\\n<b>Underlying principle:<\/b> qualitative depth interviewing aims to surface the participant's own construction of reality \u2014 which is exactly the <i>interpretive<\/i> paradigm of Q59.\"\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    \"id\": 62,\r\n    \"year\": \"2022\",\r\n    \"chapter\": \"Educational policies, measurement & evaluation\",\r\n    \"question\": \"Which one among the following is not a method of establishing probability?\",\r\n    \"options\": [\r\n      \"Empirical approach\",\r\n      \"Differential approach\",\r\n      \"Mathematical approach\",\r\n      \"Intuitive approach\"\r\n    ],\r\n    \"correct\": 1,\r\n    \"explanation\": \"<b>Correct Answer: B) Differential approach<\/b><br><br>\\n<b>The three recognised approaches to establishing probability:<\/b><br><br>\\n<b>1. Mathematical \/ Classical \/ A priori \u2713<\/b> \u2014 probability derived by reasoning from equally likely outcomes, before any trial. P = favourable outcomes \u00f7 total outcomes. A fair coin gives P(head) = 1\/2 without tossing it once.<br><br>\\n<b>2. Empirical \/ Relative Frequency \/ A posteriori \u2713<\/b> \u2014 probability derived from <b>observed data<\/b> over many trials. If 520 of 1,000 tosses give heads, the empirical probability is 0\u00b752. Used where outcomes are not equally likely \u2014 mortality tables, weather forecasting.<br><br>\\n<b>3. Intuitive \/ Subjective \/ Personalistic \u2713<\/b> \u2014 probability as a <b>degree of personal belief<\/b>, based on experience and judgement where neither theory nor data is available. The foundation of Bayesian statistics.<br><br>\\n<b>\\\"Differential approach\\\" \u2717<\/b> is not a probability method at all. The term belongs to calculus (differentiation) and to psychology (differential psychology, the study of individual differences). It is a manufactured distractor.\"\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    \"id\": 63,\r\n    \"year\": \"2022\",\r\n    \"chapter\": \"Educational policies, measurement & evaluation\",\r\n    \"question\": \"The comparison of a pupil's performance on a test with that of another pupil's in some appropriate reference group is called:\",\r\n    \"options\": [\r\n      \"Objective testing\",\r\n      \"Criterion-referenced testing\",\r\n      \"Norm-referenced testing\",\r\n      \"Subjective testing\"\r\n    ],\r\n    \"correct\": 2,\r\n    \"explanation\": \"<b>Correct Answer: C) Norm-referenced testing<\/b><br><br>\\n<b>Norm-referenced testing (NRT)<\/b> interprets a score by its <b>position within a group<\/b>. The question is \\\"How does this pupil compare with others?\\\" Results are reported as ranks, percentiles, stanines or standard scores.<br><br>\\n<b>Characteristics:<\/b> designed to <b>discriminate<\/b> between candidates and produce a spread of scores; items of moderate difficulty (P near 0\u00b750) are preferred because they maximise discrimination; used for <b>selection<\/b> \u2014 entrance tests, recruitment, scholarships.<br><br>\\n<b>Criterion-referenced testing (CRT)<\/b>, by contrast, interprets a score against a <b>fixed standard of mastery<\/b>, independent of how others performed. The question is \\\"Has this pupil mastered the objective?\\\" Every candidate could in principle pass, or fail. Used for licensing, competency certification and <b>diagnostic<\/b> purposes.<br><br>\\n<b>Why (A) and (D) are irrelevant:<\/b> objective versus subjective testing is a classification by <b>scoring method<\/b> \u2014 whether the marker's judgement affects the score \u2014 an entirely different axis from the reference used for interpretation.\"\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    \"id\": 64,\r\n    \"year\": \"2022\",\r\n    \"chapter\": \"Educational policies, measurement & evaluation\",\r\n    \"question\": \"Consider the following statements regarding Psychological tests:<br>1. A psychological test is essentially an objective and standardized measure of a sample of behaviour.<br>2. Standardization implies variety of procedures in administrating and scoring the test.<br>3. The determination of validity requires independent, external criteria of whatever the test is designed to measure.<br>Which of the statements given above are correct?\",\r\n    \"options\": [\r\n      \"1 and 2 only\",\r\n      \"2 and 3 only\",\r\n      \"1 and 3 only\",\r\n      \"1, 2 and 3\"\r\n    ],\r\n    \"correct\": 2,\r\n    \"explanation\": \"<b>Correct Answer: C) 1 and 3 only<\/b><br><br>\\n<b>Statement 1: CORRECT \u2713<\/b><br>\\nThis is <b>Anne Anastasi's classic definition<\/b>: a psychological test is \\\"essentially an objective and standardized measure of a sample of behaviour\\\". Each element matters \u2014 <i>objective<\/i> (free of scorer bias), <i>standardized<\/i> (uniform procedure), <i>sample<\/i> (a test cannot examine all behaviour, only a representative selection).<br><br>\\n<b>Statement 2: INCORRECT \u2717<\/b><br>\\nStandardization implies <b>uniformity<\/b>, not variety. Every candidate must face identical materials, identical instructions, identical time limits and identical scoring rules. Only then are differences in score attributable to differences in the trait rather than to differences in testing conditions. The word \\\"variety\\\" inverts the concept \u2014 a single-word trap.<br><br>\\n<b>Statement 3: CORRECT \u2713<\/b><br>\\nEstablishing <b>criterion-related validity<\/b> requires an <b>independent external criterion<\/b> \u2014 an accepted separate measure of the same attribute against which test scores are correlated. This connects directly to Q55.\"\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    \"id\": 65,\r\n    \"year\": \"2022\",\r\n    \"chapter\": \"Educational policies, measurement & evaluation\",\r\n    \"question\": \"Group tests are used primarily in:<br>1. Educational systems<br>2. Government services<br>3. Industry and Military services<br>4. Clinics\",\r\n    \"options\": [\r\n      \"1, 2 and 4\",\r\n      \"2 and 3 only\",\r\n      \"1 and 4 only\",\r\n      \"1, 2 and 3\"\r\n    ],\r\n    \"correct\": 3,\r\n    \"explanation\": \"<b>Correct Answer: D) 1, 2 and 3<\/b><br><br>\\n<b>Group tests<\/b> are administered to many people simultaneously by a single examiner. They are economical of time and cost, require minimal examiner training, and are usually objectively scored.<br><br>\\n<b>1. Educational systems \u2713<\/b> \u2014 board examinations, entrance tests, achievement surveys.<br>\\n<b>2. Government services \u2713<\/b> \u2014 recruitment testing such as this very examination.<br>\\n<b>3. Industry and Military services \u2713<\/b> \u2014 mass selection and placement. The prototype is the <b>US Army Alpha and Beta tests<\/b> of 1917, developed to classify 1\u00b775 million recruits and the origin of group testing itself.<br><br>\\n<b>4. Clinics \u2717<\/b> \u2014 clinical settings require <b>individual tests<\/b> such as the Stanford-Binet or the Wechsler scales. Diagnosis of a specific individual demands close observation of <i>how<\/i> the person responds \u2014 hesitation, anxiety, problem-solving style, rapport \u2014 which is impossible in a mass administration and which is precisely the clinician's raw material.<br><br>\\n<b>The trade-off:<\/b> group tests buy efficiency at the cost of depth; individual tests buy depth at the cost of time.\"\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    \"id\": 66,\r\n    \"year\": \"2022\",\r\n    \"chapter\": \"Educational policies, measurement & evaluation\",\r\n    \"question\": \"Which one of the following educational institutions of ancient times is not a part of independent India?\",\r\n    \"options\": [\r\n      \"Nalanda\",\r\n      \"Vikramshila\",\r\n      \"Vallabhi\",\r\n      \"Takshashila\"\r\n    ],\r\n    \"correct\": 3,\r\n    \"explanation\": \"<b>Correct Answer: D) Takshashila<\/b><br><br>\\n<b>Takshashila (Taxila)<\/b> lies in the <b>Rawalpindi district of Punjab province, Pakistan<\/b>, and has therefore not been part of Indian territory since Partition in 1947. It is a UNESCO World Heritage Site of Pakistan.<br><br>\\nFlourishing from around the 6th century BCE, it was renowned for advanced study rather than elementary instruction, and is associated with <b>Panini<\/b> the grammarian, <b>Chanakya (Kautilya)<\/b>, and <b>Charaka<\/b> the physician.<br><br>\\n<b>The three that remain in India:<\/b><br>\\n\u2022 <b>Nalanda<\/b> \u2014 Bihar. Founded under the Guptas (Kumaragupta I, 5th century CE); visited by Xuanzang and I-tsing; destroyed by Bakhtiyar Khalji around 1193. UNESCO World Heritage Site.<br>\\n\u2022 <b>Vikramshila<\/b> \u2014 Bhagalpur, Bihar. Founded by <b>Dharmapala<\/b> of the Pala dynasty; a centre of Tantric Buddhism.<br>\\n\u2022 <b>Vallabhi<\/b> \u2014 Saurashtra, Gujarat. A leading centre of Hinayana Buddhist learning under the Maitraka dynasty.<br><br>\\n<i>Observation:<\/i> this was the only question in the entire 120-item paper drawn from history.\"\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    \"id\": 67,\r\n    \"year\": \"2022\",\r\n    \"chapter\": \"Educational policies, measurement & evaluation\",\r\n    \"question\": \"The task of preparation of the National Curriculum Framework (2005) was accomplished by:\",\r\n    \"options\": [\r\n      \"National Steering Committee only\",\r\n      \"Twenty-one National Focus Groups only\",\r\n      \"National Steering Committee and three National Focus Groups\",\r\n      \"National Steering Committee and twenty-one National Focus Groups\"\r\n    ],\r\n    \"correct\": 3,\r\n    \"explanation\": \"<b>Correct Answer: D) National Steering Committee and twenty-one National Focus Groups<\/b><br><br>\\nNCERT constituted a <b>National Steering Committee chaired by Professor Yash Pal<\/b>, supported by <b>21 National Focus Groups<\/b>. Each Focus Group produced a <b>Position Paper<\/b>, and these papers collectively formed the evidence base of NCF 2005.<br><br>\\n<b>The five guiding principles of NCF 2005:<\/b><br>\\n1. Connecting knowledge to life outside the school<br>\\n2. Ensuring that learning shifts away from rote methods<br>\\n3. Enriching the curriculum so that it goes beyond textbooks<br>\\n4. Making examinations more flexible and integrating them with classroom life<br>\\n5. Nurturing an overriding identity informed by caring concerns within the democratic polity of the country<br><br>\\n<b>Notable Position Papers:<\/b> Aims of Education; Curriculum, Syllabus and Textbooks; Teaching of Indian Languages; Gender Issues in Education; Education of Children with Special Needs; Systemic Reforms for Curriculum Change.<br><br>\\n<b>Exam note:<\/b> the number <b>21<\/b> is the tested fact \u2014 option (C) offers \\\"three\\\" purely to catch imprecise recall.\"\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    \"id\": 68,\r\n    \"year\": \"2022\",\r\n    \"chapter\": \"Educational policies, measurement & evaluation\",\r\n    \"question\": \"As per the Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act, 2009, an all-weather school building should consist of:<br>1. Separate toilets for boys and girls<br>2. An easy access without barrier<br>3. A common room for teachers and School Management Committee members<br>4. A kitchen where mid-day meal is cooked in the school\",\r\n    \"options\": [\r\n      \"2 and 3 only\",\r\n      \"1, 2 and 4\",\r\n      \"1, 2 and 3\",\r\n      \"1, 3 and 4\"\r\n    ],\r\n    \"correct\": 1,\r\n    \"explanation\": \"<b>Correct Answer: B) 1, 2 and 4<\/b><br><br>\\n<b>The Schedule to the RTE Act 2009<\/b> prescribes the norms and standards for a school. The all-weather building must consist of:<br>\\n\u2022 At least <b>one classroom for every teacher<\/b>, and an <b>office-cum-store-cum-Head teacher's room<\/b><br>\\n\u2022 <b>Barrier-free access \u2713 (2)<\/b><br>\\n\u2022 <b>Separate toilets for boys and girls \u2713 (1)<\/b><br>\\n\u2022 Safe and adequate <b>drinking water<\/b> facility for all children<br>\\n\u2022 A <b>kitchen where mid-day meal is cooked \u2713 (4)<\/b><br>\\n\u2022 <b>Playground<\/b><br>\\n\u2022 Arrangements for securing the school building by boundary wall or fencing<br><br>\\n<b>Statement 3 \u2717<\/b> \u2014 a \\\"common room for teachers and School Management Committee members\\\" is <b>not<\/b> prescribed anywhere in the Schedule. The Act provides only for an office-cum-store-cum-Head teacher's room. This is a fabricated item, plausible because SMC meetings must be held somewhere.<br><br>\\n<b>Other Schedule norms worth memorising:<\/b> 200 working days at primary and 220 at upper primary; 800 instructional hours at primary and 1,000 at upper primary; <b>45 teaching hours per week including preparation<\/b>; teaching-learning equipment, library and play material for every school.\"\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    \"id\": 69,\r\n    \"year\": \"2022\",\r\n    \"chapter\": \"Educational policies, measurement & evaluation\",\r\n    \"question\": \"According to the Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act, 2009, the vacancies of teachers in a State-owned school shall not exceed:\",\r\n    \"options\": [\r\n      \"Two percent of the total sanctioned strength\",\r\n      \"Five percent of the total sanctioned strength\",\r\n      \"Ten percent of the total sanctioned strength\",\r\n      \"Fifteen percent of the total sanctioned strength\"\r\n    ],\r\n    \"correct\": 2,\r\n    \"explanation\": \"<b>Correct Answer: C) Ten percent of the total sanctioned strength<\/b><br><br>\\n<b>Section 26 of the RTE Act, 2009<\/b> provides that the appointing authority in relation to a school established, owned or controlled by the appropriate Government or a local authority shall ensure that the <b>vacancy of teachers shall not exceed ten per cent of the total sanctioned strength<\/b>.<br><br>\\n<b>Why the provision exists:<\/b> the Act's guarantee of quality education depends on maintaining the prescribed <b>pupil-teacher ratio<\/b> under the Schedule. A permanently under-staffed school defeats the right in practice even where it is honoured on paper. Section 26 converts staffing into a statutory obligation rather than an administrative aspiration.<br><br>\\n<b>Related provisions in the same cluster \u2014 all directly examinable:<\/b><br>\\n\u2022 <b>\u00a725<\/b> \u2014 PTR as specified in the Schedule to be maintained within six months<br>\\n\u2022 <b>\u00a727<\/b> \u2014 <b>no deployment of teachers for non-educational purposes<\/b>, except decennial census, disaster relief duties, and elections to local authority, State Legislature or Parliament<br>\\n\u2022 <b>\u00a728<\/b> \u2014 <b>no private tuition<\/b> by teachers\"\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    \"id\": 70,\r\n    \"year\": \"2022\",\r\n    \"chapter\": \"Educational policies, measurement & evaluation\",\r\n    \"question\": \"Under the Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act, 2009, which one of the following may not be a part of consideration while laying down the curriculum and evaluation procedure for elementary education?\",\r\n    \"options\": [\r\n      \"Conformity with the values enshrined in the Constitution\",\r\n      \"All-round development of the child's knowledge, potentiality and talent\",\r\n      \"Making the children free of fear, trauma and anxiety\",\r\n      \"Universal School System\"\r\n    ],\r\n    \"correct\": 3,\r\n    \"explanation\": \"<b>Correct Answer: D) Universal School System<\/b><br><br>\\n<b>Section 29(2) of the RTE Act, 2009<\/b> lists the considerations the academic authority must take into account while laying down the curriculum and the evaluation procedure:<br>\\n(a) <b>Conformity with the values enshrined in the Constitution \u2713<\/b><br>\\n(b) <b>All-round development of the child \u2713<\/b><br>\\n(c) Building up the child's knowledge, potentiality and talent<br>\\n(d) Development of physical and mental abilities to the fullest extent<br>\\n(e) Learning through activities, discovery and exploration in a child-friendly and child-centred manner<br>\\n(f) Medium of instruction shall, as far as practicable, be in the child's <b>mother tongue<\/b><br>\\n(g) <b>Making the child free of fear, trauma and anxiety \u2713<\/b> and helping the child to express views freely<br>\\n(h) Comprehensive and continuous evaluation of the child's understanding and ability to apply it<br><br>\\n<b>\\\"Universal School System\\\" \u2717<\/b> appears nowhere in \u00a729(2). It is a policy concept associated with the <b>Common School System<\/b> recommended by the <b>Kothari Commission (1964-66)<\/b> \u2014 a genuine idea in Indian education, but not a statutory consideration under this section. That authentic-sounding origin is what makes it an effective distractor.\"\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    \"id\": 71,\r\n    \"year\": \"2022\",\r\n    \"chapter\": \"Educational policies, measurement & evaluation\",\r\n    \"question\": \"As per the Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act, 2009, if a child happens to fail in the regular examination at the end of the eighth class, he or she can be given an additional opportunity for re-examination within a period of:\",\r\n    \"options\": [\r\n      \"One month from the date of declaration of the result\",\r\n      \"Two months from the date of declaration of the result\",\r\n      \"Six months from the date of declaration of the result\",\r\n      \"Nine months from the date of declaration of the result\"\r\n    ],\r\n    \"correct\": 1,\r\n    \"explanation\": \"<b>Correct Answer: B) Two months from the date of declaration of the result<\/b><br><br>\\n<b>Statutory basis:<\/b> the <b>RTE (Amendment) Act, 2019<\/b> substituted Section 16, ending the blanket no-detention policy. The amended provision requires a <b>regular examination at the end of Class 5 and Class 8<\/b>. If a child fails, he or she must be given <b>additional instruction<\/b> and an <b>opportunity for re-examination within two months<\/b> of the declaration of the result. Only if the child fails again may the State permit detention.<br><br>\\n<b>The policy history matters:<\/b><br>\\n\u2022 <b>Original \u00a716 (2009)<\/b> \u2014 no child shall be held back in any class till the completion of elementary education.<br>\\n\u2022 <b>Criticism<\/b> \u2014 the provision was blamed for declining learning outcomes, with children reaching Class 9 without foundational competence; the <b>Geeta Bhukkal Committee<\/b> reviewed it.<br>\\n\u2022 <b>2019 Amendment<\/b> \u2014 restored detention <b>with safeguards<\/b>: remedial instruction first, re-examination, and detention only as a last resort. The decision is left to each State.<br><br>\\n<b>The unchanged guarantee:<\/b> even under the amendment, <b>no child may be expelled<\/b> from school before completing elementary education.\"\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    \"id\": 72,\r\n    \"year\": \"2022\",\r\n    \"chapter\": \"Educational policies, measurement & evaluation\",\r\n    \"question\": \"Which one of the following age groups of children is entitled to free and compulsory education as per the Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act, 2009?\",\r\n    \"options\": [\r\n      \"Six to sixteen years\",\r\n      \"Five to fourteen years\",\r\n      \"Six to fourteen years\",\r\n      \"Four to sixteen years\"\r\n    ],\r\n    \"correct\": 2,\r\n    \"explanation\": \"<b>Correct Answer: C) Six to fourteen years<\/b><br><br>\\n<b>Article 21A<\/b> of the Constitution, inserted by the <b>Constitution (Eighty-sixth Amendment) Act, 2002<\/b>, provides that the State shall provide free and compulsory education to all children of the age of <b>six to fourteen years<\/b> in such manner as the State may by law determine. <b>Section 3<\/b> of the RTE Act gives effect to it.<br><br>\\n<b>Definitions in the Act:<\/b><br>\\n\u2022 <b>\\\"Free\\\"<\/b> \u2014 no child shall be liable to pay any fee, charge or expense which may prevent him from pursuing and completing elementary education.<br>\\n\u2022 <b>\\\"Compulsory\\\"<\/b> \u2014 the obligation lies on the <b>appropriate Government<\/b> to ensure admission, attendance and completion; it is not a penal duty on parents.<br>\\n\u2022 <b>\\\"Elementary education\\\"<\/b> \u2014 Classes I to VIII.<br><br>\\n<b>The 86th Amendment made three changes together:<\/b><br>\\n1. Inserted <b>Article 21A<\/b> (Fundamental Right)<br>\\n2. Amended <b>Article 45<\/b> (DPSP) to cover early childhood care and education for children <b>below six years<\/b><br>\\n3. Inserted <b>Article 51A(k)<\/b> (Fundamental Duty of the parent or guardian to provide opportunities for education to the child aged six to fourteen)<br><br>\\n<b>Note the gap NEP 2020 addresses:<\/b> children below six were outside Article 21A, which is why the policy brings the 3-6 age group into the Foundational Stage.\"\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    \"id\": 73,\r\n    \"year\": \"2022\",\r\n    \"chapter\": \"Educational policies, measurement & evaluation\",\r\n    \"question\": \"As per the Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act, 2009, which one of the following is not the function of the School Management Committee?\",\r\n    \"options\": [\r\n      \"Preparing and recommending the school development plan\",\r\n      \"Monitoring the working of the school\",\r\n      \"Monitoring the utilization of the grants received\",\r\n      \"Preparing the norms and standards for the school\"\r\n    ],\r\n    \"correct\": 3,\r\n    \"explanation\": \"<b>Correct Answer: D) Preparing the norms and standards for the school<\/b> \u2014 this is <b>NOT<\/b> an SMC function.<br><br>\\n<b>Section 21(2) of the RTE Act<\/b> gives the School Management Committee exactly <b>four<\/b> functions:<br>\\n(a) <b>Monitor the working of the school \u2713<\/b><br>\\n(b) <b>Prepare and recommend the School Development Plan \u2713<\/b><br>\\n(c) <b>Monitor the utilisation of the grants received<\/b> from the appropriate Government or local authority or any other source <b>\u2713<\/b><br>\\n(d) Perform such other functions as may be prescribed<br><br>\\n<b>Why (D) is wrong:<\/b> the <b>norms and standards<\/b> for a school are laid down in the <b>Schedule to the Act itself<\/b> \u2014 a matter of central legislation. An individual school's committee has no power to write them. The SMC's role is to <b>monitor compliance<\/b> with those norms, not to author them.<br><br>\\n<b>SMC composition under \u00a721(1):<\/b> at least <b>three-fourths<\/b> of members shall be parents or guardians; <b>proportionate representation<\/b> to parents of children from disadvantaged groups and weaker sections; at least <b>fifty per cent<\/b> of members shall be <b>women<\/b>.<br><br>\\n<b>Exam pattern:<\/b> this Act is tested by inserting one plausible administrative function into a list of genuine statutory ones.\"\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    \"id\": 74,\r\n    \"year\": \"2022\",\r\n    \"chapter\": \"Educational policies, measurement & evaluation\",\r\n    \"question\": \"As per the Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act, 2009, what is the minimum number of working hours per week for the teacher?\",\r\n    \"options\": [\r\n      \"Forty-five hours excluding preparation hours\",\r\n      \"Forty-five hours including preparation hours\",\r\n      \"Forty hours excluding preparation hours\",\r\n      \"Forty hours including preparation hours\"\r\n    ],\r\n    \"correct\": 1,\r\n    \"explanation\": \"<b>Correct Answer: B) Forty-five hours including preparation hours<\/b><br><br>\\nThe <b>Schedule to the RTE Act, 2009<\/b> prescribes the minimum number of working hours per week for a teacher as <b>forty-five teaching hours, including preparation hours<\/b>.<br><br>\\n<b>Both halves of the answer are being tested.<\/b> The number (45, not 40) and the qualifier (<b>including<\/b>, not excluding) each carry a distractor, which is why all four combinations appear. Preparation time is counted <i>within<\/i> the 45 hours, not added on top of it.<br><br>\\n<b>The related Schedule norms on time \u2014 memorise as a set:<\/b><br>\\n\u2022 <b>Minimum working days per year:<\/b> 200 at primary (Classes I-V) \u00b7 220 at upper primary (Classes VI-VIII)<br>\\n\u2022 <b>Minimum instructional hours per year:<\/b> 800 at primary \u00b7 1,000 at upper primary<br>\\n\u2022 <b>Minimum working hours per week for a teacher:<\/b> <b>45, including preparation hours<\/b><br><br>\\n<b>Why the Act specifies this:<\/b> it establishes teaching as structured professional work with protected preparation time, and gives a statutory basis for resisting the deployment of teachers on non-educational duties barred by \u00a727.\"\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    \"id\": 75,\r\n    \"year\": \"2022\",\r\n    \"chapter\": \"Educational policies, measurement & evaluation\",\r\n    \"question\": \"As per the Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Rules, 2010, the State Advisory Council is chaired ex-officio by:\",\r\n    \"options\": [\r\n      \"The Principal Secretary of School Education in the appropriate Government\",\r\n      \"The Chief Secretary in the appropriate Government\",\r\n      \"The Minister in-charge of School Education in the appropriate Government\",\r\n      \"The Secretary in-charge of Elementary Education in the appropriate Government\"\r\n    ],\r\n    \"correct\": 2,\r\n    \"explanation\": \"<b>Correct Answer: C) The Minister in-charge of School Education in the appropriate Government<\/b><br><br>\\n<b>Statutory scheme:<\/b> <b>Section 34<\/b> of the RTE Act requires the State Government to constitute a <b>State Advisory Council<\/b> to advise the State Government on implementation of the Act in an effective manner. The RTE Rules provide that the <b>Minister in charge of School Education<\/b> shall be its <b>ex-officio Chairperson<\/b>.<br><br>\\n<b>The parallel body at the Centre:<\/b> <b>Section 33<\/b> establishes the <b>National Advisory Council<\/b>, chaired by the <b>Union Minister for Human Resource Development<\/b> (now Education), with up to <b>15 members<\/b> drawn from persons with knowledge and practical experience in elementary education and child development.<br><br>\\n<b>Why a Minister and not a civil servant:<\/b> the Council advises on <i>policy implementation<\/i> across departments and requires political authority to be effective. The distractors \u2014 Chief Secretary, Principal Secretary, Secretary \u2014 are all senior officials, and each is plausible enough to catch a candidate who has not read the provision.<br><br>\\n<b>\\\"Appropriate Government\\\" defined:<\/b> for Union Territories without a legislature, the Central Government; otherwise the State Government.\"\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    \"id\": 76,\r\n    \"year\": \"2022\",\r\n    \"chapter\": \"Educational policies, measurement & evaluation\",\r\n    \"question\": \"At which stage of school education does the National Education Policy (2020) recommend every student to take a \u2018fun course\u2019 or \u201810-day bagless period\u2019?\",\r\n    \"options\": [\r\n      \"Foundational Stage\",\r\n      \"Preparatory Stage\",\r\n      \"Middle Stage\",\r\n      \"Any time during school education\"\r\n    ],\r\n    \"correct\": 2,\r\n    \"explanation\": \"<b>Correct Answer: C) Middle Stage<\/b><br><br>\\n<b>NEP 2020 provides<\/b> that during <b>Grades 6-8<\/b>, every student will take a <b>fun course<\/b> giving a survey and hands-on experience of a sampling of important vocational crafts \u2014 carpentry, electric work, metal work, gardening, pottery making and so on \u2014 as decided by States and local communities and as mapped by local skilling needs.