{"id":16242,"date":"2026-08-31T06:35:08","date_gmt":"2026-08-31T06:35:08","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/promotionexams.com\/?page_id=16242"},"modified":"2026-08-31T06:41:28","modified_gmt":"2026-08-31T06:41:28","slug":"upsc-principal-viceprincipal-notes-pedagogy-in-education","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/promotionexams.com\/?page_id=16242","title":{"rendered":"UPSC Principal\/VicePrincipal Notes- Pedagogy in Education"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t
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\n\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nPedagogy in Education \u2014 MA Education & Competitive Examinations | Bilingual Study Notes<\/title>\r\n<style>\r\n *, *::before, *::after { box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0; padding: 0; }\r\n :root {\r\n --navy: #14243f;\r\n --blue: #1f5fa9;\r\n --sky: #2f92d1;\r\n --teal: #0d8f79;\r\n --amber: #c9760f;\r\n --red: #c0392b;\r\n --gold: #c2a010;\r\n --purple: #6b3a8f;\r\n --plum: #8e2f5a;\r\n --text: #1c2b3a;\r\n --muted: #5a6d80;\r\n --border: #e1e8f0;\r\n }\r\n html { scroll-behavior: smooth; }\r\n body {\r\n font-family: 'DM Sans', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', sans-serif;\r\n background: #ffffff;\r\n color: var(--text);\r\n font-size: 15px;\r\n line-height: 1.85;\r\n }\r\n a { text-decoration: none; color: inherit; }\r\n\r\n \/* \u2500\u2500 LANGUAGE TOGGLE \u2500\u2500 *\/\r\n .lang-toggle-bar { margin-left: auto; flex-shrink: 0; }\r\n .lang-toggle-btn {\r\n display: flex; align-items: center;\r\n background: #fff; border: 2px solid var(--navy);\r\n border-radius: 50px; padding: 3px;\r\n box-shadow: 0 2px 10px rgba(20,36,63,0.13);\r\n cursor: pointer; transition: box-shadow 0.18s;\r\n }\r\n .lang-toggle-btn:hover { box-shadow: 0 4px 18px rgba(20,36,63,0.22); }\r\n .lang-option {\r\n padding: 5px 16px; border-radius: 40px;\r\n font-size: 12.5px; font-weight: 700;\r\n letter-spacing: 0.04em; transition: all 0.22s ease;\r\n color: var(--muted); user-select: none; white-space: nowrap;\r\n }\r\n .lang-option.active {\r\n background: var(--navy); color: #fff;\r\n box-shadow: 0 2px 6px rgba(20,36,63,0.22);\r\n }\r\n\r\n \/* \u2500\u2500 LANGUAGE VISIBILITY \u2500\u2500 *\/\r\n .hi { display: none; }\r\n body.hindi-mode .en { display: none; }\r\n body.hindi-mode .hi { display: inline; }\r\n body.hindi-mode .hi-block { display: block !important; }\r\n body.hindi-mode .en-block { display: none !important; }\r\n .hi-block { display: none; }\r\n body.hindi-mode { font-family: 'Noto Sans Devanagari', 'DM Sans', sans-serif; }\r\n\r\n \/* \u2500\u2500 BREADCRUMB \u2500\u2500 *\/\r\n .breadcrumb-bar { background: #fff; border-bottom: 1px solid var(--border); padding: 10px 48px; }\r\n .breadcrumb-inner {\r\n max-width: 1120px; margin: 0 auto;\r\n font-size: 12.5px; color: #aaa;\r\n display: flex; align-items: center; gap: 6px;\r\n }\r\n .breadcrumb-inner a { color: var(--blue); }\r\n .breadcrumb-inner a:hover { text-decoration: underline; }\r\n .breadcrumb-inner .sep { color: #ddd; }\r\n\r\n \/* \u2500\u2500 LAYOUT \u2500\u2500 *\/\r\n .layout {\r\n max-width: 1120px; margin: 0 auto;\r\n padding: 44px 48px 88px;\r\n display: grid;\r\n grid-template-columns: 285px 1fr;\r\n gap: 54px;\r\n align-items: start;\r\n }\r\n\r\n \/* \u2500\u2500 CHAPTER HEADING \u2500\u2500 *\/\r\n .chapter-heading-block {\r\n display: flex; align-items: center; gap: 14px;\r\n margin: 8px 0 22px; padding-bottom: 14px;\r\n border-bottom: 2.5px solid var(--navy);\r\n flex-wrap: wrap;\r\n }\r\n .chapter-badge {\r\n 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{ font-size: 14.5px; font-weight: 700; color: var(--navy); margin: 24px 0 10px; }\r\n .article h5.sub { font-size: 13px; font-weight: 700; color: var(--purple); margin: 16px 0 8px; text-transform: uppercase; letter-spacing: 0.05em; }\r\n .article p { color: #2c3e50; margin-bottom: 12px; text-align: justify; hyphens: auto; }\r\n .article strong { color: #111; }\r\n\r\n \/* \u2500\u2500 ICON LIST \u2500\u2500 *\/\r\n .icon-list { list-style: none; margin: 0 0 14px; display: flex; flex-direction: column; gap: 8px; }\r\n .icon-list li { display: flex; align-items: flex-start; gap: 10px; font-size: 14.5px; color: #2c3e50; line-height: 1.78; }\r\n .icon-list li .ico { font-size: 14px; flex-shrink: 0; margin-top: 4px; width: 22px; text-align: center; font-weight: 700; color: var(--blue); }\r\n .icon-list li > span:not(.ico) { text-align: justify; hyphens: auto; flex: 1; }\r\n\r\n \/* \u2500\u2500 CALLOUT \u2500\u2500 *\/\r\n .callout {\r\n border-left: 3px solid var(--blue);\r\n padding: 12px 18px; margin: 16px 0 20px;\r\n background: #f7fbff; text-align: justify; hyphens: auto;\r\n border-radius: 0 6px 6px 0;\r\n }\r\n .callout.amber { border-left-color: var(--amber); background: #fffbf4; }\r\n .callout.red { border-left-color: var(--red); background: #fff8f7; }\r\n .callout.teal { border-left-color: var(--teal); background: #f2fdfa; }\r\n .callout.purple{ border-left-color: var(--purple);background: #faf6ff; }\r\n .callout-label {\r\n font-size: 10px; font-weight: 700; text-transform: uppercase;\r\n letter-spacing: 0.12em; margin-bottom: 8px; color: var(--blue);\r\n }\r\n .callout.amber .callout-label { color: var(--amber); }\r\n .callout.red .callout-label { color: var(--red); }\r\n .callout.teal .callout-label { color: var(--teal); }\r\n .callout.purple .callout-label { color: var(--purple); }\r\n\r\n \/* \u2500\u2500 KEY-FACT CARDS \u2500\u2500 *\/\r\n .keyfact-grid { display: grid; grid-template-columns: repeat(auto-fit, minmax(240px, 1fr)); gap: 14px; margin: 20px 0 28px; }\r\n .keyfact-card { border: 1.5px solid var(--border); border-radius: 10px; padding: 18px 16px; text-align: center; background: #fff; }\r\n .keyfact-card.navy-hi { border-color: #93a8c2; background: #f3f6fb; }\r\n .keyfact-card.teal-hi { border-color: #7fd3c5; background: #f0fdf8; }\r\n .keyfact-card.amber-hi { border-color: #f0d58a; background: #fffbf0; }\r\n .keyfact-card .big-icon { font-size: 28px; margin-bottom: 8px; display: block; }\r\n .keyfact-card .kf-label { font-size: 10.5px; font-weight: 700; text-transform: uppercase; letter-spacing: 0.08em; color: var(--muted); margin-bottom: 6px; }\r\n .keyfact-card .kf-value { font-family: 'JetBrains Mono', monospace; font-size: 17px; font-weight: 700; color: var(--navy); line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 5px; }\r\n .keyfact-card.teal-hi .kf-value { color: var(--teal); }\r\n .keyfact-card.amber-hi .kf-value { color: var(--amber); }\r\n .keyfact-card .kf-sub { font-size: 11.5px; color: var(--muted); line-height: 1.5; }\r\n\r\n \/* \u2500\u2500 DEFINITION CARD \u2500\u2500 *\/\r\n .def-stack { display: flex; flex-direction: column; gap: 10px; margin: 16px 0 22px; }\r\n .def-card {\r\n background: linear-gradient(95deg, #f6f9fd 0%, #fff 60%);\r\n border: 1.5px solid var(--border);\r\n border-left: 4px solid var(--navy);\r\n border-radius: 8px; padding: 14px 18px;\r\n display: grid; grid-template-columns: 150px 1fr; gap: 16px; align-items: start;\r\n }\r\n .def-card:nth-child(2) { border-left-color: var(--blue); }\r\n .def-card:nth-child(3) { border-left-color: var(--teal); }\r\n .def-card:nth-child(4) { border-left-color: var(--amber); }\r\n .def-card:nth-child(5) { border-left-color: var(--purple); }\r\n .def-card:nth-child(6) { border-left-color: var(--plum); }\r\n .def-card .def-who { font-size: 12.5px; font-weight: 700; color: var(--navy); line-height: 1.4; }\r\n .def-card .def-who small { display: block; font-size: 10.5px; font-weight: 600; color: var(--muted); text-transform: uppercase; letter-spacing: 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12.5px; color: rgba(255,255,255,0.9); line-height: 1.6;\r\n }\r\n\r\n \/* \u2500\u2500 FORMULA CHIP SHEET \u2500\u2500 *\/\r\n .fx-sheet { display: grid; grid-template-columns: repeat(auto-fit, minmax(250px, 1fr)); gap: 10px; margin: 16px 0 24px; }\r\n .fx-chip {\r\n background: #fff; border: 1.5px solid var(--border);\r\n border-left: 4px solid var(--blue); border-radius: 8px;\r\n padding: 11px 14px;\r\n }\r\n .fx-chip .fxc-name { font-size: 11px; font-weight: 700; color: var(--muted); text-transform: uppercase; letter-spacing: 0.07em; margin-bottom: 4px; }\r\n .fx-chip .fxc-eq { font-family: 'JetBrains Mono', monospace; font-size: 12.5px; font-weight: 700; color: var(--navy); line-height: 1.75; }\r\n .fx-chip:nth-child(3n+2) { border-left-color: var(--teal); }\r\n .fx-chip:nth-child(3n+3) { border-left-color: var(--amber); }\r\n\r\n \/* \u2500\u2500 WORKED EXAMPLE \u2500\u2500 *\/\r\n .wex {\r\n border: 1.5px solid #b9cde6; border-left: 4px solid var(--blue);\r\n border-radius: 0 11px 11px 0; margin: 20px 0 24px;\r\n background: linear-gradient(180deg, #f5f9fe 0%, #fff 45%);\r\n padding: 16px 20px 14px;\r\n }\r\n .wex .wx-head {\r\n display: flex; align-items: center; gap: 9px; flex-wrap: wrap;\r\n margin-bottom: 9px;\r\n }\r\n .wex .wx-tag {\r\n font-family: 'JetBrains Mono', monospace; font-size: 9px; font-weight: 700;\r\n letter-spacing: 0.1em; text-transform: uppercase; color: #fff;\r\n background: var(--blue); padding: 3px 10px; border-radius: 10px;\r\n }\r\n .wex .wx-topic { font-size: 11.5px; font-weight: 700; color: var(--muted); text-transform: uppercase; letter-spacing: 0.06em; }\r\n .wex .wx-q { font-size: 13.5px; color: var(--navy); font-weight: 600; line-height: 1.72; margin-bottom: 10px; }\r\n .wex .wx-steps { list-style: none; counter-reset: wxs; margin: 0 0 10px; }\r\n .wex .wx-steps li {\r\n counter-increment: wxs; position: relative;\r\n padding: 5px 0 5px 30px; font-size: 13px; color: #2c3e50; line-height: 1.72;\r\n }\r\n .wex .wx-steps li::before {\r\n content: counter(wxs); position: absolute; left: 0; top: 7px;\r\n width: 20px; height: 20px; border-radius: 50%;\r\n background: #e3edf9; color: var(--blue);\r\n display: flex; align-items: center; justify-content: center;\r\n font-family: 'JetBrains Mono', monospace; font-weight: 700; font-size: 10px;\r\n }\r\n .wex .wx-steps li code, .wex code, .wx-ans code {\r\n font-family: 'JetBrains Mono', monospace; font-size: 12px;\r\n background: #eef4fb; padding: 1px 5px; border-radius: 3px; color: var(--navy);\r\n }\r\n .wex .wx-ans {\r\n background: #f2fdfa; border-left: 3px solid var(--teal);\r\n border-radius: 0 6px 6px 0; padding: 9px 14px;\r\n font-size: 13px; color: #1a4a3f; line-height: 1.7;\r\n }\r\n .wex .wx-ans b { color: var(--teal); }\r\n .wex.alt { border-color: #a3dbcc; border-left-color: var(--teal); background: linear-gradient(180deg, #f1fdf9 0%, #fff 45%); }\r\n .wex.alt .wx-tag { background: var(--teal); }\r\n .wex.alt .wx-steps li::before { background: #dcf5ee; color: var(--teal); }\r\n .wex.warn { border-color: #f0d58a; border-left-color: var(--amber); background: linear-gradient(180deg, #fffaef 0%, #fff 45%); }\r\n .wex.warn .wx-tag { background: var(--amber); }\r\n .wex.warn .wx-steps li::before { background: #fdf0d6; color: var(--amber); }\r\n\r\n \/* \u2500\u2500 TABLES \u2500\u2500 *\/\r\n .data-table { width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse; margin: 16px 0 24px; border-radius: 8px; overflow: hidden; border: 1px solid var(--border); font-size: 13.5px; }\r\n .data-table thead tr { background: var(--navy); color: #fff; }\r\n .data-table th { padding: 11px 14px; text-align: left; font-size: 12px; font-weight: 700; text-transform: uppercase; letter-spacing: 0.04em; }\r\n .data-table th.narrow, .data-table td.narrow { width: 52px; text-align: center; }\r\n .data-table td { padding: 11px 14px; vertical-align: top; border-bottom: 1px solid var(--border); color: #2c3e50; line-height: 1.6; }\r\n .data-table td.narrow { font-family: 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height: 30px; border-radius: 50%;\r\n background: var(--navy); color: #fff;\r\n display: flex; align-items: center; justify-content: center;\r\n font-family: 'JetBrains Mono', monospace; font-weight: 700; font-size: 12px;\r\n }\r\n .num-stack.roman li::before { content: counter(ns, upper-roman); font-size: 10.5px; }\r\n .num-stack.alpha li::before { content: counter(ns, lower-alpha); }\r\n .num-stack li strong { color: var(--navy); }\r\n\r\n \/* \u2500\u2500 FEATURE GRID \u2500\u2500 *\/\r\n .feat-grid { display: grid; grid-template-columns: repeat(auto-fit, minmax(230px, 1fr)); gap: 12px; margin: 16px 0 24px; }\r\n .feat-card {\r\n background: #fff; border: 1.5px solid var(--border);\r\n border-radius: 10px; padding: 14px 16px 14px 46px;\r\n position: relative; font-size: 12.5px; color: #2c3e50; line-height: 1.6;\r\n border-left: 4px solid var(--teal);\r\n }\r\n .feat-card .fc-num {\r\n position: absolute; left: 10px; top: 14px;\r\n width: 26px; height: 26px; border-radius: 50%;\r\n background: var(--teal); color: #fff;\r\n display: flex; align-items: center; justify-content: center;\r\n font-family: 'JetBrains Mono', monospace; font-weight: 700; font-size: 11px;\r\n }\r\n .feat-card strong { color: var(--navy); display: block; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 13px; }\r\n\r\n \/* \u2500\u2500 VS COMPARE \u2500\u2500 *\/\r\n .vs-compare { display: grid; grid-template-columns: 1fr auto 1fr; gap: 0; margin: 18px 0 24px; align-items: stretch; }\r\n .vs-side { background: #fff; border: 2px solid var(--border); border-radius: 12px; padding: 18px 20px; }\r\n .vs-side.left { border-color: var(--blue); background: linear-gradient(180deg, #eef4fc 0%, #fff 65%); }\r\n .vs-side.right { border-color: var(--teal); background: linear-gradient(180deg, #eefbf7 0%, #fff 65%); }\r\n .vs-side h5 { font-size: 14.5px; font-weight: 700; color: var(--navy); margin-bottom: 4px; }\r\n .vs-side .vs-tag {\r\n display: inline-block; font-family: 'JetBrains Mono', monospace;\r\n font-size: 9.5px; font-weight: 800; letter-spacing: 0.12em; text-transform: uppercase;\r\n padding: 3px 10px; border-radius: 12px; margin-bottom: 10px; color: #fff;\r\n background: var(--navy);\r\n }\r\n .vs-side.left .vs-tag { background: var(--blue); }\r\n .vs-side.right .vs-tag { background: var(--teal); }\r\n .vs-side ul { list-style: none; margin: 0; font-size: 12.5px; color: #2c3e50; line-height: 1.65; }\r\n .vs-side ul li { padding: 4px 0 4px 16px; position: relative; }\r\n .vs-side ul li::before { content: '\u25b8'; position: absolute; left: 0; top: 4px; color: var(--blue); font-size: 10px; }\r\n .vs-side.right ul li::before { color: var(--teal); }\r\n .vs-mid {\r\n display: flex; align-items: center; justify-content: center;\r\n padding: 0 12px; font-family: 'JetBrains Mono', monospace;\r\n font-weight: 800; font-size: 13px; color: var(--muted);\r\n }\r\n @media (max-width: 720px) {\r\n .vs-compare { grid-template-columns: 1fr; gap: 10px; }\r\n .vs-mid { padding: 2px 0; }\r\n }\r\n\r\n \/* \u2500\u2500 LADDER \u2500\u2500 *\/\r\n .ladder { margin: 18px 0 26px; }\r\n .rung {\r\n display: grid; grid-template-columns: 54px 1fr; gap: 16px;\r\n background: #fff; border: 1.5px solid var(--border);\r\n border-radius: 10px; padding: 16px 18px; margin-bottom: 8px;\r\n align-items: start; transition: transform 0.15s, border-color 0.15s;\r\n }\r\n .rung:hover { transform: translateX(3px); border-color: var(--blue); }\r\n .rung .rung-step { width: 54px; text-align: center; }\r\n .rung .rung-num {\r\n display: flex; width: 40px; height: 40px; margin: 0 auto 4px;\r\n border-radius: 10px; color: #fff;\r\n font-family: 'JetBrains Mono', monospace; font-weight: 700; font-size: 15px;\r\n align-items: center; justify-content: center;\r\n }\r\n .rung .rung-tier { font-size: 8.5px; font-weight: 700; letter-spacing: 0.08em; text-transform: uppercase; color: var(--muted); }\r\n .rung h5 { font-size: 14.5px; font-weight: 700; color: var(--navy); margin-bottom: 5px; }\r\n .rung p { font-size: 13px; color: #2c3e50; line-height: 1.65; margin: 0 0 6px; text-align: justify; }\r\n .rung .rung-eg {\r\n margin-top: 8px; padding: 8px 12px;\r\n background: #f7fbff; border-left: 3px solid var(--sky);\r\n border-radius: 0 5px 5px 0; font-size: 12px; color: #2c3e50; line-height: 1.6;\r\n }\r\n .rung .rung-eg b { color: var(--blue); text-transform: uppercase; font-size: 10px; letter-spacing: 0.08em; display: block; margin-bottom: 3px; }\r\n .rung:nth-child(1) .rung-num { background: var(--teal); }\r\n .rung:nth-child(2) .rung-num { background: var(--sky); }\r\n .rung:nth-child(3) .rung-num { background: var(--blue); }\r\n .rung:nth-child(4) .rung-num { background: var(--gold); }\r\n .rung:nth-child(5) .rung-num { background: var(--amber); }\r\n .rung:nth-child(6) .rung-num { background: var(--plum); }\r\n .rung:nth-child(7) .rung-num { background: var(--purple); }\r\n .rung:nth-child(8) .rung-num { background: var(--navy); }\r\n .rung:nth-child(1) { border-left: 4px solid var(--teal); }\r\n .rung:nth-child(2) { border-left: 4px solid var(--sky); }\r\n .rung:nth-child(3) { border-left: 4px solid var(--blue); }\r\n .rung:nth-child(4) { border-left: 4px solid var(--gold); }\r\n .rung:nth-child(5) { border-left: 4px solid var(--amber); }\r\n .rung:nth-child(6) { border-left: 4px solid var(--plum); }\r\n .rung:nth-child(7) { border-left: 4px solid var(--purple); }\r\n .rung:nth-child(8) { border-left: 4px solid var(--navy); }\r\n @media (max-width: 560px) { .rung { grid-template-columns: 1fr; } .rung .rung-step { text-align: left; } .rung .rung-num { margin: 0 0 4px; } }\r\n\r\n \/* \u2500\u2500 DOMAIN CARDS \u2500\u2500 *\/\r\n .domain-grid { display: grid; grid-template-columns: repeat(3, 1fr); gap: 14px; margin: 18px 0 26px; }\r\n .domain-card {\r\n border: 2px solid var(--border); border-radius: 14px;\r\n padding: 20px 18px; text-align: center; background: #fff;\r\n position: relative; transition: transform 0.18s, box-shadow 0.18s;\r\n }\r\n .domain-card:hover { transform: translateY(-3px); box-shadow: 0 6px 18px rgba(20,36,63,0.10); }\r\n .domain-card.cog { border-color: var(--blue); background: linear-gradient(180deg, #eef4fc 0%, #fff 62%); }\r\n .domain-card.aff { border-color: var(--plum); background: linear-gradient(180deg, #fdf0f5 0%, #fff 62%); }\r\n .domain-card.psy { border-color: var(--teal); background: linear-gradient(180deg, #eefbf7 0%, #fff 62%); }\r\n .domain-card .dm-icon {\r\n width: 54px; height: 54px; border-radius: 50%;\r\n margin: 0 auto 10px; display: flex; align-items: center; justify-content: center;\r\n font-size: 25px; color: #fff;\r\n }\r\n .domain-card.cog .dm-icon { background: var(--blue); }\r\n .domain-card.aff .dm-icon { background: var(--plum); }\r\n .domain-card.psy .dm-icon { background: var(--teal); }\r\n .domain-card h5 { font-size: 15px; font-weight: 700; color: var(--navy); margin-bottom: 4px; }\r\n .domain-card p { font-size: 12.5px; color: #2c3e50; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0; text-align: center; }\r\n .domain-card .dm-levels {\r\n margin-top: 10px; padding-top: 10px; border-top: 1px dashed var(--border);\r\n font-size: 11px; color: var(--muted); line-height: 1.5;\r\n font-family: 'JetBrains Mono', monospace;\r\n }\r\n @media (max-width: 720px) { .domain-grid { grid-template-columns: 1fr; } }\r\n\r\n \/* \u2500\u2500 ENRICHMENT BOX \u2500\u2500 *\/\r\n .enrich-box {\r\n border: 2px dashed var(--purple); border-radius: 12px;\r\n padding: 22px 24px; margin: 22px 0 26px;\r\n background: linear-gradient(180deg, #faf6ff 0%, #fff 70%);\r\n position: relative;\r\n }\r\n .enrich-stamp {\r\n position: absolute; top: -11px; left: 20px;\r\n background: var(--purple); color: #fff;\r\n font-size: 9.5px; font-weight: 700; letter-spacing: 0.1em;\r\n text-transform: uppercase; padding: 3px 12px; border-radius: 4px;\r\n }\r\n .enrich-box h4 { margin-top: 6px !important; }\r\n\r\n \/* \u2500\u2500 SCALE STRIP \u2500\u2500 *\/\r\n .scale-strip { display: grid; grid-template-columns: repeat(4, 1fr); gap: 0; margin: 16px 0 18px; }\r\n .scale-step {\r\n position: relative; padding: 16px 14px; text-align: center;\r\n background: #fff; border: 2px solid var(--border); border-radius: 10px;\r\n margin: 0 5px;\r\n }\r\n .scale-step:nth-child(1) { border-color: var(--teal); background: linear-gradient(180deg,#eefbf7 0%,#fff 70%); }\r\n .scale-step:nth-child(2) { border-color: var(--sky); background: linear-gradient(180deg,#eaf6ff 0%,#fff 70%); }\r\n .scale-step:nth-child(3) { border-color: var(--amber); background: linear-gradient(180deg,#fffaef 0%,#fff 70%); }\r\n .scale-step:nth-child(4) { border-color: var(--plum); background: linear-gradient(180deg,#fdf0f5 0%,#fff 70%); }\r\n .scale-step .ss-num {\r\n display: inline-block; font-family: 'JetBrains Mono', monospace;\r\n font-size: 9.5px; font-weight: 700; color: #fff;\r\n padding: 2px 8px; border-radius: 3px; margin-bottom: 6px;\r\n }\r\n .scale-step:nth-child(1) .ss-num { background: var(--teal); }\r\n .scale-step:nth-child(2) .ss-num { background: var(--sky); }\r\n .scale-step:nth-child(3) .ss-num { background: var(--amber); }\r\n .scale-step:nth-child(4) .ss-num { background: var(--plum); }\r\n .scale-step h6 { font-size: 13px; font-weight: 700; color: var(--navy); margin-bottom: 4px; }\r\n .scale-step p { font-size: 11.5px; color: #2c3e50; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0; text-align: center; }\r\n .scale-step:not(:last-child)::after {\r\n content: '\u203a'; position: absolute; right: -10px; top: 50%;\r\n transform: translateY(-50%); font-size: 22px; color: #b8c8d8; font-weight: 700; z-index: 2;\r\n }\r\n @media (max-width: 780px) {\r\n .scale-strip { grid-template-columns: repeat(2, 1fr); row-gap: 12px; }\r\n .scale-step:nth-child(2)::after { display: none; }\r\n }\r\n @media (max-width: 460px) {\r\n .scale-strip { grid-template-columns: 1fr; }\r\n .scale-step::after { display: none; }\r\n }\r\n\r\n \/* \u2500\u2500 CHECK YOUR PROGRESS \u2500\u2500 *\/\r\n .cyp-box {\r\n background: linear-gradient(95deg, #fffaef 0%, #fff 70%);\r\n border: 1.5px solid #f0d58a; border-left: 4px solid var(--amber);\r\n border-radius: 0 10px 10px 0; padding: 18px 22px; margin: 22px 0;\r\n }\r\n .cyp-title {\r\n font-size: 10.5px; font-weight: 700; text-transform: uppercase;\r\n letter-spacing: 0.12em; color: var(--amber); margin-bottom: 12px;\r\n }\r\n .cyp-q { border-bottom: 1px dashed #f0d58a; padding: 8px 0; }\r\n .cyp-q:last-child { border-bottom: none; }\r\n .cyp-q summary {\r\n cursor: pointer; font-size: 13.5px; font-weight: 600; color: var(--navy);\r\n list-style: none; display: flex; gap: 10px; align-items: flex-start;\r\n }\r\n .cyp-q summary::-webkit-details-marker { display: none; }\r\n .cyp-q summary::before {\r\n content: 'Q'; flex-shrink: 0;\r\n font-family: 'JetBrains Mono', monospace; font-size: 10px; font-weight: 700;\r\n background: var(--amber); color: #fff; padding: 2px 7px; border-radius: 3px; margin-top: 3px;\r\n }\r\n .cyp-q[open] summary { color: var(--amber); }\r\n .cyp-q .cyp-a {\r\n margin: 8px 0 4px 34px; padding: 10px 14px;\r\n background: #fff; border-left: 3px solid var(--teal); border-radius: 0 5px 5px 0;\r\n font-size: 13px; color: #2c3e50; line-height: 1.7;\r\n }\r\n\r\n \/* \u2500\u2500 GLOSSARY \u2500\u2500 *\/\r\n .glossary { display: grid; grid-template-columns: repeat(auto-fit, minmax(280px, 1fr)); gap: 10px; margin: 16px 0 24px; }\r\n .gloss-item {\r\n background: #fff; border: 1.5px solid var(--border);\r\n border-left: 4px solid var(--sky); border-radius: 8px;\r\n padding: 12px 15px; font-size: 12.5px; color: #2c3e50; line-height: 1.6;\r\n }\r\n .gloss-item b { display: block; color: var(--navy); font-size: 13px; margin-bottom: 3px; }\r\n\r\n \/* \u2500\u2500 EXAM TIP \u2500\u2500 *\/\r\n .exam-tip {\r\n background: linear-gradient(95deg, #f2fdfa 0%, #fff 70%);\r\n border: 1.5px solid #7fd3c5; border-radius: 10px;\r\n padding: 14px 18px; margin: 16px 0 22px;\r\n display: grid; grid-template-columns: 40px 1fr; gap: 14px; align-items: start;\r\n }\r\n .exam-tip .et-icon {\r\n width: 40px; height: 40px; border-radius: 10px;\r\n background: var(--teal); color: #fff;\r\n display: flex; align-items: center; justify-content: center; font-size: 19px;\r\n }\r\n .exam-tip .et-body { font-size: 13px; color: #1a4a3f; line-height: 1.68; }\r\n .exam-tip .et-body strong { color: var(--teal); }\r\n\r\n \/* \u2500\u2500 PROCESS FLOW \u2500\u2500 *\/\r\n .flow-wrap { margin: 18px 0 26px; }\r\n .flow-note {\r\n font-size: 12.5px; color: var(--muted); font-style: italic;\r\n background: #f7fbff; border-left: 3px solid var(--sky);\r\n padding: 8px 14px; border-radius: 0 6px 6px 0; margin-bottom: 14px;\r\n }\r\n .flow-steps { position: relative; padding-left: 4px; }\r\n .flow-steps::before {\r\n content: ''; position: absolute; left: 23px; top: 18px; bottom: 18px;\r\n width: 2px; border-radius: 2px;\r\n background: linear-gradient(180deg, var(--teal) 0%, var(--sky) 35%, var(--blue) 70%, var(--navy) 100%);\r\n }\r\n .flow-step {\r\n position: relative; display: grid; grid-template-columns: 48px 1fr;\r\n gap: 16px; align-items: start; margin-bottom: 9px;\r\n }\r\n .flow-step .fs-num {\r\n position: relative; z-index: 1;\r\n width: 38px; height: 38px; border-radius: 50%; margin-left: 5px;\r\n background: #fff; border: 2.5px solid var(--blue); color: var(--blue);\r\n display: flex; align-items: center; justify-content: center;\r\n font-family: 'JetBrains Mono', monospace; font-weight: 700; font-size: 13px;\r\n box-shadow: 0 0 0 5px #fff;\r\n }\r\n .flow-step .fs-body {\r\n background: #fff; border: 1.5px solid var(--border);\r\n border-left: 4px solid var(--blue); border-radius: 8px;\r\n padding: 11px 16px; font-size: 13.5px; color: #2c3e50; line-height: 1.65;\r\n transition: transform 0.15s, border-color 0.15s, box-shadow 0.15s;\r\n }\r\n .flow-step:hover .fs-body {\r\n transform: translateX(4px); border-color: var(--sky);\r\n box-shadow: 0 3px 12px rgba(20,36,63,0.07);\r\n }\r\n .flow-step .fs-body strong { color: var(--navy); }\r\n .flow-step .fs-body .fs-sub { display: block; margin-top: 3px; font-size: 12px; color: var(--muted); }\r\n .flow-step:nth-child(1) .fs-num { border-color: var(--teal); color: var(--teal); }\r\n .flow-step:nth-child(1) .fs-body { border-left-color: var(--teal); }\r\n .flow-step:nth-child(2) .fs-num { border-color: var(--sky); color: var(--sky); }\r\n .flow-step:nth-child(2) .fs-body { border-left-color: var(--sky); }\r\n .flow-step:last-child .fs-num { background: var(--navy); border-color: var(--navy); color: #fff; }\r\n .flow-step:last-child .fs-body {\r\n border-left-color: var(--navy);\r\n background: linear-gradient(95deg, #f3f6fb 0%, #fff 65%);\r\n }\r\n @media (max-width: 520px) {\r\n .flow-step { grid-template-columns: 40px 1fr; gap: 12px; }\r\n .flow-steps::before { left: 19px; }\r\n .flow-step .fs-num { width: 32px; height: 32px; font-size: 11.5px; margin-left: 3px; }\r\n }\r\n\r\n \/* \u2500\u2500 SPLIT LIST \u2500\u2500 *\/\r\n .split-list { list-style: none; margin: 9px 0 0; display: flex; flex-direction: column; gap: 6px; }\r\n .split-list li {\r\n display: grid; grid-template-columns: 26px 1fr; gap: 8px; align-items: start;\r\n font-size: 12.5px; line-height: 1.62; color: #2c3e50;\r\n padding: 7px 11px; background: rgba(255,255,255,0.85);\r\n border: 1px solid rgba(0,0,0,0.05); border-left: 2.5px solid var(--sky);\r\n border-radius: 0 5px 5px 0;\r\n }\r\n .split-list li .sl-tag {\r\n font-family: 'JetBrains Mono', monospace; font-size: 10px; font-weight: 700;\r\n color: var(--blue); text-align: center; padding-top: 1px;\r\n }\r\n .callout.amber .split-list li { border-left-color: var(--amber); }\r\n .callout.amber .split-list li .sl-tag { color: var(--amber); }\r\n .callout.red .split-list li { border-left-color: var(--red); }\r\n .callout.red .split-list li .sl-tag { color: var(--red); }\r\n .callout.teal .split-list li { border-left-color: var(--teal); }\r\n .callout.teal .split-list li .sl-tag { color: var(--teal); }\r\n .callout.purple .split-list li { border-left-color: var(--purple); }\r\n .callout.purple .split-list li .sl-tag { color: var(--purple); }\r\n .exam-tip .split-list li { border-left-color: var(--teal); background: #fff; }\r\n .exam-tip .split-list li .sl-tag { color: var(--teal); }\r\n\r\n \/* \u2500\u2500 KEY\u2013VALUE BLOCK \u2500\u2500 *\/\r\n .kv-block { display: flex; flex-direction: column; gap: 8px; margin-top: 9px; }\r\n .kv-row {\r\n display: grid; grid-template-columns: 92px 1fr; gap: 11px; align-items: start;\r\n font-size: 12.5px; line-height: 1.62; color: #2c3e50;\r\n }\r\n .kv-row .kv-key {\r\n font-family: 'JetBrains Mono', monospace;\r\n font-size: 9px; font-weight: 700; letter-spacing: 0.08em; text-transform: uppercase;\r\n color: #fff; background: var(--blue); padding: 4px 6px; border-radius: 10px;\r\n text-align: center; margin-top: 1px;\r\n }\r\n .kv-row:nth-child(2) .kv-key { background: var(--teal); }\r\n .kv-row:nth-child(3) .kv-key { background: var(--amber); }\r\n @media (max-width: 520px) {\r\n .kv-row { grid-template-columns: 1fr; gap: 4px; }\r\n .kv-row .kv-key { justify-self: start; padding: 3px 10px; }\r\n }\r\n\r\n \/* \u2500\u2500 TOPIC HEADERS \u2500\u2500 *\/\r\n .skill-head {\r\n display: grid; grid-template-columns: 46px 1fr; gap: 14px; align-items: center;\r\n margin: 34px 0 14px; padding-bottom: 10px;\r\n border-bottom: 2px solid var(--border); scroll-margin-top: 20px;\r\n }\r\n .skill-head .sh-num {\r\n width: 46px; height: 46px; border-radius: 12px;\r\n display: flex; align-items: center; justify-content: center;\r\n font-family: 'JetBrains Mono', monospace; font-weight: 700; font-size: 17px; color: #fff;\r\n background: var(--blue);\r\n }\r\n .skill-head h5 { font-size: 16px; font-weight: 700; color: var(--navy); margin: 0; }\r\n .skill-head .sh-tag { display: block; font-size: 12px; color: var(--muted); margin-top: 3px; line-height: 1.45; }\r\n .skill-head.s1 { border-bottom-color: #7fd3c5; } .skill-head.s1 .sh-num { background: var(--teal); }\r\n .skill-head.s2 { border-bottom-color: #a6d8f2; } .skill-head.s2 .sh-num { background: var(--sky); }\r\n .skill-head.s3 { border-bottom-color: #a8c4e4; } .skill-head.s3 .sh-num { background: var(--blue); }\r\n .skill-head.s4 { border-bottom-color: #f0d58a; } .skill-head.s4 .sh-num { background: var(--amber); }\r\n .skill-head.s5 { border-bottom-color: #e0aac4; } .skill-head.s5 .sh-num { background: var(--plum); }\r\n\r\n \/* \u2500\u2500 RECAP BOX \u2500\u2500 *\/\r\n .recap-box {\r\n border: 2px dotted var(--teal); border-radius: 12px;\r\n padding: 26px 24px 20px; margin: 34px 0 28px;\r\n background: linear-gradient(180deg, #f2fdfa 0%, #fff 55%);\r\n position: relative;\r\n }\r\n .recap-stamp {\r\n position: absolute; top: -11px; left: 20px;\r\n background: var(--teal); color: #fff;\r\n font-size: 9.5px; font-weight: 700; letter-spacing: 0.1em;\r\n text-transform: uppercase; padding: 3px 12px; border-radius: 4px;\r\n }\r\n .recap-box > h5.sub { margin-top: 2px !important; color: var(--teal); }\r\n .recap-box .data-table { margin-bottom: 6px; }\r\n .recap-box .recap-foot {\r\n font-size: 12px; color: var(--muted); font-style: italic;\r\n padding-top: 10px; border-top: 1px dashed #7fd3c5; margin-top: 4px;\r\n }\r\n\r\n \/* \u2500\u2500 DIAGRAMS \u2500\u2500 *\/\r\n .full-diagram {\r\n width: 100%; height: auto; display: block; margin: 18px auto 8px;\r\n background: #fbfdff; border: 1.5px solid var(--border); border-radius: 10px; padding: 10px;\r\n }\r\n .diagram-cap { font-size: 12px; color: var(--muted); font-style: italic; text-align: center; margin-bottom: 20px; }\r\n .fig-row { display: grid; grid-template-columns: repeat(auto-fit, minmax(130px, 1fr)); gap: 12px; margin: 18px 0 8px; }\r\n .fig-cell { background: #fbfdff; border: 1.5px solid var(--border); border-radius: 10px; padding: 10px 8px; text-align: center; }\r\n .fig-cell svg { width: 100%; height: auto; display: block; }\r\n .fig-cell .fig-lbl { font-family: 'JetBrains Mono', monospace; font-size: 10.5px; font-weight: 700; color: var(--muted); margin-top: 6px; }\r\n\r\n \/* \u2500\u2500 MCQ BOX \u2500\u2500 *\/\r\n .mcq-box {\r\n background: linear-gradient(180deg, #fff9ef 0%, #fff 60%);\r\n border: 1.5px solid #f0d58a; border-left: 4px solid var(--amber);\r\n border-radius: 10px; padding: 20px 22px 16px; margin: 26px 0 30px;\r\n }\r\n .mcq-title {\r\n display: flex; align-items: center; gap: 9px; flex-wrap: wrap;\r\n font-family: 'Crimson Pro', serif; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 700;\r\n color: var(--amber); margin-bottom: 4px;\r\n }\r\n .mcq-src {\r\n font-family: 'JetBrains Mono', monospace; font-size: 9px; font-weight: 700;\r\n letter-spacing: 0.06em; text-transform: uppercase; color: #fff;\r\n background: var(--amber); padding: 3px 9px; border-radius: 10px;\r\n }\r\n .mcq-note { font-size: 12px; color: var(--muted); font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 12px; }\r\n details.mcq-q {\r\n background: #fff; border: 1px solid var(--border); border-radius: 7px;\r\n margin-bottom: 9px; overflow: hidden;\r\n }\r\n details.mcq-q summary {\r\n cursor: pointer; padding: 11px 15px; font-size: 13.5px; font-weight: 600;\r\n color: var(--navy); list-style: none; line-height: 1.55;\r\n display: flex; gap: 9px; align-items: flex-start;\r\n }\r\n details.mcq-q summary::-webkit-details-marker { display: none; }\r\n details.mcq-q summary::before {\r\n content: '\u25b8'; color: var(--amber); font-size: 12px; flex-shrink: 0; padding-top: 2px;\r\n transition: transform 0.18s;\r\n }\r\n details.mcq-q[open] summary::before { transform: rotate(90deg); }\r\n details.mcq-q summary:hover { background: #fffaf2; }\r\n .mcq-num {\r\n font-family: 'JetBrains Mono', monospace; font-size: 10.5px; font-weight: 700;\r\n color: #fff; background: var(--navy); padding: 2px 7px; border-radius: 4px;\r\n flex-shrink: 0; margin-top: 1px;\r\n }\r\n .mcq-opts { padding: 0 15px 4px 38px; }\r\n .mcq-opts li { font-size: 12.5px; color: #2c3e50; line-height: 1.65; margin-bottom: 3px; list-style: none; }\r\n .mcq-ans {\r\n margin: 8px 15px 14px 38px; padding: 11px 14px;\r\n background: #f2fdfa; border-left: 3px solid var(--teal); border-radius: 0 6px 6px 0;\r\n font-size: 12.5px; line-height: 1.7; color: #1a4a3f;\r\n }\r\n .mcq-ans b { color: var(--teal); }\r\n .mcq-ans code { font-family: 'JetBrains Mono', monospace; font-size: 11.5px; background: #e2f7f1; padding: 1px 5px; border-radius: 3px; }\r\n\r\n \/* \u2500\u2500 ABBREVIATION \/ TWO-COLUMN TABLE \u2500\u2500 *\/\r\n .abbr-grid { display: grid; grid-template-columns: 1fr 1fr; gap: 0 26px; margin: 18px 0 28px; }\r\n @media (max-width: 900px) { .abbr-grid { grid-template-columns: 1fr; } }\r\n .abbr-grid table { width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse; margin: 0 0 10px; font-size: 12.5px; }\r\n .abbr-grid thead th {\r\n background: var(--navy); color: #fff; text-align: left; padding: 8px 12px;\r\n font-family: 'JetBrains Mono', monospace; font-size: 9.5px; font-weight: 700;\r\n letter-spacing: 0.07em; text-transform: uppercase;\r\n }\r\n .abbr-grid tbody tr { border-bottom: 1px solid var(--border); }\r\n .abbr-grid tbody tr:nth-child(even) { background: #f8fbfe; }\r\n .abbr-grid tbody tr:hover { background: #eef5fd; }\r\n .abbr-grid td { padding: 7px 12px; vertical-align: top; line-height: 1.55; }\r\n .abbr-grid td.ab {\r\n font-family: 'JetBrains Mono', monospace; font-weight: 700; font-size: 11.5px;\r\n color: var(--blue); white-space: nowrap; width: 92px;\r\n }\r\n\r\n \/* \u2500\u2500 PROS \/ CONS PANELS \u2500\u2500 *\/\r\n .pc-grid { display: grid; grid-template-columns: 1fr 1fr; gap: 20px; margin: 22px 0 30px; }\r\n @media (max-width: 860px) { .pc-grid { grid-template-columns: 1fr; } }\r\n .pc-panel { border-radius: 11px; padding: 17px 20px 15px; border: 1.5px solid; }\r\n .pc-panel.pro { background: linear-gradient(180deg, #f1fdf9 0%, #fff 55%); border-color: #a3dbcc; }\r\n .pc-panel.con { background: linear-gradient(180deg, #fff6f4 0%, #fff 55%); border-color: #f0bcb4; }\r\n .pc-panel.neu { background: linear-gradient(180deg, #f5f8fd 0%, #fff 55%); border-color: #b9cde6; }\r\n .pc-head {\r\n display: flex; align-items: center; gap: 8px;\r\n font-family: 'Crimson Pro', serif; font-size: 15.5px; font-weight: 700;\r\n padding-bottom: 9px; margin-bottom: 11px; border-bottom: 1px dashed;\r\n }\r\n .pc-panel.pro .pc-head { color: var(--teal); border-color: #b6e3d6; }\r\n .pc-panel.con .pc-head { color: var(--red); border-color: #f3ccc6; }\r\n .pc-panel.neu .pc-head { color: var(--blue); border-color: #cbdcef; }\r\n .pc-head .pc-ico {\r\n width: 21px; height: 21px; border-radius: 50%; flex-shrink: 0;\r\n display: inline-flex; align-items: center; justify-content: center;\r\n font-size: 11px; color: #fff; font-family: 'DM Sans', sans-serif;\r\n }\r\n .pc-panel.pro .pc-ico { background: var(--teal); }\r\n .pc-panel.con .pc-ico { background: var(--red); }\r\n .pc-panel.neu .pc-ico { background: var(--blue); }\r\n .pc-panel ul { list-style: none; margin: 0; padding: 0; }\r\n .pc-panel li {\r\n position: relative; padding-left: 21px; margin-bottom: 9px;\r\n font-size: 12.8px; line-height: 1.68; color: var(--text);\r\n }\r\n .pc-panel li:last-child { margin-bottom: 0; }\r\n .pc-panel li::before { position: absolute; left: 0; top: 0; font-weight: 700; font-size: 11.5px; }\r\n .pc-panel.pro li::before { content: '\u2713'; color: var(--teal); }\r\n .pc-panel.con li::before { content: '\u2717'; color: var(--red); }\r\n .pc-panel.neu li::before { content: '\u25b8'; color: var(--blue); }\r\n\r\n \/* \u2500\u2500 LIST INSIDE A TABLE CELL \u2500\u2500 *\/\r\n .cell-list { list-style: none; margin: 0; padding: 0; }\r\n .cell-list li { position: relative; padding-left: 15px; margin-bottom: 5px; line-height: 1.6; }\r\n .cell-list li:last-child { margin-bottom: 0; }\r\n .cell-list li::before { content: '\u25aa'; position: absolute; left: 0; color: var(--sky); font-size: 10px; top: 1px; }\r\n\r\n \/* \u2500\u2500 MATH INLINE \u2500\u2500 *\/\r\n .mth { font-family: 'JetBrains Mono', monospace; font-size: 12.5px; font-weight: 600; color: var(--navy); background: #f3f6fb; padding: 1px 5px; border-radius: 3px; white-space: nowrap; }\r\n .frac { display: inline-flex; flex-direction: column; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; font-family: 'JetBrains Mono', monospace; font-size: 11px; line-height: 1.25; margin: 0 3px; }\r\n .frac span:first-child { border-bottom: 1.3px solid currentColor; padding: 0 4px; }\r\n .frac span:last-child { padding: 0 4px; }\r\n\r\n \/* \u2500\u2500 DIVIDER \u2500\u2500 *\/\r\n .section-divider { border: none; border-top: 1.5px dashed var(--border); margin: 44px 0; }\r\n\r\n \/* \u2500\u2500 SIDEBAR \u2500\u2500 *\/\r\n .sidebar { position: sticky; top: 24px; max-height: calc(100vh - 48px); }\r\n .toc-card {\r\n background: #fff; border: 1px solid var(--border);\r\n border-radius: 8px; padding: 18px 20px;\r\n max-height: calc(100vh - 48px); overflow-y: auto;\r\n }\r\n .toc-card-title { font-size: 10px; font-weight: 700; text-transform: uppercase; letter-spacing: 0.14em; color: var(--muted); margin-bottom: 14px; }\r\n .toc-part {\r\n font-family: 'JetBrains Mono', monospace; font-size: 9.5px; font-weight: 700;\r\n letter-spacing: 0.14em; text-transform: uppercase; color: var(--muted);\r\n margin: 16px 0 8px; padding-bottom: 5px; border-bottom: 1px dashed var(--border);\r\n }\r\n .toc-part:first-of-type { margin-top: 4px; }\r\n .toc-chapter {\r\n background: var(--navy); color: #fff;\r\n border-radius: 6px; padding: 10px 14px;\r\n cursor: pointer; user-select: none;\r\n display: flex; align-items: center; gap: 10px;\r\n transition: background 0.18s;\r\n }\r\n .toc-chapter:hover { background: #1c3a63; }\r\n .toc-chapter.active { background: linear-gradient(95deg, var(--navy) 0%, #1c3a63 100%); box-shadow: inset 3px 0 0 #ffd970; }\r\n .toc-chapter .chap-num {\r\n font-family: 'JetBrains Mono', monospace;\r\n background: #ffd970; color: var(--navy);\r\n font-size: 10.5px; font-weight: 700;\r\n padding: 2px 7px; border-radius: 3px; flex-shrink: 0;\r\n }\r\n .toc-chapter .chap-name { font-size: 12.5px; font-weight: 700; line-height: 1.35; flex: 1; }\r\n .toc-chapter .chevron { flex-shrink: 0; width: 14px; height: 14px; transition: transform 0.25s ease; }\r\n .toc-chapter.collapsed .chevron { transform: rotate(-90deg); }\r\n .toc-sub-wrapper { max-height: 2200px; overflow: hidden; transition: max-height 0.32s ease; }\r\n .toc-chapter.collapsed + .toc-sub-wrapper { max-height: 0; }\r\n .toc-sub { list-style: none; margin: 6px 0 4px 8px; padding-left: 6px; border-left: 1.5px solid var(--border); }\r\n .toc-sub li { margin-bottom: 1px; }\r\n .toc-sub li a {\r\n display: flex; align-items: flex-start; gap: 8px;\r\n font-size: 12.5px; color: #444;\r\n padding: 5px 8px; border-radius: 4px;\r\n border-left: 2px solid transparent;\r\n transition: all 0.15s; line-height: 1.45;\r\n }\r\n .toc-sub li a .sub-num {\r\n font-family: 'JetBrains Mono', monospace;\r\n font-size: 10.5px; color: var(--muted);\r\n flex-shrink: 0; min-width: 30px;\r\n }\r\n .toc-sub li a:hover { background: #f5f7fa; color: var(--blue); }\r\n .toc-sub li a.active { background: #eef4ff; border-left-color: var(--blue); color: var(--blue); font-weight: 600; }\r\n .toc-sub li.endmatter a { color: var(--purple); }\r\n .toc-sub li.endmatter a:hover { background: #faf6ff; }\r\n .toc-sub li.endmatter a.active { background: #faf6ff; border-left-color: var(--purple); color: var(--purple); }\r\n\r\n \/* \u2500\u2500 CHAPTER TABS \u2500\u2500 *\/\r\n .chapter-content { display: none; }\r\n .chapter-content.active { display: block; animation: fadeIn 0.25s ease; }\r\n @keyframes fadeIn { from { opacity: 0; transform: translateY(4px); } to { opacity: 1; transform: translateY(0); } }\r\n\r\n \/* \u2500\u2500 BACK TO TOP \u2500\u2500 *\/\r\n .to-top {\r\n position: fixed; right: 22px; bottom: 22px; z-index: 50;\r\n width: 42px; height: 42px; border-radius: 50%;\r\n background: var(--navy); color: #fff; border: none;\r\n font-size: 17px; cursor: pointer; opacity: 0;\r\n pointer-events: none; transition: opacity 0.25s;\r\n box-shadow: 0 4px 14px rgba(20,36,63,0.3);\r\n }\r\n .to-top.show { opacity: 1; pointer-events: auto; }\r\n\r\n \/* \u2500\u2500 RESPONSIVE \u2500\u2500 *\/\r\n @media (max-width: 880px) {\r\n .layout { grid-template-columns: 1fr; gap: 32px; padding: 28px 22px 64px; }\r\n .sidebar { position: static; max-height: none; }\r\n .toc-card { max-height: none; }\r\n .keyfact-grid { grid-template-columns: 1fr; }\r\n .breadcrumb-bar { padding: 10px 22px; }\r\n }\r\n\r\n \/* \u2500\u2500 PRINT \u2500\u2500 *\/\r\n @media print {\r\n .pc-grid { grid-template-columns: 1fr 1fr; gap: 12px; }\r\n .pc-panel, .pc-panel li, .cell-list li { page-break-inside: avoid; }\r\n .pc-panel { background: #fff !important; }\r\n .abbr-grid { grid-template-columns: 1fr 1fr; }\r\n .abbr-grid tr { page-break-inside: avoid; }\r\n .sidebar, .lang-toggle-bar, .to-top, .breadcrumb-bar { display: none !important; }\r\n .layout { display: block; max-width: 100%; padding: 0; }\r\n .hero { background: #14243f !important; -webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact; padding: 24px; }\r\n .chapter-content { display: block !important; }\r\n .cyp-q .cyp-a { display: block !important; }\r\n .rung:hover, .domain-card:hover { transform: none; }\r\n body { font-size: 11pt; line-height: 1.5; }\r\n .section-heading-block, .skill-head { page-break-after: avoid; }\r\n .rung, .def-card, .callout, .formula-card, .cyp-box, .wex { page-break-inside: avoid; }\r\n .flow-step, .split-list li, .kv-row, .exam-tip, .fx-chip { page-break-inside: avoid; }\r\n .flow-steps::before { -webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact; }\r\n }\r\n<\/style>\r\n<link rel=\"preconnect\" href=\"https:\/\/fonts.googleapis.com\">\r\n<link href=\"https:\/\/fonts.googleapis.com\/css2?family=Crimson+Pro:wght@400;600;700&family=DM+Sans:wght@400;500;600;700&family=JetBrains+Mono:wght@400;600;700&family=Noto+Sans+Devanagari:wght@400;600;700&display=swap\" rel=\"stylesheet\">\r\n<style>\r\n \/* \u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550 ELEMENTOR RESET \u2014 strips host-page spacing \u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550 *\/\r\n .elementor-section.elementor-section-stretched,\r\n .elementor-section-full_width,\r\n .elementor-container,\r\n .elementor-column,\r\n .elementor-column-wrap,\r\n .elementor-widget-wrap,\r\n .elementor-element {\r\n padding: 0 !important;\r\n margin: 0 !important;\r\n gap: 0 !important;\r\n }\r\n\r\n \/* \u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550 SHARED HERO \u2014 applies to all notes pages \u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550 *\/\r\n .hero {\r\n width: 100%;\r\n background: linear-gradient(130deg, #0f2a4a 0%, #1a5fa8 38%, #c97c10 78%, #d68b1e 100%);\r\n padding: 60px 48px 56px;\r\n color: #fff;\r\n position: relative;\r\n overflow: hidden;\r\n text-align: left;\r\n }\r\n .hero::before {\r\n content: ''; position: absolute; inset: 0;\r\n background-image: url(\"data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg width='60' height='60' viewBox='0 0 60 60' xmlns='http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg'%3E%3Cg fill='none'%3E%3Cg fill='%23ffffff' fill-opacity='0.05'%3E%3Cpath d='M36 34v-4h-2v4h-4v2h4v4h2v-4h4v-2h-4zm0-30V0h-2v4h-4v2h4v4h2V6h4V4h-4zM6 34v-4H4v4H0v2h4v4h2v-4h4v-2H6zM6 4V0H4v4H0v2h4v4h2V6h4V4H6z'\/%3E%3C\/g%3E%3C\/g%3E%3C\/svg%3E\");\r\n pointer-events: none;\r\n }\r\n .hero::after {\r\n content: ''; position: absolute; right: -80px; top: -100px;\r\n width: 500px; height: 500px; border-radius: 50%;\r\n background: radial-gradient(circle, rgba(255,255,255,0.10) 0%, transparent 65%);\r\n pointer-events: none;\r\n }\r\n .hero-inner { max-width: 1100px; margin: 0 auto; position: relative; z-index: 1; }\r\n .hero-grid { display: grid; grid-template-columns: 1fr 320px; gap: 36px; align-items: center; }\r\n .hero-text { min-width: 0; }\r\n .hero-illustration {\r\n width: 320px; max-width: 100%;\r\n filter: drop-shadow(0 10px 22px rgba(0,0,0,0.22));\r\n animation: heroFloat 6s ease-in-out infinite;\r\n }\r\n .hero-illustration svg { width: 100%; height: auto; display: block; }\r\n @keyframes heroFloat {\r\n 0%, 100% { transform: translateY(0); }\r\n 50% { transform: translateY(-6px); }\r\n }\r\n @media (prefers-reduced-motion: reduce) {\r\n .hero-illustration { animation: none; }\r\n html { scroll-behavior: auto; }\r\n }\r\n .hero-kicker {\r\n display: inline-block;\r\n background: rgba(255,255,255,0.18); color: #fff;\r\n font-size: 11px; font-weight: 700;\r\n padding: 6px 14px; border-radius: 20px;\r\n letter-spacing: 0.14em; text-transform: uppercase;\r\n margin-bottom: 18px;\r\n border: 1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.32);\r\n backdrop-filter: blur(4px);\r\n }\r\n .hero h1 {\r\n font-family: 'Crimson Pro', Georgia, serif;\r\n font-size: clamp(28px, 4.2vw, 46px);\r\n font-weight: 700; line-height: 1.2;\r\n margin: 0 0 14px; color: #fff;\r\n text-shadow: 0 2px 8px rgba(0,0,0,0.18);\r\n }\r\n .hero-sub {\r\n font-size: 15px; opacity: 0.92; margin: 0 0 24px;\r\n max-width: 720px; color: #fff;\r\n }\r\n .hero-pills { display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; gap: 8px; }\r\n .hero-pill {\r\n background: rgba(255,255,255,0.18);\r\n border: 1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.30);\r\n color: #fff; font-size: 12px; font-weight: 600;\r\n padding: 6px 14px; border-radius: 20px;\r\n backdrop-filter: blur(6px);\r\n }\r\n @media (max-width: 860px) {\r\n .hero { padding: 48px 24px 44px; }\r\n .hero-grid { grid-template-columns: 1fr; gap: 24px; }\r\n .hero-illustration { width: 240px; margin: 0 auto; }\r\n }\r\n @media (max-width: 500px) {\r\n .hero h1 { font-size: 26px; }\r\n .hero-illustration { display: none; }\r\n }\r\n<\/style>\r\n<\/head>\r\n<body>\r\n\r\n<!