<br><br>\\nIt further provides that all students will participate in a <b>10-day bagless period<\/b> sometime during Grades 6-8, when they intern with local vocational experts such as carpenters, gardeners, potters and artists.<br><br>\\n<b>The 5+3+3+4 stages, for orientation:<\/b><br>\\n\u2022 <b>Foundational<\/b> \u2014 ages 3-8 (3 years pre-school + Grades 1-2)<br>\\n\u2022 <b>Preparatory<\/b> \u2014 ages 8-11 (Grades 3-5)<br>\\n\u2022 <b>Middle<\/b> \u2014 ages 11-14 (Grades 6-8) \u2190 <b>vocational exposure begins here<\/b><br>\\n\u2022 <b>Secondary<\/b> \u2014 ages 14-18 (Grades 9-12)<br><br>\\n<b>The rationale:<\/b> NEP sets a target that at least <b>50% of learners<\/b> shall have exposure to vocational education through the school and higher education system by 2025, and aims to remove the social status hierarchy attached to vocational work by beginning early.\"\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    \"id\": 77,\r\n    \"year\": \"2022\",\r\n    \"chapter\": \"Educational policies, measurement & evaluation\",\r\n    \"question\": \"Which one of the following agencies is to be set up to catalyze and expand research and innovation across the country as per the National Education Policy (2020)?\",\r\n    \"options\": [\r\n      \"National Research Foundation\",\r\n      \"National Innovation Mission\",\r\n      \"Higher Education Commission of India\",\r\n      \"Higher Education Grants Council\"\r\n    ],\r\n    \"correct\": 0,\r\n    \"explanation\": \"<b>Correct Answer: A) National Research Foundation<\/b><br><br>\\n<b>NEP 2020<\/b> proposes the <b>National Research Foundation (NRF)<\/b> to <b>catalyze and expand research and innovation across the country<\/b>, with the overarching goal of enabling a culture of research to permeate through universities.<br><br>\\n<b>Its four functions under the policy:<\/b><br>\\n1. <b>Fund<\/b> competitive, peer-reviewed grant proposals across all disciplines<br>\\n2. <b>Seed, grow and facilitate<\/b> research at academic institutions, particularly universities and colleges where research capacity is currently weak<br>\\n3. <b>Act as a liaison<\/b> between researchers and relevant branches of government and industry<br>\\n4. <b>Recognise<\/b> outstanding research and its progress<br><br>\\n<b>Crucially, NRF funds research across <i>all<\/i> disciplines<\/b> \u2014 sciences, technology, social sciences, arts and humanities alike. This breadth distinguishes it from earlier science-focused funding bodies.<br><br>\\n<b>The other NEP bodies \u2014 distinguish them carefully:<\/b><br>\\n\u2022 <b>HECI<\/b> \u2014 Higher Education Commission of India, the single umbrella regulator with four verticals (NHERC for regulation, NAC for accreditation, HEGC for funding, GEC for standard setting)<br>\\n\u2022 <b>HEGC<\/b> \u2014 a <i>vertical within<\/i> HECI for disbursement of funds, hence a distractor here<br>\\n\u2022 <b>NETF<\/b> \u2014 National Educational Technology Forum\"\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    \"id\": 78,\r\n    \"year\": \"2022\",\r\n    \"chapter\": \"Educational policies, measurement & evaluation\",\r\n    \"question\": \"Which one of the following statements correctly describes the purpose of PARAKH, as envisaged in the National Education Policy (2020)?\",\r\n    \"options\": [\r\n      \"It is proposed to set up as a national assessment centre for standard-setting and guidelines for assessment and evaluation of teachers.\",\r\n      \"It is proposed to set up as a national assessment centre for standard-setting and guidelines for assessment and evaluation of students.\",\r\n      \"It is proposed to set up as an advisory organization for universities regarding new assessment patterns, etc.\",\r\n      \"It is proposed to set up as a regulatory body to ensure adoption of the uniform curriculum across various national and state education boards.\"\r\n    ],\r\n    \"correct\": 1,\r\n    \"explanation\": \"<b>Correct Answer: B) A national assessment centre for standard-setting and guidelines for assessment and evaluation of students<\/b><br><br>\\n<b>PARAKH<\/b> stands for <b>P<\/b>erformance <b>A<\/b>ssessment, <b>R<\/b>eview, and <b>A<\/b>nalysis of <b>K<\/b>nowledge for <b>H<\/b>olistic Development. It was set up as a constituent unit of <b>NCERT<\/b>.<br><br>\\n<b>Its functions under NEP 2020:<\/b><br>\\n\u2022 Set <b>norms, standards and guidelines<\/b> for student assessment and evaluation for all recognised school boards<br>\\n\u2022 Guide the State Achievement Survey and undertake the <b>National Achievement Survey<\/b><br>\\n\u2022 Monitor achievement of learning outcomes<br>\\n\u2022 Encourage and help school boards to <b>shift their assessment patterns towards testing competencies<\/b> rather than rote memorisation<br>\\n\u2022 Bring <b>uniformity and equivalence<\/b> across school boards, so that students of different boards are assessed on comparable standards<br><br>\\n<b>The single-word trap:<\/b> option (A) is identical to the correct answer except that it ends with <b>\\\"teachers\\\"<\/b> instead of <b>\\\"students\\\"<\/b>. PARAKH assesses <i>students<\/i>; the standards for teachers are set by <b>NPST<\/b> under the National Council for Teacher Education. Read the last word of every option in this format.\"\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    \"id\": 79,\r\n    \"year\": \"2022\",\r\n    \"chapter\": \"Educational policies, measurement & evaluation\",\r\n    \"question\": \"How many targets are adopted in Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) \u2013 4 that are centred on inclusive and equitable quality education and lifelong learning?\",\r\n    \"options\": [\r\n      \"12 targets in three groups\",\r\n      \"10 targets in five groups\",\r\n      \"8 targets in five groups\",\r\n      \"6 targets in four groups\"\r\n    ],\r\n    \"correct\": 1,\r\n    \"explanation\": \"<b>Correct Answer: B) 10 targets in five groups<\/b><br><br>\\n<b>SDG-4<\/b> \u2014 \\\"Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all\\\" \u2014 has <b>10 targets<\/b>.<br><br>\\n<b>Structure:<\/b> seven <b>outcome targets<\/b> (numbered 4.1 to 4.7) and three <b>means of implementation<\/b> targets (numbered 4.a, 4.b and 4.c).<br><br>\\n<b>The seven outcome targets:<\/b><br>\\n\u2022 <b>4.1<\/b> Free, equitable and quality primary and secondary education<br>\\n\u2022 <b>4.2<\/b> Access to quality early childhood development, care and pre-primary education<br>\\n\u2022 <b>4.3<\/b> Equal access to affordable technical, vocational and tertiary education<br>\\n\u2022 <b>4.4<\/b> Relevant skills for decent work<br>\\n\u2022 <b>4.5<\/b> Elimination of gender disparities and equal access for the vulnerable<br>\\n\u2022 <b>4.6<\/b> Universal youth and adult <b>literacy and numeracy<\/b><br>\\n\u2022 <b>4.7<\/b> Education for sustainable development and global citizenship<br><br>\\n<b>The three means of implementation:<\/b><br>\\n\u2022 <b>4.a<\/b> Build and upgrade inclusive and safe schools<br>\\n\u2022 <b>4.b<\/b> Expand higher education scholarships for developing countries<br>\\n\u2022 <b>4.c<\/b> Increase the supply of qualified teachers<br><br>\\n<i>The Sustainable Development Goals were adopted in 2015 as part of the 2030 Agenda; there are 17 Goals and 169 targets in all.<\/i>\"\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    \"id\": 80,\r\n    \"year\": \"2022\",\r\n    \"chapter\": \"Educational policies, measurement & evaluation\",\r\n    \"question\": \"Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) \u2013 4 aims to ensure inclusive and equitable education in India to all by:\",\r\n    \"options\": [\r\n      \"2025\",\r\n      \"2030\",\r\n      \"2035\",\r\n      \"2040\"\r\n    ],\r\n    \"correct\": 1,\r\n    \"explanation\": \"<b>Correct Answer: B) 2030<\/b><br><br>\\nAll <b>17 Sustainable Development Goals<\/b> carry a <b>2030<\/b> horizon. They were adopted by all United Nations Member States in <b>September 2015<\/b> as part of the <b>2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development<\/b>, succeeding the Millennium Development Goals which ran to 2015.<br><br>\\n<b>NEP 2020 expressly aligns with this deadline<\/b>, stating that the policy is designed to help India achieve SDG-4 by 2030 \u2014 including the aim of achieving <b>100% Gross Enrolment Ratio<\/b> in school education from pre-school to secondary level by 2030.<br><br>\\n<b>Distinguish the education target years \u2014 a frequent source of confusion:<\/b><br>\\n\u2022 <b>2025<\/b> \u2014 universal <b>Foundational Literacy and Numeracy<\/b> in primary school by Grade 3 (NEP's most urgent priority); also 50% learners with vocational exposure<br>\\n\u2022 <b>2030<\/b> \u2014 <b>SDG-4<\/b>; 100% GER in school education; the <b>4-year integrated B.Ed. as the minimum teacher qualification<\/b><br>\\n\u2022 <b>2035<\/b> \u2014 50% GER in <b>higher education<\/b><br>\\n\u2022 <b>2040<\/b> \u2014 all higher education institutions to become multidisciplinary\"\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    \"id\": 81,\r\n    \"year\": \"2022\",\r\n    \"chapter\": \"Educational policies, measurement & evaluation\",\r\n    \"question\": \"Which one of the following agencies is the National Coordinator for managing the course content being offered through the SWAYAM portal for engineering sector courses?\",\r\n    \"options\": [\r\n      \"National Programme on Technology Enhanced Learning (NPTEL)\",\r\n      \"Indira Gandhi National Open University (IGNOU)\",\r\n      \"All India Council for Technical Education (AICTE)\",\r\n      \"National Institute of Technical Teachers Training and Research (NITTTR)\"\r\n    ],\r\n    \"correct\": 0,\r\n    \"explanation\": \"<b>Correct Answer: A) National Programme on Technology Enhanced Learning (NPTEL)<\/b><br><br>\\n<b>SWAYAM<\/b> (Study Webs of Active Learning for Young Aspiring Minds) is India's national MOOC platform, hosting courses from Class 9 to post-graduation, free of cost. It rests on <b>three cardinal principles: access, equity and quality<\/b>.<br><br>\\n<b>National Coordinators \u2014 the division of labour is directly examinable:<\/b><br>\\n\u2022 <b>NPTEL<\/b> \u2014 <b>engineering<\/b> \u2713<br>\\n\u2022 <b>UGC<\/b> \u2014 non-technical post-graduation education<br>\\n\u2022 <b>CEC<\/b> \u2014 under-graduate education<br>\\n\u2022 <b>NCERT<\/b> \u2014 school education (Classes 9-12)<br>\\n\u2022 <b>NIOS<\/b> \u2014 school education (open schooling)<br>\\n\u2022 <b>IGNOU<\/b> \u2014 out-of-school students<br>\\n\u2022 <b>IIMB<\/b> \u2014 management studies<br>\\n\u2022 <b>NITTTR<\/b> \u2014 teacher training programmes<br>\\n\u2022 <b>AICTE<\/b> \u2014 self-paced and international courses<br><br>\\n<b>The four-quadrant approach<\/b> used for every SWAYAM course: (1) video lecture, (2) reading material that can be downloaded or printed, (3) self-assessment tests through quizzes, and (4) an online discussion forum for clearing doubts.\"\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    \"id\": 82,\r\n    \"year\": \"2022\",\r\n    \"chapter\": \"Educational policies, measurement & evaluation\",\r\n    \"question\": \"The National Education Policy (2020) recommends public investment of 6% of GDP in Education sector of the country. This allocation of funds is proposed to come from:\",\r\n    \"options\": [\r\n      \"Central government only\",\r\n      \"State governments only\",\r\n      \"Public-private partnership\",\r\n      \"Central and State governments together\"\r\n    ],\r\n    \"correct\": 3,\r\n    \"explanation\": \"<b>Correct Answer: D) Central and State governments together<\/b><br><br>\\n<b>NEP 2020 states<\/b> that the Centre and the States will work together to increase the public investment in the Education sector to reach <b>6% of GDP<\/b> at the earliest.<br><br>\\n<b>Why this joint framing matters constitutionally:<\/b> <b>Education is in the Concurrent List<\/b>, moved there from the State List by the <b>42nd Amendment (1976)<\/b>. Both Union and States legislate and spend on it, so neither alone can deliver the target.<br><br>\\n<b>The history of the 6% figure:<\/b><br>\\n\u2022 First recommended by the <b>Kothari Commission (1964-66)<\/b><br>\\n\u2022 Reiterated by the <b>National Policy on Education 1968<\/b> and again in <b>NPE 1986<\/b><br>\\n\u2022 Reaffirmed by <b>NEP 2020<\/b><br>\\n\u2022 Actual public expenditure has hovered around <b>3% to 4.5% of GDP<\/b>, so the target has stood unmet for nearly six decades \u2014 a point worth knowing for any discussion question<br><br>\\n<b>Why (C) is wrong:<\/b> the policy speaks of <b>public<\/b> investment. Private and philanthropic participation is encouraged elsewhere in NEP, but it does not count towards the 6% commitment, which is a measure of \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u2014 of governmental \u2014 spending.\"\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    \"id\": 83,\r\n    \"year\": \"2022\",\r\n    \"chapter\": \"Educational policies, measurement & evaluation\",\r\n    \"question\": \"Which one of the following is not a guiding principle for the implementation of recommendations of the National Education Policy (2020)?\",\r\n    \"options\": [\r\n      \"Implementation of the policy initiatives in a phased manner\",\r\n      \"Comprehensiveness in implementation\",\r\n      \"Timely infusion of requisite resources at the Central and State levels\",\r\n      \"Evolving a centralized implementation structure at the national level\"\r\n    ],\r\n    \"correct\": 3,\r\n    \"explanation\": \"<b>Correct Answer: D) Evolving a centralized implementation structure at the national level<\/b> \u2014 this is <b>NOT<\/b> a guiding principle.<br><br>\\n<b>Why it is wrong:<\/b> NEP 2020 expressly rejects centralisation. The policy states that implementation will be led by various bodies including MHRD, CABE, Union and State Governments, education-related Ministries, State Departments of Education, Boards, NTA, the regulatory bodies of school and higher education, NCERT, SCERTs, schools and HEIs, <b>in a collaborative manner<\/b>. Since <b>education is a concurrent subject<\/b>, a centralised national structure would be constitutionally and practically untenable.<br><br>\\n<b>The genuine guiding principles for implementation, all offered as distractors:<\/b><br>\\n(A) <b>Phased implementation \u2713<\/b> \u2014 recognising that the policy has many parts requiring sequencing over time.<br>\\n(B) <b>Comprehensiveness \u2713<\/b> \u2014 the policy is an interconnected whole; partial implementation of selected parts would not achieve the intended outcomes.<br>\\n(C) <b>Timely infusion of requisite resources \u2713<\/b> \u2014 human, infrastructural and financial, at both Central and State levels.<br><br>\\nOther stated principles include <b>prioritisation<\/b>, <b>careful analysis and review<\/b>, and <b>collaboration between Centre and States<\/b>.\"\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    \"id\": 84,\r\n    \"year\": \"2022\",\r\n    \"chapter\": \"Educational policies, measurement & evaluation\",\r\n    \"question\": \"The National Education Policy (2020) recommends training of current Anganwadi workers and teachers by the Cluster Resource Centres of the School Education Department. Which one of the following agencies is supposed to develop the curricular\/pedagogical framework for the purpose?\",\r\n    \"options\": [\r\n      \"National Council for Teacher Education (NCTE)\",\r\n      \"Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE)\",\r\n      \"National Council of Educational Research and Training (NCERT)\",\r\n      \"School Education Departments of the appropriate Government\"\r\n    ],\r\n    \"correct\": 2,\r\n    \"explanation\": \"<b>Correct Answer: C) National Council of Educational Research and Training (NCERT)<\/b><br><br>\\n<b>NEP 2020 assigns to NCERT<\/b> the task of developing a <b>National Curricular and Pedagogical Framework for Early Childhood Care and Education (NCPFECCE)<\/b> for children up to the age of 8, in two parts \u2014 one for children up to age 3, and one for ages 3 to 8.<br><br>\\n<b>This mandate was discharged<\/b> through the <b>National Curriculum Framework for the Foundational Stage (NCF-FS), released in October 2022<\/b>, built around the <b>panchakosha<\/b> concept of holistic development and a play-based, activity-based pedagogy.<br><br>\\n<b>Why NCERT and not the others:<\/b> NCERT is the <b>academic authority<\/b> for school education \u2014 it develops curriculum frameworks, syllabi and textbooks. NCTE regulates <b>teacher education<\/b> institutions and standards; CBSE is an <b>examination board<\/b>; State School Education Departments <b>implement<\/b> rather than frame curriculum.<br><br>\\n<b>The ECCE architecture under NEP:<\/b> universal provision by 2030, delivered through Anganwadis, Anganwadi-cum-pre-schools, pre-primary sections attached to primary schools, and standalone pre-schools \u2014 with Anganwadi workers trained through a systematic certificate programme and Cluster Resource Centres providing continuous mentoring.\"\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    \"id\": 85,\r\n    \"year\": \"2022\",\r\n    \"chapter\": \"Educational policies, measurement & evaluation\",\r\n    \"question\": \"According to the National Education Policy (2020), the planning and implementation of Early Childhood Care and Education (ECCE) curriculum will be carried out jointly by the:\",\r\n    \"options\": [\r\n      \"Ministry of Education, Ministry of Women and Child Development, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare and Ministry of Tribal Affairs\",\r\n      \"Ministry of Education, Ministry of Science and Technology, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare and Ministry of Tribal Affairs\",\r\n      \"Ministry of Education, Ministry of Women and Child Development, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare and Ministry of Science and Technology\",\r\n      \"Ministry of Education, Ministry of Women and Child Development, Ministry of Culture and Ministry of Rural Development\"\r\n    ],\r\n    \"correct\": 0,\r\n    \"explanation\": \"<b>Correct Answer: A) Ministry of Education, Ministry of Women and Child Development, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare and Ministry of Tribal Affairs<\/b><br><br>\\n<b>NEP 2020 provides<\/b> that the planning and implementation of ECCE will be carried out <b>jointly by these four Ministries<\/b>, with the <b>Ministry of Education<\/b> designated to take the lead and given responsibility for its integration with school education.<br><br>\\n<b>Why each Ministry is included \u2014 the logic is worth understanding, not just memorising:<\/b><br>\\n\u2022 <b>Education<\/b> \u2014 curriculum, pedagogy, continuity with the Foundational Stage; <b>leads<\/b> the effort<br>\\n\u2022 <b>Women and Child Development<\/b> \u2014 administers the <b>Anganwadi system<\/b> under the ICDS\/Saksham Anganwadi scheme, which is the principal delivery channel for children aged 3-6<br>\\n\u2022 <b>Health and Family Welfare<\/b> \u2014 nutrition, immunisation, health check-ups and growth monitoring, since early learning is inseparable from early health<br>\\n\u2022 <b>Tribal Affairs<\/b> \u2014 ECCE provision for tribal children in remote and aspirational areas<br><br>\\n<b>Exam technique for this format:<\/b> every option begins with the Ministry of Education, so the discrimination lies in the remaining three. The presence of <b>Women and Child Development<\/b> is decisive \u2014 it eliminates (B) at once \u2014 and <b>Tribal Affairs<\/b> then separates (A) from (C).<br><br>\\n<i>Note:<\/i> the Vice-Principal paper of December 2022 asked this same question in near-identical form.\"\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    \"id\": 86,\r\n    \"year\": \"2022\",\r\n    \"chapter\": \"Educational policies, measurement & evaluation\",\r\n    \"question\": \"In the 5+3+3+4 Pedagogical and Curricular Structure of School Education provided for, in the National Education Policy (2020), the first five years consist of:\",\r\n    \"options\": [\r\n      \"The preparatory stage corresponding to the age range of 5 \u2013 10 years\",\r\n      \"The foundational stage in primary schools corresponding to the age range of 5 \u2013 10 years\",\r\n      \"The foundational stage in two parts, that is, 3 years in Anganwadi\/pre-school plus 2 years in primary schools in Grades 1-2\",\r\n      \"The preparatory school stage from Grades 1-5 covering ages 3-8 years\"\r\n    ],\r\n    \"correct\": 2,\r\n    \"explanation\": \"<b>Correct Answer: C) The foundational stage in two parts \u2014 3 years in Anganwadi\/pre-school plus 2 years in primary schools in Grades 1-2<\/b><br><br>\\n<b>The Foundational Stage covers ages 3 to 8<\/b> and is deliberately structured in two parts:<br>\\n\u2022 <b>3 years<\/b> of pre-school, Anganwadi or Balvatika (ages 3-6)<br>\\n\u2022 <b>2 years<\/b> of primary school, Grades 1-2 (ages 6-8)<br><br>\\n<b>Why this is the single most significant structural change in NEP 2020:<\/b> the earlier <b>10+2<\/b> system began formal schooling at age 6 and left the <b>3-6 age group entirely outside the school framework<\/b> \u2014 despite this being the period of most rapid brain development. The 5+3+3+4 structure brings it in.<br><br>\\n<b>The full structure:<\/b><br>\\n\u2022 <b>Foundational<\/b> \u2014 5 years, ages 3-8, play-based and activity-based learning<br>\\n\u2022 <b>Preparatory<\/b> \u2014 3 years, ages 8-11, Grades 3-5, light textbooks with discovery and discussion<br>\\n\u2022 <b>Middle<\/b> \u2014 3 years, ages 11-14, Grades 6-8, subject teachers and experiential learning<br>\\n\u2022 <b>Secondary<\/b> \u2014 4 years, ages 14-18, Grades 9-12, multidisciplinary study with subject flexibility<br><br>\\n<b>Note the trap:<\/b> options (A), (B) and (D) all misstate the age range or the stage name. The pairing \\\"Foundational Stage = ages 3-8\\\" must be exact.\"\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    \"id\": 87,\r\n    \"year\": \"2022\",\r\n    \"chapter\": \"Educational policies, measurement & evaluation\",\r\n    \"question\": \"The coverage of the State School Standards Authority (SSSA) to be set up by the States\/UTs as recommended by the National Education Policy (2020) for the purpose of establishing a minimal set of standards will include:\",\r\n    \"options\": [\r\n      \"All stages of education including pre-school education for all schools \u2014 public, private and philanthropic\",\r\n      \"All stages of education excluding pre-school education for only public (government funded) schools\",\r\n      \"All stages of education including pre-school education for only public (government funded) schools\",\r\n      \"All stages of education excluding pre-school education for all schools \u2014 public, private and philanthropic\"\r\n    ],\r\n    \"correct\": 0,\r\n    \"explanation\": \"<b>Correct Answer: A) All stages of education including pre-school education for all schools \u2014 public, private and philanthropic<\/b><br><br>\\n<b>The two dimensions being tested:<\/b><br>\\n1. <b>Which stages?<\/b> \u2014 <b>All<\/b>, and expressly <b>including pre-school<\/b>, consistent with NEP bringing ages 3-6 into the formal structure through the Foundational Stage.<br>\\n2. <b>Which schools?<\/b> \u2014 <b>All<\/b>: public, private and philanthropic alike.<br><br>\\n<b>The principle behind it:<\/b> NEP 2020 insists that the <b>same standards apply to public and private schools<\/b>. A child's right to quality does not depend on who runs the school. The SSSA prescribes a minimal set of standards relating to basic parameters \u2014 safety, security, basic infrastructure, number of teachers across subjects and grades, financial probity and sound processes of governance \u2014 which all schools must follow.<br><br>\\n<b>The wider reform \u2014 separation of powers in school regulation:<\/b> NEP separates four functions that were previously conflated in the Directorate of Education:<br>\\n\u2022 <b>Directorate\/DoE<\/b> \u2014 operations of public schools<br>\\n\u2022 <b>SSSA<\/b> \u2014 regulation and standard-setting for <i>all<\/i> schools<br>\\n\u2022 <b>SCERT<\/b> \u2014 academic matters, curriculum, teacher support<br>\\n\u2022 <b>Board of Examination<\/b> \u2014 assessment and certification<br><br>\\n<b>Transparency requirement:<\/b> all schools must make basic information publicly available online, and the SSSA is to rely on <b>public disclosure and transparency<\/b> rather than inspection-heavy control.\"\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    \"id\": 88,\r\n    \"year\": \"2022\",\r\n    \"chapter\": \"Educational policies, measurement & evaluation\",\r\n    \"question\": \"The School Safety Policy (2016) considers which of the following as the sources of possible hazards in a school?<br>1. Faulty construction and poorly maintained infrastructure<br>2. Loosely placed heavy objects such as almirahs<br>3. Uneven flooring<br>4. Inadequate sanitation facilities\",\r\n    \"options\": [\r\n      \"1 and 2 only\",\r\n      \"3 and 4 only\",\r\n      \"1, 2 and 4 only\",\r\n      \"1, 2, 3 and 4\"\r\n    ],\r\n    \"correct\": 3,\r\n    \"explanation\": \"<b>Correct Answer: D) 1, 2, 3 and 4<\/b><br><br>\\nAll four are recognised as sources of possible hazard under the <b>NDMA Guidelines on School Safety Policy, 2016<\/b>.<br><br>\\n<b>The Guidelines classify school hazards into two categories:<\/b><br><br>\\n<b>Structural hazards<\/b> \u2014 arising from the building itself:<br>\\n\u2022 <b>Faulty construction \u2713 (1)<\/b> \u2014 non-compliance with building codes, poor seismic design<br>\\n\u2022 <b>Poorly maintained infrastructure \u2713 (1)<\/b> \u2014 cracked walls, weak roofs, decayed staircases<br>\\n\u2022 <b>Uneven flooring \u2713 (3)<\/b> \u2014 a leading cause of routine injury<br><br>\\n<b>Non-structural hazards<\/b> \u2014 arising from contents and services:<br>\\n\u2022 <b>Loosely placed heavy objects such as almirahs \u2713 (2)<\/b> \u2014 these topple during earthquakes and are a well-documented cause of casualties<br>\\n\u2022 <b>Inadequate sanitation facilities \u2713 (4)<\/b> \u2014 a health and hygiene hazard, and a particular cause of girls' absenteeism<br>\\n\u2022 Unsecured light fixtures, ceiling fans, laboratory chemicals, electrical wiring<br><br>\\n<b>The policy's definition of school safety:<\/b> \\\"creating safe environments for children, starting from their homes to their schools and back\\\" \u2014 covering protection from large-scale natural hazards, small-scale recurring fires and transport accidents, and everyday hazards alike.<br><br>\\n<b>Answering technique:<\/b> where every listed item is a plausible risk in a real school, \\\"all of the above\\\" is usually correct in this policy's framing, which is deliberately inclusive.\"\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    \"id\": 89,\r\n    \"year\": \"2022\",\r\n    \"chapter\": \"Educational policies, measurement & evaluation\",\r\n    \"question\": \"Who among the following designates a School Safety Focal Point Teacher (FPT) to operationally anchor safety related actions at the school as part of his\/her routine commitments in the school?