-- \u2500\u2500 HERO \u2500\u2500 -->\r\n<div class=\"hero\">\r\n <div class=\"hero-inner hero-grid\">\r\n <div class=\"hero-text\">\r\n <span class=\"hero-kicker\">UPSC  \u2022  Principal & Vice Principal<\/span>\r\n <h1>\r\n <span class=\"en\">Pedagogy in Education<\/span>\r\n <span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930<\/span>\r\n <\/h1>\r\n <p class=\"hero-sub\">\r\n <span class=\"en\">Theory, models, methods and policy of teaching  |  Bilingual notes with diagrams, comparisons and practice sets<\/span>\r\n <span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0928, \u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f  |  \u0906\u0930\u0947\u0916, \u0924\u0941\u0932\u0928\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0905\u092d\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938 \u0938\u0947\u091f \u0938\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u0940 \u0928\u094b\u091f\u094d\u0938<\/span>\r\n <\/p>\r\n <div class=\"hero-pills\">\r\n <span class=\"hero-pill\"><span class=\"en\">20 chapters<\/span><span class=\"hi\">20 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f<\/span><\/span>\r\n <span class=\"hero-pill\"><span class=\"en\">Thinkers and theories mapped<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u091a\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0915 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924<\/span><\/span>\r\n <span class=\"hero-pill\"><span class=\"en\">Revision compendium<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u093e\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0938\u0902\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939<\/span><\/span>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div class=\"hero-illustration\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\r\n <svg viewBox=\"0 0 320 280\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"A chalkboard, an open book, a lamp of learning and interlocking gears\">\r\n <ellipse cx=\"160\" cy=\"252\" rx=\"126\" ry=\"13\" fill=\"rgba(0,0,0,0.18)\"\/>\r\n\r\n <g transform=\"translate(46,44)\">\r\n <rect x=\"0\" y=\"0\" width=\"176\" height=\"118\" rx=\"8\" fill=\"#0f2a4a\" stroke=\"#08182c\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <rect x=\"9\" y=\"9\" width=\"158\" height=\"100\" rx=\"4\" fill=\"#123a63\"\/>\r\n <g stroke=\"#7fc4e8\" stroke-width=\"2.4\" fill=\"none\" stroke-linecap=\"round\">\r\n <path d=\"M22 34 L52 34\"\/><path d=\"M22 48 L70 48\"\/><path d=\"M22 62 L44 62\"\/>\r\n <\/g>\r\n <g fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#e6bf45\" stroke-width=\"2.4\">\r\n <path d=\"M96 72 L120 30 L144 72 Z\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/>\r\n <circle cx=\"120\" cy=\"52\" r=\"4\" fill=\"#e6bf45\" stroke=\"none\"\/>\r\n <\/g>\r\n <text x=\"96\" y=\"92\" font-family=\"monospace\" font-size=\"12\" fill=\"#3fbf8f\">A B C<\/text>\r\n <rect x=\"-12\" y=\"118\" width=\"200\" height=\"11\" rx=\"5\" fill=\"#1c3a63\" stroke=\"#08182c\" stroke-width=\"1.5\"\/>\r\n <path d=\"M18 129 L4 178 M170 129 L184 178\" stroke=\"#1c3a63\" stroke-width=\"7\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\/>\r\n <\/g>\r\n\r\n <g transform=\"translate(96,182)\">\r\n <path d=\"M64 12 C44 0, 20 0, 2 8 L2 52 C20 44, 44 44, 64 56 Z\" fill=\"#e8f3fb\" stroke=\"#1a5fa8\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/>\r\n <path d=\"M64 12 C84 0, 108 0, 126 8 L126 52 C108 44, 84 44, 64 56 Z\" fill=\"#ffffff\" stroke=\"#1a5fa8\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/>\r\n <g stroke=\"#a6c8e6\" stroke-width=\"1.6\" stroke-linecap=\"round\">\r\n <path d=\"M14 18 L52 24\"\/><path d=\"M14 30 L52 36\"\/>\r\n <path d=\"M76 24 L114 18\"\/><path d=\"M76 36 L114 30\"\/>\r\n <\/g>\r\n <\/g>\r\n\r\n <g transform=\"translate(248,26)\">\r\n <circle cx=\"26\" cy=\"30\" r=\"22\" fill=\"#e8f3fb\" stroke=\"#1a5fa8\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <path d=\"M26 16 C18 16, 14 22, 14 28 C14 34, 20 36, 20 42 L32 42 C32 36, 38 34, 38 28 C38 22, 34 16, 26 16 Z\" fill=\"#e6bf45\"\/>\r\n <rect x=\"19\" y=\"45\" width=\"14\" height=\"4\" rx=\"2\" fill=\"#0f2a4a\"\/>\r\n <rect x=\"21\" y=\"51\" width=\"10\" height=\"3.5\" rx=\"1.75\" fill=\"#0f2a4a\"\/>\r\n <g stroke=\"#ffffff\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" opacity=\"0.8\">\r\n <path d=\"M26 0 L26 7\"\/><path d=\"M52 30 L59 30\"\/><path d=\"M0 30 L-7 30\"\/>\r\n <path d=\"M45 11 L50 6\"\/><path d=\"M7 11 L2 6\"\/>\r\n <\/g>\r\n <\/g>\r\n\r\n <g transform=\"translate(238,186)\">\r\n <g fill=\"#e8f3fb\" stroke=\"#1a5fa8\" stroke-width=\"2\">\r\n <path d=\"M26 6 L31 6 L32 13 L38 16 L44 12 L48 16 L44 22 L47 28 L54 29 L54 34 L47 35 L44 41 L48 47 L44 51 L38 47 L32 50 L31 57 L26 57 L25 50 L19 47 L13 51 L9 47 L13 41 L10 35 L3 34 L3 29 L10 28 L13 22 L9 16 L13 12 L19 16 L25 13 Z\"\/>\r\n <\/g>\r\n <circle cx=\"28.5\" cy=\"31.5\" r=\"9\" fill=\"#1a5fa8\"\/>\r\n <circle cx=\"28.5\" cy=\"31.5\" r=\"4\" fill=\"#e8f3fb\"\/>\r\n <g fill=\"#e6bf45\" stroke=\"#c97c10\" stroke-width=\"1.6\" transform=\"translate(46,44) scale(0.62)\">\r\n <path d=\"M26 6 L31 6 L32 13 L38 16 L44 12 L48 16 L44 22 L47 28 L54 29 L54 34 L47 35 L44 41 L48 47 L44 51 L38 47 L32 50 L31 57 L26 57 L25 50 L19 47 L13 51 L9 47 L13 41 L10 35 L3 34 L3 29 L10 28 L13 22 L9 16 L13 12 L19 16 L25 13 Z\"\/>\r\n <\/g>\r\n <\/g>\r\n\r\n <g fill=\"#ffffff\" opacity=\"0.88\" font-family=\"monospace\" font-weight=\"700\">\r\n <text x=\"16\" y=\"34\" font-size=\"19\">?<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"238\" y=\"122\" font-size=\"17\">\u2713<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"26\" y=\"196\" font-size=\"16\">\u2234<\/text>\r\n <\/g>\r\n <g fill=\"#fff\" opacity=\"0.85\">\r\n <circle cx=\"300\" cy=\"128\" r=\"2\"\/><circle cx=\"12\" cy=\"120\" r=\"1.8\"\/>\r\n <circle cx=\"206\" cy=\"16\" r=\"1.6\"\/><circle cx=\"288\" cy=\"248\" r=\"2\"\/>\r\n <\/g>\r\n <\/svg>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<!-- \u2500\u2500 BREADCRUMB \u2500\u2500 -->\r\n<div class=\"breadcrumb-bar\">\r\n <div class=\"breadcrumb-inner\">\r\n <a href=\"#\"><span class=\"en\">Home<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092e\u0941\u0916\u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920<\/span><\/a>\r\n <span class=\"sep\">\u203a<\/span>\r\n <a href=\"#\"><span class=\"en\">Notes<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0928\u094b\u091f\u094d\u0938<\/span><\/a>\r\n <span class=\"sep\">\u203a<\/span>\r\n <span class=\"en\">Pedagogy in Education<\/span>\r\n <span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930<\/span>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"lang-toggle-bar\">\r\n <div class=\"lang-toggle-btn\" id=\"langToggle\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-label=\"Switch language\">\r\n <div class=\"lang-option active\" id=\"optEn\">English<\/div>\r\n <div class=\"lang-option\" id=\"optHi\">\u0939\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0940<\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"layout\">\r\n\r\n <aside class=\"sidebar\">\r\n <div class=\"toc-card\">\r\n <div class=\"toc-card-title\"><span class=\"en\">Table of Contents<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f-\u0938\u0942\u091a\u0940<\/span><\/div>\r\n <!--NAV--><div class=\"toc-part\"><span class=\"en\">PART A \u2014 FOUNDATIONS OF PEDAGOGY<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092d\u093e\u0917 \u0905 \u2014 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930<\/span><\/div><div class=\"toc-chapter\" data-chap=\"1\"><span class=\"chap-num\">I<\/span><span class=\"chap-name\"><span class=\"en\">Pedagogy: Concept, Nature and Scope<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930: \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a\u0928\u093e, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930<\/span><\/span><svg class=\"chevron\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"3\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><polyline points=\"6 9 12 15 18 9\"><\/polyline><\/svg><\/div><div class=\"toc-sub-wrapper\"><ul class=\"toc-sub\"><li><a href=\"#p1-0\"><span class=\"sub-num\">1.0<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">Introduction<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u0930\u093f\u091a\u092f<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#p1-1\"><span class=\"sub-num\">1.1<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">Etymology and Meaning<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#p1-2\"><span class=\"sub-num\">1.2<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">Definitions and Their Emphases<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u0930\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0932-\u092c\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0941<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#p1-3\"><span class=\"sub-num\">1.3<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">Nature of Pedagogy<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#p1-4\"><span class=\"sub-num\">1.4<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">Scope of Pedagogy<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#p1-5\"><span class=\"sub-num\">1.5<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">Pedagogy, Education, Teaching and Instruction<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930, \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e, \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0926\u0947\u0936\u0928<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#p1-6\"><span class=\"sub-num\">1.6<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">Pedagogy, Andragogy and Heutagogy<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930, \u090f\u0902\u0921\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0917\u094b\u0917\u0940 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0939\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u093e\u0917\u094b\u0917\u0940<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#p1-7\"><span class=\"sub-num\">1.7<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">The Pedagogical Triangle<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092d\u0941\u091c<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#p1-8\"><span class=\"sub-num\">1.8<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">Determinants of Pedagogical Choice<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u091a\u092f\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0915<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#p1-9\"><span class=\"sub-num\">1.9<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">Pedagogical Analysis<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0937\u0923<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#p1-10\"><span class=\"sub-num\">1.10<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">Practice Set<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u092d\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938 \u0938\u0947\u091f<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><div class=\"toc-chapter collapsed\" data-chap=\"2\" style=\"margin-top: 10px;\"><span class=\"chap-num\">II<\/span><span class=\"chap-name\"><span class=\"en\">Philosophical Foundations of Pedagogy<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0936\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930<\/span><\/span><svg class=\"chevron\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"3\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><polyline points=\"6 9 12 15 18 9\"><\/polyline><\/svg><\/div><div class=\"toc-sub-wrapper\"><ul class=\"toc-sub\"><li><a href=\"#p2-0\"><span class=\"sub-num\">2.0<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">Introduction<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u0930\u093f\u091a\u092f<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#p2-1\"><span class=\"sub-num\">2.1<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">How Philosophy Determines Pedagogy<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u0928 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u094b \u0915\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#p2-2\"><span class=\"sub-num\">2.2<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">Idealism<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0906\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u0935\u093e\u0926<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#p2-3\"><span class=\"sub-num\">2.3<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">Naturalism<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0926<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#p2-4\"><span class=\"sub-num\">2.4<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">Pragmatism<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928\u0935\u093e\u0926<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#p2-5\"><span class=\"sub-num\">2.5<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">Realism<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092f\u0925\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0935\u093e\u0926<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#p2-6\"><span class=\"sub-num\">2.6<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">Existentialism<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0935\u0935\u093e\u0926<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#p2-7\"><span class=\"sub-num\">2.7<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">The Schools Compared<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u0902\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u093e\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0924\u0941\u0932\u0928\u093e<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#p2-8\"><span class=\"sub-num\">2.8<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">Indian Educational Thinkers<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e-\u091a\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0915<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#p2-9\"><span class=\"sub-num\">2.9<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">Western Educational Thinkers<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u093e\u0936\u094d\u091a\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092f \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e-\u091a\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0915<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#p2-10\"><span class=\"sub-num\">2.10<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">Practice Set<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u092d\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938 \u0938\u0947\u091f<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><div class=\"toc-chapter collapsed\" data-chap=\"3\" style=\"margin-top: 10px;\"><span class=\"chap-num\">III<\/span><span class=\"chap-name\"><span class=\"en\">Psychological Foundations: Learning Theories<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092e\u0928\u094b\u0935\u0948\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930: \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924<\/span><\/span><svg class=\"chevron\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"3\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><polyline points=\"6 9 12 15 18 9\"><\/polyline><\/svg><\/div><div class=\"toc-sub-wrapper\"><ul class=\"toc-sub\"><li><a href=\"#p3-0\"><span class=\"sub-num\">3.0<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">Introduction<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u0930\u093f\u091a\u092f<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#p3-1\"><span class=\"sub-num\">3.1<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">Behaviourist Theories<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0926\u0940 \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#p3-2\"><span class=\"sub-num\">3.2<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">Gestalt and Cognitive Theories<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0917\u0947\u0938\u094d\u091f\u093e\u0932\u094d\u091f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#p3-3\"><span class=\"sub-num\">3.3<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">Piaget and Cognitive Development<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u093f\u092f\u093e\u091c\u0947 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#p3-4\"><span class=\"sub-num\">3.4<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">Vygotsky, ZPD and Scaffolding<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u093e\u0907\u0917\u094b\u0924\u094d\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0940, \u0928\u093f\u0915\u091f\u0938\u094d\u0925 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u093e\u0921\u093c<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#p3-5\"><span class=\"sub-num\">3.5<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">Bruner, Ausubel and Gagne<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092c\u094d\u0930\u0942\u0928\u0930, \u0906\u0938\u0941\u092c\u0947\u0932 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0917\u0948\u0928\u0947<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#p3-6\"><span class=\"sub-num\">3.6<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">Social and Humanistic Theories<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u091c\u093f\u0915 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0935\u0924\u093e\u0935\u093e\u0926\u0940 \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#p3-7\"><span class=\"sub-num\">3.7<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">Motivation, Memory and Transfer<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u092d\u093f\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0930\u0923\u093e, \u0938\u094d\u092e\u0943\u0924\u093f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930\u0923<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#p3-8\"><span class=\"sub-num\">3.8<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">Practice Set<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u092d\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938 \u0938\u0947\u091f<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><div class=\"toc-chapter collapsed\" data-chap=\"4\" style=\"margin-top: 10px;\"><span class=\"chap-num\">IV<\/span><span class=\"chap-name\"><span class=\"en\">Sociological and Cultural Foundations<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u092e\u093e\u091c\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u093e\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930<\/span><\/span><svg class=\"chevron\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"3\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><polyline points=\"6 9 12 15 18 9\"><\/polyline><\/svg><\/div><div class=\"toc-sub-wrapper\"><ul class=\"toc-sub\"><li><a href=\"#p4-0\"><span class=\"sub-num\">4.0<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">Introduction<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u0930\u093f\u091a\u092f<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#p4-1\"><span class=\"sub-num\">4.1<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">The School as a Social Institution<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u091c\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#p4-2\"><span class=\"sub-num\">4.2<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">Socialisation and the Hidden Curriculum<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u092e\u093e\u091c\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0917\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u091a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#p4-3\"><span class=\"sub-num\">4.3<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">Culture, Language and the Classroom<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f, \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#p4-4\"><span class=\"sub-num\">4.4<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">Equity, Access and Social Reproduction<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u092e\u0924\u093e, \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u091c\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u0941\u0924\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0928<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#p4-5\"><span class=\"sub-num\">4.5<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">Home, Community and School<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0917\u0943\u0939, \u0938\u092e\u0941\u0926\u093e\u092f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#p4-6\"><span class=\"sub-num\">4.6<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">Practice Set<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u092d\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938 \u0938\u0947\u091f<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><div class=\"toc-part\"><span class=\"en\">PART B \u2014 TEACHING AND ITS ORGANISATION<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092d\u093e\u0917 \u092c \u2014 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0938\u0902\u0917\u0920\u0928<\/span><\/div><div class=\"toc-chapter collapsed\" data-chap=\"5\"><span class=\"chap-num\">V<\/span><span class=\"chap-name\"><span class=\"en\">Teaching: Nature, Levels, Phases and Maxims<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923: \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f, \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930<\/span><\/span><svg class=\"chevron\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"3\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><polyline points=\"6 9 12 15 18 9\"><\/polyline><\/svg><\/div><div class=\"toc-sub-wrapper\"><ul class=\"toc-sub\"><li><a href=\"#p5-0\"><span class=\"sub-num\">5.0<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">Introduction<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u0930\u093f\u091a\u092f<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#p5-1\"><span class=\"sub-num\">5.1<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">Concept and Nature of Teaching<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a\u0928\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#p5-2\"><span class=\"sub-num\">5.2<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">Levels of Teaching<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#p5-3\"><span class=\"sub-num\">5.3<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">Phases of Teaching<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u090f\u0901<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#p5-4\"><span class=\"sub-num\">5.4<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">Maxims of Teaching<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#p5-5\"><span class=\"sub-num\">5.5<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">Principles and Variables<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u091a\u0930<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#p5-6\"><span class=\"sub-num\">5.6<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">Teaching Skills and Effectiveness<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u094c\u0936\u0932 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u093f\u0924\u093e<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#p5-7\"><span class=\"sub-num\">5.7<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">Practice Set<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u092d\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938 \u0938\u0947\u091f<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><div class=\"toc-chapter collapsed\" data-chap=\"6\" style=\"margin-top: 10px;\"><span class=\"chap-num\">VI<\/span><span class=\"chap-name\"><span class=\"en\">Models of Teaching<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0928<\/span><\/span><svg class=\"chevron\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"3\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><polyline points=\"6 9 12 15 18 9\"><\/polyline><\/svg><\/div><div class=\"toc-sub-wrapper\"><ul