\",\r\n    \"options\": [\r\n      \"School Management Committee (SMC) only\",\r\n      \"Principal\/Headmaster only\",\r\n      \"School Management Committee (SMC) and Principal\/Headmaster\",\r\n      \"The District Education Officer (DEO) and Principal\/Headmaster\"\r\n    ],\r\n    \"correct\": 1,\r\n    \"explanation\": \"<b>Correct Answer: B) Principal\/Headmaster only<\/b><br><br>\\nUnder the <b>School Safety Policy, 2016<\/b>, the <b>Head of the School<\/b> designates a <b>Focal Point Teacher (FPT)<\/b> to anchor safety-related actions operationally, as part of that teacher's routine commitments in the school.<br><br>\\n<b>Why the Principal alone:<\/b> designating an FPT is an <b>internal staff-deployment decision<\/b>. Allocating duties among teachers falls squarely within the Head of School's administrative authority. The SMC <i>monitors<\/i> the working of the school under RTE \u00a721; it does not assign duties to individual teachers. The DEO supervises across schools and does not make internal allocations within one.<br><br>\\n<b>The FPT's role:<\/b> serving as the nodal person for the School Disaster Management Plan; coordinating mock drills and evacuation exercises; maintaining safety records and hazard-mapping; liaising with the School Disaster Management Committee; and building safety awareness among students and staff.<br><br>\\n<b>The design principle worth noting:<\/b> the policy deliberately makes school safety part of a serving teacher's <b>routine commitments<\/b> rather than creating a new post \u2014 an approach that assumes safety must be embedded in normal school functioning to be sustainable.<br><br>\\n<i>Verify the exact wording in the NDMA Guidelines before teaching this item, as the phrasing of designation authority is stated in several places.<\/i>\"\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    \"id\": 90,\r\n    \"year\": \"2022\",\r\n    \"chapter\": \"Educational policies, measurement & evaluation\",\r\n    \"question\": \"As per the National Disaster Management Guidelines \u2013 School Safety Policy (2016), which one of the following is not a responsibility of the school administration?\",\r\n    \"options\": [\r\n      \"Incorporate school safety issues in the school development plan\",\r\n      \"Develop policies and regulations for ensuring all schools are disaster resilient\",\r\n      \"Ensure teachers and non-teaching staff receive appropriate training in disaster risk reduction\",\r\n      \"Involve Panchayati Raj Institutions\/Urban Local Bodies and line departments in safety planning exercises\"\r\n    ],\r\n    \"correct\": 1,\r\n    \"explanation\": \"<b>Correct Answer: B) Develop policies and regulations for ensuring all schools are disaster resilient<\/b> \u2014 this is <b>NOT<\/b> a school administration responsibility.<br><br>\\n<b>The decisive words are \\\"policies and regulations\\\" and \\\"all schools\\\".<\/b> Framing policy and making regulations is a <b>governmental<\/b> function \u2014 of the Ministry of Education, State Education Departments, NDMA and SDMAs. A single school administers <i>its own<\/i> school; it has no authority to regulate the sector. The phrase \\\"all schools\\\" gives the distractor away.<br><br>\\n<b>The genuine responsibilities of the school administration, all offered here:<\/b><br>\\n(A) \u2713 <b>Incorporate school safety in the School Development Plan<\/b> \u2014 integrating safety into regular planning rather than treating it as a separate exercise.<br>\\n(C) \u2713 <b>Ensure teachers and non-teaching staff are trained<\/b> in disaster risk reduction \u2014 including support staff, who are often first responders.<br>\\n(D) \u2713 <b>Involve PRIs, Urban Local Bodies and line departments<\/b> in safety planning \u2014 since evacuation, fire response and medical aid all depend on external agencies.<br><br>\\n<b>The general test for this question type:<\/b> distinguish <b>policy-making<\/b> (government) from <b>implementation<\/b> (institution). Whenever an option asks a single school to legislate for the whole system, it is the answer to a \\\"not a responsibility\\\" question.\"\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    \"id\": 91,\r\n    \"year\": \"2022\",\r\n    \"chapter\": \"Educational policies, measurement & evaluation\",\r\n    \"question\": \"According to the School Disaster Management Plan Template of the National School Safety Programme (NSSP), how many students are specified to be part of the recommended composition of the School Disaster Management Committee?\",\r\n    \"options\": [\r\n      \"Two\",\r\n      \"Three\",\r\n      \"Four\",\r\n      \"Six\"\r\n    ],\r\n    \"correct\": 2,\r\n    \"explanation\": \"<b>Correct Answer: C) Four<\/b><br><br>\\n<b>PROVISIONAL \u2014 verify against the NSSP School Disaster Management Plan Template before teaching or publishing this item.<\/b> The template is an annexure to the programme documentation rather than a widely reproduced provision, and the exact number should be confirmed at source.<br><br>\\n<b>The School Disaster Management Committee (SDMC)<\/b> is the body responsible for preparing and implementing the School Disaster Management Plan. Its recommended composition draws representation from every section of the school community:<br>\\n\u2022 <b>Head of School<\/b> \u2014 as Chairperson<br>\\n\u2022 <b>Focal Point Teacher<\/b> \u2014 as convener or nodal person<br>\\n\u2022 <b>Teachers<\/b> \u2014 representing different sections and subjects<br>\\n\u2022 <b>Students<\/b> \u2014 representing different classes, typically with gender balance<br>\\n\u2022 <b>Parents \/ SMC representatives<\/b><br>\\n\u2022 <b>Non-teaching and support staff<\/b><br>\\n\u2022 <b>Local community representatives<\/b> where appropriate<br><br>\\n<b>Why students are included at all:<\/b> the NSSP treats children as <b>agents of change<\/b> rather than passive beneficiaries. Student members lead the evacuation, first-aid, search-and-rescue and awareness sub-teams, carry safety messages into their homes, and ensure the plan is exercised rather than filed.<br><br>\\n<b>Related NSSP components:<\/b> structural and non-structural safety assessment, hazard mapping, evacuation planning, regular <b>mock drills<\/b>, and capacity building of teachers and students.\"\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    \"id\": 92,\r\n    \"year\": \"2022\",\r\n    \"chapter\": \"Educational policies, measurement & evaluation\",\r\n    \"question\": \"While enquiring into any matter relating to complaints under Section 14(1) of the Commissions for Protection of Child Rights Act, 2005, the National Commission for Protection of Child Rights (NCPCR) shall have:\",\r\n    \"options\": [\r\n      \"All the powers of a criminal court\",\r\n      \"All the powers of a civil court\",\r\n      \"All the powers of a children's court\",\r\n      \"All the powers of a High Court\"\r\n    ],\r\n    \"correct\": 1,\r\n    \"explanation\": \"<b>Correct Answer: B) All the powers of a civil court<\/b><br><br>\\n<b>Section 14(1) of the CPCR Act, 2005<\/b> provides that the Commission shall, while enquiring into any matter referred to in clause (j) of Section 13(1), have <b>all the powers of a civil court trying a suit under the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908<\/b>.<br><br>\\n<b>The powers so conferred:<\/b><br>\\n(a) Summoning and enforcing the attendance of any person and examining him on oath<br>\\n(b) Requiring the <b>discovery and production of any document<\/b><br>\\n(c) Receiving <b>evidence on affidavits<\/b><br>\\n(d) Requisitioning any public record or copy thereof from any court or office<br>\\n(e) Issuing <b>commissions<\/b> for the examination of witnesses or documents<br><br>\\n<b>Why civil and not criminal:<\/b> the Commission is an <b>inquiry and recommendatory body<\/b>, not a court of trial. It investigates violations of child rights and recommends action; it cannot itself convict or sentence. Where an offence is disclosed, it refers the matter to the appropriate authority for prosecution.<br><br>\\n<b>NCPCR's functions under \u00a713:<\/b> examine and review safeguards for child rights; inquire into violations; present reports to the Central Government; and, since 2010, <b>monitor implementation of the RTE Act<\/b> under \u00a731 of that Act \u2014 including examining and reviewing safeguards, inquiring into complaints, and taking steps as provided under \u00a715 and \u00a724 of the CPCR Act.\"\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    \"id\": 93,\r\n    \"year\": \"2022\",\r\n    \"chapter\": \"Educational policies, measurement & evaluation\",\r\n    \"question\": \"Which one of the following sections of the Commissions for Protection of Child Rights Act, 2005 allows the State Governments to constitute an authority where the State Commission for Protection of Child Rights (SCPCR) has not been constituted?\",\r\n    \"options\": [\r\n      \"Section 14(1)\",\r\n      \"Section 31(2)\",\r\n      \"Section 31(3)\",\r\n      \"Section 32\"\r\n    ],\r\n    \"correct\": 2,\r\n    \"explanation\": \"<b>Correct Answer: C) Section 31(3)<\/b><br><br>\\nThe provision addresses a practical gap: the <b>RTE Act, 2009<\/b> assigns monitoring of the child's right to education to the SCPCR, but several States had not yet constituted one. The law therefore permits the State Government to <b>constitute an authority<\/b> to perform those functions <b>until the SCPCR is established<\/b>.<br><br>\\n<b>The monitoring architecture under RTE \u00a731:<\/b><br>\\n\u2022 <b>\u00a731(1)<\/b> \u2014 the NCPCR or SCPCR shall examine and review the safeguards for the child's right to education, inquire into complaints, and take steps under \u00a715 and \u00a724 of the CPCR Act<br>\\n\u2022 <b>\u00a731(2)<\/b> \u2014 the said Commissions may perform these functions in the manner provided under the CPCR Act<br>\\n\u2022 <b>\u00a731(3) \u2713<\/b> \u2014 where the SCPCR has <b>not been constituted<\/b>, the appropriate Government may, for the purpose of performing the functions specified in \u00a731(1), constitute such <b>authority<\/b>, in such manner and subject to such terms and conditions, as may be prescribed<br><br>\\n<b>Section 32<\/b> deals with the <b>redressal of grievances<\/b> \u2014 a complaint is made in writing to the local authority, which decides the matter within three months, with an appeal to the SCPCR or the authority under \u00a731(3).<br><br>\\n<i>Note on the question stem:<\/i> it attributes the section to the CPCR Act, 2005, though the numbering corresponds to the RTE Act, 2009. The intended answer remains <b>Section 31(3)<\/b>.\"\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    \"id\": 94,\r\n    \"year\": \"2022\",\r\n    \"chapter\": \"Educational policies, measurement & evaluation\",\r\n    \"question\": \"Match List I with List II and select the correct answer using the code given below:<br>List I (Performance of States in 2016-17): A. Low per capita income and low participation rates in secondary education, B. Low per capita income and high participation rates in secondary education, C. High per capita income and low participation rates in secondary education, D. High per capita income and high participation rates in secondary education<br>List II (State): 1. Sikkim, 2. Gujarat, 3. Kerala, 4. Punjab\",\r\n    \"options\": [\r\n      \"A-4, B-2, C-3, D-1\",\r\n      \"A-1, B-3, C-2, D-4\",\r\n      \"A-1, B-2, C-3, D-4\",\r\n      \"A-4, B-3, C-2, D-1\"\r\n    ],\r\n    \"correct\": 3,\r\n    \"explanation\": \"<b>Correct Answer: D) A-4, B-3, C-2, D-1<\/b><br><br>\\n<b>PROVISIONAL \u2014 this item depends on a specific 2016-17 data table and should be verified before being taught as settled.<\/b><br><br>\\n<b>The reasoning behind the intended key:<\/b><br><br>\\n<b>C. High income, low participation \u2192 2. Gujarat<\/b><br>\\nThis is the most defensible pairing and the one to anchor on. Gujarat's high per capita income coexisting with relatively weak secondary-education participation is a well-documented finding, frequently cited in Economic Survey discussions of the divergence between economic growth and human development outcomes.<br><br>\\n<b>B. Low income, high participation \u2192 3. Kerala<\/b><br>\\nThe classic \\\"Kerala model\\\" \u2014 social development outcomes far ahead of what income levels alone would predict, driven by early investment in education and health.<br><br>\\n<b>D. High income, high participation \u2192 1. Sikkim<\/b><br>\\nSikkim combines a very high per capita income with strong enrolment indicators.<br><br>\\n<b>A. Low income, low participation \u2192 4. Punjab<\/b><br>\\nThe residual pairing.<br><br>\\n<b>Approach for this question type:<\/b> where the underlying data table is not memorable, fix the one pairing supported by a well-known pattern \u2014 here Gujarat under category C \u2014 and eliminate. That alone removes options (A), (B) and (C), leaving (D).\"\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    \"id\": 95,\r\n    \"year\": \"2022\",\r\n    \"chapter\": \"Educational policies, measurement & evaluation\",\r\n    \"question\": \"Which one of the following is correct with regard to the recommendation of the National Education Policy (2020) to establish school complexes within a radius of 5 \u2013 10 kilometres for effective school governance?\",\r\n    \"options\": [\r\n      \"A school complex consists of one elementary school together with all other schools offering lower grades in its neighbourhood including Anganwadi\",\r\n      \"A school complex consists of one secondary school together with all other schools offering lower grades in its neighbourhood including Anganwadi\",\r\n      \"A school complex consists of one secondary school together with all other schools offering lower grades in its neighbourhood excluding Anganwadi\",\r\n      \"A school complex consists of one elementary school together with all other schools offering lower grades in its neighbourhood excluding Anganwadi\"\r\n    ],\r\n    \"correct\": 1,\r\n    \"explanation\": \"<b>Correct Answer: B) One secondary school together with all other schools offering lower grades in its neighbourhood including Anganwadi<\/b><br><br>\\n<b>Two variables are being tested simultaneously<\/b>, which is why all four combinations appear:<br>\\n1. <b>Secondary<\/b> school, not elementary, sits at the apex<br>\\n2. Anganwadis are <b>included<\/b>, not excluded<br><br>\\n<b>Why a secondary school anchors the complex:<\/b> the secondary school has the strongest resource base \u2014 laboratories, library, sports facilities, subject specialists, art and music teachers \u2014 which the complex is designed to share downwards across the group.<br><br>\\n<b>Why Anganwadis are included:<\/b> NEP treats ages 3-8 as the Foundational Stage. Excluding Anganwadis would sever the very continuity between pre-school and primary that the policy is built to establish.<br><br>\\n<b>The problem school complexes are meant to solve:<\/b> NEP notes that over <b>28% of India's public primary schools<\/b> and <b>14.8%<\/b> of upper primary schools have fewer than 30 students. Such small isolated schools cannot economically employ subject teachers or maintain facilities. Grouping them allows <b>sharing of teachers and resources<\/b>, improved governance and a professional community of teachers, while retaining the neighbourhood school so that children do not have to travel.<br><br>\\n<b>Also proposed:<\/b> School Complex Management Committees, replacing individual SMCs for governance purposes across the complex.\"\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    \"id\": 96,\r\n    \"year\": \"2022\",\r\n    \"chapter\": \"Educational policies, measurement & evaluation\",\r\n    \"question\": \"The Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act, 2009 does not stipulate which of the following with regard to the constitution of School Management Committee (SMC)?\",\r\n    \"options\": [\r\n      \"At least two-third of the members of SMC shall be teachers\",\r\n      \"At least three-fourth of the members of SMC shall be parents or guardians\",\r\n      \"At least fifty percent of members of SMC shall be women\",\r\n      \"Proportionate representation shall be given to parents or guardians of children belonging to disadvantaged groups and weaker sections\"\r\n    ],\r\n    \"correct\": 0,\r\n    \"explanation\": \"<b>Correct Answer: A) At least two-third of the members of SMC shall be teachers<\/b> \u2014 the Act stipulates <b>no such thing<\/b>.<br><br>\\n<b>What Section 21(1) actually provides.<\/b> The SMC shall be constituted of elected representatives of the local authority, parents or guardians of children admitted in the school, and teachers. And:<br>\\n\u2022 <b>At least three-fourths \u2713 (B)<\/b> of members shall be <b>parents or guardians<\/b><br>\\n\u2022 <b>Proportionate representation \u2713 (D)<\/b> shall be given to parents or guardians of children belonging to <b>disadvantaged groups and weaker sections<\/b><br>\\n\u2022 <b>At least fifty per cent \u2713 (C)<\/b> of members shall be <b>women<\/b><br><br>\\n<b>Why (A) is not merely absent but impossible:<\/b> if three-fourths of the committee must be parents, at most one-fourth of the seats remain for everyone else \u2014 local authority representatives and teachers together. Teachers therefore cannot constitute two-thirds. The statement is <b>arithmetically inconsistent<\/b> with \u00a721(1), which is the quickest way to eliminate it.<br><br>\\n<b>The design principle:<\/b> the SMC is deliberately a <b>parent-dominated<\/b> body. Its purpose is community oversight of the school, so the professionals being overseen are kept in a small minority.<br><br>\\n<b>Note the exemption:<\/b> under \u00a721, minority schools and certain specified category schools have a modified SMC role \u2014 the committee performs an advisory function only.\"\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    \"id\": 97,\r\n    \"year\": \"2022\",\r\n    \"chapter\": \"Educational policies, measurement & evaluation\",\r\n    \"question\": \"As per the Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Rules, 2010, the Block Level Grievance Redressal Committee set up as a part of redressal mechanism for teachers shall redress the grievance of the teacher within:\",\r\n    \"options\": [\r\n      \"Fifteen days\",\r\n      \"Thirty days\",\r\n      \"Forty-five days\",\r\n      \"Sixty days\"\r\n    ],\r\n    \"correct\": 1,\r\n    \"explanation\": \"<b>Correct Answer: B) Thirty days<\/b><br><br>\\nThe <b>RTE Rules, 2010<\/b> establish a grievance redressal mechanism for teachers, under which the <b>Block Level Grievance Redressal Committee<\/b> shall dispose of a teacher's grievance within <b>thirty days<\/b> of its receipt.<br><br>\\n<b>Why a separate mechanism for teachers exists:<\/b> the RTE Act imposes substantial duties on teachers under <b>\u00a724<\/b> \u2014 regularity and punctuality, completion of the curriculum within the specified time, assessment of learning ability, regular parent-teacher meetings. Correspondingly, it recognises that teachers need a forum in which their own service grievances can be raised without recourse to litigation.<br><br>\\n<b>Distinguish the several thirty-day periods in this cluster<\/b> \u2014 they are easily confused and are examined precisely because of it:<br>\\n\u2022 <b>Teacher's grievance<\/b> \u2014 Block Level Committee \u2014 <b>30 days<\/b><br>\\n\u2022 <b>Child's grievance<\/b> under RTE <b>\u00a732<\/b> \u2014 written complaint to the <b>local authority<\/b>, decided within <b>three months<\/b>, with appeal to the SCPCR or the \u00a731(3) authority<br>\\n\u2022 <b>RTI first appeal<\/b> \u2014 <b>30 days<\/b> from the CPIO's decision<br>\\n\u2022 <b>RTI information<\/b> \u2014 <b>30 days<\/b> ordinarily, <b>48 hours<\/b> where life or liberty is concerned<br><br>\\n<b>Note also \u00a724(3):<\/b> a teacher committing default in performing statutory duties is liable to disciplinary action, but only after being given <b>a reasonable opportunity of being heard<\/b>.\"\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    \"id\": 98,\r\n    \"year\": \"2022\",\r\n    \"chapter\": \"Office Procedure\",\r\n    \"question\": \"File number in a conventional file numbering system contains which of the following information?<br>1. Subject code<br>2. Serial number of the file opened<br>3. Year in which the file is opened<br>4. Sub-head\",\r\n    \"options\": [\r\n      \"1 and 2 only\",\r\n      \"1, 2 and 3 only\",\r\n      \"2, 3 and 4 only\",\r\n      \"1, 2, 3 and 4\"\r\n    ],\r\n    \"correct\": 3,\r\n    \"explanation\": \"<b>Correct Answer: D) 1, 2, 3 and 4<\/b><br><br>\\nUnder the <b>Central Secretariat Manual of Office Procedure (CSMOP)<\/b>, the conventional file number is a composite identifier assembled from all four elements:<br><br>\\n<b>1. Subject code \u2713<\/b> \u2014 the standard head under the functional file index, identifying the subject to which the file belongs<br>\\n<b>2. Serial number \u2713<\/b> \u2014 the running number of the file opened under that head during the year<br>\\n<b>3. Year \u2713<\/b> \u2014 the calendar year in which the file was opened<br>\\n<b>4. Sub-head \u2713<\/b> \u2014 the section, branch or division dealing with it<br><br>\\n<b>Illustrative form:<\/b> <i>A-11013\/5\/2022-Admn.I<\/i>, where the letters and first block indicate the standard head and subject code, <i>5<\/i> is the serial number, <i>2022<\/i> the year, and <i>Admn.I<\/i> the section.<br><br>\\n<b>Why the file number carries all four:<\/b> the number must be sufficient on its own to <b>locate a file physically, identify its subject, and fix its age<\/b> for the purposes of the record retention schedule. Each element serves one of those functions.<br><br>\\n<b>Related CSMOP concepts for this head:<\/b> the four parts of a file \u2014 correspondence portion, notes portion, appendix to correspondence, appendix to notes; <b>noting<\/b> and <b>drafting<\/b>; <b>referencing and flagging<\/b>; <b>currency, recording, indexing and weeding<\/b>; and record classification into categories <b>A, B, C and D<\/b> for retention.\"\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    \"id\": 99,\r\n    \"year\": \"2022\",\r\n    \"chapter\": \"Office Procedure\",\r\n    \"question\": \"The form of communication used for issuing instructions\/intimations in routine internal administrative matters such as grant of regular leave, internal posting and transfers, etc. is called:\",\r\n    \"options\": [\r\n      \"Office Order\",\r\n      \"Order\",\r\n      \"Office Memorandum\",\r\n      \"Notification\"\r\n    ],\r\n    \"correct\": 0,\r\n    \"explanation\": \"<b>Correct Answer: A) Office Order<\/b><br><br>\\n<b>Office Order<\/b> is the instrument used for <b>internal administration<\/b> \u2014 conveying instructions or intimations to staff within the same office on routine matters such as grant of leave, internal postings, distribution of work, holiday arrangements and delegation of duties.<br><br>\\n<b>The forms of written communication under CSMOP \u2014 distinguish them precisely, as this head is tested on exactly these distinctions:<\/b><br><br>\\n\u2022 <b>Office Order \u2713<\/b> \u2014 internal, routine staff administration<br>\\n\u2022 <b>Order<\/b> \u2014 used to convey <b>decisions in financial or service matters<\/b> that are to be enforced, such as sanction of expenditure or disciplinary decisions<br>\\n\u2022 <b>Office Memorandum (OM)<\/b> \u2014 <b>inter-departmental<\/b> correspondence, or correspondence with attached and subordinate offices; written in the <b>third person<\/b>, carries <b>no salutation or subscription<\/b>, and is not addressed to any individual by name<br>\\n\u2022 <b>Notification<\/b> \u2014 used for matters required to be <b>published in the Gazette of India<\/b>, such as statutory rules, appointments to constitutional or statutory posts, and delegations of statutory power<br>\\n\u2022 <b>Letter<\/b> \u2014 for correspondence with persons and bodies outside government<br>\\n\u2022 <b>Demi-Official (D.O.) letter<\/b> \u2014 officer to officer, <b>first person<\/b>, personal in tone, used where a matter needs personal attention<br>\\n\u2022 <b>Circular<\/b> \u2014 the same content issued to a number of addressees<br>\\n\u2022 <b>Un-official (U.O.) Note<\/b> \u2014 for interdepartmental consultation on a file\"\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    \"id\": 100,\r\n    \"year\": \"2022\",\r\n    \"chapter\": \"Office Procedure\",\r\n    \"question\": \"Which of the following issues cannot be taken up for Redressal of Grievances through web-based Central Public Grievance Redress and Monitoring System (CPGRAMS)?<br>1. Personal and Family Disputes<br>2. Sub judice cases<br>3. Right to Information matters<br>4. Suggestions\",\r\n    \"options\": [\r\n      \"1 and 2 only\",\r\n      \"1, 2 and 4 only\",\r\n      \"1, 3 and 4 only\",\r\n      \"1, 2, 3 and 4\"\r\n    ],\r\n    \"correct\": 3,\r\n    \"explanation\": \"<b>Correct Answer: D) 1, 2, 3 and 4<\/b><br><br>\\nAll four fall outside the scope of <b>CPGRAMS<\/b>, the online platform of the <b>Department of Administrative Reforms and Public Grievances (DARPG)<\/b> available to citizens 24\u00d77 to lodge grievances against any government organisation.<br><br>\\n<b>The excluded categories:<\/b><br>\\n<b>1. Personal and family disputes \u2717<\/b> \u2014 private civil matters between individuals; government has no role.<br>\\n<b>2. Sub judice cases \u2717<\/b> \u2014 matters pending before a court. Executive intervention would amount to interference with judicial process and risk contempt.<br>\\n<b>3. RTI matters \u2717<\/b> \u2014 the RTI Act provides its own <b>complete remedial code<\/b>: first appeal to the FAA within 30 days, second appeal to the Information Commission. A parallel grievance channel would undercut a statutory scheme.<br>\\n<b>4. Suggestions \u2717<\/b> \u2014 a grievance presupposes a wrong to be remedied. Suggestions for policy improvement are welcome, but through other channels such as MyGov.<br><br>\\n<b>Also excluded:<\/b> matters concerning religion; anything affecting the <b>territorial integrity<\/b> of the country or friendly <b>relations with foreign states<\/b>; and service matters including disciplinary proceedings, unless the aggrieved employee has exhausted departmental remedies.<br><br>\\n<b>Why the exclusions matter for a Principal:<\/b> knowing what CPGRAMS cannot address prevents both wasted effort and improper interference in matters reserved to courts or to statutory appellate machinery.\"\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    \"id\": 101,\r\n    \"year\": \"2022\",\r\n    \"chapter\": \"Management & Financial administration\",\r\n    \"question\": \"A Government servant has 250 days Earned Leave (EL) and 100 days Half Pay Leave (HPL) at his credit on the day of his retirement from the service. He shall be eligible for encashment of leave equivalent of:\",\r\n    \"options\": [\r\n      \"250 days EL plus 50 days HPL\",\r\n      \"250 days EL plus 50 days commuted leave\",\r\n      \"250 days EL plus 100 days HPL\",\r\n      \"250 days EL only\"\r\n    ],\r\n    \"correct\": 0,\r\n    \"explanation\": \"<b>Correct Answer: A) 250 days EL plus 50 days HPL<\/b><br><br>\\n<b>The governing rule:<\/b> under the <b>CCS (Leave) Rules, 1972<\/b>, cash equivalent of leave salary on retirement is admissible for <b>Earned Leave plus Half Pay Leave together, subject to an overall ceiling of 300 days<\/b>.