class=\"toc-sub\"><li><a href=\"#p6-0\"><span class=\"sub-num\">6.0<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">Introduction<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u0930\u093f\u091a\u092f<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#p6-1\"><span class=\"sub-num\">6.1<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">Concept and Elements of a Model<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a\u0928\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0924\u0924\u094d\u0935<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#p6-2\"><span class=\"sub-num\">6.2<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">Information Processing Family<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0938\u0902\u0938\u093e\u0927\u0928 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0930<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#p6-3\"><span class=\"sub-num\">6.3<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">Social Family<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u091c\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0930<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#p6-4\"><span class=\"sub-num\">6.4<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">Personal Family<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u0948\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0930<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#p6-5\"><span class=\"sub-num\">6.5<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">Behavioural Systems Family<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0930<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#p6-6\"><span class=\"sub-num\">6.6<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">Choosing and Combining Models<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u091a\u092f\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#p6-7\"><span class=\"sub-num\">6.7<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">Practice Set<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u092d\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938 \u0938\u0947\u091f<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><div class=\"toc-chapter collapsed\" data-chap=\"7\" style=\"margin-top: 10px;\"><span class=\"chap-num\">VII<\/span><span class=\"chap-name\"><span class=\"en\">Approaches, Methods and Techniques<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0909\u092a\u093e\u0917\u092e, \u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901<\/span><\/span><svg class=\"chevron\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"3\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><polyline points=\"6 9 12 15 18 9\"><\/polyline><\/svg><\/div><div class=\"toc-sub-wrapper\"><ul class=\"toc-sub\"><li><a href=\"#p7-0\"><span class=\"sub-num\">7.0<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">Introduction<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u0930\u093f\u091a\u092f<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#p7-1\"><span class=\"sub-num\">7.1<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">Approach, Method, Technique, Strategy<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0909\u092a\u093e\u0917\u092e, \u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f, \u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#p7-2\"><span class=\"sub-num\">7.2<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">Teacher-Centred Methods<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915-\u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#p7-3\"><span class=\"sub-num\">7.3<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">Learner-Centred Methods<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940-\u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#p7-4\"><span class=\"sub-num\">7.4<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">Group and Interactive Techniques<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u093e\u092e\u0942\u0939\u093f\u0915 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0903\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#p7-5\"><span class=\"sub-num\">7.5<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">Micro-teaching, Simulation, Team Teaching<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u0942\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u092e \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u0942\u092a\u0923, \u0926\u0932 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#p7-6\"><span class=\"sub-num\">7.6<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">Practice Set<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u092d\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938 \u0938\u0947\u091f<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><div class=\"toc-chapter collapsed\" data-chap=\"8\" style=\"margin-top: 10px;\"><span class=\"chap-num\">VIII<\/span><span class=\"chap-name\"><span class=\"en\">Constructivist and Inquiry-Based Pedagogy<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e\u0935\u093e\u0926\u0940 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0905\u0928\u094d\u0935\u0947\u0937\u0923-\u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930<\/span><\/span><svg class=\"chevron\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"3\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><polyline points=\"6 9 12 15 18 9\"><\/polyline><\/svg><\/div><div class=\"toc-sub-wrapper\"><ul class=\"toc-sub\"><li><a href=\"#p8-0\"><span class=\"sub-num\">8.0<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">Introduction<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u0930\u093f\u091a\u092f<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#p8-1\"><span class=\"sub-num\">8.1<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">Cognitive and Social Constructivism<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u0902\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u091c\u093f\u0915 \u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e\u0935\u093e\u0926<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#p8-2\"><span class=\"sub-num\">8.2<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">The Constructivist Classroom<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e\u0935\u093e\u0926\u0940 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#p8-3\"><span class=\"sub-num\">8.3<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">The 5E and 7E Models<\/span><span class=\"hi\">5E \u090f\u0935\u0902 7E \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0928<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#p8-4\"><span class=\"sub-num\">8.4<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">Inquiry, Discovery and Problem-Based Learning<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u0928\u094d\u0935\u0947\u0937\u0923, \u0916\u094b\u091c \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u092e\u0938\u094d\u092f\u093e-\u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#p8-5\"><span class=\"sub-num\">8.5<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">Concerns and Evidence<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u091a\u093f\u0902\u0924\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#p8-6\"><span class=\"sub-num\">8.6<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">Practice Set<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u092d\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938 \u0938\u0947\u091f<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><div class=\"toc-chapter collapsed\" data-chap=\"9\" style=\"margin-top: 10px;\"><span class=\"chap-num\">IX<\/span><span class=\"chap-name\"><span class=\"en\">Experiential, Activity, Play and Toy Pedagogy<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u0928\u0941\u092d\u0935\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915, \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e, \u0916\u0947\u0932 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0916\u093f\u0932\u094c\u0928\u093e \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930<\/span><\/span><svg class=\"chevron\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"3\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><polyline points=\"6 9 12 15 18 9\"><\/polyline><\/svg><\/div><div class=\"toc-sub-wrapper\"><ul class=\"toc-sub\"><li><a href=\"#p9-0\"><span class=\"sub-num\">9.0<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">Introduction<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u0930\u093f\u091a\u092f<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#p9-1\"><span class=\"sub-num\">9.1<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">Kolb's Experiential Cycle<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u094b\u0932\u094d\u092c \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092d\u0935\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u091a\u0915\u094d\u0930<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#p9-2\"><span class=\"sub-num\">9.2<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">Activity-Based Learning<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e-\u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#p9-3\"><span class=\"sub-num\">9.3<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">Play-Based Pedagogy<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0916\u0947\u0932-\u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#p9-4\"><span class=\"sub-num\">9.4<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">Toy Pedagogy and Local Materials<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0916\u093f\u0932\u094c\u0928\u093e \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u0940\u092f \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#p9-5\"><span class=\"sub-num\">9.5<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">Art, Sport and Story Integration<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u0932\u093e, \u0916\u0947\u0932\u0915\u0942\u0926 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0915\u0925\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0938\u092e\u0947\u0915\u0928<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#p9-6\"><span class=\"sub-num\">9.6<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">Practice Set<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u092d\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938 \u0938\u0947\u091f<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><div class=\"toc-part\"><span class=\"en\">PART C \u2014 CONTENT, PLANNING AND ASSESSMENT<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092d\u093e\u0917 \u0938 \u2014 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941, \u0928\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0906\u0915\u0932\u0928<\/span><\/div><div class=\"toc-chapter collapsed\" data-chap=\"10\"><span class=\"chap-num\">X<\/span><span class=\"chap-name\"><span class=\"en\">Pedagogical Content Knowledge and TPACK<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f \u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 TPACK<\/span><\/span><svg class=\"chevron\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"3\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><polyline points=\"6 9 12 15 18 9\"><\/polyline><\/svg><\/div><div class=\"toc-sub-wrapper\"><ul class=\"toc-sub\"><li><a href=\"#p10-0\"><span class=\"sub-num\">10.0<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">Introduction<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u0930\u093f\u091a\u092f<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#p10-1\"><span class=\"sub-num\">10.1<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">Shulman's Categories of Teacher Knowledge<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u0941\u0932\u092e\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915-\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u0936\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0923\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#p10-2\"><span class=\"sub-num\">10.2<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">Pedagogical Content Knowledge<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f \u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#p10-3\"><span class=\"sub-num\">10.3<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">The TPACK Framework<\/span><span class=\"hi\">TPACK \u0922\u093e\u0901\u091a\u093e<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#p10-4\"><span class=\"sub-num\">10.4<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">Representation and Transformation of Content<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0930\u0942\u092a\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930\u0923<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#p10-5\"><span class=\"sub-num\">10.5<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">Practice Set<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u092d\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938 \u0938\u0947\u091f<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><div class=\"toc-chapter collapsed\" data-chap=\"11\" style=\"margin-top: 10px;\"><span class=\"chap-num\">XI<\/span><span class=\"chap-name\"><span class=\"en\">Curriculum and Curriculum Transaction<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u091a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u091a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0938\u0902\u091a\u0930\u0923<\/span><\/span><svg class=\"chevron\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"3\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><polyline points=\"6 9 12 15 18 9\"><\/polyline><\/svg><\/div><div class=\"toc-sub-wrapper\"><ul class=\"toc-sub\"><li><a href=\"#p11-0\"><span class=\"sub-num\">11.0<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">Introduction<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u0930\u093f\u091a\u092f<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#p11-1\"><span class=\"sub-num\">11.1<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">Concept and Bases of Curriculum<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u091a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a\u0928\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#p11-2\"><span class=\"sub-num\">11.2<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">Types and Designs of Curriculum<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u091a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#p11-3\"><span class=\"sub-num\">11.3<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">Curriculum Development Models<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u091a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0928<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#p11-4\"><span class=\"sub-num\">11.4<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">Curriculum Transaction and Materials<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u091a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0938\u0902\u091a\u0930\u0923 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#p11-5\"><span class=\"sub-num\">11.5<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">Curriculum Evaluation and Renewal<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u091a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e \u092e\u0942\u0932\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0915\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0928\u0935\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#p11-6\"><span class=\"sub-num\">11.6<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">Practice Set<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u092d\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938 \u0938\u0947\u091f<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><div class=\"toc-chapter collapsed\" data-chap=\"12\" style=\"margin-top: 10px;\"><span class=\"chap-num\">XII<\/span><span class=\"chap-name\"><span class=\"en\">Planning of Instruction<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u0928\u0941\u0926\u0947\u0936\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928<\/span><\/span><svg class=\"chevron\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"3\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><polyline points=\"6 9 12 15 18 9\"><\/polyline><\/svg><\/div><div class=\"toc-sub-wrapper\"><ul class=\"toc-sub\"><li><a href=\"#p12-0\"><span class=\"sub-num\">12.0<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">Introduction<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u0930\u093f\u091a\u092f<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#p12-1\"><span class=\"sub-num\">12.1<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">Levels of Planning<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0928\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#p12-2\"><span class=\"sub-num\">12.2<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">Writing Learning Outcomes<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092b\u0932 \u0932\u0947\u0916\u0928<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#p12-3\"><span class=\"sub-num\">12.3<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">Lesson Plan Formats<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u093e\u0920 \u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0930\u0942\u092a<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#p12-4\"><span class=\"sub-num\">12.4<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">Unit and Year Planning<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0907\u0915\u093e\u0908 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0935\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0915 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#p12-5\"><span class=\"sub-num\">12.5<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">Teaching-Learning Material<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923-\u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#p12-6\"><span class=\"sub-num\">12.6<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">Practice Set<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u092d\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938 \u0938\u0947\u091f<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><div class=\"toc-chapter collapsed\" data-chap=\"13\" style=\"margin-top: 10px;\"><span class=\"chap-num\">XIII<\/span><span class=\"chap-name\"><span class=\"en\">Taxonomies and Competency-Based Education<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0926\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0924\u093e-\u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e<\/span><\/span><svg class=\"chevron\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"3\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><polyline points=\"6 9 12 15 18 9\"><\/polyline><\/svg><\/div><div class=\"toc-sub-wrapper\"><ul class=\"toc-sub\"><li><a href=\"#p13-0\"><span class=\"sub-num\">13.0<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">Introduction<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u0930\u093f\u091a\u092f<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#p13-1\"><span class=\"sub-num\">13.1<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">Bloom's Original Taxonomy<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092c\u094d\u0932\u0942\u092e \u0915\u093e \u092e\u0942\u0932 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#p13-2\"><span class=\"sub-num\">13.2<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">The Revised Taxonomy<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u0902\u0936\u094b\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#p13-3\"><span class=\"sub-num\">13.3<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">Affective and Psychomotor Domains<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092d\u093e\u0935\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092e\u0928\u094b\u0917\u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#p13-4\"><span class=\"sub-num\">13.4<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">SOLO and Other Frameworks<\/span><span class=\"hi\">SOLO \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0922\u093e\u0901\u091a\u0947<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#p13-5\"><span class=\"sub-num\">13.5<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">Competency-Based Education<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0926\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0924\u093e-\u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#p13-6\"><span class=\"sub-num\">13.6<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">Practice Set<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u092d\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938 \u0938\u0947\u091f<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><div class=\"toc-chapter collapsed\" data-chap=\"14\" style=\"margin-top: 10px;\"><span class=\"chap-num\">XIV<\/span><span class=\"chap-name\"><span class=\"en\">Assessment as Pedagogy<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0906\u0915\u0932\u0928 \u090f\u0915 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902<\/span><\/span><svg class=\"chevron\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"3\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><polyline points=\"6 9 12 15 18 9\"><\/polyline><\/svg><\/div><div class=\"toc-sub-wrapper\"><ul class=\"toc-sub\"><li><a href=\"#p14-0\"><span class=\"sub-num\">14.0<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">Introduction<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u0930\u093f\u091a\u092f<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#p14-1\"><span class=\"sub-num\">14.1<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">Assessment For, Of and As Learning<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941, \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e \u0915\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e \u0930\u0942\u092a\u0940 \u0906\u0915\u0932\u0928<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#p14-2\"><span class=\"sub-num\">14.2<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">Formative Assessment and Feedback<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0906\u0915\u0932\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920\u092a\u094b\u0937\u0923<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#p14-3\"><span class=\"sub-num\">14.3<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">Tools, Techniques and Rubrics<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0930\u0942\u092c\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0915<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#p14-4\"><span class=\"sub-num\">14.4<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">Holistic Progress Card and PARAKH<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0917\u0924\u093f \u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u0930\u0916<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#p14-5\"><span class=\"sub-num\">14.5<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">Practice Set<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u092d\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938 \u0938\u0947\u091f<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><div class=\"toc-part\"><span class=\"en\">PART D \u2014 LEARNERS, CONTEXTS AND TECHNOLOGY<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092d\u093e\u0917 \u0926 \u2014 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940, \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0930\u094d\u092d \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u0940<\/span><\/div><div class=\"toc-chapter collapsed\" data-chap=\"15\"><span class=\"chap-num\">XV<\/span><span class=\"chap-name\"><span class=\"en\">Inclusive, Differentiated and Multilingual Pedagogy<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u092e\u093e\u0935\u0947\u0936\u0940, \u0935\u093f\u092d\u0947\u0926\u0940\u0915\u0943\u0924 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092c\u0939\u0941\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093f\u0915 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930<\/span><\/span><svg class=\"chevron\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"3\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><polyline points=\"6 9 12 15 18 9\"><\/polyline><\/svg><\/div><div class=\"toc-sub-wrapper\"><ul class=\"toc-sub\"><li><a href=\"#p15-0\"><span class=\"sub-num\">15.0<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">Introduction<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u0930\u093f\u091a\u092f<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#p15-1\"><span class=\"sub-num\">15.1<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">Inclusion: Concept and Legal Basis<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u092e\u093e\u0935\u0947\u0936\u0928: \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a\u0928\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#p15-2\"><span class=\"sub-num\">15.2<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">Universal Design for Learning<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0938\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0935\u092d\u094c\u092e \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#p15-3\"><span class=\"sub-num\">15.3<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">Differentiated Instruction<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u093f\u092d\u0947\u0926\u0940\u0915\u0943\u0924 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0926\u0947\u0936\u0928<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#p15-4\"><span class=\"sub-num\">15.4<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">Multigrade and Multilevel Classrooms<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092c\u0939\u0941\u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0940\u092f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092c\u0939\u0941\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u090f\u0901<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#p15-5\"><span class=\"sub-num\">15.5<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">Multilingual and Mother-Tongue Pedagogy<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092c\u0939\u0941\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093f\u0915 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092e\u093e\u0924\u0943\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#p15-6\"><span class=\"sub-num\">15.6<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">Practice Set<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u092d\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938 \u0938\u0947\u091f<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><div class=\"toc-chapter collapsed\" data-chap=\"16\" style=\"margin-top: 10px;\"><span class=\"chap-num\">XVI<\/span><span class=\"chap-name\"><span class=\"en\">Critical Pedagogy and Responsive Teaching<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0906\u0932\u094b\u091a\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0936\u0940\u0932 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923<\/span><\/span><svg class=\"chevron\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"3\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><polyline points=\"6 9 12 15 18 9\"><\/polyline><\/svg><\/div><div class=\"toc-sub-wrapper\"><ul class=\"toc-sub\"><li><a href=\"#p16-0\"><span class=\"sub-num\">16.0<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">Introduction<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u0930\u093f\u091a\u092f<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#p16-1\"><span class=\"sub-num\">16.1<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">Freire and the Banking Concept<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092b\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0930\u0947 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092c\u0948\u0902\u0915\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a\u0928\u093e<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#p16-2\"><span class=\"sub-num\">16.2<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">Conscientisation and Dialogue<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u091a\u0947\u0924\u0928\u093e\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u0935\u093e\u0926<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#p16-3\"><span class=\"sub-num\">16.3<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">Culturally Responsive Teaching<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f-\u0905\u0928\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0936\u0940\u0932 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#p16-4\"><span class=\"sub-num\">16.4<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">Gender-Responsive Pedagogy<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u091c\u0947\u0902\u0921\u0930-\u0905\u0928\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0936\u0940\u0932 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#p16-5\"><span class=\"sub-num\">16.5<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">Practice Set<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u092d\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938 \u0938\u0947\u091f<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><div class=\"toc-chapter collapsed\" data-chap=\"17\" style=\"margin-top: 10px;\"><span class=\"chap-num\">XVII<\/span><span class=\"chap-name\"><span class=\"en\">ICT-Integrated, Blended and Online Pedagogy<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0906\u0908\u0938\u0940\u091f\u0940-\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0915\u093f\u0924, \u092e\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0911\u0928\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930<\/span><\/span><svg class=\"chevron\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"3\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><polyline points=\"6 9 12 15 18 9\"><\/polyline><\/svg><\/div><div class=\"toc-sub-wrapper\"><ul class=\"toc-sub\"><li><a href=\"#p17-0\"><span class=\"sub-num\">17.0<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">Introduction<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u0930\u093f\u091a\u092f<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#p17-1\"><span class=\"sub-num\">17.1<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">ICT in the Classroom<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0906\u0908\u0938\u0940\u091f\u0940<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#p17-2\"><span class=\"sub-num\">17.2<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">Blended and Flipped Learning<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092e\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924\u094d\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#p17-3\"><span class=\"sub-num\">17.3<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">OER, MOOCs and National Platforms<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0913\u0908\u0906\u0930, \u092e\u0942\u0915\u094d\u0938 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u092e\u0902\u091a<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#p17-4\"><span class=\"sub-num\">17.4<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">Gamification and Artificial Intelligence<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0921\u093c\u093e\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0915\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092e \u092c\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093f\u092e\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093e<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#p17-5\"><span class=\"sub-num\">17.5<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">Digital Safety and Ethics<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0928\u0948\u0924\u093f\u0915\u0924\u093e<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#p17-6\"><span class=\"sub-num\">17.6<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">Practice Set<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u092d\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938 \u0938\u0947\u091f<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><div class=\"toc-chapter collapsed\" data-chap=\"18\" style=\"margin-top: 10px;\"><span class=\"chap-num\">XVIII<\/span><span class=\"chap-name\"><span class=\"en\">Classroom Management, Communication and Questioning<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0928, \u0938\u0902\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0937\u0923 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928\u0928<\/span><\/span><svg class=\"chevron\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"3\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><polyline points=\"6 9 12 15 18 9\"><\/polyline><\/svg><\/div><div class=\"toc-sub-wrapper\"><ul class=\"toc-sub\"><li><a href=\"#p18-0\"><span class=\"sub-num\">18.0<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">Introduction<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u0930\u093f\u091a\u092f<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#p18-1\"><span class=\"sub-num\">18.1<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">Classroom Climate and Discipline<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e-\u0935\u093e\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0930\u0923 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0936\u093e\u0938\u0928<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#p18-2\"><span class=\"sub-num\">18.2<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">Communication in the Classroom<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0937\u0923<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#p18-3\"><span class=\"sub-num\">18.3<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">The Art of Questioning<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u092a\u0942\u091b\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u0932\u093e<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#p18-4\"><span class=\"sub-num\">18.4<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">Wait Time, Feedback and Reinforcement<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0938\u092e\u092f, \u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920\u092a\u094b\u0937\u0923 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0932\u0928<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#p18-5\"><span class=\"sub-num\">18.5<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">Practice Set<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u092d\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938 \u0938\u0947\u091f<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><div class=\"toc-part\"><span class=\"en\">PART E \u2014 POLICY AND PROFESSION<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092d\u093e\u0917 \u0907 \u2014 \u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u093e\u092f<\/span><\/div><div class=\"toc-chapter collapsed\" data-chap=\"19\"><span class=\"chap-num\">XIX<\/span><span class=\"chap-name\"><span class=\"en\">Pedagogy in Indian Policy<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930<\/span><\/span><svg class=\"chevron\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"3\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><polyline points=\"6 9 12 15 18 9\"><\/polyline><\/svg><\/div><div class=\"toc-sub-wrapper\"><ul class=\"toc-sub\"><li><a href=\"#p19-0\"><span class=\"sub-num\">19.0<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">Introduction<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u0930\u093f\u091a\u092f<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#p19-1\"><span class=\"sub-num\">19.1<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">NEP 2020: Pedagogical Directions<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u090f\u0928\u0908\u092a\u0940 2020: \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0926\u093f\u0936\u093e\u090f\u0901<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#p19-2\"><span class=\"sub-num\">19.2<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">Foundational Stage and NIPUN Bharat<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092c\u0941\u0928\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0926\u0940 \u0905\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0928\u093f\u092a\u0941\u0923 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#p19-3\"><span class=\"sub-num\">19.3<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">NCF-SE 2023<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u090f\u0928\u0938\u0940\u090f\u092b-\u090f\u0938\u0908 2023<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#p19-4\"><span class=\"sub-num\">19.4<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">Teacher Preparation and NISHTHA<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0924\u0948\u092f\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0920\u093e<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#p19-5\"><span class=\"sub-num\">19.5<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">Practice Set<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u092d\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938 \u0938\u0947\u091f<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><div class=\"toc-chapter collapsed\" data-chap=\"20\" style=\"margin-top: 10px;\"><span class=\"chap-num\">XX<\/span><span class=\"chap-name\"><span class=\"en\">Teacher Development and Action Research<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u0902\u0927\u093e\u0928<\/span><\/span><svg class=\"chevron\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"3\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><polyline points=\"6 9 12 15 18 9\"><\/polyline><\/svg><\/div><div class=\"toc-sub-wrapper\"><ul class=\"toc-sub\"><li><a href=\"#p20-0\"><span class=\"sub-num\">20.0<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">Introduction<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u0930\u093f\u091a\u092f<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#p20-1\"><span class=\"sub-num\">20.1<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">Reflective Teaching<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u091a\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0928\u0936\u0940\u0932 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#p20-2\"><span class=\"sub-num\">20.2<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">Action Research<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u0902\u0927\u093e\u0928<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#p20-3\"><span class=\"sub-num\">20.3<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">Professional Learning Communities<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0935\u0938\u093e\u092f\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e \u0938\u092e\u0941\u0926\u093e\u092f<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#p20-4\"><span class=\"sub-num\">20.4<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">Continuous Professional Development<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u0924\u0924 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0935\u0938\u093e\u092f\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#p20-5\"><span class=\"sub-num\">20.5<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">Practice Set<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u092d\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938 \u0938\u0947\u091f<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><div class=\"toc-part\"><span class=\"en\">PART F \u2014 REVISION<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092d\u093e\u0917 \u092b \u2014 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u093e\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f<\/span><\/div><div class=\"toc-chapter collapsed\" data-chap=\"21\"><span class=\"chap-num\">REV<\/span><span class=\"chap-name\"><span class=\"en\">Revision and Reference<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u093e\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0930\u094d\u092d<\/span><\/span><svg class=\"chevron\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"3\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><polyline points=\"6 9 12 15 18 9\"><\/polyline><\/svg><\/div><div class=\"toc-sub-wrapper\"><ul class=\"toc-sub\"><li class=\"endmatter\"><a href=\"#p21-1\"><span class=\"sub-num\">R.1<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">Concept Master Sheet<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u0902\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a\u0928\u093e \u092e\u093e\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0930 \u0936\u0940\u091f<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"endmatter\"><a href=\"#p21-2\"><span class=\"sub-num\">R.2<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">Thinkers at a Glance<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u091a\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0915 \u090f\u0915 \u0926\u0943\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093f \u092e\u0947\u0902<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"endmatter\"><a href=\"#p21-3\"><span class=\"sub-num\">R.3<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">Theories and Their Classroom Yield<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0909\u0928\u0915\u093e \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092b\u0932<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"endmatter\"><a href=\"#p21-4\"><span class=\"sub-num\">R.4<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">Models of Teaching Summary<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0938\u093e\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0936<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"endmatter\"><a href=\"#p21-5\"><span class=\"sub-num\">R.5<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">Policy Timeline<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f \u0915\u093e\u0932\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"endmatter\"><a href=\"#p21-6\"><span class=\"sub-num\">R.6<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">Common Confusions<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f \u092d\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0924\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"endmatter\"><a href=\"#p21-7\"><span class=\"sub-num\">R.7<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">Glossary of Terms<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u092c\u094d\u0926\u093e\u0935\u0932\u0940<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"endmatter\"><a href=\"#p21-8\"><span class=\"sub-num\">R.8<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">Mixed Practice Question Bank<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092e\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0905\u092d\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928-\u092c\u0948\u0902\u0915<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"endmatter\"><a href=\"#p21-9\"><span class=\"sub-num\">R.9<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">Answering Strategy<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930-\u0932\u0947\u0916\u0928 \u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><!--\/NAV-->\r\n <\/div>\r\n <\/aside>\r\n\r\n <main class=\"article\">\r\n<!--BODY-->\r\n<!--CH1--><section class=\"chapter-content active\" data-chap=\"1\" id=\"c1\">\r\n <div class=\"chapter-heading-block\">\r\n <span class=\"chapter-badge\"><span class=\"en\">CHAPTER 1<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f 1<\/span><\/span>\r\n <h2><span class=\"en\">Pedagogy: Concept, Nature and Scope<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930: \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a\u0928\u093e, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930<\/span><\/h2>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"keyfact-grid\">\r\n <div class=\"keyfact-card navy-hi\">\r\n <span class=\"big-icon\">🏛<\/span>\r\n <div class=\"kf-label\"><span class=\"en\">Origin of the word<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u092c\u094d\u0926 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u0926\u094d\u0917\u092e<\/span><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"kf-value\">paidagogos<\/div>\r\n <div class=\"kf-sub\"><span class=\"en\">Greek: <em>pais<\/em> a child + <em>agogos<\/em> one who leads<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092f\u0942\u0928\u093e\u0928\u0940: <em>\u092a\u093e\u0907\u0938<\/em> \u092c\u093e\u0932\u0915 + <em>\u0905\u0917\u094b\u0917\u094b\u0938<\/em> \u0932\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div class=\"keyfact-card\">\r\n <span class=\"big-icon\">📐<\/span>\r\n <div class=\"kf-label\"><span class=\"en\">Pedagogical triangle<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092d\u0941\u091c<\/span><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"kf-value\">Houssaye \u00b7 1988<\/div>\r\n <div class=\"kf-sub\"><span class=\"en\">Three vertices, three processes, one that plays dead<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0924\u0940\u0928 \u0936\u0940\u0930\u094d\u0937, \u0924\u0940\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u090f\u0901, \u090f\u0915 \u091c\u094b \u092e\u0943\u0924\u0935\u0924\u094d \u0930\u0939\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div class=\"keyfact-card teal-hi\">\r\n <span class=\"big-icon\">🧭<\/span>\r\n <div class=\"kf-label\"><span class=\"en\">Andragogy named<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u090f\u0902\u0921\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0917\u094b\u0917\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093e\u092e\u0915\u0930\u0923<\/span><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"kf-value\">Knowles \u00b7 1968<\/div>\r\n <div class=\"kf-sub\"><span class=\"en\">Assumptions about the adult learner<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0922\u093c \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0940 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0924\u093e\u090f\u0901<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div class=\"keyfact-card amber-hi\">\r\n <span class=\"big-icon\">🚀<\/span>\r\n <div class=\"kf-label\"><span class=\"en\">Heutagogy named<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0939\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u093e\u0917\u094b\u0917\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093e\u092e\u0915\u0930\u0923<\/span><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"kf-value\">Hase & Kenyon \u00b7 2000<\/div>\r\n <div class=\"kf-sub\"><span class=\"en\">Self-determined, not merely self-directed<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u094d\u0935-\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924, \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0938\u094d\u0935-\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u093f\u0924 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <p><span class=\"en\">Four questions account for almost everything asked from this chapter, and each has its own line of attack. Recognising which question a given item belongs to is usually the whole of the work; the reasoning that follows is short.