<br><br>\\n<b>Applying it to the facts:<\/b><br>\\n\u2022 EL at credit = <b>250 days<\/b> \u2014 encashed in full<br>\\n\u2022 Ceiling = <b>300 days<\/b><br>\\n\u2022 Balance available for HPL = 300 \u2212 250 = <b>50 days<\/b><br>\\n\u2022 HPL at credit is 100 days, but only <b>50<\/b> can be accommodated within the ceiling<br><br>\\n<b>Answer: 250 days EL + 50 days HPL = 300 days in total.<\/b><br><br>\\n<b>Two refinements worth knowing:<\/b><br>\\n1. <b>Earned Leave is encashed first<\/b>, and HPL is added only to the extent needed to make up the 300-day ceiling. The order is not optional.<br>\\n2. Where HPL is included, the cash equivalent for that component is <b>calculated at half pay<\/b>, but no deduction is made on account of pension and pension equivalent of other retirement benefits.<br><br>\\n<b>Why (B) is wrong:<\/b> <b>commuted leave<\/b> is HPL taken on full pay on medical grounds, debited at twice the number of days availed. It is a mode of <i>availing<\/i> leave, not a category held at credit, and has no role in encashment.<br><br>\\n<b>Why (C) is wrong:<\/b> 250 + 100 = 350, which breaches the 300-day ceiling.\"\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    \"id\": 102,\r\n    \"year\": \"2022\",\r\n    \"chapter\": \"Management & Financial administration\",\r\n    \"question\": \"Consider the following statements regarding grant of leave by the competent authority under the Central Civil Services (Leave) Rules, 1972:<br>1. Competent authority may refuse or revoke leave of any kind but cannot on his own alter the kind of leave due and applied for, by the Government servant.<br>2. Competent authority may refuse or revoke leave of any kind and may also on his own alter the kind of leave due and applied for, by the Government servant.<br>3. Competent authority may refuse leave of any kind, but neither revoke nor on his own alter the kind of leave due and applied for, by the Government servant.<br>4. Competent authority may refuse or revoke leave of any kind. Competent authority may also alter the kind of leave due and applied for, if requested in writing by the Government servant.<br>Which of the statement(s) given above is\/are correct?\",\r\n    \"options\": [\r\n      \"1 only\",\r\n      \"2 only\",\r\n      \"3 only\",\r\n      \"1 and 4\"\r\n    ],\r\n    \"correct\": 3,\r\n    \"explanation\": \"<b>Correct Answer: D) 1 and 4<\/b><br><br>\\n<b>The governing principle \u2014 Rule 7 of the CCS (Leave) Rules, 1972:<\/b><br><br>\\n<b>First limb:<\/b> \\\"Leave cannot be claimed as of right.\\\" Where the exigencies of public service so require, the <b>leave sanctioning authority may refuse or revoke leave of any kind<\/b>.<br><br>\\n<b>Second limb:<\/b> the authority <b>may not alter the kind of leave<\/b> due and applied for <b>except at the written request of the Government servant<\/b>.<br><br>\\n<b>Evaluating each statement:<\/b><br><br>\\n<b>Statement 1: CORRECT \u2713<\/b> \u2014 accurately states both limbs: refusal and revocation are permitted; unilateral alteration of the kind of leave is not.<br><br>\\n<b>Statement 2: INCORRECT \u2717<\/b> \u2014 asserts the authority may alter the kind of leave <b>on his own<\/b>. This is precisely what the Rule forbids.<br><br>\\n<b>Statement 3: INCORRECT \u2717<\/b> \u2014 denies the power of <b>revocation<\/b>, which the Rule expressly confers.<br><br>\\n<b>Statement 4: CORRECT \u2713<\/b> \u2014 states the exception properly: alteration is permissible, but only <b>on the written request<\/b> of the Government servant.<br><br>\\n<b>The underlying logic:<\/b> leave is an entitlement subject to the needs of the service, so the employer controls <i>whether<\/i> it is granted. But the <i>kind<\/i> of leave affects the employee's own leave account and salary, so only the employee may seek to change it.<br><br>\\n<b>Note the paired structure:<\/b> statements 1 and 4 are complementary halves of a single rule \u2014 the general position and its exception. Multi-statement items are often built this way.\"\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    \"id\": 103,\r\n    \"year\": \"2022\",\r\n    \"chapter\": \"Management & Financial administration\",\r\n    \"question\": \"Consider the following statements regarding casual leave:<br>1. Casual leave is not a recognized form of leave.<br>2. An official on casual leave is not treated as absent from duty.<br>3. Casual leave can be combined with joining time.<br>4. Casual leave can be combined with earned leave.<br>Which of the statements given above are correct?\",\r\n    \"options\": [\r\n      \"1 and 2 only\",\r\n      \"1, 3 and 4 only\",\r\n      \"2 and 4 only\",\r\n      \"1, 2, 3 and 4\"\r\n    ],\r\n    \"correct\": 0,\r\n    \"explanation\": \"<b>Correct Answer: A) 1 and 2 only<\/b><br><br>\\n<b>Statement 1: CORRECT \u2713<\/b><br>\\n<b>Casual Leave is not a recognised form of leave<\/b> under the CCS (Leave) Rules, 1972. It is a concession granted by executive instruction, not a statutory entitlement. It does not form part of the leave account and is not carried forward beyond the calendar year.<br><br>\\n<b>Statement 2: CORRECT \u2713<\/b><br>\\nAn official on casual leave is <b>not treated as absent from duty<\/b> and <b>pay is not intermitted<\/b>. This follows directly from statement 1 \u2014 since CL is not \\\"leave\\\" in the technical sense, the officer is deemed to be on duty.<br><br>\\n<b>Statement 3: INCORRECT \u2717<\/b><br>\\nCasual leave <b>cannot be combined with joining time<\/b>.<br><br>\\n<b>Statement 4: INCORRECT \u2717<\/b><br>\\nCasual leave <b>cannot be combined with any other kind of leave<\/b>, including earned leave. Doing so would defeat the purpose of the concession, which is to cover short, incidental absences.<br><br>\\n<b>What CL <i>can<\/i> be combined with:<\/b> <b>Special Casual Leave<\/b> and <b>Restricted Holidays<\/b>. Sundays and public holidays falling within a spell of CL are <b>not counted<\/b> as casual leave.<br><br>\\n<b>Standard entitlement:<\/b> 8 or 10 days in a calendar year depending on the office, credited on 1 January and lapsing at year end.\"\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    \"id\": 104,\r\n    \"year\": \"2022\",\r\n    \"chapter\": \"Office Procedure\",\r\n    \"question\": \"Where a request for providing information under the Right to Information Act, 2005 is rejected by the Central Public Information Officer (CPIO), which of the following shall be communicated by the CPIO to the person making the request?<br>1. The reasons for such rejection<br>2. The period within which an appeal against such rejection may be preferred<br>3. The particulars of the Appellate Authority\",\r\n    \"options\": [\r\n      \"1 only\",\r\n      \"1 and 2 only\",\r\n      \"2 and 3 only\",\r\n      \"1, 2 and 3\"\r\n    ],\r\n    \"correct\": 3,\r\n    \"explanation\": \"<b>Correct Answer: D) 1, 2 and 3<\/b><br><br>\\n<b>Section 7(8) of the RTI Act, 2005<\/b> provides that where a request has been rejected, the CPIO shall communicate to the person making the request:<br>\\n(i) <b>the reasons for such rejection \u2713<\/b><br>\\n(ii) <b>the period within which an appeal against such rejection may be preferred \u2713<\/b><br>\\n(iii) <b>the particulars of the appellate authority \u2713<\/b><br><br>\\n<b>Why all three are mandatory:<\/b> the provision converts refusal into a <b>reasoned, appealable order<\/b> rather than a bare denial. Without reasons the applicant cannot frame an appeal; without the limitation period the right of appeal may lapse unnoticed; without the appellate authority's particulars the applicant cannot find the forum. Each element is necessary for the remedy to be real.<br><br>\\n<b>The connected timelines \u2014 a favourite examination cluster:<\/b><br>\\n\u2022 Information ordinarily within <b>30 days<\/b> of receipt of request<br>\\n\u2022 <b>48 hours<\/b> where the information concerns the <b>life or liberty<\/b> of a person<br>\\n\u2022 <b>35 days<\/b> where the application is made through an <b>Assistant PIO<\/b><br>\\n\u2022 <b>40 days<\/b> where <b>third party<\/b> interests are involved<br>\\n\u2022 <b>First appeal<\/b> to the First Appellate Authority within <b>30 days<\/b><br>\\n\u2022 <b>Second appeal<\/b> to the Central or State Information Commission within <b>90 days<\/b><br><br>\\n<b>Deemed refusal:<\/b> failure to respond within the prescribed period is treated as a refusal, and the applicant may appeal at once. <b>Penalty under \u00a720:<\/b> \u20b9250 per day of delay, up to \u20b925,000.\"\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    \"id\": 105,\r\n    \"year\": \"2022\",\r\n    \"chapter\": \"Office Procedure\",\r\n    \"question\": \"In which of the following cases, there is no obligation for an organization to provide information to a citizen, under the Right to Information Act, 2005?<br>1. Information, disclosure of which may constitute contempt of court<br>2. Procedure followed in the decision-making process of the organization<br>3. The rules, regulations, instructions, manuals and records, held by it or under its control or used by its employees for discharging its functions\",\r\n    \"options\": [\r\n      \"1 only\",\r\n      \"2 only\",\r\n      \"1 and 3\",\r\n      \"2 and 3\"\r\n    ],\r\n    \"correct\": 0,\r\n    \"explanation\": \"<b>Correct Answer: A) 1 only<\/b><br><br>\\n<b>Statement 1: EXEMPT \u2713<\/b><br>\\n<b>Section 8(1)(b)<\/b> exempts \\\"information which has been expressly forbidden to be published by any court of law or tribunal or the disclosure of which may constitute <b>contempt of court<\/b>\\\". There is therefore <b>no obligation<\/b> to supply it.<br><br>\\n<b>Statement 2: MUST BE DISCLOSED \u2717<\/b><br>\\nFar from being exempt, <b>Section 4(1)(c)<\/b> requires every public authority to <b>publish all relevant facts while formulating important policies or announcing decisions which affect the public<\/b>, and <b>Section 4(1)(d)<\/b> requires it to provide reasons for its administrative or quasi-judicial decisions to affected persons.<br><br>\\n<b>Statement 3: MUST BE DISCLOSED \u2717<\/b><br>\\n<b>Section 4(1)(b)(v)<\/b> expressly requires proactive publication of \\\"the rules, regulations, instructions, manuals and records, held by it or under its control or used by its employees for discharging its functions\\\". This is a <b>suo motu disclosure obligation<\/b> \u2014 it must be published without anyone asking.<br><br>\\n<b>The trap being set:<\/b> statements 2 and 3 are lifted almost verbatim from <b>Section 4<\/b>, the proactive-disclosure provision. A candidate who recognises the statutory language but not its source may assume that anything quoted from the Act must be an exemption. In fact these are the <b>opposite<\/b> of exemptions.<br><br>\\n<b>The genuine \u00a78 exemptions<\/b> include: sovereignty and integrity of India; contempt of court; breach of privilege of Parliament or a State Legislature; commercial confidence, trade secrets or intellectual property; information held in a <b>fiduciary relationship<\/b>; information received in confidence from a foreign government; information endangering life or physical safety; information impeding investigation; cabinet papers; and <b>personal information<\/b> with no relationship to any public activity.\"\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    \"id\": 106,\r\n    \"year\": \"2022\",\r\n    \"chapter\": \"Management & Financial administration\",\r\n    \"question\": \"Which one of the following is not a penalty under the Central Civil Service (Classification, Control and Appeal) Rules, 1965?\",\r\n    \"options\": [\r\n      \"Censure\",\r\n      \"Dismissal from service\",\r\n      \"Removal from service\",\r\n      \"Suspension\"\r\n    ],\r\n    \"correct\": 3,\r\n    \"explanation\": \"<b>Correct Answer: D) Suspension<\/b><br><br>\\n<b>Suspension is not a penalty.<\/b> It is an <b>interim administrative measure<\/b> taken under <b>Rule 10<\/b>, pending or in contemplation of a disciplinary inquiry, or where a criminal offence is under investigation. Its purpose is to prevent the officer from influencing witnesses or tampering with records, not to punish. A suspended officer receives a <b>subsistence allowance<\/b> and, if exonerated, is entitled to full pay and allowances for the period.<br><br>\\n<b>The penalties under Rule 11:<\/b><br><br>\\n<b>Minor penalties:<\/b><br>\\n(i) <b>Censure \u2713<\/b><br>\\n(ii) Withholding of promotion<br>\\n(iii) Recovery from pay of pecuniary loss caused to Government<br>\\n(iii-a) Reduction to a lower stage in the time-scale of pay by one stage for not more than three years, without cumulative effect<br>\\n(iv) Withholding of increments<br><br>\\n<b>Major penalties:<\/b><br>\\n(v) Reduction to a lower stage in the time-scale of pay for a specified period<br>\\n(vi) Reduction to a lower time-scale, grade, post or service<br>\\n(vii) <b>Compulsory retirement<\/b><br>\\n(viii) <b>Removal from service \u2713<\/b> \u2014 does <b>not<\/b> disqualify from future employment under Government<br>\\n(ix) <b>Dismissal from service \u2713<\/b> \u2014 <b>does<\/b> disqualify from future employment under Government<br><br>\\n<b>The removal versus dismissal distinction is itself frequently examined<\/b> \u2014 dismissal is the graver penalty precisely because of that disqualification.<br><br>\\n<b>Procedure:<\/b> Rule 14 governs inquiries for major penalties; Rule 16 for minor penalties.\"\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    \"id\": 107,\r\n    \"year\": \"2022\",\r\n    \"chapter\": \"Office Procedure\",\r\n    \"question\": \"In the context of the orders regarding the use of Hindi as Official Language, the percentage of the amount to be spent for the purchase of books in Hindi out of the total budgetary grant allocated for the purchase of books for libraries is:\",\r\n    \"options\": [\r\n      \"20%\",\r\n      \"25%\",\r\n      \"50%\",\r\n      \"60%\"\r\n    ],\r\n    \"correct\": 2,\r\n    \"explanation\": \"<b>Correct Answer: C) 50%<\/b><br><br>\\nUnder the orders issued for the implementation of the <b>Official Language Policy<\/b>, <b>fifty per cent<\/b> of the total budgetary grant allocated for the purchase of books for libraries in Central Government offices, undertakings and institutions is to be spent on the purchase of <b>Hindi books<\/b>.<br><br>\\n<b>The purpose:<\/b> the Official Languages Act, 1963 and the Official Language Rules, 1976 aim at the progressive use of Hindi for the official purposes of the Union. Library provision is one of the measurable levers \u2014 a guaranteed share of the acquisition budget ensures Hindi material is actually available rather than merely permitted.<br><br>\\n<b>The wider framework for this head:<\/b><br>\\n\u2022 <b>Articles 343-351<\/b> of the Constitution deal with the official language<br>\\n\u2022 <b>Official Languages Act, 1963<\/b> and <b>Official Language Rules, 1976<\/b><br>\\n\u2022 <b>Region classification:<\/b> Region <b>'A'<\/b> \u2014 Bihar, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand and the UTs of <b>Delhi<\/b> and Andaman & Nicobar Islands; Region <b>'B'<\/b> \u2014 Gujarat, Maharashtra, Punjab and the UTs of Chandigarh, Daman & Diu and Dadra & Nagar Haveli; Region <b>'C'<\/b> \u2014 all remaining States and UTs<br>\\n\u2022 <b>Rule 3(3)<\/b> \u2014 specified documents must be issued <b>bilingually<\/b><br>\\n\u2022 <b>Hindi Salahkar Samitis<\/b>, quarterly progress reports, Hindi Diwas and Hindi Pakhwada<br><br>\\n<b>Relevance to a Delhi Principal:<\/b> Delhi falls in <b>Region 'A'<\/b>, where the obligations regarding correspondence and documentation in Hindi are at their strictest.\"\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    \"id\": 108,\r\n    \"year\": \"2022\",\r\n    \"chapter\": \"Management & Financial administration\",\r\n    \"question\": \"Consider the following statements in the context of Government e-Marketplace (GeM):<br>1. The credentials of the suppliers shall be certified by GeM SPV.<br>2. The reasonability of rates shall be certified by GeM SPV.<br>3. The reasonability of rates shall be certified by the procuring authority.<br>4. The credentials of the suppliers shall be certified by the procuring authority.<br>Which of the statements given above is\/are correct?\",\r\n    \"options\": [\r\n      \"1 only\",\r\n      \"2 only\",\r\n      \"1 and 3\",\r\n      \"2 and 4\"\r\n    ],\r\n    \"correct\": 2,\r\n    \"explanation\": \"<b>Correct Answer: C) 1 and 3<\/b><br><br>\\n<b>The division of responsibility is the whole point of this question:<\/b><br><br>\\n<b>Statement 1: CORRECT \u2713<\/b> \u2014 the <b>GeM Special Purpose Vehicle<\/b> certifies the <b>credentials of suppliers<\/b> on the portal. GeM SPV runs the marketplace, onboards and verifies vendors, and maintains the platform's integrity.<br><br>\\n<b>Statement 3: CORRECT \u2713<\/b> \u2014 the <b>reasonability of rates<\/b> is certified by the <b>procuring authority<\/b>. GFR 2017 places responsibility for satisfying itself as to price reasonableness on the buying department, which alone knows the market for its own requirement.<br><br>\\n<b>Statements 2 and 4 are the mirror-image inversions<\/b> of the correct positions, and are wrong for that reason.<br><br>\\n<b>Why the split is designed this way:<\/b> GeM SPV cannot vouch for the reasonableness of every rate for every requirement across the whole of government \u2014 prices vary by quantity, location, specification and urgency. What it <i>can<\/i> do is verify that a seller is genuine, registered and compliant. Conversely, the procuring officer cannot audit a vendor's credentials nationally, but is well placed to judge whether a quoted rate is fair for the item being bought.<br><br>\\n<b>GeM in the GFR framework:<\/b> Rule 149 makes procurement through GeM <b>mandatory<\/b> for goods and services available on the portal. Direct purchase, L1 comparison among available sellers, and bidding or reverse auction apply at successively higher value slabs \u2014 <i>the slab thresholds have been revised more than once by executive instruction and should be checked against the current Office Memorandum.<\/i>\"\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    \"id\": 109,\r\n    \"year\": \"2022\",\r\n    \"chapter\": \"Management & Financial administration\",\r\n    \"question\": \"Which of the following statements is\/are correct in the context of Limited Tender Enquiry (LTE)?<br>1. LTE may, as a general rule, be adopted when estimated value of the goods to be procured is up to \u20b9 25 lakhs.<br>2. The number of supplier firms should be more than three.<br>3. Bids through LTE are invited from firms which are borne on the list of registered suppliers.\",\r\n    \"options\": [\r\n      \"1 only\",\r\n      \"1 and 2 only\",\r\n      \"1 and 3 only\",\r\n      \"1, 2 and 3\"\r\n    ],\r\n    \"correct\": 3,\r\n    \"explanation\": \"<b>Correct Answer: D) 1, 2 and 3<\/b><br><br>\\nAll three statements correctly state the position under <b>Rule 162 of the General Financial Rules, 2017<\/b>.<br><br>\\n<b>Statement 1: CORRECT \u2713<\/b> \u2014 LTE may be adopted as a general rule where the estimated value of goods to be procured is <b>up to \u20b925 lakh<\/b>. Above that value, an <b>Advertised Tender Enquiry<\/b> is ordinarily required under Rule 161.<br><br>\\n<b>Statement 2: CORRECT \u2713<\/b> \u2014 copies of the bidding document should be sent directly by speed post, registered post, courier or email to firms borne on the list of registered suppliers, and the number of supplier firms in LTE should be <b>more than three<\/b>. The requirement exists to preserve genuine competition even within a restricted enquiry.<br><br>\\n<b>Statement 3: CORRECT \u2713<\/b> \u2014 bids are invited from firms <b>borne on the list of registered suppliers<\/b> for the goods in question, which is what makes the enquiry \\\"limited\\\".<br><br>\\n<b>The procurement ladder under GFR 2017 \u2014 learn it as a whole:<\/b><br>\\n\u2022 Up to <b>\u20b925,000<\/b> \u2014 direct purchase without quotation, on a recorded certificate (Rule 154)<br>\\n\u2022 Above \u20b925,000 up to <b>\u20b92,50,000<\/b> \u2014 <b>Local Purchase Committee<\/b> of three members (Rule 155)<br>\\n\u2022 Above <b>\u20b92,50,000<\/b> \u2014 through tender (Rule 156)<br>\\n\u2022 Up to <b>\u20b925 lakh<\/b> \u2014 <b>Limited Tender Enquiry<\/b> (Rule 162)<br>\\n\u2022 Above <b>\u20b925 lakh<\/b> \u2014 <b>Advertised Tender Enquiry<\/b> (Rule 161)<br>\\n\u2022 <b>Single Tender Enquiry<\/b> \u2014 proprietary items or urgency (Rule 166)<br><br>\\n<b>Also permitted under LTE:<\/b> the enquiry may be adopted even above \u20b925 lakh where the competent authority certifies that demand is urgent, or that sources of supply are definitely known and further sources unlikely, and records the reasons.\"\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    \"id\": 110,\r\n    \"year\": \"2022\",\r\n    \"chapter\": \"Management & Financial administration\",\r\n    \"question\": \"The General Financial Rules, 2017 permit purchase of goods up to the value of \u20b9 25,000 on each occasion without inviting quotations or bids on the basis of a certificate to be recorded by the competent authority in the prescribed format. The said certificate certifies which of the following?<br>1. Quality of the goods<br>2. Reliability of the supplier<br>3. Reasonability of the price\",\r\n    \"options\": [\r\n      \"1, 2 and 3\",\r\n      \"1 and 2 only\",\r\n      \"1 and 3 only\",\r\n      \"2 and 3 only\"\r\n    ],\r\n    \"correct\": 0,\r\n    \"explanation\": \"<b>Correct Answer: A) 1, 2 and 3<\/b><br><br>\\n<b>Rule 154 of GFR 2017<\/b> permits purchase of goods up to <b>\u20b925,000<\/b> on each occasion without inviting quotations or bids, on the basis of a certificate recorded by the competent authority in the following form:<br><br>\\n<i>\\\"I, ______________, am personally satisfied that these goods purchased are of the requisite quality and specification and have been purchased from a reliable supplier at a reasonable price.\\\"<\/i><br><br>\\n<b>The three certified elements map exactly onto the three statements:<\/b><br>\\n<b>1. Quality \u2713<\/b> \u2014 \\\"of the requisite quality and specification\\\"<br>\\n<b>2. Reliability of supplier \u2713<\/b> \u2014 \\\"from a reliable supplier\\\"<br>\\n<b>3. Reasonability of price \u2713<\/b> \u2014 \\\"at a reasonable price\\\"<br><br>\\n<b>Why the certificate matters:<\/b> where the safeguard of competitive bidding is dispensed with for reasons of administrative economy, the <b>personal satisfaction of a named officer<\/b> is substituted as the control. The officer is accountable in audit for that certificate. The words <b>\\\"I am personally satisfied\\\"<\/b> are the operative ones \u2014 responsibility cannot be delegated or diffused.<br><br>\\n<b>For a Principal in practice:<\/b> this is the rule under which most routine school purchases are made. Note the phrase <b>\\\"on each occasion\\\"<\/b>: the limit applies per transaction, and <b>splitting a larger requirement into several purchases to stay below the threshold is a serious audit objection<\/b>.\"\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    \"id\": 111,\r\n    \"year\": \"2022\",\r\n    \"chapter\": \"Office Procedure\",\r\n    \"question\": \"The retention period of service books of the officials who are entitled to retirement\/terminal benefits and in whose cases final pension\/gratuity payment order has been issued, is:\",\r\n    \"options\": [\r\n      \"1 year\",\r\n      \"3 years\",\r\n      \"5 years\",\r\n      \"10 years\"\r\n    ],\r\n    \"correct\": 2,\r\n    \"explanation\": \"<b>Correct Answer: C) 5 years<\/b><br><br>\\nUnder the <b>Record Retention Schedule<\/b> applicable to establishment and personnel records, the service book of an official who is entitled to retirement or terminal benefits, and in whose case the <b>final pension payment order or gratuity payment order has been issued<\/b>, is to be retained for <b>five years<\/b>.<br><br>\\n<b>The rationale:<\/b> once the final PPO has issued, the service book's principal purpose \u2014 establishing the service record for the settlement of pensionary benefits \u2014 has been discharged. A five-year tail is retained to meet any residual claim, audit objection, revision of pension or dispute that may arise, after which the record may be weeded.<br><br>\\n<b>Records management under CSMOP \u2014 the wider framework for this head:<\/b><br><br>\\n<b>Classification of records for retention:<\/b><br>\\n\u2022 <b>Category A<\/b> \u2014 to be <b>permanently<\/b> retained and printed<br>\\n\u2022 <b>Category B<\/b> \u2014 to be <b>permanently<\/b> retained but not printed<br>\\n\u2022 <b>Category C<\/b> \u2014 retained for <b>10 years<\/b> or a specified period<br>\\n\u2022 <b>Category D<\/b> \u2014 retained for <b>less than 10 years<\/b>, then weeded<br><br>\\n<b>The record life-cycle:<\/b> a file is <b>closed<\/b> when action is complete, <b>recorded<\/b> and assigned a retention category, <b>indexed<\/b> for retrieval, held for its retention period, reviewed, and finally <b>weeded and destroyed<\/b>.<br><br>\\n<b>Why this matters for a Principal:<\/b> the head of school is custodian of service books for the entire staff \u2014 a duty that carries real consequences at the point of a colleague's retirement, when an incomplete or prematurely destroyed record can delay pension for months.\"\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    \"id\": 112,\r\n    \"year\": \"2022\",\r\n    \"chapter\": \"Management & Financial administration\",\r\n    \"question\": \"In terms of the provisions stipulated in the General Financial Rules, 2017, \u2018Performance Security\u2019 shall remain valid beyond the date of completion of all contractual obligations of the supplier including warranty obligations, for a period of:\",\r\n    \"options\": [\r\n      \"30 days\",\r\n      \"60 days\",\r\n      \"90 days\",\r\n      \"120 days\"\r\n    ],\r\n    \"correct\": 1,\r\n    \"explanation\": \"<b>Correct Answer: B) 60 days<\/b><br><br>\\n<b>Rule 171 of GFR 2017<\/b> provides that Performance Security should remain valid for a period of <b>sixty days<\/b> beyond the date of completion of <b>all contractual obligations<\/b> of the supplier, <b>including warranty obligations<\/b>.<br><br>\\n<b>Why the sixty-day tail exists:<\/b> defects frequently surface only at the very end of the warranty period, or immediately after it. If the security lapsed on the same day as the warranty, the department would have no financial recourse for a defect discovered on the final day. The buffer preserves the remedy long enough for it to be exercised.<br><br>\\n<b>Performance Security \u2014 the essentials:<\/b><br>\\n\u2022 Obtained from the successful bidder <b>before signing the contract<\/b><br>\\n\u2022 Rate: a percentage of the contract value \u2014 <i>the percentage has been revised by executive instruction since 2017 and should be verified against the current Office Memorandum before it is relied upon<\/i><br>\\n\u2022 Acceptable forms: account payee demand draft, fixed deposit receipt, <b>bank guarantee<\/b> from a commercial bank, or online payment in an acceptable form<br>\\n\u2022 <b>Forfeited<\/b> if the supplier fails to perform<br>\\n\u2022 <b>Refunded<\/b> without interest after the validity period expires<br><br>\\n<b>Distinguish it from Earnest Money Deposit \/ Bid Security:<\/b> EMD is furnished <b>with the bid<\/b> to deter frivolous bidding and is returned to unsuccessful bidders soon after the contract is awarded. Performance Security is furnished <b>after award<\/b> and secures performance of the contract itself.\"\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    \"id\": 113,\r\n    \"year\": \"2022\",\r\n    \"chapter\": \"Management & Financial administration\",\r\n    \"question\": \"In terms of the provisions contained in the General Financial Rules, 2017, \u2018Price Variation Clause\u2019 can be provided only in long-term contracts, where the delivery period extends beyond:\",\r\n    \"options\": [\r\n      \"12 months\",\r\n      \"18 months\",\r\n      \"24 months\",\r\n      \"36 months\"\r\n    ],\r\n    \"correct\": 1,\r\n    \"explanation\": \"<b>Correct Answer: B) 18 months<\/b><br><br>\\nUnder <b>GFR 2017<\/b>, a <b>Price Variation Clause<\/b> may be provided only in <b>long-term contracts<\/b> where the delivery period extends beyond <b>18 months<\/b>.<br><br>\\n<b>What a Price Variation Clause does:<\/b> it permits the contract price to be adjusted, upward or downward, to reflect changes in the cost of inputs \u2014 raw material, labour, fuel \u2014 during the currency of a long contract. Adjustment is made by reference to a stated formula linked to <b>published indices<\/b>, not to the supplier's own assertion of increased cost.<br><br>\\n<b>Why an 18-month threshold:<\/b> over a short contract, a supplier can reasonably absorb input-cost movement and price it into the bid. Over a long one, requiring the supplier to carry that risk simply inflates every bid to cover the worst case, or discourages participation altogether. The clause allocates the risk to the party better able to bear it, and is intended to produce keener initial pricing.<br><br>\\n<b>Conditions attached to its operation:<\/b><br>\\n\u2022 The formula and the base indices must be specified in the bidding document itself<br>\\n\u2022 Variation is normally computed with reference to a <b>base date<\/b><br>\\n\u2022 A <b>ceiling<\/b> on the total variation is ordinarily stipulated<br>\\n\u2022 The clause must operate <b>both ways<\/b> \u2014 providing for decrease as well as increase<br>\\n\u2022 It does not apply to the extent of a supplier's own delay<br><br>\\n<i>Verify the current threshold against the bare Rules, as GFR provisions in this area have been amended by Office Memorandum.<\/i>\"\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    \"id\": 114,\r\n    \"year\": \"2022\",\r\n    \"chapter\": \"Management & Financial administration\",\r\n    \"question\": \"In terms of the provisions contained in the General Financial Rules, 2017, which one of the following items of expenditure is not classified as \u2018capital expenditure\u2019?\",\r\n    \"options\": [\r\n      \"Expenditure incurred on the first construction of a project\",\r\n      \"Expenditure for further additions and improvements which enhance the useful life of the assets\",\r\n      \"Expenditure incurred on maintenance, repairs and upkeep of the assets\",\r\n      \"Expenditure on account of reparation of damage caused by extraordinary calamities leading to creation of new assets\"\r\n    ],\r\n    \"correct\": 2,\r\n    \"explanation\": \"<b>Correct Answer: C) Expenditure incurred on maintenance, repairs and upkeep of the assets<\/b> \u2014 this is <b>revenue<\/b> expenditure, not capital.<br><br>\\n<b>The governing test:<\/b> capital expenditure <b>creates a concrete asset or enhances the useful life of an existing one<\/b>. Revenue expenditure merely <b>preserves an asset in its existing state<\/b> or meets the running cost of the organisation.<br><br>\\n<b>Applying it to each option:<\/b><br>\\n(A) <b>First construction of a project \u2713 capital<\/b> \u2014 brings a new asset into existence.<br>\\n(B) <b>Additions and improvements enhancing useful life \u2713 capital<\/b> \u2014 the operative words are \\\"enhance the useful life\\\". Adding a floor to a school building extends its life and capacity.<br>\\n(C) <b>Maintenance, repairs and upkeep \u2717 revenue<\/b> \u2014 whitewashing, replacing broken window panes, servicing equipment. These keep the asset in working order; they do not extend its life beyond what was originally expected.<br>\\n(D) <b>Reparation after extraordinary calamity leading to creation of new assets \u2713 capital<\/b> \u2014 the qualifying words are \\\"<b>leading to creation of new assets<\/b>\\\". Rebuilding a school block destroyed by flood creates a new asset. Note that patching flood damage without creating a new asset would be revenue.<br><br>\\n<b>Why the classification matters:<\/b> capital and revenue expenditure are budgeted under separate sections, are governed by different sanctioning powers, and are examined separately in audit. Misclassification \u2014 particularly booking revenue expenditure to capital to keep within a revenue budget \u2014 is a standard audit objection.<br><br>\\n<b>The diagnostic question for practice:<\/b> \\\"Does this create or lengthen the life of an asset, or does it merely keep an existing asset going?\\\"\"\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    \"id\": 115,\r\n    \"year\": \"2022\",\r\n    \"chapter\": \"Management & Financial administration\",\r\n    \"question\": \"Consider the following statements regarding the requirement of furnishing Earnest Money Deposit (EMD) in e-bids on GeM portal having estimated value of more than \u20b9 5 lakhs:<br>1. Kendriya Bhandar shall be exempted from furnishing the EMD.<br>2. Service provider having turnover of \u20b9 200 crores or more shall be exempted from furnishing the EMD.<br>3. The EMD shall be valid for 90 days beyond the bid validity.<br>4. State PSUs shall be exempted from furnishing the EMD.\",\r\n    \"options\": [\r\n      \"1, 2 and 3\",\r\n      \"1, 3 and 4\",\r\n      \"1 and 4 only\",\r\n      \"2 and 4 only\"\r\n    ],\r\n    \"correct\": 2,\r\n    \"explanation\": \"<b>Correct Answer: C) 1 and 4 only<\/b><br><br>\\n<b>Statement 1: CORRECT \u2713<\/b><br>\\n<b>Kendriya Bhandar<\/b>, along with NCCF and other Government-recognised cooperative bodies, is among the entities <b>exempted<\/b> from furnishing Earnest Money Deposit under the GFR framework.<br><br>\\n<b>Statement 4: CORRECT \u2713<\/b><br>\\n<b>State Public Sector Undertakings<\/b>, being Government entities, are likewise <b>exempted<\/b>. The rationale for all such exemptions is that a Government body does not need to post security against its own default to another Government body.<br><br>\\n<b>Statement 2: INCORRECT \u2717<\/b><br>\\n<b>Turnover alone creates no exemption.<\/b> Exemption follows from the <b>status<\/b> of the entity \u2014 Government body, cooperative, registered MSE, or recognised startup \u2014 not from its size or financial strength. A large private service provider must furnish EMD like any other bidder.<br><br>\\n<b>Statement 3: INCORRECT \u2717<\/b><br>\\nThe stated period is wrong. Under <b>GFR Rule 170<\/b>, bid security should remain valid for a period of <b>forty-five days beyond the final bid validity period<\/b>, not 90 days.<br><br>\\n<b>Earnest Money Deposit \u2014 the framework:<\/b><br>\\n\u2022 Furnished <b>with the bid<\/b> to deter frivolous or non-serious bidding<br>\\n\u2022 Ordinarily a percentage of the estimated value of the procurement<br>\\n\u2022 Acceptable forms: account payee demand draft, fixed deposit receipt, banker's cheque, bank guarantee, or online payment<br>\\n\u2022 <b>Refunded<\/b> to unsuccessful bidders soon after the contract is awarded<br>\\n\u2022 <b>Forfeited<\/b> if a bidder withdraws or modifies the bid during its validity, or fails to furnish performance security after award<br>\\n\u2022 <b>Exempt categories:<\/b> registered <b>Micro and Small Enterprises<\/b>, recognised <b>startups<\/b> under DPIIT, Government departments and PSUs, and Kendriya Bhandar \/ NCCF<br><br>\\n<i>EMD exemption thresholds and the Bid Security Declaration have been modified by Office Memorandum since 2017 \u2014 verify the current position.<\/i>\"\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    \"id\": 116,\r\n    \"year\": \"2022\",\r\n    \"chapter\": \"Management & Financial administration\",\r\n    \"question\": \"In the context of procurement of goods through GeM platform, the term \u201cgoods\u201d shall mean products like:<br>1. Software<br>2. Technology transfer<br>3. Transportation incidental to supply of goods<br>4. Transport services\",\r\n    \"options\": [\r\n      \"1 and 2 only\",\r\n      \"2 and 3 only\",\r\n      \"1, 2 and 3 only\",\r\n      \"1, 2, 3 and 4\"\r\n    ],\r\n    \"correct\": 2,\r\n    \"explanation\": \"<b>Correct Answer: C) 1, 2 and 3 only<\/b><br><br>\\n<b>The GFR definition of \\\"goods\\\"<\/b> is deliberately broad. It covers all articles, materials, commodities, livestock, furniture, fixtures, raw material, spares, instruments, machinery, equipment, industrial plant, vehicles, and also <b>intangibles such as software and technology transfer<\/b>, together with <b>services incidental to the supply of goods<\/b>.<br><br>\\n<b>Statement 1: Software \u2713<\/b> \u2014 expressly included, notwithstanding that it is intangible.<br><br>\\n<b>Statement 2: Technology transfer \u2713<\/b> \u2014 expressly included in the definition.<br><br>\\n<b>Statement 3: Transportation <u>incidental<\/u> to supply of goods \u2713<\/b> \u2014 the decisive word is <b>incidental<\/b>. Where transport is ancillary to a supply contract \u2014 delivering the furniture that has been bought \u2014 it forms part of the goods procurement.<br><br>\\n<b>Statement 4: Transport services \u2717<\/b> \u2014 standalone transport, such as hiring a bus service for the school year, is a <b>service<\/b> in its own right. It is procured under the rules governing <b>procurement of services<\/b> (GFR Chapter 6), not as goods.<br><br>\\n<b>The distinction turns on whether the activity is subordinate to a supply of goods or is itself the object of the contract.<\/b> Statements 3 and 4 are placed side by side precisely to test that line.<br><br>\\n<b>Why it matters practically:<\/b> goods and services follow different procurement routes, different bidding documents and, in places, different thresholds. Classifying a requirement correctly at the outset determines which rule set applies for the whole transaction.\"\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    \"id\": 117,\r\n    \"year\": \"2022\",\r\n    \"chapter\": \"Management & Financial administration\",\r\n    \"question\": \"In respect of which of the following activities is previous sanction of the Government not required by a Government servant?<br>1. Undertaking honorary work of a social nature<br>2. Participating in sports activities as an amateur<br>3. Making a privately produced media programme<br>4. Undertaking occasional work of artistic character\",\r\n    \"options\": [\r\n      \"1, 2 and 4\",\r\n      \"1, 2 and 3\",\r\n      \"2 and 4 only\",\r\n      \"1, 3 and 4\"\r\n    ],\r\n    \"correct\": 0,\r\n    \"explanation\": \"<b>Correct Answer: A) 1, 2 and 4<\/b><br><br>\\n<b>Rule 15 of the CCS (Conduct) Rules, 1964<\/b> prohibits a Government servant from engaging directly or indirectly in any trade or business, or undertaking any other employment, except with the previous sanction of the Government. It then carves out express exceptions.<br><br>\\n<b>Activities NOT requiring previous sanction:<\/b><br>\\n<b>1. Honorary work of a social or charitable nature \u2713<\/b> \u2014 such as serving on the managing committee of a charitable body, provided it is honorary and does not interfere with official duties.<br>\\n<b>2. Participation in sports activities as an amateur \u2713<\/b> \u2014 the qualifying word is <b>amateur<\/b>. Professional participation for reward would fall outside the exception.<br>\\n<b>4. Occasional work of a literary, artistic or scientific character \u2713<\/b> \u2014 the qualifying word is <b>occasional<\/b>. Writing a book, painting, or delivering an occasional lecture is permitted; sustained commercial activity is not.<br><br>\\n<b>Statement 3: Making a privately produced media programme \u2717 REQUIRES SANCTION<\/b><br>\\nRule 15(1)(d) expressly requires previous sanction for taking part in the <b>registration, promotion or management of any company<\/b>, and the Rules separately require sanction for participation in <b>privately produced media programmes<\/b>. The reason is that media appearances carry reputational and political implications for the Government, engaging <b>Rule 9<\/b> (criticism of Government) and <b>Rule 8<\/b> (connection with the press or other media).<br><br>\\n<b>The governing pattern of the exceptions:<\/b> each is limited by a qualifier \u2014 <b>honorary<\/b>, <b>amateur<\/b>, <b>occasional<\/b>. Remove the qualifier and the exception falls away. That structure is what the question is testing.<br><br>\\n<b>Directly relevant to a Principal,<\/b> who may be invited to judge competitions, write textbooks, or appear on educational programmes \u2014 the first two are ordinarily unobjectionable; the last requires sanction.\"\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    \"id\": 118,\r\n    \"year\": \"2022\",\r\n    \"chapter\": \"Management & Financial administration\",\r\n    \"question\": \"In which of the following cases does a Government servant not retain lien on a post?<br>1. During the period he is on extraordinary leave<br>2. While under suspension<br>3. While proceeding on immediate absorption basis to a post or service outside his post or service or cadre from the date of his absorption<br>4. While on foreign service\",\r\n    \"options\": [\r\n      \"1 and 2 only\",\r\n      \"1, 2 and 4\",\r\n      \"3 and 4 only\",\r\n      \"3 only\"\r\n    ],\r\n    \"correct\": 3,\r\n    \"explanation\": \"<b>Correct Answer: D) 3 only<\/b><br><br>\\n<b>What lien means:<\/b> the <b>title of a Government servant to hold substantively a permanent post<\/b> to which he has been appointed. It is the guarantee of a right to return. Lien is retained through almost every temporary interruption of service, and is terminated only where the officer permanently severs the connection.<br><br>\\n<b>Statement 1: RETAINS LIEN \u2713<\/b> \u2014 <b>Extraordinary leave<\/b> is leave without pay, but the officer remains a Government servant and returns to the same post. Lien continues.<br><br>\\n<b>Statement 2: RETAINS LIEN \u2713<\/b> \u2014 <b>Suspension<\/b> is an interim measure pending inquiry, not a penalty (see Q106). The officer's substantive appointment is untouched, and if exonerated he resumes the post. Lien continues.<br><br>\\n<b>Statement 4: RETAINS LIEN \u2713<\/b> \u2014 <b>Foreign service<\/b> means service in which the officer receives pay from a source other than the Consolidated Fund, with the Government's consent \u2014 a deputation to an autonomous body, for instance. It is temporary by definition, with a stipulated right of reversion. Lien continues.<br><br>\\n<b>Statement 3: LIEN TERMINATED \u2717<\/b> \u2014 on <b>immediate absorption<\/b> in a post or service outside his own cadre, the officer <b>permanently severs<\/b> his connection with the parent service <b>from the date of absorption<\/b>. There is nothing to return to, so lien ends.<br><br>\\n<b>The organising principle:<\/b> lien survives every <b>temporary<\/b> absence \u2014 leave of any kind, suspension, deputation, foreign service, training. It ends only on <b>permanent severance<\/b> \u2014 absorption elsewhere, resignation, retirement, removal or dismissal.<br><br>\\n<b>The related rule:<\/b> a Government servant <b>cannot hold two liens simultaneously<\/b>, and lien cannot be terminated even with his consent if the effect would be to leave him without a lien on any permanent post.\"\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    \"id\": 119,\r\n    \"year\": \"2022\",\r\n    \"chapter\": \"Educational policies, measurement & evaluation\",\r\n    \"question\": \"As per \u2018The Protection of Children from Sexual Offences Act, 2012\u2019, \u201cchild\u201d means any person below the age of:\",\r\n    \"options\": [\r\n      \"14 years\",\r\n      \"16 years\",\r\n      \"18 years\",\r\n      \"21 years\"\r\n    ],\r\n    \"correct\": 2,\r\n    \"explanation\": \"<b>Correct Answer: C) 18 years<\/b><br><br>\\n<b>Section 2(1)(d) of the POCSO Act, 2012<\/b> defines \\\"child\\\" as <b>any person below the age of eighteen years<\/b>. The definition is <b>gender-neutral<\/b> \u2014 the Act protects boys and girls alike, a deliberate departure from earlier law.<br><br>\\n<b>Why every Principal must know this Act, not merely the definition:<\/b><br><br>\\n<b>Section 19 \u2014 Mandatory reporting.<\/b> <b>Any person<\/b> who has apprehension that an offence under the Act is likely to be committed, or has knowledge that one has been committed, <b>shall report<\/b> it to the Special Juvenile Police Unit or the local police.<br><br>\\n<b>Section 21 \u2014 Penalty for failure to report.<\/b> Failure to report or to record an offence is punishable with <b>imprisonment up to six months<\/b>, or fine, or both. For a person <b>in charge of any institution<\/b> \u2014 which expressly includes the head of a school \u2014 the punishment extends to <b>one year<\/b> and fine. The head of school therefore carries <b>enhanced personal criminal liability<\/b>.<br><br>\\n<b>Other key provisions:<\/b><br>\\n\u2022 <b>\u00a73-\u00a710<\/b> \u2014 penetrative sexual assault, aggravated penetrative sexual assault, sexual assault, aggravated sexual assault. An offence committed by a person on the <b>management or staff of an educational institution<\/b> is <b>aggravated<\/b>, attracting higher punishment<br>\\n\u2022 <b>\u00a711-\u00a712<\/b> \u2014 sexual harassment<br>\\n\u2022 <b>\u00a723<\/b> \u2014 restrictions on media reporting that would disclose the child's identity<br>\\n\u2022 <b>\u00a729-\u00a730<\/b> \u2014 <b>presumption<\/b> of guilt and of culpable mental state, reversing the ordinary burden<br>\\n\u2022 <b>\u00a733(5)<\/b> \u2014 the child is not to be called repeatedly to testify<br>\\n\u2022 Special Courts, child-friendly procedure, and the appointment of a <b>Support Person<\/b><br><br>\\n<b>Age reckoning:<\/b> the age of the child is determined under the procedure laid down in the Juvenile Justice Act, 2015.\"\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    \"id\": 120,\r\n    \"year\": \"2022\",\r\n    \"chapter\": \"Management & Financial administration\",\r\n    \"question\": \"Which of the following statements regarding the constitution of \u201cInternal Complaints Committee\u201d under \u2018The Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace (Prevention, Prohibition and Redressal) Act, 2013\u2019 is\/are not correct?<br>1. A woman employed at a senior level at workplace from amongst the employees shall be the Presiding Officer.<br>2. Not less than two members shall be from amongst employees preferably committed to the cause of women or who have had experience in social work or have legal knowledge.<br>3. One member shall be from amongst non-government organizations or associations committed to the cause of women or a person familiar with the issues relating to sexual harassment.<br>4. At least one-fourth of the total members shall be women.\",\r\n    \"options\": [\r\n      \"1, 2, 3 and 4\",\r\n      \"1, 2 and 3 only\",\r\n      \"2 and 3 only\",\r\n      \"4 only\"\r\n    ],\r\n    \"correct\": 3,\r\n    \"explanation\": \"<b>Correct Answer: D) 4 only<\/b> \u2014 statement 4 is the only one that is <b>NOT<\/b> correct.<br><br>\\n<b>Statement 4: INCORRECT \u2717<\/b><br>\\n<b>Section 4(2) of the POSH Act, 2013<\/b> requires that <b>at least one-half<\/b> of the total members nominated shall be <b>women<\/b> \u2014 not one-fourth. The figure is deliberately high: a committee inquiring into sexual harassment of women must itself carry the confidence of women complainants.<br><br>\\n<b>Statements 1, 2 and 3 correctly reproduce \u00a74(2):<\/b><br>\\n<b>1 \u2713 Presiding Officer<\/b> \u2014 a <b>woman employed at a senior level<\/b> at the workplace from amongst the employees. Where no such senior-level woman is available, she is nominated from another office, administrative unit or workplace of the same employer.<br>\\n<b>2 \u2713 Members<\/b> \u2014 <b>not less than two<\/b>, from amongst employees, preferably committed to the cause of women, or who have had experience in social work, or have legal knowledge.<br>\\n<b>3 \u2713 External member<\/b> \u2014 one member from amongst <b>non-governmental organisations or associations<\/b> committed to the cause of women, or a person familiar with issues relating to sexual harassment. The external member is a safeguard against internal pressure and institutional self-protection.<br><br>\\n<b>Other provisions a Principal must know:<\/b><br>\\n\u2022 Constituting an IC is <b>mandatory<\/b> for every workplace with <b>10 or more employees<\/b><br>\\n\u2022 <b>Tenure<\/b> of members: not exceeding <b>three years<\/b><br>\\n\u2022 <b>Complaint<\/b> to be made within <b>three months<\/b> of the incident, extendable by a further three months for recorded reasons<br>\\n\u2022 <b>Inquiry<\/b> to be completed within <b>90 days<\/b>; report submitted within 10 days thereafter<br>\\n\u2022 <b>Conciliation<\/b> may be attempted at the complainant's request, but <b>no monetary settlement<\/b> may be the basis of it<br>\\n\u2022 <b>Annual report<\/b> to be submitted to the District Officer<br>\\n\u2022 <b>Penalty on the employer<\/b> for non-compliance: fine up to <b>\u20b950,000<\/b>, with cancellation or non-renewal of licence or registration on repetition<br>\\n\u2022 The Act prescribes <b>no imprisonment<\/b> \u2014 a point asked directly in the Vice-Principal paper\"\r\n  }\r\n];\r\n\/* =====================================================================\r\n   3. SANITISE + INDEX\r\n   Both banks are checked the same way; bad rows are dropped with a\r\n   console note rather than blanking the widget.\r\n   ===================================================================== *\/\r\nfunction sanitise(list, kind){\r\n  if(!Array.isArray(list)) return [];\r\n  const ok=[], bad=[];\r\n  list.forEach((q,i)=>{\r\n    const good = q && q.id!==undefined && typeof q.question==='string'\r\n      && Array.isArray(q.options) && q.options.length>=2\r\n      && Number.isInteger(q.correct) && q.correct>=0 && q.correct<q.options.length\r\n      && typeof q.chapter==='string' && q.chapter.length;\r\n    if(good){ q.bank = kind; ok.push(q); } else bad.push({row:i, id:q&&q.id});\r\n  });\r\n  if(bad.length) console.warn('['+kind+' bank] skipped '+bad.length+' malformed question(s):', bad);\r\n  return ok;\r\n}\r\nconst PYQ = sanitise(pyqQuestions,'pyq');\r\nconst QS  = PYQ;\r\nconst L = ['A','B','C','D','E','F'];\r\nconst uid = q => q.bank+'##'+q.chapter+'##'+q.id;\r\nconst BY_UID = new Map(QS.map(q=>[uid(q), q]));\r\n\/* ---------------------------------------------------------------------\r\n   Chapters are keyed on their number, so the two banks do not have to\r\n   spell the name identically. 'Ch 2', 'CH 2: Right to Information...'\r\n   and 'Chapter-2' all resolve to the same chapter; the longest spelling\r\n   found in either bank becomes the display name.\r\n   --------------------------------------------------------------------- *\/\r\nconst ROMAN = {i:1,ii:2,iii:3,iv:4,v:5,vi:6,vii:7,viii:8,ix:9,x:10,xi:11,xii:12};\r\nfunction chKey(str){\r\n  const t = String(str).toUpperCase().replace(\/[\\u2010-\\u2015]\/g,'-').trim();\r\n  let m = t.match(\/^(?:CH|CHAP|CHAPTER)\\s*[-.:]?\\s*(\\d+)\/);\r\n  if(m) return 'CH'+(+m[1]);\r\n  m = t.match(\/^(?:APPENDICES|APPENDIX|ANNEXURES?|ANNEXES?|APNDX|APPX|APDX|APP)\\s*[-.:]?\\s*(\\d+|[IVX]+)\\b\/);\r\n  if(m){ const v=m[1]; return 'APP'+(\/^\\d+$\/.test(v) ? +v : (ROMAN[v.toLowerCase()]||v)); }\r\n  m = t.match(\/^(\\d+)\\s*[-.:)]\/);\r\n  if(m) return 'CH'+(+m[1]);\r\n  return 'T:'+t.replace(\/[^A-Z0-9]+\/g,' ').trim();\r\n}\r\nconst CH_NAME = (function(){\r\n  const best={};\r\n  QS.forEach(q=>{ const k=chKey(q.chapter);\r\n    if(!best[k] || q.chapter.length>best[k].length) best[k]=q.chapter; });\r\n  return best;\r\n})();\r\nQS.forEach(q=>{ q.chKey = chKey(q.chapter); q.chapter = CH_NAME[q.chKey]; });\r\nconst CHAPTERS = (function(){\r\n  const seen=[]; QS.forEach(q=>{ if(!seen.includes(q.chapter)) seen.push(q.chapter); }); return seen;\r\n})();\r\nconst BY_CH = (()=>{ const m=new Map();\r\n  QS.forEach(q=>{ if(!m.has(q.chapter)) m.set(q.chapter,[]); m.get(q.chapter).push(q); }); return m; })();\r\nconst inCh = c => BY_CH.get(c) || [];\r\n\/* exam cycles, ordered by the first four-digit year in the label *\/\r\nconst YEAR_ORDER = y => { const m=String(y).match(\/\\d{4}\/); return m ? +m[0] : 9999; };\r\nconst YEARS = [...new Set(QS.map(q=>q.year).filter(y=>y!==undefined && y!==null && y!==''))]\r\n  .sort((a,b)=>YEAR_ORDER(a)-YEAR_ORDER(b) || String(a).localeCompare(String(b)));\r\nconst inYear = y => QS.filter(q=>String(q.year)===String(y));\r\nfunction chOrder(c){\r\n  const k = chKey(c);\r\n  if(k.startsWith('CH'))  return [0, +k.slice(2)||0, c];\r\n  if(k.startsWith('APP')) return [1, +k.slice(3)||99, c];\r\n  return [2, 0, c];\r\n}\r\nfunction byChapterOrder(a,b){\r\n  const x=chOrder(a.chapter||a), y=chOrder(b.chapter||b);\r\n  return x[0]-y[0] || x[1]-y[1] || String(x[2]).localeCompare(String(y[2]));\r\n}\r\n\/* a bank that stores chapter names in block capitals is softened for display *\/\r\nfunction titleCase(str){\r\n  const t=String(str), letters=t.replace(\/[^A-Za-z]\/g,'');\r\n  if(!letters || letters !== letters.toUpperCase()) return t;\r\n  const small=new Set(['of','the','and','for','in','to','a','an','on','by','or','with','from','as','at','under']);\r\n  return t.toLowerCase().replace(\/[A-Za-z][A-Za-z'\\u2019]*\/g,(w,i)=>\r\n    (i>0 && small.has(w)) ? w : w.charAt(0).toUpperCase()+w.slice(1))\r\n    .replace(\/\\bCh\\b\/g,'Ch').replace(\/\\bC&ag\\b\/gi,'C&AG').replace(\/\\bRti\\b\/g,'RTI');\r\n}\r\nconst chShort = c => { const k=chKey(c);\r\n  return k.startsWith('CH') ? 'Ch '+k.slice(2) : k.startsWith('APP') ? 'Appx '+k.slice(3) : titleCase(c).slice(0,22); };\r\nconst chBrief = c => { const m=String(c).match(\/^\\s*(?:CH|CHAPTER)\\s*(\\d+)\\s*:\\s*(.+)$\/i);\r\n  const cap=t=>t.length>40?t.slice(0,38).trim()+'\\u2026':t;\r\n  return m ? 'Ch '+m[1]+': '+cap(titleCase(m[2])) : cap(titleCase(String(c))); };\r\n\/* =====================================================================\r\n   4. EXAM WEIGHT \u2014 counted, not declared\r\n   A chapter's weight is its share of the PYQ bank. Nothing is set by\r\n   hand, so adding a year of papers re-weights the whole page. If there\r\n   are no PYQs at all, the page falls back to the concept bank's shape\r\n   and stops calling it exam weight.\r\n   ===================================================================== *\/\r\nconst W = (function(){\r\n  const pyqCount={};\r\n  CHAPTERS.forEach(c=>{ pyqCount[c]=inCh(c).length; });\r\n  const totalPyq = QS.length, weights={};\r\n  CHAPTERS.forEach(c=>weights[c]= totalPyq?pyqCount[c]\/totalPyq:0);\r\n  return {weights, pyqCount, totalPyq, untested:[], measured: totalPyq>0};\r\n})();\r\nconst weightOf = c => W.weights[c] || 0;\r\nconst pctLabel = x => { const v=(x||0)*100; if(!