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0907\u0938 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u091b\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e \u0932\u0917\u092d\u0917 \u0938\u092c \u0915\u0941\u091b \u091a\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0906 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0940 \u0906\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0923-\u0930\u0947\u0916\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u093f\u0938 \u0936\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0923\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u092f\u0939 \u092a\u0939\u091a\u093e\u0928 \u0932\u0947\u0928\u093e \u0939\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092f\u0903 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0939\u0948; \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0935\u0947\u091a\u0928 \u091b\u094b\u091f\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"feat-grid\">\r\n <div class=\"feat-card\"><span class=\"fc-num\">1<\/span><strong><span class=\"en\">What does the word cover?<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092f\u0939 \u0936\u092c\u094d\u0926 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0938\u092e\u0947\u091f\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948?<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"en\">Etymology, definitions and the boundary between pedagogy, education, teaching and instruction.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f, \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930, \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e, \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0926\u0947\u0936\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"feat-card\"><span class=\"fc-num\">2<\/span><strong><span class=\"en\">What kind of subject is it?<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092f\u0939 \u0915\u093f\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f \u0939\u0948?<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"en\">Science and art together, normative as well as descriptive, interdisciplinary and context-bound.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0915\u0932\u093e \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902, \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0923\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0906\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915, \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093e\u0928\u0941\u0936\u093e\u0938\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0930\u094d\u092d-\u0938\u093e\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"feat-card\"><span class=\"fc-num\">3<\/span><strong><span class=\"en\">Who holds control?<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u0938 \u0939\u0948?<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"en\">The pedagogy\u2013andragogy\u2013heutagogy continuum and the three sides of the pedagogical triangle.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930\u2013\u090f\u0902\u0921\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0917\u094b\u0917\u0940\u2013\u0939\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u093e\u0917\u094b\u0917\u0940 \u0938\u093e\u0924\u0924\u094d\u092f \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092d\u0941\u091c \u0915\u0940 \u0924\u0940\u0928 \u092d\u0941\u091c\u093e\u090f\u0901\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"feat-card\"><span class=\"fc-num\">4<\/span><strong><span class=\"en\">How is a decision reached?<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0923\u092f \u0924\u0915 \u0915\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a\u093e \u091c\u093e\u090f?<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"en\">Eight determinants of method, and the five-stage procedure of pedagogical analysis.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f \u0915\u0947 \u0906\u0920 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0915, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u093e\u0901\u091a-\u091a\u0930\u0923\u0940\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"p1-0\">\r\n <span class=\"section-badge\">1.0<\/span>\r\n <h3><span class=\"en\">Introduction<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u0930\u093f\u091a\u092f<\/span><\/h3>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <p><span class=\"en\">Pedagogy is the disciplined study of how teaching is deliberately organised so that learning follows. It is neither a bundle of classroom tricks nor an abstract theory of knowledge; it occupies the working space between what is to be taught, who is to learn it, and the person entrusted with bringing the two together.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0907\u0938 \u092c\u093e\u0924 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0936\u093e\u0938\u093f\u0924 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092f\u0928 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u094b \u0907\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u0941\u0935\u093f\u091a\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u0917\u0920\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u090f \u0915\u093f \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e \u0909\u0938\u0915\u093e \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e \u092c\u0928\u0947\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0928 \u0924\u094b \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e-\u0915\u094c\u0936\u0932\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0902\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939 \u092e\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0928 \u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0905\u092e\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0924 \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924; \u092f\u0939 \u0909\u0938 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u0936\u0940\u0932 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u092a\u0922\u093c\u093e\u0908 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941, \u0938\u0940\u0916\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/p>\r\n <p><span class=\"en\">Every decision a teacher makes \u2014 the sequence of a lesson, the question asked after a silence, the choice between telling and letting a class discover \u2014 is a pedagogical decision. Pedagogy is the systematic body of thought that makes such decisions defensible rather than accidental, and the claim that teaching is a profession rather than a craft rests entirely on that body of thought existing.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0932\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0923\u092f \u2014 \u092a\u093e\u0920 \u0915\u093e \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e, \u092e\u094c\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u092a\u0942\u091b\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928, \u092c\u0924\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0914\u0930 \u0916\u094b\u091c\u0928\u0947 \u0926\u0947\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u0915\u093e \u091a\u092f\u0928 \u2014 \u090f\u0915 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0923\u092f \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0935\u0939 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u0935\u093f\u091a\u093e\u0930-\u0930\u093e\u0936\u093f \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0910\u0938\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0923\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0906\u0915\u0938\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0915 \u0928 \u0930\u0939\u0928\u0947 \u0926\u0947\u0915\u0930 \u0924\u0930\u094d\u0915\u0938\u0902\u0917\u0924 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u092f\u0939 \u0926\u093e\u0935\u093e \u0915\u093f \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0936\u093f\u0932\u094d\u092a \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0905\u092a\u093f\u0924\u0941 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u093e\u092f \u0939\u0948, \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923\u0924\u0903 \u0909\u0938\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u091a\u093e\u0930-\u0930\u093e\u0936\u093f \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u092a\u0930 \u091f\u093f\u0915\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"pc-grid\">\r\n <div class=\"pc-panel pro\">\r\n <div class=\"pc-head\"><span class=\"pc-ico\">\u2713<\/span><span class=\"en\">What pedagogical knowledge secures<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0938\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0936\u094d\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/div>\r\n <ul>\r\n <li><span class=\"en\">Decisions can be explained to a colleague, a parent or an inspector in terms of reasons rather than habit<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0923\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0939\u0915\u0930\u094d\u092e\u0940, \u0905\u092d\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0915 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0905\u092d\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u091c\u093e\u092f \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u092a\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"en\">Failure becomes diagnosable \u2014 a poor result points to a locatable step rather than to the ability of the class<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u093f\u092b\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0926\u093e\u0928\u092f\u094b\u0917\u094d\u092f \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u0916\u0930\u093e\u092c \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u092f\u094b\u0917\u094d\u092f\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u091a\u093f\u0939\u094d\u0928\u093f\u0924 \u091a\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0940 \u0913\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0947\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"en\">Successful practice can be transmitted to other teachers instead of retiring with the individual<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u092b\u0932 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u091c\u093e\u092f \u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0924\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"en\">Innovation is evaluated on evidence rather than adopted on fashion or discarded on prejudice<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0928\u0935\u093e\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u092e\u0942\u0932\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0915\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0928 \u0915\u093f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u091a\u0932\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u093e\u092f\u093e \u092f\u093e \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939 \u0915\u0947 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0917\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div class=\"pc-panel con\">\r\n <div class=\"pc-head\"><span class=\"pc-ico\">\u2717<\/span><span class=\"en\">What its absence produces<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0907\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/div>\r\n <ul>\r\n <li><span class=\"en\">Method is inherited from how the teacher was once taught, and errors reproduce across generations<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f \u0907\u0938 \u092c\u093e\u0924 \u0938\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0930\u093e\u0938\u0924 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u0915\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0922\u093c\u093e\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e, \u0914\u0930 \u0924\u094d\u0930\u0941\u091f\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u092a\u0940\u0922\u093c\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0924\u0915 \u0926\u094b\u0939\u0930\u093e\u0908 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"en\">Coverage of the syllabus displaces attainment as the working measure of a good year<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u091a\u094d\u091b\u0947 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u092e\u093e\u092a\u0926\u0902\u0921 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u092a\u0932\u092c\u094d\u0927\u093f \u0915\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0932\u0947 \u0932\u0947\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"en\">Difficulty is attributed to the learner, closing off the question of whether the teaching could be altered<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u0920\u093f\u0928\u093e\u0908 \u0915\u093e \u0926\u094b\u0937 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u092a\u0930 \u092e\u0922\u093c\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u092f\u0939 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u092c\u0902\u0926 \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u092c\u0926\u0932\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0925\u093e<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"en\">New materials and technologies are absorbed as decoration without altering the underlying transaction<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0928\u0935\u0940\u0928 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u094d\u0928\u093f\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u094b \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0947 \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0938\u091c\u094d\u091c\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0906\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0938\u093e\u0924\u094d \u0915\u0930 \u0932\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"p1-1\">\r\n <span class=\"section-badge\">1.1<\/span>\r\n <h3><span class=\"en\">Etymology and Meaning<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925<\/span><\/h3>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <p><span class=\"en\">The word descends from the Greek <em>paidagogos<\/em>, a compound of <em>pais \/ paidos<\/em> meaning a child and <em>agogos<\/em> meaning a leader or one who conducts. In Athenian households the <em>paidagogos<\/em> was a trusted household attendant who escorted the boy of the family to and from the school of the grammatistes, carried his tablets, supervised his conduct and rehearsed his lessons with him. The office was custodial and moral before it was instructional.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092f\u0939 \u0936\u092c\u094d\u0926 \u092f\u0942\u0928\u093e\u0928\u0940 <em>\u092a\u093e\u0907\u0921\u093e\u0917\u094b\u0917\u094b\u0938<\/em> \u0938\u0947 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u094b <em>\u092a\u093e\u0907\u0938\/\u092a\u093e\u0907\u0921\u094b\u0938<\/em> \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0924\u094d \u092c\u093e\u0932\u0915 \u0924\u0925\u093e <em>\u0905\u0917\u094b\u0917\u094b\u0938<\/em> \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0924\u094d \u0928\u0947\u0924\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e \u2014 \u0907\u0928 \u0926\u094b \u0936\u092c\u094d\u0926\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0902\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u090f\u0925\u0947\u0902\u0938 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 <em>\u092a\u093e\u0907\u0921\u093e\u0917\u094b\u0917\u094b\u0938<\/em> \u0935\u0939 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0935\u0938\u0928\u0940\u092f \u0917\u0943\u0939-\u092a\u0930\u093f\u091a\u0930 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0925\u093e \u091c\u094b \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0932\u0915 \u0915\u094b \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0924\u0915 \u0932\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u093e\u092a\u0938 \u0932\u093e\u0924\u093e, \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u092a\u091f\u094d\u091f\u093f\u0915\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u0909\u0920\u093e\u0924\u093e, \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0906\u091a\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0940 \u0926\u0947\u0916\u0930\u0947\u0916 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u092d\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u0930\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0925\u093e\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u092a\u0926 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0926\u0947\u0936\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0928\u0948\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0925\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n <ul class=\"icon-list\">\r\n <li><span class=\"ico\">1<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">Pedagogy has never detached itself entirely from the care and conduct of the learner. The moral dimension is embedded in the etymology, which is why a purely technical account of method has always seemed incomplete.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u092d\u0940 \u092d\u0940 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u0926\u0947\u0916\u092d\u093e\u0932 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0906\u091a\u0930\u0923 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923\u0924\u0903 \u092a\u0943\u0925\u0915\u094d \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u093e\u0964 \u0928\u0948\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0906\u092f\u093e\u092e \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u0940 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u094d\u0928\u093f\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948, \u0907\u0938\u0940\u0932\u093f\u090f \u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0924\u0915\u0928\u0940\u0915\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0935\u0930\u0923 \u0938\u0926\u0948\u0935 \u0905\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u0940\u0924 \u0939\u0941\u0906 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"ico\">2<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">The root carries the sense of <em>leading towards<\/em>. Pedagogy is therefore properly understood as guidance along a path rather than the transfer of a substance from one vessel to another.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092e\u0942\u0932 \u0936\u092c\u094d\u0926 \u092e\u0947\u0902 <em>\u0915\u0940 \u0913\u0930 \u0932\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947<\/em> \u0915\u093e \u092d\u093e\u0935 \u0928\u093f\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0905\u0924\u0903 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u094b \u090f\u0915 \u092a\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0938\u0947 \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u0947 \u0939\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u091c\u093e\u092f \u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0917 \u092a\u0930 \u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u092e\u091d\u0928\u093e \u0909\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><span class=\"ico\">3<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">The escort was not the expert. The separation between the one who accompanies and the one who instructs survives today in the distinction between the pastoral and the academic role of the class teacher.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0932\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937\u091c\u094d\u091e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0925\u093e\u0964 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u091a\u0932\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u0926\u0947\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u0915\u093e \u092f\u0939 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093e\u091c\u0928 \u0906\u091c \u092d\u0940 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u0915 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0936\u0948\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u093f\u0915 \u092d\u0942\u092e\u093f\u0915\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u092d\u0947\u0926 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091c\u0940\u0935\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"callout\">\r\n <div class=\"callout-label\"><span class=\"en\">Terminological note<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u093e\u0930\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093f\u0915 \u091f\u093f\u092a\u094d\u092a\u0923\u0940<\/span><\/div>\r\n <span class=\"en\">In continental European scholarship the German <em>Didaktik<\/em> and the French <em>didactique<\/em> occupy much of the ground that English-language writing assigns to pedagogy. <em>Didaktik<\/em> concerns itself chiefly with the selection and justification of content \u2014 what is worth teaching and why \u2014 while the Anglo-American use of pedagogy leans towards method and classroom process. Indian scholarship, drawing on both traditions, generally uses pedagogy in the wider sense that includes aims, content, method and relationship together.<\/span>\r\n <span class=\"hi\">\u092f\u0942\u0930\u094b\u092a\u0940\u092f \u092e\u0939\u093e\u0926\u094d\u0935\u0940\u092a\u0940\u092f \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0935\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091c\u0930\u094d\u092e\u0928 <em>\u0921\u093f\u0921\u093e\u0915\u094d\u091f\u093f\u0915<\/em> \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092b\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0938\u0940\u0938\u0940 <em>\u0926\u093f\u0926\u093e\u0915\u094d\u0924\u0940\u0915<\/em> \u0909\u0938 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0902\u0936 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u094b \u0918\u0947\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0902\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0947\u091c\u093c\u0940 \u0932\u0947\u0916\u0928 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u094c\u0902\u092a\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 <em>\u0921\u093f\u0921\u093e\u0915\u094d\u091f\u093f\u0915<\/em> \u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f\u0924\u0903 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u0947 \u091a\u092f\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0914\u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u092f \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u092a\u0922\u093c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u092f\u094b\u0917\u094d\u092f \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u2014 \u091c\u092c\u0915\u093f \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u0906\u0902\u0917\u094d\u0932-\u0905\u092e\u0947\u0930\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u0913\u0930 \u091d\u0941\u0915\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0935\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930\u0902\u092a\u0930\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0932\u0947\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0941\u090f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092f\u0903 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u094b \u0909\u0938 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u0915 \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f, \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941, \u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927 \u0938\u092e\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0932\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"p1-2\">\r\n <span class=\"section-badge\">1.2<\/span>\r\n <h3><span class=\"en\">Definitions and Their Emphases<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u0930\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0932-\u092c\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0941<\/span><\/h3>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <p><span class=\"en\">Definitions of pedagogy differ less in their content than in where they place the centre of gravity. Read together, they map the range of positions the discipline has taken.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u0924\u0928\u0940 \u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u091c\u093f\u0924\u0928\u0940 \u0907\u0938 \u092c\u093e\u0924 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u093f \u0935\u0947 \u0917\u0941\u0930\u0941\u0924\u094d\u0935-\u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0930\u0916\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0907\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u092a\u0922\u093c\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u0935\u0947 \u0909\u0928 \u0938\u092e\u0938\u094d\u0924 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u092e\u093e\u0928\u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u091c\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u0907\u0938 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0936\u093e\u0938\u0928 \u0928\u0947 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u093e\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"def-stack\">\r\n <div class=\"def-card\">\r\n <div class=\"def-who\"><span class=\"en\">Robin Alexander<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0930\u0949\u092c\u093f\u0928 \u090f\u0932\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091c\u0947\u0902\u0921\u0930<\/span><small>Culture and Pedagogy, 2001<\/small><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"def-text\"><span class=\"en\">The act of teaching together with the ideas, values, evidence and justifications that inform, shape and explain that act. This is the most widely cited modern formulation, distinctive in yoking the observable act to its justificatory framework.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925-\u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0935\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u091a\u093e\u0930, \u092e\u0942\u0932\u094d\u092f, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0914\u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u092f \u091c\u094b \u0909\u0938 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0942\u091a\u093f\u0924, \u0906\u0915\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0909\u0926\u094d\u0927\u0943\u0924 \u0906\u0927\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f\u0924\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u0940\u092f \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0914\u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u092f-\u0922\u093e\u0901\u091a\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div class=\"def-card\">\r\n <div class=\"def-who\"><span class=\"en\">Basil Bernstein<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092c\u0947\u0938\u093f\u0932 \u092c\u0930\u094d\u0928\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0940\u0928<\/span><small>Pedagogy, Symbolic Control and Identity, 1996<\/small><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"def-text\"><span class=\"en\">A sustained process whereby somebody acquires new forms of conduct, knowledge, practice and criteria from somebody credited as an appropriate provider and evaluator. The emphasis falls on who is licensed to teach and to judge.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u090f\u0915 \u0938\u0924\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0906\u091a\u0930\u0923, \u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928, \u0905\u092d\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0915\u0938\u094c\u091f\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u0935\u0940\u0928 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0910\u0938\u0947 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u093e\u0924\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092e\u0942\u0932\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0915\u0928\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e \u092e\u093e\u0928\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0964 \u092c\u0932 \u0907\u0938 \u092a\u0930 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u092a\u0922\u093c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u094c\u0928 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u0943\u0924 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div class=\"def-card\">\r\n <div class=\"def-who\"><span class=\"en\">Brian Simon<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092c\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092f\u0928 \u0938\u093e\u0907\u092e\u0928<\/span><small>Why No Pedagogy in England?, 1981<\/small><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"def-text\"><span class=\"en\">The science of teaching, embodying both curriculum and methodology and resting on generalisable principles of human learning. The claim being defended is that teaching has principles, not merely styles.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u091a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u091c\u094b \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0935 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923\u0940\u092f \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u091c\u093f\u0938 \u0926\u093e\u0935\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u091c\u093e \u0930\u0939\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0935\u0939 \u092f\u0939 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0936\u0948\u0932\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div class=\"def-card\">\r\n <div class=\"def-who\"><span class=\"en\">Paulo Freire<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u093e\u0909\u0932\u094b \u092b\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0930\u0947<\/span><small>Pedagogy of the Oppressed, 1968<\/small><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"def-text\"><span class=\"en\">A dialogical practice in which teacher and taught jointly investigate reality, so that education becomes an instrument of critical consciousness rather than of domestication. Pedagogy is treated as a political and ethical undertaking.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u090f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0935\u093e\u0926\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0905\u092d\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u092f\u0925\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0928\u094d\u0935\u0947\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0915\u0942\u0932\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u091c\u093e\u092f \u0906\u0932\u094b\u091a\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u091a\u0947\u0924\u0928\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0938\u093e\u0927\u0928 \u092c\u0928 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u094b \u0930\u093e\u091c\u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0928\u0948\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u092e\u093e\u0928\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div class=\"def-card\">\r\n <div class=\"def-who\"><span class=\"en\">NCF 2005<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u090f\u0928\u0938\u0940\u090f\u092b 2005<\/span><small>NCERT \u00b7 the Indian position<\/small><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"def-text\"><span class=\"en\">The set of practices through which a curriculum is transacted, requiring the learner to be treated as a constructor of knowledge rather than a receiver of information. Transaction and constructivism carry the weight.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u0947 \u0905\u092d\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938 \u091c\u093f\u0928\u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u091a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0902\u091a\u0930\u0923 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0928\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0928 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0915\u0930 \u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0924\u093e \u092e\u093e\u0928\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0928\u093e \u0905\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092d\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u0930\u0923 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e\u0935\u093e\u0926 \u092a\u0930 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"exam-tip\">\r\n <div class=\"et-icon\">\u2605<\/div>\r\n <div class=\"et-body\">\r\n <strong><span class=\"en\">The working definition.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/strong>\r\n <span class=\"en\"> Pedagogy is the theory and practice of teaching \u2014 the reasoned organisation of content, method, environment and relationship by which a teacher enables intended learning in a specific group of learners, together with the grounds on which that organisation is justified. Four elements are load-bearing:<\/span>\r\n <span class=\"hi\"> \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930 \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941, \u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f, \u0935\u093e\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0930\u0923 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u0939 \u0924\u0930\u094d\u0915\u0938\u0902\u0917\u0924 \u0938\u0902\u0917\u0920\u0928 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0938\u092e\u0942\u0939 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u092d\u0940\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e \u0938\u0902\u092d\u0935 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0939\u0940 \u0935\u0947 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u091c\u093f\u0928 \u092a\u0930 \u0909\u0938 \u0938\u0902\u0917\u0920\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u0914\u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u092f \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0924\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u092d\u093e\u0930-\u0935\u0939\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902:<\/span>\r\n <ul class=\"split-list\">\r\n <li><span class=\"sl-tag\">1<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">reasoned, not habitual<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0924\u0930\u094d\u0915\u0938\u0902\u0917\u0924, \u0905\u092d\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938\u091c\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902<\/span><\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"sl-tag\">2<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">organised, not improvised in the whole<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u0902\u0917\u0920\u093f\u0924, \u0938\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0924\u0903 \u0924\u0924\u094d\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923-\u0930\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902<\/span><\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"sl-tag\">3<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">directed at intended learning<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u092d\u0940\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e \u0915\u0940 \u0913\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u093f\u0924<\/span><\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"sl-tag\">4<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">addressed to a specific group, not to learners in general<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0938\u092e\u0942\u0939 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0902\u092c\u094b\u0927\u093f\u0924, \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902<\/span><\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"p1-3\">\r\n <span class=\"section-badge\">1.3<\/span>\r\n <h3><span class=\"en\">Nature of Pedagogy<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f<\/span><\/h3>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <svg class=\"full-diagram\" viewBox=\"0 0 560 258\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Pedagogy as the meeting of the science and the art of teaching\">\r\n<g font-family=\"DM Sans, Noto Sans Devanagari, sans-serif\" font-size=\"11\">\r\n <rect x=\"16\" y=\"16\" width=\"248\" height=\"96\" rx=\"10\" fill=\"#eef4fc\" stroke=\"#1f5fa9\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <rect x=\"16\" y=\"16\" width=\"248\" height=\"26\" rx=\"10\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\"\/>\r\n <rect x=\"16\" y=\"34\" width=\"248\" height=\"8\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"140\" y=\"34\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"11.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#ffffff\">SCIENCE OF TEACHING<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"140\" y=\"60\" text-anchor=\"middle\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">Verifiable \u00b7 Generalisable<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"140\" y=\"78\" text-anchor=\"middle\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">Predictive \u00b7 Researched<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"140\" y=\"99\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10\" fill=\"#5a6d80\">cognitive load \u00b7 spacing \u00b7 feedback<\/text>\r\n\r\n <rect x=\"296\" y=\"16\" width=\"248\" height=\"96\" rx=\"10\" fill=\"#fffaef\" stroke=\"#c9760f\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <rect x=\"296\" y=\"16\" width=\"248\" height=\"26\" rx=\"10\" fill=\"#c9760f\"\/>\r\n <rect x=\"296\" y=\"34\" width=\"248\" height=\"8\" fill=\"#c9760f\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"420\" y=\"34\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"11.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#ffffff\">ART OF TEACHING<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"420\" y=\"60\" text-anchor=\"middle\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">Judgement \u00b7 Timing<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"420\" y=\"78\" text-anchor=\"middle\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">Improvisation \u00b7 Style<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"420\" y=\"99\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10\" fill=\"#5a6d80\">the placed question \u00b7 the used silence<\/text>\r\n\r\n <path d=\"M140 114 L140 140 L268 140\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#c8d5e3\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <path d=\"M420 114 L420 140 L292 140\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#c8d5e3\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <path d=\"M280 140 L280 158\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#c8d5e3\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <polygon points=\"280,166 273,152 287,152\" fill=\"#c8d5e3\"\/>\r\n\r\n <rect x=\"96\" y=\"170\" width=\"368\" height=\"72\" rx=\"10\" fill=\"#14243f\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"194\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"13\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#ffd970\">PEDAGOGY<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"213\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10.5\" fill=\"#ffffff\">Principled decisions taken in real time,<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"230\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10.5\" fill=\"#ffffff\">for these learners, on this content<\/text>\r\n<\/g><\/svg>\r\n <div class=\"diagram-cap\"><span class=\"en\">Pedagogy stands where generalisable principle meets situated judgement; neither wing alone constitutes it<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0935\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923\u0940\u092f \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f\u091c\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0935\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0915 \u0938\u0947 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948; \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u090f\u0915 \u092a\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0905\u0915\u0947\u0932\u0947 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0917\u0920\u0928 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e<\/span><\/div>\r\n\r\n <ul class=\"num-stack\">\r\n <li><strong><span class=\"en\">Both science and art.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0915\u0932\u093e \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/strong> <span class=\"en\">It is a science in that it rests on verifiable propositions about attention, memory, motivation and transfer. It is an art in that these principles underdetermine practice \u2014 the same principle of graduated difficulty licenses a hundred different lessons, and the choice among them draws on judgement that cannot be fully codified.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092f\u0939 \u0907\u0938 \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u092f\u0939 \u0905\u0935\u0927\u093e\u0928, \u0938\u094d\u092e\u0943\u0924\u093f, \u0905\u092d\u093f\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0930\u0923\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930\u0923 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0940 \u0938\u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u0928\u0940\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u092a\u094d\u0924\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0907\u0938 \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u0932\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u092f\u0947 \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923\u0924\u0903 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u2014 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u0920\u093f\u0928\u093e\u0908 \u0915\u093e \u090f\u0915 \u0939\u0940 \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924 \u0938\u0948\u0915\u0921\u093c\u094b\u0902 \u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092e\u0924\u093f \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0928\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u091a\u092f\u0928 \u0910\u0938\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0915 \u092a\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092d\u0930 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923\u0924\u0903 \u0938\u0902\u0939\u093f\u0924\u093e\u092c\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><strong><span class=\"en\">Normative as well as descriptive.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0923\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0906\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u092d\u0940\u0964<\/span><\/strong> <span class=\"en\">Psychology describes how learning occurs; pedagogy additionally prescribes what ought to be done about it. Every pedagogical recommendation smuggles in a view of the worthwhile person, which is why questions of method cannot finally be separated from questions of aim.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092e\u0928\u094b\u0935\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0923\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e \u0915\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948; \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0924\u093f\u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u092f\u0939 \u092d\u0940 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0926\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0928\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f\u0964 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924\u093f \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0936\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0940 \u090f\u0915 \u0926\u0943\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093f \u0932\u093f\u090f \u091a\u0932\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0907\u0938\u0940\u0932\u093f\u090f \u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0924\u0903 \u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0943\u0925\u0915\u094d \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><strong><span class=\"en\">Interdisciplinary and derivative.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093e\u0928\u0941\u0936\u093e\u0938\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928\u0964<\/span><\/strong> <span class=\"en\">It borrows its warrant from philosophy for aims, psychology for the mechanics of learning, sociology for the conditions of the classroom, linguistics for the medium, and increasingly from the cognitive sciences. Pedagogy is the site at which these are integrated into action.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092f\u0939 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u0928 \u0938\u0947, \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e \u0915\u0940 \u092f\u093e\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u092e\u0928\u094b\u0935\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u0938\u0947, \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u091c\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0938\u0947, \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e\u0935\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u0938\u0947 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092c\u0922\u093c\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0941\u090f \u0938\u0902\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0932\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0935\u0939 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u0932 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0907\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u092e\u0947\u0915\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><strong><span class=\"en\">Context-bound.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u0902\u0926\u0930\u094d\u092d-\u0938\u093e\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0964<\/span><\/strong> <span class=\"en\">A method that succeeds with twenty learners in a well-resourced urban school may fail with sixty in a multigrade rural classroom. Pedagogical claims are therefore conditional, and the conditions form part of the claim.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u091c\u094b \u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f \u0938\u0941\u0938\u0902\u0938\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u0936\u0939\u0930\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0940\u0938 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0938\u092b\u0932 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0935\u0939 \u092c\u0939\u0941\u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0940\u092f \u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e\u0940\u0923 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u093e\u0920 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0935\u093f\u092b\u0932 \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0905\u0924\u0903 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0926\u093e\u0935\u0947 \u0938\u0936\u0930\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0914\u0930 \u0936\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0947\u0902 \u0926\u093e\u0935\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u0939\u0940 \u0905\u0902\u0917 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><strong><span class=\"en\">Dynamic and cumulative.