(v>0)) return '0%';\r\n  return (v<10 ? Math.round(v*10)\/10 : Math.round(v)) + '%'; };\r\n\/* wording \u2014 weights are counted from real papers here, so the exam\r\n   language is accurate; it softens on its own if no PYQs are loaded *\/\r\nconst WT = W.measured;\r\nconst T = {\r\n  ofPaper   : WT ? 'of the exam'          : 'of this bank',\r\n  onScreen  : WT ? 'Exam weight on screen': 'Share on screen',\r\n  colWeight : WT ? 'Exam weight'          : 'Share of bank',\r\n  covered   : WT ? 'Paper weight touched' : 'Bank covered',\r\n  projected : WT ? 'Projected paper score': 'Projected score',\r\n  leakHead  : WT ? 'Where your marks are leaking' : 'Where you are losing the most',\r\n  leakUnit  : WT ? 'marks \/100'           : 'points \/100',\r\n  leakWord  : WT ? 'marks'                : 'points',\r\n  readyDef  : WT ? 'Readiness = \\u03a3 (exam weight \\u00d7 mastery)' : 'Readiness = \\u03a3 (share of the bank \\u00d7 mastery)',\r\n  paperOut  : WT ? 'the paper would come out near' : 'you would score around'\r\n};\r\n\/* =====================================================================\r\n   6. PROGRESS (localStorage, one record per quizId)\r\n   ===================================================================== *\/\r\nconst SCHEMA = 1;\r\nconst KEY = 'pe_chapterdrill_' + CFG.quizId;\r\nfunction blank(){ return { schema:SCHEMA, stats:{}, weak:[], flags:[], log:[], queue:[], queueLabel:'', queueKind:'', lastUid:null }; }\r\nlet P = (function(){\r\n  const p = blank();\r\n  try{\r\n    const s = localStorage.getItem(KEY);\r\n    if(s){ const j=JSON.parse(s);\r\n      if(j && j.schema===SCHEMA) Object.assign(p, j);\r\n      else if(j) console.warn('[storage] older schema found; starting fresh.');\r\n    }\r\n  }catch(e){ console.warn('progress load failed', e); }\r\n  ['weak','flags','log','queue'].forEach(k=>{ if(!Array.isArray(p[k])) p[k]=[]; });\r\n  if(!p.stats) p.stats={};\r\n  return p;\r\n})();\r\nlet storageWarned=false;\r\nfunction save(){\r\n  try{\r\n    if(P.log.length>400) P.log = P.log.slice(-400);\r\n    localStorage.setItem(KEY, JSON.stringify(P));\r\n  }catch(e){\r\n    try{ P.log = P.log.slice(-80); localStorage.setItem(KEY, JSON.stringify(P)); }\r\n    catch(e2){ if(!storageWarned){ storageWarned=true; toast('Your browser is blocking saved progress \u2014 this sitting will not be remembered'); } }\r\n  }\r\n}\r\nfunction stat(u){ if(!P.stats[u]) P.stats[u]={correct:0,incorrect:0,last:null,lastOk:null}; return P.stats[u]; }\r\nconst flags = new Set(P.flags);\r\nconst weak  = new Set(P.weak);\r\n\/* =====================================================================\r\n   7. SESSION STATE\r\n   ===================================================================== *\/\r\nconst S = { tab:'quiz', filter:'all', chapter:null, year:null, i:0, pick:null, nudge:false,\r\n            query:'', unattempted:false, ans:{}, order:[] };\r\n\/* =====================================================================\r\n   8. FORMAT + TRAIT MODEL\r\n   SHAPE  = how the question is built (one per question)\r\n   TRAIT  = what it turns on (a question may carry several)\r\n   A shape gap is a reading habit; a trait gap is recall. Same number,\r\n   opposite remedy \u2014 so they are reported separately.\r\n   ===================================================================== *\/\r\nconst SHAPES = [\r\n  { key:'match',  label:'Match the following (List-I \/ List-II)',\r\n    test:q => \/list\\s*-?\\s*i\\b\/i.test(q.question) },\r\n  { key:'multi',  label:'Multi-statement \/ how many are correct',\r\n    test:q => q.question.split(\/<br\\s*\\\/?>|\\n\/).filter(x=>\/^\\s*\\d+[.)]\/.test(x)).length>=2 },\r\n  { key:'direct', label:'Explanation', test:()=>true }  \/\/ catch-all\r\n];\r\nconst TRAITS = [\r\n  { key:'cite',      label:'Para, rule, article or article-number recall',\r\n    test:q => \/\\b(para|paragraph|rule|article|section|appendix|schedule|clause)\\s*[-\u2013]?\\s*\\d\/i.test(q.question+' '+q.options.join(' ')) },\r\n  { key:'period',    label:'Time limits and periods',\r\n    test:q => \/\\b\\d+\\s*(day|week|month|year|hour)s?\\b|\\b(one|two|three|four|five|six|seven|ten|fourteen|fifteen|twenty|twenty-five|thirty|forty-five|sixty|ninety)[\\s-](day|week|month|year)s?\\b\/i.test(q.options.join(' ')) },\r\n  { key:'money',     label:'Numbers, monetary limits and percentages',\r\n    test:q => \/\u20b9|\\bRs\\.?\\s*\\d|\\blakhs?\\b|\\bcrores?\\b|per\\s*cent|%|\\bone-(third|fourth|half|tenth)\\b\/i.test(q.options.join(' ')) },\r\n  { key:'authority', label:'Competent authority \/ level \/ who does what',\r\n    test:q => \/\\bwho\\b|\\bby whom\\b|\\bauthority\\b|\\brank of\\b|\\blevel of\\b|\\bnot below\\b|addressed to|shall be (signed|issued|approved|maintained|prepared|submitted)\/i.test(q.question+' '+q.options.join(' ')) },\r\n  { key:'negative',  label:'Negatively phrased (\u201cNOT correct\u201d, \u201cexcept\u201d)',\r\n    test:q => \/\\bnot correct\\b|\\bis incorrect\\b|\\bare not correct\\b|\\bexcept\\b|\\bdoes not\\b|\\bcannot\\b|\\bnot required\\b|\\bneed not\\b|\\bis\\\/are not\\b\/i.test(q.question) }\r\n];\r\nconst _shape = {};\r\nfunction shapeOf(q){ const u=uid(q); return _shape[u] || (_shape[u] = SHAPES.find(s=>s.test(q)) || SHAPES[SHAPES.length-1]); }\r\n\/* =====================================================================\r\n   9. MODELS\r\n   ===================================================================== *\/\r\nfunction smoothed(c,i){ const k=CFG.priorStrength, p0=CFG.priorAccuracy; return (c + k*p0)\/(c + i + k); }\r\nfunction expectedRate(c,i,coverage){ return smoothed(c,i)*coverage + CFG.priorAccuracy*(1-coverage); }\r\nfunction recall(st){\r\n  if(!st || !st.last || st.correct<2) return null;\r\n  const R=CFG.retention, reps=Math.max(1, st.correct - st.incorrect);\r\n  const stability = R.baseDays * Math.pow(R.growth, reps-1);\r\n  return Math.exp(-((Date.now()-st.last)\/86400000)\/stability);\r\n}\r\nfunction retentionIndex(){\r\n  let s=0,n=0; QS.forEach(q=>{ const r=recall(P.stats[uid(q)]); if(r!==null){s+=r;n++;} });\r\n  return n ? Math.round(s\/n*100) : null;\r\n}\r\nfunction chapterRows(){\r\n  return CHAPTERS.map(c=>{\r\n    const qs = inCh(c);\r\n    let att=0, ok=0, bad=0, mastSum=0;\r\n    const yrs = new Set();\r\n    qs.forEach(q=>{ const st=P.stats[uid(q)];\r\n      if(q.year!==undefined && q.year!=='') yrs.add(String(q.year));\r\n      if(st && (st.correct+st.incorrect)>0){ att++; ok+=st.correct; bad+=st.incorrect; }\r\n      mastSum += st ? Math.min(st.correct\/CFG.masteryThreshold,1) : 0; });\r\n    const count=qs.length;\r\n    const acc = (ok+bad) ? ok\/(ok+bad) : null;\r\n    const weight = weightOf(c), coverage = count?att\/count:0, mastery = count?mastSum\/count:0;\r\n    const expected = expectedRate(ok,bad,coverage);\r\n    const leak = weight*(1-expected);\r\n    const difficulty = acc===null ? 1 : (1.4 - 0.6*acc);\r\n    return { chapter:c, count, weight, att, ok, bad, years:yrs.size,\r\n             coverage, acc, mastery, expected, leak,\r\n             priority: weight*(1-mastery)*difficulty };\r\n  }).sort((a,b)=>b.weight-a.weight);\r\n}\r\nfunction readiness(){\r\n  const rows=chapterRows();\r\n  return {\r\n    score     : Math.round(rows.reduce((a,r)=>a+r.weight*r.mastery,0)*100),\r\n    projected : Math.round(rows.reduce((a,r)=>a+r.weight*r.expected,0)*100),\r\n    covered   : Math.round(rows.reduce((a,r)=>a+r.weight*r.coverage,0)*100),\r\n    touched   : Object.values(P.stats).some(s=>(s.correct+s.incorrect)>0),\r\n    rows\r\n  };\r\n}\r\nfunction masteredCount(){ return QS.filter(q=>{ const s=P.stats[uid(q)]; return s && s.correct>=CFG.masteryThreshold; }).length; }\r\nfunction formatRows(){\r\n  const acc={};\r\n  const ensure=(k,l,kind)=> acc[k] || (acc[k]={key:k,label:l,kind:kind,ok:0,bad:0,total:0,seen:0});\r\n  SHAPES.forEach(s=>ensure(s.key,s.label,'shape'));\r\n  TRAITS.forEach(t=>ensure(t.key,t.label,'trait'));\r\n  QS.forEach(q=>{\r\n    const s=P.stats[uid(q)], buckets=[acc[shapeOf(q).key]];\r\n    TRAITS.forEach(t=>{ if(t.test(q)) buckets.push(acc[t.key]); });\r\n    buckets.forEach(r=>{ r.total++; if(s && (s.correct+s.incorrect)>0){ r.seen++; r.ok+=s.correct; r.bad+=s.incorrect; } });\r\n  });\r\n  return Object.values(acc).map(r=>{ const n=r.ok+r.bad; r.attempts=n; r.acc = n? r.ok\/n : null; return r; })\r\n    .filter(r=>r.total>0);\r\n}\r\nfunction dueForRevision(){\r\n  const risk=CFG.retention.riskBelow;\r\n  return QS.map(q=>{\r\n    const st=P.stats[uid(q)], r=recall(st);\r\n    if(r===null || r>=risk) return null;\r\n    return { q, recall:r, days:Math.floor((Date.now()-st.last)\/86400000), urgency: weightOf(q.chapter)*(1-r) };\r\n  }).filter(Boolean).sort((a,b)=>b.urgency-a.urgency);\r\n}\r\n\/* =====================================================================\r\n   10. SESSION PLANNER\r\n   Focused set \u2014 chapter time in proportion to the marks leaking out.\r\n   Mock paper  \u2014 ignores your history, mirrors the shape of the bank.\r\n   ===================================================================== *\/\r\nfunction gain(q){\r\n  const u=uid(q), st=P.stats[u], c=st?st.correct:0, i=st?st.incorrect:0;\r\n  const deficit = 1 - Math.min(c\/CFG.masteryThreshold, 1);\r\n  let urgency = 1 + 0.15*deficit;\r\n  if(weak.has(u)) urgency += 0.60;\r\n  const r = recall(st);\r\n  if(r!==null && r<CFG.retention.riskBelow) urgency += (1-r);\r\n  if(c+i===0) urgency += 0.15;\r\n  return weightOf(q.chapter)*(deficit+0.12)*urgency;\r\n}\r\nfunction allocate(rows,n,shareOf){\r\n  const total = rows.reduce((a,r)=>a+Math.max(0,shareOf(r)),0);\r\n  if(!(total>0)) return rows.map(r=>({r,slots:0}));\r\n  const out = rows.map(r=>{ const exact=n*Math.max(0,shareOf(r))\/total;\r\n    return {r, exact, slots:Math.min(Math.floor(exact), r.count)}; });\r\n  let left = n - out.reduce((a,x)=>a+x.slots,0);\r\n  out.slice().sort((a,b)=>(b.exact-b.slots)-(a.exact-a.slots))\r\n     .forEach(x=>{ if(left>0 && x.slots<x.r.count){ x.slots++; left--; } });\r\n  if(left>0) out.slice().sort((a,b)=>shareOf(b.r)-shareOf(a.r))\r\n     .forEach(x=>{ while(left>0 && x.slots<x.r.count){ x.slots++; left--; } });\r\n  return out;\r\n}\r\n\/* Fisher\u2013Yates, so the order of a sitting is never the order of the bank *\/\r\nfunction shuffle(a){\r\n  for(let i=a.length-1;i>0;i--){ const j=Math.floor(Math.random()*(i+1)); [a[i],a[j]]=[a[j],a[i]]; }\r\n  return a;\r\n}\r\n\/* Weighted sampling without replacement: a high score makes a question\r\n   likely, never certain. Two sittings built back to back therefore share\r\n   only part of their content instead of being identical. *\/\r\nfunction sampleWeighted(pool, n, scoreFn){\r\n  const items = pool.map(q=>({q, w:Math.max(scoreFn(q), 1e-9)}));\r\n  const out=[];\r\n  n = Math.min(n, items.length);\r\n  for(let k=0;k<n;k++){\r\n    let total=0; items.forEach(x=>total+=x.w);\r\n    let r=Math.random()*total, hit=items.length-1;\r\n    for(let i=0;i<items.length;i++){ r-=items[i].w; if(r<=0){ hit=i; break; } }\r\n    out.push(items[hit].q);\r\n    items.splice(hit,1);\r\n  }\r\n  return out;\r\n}\r\nfunction buildSession(kind){\r\n  const rows = chapterRows().filter(r=>r.count>0);\r\n  if(!rows.length) return 0;\r\n  const n = Math.min(kind==='mock'?CFG.mockSize:CFG.sessionSize, QS.length);\r\n  const share = kind==='focus' ? (r=>r.leak) : (r=>r.weight);\r\n  const alloc = allocate(rows, n, share);\r\n  \/\/ whatever you were given last time is pushed down, not banned\r\n  const last = new Set(P.queue||[]);\r\n  const fresh = u => last.has(u) ? 0.3 : 1;\r\n  const picked=[];\r\n  alloc.forEach(({r,slots})=>{\r\n    if(!slots) return;\r\n    const pool = inCh(r.chapter).slice();\r\n    if(kind==='mock'){\r\n      \/\/ the mock ignores how well you know a question and simply spreads\r\n      \/\/ itself over the bank, favouring what you have seen least\r\n      picked.push(...sampleWeighted(pool, slots, q=>{\r\n        const st=P.stats[uid(q)], seen=st?(st.correct+st.incorrect):0;\r\n        const stale=(st&&st.last) ? Math.min((Date.now()-st.last)\/(86400000*30),1) : 1;\r\n        return (1\/(1+seen*1.6) + 0.35*stale) * fresh(uid(q));\r\n      }));\r\n    } else {\r\n      picked.push(...sampleWeighted(pool, slots, q=>gain(q)*fresh(uid(q))));\r\n    }\r\n  });\r\n  shuffle(picked);\r\n  P.queue = picked.map(uid);\r\n  P.queueLabel = kind==='mock' ? 'Mixed paper' : 'Focused set';\r\n  P.queueKind = kind;\r\n  save();\r\n  return picked.length;\r\n}\r\nfunction startSession(kind){\r\n  const had = (P.queue||[]).length;\r\n  const n = buildSession(kind);\r\n  if(!n){ toast('Nothing to build a session from yet'); return; }\r\n  setTab('quiz'); setFilter('session');\r\n  S.ans = {};                                   \/\/ a new sitting starts clean\r\n  toast(P.queueLabel+' ready \u2014 '+n+' fresh questions'+(had?' (previous set replaced)':''), true);\r\n}\r\n\/* =====================================================================\r\n   11. POOL \/ FILTERS\r\n   ===================================================================== *\/\r\nfunction pool(){\r\n  let p = QS.slice();\r\n  if(S.filter==='chapter' && S.chapter) p = inCh(S.chapter).slice();\r\n  if(S.filter==='year' && S.year) p = inYear(S.year);\r\n  if(S.filter==='weak')    p = p.filter(q=>weak.has(uid(q)));\r\n  if(S.filter==='flagged') p = p.filter(q=>flags.has(uid(q)));\r\n  if(S.filter==='session') p = (P.queue||[]).map(u=>BY_UID.get(u)).filter(Boolean);\r\n  if(S.query){ const t=S.query.toLowerCase();\r\n    p = p.filter(q=>(q.question+' '+q.options.join(' ')+' '+q.explanation).toLowerCase().includes(t)); }\r\n  if(S.unattempted) p = p.filter(q=>S.ans[uid(q)]==null);\r\n  if(S.filter==='year') p.sort((a,b)=>(+a.id||0)-(+b.id||0));   \/\/ a paper keeps its printed order\r\n  return p;\r\n}\r\nfunction refreshWeak(){\r\n  weak.clear();\r\n  QS.forEach(q=>{ const s=P.stats[uid(q)];\r\n    if(s && s.incorrect>=CFG.weakThreshold && s.correct<CFG.masteryThreshold) weak.add(uid(q)); });\r\n  P.weak=[...weak];\r\n}\r\nrefreshWeak();\r\n\/* =====================================================================\r\n   12. STEM RENDERING (statements + List-I \/ List-II)\r\n   ===================================================================== *\/\r\nconst cleanStem = t => String(t).replace(\/^\\s*(?:Q|Question)\\s*\\.?\\s*\\d+\\s*[.):\\-]\\s*\/i,'').trim();\r\nlet QNUM = '';                               \/\/ set by render() just before each stem is built\r\nconst QN = () => '<span class=\"qno\">' + (QNUM || 'Q.') + '<\/span>';\r\nfunction buildStem(raw){\r\n  const lines = raw.split(\/<br\\s*\\\/?>|\\n\/).map(s=>s.trim()).filter(Boolean);\r\n  const plain = s => s.replace(\/<\\\/?b>\/g,'').trim();\r\n  const isMatch = lines.some(l=>\/^List\\s*[-\u2013\u2014]?\\s*I\\b\/i.test(plain(l)));\r\n  const numbered = lines.filter(l=>\/^\\d+[.)]\\s\/.test(plain(l)));\r\n  if(isMatch) return matchCard(lines, plain);\r\n  if(numbered.length>=2) return stmtCard(lines, plain);\r\n  return plainCard(lines);\r\n}\r\n\/* a single-statement question gets the same sheet as the other two, so\r\n   every question on the page reads the same way *\/\r\nfunction plainCard(lines){\r\n  return '<div class=\"stem\" id=\"qStem\"><div class=\"qsheet\">'\r\n    + lines.map((l,i)=>'<p class=\"'+(i===0?'lead':'close')+'\">'+(i===0?QN():'')+l+'<\/p>').join('')\r\n    + '<\/div><\/div>';\r\n}\r\nfunction stmtCard(lines, plain){\r\n  const isN = l => \/^\\d+[.)]\\s\/.test(plain(l));\r\n  const first = lines.findIndex(isN);\r\n  let last=-1; lines.forEach((l,i)=>{ if(isN(l)) last=i; });\r\n  const head = lines.slice(0,first), tail = lines.slice(last+1);\r\n  const items = lines.slice(first,last+1).filter(isN).map(l=>plain(l).replace(\/^\\d+[.)]\\s*\/,''));\r\n  return '<div class=\"stem\" id=\"qStem\"><div class=\"qsheet\">'\r\n    + head.map((l,i)=>'<p class=\"'+(i===0?'lead':'intro')+'\">'+(i===0?QN():'')+l+'<\/p>').join('')\r\n    + '<ol class=\"stmts\">'+items.map(t=>'<li><span>'+t+'<\/span><\/li>').join('')+'<\/ol>'\r\n    + tail.map(l=>'<p class=\"close\">'+l+'<\/p>').join('')\r\n    + '<\/div><\/div>';\r\n}\r\n\/* Match-the-following comes in every shape: one item per line, or the\r\n   whole list run together on a single line separated by semicolons or\r\n   commas, or nothing at all between items. All three are split here so\r\n   the two columns always come out as proper rows. *\/\r\nfunction splitItems(body, kind){\r\n  const lab = kind==='alpha' ? '[A-Fa-f]' : '\\\\d{1,2}';\r\n  const mk  = re => new RegExp(re.replace('LAB', lab), 'g');\r\n  let parts = body.split(mk('\\\\s*[;\\\\n]\\\\s*(?=LAB\\\\s*[.):]\\\\s)'));\r\n  if(parts.length < 2) parts = body.split(mk('\\\\s*,\\\\s*(?=LAB\\\\s*[.):]\\\\s)'));\r\n  if(parts.length < 2) parts = body.split(mk('(?<=\\\\S)\\\\s+(?=LAB\\\\s*[.)]\\\\s)'));\r\n  const re = new RegExp('^\\\\s*('+lab+')\\\\s*[.):]\\\\s*(.+?)\\\\s*[;,.]?\\\\s*$');\r\n  return parts.map(p=>{ const m=String(p).match(re);\r\n    return m ? {k:m[1].toUpperCase(), v:m[2]} : null; }).filter(Boolean);\r\n}\r\nfunction matchCard(lines, plain){\r\n  \/\/ keep line breaks, normalise only runs of spaces\r\n  const text = lines.map(plain).join('\\n').replace(\/[ \\t]+\/g,' ').trim();\r\n  \/* The opening line almost always names both lists \u2014 \"Match List-I with\r\n     List-II and select\u2026\" \u2014 so the first occurrence of each is the wrong\r\n     one. Take the last List-I that actually has items after it, and the\r\n     first List-II following that. *\/\r\n  const at = re => [...text.matchAll(re)].map(m=>m.index);\r\n  const posI  = at(\/List\\s*[-\u2013\u2014]?\\s*I\\b\/gi);\r\n  const posII = at(\/List\\s*[-\u2013\u2014]?\\s*II\\b\/gi);\r\n  const hasItems = (str,kind) =>\r\n    (kind==='alpha' ? \/[A-F]\\s*[.):]\\s\/ : \/\\d{1,2}\\s*[.):]\\s\/).test(str);\r\n  let iI=-1, iII=-1;\r\n  for(let k=posI.length-1;k>=0 && iI<0;k--){\r\n    const ii = posII.find(x=>x>posI[k]);\r\n    if(ii===undefined) continue;\r\n    if(hasItems(text.slice(posI[k],ii),'alpha') && hasItems(text.slice(ii),'num')){ iI=posI[k]; iII=ii; }\r\n  }\r\n  if(iI<0 || iII<0) return plainCard(lines);\r\n  const head  = text.slice(0, iI).trim();\r\n  let segI    = text.slice(iI, iII).trim();\r\n  let segII   = text.slice(iII).trim();\r\n  \/\/ anything after the lists \u2014 \"Code :\", \"Select the correct answer\u2026\"\r\n  let tail = '';\r\n  const t = segII.match(\/(?:\\n|\\s)(Code\\s*[:.]?\\s*$|(?:Select|Choose)\\b[\\s\\S]*$)\/i);\r\n  if(t){ tail = t[1].trim(); segII = segII.slice(0, t.index).trim(); }\r\n  \/\/ column captions: \"List-I (Purpose of Leave) :\"\r\n  const capRe = \/^List\\s*[-\u2013\u2014]?\\s*I{1,2}\\b\\s*(\\([^)]*\\))?\\s*[:.]?\\s*\/i;\r\n  const hI  = segI.match(capRe),  hII = segII.match(capRe);\r\n  const capI  = hI  ? hI[0].replace(\/[\\s:.]+$\/,'')  : 'List-I';\r\n  const capII = hII ? hII[0].replace(\/[\\s:.]+$\/,'') : 'List-II';\r\n  const rowsI  = splitItems(hI  ? segI.slice(hI[0].length)  : segI,  'alpha');\r\n  const rowsII = splitItems(hII ? segII.slice(hII[0].length): segII, 'num');\r\n  if(!rowsI.length || !rowsII.length) return plainCard(lines);\r\n  const cell = x => '<li><b>'+x.k+'.<\/b><span>'+x.v+'<\/span><\/li>';\r\n  const headLines = head ? head.split('\\n').filter(Boolean) : [];\r\n  return '<div class=\"stem\" id=\"qStem\"><div class=\"qsheet\">'\r\n    + (headLines.length\r\n        ? headLines.map((l,i)=>'<p class=\"'+(i===0?'lead':'intro')+'\">'+(i===0?QN():'')+l+'<\/p>').join('')\r\n        : '<p class=\"lead\">'+QN+'Match List-I with List-II and select the correct answer using the code given below the Lists:<\/p>')\r\n    + '<div class=\"lists\">'\r\n      + '<div class=\"lcol\"><h5>'+capI+'<\/h5><ul>'+rowsI.map(cell).join('')+'<\/ul><\/div>'\r\n      + '<div class=\"lcol\"><h5>'+capII+'<\/h5><ul>'+rowsII.map(cell).join('')+'<\/ul><\/div>'\r\n    + '<\/div>'\r\n    + '<p class=\"close\">'+(tail || 'Select the correct answer using the code given below:')+'<\/p>'\r\n    + '<\/div><\/div>';\r\n}\r\n\/* =====================================================================\r\n   13. UI HELPERS\r\n   ===================================================================== *\/\r\nconst $ = id => document.getElementById(id);\r\nlet toastTimer=null;\r\nfunction toast(msg, ok){\r\n  const t=$('toast'); t.innerHTML=msg; t.className='toast show'+(ok?' ok':'');\r\n  clearTimeout(toastTimer); toastTimer=setTimeout(()=>t.className='toast',3000);\r\n}\r\nconst SRC_ON = !!(CFG.sourceUrl && CFG.sourceUrl.trim());\r\nconst stripHtml = s => String(s).replace(\/<[^>]+>\/g,'').replace(\/\\s+\/g,' ').trim();\r\nconst preview = (q,n) => { const t=stripHtml(q.question); return t.length>n ? t.slice(0,n)+'\u2026' : t; };\r\nfunction stars(u){\r\n  const s=P.stats[u]; if(!s || (s.correct+s.incorrect)===0) return null;\r\n  return { filled: Math.min(s.correct, CFG.masteryThreshold), c:s.correct, i:s.incorrect };\r\n}\r\n\/* =====================================================================\r\n   14. RENDER \u2014 PRACTICE\r\n   ===================================================================== *\/\r\nfunction renderYears(){\r\n  const panel=$('yearPanel');\r\n  const on = S.filter==='year';\r\n  panel.classList.toggle('hide', !on);\r\n  if(!on) return;\r\n  if(!S.year || !YEARS.some(y=>String(y)===String(S.year))) S.year = YEARS[YEARS.length-1];\r\n  $('yearList').innerHTML = YEARS.map(y=>{\r\n    const qs=inYear(y);\r\n    const done=qs.filter(q=>{ const st=P.stats[uid(q)]; return st && (st.correct+st.incorrect)>0; }).length;\r\n    const ok=qs.reduce((a,q)=>{ const st=P.stats[uid(q)]; return a+(st?st.correct:0); },0);\r\n    const bad=qs.reduce((a,q)=>{ const st=P.stats[uid(q)]; return a+(st?st.incorrect:0); },0);\r\n    const acc=(ok+bad)?Math.round(ok\/(ok+bad)*100):null;\r\n    return '<button class=\"ychip\" aria-pressed=\"'+(String(y)===String(S.year))+'\" data-year=\"'+encodeURIComponent(y)+'\"'\r\n      + ' title=\"'+qs.length+' questions'+(acc===null?'':' \u00b7 '+acc+'% accurate so far')+'\">'\r\n      + '<span class=\"yy\">'+y+'<\/span>'\r\n      + '<span class=\"yn\">'+qs.length+' Q'+(acc===null?'':' \u00b7 '+acc+'%')+'<\/span>'\r\n      + '<span class=\"ybar\"><i style=\"width:'+(qs.length?done\/qs.length*100:0)+'%\"><\/i><\/span><\/button>';\r\n  }).join('');\r\n  const qs=inYear(S.year);\r\n  const seen=qs.filter(q=>{ const st=P.stats[uid(q)]; return st && (st.correct+st.incorrect)>0; }).length;\r\n  $('yearMeta').textContent = S.year+' \u2014 '+qs.length+' questions \u00b7 '+Math.round(qs.length?seen\/qs.length*100:0)+'% attempted';\r\n}\r\nfunction renderCtx(){\r\n  renderYears();\r\n  const panel=$('chapPanel');\r\n  const on = S.filter==='chapter';\r\n  panel.classList.toggle('hide', !on);\r\n  if(!on) return;\r\n  const rows = chapterRows().filter(r=>r.count>0).sort(byChapterOrder);\r\n  if(!S.chapter || !rows.some(r=>r.chapter===S.chapter)) S.chapter = rows[0] ? rows[0].chapter : null;\r\n  $('chapList').innerHTML = rows.map((r,n)=>{\r\n    const sel = r.chapter===S.chapter;\r\n    const mastered = inCh(r.chapter).filter(q=>{ const s=P.stats[uid(q)]; return s && s.correct>=CFG.masteryThreshold; }).length;\r\n    const title = r.chapter+(WT?' \u2014 '+pctLabel(r.weight)+' of the exam':'')\r\n                + ' \u00b7 '+r.count+' question'+(r.count===1?'':'s')+' across '+r.years+' paper'+(r.years===1?'':'s')+' \u00b7 '\r\n                + Math.round(r.coverage*100)+'% seen'+(mastered?' \u00b7 '+mastered+' mastered':'');\r\n    return '<button class=\"chapchip\" aria-pressed=\"'+sel+'\" data-ch=\"'+encodeURIComponent(r.chapter)+'\" title=\"'+title+'\">'\r\n      + '<span class=\"no\">'+(n+1)+'<\/span>'\r\n      + '<span class=\"cn\">'+titleCase(r.chapter)+'<\/span>'\r\n      + (WT ? '<span class=\"cw\">'+pctLabel(r.weight)+' of exam<\/span>' : '')\r\n      + (mastered===r.count ? '<span class=\"done\">\u2713<\/span>' : '')\r\n      + '<span class=\"cc yrs\" title=\"papers this chapter has appeared in\">'+r.years+' pp<\/span>'\r\n      + '<span class=\"cc con\" title=\"questions\">'+r.count+'<\/span><\/button>';\r\n  }).join('');\r\n  const r = rows.find(x=>x.chapter===S.chapter);\r\n  $('ctxMeta').textContent = r\r\n    ? Math.round(r.coverage*100)+'% seen \u00b7 '+(r.acc===null?'not attempted':Math.round(r.acc*100)+'% accurate')\r\n    : '';\r\n}\r\n\/* --- page turn: set by the navigation handlers, consumed by render() --- *\/\r\nlet TURN = 0;                       \/* +1 forward, -1 back, 0 = no animation *\/\r\nfunction playTurn(dir){\r\n  const sheet = document.querySelector('#cdRoot .qbody');\r\n  if(!sheet) return;\r\n  sheet.classList.remove('turn-f','turn-b');\r\n  void sheet.offsetWidth;                       \/* force reflow so it replays *\/\r\n  sheet.classList.add(dir > 0 ? 'turn-f' : 'turn-b');\r\n  sheet.addEventListener('animationend', function clear(ev){\r\n    if(ev.target !== sheet) return;              \/* ignore bubbling from children *\/\r\n    sheet.classList.remove('turn-f','turn-b');\r\n    sheet.removeEventListener('animationend', clear);\r\n  });\r\n  const card = document.getElementById('qCard');\r\n  if(card && card.getBoundingClientRect().top < 0){\r\n    try{ card.scrollIntoView({block:'start', behavior:'smooth'}); }catch(e){}\r\n  }\r\n}\r\nfunction render(){\r\n  const _turn = TURN; TURN = 0;\r\n  renderCtx();\r\n  const p = pool();\r\n  const ec = $('emptyCard');\r\n  if(!p.length){\r\n    $('qCard').classList.add('hide'); ec.classList.remove('hide');\r\n    $('emptyBody').innerHTML =\r\n      S.query    ? '<b>No match for \u201c'+S.query+'\u201d<\/b>Try a rule or paragraph number, or a phrase like \u201cpart file\u201d.' :\r\n      S.filter==='weak'    ? '<b>No weak areas yet<\/b>Anything you answer wrong lands here until you have it right '+CFG.masteryThreshold+' times.' :\r\n      S.filter==='flagged' ? '<b>Nothing flagged yet<\/b>Press <b style=\"display:inline\">Flag for review<\/b> under any question and it collects here.' :\r\n      S.filter==='session' ? '<b>No session built yet<\/b>Open My Performance and build a Focused set or a Mock paper.' :\r\n      S.unattempted        ? '<b>You have attempted everything here<\/b>Turn off \u201cUnattempted only\u201d to revise what you have done.' :\r\n                             '<b>No questions in this selection<\/b>Clear the search or pick another chapter.';\r\n    renderNav(p); rail(p); return;\r\n  }\r\n  ec.classList.add('hide'); $('qCard').classList.remove('hide');\r\n  if(S.i>=p.length) S.i=0; if(S.i<0) S.i=p.length-1;\r\n  const q=p[S.i], u=uid(q), given=S.ans[u];\r\n  $('qCount').textContent = 'Question '+(S.i+1)+' of '+p.length;\r\n  $('qChap').textContent  = chBrief(q.chapter);\r\n  const src=$('qSrc');\r\n  src.className = 'badge-src pyq';\r\n  src.textContent = q.year ? 'PYQ '+q.year : 'PYQ';\r\n  const tags=[];\r\n  if(weak.has(u))  tags.push('<span class=\"qtag weak\">\u26a0\ufe0f Weak<\/span>');\r\n  if(flags.has(u)) tags.push('<span class=\"qtag flag\">\ud83d\udd16 Flagged<\/span>');\r\n  const sMast=P.stats[u];\r\n  if(sMast && sMast.correct>=CFG.masteryThreshold) tags.push('<span class=\"qtag done\">\u2713 Mastered<\/span>');\r\n  $('qTags').innerHTML = tags.join('');\r\n  const st = stars(u), badge=$('qMastery');\r\n  if(!st){ badge.textContent='Not seen yet'; badge.className='badge-m'; }\r\n  else {\r\n    const done = st.c>=CFG.masteryThreshold;\r\n    badge.textContent = '\u2605'.repeat(st.filled)+'\u2606'.repeat(Math.max(0,CFG.masteryThreshold-st.filled))+'  '+st.c+'\u2713 '+st.i+'\u2717';\r\n    badge.className = 'badge-m'+(weak.has(u)&&!done?' weak':'');\r\n  }\r\n  QNUM = (q.id != null ? q.id : (S.i + 1)) + '.';\r\n  const _foot = $('cdFoot');\r\n  if(_foot) _foot.innerHTML = '<span>' + (CFG.bookletCode || '') + '<\/span>'\r\n                            + '<span>( ' + (S.i + 1) + ' \\u2013 A )<\/span>';\r\n  $('qStem').outerHTML = buildStem(cleanStem(q.question));\r\n  const box=$('qOpts'); box.innerHTML='';\r\n  q.options.forEach((o,k)=>{\r\n    const b=document.createElement('button');\r\n    b.className='opt';\r\n    b.innerHTML='<span class=\"key\">('+L[k].toLowerCase()+')<\/span><span class=\"txt\">'+o+'<\/span>';\r\n    if(given!=null){\r\n      b.disabled=true;\r\n      if(k===q.correct){ b.classList.add('right'); b.insertAdjacentHTML('beforeend','<span class=\"mark r\">Correct<\/span>'); }\r\n      else if(k===given){ b.classList.add('wrong'); b.insertAdjacentHTML('beforeend','<span class=\"mark w\">Your answer<\/span>'); }\r\n    } else if(S.pick===k) b.classList.add('sel');\r\n    b.onclick=()=>{ if(given!=null) return; S.pick=k; S.nudge=false; render(); };\r\n    box.appendChild(b);\r\n  });\r\n  const bc=$('btnCheck');\r\n  bc.disabled = given!=null;\r\n  bc.textContent = given!=null ? 'Answered \u2713' : 'Check answer';\r\n  $('pickHint').classList.toggle('hide', !(given==null && S.pick==null && S.nudge));\r\n  const on = flags.has(u);\r\n  $('btnFlag').setAttribute('aria-pressed', on);\r\n  $('flagIco').textContent = on ? '\ud83d\udd16' : '\ud83c\udff3\ufe0f';\r\n  $('flagTxt').textContent = on ? 'Flagged' : 'Flag for review';\r\n  const res=$('result');\r\n  res.classList.toggle('hide', given==null);\r\n  if(given!=null){\r\n    const ok = given===q.correct, v=$('verdict');\r\n    v.className='verdict '+(ok?'r':'w');\r\n    v.innerHTML = ok ? '\u2713 Correct \u2014 '+L[q.correct]+' is right'\r\n                     : '\u2715 Not quite \u2014 the answer is '+L[q.correct];\r\n    $('explBody').innerHTML = q.explanation;\r\n  }\r\n  renderNav(p); rail(p);\r\n  if(_turn) playTurn(_turn);\r\n}\r\nlet navOpen=true;\r\nfunction renderNav(p){\r\n  const card=$('navCard');\r\n  if(!p.length){ card.classList.add('hide'); return; }\r\n  card.classList.remove('hide');\r\n  const done=p.filter(q=>S.ans[uid(q)]!=null).length;\r\n  $('navTitle').textContent = 'Navigator \u2014 '+done+' of '+p.length+' attempted';\r\n  const g=$('navGrid');\r\n  g.classList.toggle('hide', !navOpen);\r\n  $('navToggle').textContent = navOpen ? 'Hide' : 'Show';\r\n  if(!navOpen) return;\r\n  g.innerHTML='';\r\n  p.forEach((q,k)=>{\r\n    const u=uid(q), a=S.ans[u], s=P.stats[u];\r\n    const b=document.createElement('button');\r\n    b.className='nq'+(k===S.i?' cur':(a!=null?(a===q.correct?' r':' w'):''))\r\n              + (s && s.correct>=CFG.masteryThreshold ? ' mastered':'');\r\n    b.innerHTML=(k+1)+(flags.has(u)?'<span class=\"fl\">\ud83d\udd16<\/span>':'');\r\n    b.title = 'Q'+(k+1)+' \u00b7 '+chBrief(q.chapter)+(a!=null?(a===q.correct?' \u00b7 correct':' \u00b7 wrong'):'');\r\n    b.setAttribute('aria-label','Go to question '+(k+1));\r\n    b.onclick=()=>{ TURN=(k>S.i?1:-1); S.i=k; S.pick=null; render(); };\r\n    g.appendChild(b);\r\n  });\r\n}\r\nfunction rail(p){\r\n  const seen=Object.keys(S.ans).length;\r\n  const right=Object.entries(S.ans).filter(([u,a])=>BY_UID.get(u) && BY_UID.get(u).correct===a).length;\r\n  $('sPct').textContent = seen ? Math.round(right\/seen*100)+'%' : '\u2014';\r\n  $('sFrac').textContent = right+' of '+seen+' correct';\r\n  $('sBar').style.width = (seen?right\/seen*100:0)+'%';\r\n  $('sSeen').textContent = seen+' attempted';\r\n  $('sLeft').textContent = Math.max(0,p.length-S.i-1)+' left here';\r\n  const st=$('streak'); st.innerHTML='';\r\n  Object.entries(S.ans).slice(-10).forEach(([u,a])=>{\r\n    const q=BY_UID.get(u); if(!q) return;\r\n    const el=document.createElement('i'); el.className = q.correct===a?'r':'w'; st.appendChild(el);\r\n  });\r\n  const chs=[...new Set(p.map(q=>q.chapter))];\r\n  const w=chs.reduce((s,c)=>s+weightOf(c),0)*100;\r\n  $('wPct').textContent = w.toFixed(1)+'%';\r\n  $('wNote').textContent = p.length+' questions on screen, from '+chs.length+' '+(chs.length===1?'chapter':'chapters')+'. '\r\n    + (w>=35 ? 'That is a big slice in one sitting \u2014 worth clearing properly.' : 'Useful for topping up once the bigger chapters are secure.');\r\n  hdr();\r\n}\r\nfunction hdr(){\r\n  $('hQ').textContent = QS.length;\r\n  $('hCh').textContent = CHAPTERS.length;\r\n  $('hYr').textContent = YEARS.length;\r\n  $('hMastered').textContent = (QS.length ? Math.round(masteredCount()\/QS.length*100) : 0)+'%';\r\n  const r=readiness();\r\n  $('hReady').textContent = r.touched ? r.score+'%' : '\u2014';\r\n  $('fAll').textContent  = QS.length;\r\n  $('fYear').textContent = YEARS.length;\r\n  $('fWeak').textContent = weak.size;\r\n  $('fFlag').textContent = flags.size;\r\n  $('fSess').textContent = (P.queue||[]).length;\r\n  $('pillSession').classList.toggle('hide', !(P.queue||[]).length);\r\n  $('sessLabel').textContent = P.queueLabel || 'My session';\r\n  $('perfPill').classList.toggle('hide', weak.size<5);\r\n}\r\n\/* =====================================================================\r\n   15. RENDER \u2014 PERFORMANCE\r\n   ===================================================================== *\/\r\nfunction renderPerf(){\r\n  const body=$('perfBody');\r\n  const seen=Object.values(P.stats).filter(s=>(s.correct+s.incorrect)>0).length;\r\n  $('perfCount').textContent = seen+' questions attempted';\r\n  if(!QS.length){ body.innerHTML='<div class=\"empty\"><b>No questions loaded<\/b>Paste your bank into <code>chapterQuestions<\/code> and reload.<\/div>'; return; }\r\n  const R = readiness();\r\n  if(!R.touched){\r\n    body.innerHTML = '<div class=\"empty\"><b>Your coach is waiting for data<\/b>Answer a few questions in Practice. '\r\n      + 'The coach then scores your readiness against the weightage of each chapter, works out where marks are leaking, and builds the next sitting for you.<\/div>'\r\n      + plannerHTML(true);\r\n    bindPerf(); return;\r\n  }\r\n  const rows=R.rows, byPriority=[...rows].sort((a,b)=>b.priority-a.priority);\r\n  const allC=Object.values(P.stats).reduce((a,s)=>a+s.correct,0);\r\n  const allI=Object.values(P.stats).reduce((a,s)=>a+s.incorrect,0);\r\n  const accAll = (allC+allI) ? Math.round(allC\/(allC+allI)*100) : 0;\r\n  const recent = P.log.slice(-20);\r\n  const accRec = recent.length ? Math.round(recent.filter(x=>x.ok).length\/recent.length*100) : 0;\r\n  const trend = recent.length>=5 ? (accRec>accAll?' \u2197':(accRec<accAll?' \u2198':'')) : '';\r\n  const ret = retentionIndex();\r\n  const due = dueForRevision();\r\n  const band=(v,hi,mid)=> v>=hi?'var(--ok)': v>=mid?'#8A6206':'var(--bad)';\r\n  const verdict = R.score>=80 ? '<b>In good shape.<\/b> Hold it there with the revision queue and weak-area drills.'\r\n    : R.score>=60 ? '<b>Strong base.<\/b> Close the gaps in the biggest chapters below to cross 80.'\r\n    : R.score>=35 ? '<b>Building up.<\/b> Work the plan top-down \u2014 it is ordered by what will move this number fastest.'\r\n    : '<b>Early stage.<\/b> Start at the top of the plan; the biggest chapters move this number fastest.';\r\n  body.innerHTML =\r\n  '<div class=\"hero2\">'\r\n  + '<div class=\"ring-card\"><div class=\"ring\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Readiness '+R.score+' out of 100\">'\r\n    + '<svg width=\"150\" height=\"150\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><circle class=\"bg\" cx=\"75\" cy=\"75\" r=\"64\"><\/circle>'\r\n    + '<circle class=\"fg\" cx=\"75\" cy=\"75\" r=\"64\" stroke-dasharray=\"402\" stroke-dashoffset=\"'+(402-402*R.score\/100)+'\"><\/circle><\/svg>'\r\n    + '<div class=\"ring-txt\"><b>'+R.score+'<\/b><span>Readiness \/ 100<\/span><\/div><\/div>'\r\n    + '<div class=\"verdict2\">'+verdict+'<br><span style=\"font-size:11.6px;opacity:.85\">'+T.readyDef+' across '+CHAPTERS.length\r\n    + ' chapters. On today\\u2019s form '+T.paperOut+' <b>'+R.projected+'%<\/b>.<\/span><\/div><\/div>'\r\n  + '<div class=\"coach\"><h4>\ud83e\udded What to do next<\/h4><div id=\"recoList\"><\/div><\/div>'\r\n  + '<\/div>'\r\n  + plannerHTML(false)\r\n  + '<div class=\"kpis\">'\r\n    + kpi(R.projected+'%',T.projected, band(R.projected,65,45))\r\n    + kpi(R.covered+'%',T.covered, band(R.covered,70,40))\r\n    + kpi(ret===null?'\u2014':ret+'%','Retention now', ret===null?'var(--slate)':band(ret,75,55))\r\n    + kpi(accAll+'%','Lifetime accuracy', band(accAll,70,45))\r\n    + kpi(accRec+'%'+trend,'Last 20 attempts', band(accRec,70,45))\r\n    + kpi(masteredCount(),'Mastered ('+CFG.masteryThreshold+'\u2713)','var(--ok)')\r\n    + kpi(weak.size,'Weak questions','var(--bad)')\r\n    + kpi(flags.size,'Flagged','#8A6206')\r\n  + '<\/div>'\r\n  + '<section class=\"pblock\"><div class=\"pbh\"><div class=\"txt\">'\r\n    + '<h4><span class=\"secno\">02<\/span>Chapter performance vs '+(WT?'exam weight':'bank share')+'<\/h4>'\r\n    + '<p>Every figure counted from the papers themselves. \\u201cAsked in\\u201d is how many exam cycles the chapter has appeared in \\u2014 a chapter in most papers is a near-certainty on the next one.<\/p><\/div>'\r\n    + '<span class=\"sechint\">priority = high weight \\u00d7 low accuracy<\/span><\/div>'\r\n    + '<div class=\"tblwrap\" style=\"border:0;border-radius:0\"><table class=\"perf-t\"><thead><tr>'\r\n    + '<th>Chapter<\/th><th>'+T.colWeight+'<\/th><th>Asked in<\/th><th>Covered<\/th><th>Accuracy<\/th>'\r\n    + '<th>Expected<\/th><th>Status<\/th><th><\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody>'\r\n    + byPriority.map(r=>{\r\n        const a = r.acc===null?null:Math.round(r.acc*100);\r\n        const tag = r.count===0 ? '<span class=\"tag na\">No questions<\/span>'\r\n          : r.acc===null ? '<span class=\"tag na\">Not started<\/span>'\r\n          : a<45 ? '<span class=\"tag hot\">Critical<\/span>'\r\n          : a<65 ? '<span class=\"tag warm\">Needs work<\/span>'\r\n          : a<85 ? '<span class=\"tag ok\">On track<\/span>'\r\n                 : '<span class=\"tag good\">Strong<\/span>';\r\n        const bar = a===null ? '<span class=\"nil\">\\u2014<\/span>'\r\n          : '<div class=\"minibar\"><i style=\"width:'+Math.max(a,4)+'%;background:'\r\n            + (a<45?'var(--bad)':a<65?'var(--gold)':'var(--ok)')+'\"><\/i><\/div>'\r\n            + '<span class=\"miniv\" style=\"color:'+(a<45?'var(--bad)':a<65?'#8A6206':'var(--ok)')+'\">'+a+'%<\/span>';\r\n        const reg = YEARS.length ? Math.round(r.years\/YEARS.length*100) : 0;\r\n        return '<tr><td class=\"lft\" title=\"'+r.chapter+'\">'+chBrief(r.chapter)+'<\/td>'\r\n          + '<td><b class=\"wt\">'+pctLabel(r.weight)+'<\/b><span class=\"wsub\">('+r.count+' Q'+(r.count===1?'':'s')+')<\/span><\/td>'\r\n          + '<td><b>'+r.years+'<\/b><span class=\"sub\">of '+YEARS.length+' papers'+(reg>=70?' \\u00b7 regular':'')+'<\/span><\/td>'\r\n          + '<td>'+r.att+'\/'+r.count+'<span class=\"sub\">'+Math.round(r.coverage*100)+'% seen<\/span><\/td>'\r\n          + '<td>'+bar+'<\/td>'\r\n          + '<td><b>'+Math.round(r.expected*100)+'%<\/b><span class=\"sub\">\\u2248 '+(r.leak*100).toFixed(1)+' '+T.leakWord+' lost<\/span><\/td>'\r\n          + '<td>'+tag+'<\/td>'\r\n          + '<td><button class=\"mini-go pyq\" data-goch=\"'+encodeURIComponent(r.chapter)+'\">Drill<\/button><\/td><\/tr>';\r\n      }).join('')\r\n    + '<\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/section>'\r\n  + '<section class=\"pblock\"><div class=\"pbh\"><div class=\"txt\">'\r\n    + '<h4><span class=\"secno\">03<\/span>'+T.leakHead+'<\/h4>'\r\n    + '<p id=\"leakNote\"><\/p><\/div>'\r\n    + '<span class=\"sechint\">'+rows.filter(r=>r.count>0).length+' chapters<\/span><\/div>'\r\n    + '<div class=\"bars\" id=\"leakBars\"><\/div><\/section>'\r\n  + '<section class=\"pblock\"><div class=\"pbh\"><div class=\"txt\">'\r\n    + '<h4><span class=\"secno\">04<\/span>How you handle each kind of question<\/h4>'\r\n    + '<p id=\"fmtNote\"><\/p><\/div>'\r\n    + '<span class=\"sechint\">format beats topic when the gap is wide<\/span><\/div>'\r\n    + '<div class=\"subhead\"><h5>How the question is built<\/h5><span>one shape per question<\/span><\/div>'\r\n    + '<div class=\"bars\" id=\"shapeBars\"><\/div>'\r\n    + '<div class=\"subhead\"><h5>What the question turns on<\/h5><span>a question can sit in more than one \u2014 a time limit asked as a multi-statement code counts on both<\/span><\/div>'\r\n    + '<div class=\"bars\" id=\"traitBars\"><\/div><\/section>'\r\n  + (YEARS.length>1 ? '<section class=\"pblock\"><div class=\"pbh\"><div class=\"txt\">'\r\n      + '<h4><span class=\"secno\">05<\/span>Your score, paper by paper<\/h4>'\r\n      + '<p id=\"cycNote\"><\/p><\/div>'\r\n      + '<span class=\"sechint\">click a cycle to sit that paper<\/span><\/div>'\r\n      + '<div class=\"bars\" id=\"cycPerf\"><\/div><\/section>' : '')\r\n  + '<div class=\"split\">'\r\n    + '<div class=\"panel\"><h4 class=\"ph\"><span class=\"secno\">06<\/span> Revision queue \u2014 what is fading fastest<\/h4><div id=\"revQ\"><\/div><\/div>'\r\n    + '<div class=\"panel\"><h4 class=\"ph\"><span class=\"secno\">07<\/span> Mastery distribution<\/h4><div id=\"mastDist\"><\/div><\/div>'\r\n  + '<\/div>'\r\n  + '<div class=\"danger\"><p><b>Danger zone.<\/b> This permanently erases your lifetime performance for this subject \u2014 mastery, weak areas, flags, accuracy history and the readiness score. Reset session on the Practice tab does <b>not<\/b> touch this.<\/p>'\r\n    + '<button class=\"dbtn\" id=\"btnWipe\">\ud83d\uddd1\ufe0f Reset my performance<\/button><\/div>';\r\n  renderRecos(byPriority, rows, due);\r\n  renderCyclePerf();\r\n  renderLeaks(rows);\r\n  renderFormats();\r\n  renderRevision(due);\r\n  renderMastery();\r\n  bindPerf();\r\n}\r\nfunction kpi(v,l,color){ return '<div class=\"kpi\"><b style=\"color:'+color+'\">'+v+'<\/b><span>'+l+'<\/span><\/div>'; }\r\nfunction plannerHTML(empty){\r\n  const rows=chapterRows().filter(r=>r.count>0).sort((a,b)=>b.leak-a.leak).slice(0,2).map(r=>chShort(r.chapter));\r\n  return '<div class=\"planner\"><div><h4><span class=\"secno\">01<\/span>Plan the next sitting<\/h4><p id=\"plannerNote\">'\r\n    + (empty\r\n        ? 'The focused set gives each chapter time in proportion to what you are losing in it. The mixed paper draws across every cycle in the weight the papers themselves set, and \\u201cSit the paper\\u201d gives you one full exam cycle in order.'\r\n        : 'The focused set gives each chapter time in proportion to what is leaking out of it \\u2014 right now mostly <b>'+rows.join('<\/b> and <b>')+'<\/b>. The mixed paper draws across every cycle in the weight the papers themselves set. Neither is fixed: press again for a fresh set, and last time\\u2019s questions are pushed to the back of the queue.')\r\n    + '<\/p><\/div><div class=\"pbtns\">'\r\n    + '<button class=\"pbtn primary\" id=\"btnFocus\">\ud83e\udde9 Focused set \u2014 '+Math.min(CFG.sessionSize,QS.length)+' Q<\/button>'\r\n    + '<button class=\"pbtn\" id=\"btnMock\">\ud83d\udcc4 Mixed paper \u2014 '+Math.min(CFG.mockSize,QS.length)+' Q<\/button>'\r\n    + (YEARS.length ? '<button class=\"pbtn navy\" data-goyear=\"'+encodeURIComponent(YEARS[YEARS.length-1])+'\">\ud83d\udcdc Sit the '+YEARS[YEARS.length-1]+' paper<\/button>' : '')\r\n    + '<\/div><\/div>';\r\n}\r\nfunction renderRecos(byPriority, rows, due){\r\n  const out=[], named=new Set();\r\n  byPriority.slice(0,3).forEach(r=>{\r\n    if(!r.count) return;\r\n    named.add(r.chapter);\r\n    const imp = WT ? '<b>'+pctLabel(r.weight)+'<\/b> of the exam ('+r.count+' question'+(r.count===1?'':'s')+')' : '';\r\n    if(r.acc===null)\r\n      out.push({ic:'warm',icon:'\ud83e\udded',txt:'<b>'+chBrief(r.chapter)+'<\/b>'+(imp?' is '+imp+' and':'')+' you have not touched it yet \u2014 start here.',ch:r.chapter});\r\n    else if(r.acc<0.6)\r\n      out.push({ic:'hot',icon:'\ud83d\udd25',txt:'<b>'+chBrief(r.chapter)+'<\/b>'+(imp?', '+imp+',':'')+' is running at only <b>'+Math.round(r.acc*100)+'%<\/b> \u2014 about <b>'+(r.leak*100).toFixed(1)+' '+T.leakWord+' per 100<\/b> are going here.',ch:r.chapter});\r\n    else if(r.coverage<0.6)\r\n      out.push({ic:'cool',icon:'\ud83d\udd0d',txt:'<b>'+chBrief(r.chapter)+'<\/b>: accuracy is fine at '+Math.round(r.acc*100)+'%, but you have seen only <b>'+Math.round(r.coverage*100)+'%<\/b> of a chapter'+(imp?' '+imp:'')+' \u2014 finish the set.',ch:r.chapter});\r\n    else\r\n      out.push({ic:'good',icon:'\u2705',txt:'<b>'+chBrief(r.chapter)+'<\/b>'+(imp?' ('+stripHtml(imp)+')':'')+' is in good shape at '+Math.round(r.acc*100)+'% \u2014 keep it warm through the revision queue.',ch:r.chapter});\r\n  });\r\n  \/\/ a format gap costs you in every chapter at once\r\n  const f = formatRows().filter(r=>r.acc!==null && r.attempts>=8).sort((a,b)=>a.acc-b.acc);\r\n  if(f.length>=2){\r\n    const worst=f[0], best=f[f.length-1];\r\n    if(best.acc-worst.acc >= 0.12){\r\n      const tail = worst.kind==='shape'\r\n        ? 'That is a reading habit, not a gap in the rules \u2014 and it costs you in every chapter at once.'\r\n        : 'That is recall, not comprehension \u2014 these have to be committed to memory, and they turn up everywhere.';\r\n      out.push({ic:'hot',icon:'\ud83e\udde9',txt:'<b>'+worst.label+'<\/b> questions are running at <b>'+Math.round(worst.acc*100)+'%<\/b> while you sit at '+Math.round(best.acc*100)+'% on '+best.label.toLowerCase()+'. '+tail});\r\n    }\r\n  }\r\n  \/\/ big chapter you have exhausted\r\n  const done = rows.filter(r=>!named.has(r.chapter) && r.weight>=0.08 && r.coverage>=0.9 && r.count>0).sort((a,b)=>b.weight-a.weight)[0];\r\n  if(done) out.push({ic:'warm',icon:'\ud83d\udcd8',txt:'You have worked nearly every question in <b>'+chBrief(done.chapter)+'<\/b>'+(WT?', '+pctLabel(done.weight)+' of the exam':'')+'. Practice has given what it can \u2014 go back to the source text for the rest.',ch:done.chapter});\r\n  \/\/ a chapter the paper keeps returning to\r\n  const regular = rows.filter(r=>r.years>=Math.ceil(YEARS.length*0.7) && r.count>=4 && (r.acc===null||r.acc<0.75))\r\n                      .sort((a,b)=>b.years-a.years)[0];\r\n  if(regular) out.push({ic:'warm',icon:'\ud83d\udd01',txt:'<b>'+chBrief(regular.chapter)+'<\/b> has appeared in <b>'+regular.years+' of '+YEARS.length+' papers<\/b>. A chapter that regular is a near-certainty on the next one.',ch:regular.chapter});\r\n  if(weak.size>=3) out.push({ic:'hot',icon:'\u26a0\ufe0f',txt:'You have <b>'+weak.size+' weak questions<\/b> flagged, biggest chapter first. One Weak-areas sitting clears the backlog.',weak:true});\r\n  if(due.length) out.push({ic:'warm',icon:'\ud83d\udd01',txt:'<b>'+due.length+' questions<\/b> you had mastered have decayed below <b>'+Math.round(CFG.retention.riskBelow*100)+'% recall<\/b>. Re-answering one costs seconds; re-learning it later costs an evening.'});\r\n  if(flags.size) out.push({ic:'cool',icon:'\ud83d\udd16',txt:'<b>'+flags.size+'<\/b> question'+(flags.size>1?'s are':' is')+' flagged for review. Clear the flags before the next mock.',flag:true});\r\n  $('recoList').innerHTML = out.map(r=>{\r\n    let btn='';\r\n    if(r.ch)        btn='<button class=\"go\" data-goch=\"'+encodeURIComponent(r.ch)+'\">Practice \u2192<\/button>';\r\n    else if(r.weak) btn='<button class=\"go\" data-goweak=\"1\">Start \u2192<\/button>';\r\n    else if(r.flag) btn='<button class=\"go\" data-goflag=\"1\">Open \u2192<\/button>';\r\n    return '<div class=\"reco\"><span class=\"ic '+r.ic+'\">'+r.icon+'<\/span><p>'+r.txt+'<\/p>'+btn+'<\/div>';\r\n  }).join('');\r\n}\r\n\/* how you actually score on each paper \u2014 the closest thing to a rehearsal *\/\r\nfunction renderCyclePerf(){\r\n  const box=$('cycPerf'); if(!box) return;\r\n  const rows = YEARS.map(y=>{\r\n    const qs=inYear(y);\r\n    let att=0, ok=0, bad=0;\r\n    qs.forEach(q=>{ const st=P.stats[uid(q)];\r\n      if(st && (st.correct+st.incorrect)>0){ att++; ok+=st.correct; bad+=st.incorrect; } });\r\n    return { y, count:qs.length, att, acc:(ok+bad)?ok\/(ok+bad):null, coverage:qs.length?att\/qs.length:0 };\r\n  });\r\n  const done = rows.filter(r=>r.acc!==null);\r\n  const note=$('cycNote');\r\n  if(note){\r\n    if(!done.length) note.innerHTML = 'Nothing attempted yet. Sit a paper and this becomes the closest thing to a rehearsal you have.';\r\n    else {\r\n      const best=done.slice().sort((a,b)=>b.acc-a.acc)[0], worst=done.slice().sort((a,b)=>a.acc-b.acc)[0];\r\n      note.innerHTML = done.length===1\r\n        ? 'One paper attempted so far \\u2014 <b>'+best.y+'<\/b> at <b>'+Math.round(best.acc*100)+'%<\/b>. Sit another to see whether that holds.'\r\n        : 'Your strongest paper is <b>'+best.y+'<\/b> at <b>'+Math.round(best.acc*100)+'%<\/b>, your weakest <b>'+worst.y\r\n          +'<\/b> at <b>'+Math.round(worst.acc*100)+'%<\/b>. A wide gap usually means the syllabus shifted, not that you did.';\r\n    }\r\n  }\r\n  box.innerHTML = rows.map(r=>{\r\n    const a = r.acc===null?null:Math.round(r.acc*100);\r\n    const col = a===null?'#CBD5E1' : a<45?'linear-gradient(90deg,#F08A92,var(--bad))'\r\n              : a<65?'linear-gradient(90deg,var(--gold-lt),var(--gold))'\r\n              : 'linear-gradient(90deg,#6EE7B7,var(--ok))';\r\n    return '<div class=\"lrow\" style=\"cursor:pointer\" data-goyear=\"'+encodeURIComponent(r.y)+'\">'\r\n      + '<div><span class=\"lname\">'+r.y+'<\/span>'\r\n      + '<span class=\"lsub\">'+r.count+' question'+(r.count===1?'':'s')+' \\u00b7 '+r.att+' attempted ('+Math.round(r.coverage*100)+'%)<\/span><\/div>'\r\n      + '<div class=\"ltrack\"><div class=\"lfill\" style=\"width:'+(a===null?0:a)+'%;background:'+col+'\"><\/div><\/div>'\r\n      + '<div class=\"lval\">'+(a===null?'\\u2014':a+'%')+'<small>accuracy<\/small><\/div><\/div>';\r\n  }).join('');\r\n}\r\nfunction renderLeaks(rows){\r\n  const list = rows.filter(r=>r.count>0).sort((a,b)=>b.leak-a.leak);\r\n  if(!list.length) return;\r\n  const max = Math.max(0.0001, ...list.map(r=>r.leak));\r\n  const total = list.reduce((a,r)=>a+r.leak,0)*100;\r\n  const top3 = list.slice(0,3);\r\n  $('leakNote').innerHTML = 'On today\\u2019s form you would expect to drop about <b>'+Math.round(total)+' '+T.leakWord+' in every 100<\/b>. <b>'\r\n    + top3.map(r=>chShort(r.chapter)).join(', ')+'<\/b> alone account for <b>'+Math.round(top3.reduce((a,r)=>a+r.leak,0)*100)\r\n    + '<\/b> of them \u2014 the shortest route to a better score.';\r\n  $('leakBars').innerHTML = list.map(r=>{\r\n    const m=r.leak*100;\r\n    const col = m>=8?'linear-gradient(90deg,#F08A92,var(--bad))' : m>=4?'linear-gradient(90deg,var(--gold-lt),var(--gold))' : 'linear-gradient(90deg,#9DB6EE,var(--blue-700))';\r\n    return '<div class=\"lrow\"><div><span class=\"lname\" title=\"'+r.chapter+'\">'+chBrief(r.chapter)+'<\/span>'\r\n      + '<span class=\"lsub\">'+(WT?pctLabel(r.weight)+' of the exam \u00b7 ':'')+'you would clear about '+Math.round(r.expected*100)+'% today<\/span><\/div>'\r\n      + '<div class=\"ltrack\"><div class=\"lfill\" style=\"width:'+(r.leak\/max*100)+'%;background:'+col+'\"><\/div><\/div>'\r\n      + '<div class=\"lval\">'+m.toFixed(1)+'<small>'+T.leakUnit+'<\/small><\/div><\/div>';\r\n  }).join('');\r\n}\r\nfunction renderFormats(){\r\n  const rows=formatRows();\r\n  const bar = r => {\r\n    const p = r.acc===null?null:Math.round(r.acc*100);\r\n    const col = p===null?'#CBD5E1' : p<50?'linear-gradient(90deg,#F08A92,var(--bad))' : p<70?'linear-gradient(90deg,var(--gold-lt),var(--gold))' : 'linear-gradient(90deg,#6EE7B7,var(--ok))';\r\n    return '<div class=\"lrow\"><div><span class=\"lname\">'+r.label+'<\/span>'\r\n      + '<span class=\"lsub\">'+r.total+' in this bank \u00b7 '+r.seen+' attempted<\/span><\/div>'\r\n      + '<div class=\"ltrack\"><div class=\"lfill\" style=\"width:'+(p===null?0:p)+'%;background:'+col+'\"><\/div><\/div>'\r\n      + '<div class=\"lval\">'+(p===null?'\u2014':p+'%')+'<small>accuracy<\/small><\/div><\/div>';\r\n  };\r\n  const sorter=(a,b)=>(a.acc===null)-(b.acc===null)||(a.acc-b.acc);\r\n  $('shapeBars').innerHTML = rows.filter(r=>r.kind==='shape').sort(sorter).map(bar).join('');\r\n  $('traitBars').innerHTML = rows.filter(r=>r.kind==='trait').sort(sorter).map(bar).join('');\r\n  const rated = rows.filter(r=>r.acc!==null && r.attempts>=8).sort(sorter);\r\n  $('fmtNote').innerHTML = rated.length>=2\r\n    ? (()=>{ const w=rated[0], b=rated[rated.length-1], gap=Math.round((b.acc-w.acc)*100);\r\n        return gap>=12\r\n          ? 'Your weakest kind of question is <b>'+w.label+'<\/b> at <b>'+Math.round(w.acc*100)+'%<\/b>, against <b>'+Math.round(b.acc*100)+'%<\/b> on '+b.label.toLowerCase()+' \u2014 a <b>'+gap+'-point<\/b> gap. That is worth more than any single chapter, because these turn up in all of them.'\r\n          : 'You handle the different kinds of question evenly, within <b>'+gap+' points<\/b> of each other. Nothing to fix here \u2014 keep working the chapter list.'; })()\r\n    : 'Attempt a few more and this will show whether the format is costing you more than the topic.';\r\n}\r\nfunction renderRevision(due){\r\n  $('revQ').innerHTML = due.length\r\n    ? due.slice(0,8).map(d=>'<button class=\"rev\" data-gouid=\"'+encodeURIComponent(uid(d.q))+'\">'\r\n        + '<span class=\"n\">Q'+d.q.id+'<\/span><span class=\"t\">'+preview(d.q,58)+'<\/span>'\r\n        + '<span class=\"d\">'+Math.round(d.recall*100)+'% recall<\/span><\/button>').join('')\r\n    : '<p style=\"font-size:13px;color:var(--slate);line-height:1.6\">Nothing decaying right now. Mastered questions return here as their estimated recall drops below '+Math.round(CFG.retention.riskBelow*100)+'%.<\/p>';\r\n}\r\nfunction renderMastery(){\r\n  const b=[0,0,0,0];\r\n  QS.forEach(q=>{ const s=P.stats[uid(q)];\r\n    if(!s || (s.correct+s.incorrect)===0) b[0]++;\r\n    else if(s.correct>=CFG.masteryThreshold) b[3]++;\r\n    else if(s.correct>=2) b[2]++;\r\n    else b[1]++; });\r\n  const labels=['Untouched','Learning (0\u20131 \u2713)','Almost there (2 \u2713)','Mastered ('+CFG.masteryThreshold+' \u2713+)'];\r\n  const cols=['#CBD5E1','var(--gold)','var(--blue-700)','var(--ok)'];\r\n  $('mastDist').innerHTML = b.map((n,i)=>\r\n    '<div class=\"lrow\" style=\"grid-template-columns:minmax(120px,1fr) 2fr 54px\"><span class=\"lname\">'+labels[i]+'<\/span>'\r\n    + '<div class=\"ltrack\"><div class=\"lfill\" style=\"width:'+(QS.length?n\/QS.length*100:0)+'%;background:'+cols[i]+'\"><\/div><\/div>'\r\n    + '<div class=\"lval\" style=\"font-size:15px\">'+n+'<\/div><\/div>').join('');\r\n}\r\nfunction bindPerf(){\r\n  const f=$('btnFocus'), m=$('btnMock'), w=$('btnWipe');\r\n  if(f) f.onclick=()=>startSession('focus');\r\n  if(m) m.onclick=()=>startSession('mock');\r\n  if(w) w.onclick=wipe;\r\n}\r\n\/* =====================================================================\r\n   15b. EXAM ANALYTICS  \u2014  what the paper has actually asked\r\n   Everything here is counted from the PYQ bank's year field. Nothing is\r\n   estimated, so the tab hides itself when no years are recorded.\r\n   ===================================================================== *\/\r\nfunction examData(){\r\n  const years = YEARS.slice();\r\n  const rows = CHAPTERS.map(c=>{\r\n    const qs=inCh(c), byYear={};\r\n    years.forEach(y=>byYear[y]=0);\r\n    qs.forEach(q=>{ if(byYear[q.year]!==undefined) byYear[q.year]++; });\r\n    return { chapter:c, total:qs.length, byYear,\r\n             share: PYQ.length?qs.length\/PYQ.length:0 };\r\n  }).filter(r=>r.total>0).sort((a,b)=>b.total-a.total);\r\n  const perYear={}; years.forEach(y=>perYear[y]=PYQ.filter(q=>q.year===y).length);\r\n  return {years, rows, perYear, total:PYQ.length};\r\n}\r\nfunction renderExam(){\r\n  const d = examData(), body=$('examBody');\r\n  $('examCount').textContent = PYQ.length+' previous year questions';\r\n  if(!PYQ.length){ body.innerHTML='<div class=\"empty\"><b>No previous year questions loaded<\/b>Paste them into <code>pyqQuestions<\/code>, each with its year.<\/div>'; return; }\r\n  const hi = CFG.highYield, maxTot = Math.max(...d.rows.map(r=>r.total), 1);\r\n  const maxCell = Math.max(1, ...d.rows.map(r=>Math.max(...Object.values(r.byYear))));\r\n  const shade = n => { if(!n) return '';\r\n    const t=n\/maxCell;\r\n    return 'background:'+(t>0.8?'#D99B12':t>0.6?'#E8B44A':t>0.4?'#F2D28C':t>0.2?'#F9E9C4':'#FDF6E6')\r\n         + ';color:'+(t>0.6?'#3A2A02':'#8A6206')+';font-weight:800';\r\n  };\r\n  const maxYear = Math.max(...Object.values(d.perYear), 1);\r\n  const heavy = d.rows.filter(r=>r.total>=hi);\r\n  const heavyShare = heavy.reduce((a,r)=>a+r.share,0);\r\n  const spread = d.rows.filter(r=>Object.values(r.byYear).filter(Boolean).length >= Math.ceil(d.years.length*0.6));\r\n  body.innerHTML =\r\n  \/\/ ---------- 01 ranked ----------\r\n  '<section class=\"pblock\"><div class=\"pbh\"><div class=\"txt\">'\r\n    + '<h4><span class=\"secno\">01<\/span>Ranked \u2014 questions per chapter<\/h4>'\r\n    + '<p>'+(heavy.length\r\n        ? '<b>'+heavy.length+' chapter'+(heavy.length===1?'':'s')+'<\/b> carry '+hi+' questions or more and together hold <b>'\r\n          + Math.round(heavyShare*100)+'%<\/b> of every paper on record. They are shown in gold.'\r\n        : 'No chapter has reached '+hi+' questions yet, so nothing is marked high-yield.')+'<\/p><\/div>'\r\n    + '<span class=\"sechint\">gold = high-yield ('+hi+'+ Qs)<\/span><\/div>'\r\n    + '<div class=\"bars\">'\r\n    + d.rows.map((r,i)=>{\r\n        const gold = r.total>=hi;\r\n        return '<div class=\"rankrow\"><span class=\"rk\">'+(i+1)+'<\/span>'\r\n          + '<span class=\"rname'+(gold?' gold':'')+'\" title=\"'+r.chapter+'\">'+titleCase(r.chapter)+'<\/span>'\r\n          + '<div class=\"rtrack\"><i style=\"width:'+(r.total\/maxTot*100)+'%;background:'\r\n            + (gold?'linear-gradient(90deg,var(--gold-lt),#D99B12)':'linear-gradient(90deg,#93B4F7,var(--blue-700))')+'\"><\/i><\/div>'\r\n          + '<span class=\"rv\">'+r.total+'<\/span><span class=\"rp\">'+(r.share*100).toFixed(1)+'%<\/span><\/div>';\r\n      }).join('')\r\n    + '<\/div><\/section>'\r\n  \/\/ ---------- 02 heatmap ----------\r\n  + '<section class=\"pblock\"><div class=\"pbh\"><div class=\"txt\">'\r\n    + '<h4><span class=\"secno\">02<\/span>Heatmap matrix \u2014 chapter \\u00d7 exam year<\/h4>'\r\n    + '<p>'+(spread.length\r\n        ? '<b>'+spread.map(r=>chShort(r.chapter)).slice(0,3).join(', ')+'<\/b> appear in most papers on record \u2014 those are the standing favourites, not one-off spikes.'\r\n        : 'Read down a column to see what a single paper favoured; read across a row to see whether a chapter is a regular or a one-off.')+'<\/p><\/div>'\r\n    + '<span class=\"sechint\">darker gold = more questions<\/span><\/div>'\r\n    + '<div class=\"tblwrap\" style=\"border:0;border-radius:0\"><table class=\"perf-t hm\"><thead><tr>'\r\n    + '<th class=\"lft\">Chapter<\/th>'+d.years.map(y=>'<th>'+y+'<\/th>').join('')+'<th class=\"tot\">Total<\/th>'\r\n    + '<\/tr><\/thead><tbody>'\r\n    + d.rows.map(r=>'<tr><td class=\"lft\" title=\"'+r.chapter+'\">'+titleCase(r.chapter)+'<\/td>'\r\n        + d.years.map(y=>{ const n=r.byYear[y];\r\n            return '<td style=\"'+shade(n)+'\">'+(n||'<span class=\"nil\">\\u00b7<\/span>')+'<\/td>'; }).join('')\r\n        + '<td class=\"tot\">'+r.total+'<\/td><\/tr>').join('')\r\n    + '<\/tbody><tfoot><tr><td class=\"lft\">Total<\/td>'\r\n    + d.years.map(y=>'<td>'+d.perYear[y]+'<\/td>').join('')+'<td>'+d.total+'<\/td><\/tr><\/tfoot><\/table><\/div>'\r\n    + '<div class=\"hmlegend\"><span>Low<\/span>'\r\n    + ['#FDF6E6','#F9E9C4','#F2D28C','#E8B44A','#D99B12'].map(c=>'<i style=\"background:'+c+'\"><\/i>').join('')\r\n    + '<span>High<\/span><\/div><\/section>'\r\n  \/\/ ---------- 03 per cycle ----------\r\n  + '<section class=\"pblock\"><div class=\"pbh\"><div class=\"txt\">'\r\n    + '<h4><span class=\"secno\">03<\/span>Questions per exam cycle<\/h4>'\r\n    + '<p>How many questions each paper on record contributed. A short bar usually means a partly recovered paper rather than a shorter exam \\u2014 worth knowing before you read too much into that year\\u2019s pattern.<\/p><\/div>'\r\n    + '<span class=\"sechint\">'+d.years.length+' cycles \\u00b7 '+d.total+' questions<\/span><\/div>'\r\n    + '<div class=\"cyc\">'\r\n    + d.years.map(y=>{ const n=d.perYear[y];\r\n        return '<div class=\"cycbar\"><span class=\"cn\">'+n+'<\/span>'\r\n          + '<div class=\"cbar\" style=\"height:'+Math.max(n\/maxYear*140,6)+'px\"><\/div>'\r\n          + '<span class=\"cy\">'+y+'<\/span><\/div>'; }).join('')\r\n    + '<\/div><\/section>'\r\n  \/\/ ---------- 04 what this means for you ----------\r\n  + '<section class=\"pblock\"><div class=\"pbh\"><div class=\"txt\">'\r\n    + '<h4><span class=\"secno\">04<\/span>What this means for your revision<\/h4>'\r\n    + '<p>The same counts, read against how you are actually performing.<\/p><\/div><\/div>'\r\n    + '<div class=\"bars\" id=\"examReco\"><\/div><\/section>';\r\n  \/\/ recommendations tie the counts back to the learner's own record\r\n  const perf = chapterRows();\r\n  const out=[];\r\n  d.rows.slice(0,3).forEach(r=>{\r\n    const p = perf.find(x=>x.chapter===r.chapter);\r\n    const acc = p && p.acc!==null ? Math.round(p.acc*100) : null;\r\n    out.push({ic: acc===null?'warm':acc<60?'hot':'good', icon: acc===null?'\\ud83e\\udded':acc<60?'\\ud83d\\udd25':'\\u2705',\r\n      txt:'<b>'+chBrief(r.chapter)+'<\/b> has produced <b>'+r.total+' questions<\/b> across '\r\n        + Object.values(r.byYear).filter(Boolean).length+' of '+d.years.length+' papers'\r\n        + (acc===null ? ' and you have not attempted it yet.' : ' and you are at <b>'+acc+'%<\/b> on it.'),\r\n      ch:r.chapter});\r\n  });\r\n  const recent = d.years.slice(-3);\r\n  const rising = d.rows.map(r=>{\r\n    const late = recent.reduce((a,y)=>a+(r.byYear[y]||0),0);\r\n    const early = d.years.slice(0,-3).reduce((a,y)=>a+(r.byYear[y]||0),0);\r\n    return {r, late, early, rate: late\/Math.max(recent.length,1)};\r\n  }).filter(x=>x.late>=2 && x.rate > (x.early\/Math.max(d.years.length-3,1))*1.5)\r\n    .sort((a,b)=>b.late-a.late)[0];\r\n  if(rising) out.push({ic:'warm',icon:'\\ud83d\\udcc8',\r\n    txt:'<b>'+chBrief(rising.r.chapter)+'<\/b> has been asked <b>'+rising.late+' times in the last '+recent.length\r\n      + ' papers<\/b>, well above its own earlier rate. Recent papers are the better guide to the next one.',ch:rising.r.chapter});\r\n  const thinYear = d.years.map(y=>({y,n:d.perYear[y]})).filter(x=>x.n>0 && x.n < d.total\/d.years.length*0.6);\r\n  if(thinYear.length) out.push({ic:'cool',icon:'\\ud83e\\uddfe',\r\n    txt:'<b>'+thinYear.map(x=>x.y).join(', ')+'<\/b> '+(thinYear.length===1?'holds':'hold')+' noticeably fewer questions than the other papers \\u2014 most likely partly recovered rather than genuinely shorter. Read those columns with that in mind.'});\r\n  $('examReco').innerHTML = out.map(r=>\r\n    '<div class=\"reco\"><span class=\"ic '+r.ic+'\">'+r.icon+'<\/span><p>'+r.txt+'<\/p>'\r\n    + (r.ch?'<button class=\"go\" data-goch=\"'+encodeURIComponent(r.ch)+'\">Drill \\u2192<\/button>':'')+'<\/div>').join('');\r\n}\r\n\/* =====================================================================\r\n   16. ANSWERING\r\n   ===================================================================== *\/\r\nfunction check(){\r\n  const p=pool(), q=p[S.i]; if(!q) return;\r\n  if(S.pick==null){ S.nudge=true; render(); return; }\r\n  const u=uid(q), ok = S.pick===q.correct;\r\n  S.ans[u]=S.pick; S.pick=null; S.nudge=false;\r\n  const s=stat(u);\r\n  ok ? s.correct++ : s.incorrect++;\r\n  s.last=Date.now(); s.lastOk=ok;\r\n  P.log.push({u, ok, ts:Date.now()});\r\n  P.lastUid=u;\r\n  refreshWeak(); save(); render();\r\n  const res=$('result'); if(res && res.scrollIntoView) try{ res.scrollIntoView({block:'nearest',behavior:'smooth'}); }catch(e){}\r\n}\r\nfunction wipe(){\r\n  if(!confirm('Permanently erase ALL lifetime performance for this subject?\\n\\nMastery, weak areas, flags, accuracy history, the built session and the readiness score all go. This cannot be undone.')) return;\r\n  P = blank(); flags.clear(); weak.clear(); S.ans={};\r\n  save(); setFilter('all'); renderPerf(); hdr();\r\n  toast('Lifetime performance erased', true);\r\n}\r\n\/* =====================================================================\r\n   18. EVENTS\r\n   ===================================================================== *\/\r\nfunction setTab(t){\r\n  S.tab=t;\r\n  document.querySelectorAll('#cdRoot .tab').forEach(b=>b.setAttribute('aria-selected', b.dataset.tab===t));\r\n  $('viewQuiz').classList.toggle('hide', t!=='quiz');\r\n  $('viewPerf').classList.toggle('hide', t!=='perf');\r\n  $('viewExam').classList.toggle('hide', t!=='exam');\r\n  $('cdFilters').classList.toggle('hide', t!=='quiz');\r\n  if(t==='perf') renderPerf();\r\n  if(t==='exam') renderExam();\r\n}\r\nfunction setFilter(f, ch){\r\n  S.filter=f; S.i=0; S.pick=null;\r\n  if(ch) S.chapter=ch;\r\n  document.querySelectorAll('#cdRoot .pill-f').forEach(b=>b.setAttribute('aria-pressed', b.dataset.f===f));\r\n  render();\r\n}\r\ndocument.querySelectorAll('#cdRoot .tab').forEach(b=>b.onclick=()=>setTab(b.dataset.tab));\r\ndocument.querySelectorAll('#cdRoot .pill-f').forEach(b=>b.onclick=()=>setFilter(b.dataset.f));\r\n$('yearList').addEventListener('click', e=>{\r\n  const chip=e.target.closest('.ychip'); if(!chip) return;\r\n  S.year = decodeURIComponent(chip.dataset.year);\r\n  S.i=0; S.pick=null; render();\r\n});\r\n$('chapList').addEventListener('click', e=>{\r\n  const chip=e.target.closest('.chapchip'); if(!chip) return;\r\n  S.chapter = decodeURIComponent(chip.dataset.ch);\r\n  S.i=0; S.pick=null; render();\r\n});\r\n$('btnCheck').onclick = check;\r\n$('btnNext').onclick  = ()=>{ TURN=1; S.i++; S.pick=null; render(); };\r\n$('btnPrev').onclick  = ()=>{ TURN=-1; S.i--; S.pick=null; render(); };\r\n$('btnFlag').onclick  = ()=>{\r\n  const p=pool(), q=p[S.i]; if(!q) return;\r\n  const u=uid(q);\r\n  flags.has(u) ? flags.delete(u) : flags.add(u);\r\n  P.flags=[...flags]; save(); render();\r\n};\r\n$('navToggle').onclick = ()=>{ navOpen=!navOpen; renderNav(pool()); };\r\nlet tmr;\r\n$('cdSearch').addEventListener('input', e=>{\r\n  clearTimeout(tmr);\r\n  tmr=setTimeout(()=>{ S.query=e.target.value.trim(); S.i=0; S.pick=null; render(); },220);\r\n});\r\n$('tglUn').onclick = e=>{\r\n  S.unattempted=!S.unattempted;\r\n  e.currentTarget.setAttribute('aria-pressed',S.unattempted);\r\n  e.currentTarget.firstChild.textContent = S.unattempted?'\u2611 ':'\u25fb ';\r\n  S.i=0; S.pick=null; render();\r\n};\r\n$('tglReset').onclick = ()=>{\r\n  if(!Object.keys(S.ans).length) return;\r\n  if(!confirm('Reset this sitting? Only the answers on screen are cleared \u2014 your lifetime performance and mastery are kept.')) return;\r\n  S.ans={}; S.i=0; S.pick=null; render();\r\n  toast('Session reset \u2014 performance data kept', true);\r\n};\r\n\/* performance-tab jumps + AI chips, delegated *\/\r\ndocument.addEventListener('click', e=>{\r\n  if(!e.target.closest('#cdRoot')) return;\r\n  const goch=e.target.closest('[data-goch]');\r\n  if(goch){\r\n    setTab('quiz'); setFilter('chapter', decodeURIComponent(goch.dataset.goch));\r\n    toast('Filtered to '+chShort(S.chapter), true);\r\n    return;\r\n  }\r\n  const goyr=e.target.closest('[data-goyear]');\r\n  if(goyr){\r\n    S.year = decodeURIComponent(goyr.dataset.goyear);\r\n    setTab('quiz'); setFilter('year');\r\n    toast('Sitting the '+S.year+' paper', true);\r\n    return;\r\n  }\r\n  if(e.target.closest('[data-goweak]')){ setTab('quiz'); setFilter('weak'); return; }\r\n  if(e.target.closest('[data-goflag]')){ setTab('quiz'); setFilter('flagged'); return; }\r\n  const gu=e.target.closest('[data-gouid]');\r\n  if(gu){\r\n    const u=decodeURIComponent(gu.dataset.gouid);\r\n    setTab('quiz'); setFilter('all');\r\n    const idx=pool().findIndex(q=>uid(q)===u);\r\n    if(idx>=0){ TURN=(idx>S.i?1:-1); S.i=idx; render(); }\r\n    return;\r\n  }\r\n});\r\n\/* keyboard, scoped to the widget *\/\r\ndocument.addEventListener('keydown', e=>{\r\n  if(S.tab!=='quiz') return;\r\n  const t=e.target;\r\n  if(t && (\/^(INPUT|TEXTAREA|SELECT)$\/.test(t.tagName) || t.isContentEditable)) return;\r\n  if(e.ctrlKey||e.metaKey||e.altKey) return;\r\n  const p=pool(); if(!p.length) return;\r\n  const q=p[S.i];\r\n  if(\/^[1-9]$\/.test(e.key)){\r\n    const k=+e.key-1;\r\n    if(q && S.ans[uid(q)]==null && k<q.options.length){ e.preventDefault(); S.pick=k; S.nudge=false; render(); }\r\n    return;\r\n  }\r\n  const low=e.key.toLowerCase();\r\n  if(\/^[a-f]$\/.test(low)){\r\n    const k=low.charCodeAt(0)-97;\r\n    if(q && S.ans[uid(q)]==null && k<q.options.length){ e.preventDefault(); S.pick=k; S.nudge=false; render(); }\r\n    return;\r\n  }\r\n  if(e.key==='Enter'){ e.preventDefault();\r\n    if(q && S.ans[uid(q)]==null) check();\r\n    else if(S.i<p.length-1){ TURN=1; S.i++; S.pick=null; render(); }\r\n    return; }\r\n  if(e.key==='ArrowRight'){ e.preventDefault(); TURN=1; S.i++; S.pick=null; render(); return; }\r\n  if(e.key==='ArrowLeft'){ e.preventDefault(); TURN=-1; S.i--; S.pick=null; render(); return; }\r\n  if(low==='f'){ e.preventDefault(); $('btnFlag').click(); }\r\n});\r\nwindow.addEventListener('beforeunload', save);\r\n\/* =====================================================================\r\n   19. BOOT\r\n   ===================================================================== *\/\r\n$('cdEyebrow').textContent = 'CSS ADDA \u00b7 PromotionExams.com' + (CFG.eyebrow ? '  \u00b7  '+CFG.eyebrow : '');\r\n$('cdTopic').textContent   = CFG.topic;\r\n$('cdSub').textContent     = CFG.sub;\r\ndocument.getElementById('cdRoot').classList.toggle('paper', !!CFG.paperMode);\r\n$('wHead').textContent     = T.onScreen;\r\n$('wUnit').textContent     = WT ? 'importance' : 'of this bank';\r\n$('chapHint').textContent  = WT ? '\u2014 gold pill shows the importance you set' : '';\r\nif(YEARS.length) $('tabExam').classList.remove('hide');\r\nif(SRC_ON){\r\n  $('srcCard').classList.remove('hide');\r\n  $('srcLink').href = CFG.sourceUrl;\r\n}\r\nif(WT) console.info('[weight] counted from '+W.totalPyq+' previous year questions across '+CHAPTERS.length+' chapters.');\r\nelse   console.info('[weight] no PYQs loaded \u2014 chapters are ranked by their share of the concept bank, and nothing is called exam weight.');\r\nif(W.untested.length) console.info('[weight] no PYQs recorded for: '+W.untested.join(' | '));\r\nsetTab('quiz');\r\ntry{ render(); }catch(err){ console.error('render failed', err); }\r\n\/* =====================================================================\r\n   20. CONTENT PROTECTION\r\n   Honest about what this can and cannot do.\r\n   REALLY BLOCKED\r\n     copy, cut, right-click, drag-out, text selection, Ctrl\/Cmd+C, X, S,\r\n     P, U, and printing or \"Save as PDF\" from the browser.\r\n   DETERRED, NOT BLOCKED\r\n     screenshots. No web page can stop the operating system taking one \u2014\r\n     Print Screen, Snipping Tool, macOS Shift-Cmd-4 and every phone all\r\n     work below the browser. What is done instead: the questions blur the\r\n     moment this window stops being the front window, which defeats the\r\n     common \"screenshot with another app\" and casual screen-share cases,\r\n     and Print Screen is caught where the browser reports it and the\r\n     clipboard is overwritten.\r\n   NOT BLOCKED AT ALL\r\n     View Source, Save Page, DevTools, or Reader Mode. Every question is\r\n     in the page HTML because that is how the widget runs. Anyone willing\r\n     to open the source can read the bank. Serving questions from a\r\n     licence-checked endpoint is the only real fix for that; this layer\r\n     stops casual copying, which is what it is for.\r\n   ===================================================================== *\/\r\nconst PROTECT = {\r\n  selection : true,   \/\/ block selecting, copying, cutting, dragging\r\n  context   : true,   \/\/ block right-click inside the widget\r\n  keys      : true,   \/\/ block Ctrl\/Cmd + C X S P U\r\n  print     : true,   \/\/ swap the paper for a notice when printing\r\n  veil      : true    \/\/ blur the questions when the window loses focus\r\n};\r\n(function protectContent(){\r\n  const root = $('cdRoot');\r\n  const stop = (e, msg) => { e.preventDefault(); e.stopPropagation(); if(msg) toast(msg); return false; };\r\n  if(PROTECT.selection){\r\n    ['copy','cut'].forEach(ev => root.addEventListener(ev, e=>{\r\n      if(e.target && \/^(INPUT|TEXTAREA)$\/.test(e.target.tagName)) return;   \/\/ let the search box work\r\n      stop(e,'This content cannot be copied');\r\n    }));\r\n    root.addEventListener('dragstart', e=>stop(e));\r\n    root.addEventListener('selectstart', e=>{\r\n      if(e.target && \/^(INPUT|TEXTAREA)$\/.test(e.target.tagName)) return;\r\n      e.preventDefault();\r\n    });\r\n  }\r\n  if(PROTECT.context)\r\n    root.addEventListener('contextmenu', e=>stop(e,'Right-click is disabled here'));\r\n  if(PROTECT.keys){\r\n    document.addEventListener('keydown', e=>{\r\n      const t=e.target;\r\n      const inField = t && (\/^(INPUT|TEXTAREA)$\/.test(t.tagName) || t.isContentEditable);\r\n      const k=(e.key||'').toLowerCase();\r\n      if((e.ctrlKey||e.metaKey) && ['c','x','s','p','u'].includes(k)){\r\n        if(inField && (k==='c'||k==='x')) return;    \/\/ copying inside the search box is harmless\r\n        return stop(e, k==='p' ? 'Printing is disabled' : k==='s' ? 'Saving is disabled' : 'This content cannot be copied');\r\n      }\r\n      if((e.ctrlKey||e.metaKey) && e.shiftKey && ['i','j','c'].includes(k)) return stop(e);\r\n      if(e.key==='F12') return stop(e);\r\n    }, true);\r\n    \/\/ Print Screen only reaches the page on some platforms; overwrite what it left\r\n    document.addEventListener('keyup', e=>{\r\n      if(e.key==='PrintScreen' || e.code==='PrintScreen'){\r\n        try{ navigator.clipboard && navigator.clipboard.writeText(' '); }catch(err){}\r\n        toast('Screenshots are not permitted');\r\n      }\r\n    });\r\n  }\r\n  if(PROTECT.print){\r\n    \/\/ the CSS swap covers rendering; this catches the shortcut and the menu\r\n    if(window.matchMedia){\r\n      const mq = window.matchMedia('print');\r\n      const onPrint = m => { if(m.matches) toast('Printing is disabled'); };\r\n      mq.addEventListener ? mq.addEventListener('change', onPrint) : mq.addListener(onPrint);\r\n    }\r\n    window.addEventListener('beforeprint', ()=>toast('Printing is disabled'));\r\n  }\r\n  if(PROTECT.veil){\r\n    const veil = on => root.classList.toggle('veiled', !!on);\r\n    window.addEventListener('blur',  ()=>veil(true));\r\n    window.addEventListener('focus', ()=>veil(false));\r\n    document.addEventListener('visibilitychange', ()=>veil(document.hidden));\r\n  }\r\n})();\r\n})();\r\n<\/script>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>CSS ADDA \u00b7 PromotionExams.com Chapter-wise Test Series Chapter drills with a planner that builds your next sitting for you. 0PYQs [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"site-sidebar-layout":"no-sidebar","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"full-width-container","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"disabled","ast-banner-title-visibility":"disabled","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"disabled","footer-sml-layout":"disabled","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"categories":[52],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-16449","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry","category-test-series"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.2 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>UPSC Principal 2022 free MCQ PRACTICE - PromotionExams<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/promotionexams.com\/?page_id=16449\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_GB\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"UPSC Principal 2022 free MCQ PRACTICE - PromotionExams\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"CSS ADDA \u00b7 PromotionExams.com Chapter-wise Test Series Chapter drills with a planner that builds your next sitting for you. 0PYQs [&hellip;]\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/promotionexams.com\/?page_id=16449\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"PromotionExams\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2026-09-01T07:39:08+00:00\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Estimated reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"164 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/promotionexams.com\\\/?page_id=16449\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/promotionexams.com\\\/?page_id=16449\",\"name\":\"UPSC Principal 2022 free MCQ PRACTICE - PromotionExams\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/promotionexams.com\\\/#website\"},\"datePublished\":\"2026-09-01T06:22:56+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2026-09-01T07:39:08+00:00\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/promotionexams.com\\\/?page_id=16449#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"en-GB\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/promotionexams.com\\\/?page_id=16449\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/promotionexams.com\\\/?page_id=16449#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Home\",\"item\":\"https:\\\/\\\/promotionexams.com\\\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"UPSC Principal 2022 free MCQ PRACTICE\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/promotionexams.com\\\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/promotionexams.com\\\/\",\"name\":\"CSSADDA.IN\",\"description\":\"Best platform for Govt. Departmental Promotion Exams\",\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/promotionexams.com\\\/#organization\"},\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\\\/\\\/promotionexams.com\\\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":{\"@type\":\"PropertyValueSpecification\",\"valueRequired\":true,\"valueName\":\"search_term_string\"}}],\"inLanguage\":\"en-GB\"},{\"@type\":\"Organization\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/promotionexams.com\\\/#organization\",\"name\":\"CSSADDA\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/promotionexams.com\\\/\",\"logo\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-GB\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/promotionexams.com\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/logo\\\/image\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/promotionexams.com\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2025\\\/07\\\/CSS-ADDA-Logo.png\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/promotionexams.com\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2025\\\/07\\\/CSS-ADDA-Logo.png\",\"width\":1077,\"height\":227,\"caption\":\"CSSADDA\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/promotionexams.com\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/logo\\\/image\\\/\"}}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"UPSC Principal 2022 free MCQ PRACTICE - PromotionExams","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/promotionexams.com\/?page_id=16449","og_locale":"en_GB","og_type":"article","og_title":"UPSC Principal 2022 free MCQ PRACTICE - PromotionExams","og_description":"CSS ADDA \u00b7 PromotionExams.com Chapter-wise Test Series Chapter drills with a planner that builds your next sitting for you. 0PYQs [&hellip;]","og_url":"https:\/\/promotionexams.com\/?page_id=16449","og_site_name":"PromotionExams","article_modified_time":"2026-09-01T07:39:08+00:00","twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_misc":{"Estimated reading time":"164 minutes"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/promotionexams.com\/?page_id=16449","url":"https:\/\/promotionexams.com\/?page_id=16449","name":"UPSC Principal 2022 free MCQ PRACTICE - PromotionExams","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/promotionexams.com\/#website"},"datePublished":"2026-09-01T06:22:56+00:00","dateModified":"2026-09-01T07:39:08+00:00","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/promotionexams.com\/?page_id=16449#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-GB","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/promotionexams.com\/?page_id=16449"]}]},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/promotionexams.com\/?page_id=16449#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https:\/\/promotionexams.com\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"UPSC Principal 2022 free MCQ PRACTICE"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/promotionexams.com\/#website","url":"https:\/\/promotionexams.com\/","name":"CSSADDA.IN","description":"Best platform for Govt. Departmental Promotion Exams","publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/promotionexams.com\/#organization"},"potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/promotionexams.com\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"en-GB"},{"@type":"Organization","@id":"https:\/\/promotionexams.com\/#organization","name":"CSSADDA","url":"https:\/\/promotionexams.com\/","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-GB","@id":"https:\/\/promotionexams.com\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/","url":"https:\/\/promotionexams.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/CSS-ADDA-Logo.png","contentUrl":"https:\/\/promotionexams.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/CSS-ADDA-Logo.png","width":1077,"height":227,"caption":"CSSADDA"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/promotionexams.com\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/"}}]}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/promotionexams.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/16449","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/promotionexams.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/promotionexams.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/promotionexams.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/promotionexams.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=16449"}],"version-history":[{"count":11,"href":"https:\/\/promotionexams.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/16449\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":16483,"href":"https:\/\/promotionexams.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/16449\/revisions\/16483"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/promotionexams.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=16449"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/promotionexams.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=16449"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/promotionexams.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=16449"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}