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0917\u0924\u093f\u0936\u0940\u0932 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u092f\u0940\u0964<\/span><\/strong> <span class=\"en\">Recitation gave way to activity, activity to behavioural programming, programming to constructivism, and constructivism is now qualified by evidence on cognitive load and explicit instruction. Earlier positions are absorbed rather than discarded.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0906\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0928\u0947 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928 \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e, \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0928\u0947 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0926\u0940 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0926\u0947\u0936\u0928 \u0915\u094b, \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0926\u0947\u0936\u0928 \u0928\u0947 \u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e\u0935\u093e\u0926 \u0915\u094b, \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u092c \u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e\u0935\u093e\u0926 \u0938\u0902\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u092d\u093e\u0930 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0938\u094d\u092a\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0926\u0947\u0936\u0928 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0938\u0940\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b \u0930\u0939\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0917\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940\u0902, \u0906\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0938\u093e\u0924\u094d \u0915\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><strong><span class=\"en\">Purposive and evaluable.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092e\u0942\u0932\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0915\u0928\u0940\u092f\u0964<\/span><\/strong> <span class=\"en\">Pedagogy insists that the intention be stated in advance in a form that permits the question of success to be asked at all.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092f\u0939 \u0906\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0906\u0936\u092f \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u0940 \u0910\u0938\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u092b\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u092a\u0942\u091b\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0928\u093e \u0938\u0902\u092d\u0935 \u0939\u094b\u0964<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n\r\n \r\n <div class=\"cyp-box\">\r\n <div class=\"cyp-title\"><span class=\"en\">Progress check<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0917\u0924\u093f \u091c\u093e\u0901\u091a<\/span><\/div>\r\n <details class=\"cyp-q\"><summary><span class=\"en\">If pedagogical principles are scientific, why do two well-trained teachers plan the same topic differently?<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092f\u0926\u093f \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924 \u0935\u0948\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0924\u094b \u0926\u094b \u0938\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u090f\u0915 \u0939\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0940 \u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928\u093e \u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902?<\/span><\/summary>\r\n <div class=\"cyp-a\"><span class=\"en\">Because the principles underdetermine practice. A principle states a constraint, not a design; graduated difficulty rules out a leap but does not name the steps. Divergence between two competent plans is evidence of the art, not of a defect in the science.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923\u0924\u0903 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947\u0964 \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924 \u090f\u0915 \u092c\u0902\u0927\u0928 \u092c\u0924\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902; \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u0920\u093f\u0928\u093e\u0908 \u091b\u0932\u093e\u0901\u0917 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0937\u0947\u0927 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0941 \u091a\u0930\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093e\u092e\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940\u0964 \u0926\u094b \u0938\u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e \u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0932\u093e \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u0939\u0948, \u0935\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u0924\u094d\u0930\u0941\u091f\u093f \u0915\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n <details class=\"cyp-q\"><summary><span class=\"en\">What does it mean to say that a pedagogical claim is conditional?<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092f\u0939 \u0915\u0939\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0926\u093e\u0935\u093e \u0938\u0936\u0930\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948?<\/span><\/summary>\r\n <div class=\"cyp-a\"><span class=\"en\">That the conditions are part of the claim rather than a footnote to it. The proposition is not that discussion works, but that discussion works with a group of this size, at this stage, on content of this kind, with a teacher able to manage it.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u093f \u0936\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0947\u0902 \u0926\u093e\u0935\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0902\u0917 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u092a\u093e\u0926\u091f\u093f\u092a\u094d\u092a\u0923\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u092a\u094d\u0924\u093f \u092f\u0939 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u093f \u092a\u0930\u093f\u091a\u0930\u094d\u091a\u093e \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0905\u092a\u093f\u0924\u0941 \u092f\u0939 \u0915\u093f \u092a\u0930\u093f\u091a\u0930\u094d\u091a\u093e \u0907\u0938 \u0906\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u0942\u0939 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925, \u0907\u0938 \u0905\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u092a\u0930, \u0907\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u092a\u0930, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0901\u092d\u093e\u0932 \u0938\u0915\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n <details class=\"cyp-q\"><summary><span class=\"en\">Which characteristic of pedagogy is denied by a teacher who says a class simply cannot learn a topic?<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u091c\u094b \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0915\u0939\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0940\u0916 \u0939\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940, \u0935\u0939 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093f\u0938 \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0937\u0947\u0927 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948?<\/span><\/summary>\r\n <div class=\"cyp-a\"><span class=\"en\">Its purposive and evaluable character. Once the intention is stated in advance and the evidence is specified, a failure becomes a question about the teaching rather than a verdict on the learners.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0907\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092e\u0942\u0932\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0915\u0928\u0940\u092f \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0930\u0942\u092a\u0964 \u0906\u0936\u092f \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0926\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u092b\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0923\u092f \u0928 \u0930\u0939\u0915\u0930 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u092c\u0928 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"p1-4\">\r\n <span class=\"section-badge\">1.4<\/span>\r\n <h3><span class=\"en\">Scope of Pedagogy<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930<\/span><\/h3>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <p><span class=\"en\">The scope extends over every question that must be settled before, during and after an act of teaching. It is conventionally organised under six heads, and each head answers one interrogative.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0907\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0909\u0928 \u0938\u092e\u0938\u094d\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0943\u0924 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0928\u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u092a\u091f\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923-\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935, \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0926\u094c\u0930\u093e\u0928 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0936\u094d\u091a\u093e\u0924\u094d \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092a\u0930\u0902\u092a\u0930\u093e\u0917\u0924 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0907\u0938\u0947 \u091b\u0939 \u0936\u0940\u0930\u094d\u0937\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0924 \u0938\u0902\u0917\u0920\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0936\u0940\u0930\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u090f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928\u0935\u093e\u091a\u0915 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"feat-grid\">\r\n <div class=\"feat-card\"><span class=\"fc-num\">1<\/span><strong><span class=\"en\">Aims and objectives \u2014 why<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u092f \u2014 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"en\">What the teaching is for, stated at the level of policy, of the course and of the single period, and translated into observable outcomes.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u093f\u0938 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f, \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u0924\u0925\u093e \u090f\u0915\u0932 \u0915\u093e\u0932\u093e\u0902\u0936 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u0925\u093f\u0924, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u0940\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092b\u0932\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0928\u0942\u0926\u093f\u0924\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"feat-card\"><span class=\"fc-num\">2<\/span><strong><span class=\"en\">Content and organisation \u2014 what<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u0917\u0920\u0928 \u2014 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"en\">Selection, sequencing, gradation and structuring of subject matter, and identification of the key concepts on which the rest depends.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u093e \u091a\u092f\u0928, \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0923, \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093f\u0915\u0924\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0909\u0928 \u092e\u0942\u0932 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0939\u091a\u093e\u0928 \u091c\u093f\u0928 \u092a\u0930 \u0936\u0947\u0937 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092d\u0930 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"feat-card\"><span class=\"fc-num\">3<\/span><strong><span class=\"en\">The learner \u2014 who<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u2014 \u0915\u094c\u0928<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"en\">Developmental readiness, entry behaviour, prior conceptions, language background, motivation, and the range of difference within any single group.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0924\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0930\u0924\u093e, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0947\u0936-\u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930, \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935-\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923\u093e\u090f\u0901, \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920\u092d\u0942\u092e\u093f, \u0905\u092d\u093f\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0930\u0923\u093e \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u092e\u0942\u0939 \u0915\u0947 \u092d\u0940\u0924\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0930\u093e\u0938\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"feat-card\"><span class=\"fc-num\">4<\/span><strong><span class=\"en\">Methods and materials \u2014 how<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u2014 \u0915\u0948\u0938\u0947<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"en\">Approaches, methods, techniques, models of teaching, teaching aids, laboratory and field work, and the digital medium.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0909\u092a\u093e\u0917\u092e, \u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901, \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0928, \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0938\u0939\u093e\u092f\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0936\u093e\u0932\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930-\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"feat-card\"><span class=\"fc-num\">5<\/span><strong><span class=\"en\">Learning environment \u2014 under what conditions<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e \u0935\u093e\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0930\u0923 \u2014 \u0915\u093f\u0928 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"en\">Physical arrangement, classroom climate, discipline, teacher\u2013learner and peer relationships, and the norms governing participation.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092d\u094c\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e, \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e-\u0935\u093e\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0930\u0923, \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0936\u093e\u0938\u0928, \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915\u2013\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0939\u092a\u093e\u0920\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0938\u0939\u092d\u093e\u0917\u093f\u0924\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0926\u0902\u0921\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"feat-card\"><span class=\"fc-num\">6<\/span><strong><span class=\"en\">Evaluation and feedback \u2014 how well<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092e\u0942\u0932\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0915\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920\u092a\u094b\u0937\u0923 \u2014 \u0915\u093f\u0924\u0928\u093e \u0905\u091a\u094d\u091b\u093e<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"en\">Assessment of what was intended, diagnosis of what went wrong, feedback to the learner, and revision of the teaching in the light of both.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u091c\u094b \u0905\u092d\u0940\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0925\u093e \u0909\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0906\u0915\u0932\u0928, \u091c\u094b \u0924\u094d\u0930\u0941\u091f\u093f\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0930\u0939\u093e \u0909\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0926\u093e\u0928, \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920\u092a\u094b\u0937\u0923 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0906\u0932\u094b\u0915 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0902\u0936\u094b\u0927\u0928\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"callout amber\">\r\n <div class=\"callout-label\"><span class=\"en\">Where the mark is won<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0905\u0902\u0915 \u0905\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/div>\r\n <span class=\"en\">Questions on scope are frequently set as match-the-following items pairing a pedagogical decision with the head it belongs to. The reliable discriminator is the interrogative: anything answering <strong>why<\/strong> belongs to aims, <strong>what<\/strong> to content, <strong>who<\/strong> to the learner, <strong>how<\/strong> to method, <strong>under what conditions<\/strong> to environment, and <strong>how well<\/strong> to evaluation.<\/span>\r\n <span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092f\u0903 \u0938\u0941\u092e\u0947\u0932\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0906\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u091c\u093f\u0928\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0923\u092f \u0915\u094b \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0936\u0940\u0930\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0938\u0947 \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0928\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0935\u0938\u0928\u0940\u092f \u0935\u093f\u092d\u0947\u0926\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928\u0935\u093e\u091a\u0915 \u0939\u0948: \u091c\u094b \u0915\u0941\u091b <strong>\u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902<\/strong> \u0915\u093e \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0926\u0947 \u0935\u0939 \u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902, <strong>\u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e<\/strong> \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u092e\u0947\u0902, <strong>\u0915\u094c\u0928<\/strong> \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902, <strong>\u0915\u0948\u0938\u0947<\/strong> \u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f \u092e\u0947\u0902, <strong>\u0915\u093f\u0928 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902<\/strong> \u0935\u093e\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0930\u0923 \u092e\u0947\u0902, \u0924\u0925\u093e <strong>\u0915\u093f\u0924\u0928\u093e \u0905\u091a\u094d\u091b\u093e<\/strong> \u092e\u0942\u0932\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0915\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0906\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"p1-5\">\r\n <span class=\"section-badge\">1.5<\/span>\r\n <h3><span class=\"en\">Pedagogy, Education, Teaching and Instruction<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930, \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e, \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0926\u0947\u0936\u0928<\/span><\/h3>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <p><span class=\"en\">These four terms are used interchangeably in ordinary speech and are separated with some care in the literature. The distinction turns on breadth of purpose and on whether the process is intentional. They nest one inside the other.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092f\u0947 \u091a\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u0926 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f \u092c\u094b\u0932\u091a\u093e\u0932 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0930\u0938\u094d\u092a\u0930 \u092a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f\u0935\u093e\u091a\u0940 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0938\u093e\u0939\u093f\u0924\u094d\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0907\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u093e\u0935\u0927\u093e\u0928\u0940\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0915 \u092a\u0943\u0925\u0915\u094d \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u0947\u0926 \u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0940 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0907\u0938 \u092c\u093e\u0924 \u092a\u0930 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0906\u0936\u092f\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0939\u0948 \u092f\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964 \u092f\u0947 \u090f\u0915-\u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u092d\u0940\u0924\u0930 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n <svg class=\"full-diagram\" viewBox=\"0 0 560 300\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Education contains pedagogy, which contains teaching, which contains instruction\">\r\n<g font-family=\"DM Sans, Noto Sans Devanagari, sans-serif\" font-size=\"10.5\">\r\n <rect x=\"16\" y=\"16\" width=\"528\" height=\"268\" rx=\"14\" fill=\"#f5f8fd\" stroke=\"#14243f\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"34\" y=\"40\" font-size=\"12\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#14243f\">EDUCATION<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"126\" y=\"40\" font-size=\"10\" fill=\"#5a6d80\">lifelong and life-wide \u00b7 much of it incidental<\/text>\r\n\r\n <rect x=\"52\" y=\"54\" width=\"456\" height=\"212\" rx=\"12\" fill=\"#eef4fc\" stroke=\"#1f5fa9\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"70\" y=\"78\" font-size=\"12\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\">PEDAGOGY<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"162\" y=\"78\" font-size=\"10\" fill=\"#5a6d80\">the reasoning behind the act \u00b7 wholly intentional<\/text>\r\n\r\n <rect x=\"88\" y=\"92\" width=\"384\" height=\"156\" rx=\"10\" fill=\"#eefbf7\" stroke=\"#0d8f79\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"106\" y=\"116\" font-size=\"12\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#0d8f79\">TEACHING<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"192\" y=\"116\" font-size=\"10\" fill=\"#5a6d80\">the interactive act in a real setting<\/text>\r\n\r\n <rect x=\"124\" y=\"130\" width=\"312\" height=\"100\" rx=\"8\" fill=\"#fffaef\" stroke=\"#c9760f\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"142\" y=\"154\" font-size=\"12\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#c9760f\">INSTRUCTION<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"142\" y=\"176\" font-size=\"10\" fill=\"#5a6d80\">structured delivery of specified content<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"142\" y=\"194\" font-size=\"10\" fill=\"#5a6d80\">towards specified outcomes<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"142\" y=\"216\" font-size=\"10\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#c0392b\">can be carried by text, programme or software<\/text>\r\n<\/g><\/svg>\r\n <div class=\"diagram-cap\"><span class=\"en\">The four terms nest one inside the other; each inner band is wholly contained by the one outside it<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u091a\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0926 \u090f\u0915-\u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u092d\u0940\u0924\u0930 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948\u0902; \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u092d\u0940\u0924\u0930\u0940 \u092a\u091f\u094d\u091f\u0940 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923\u0924\u0903 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0940 \u092c\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0940 \u092a\u091f\u094d\u091f\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u092d\u0940\u0924\u0930 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"ladder\">\r\n <div class=\"rung\">\r\n <div class=\"rung-step\"><div class=\"rung-num\">1<\/div><div class=\"rung-tier\">widest<\/div><\/div>\r\n <div>\r\n <h5><span class=\"en\">Education<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e<\/span><\/h5>\r\n <p><span class=\"en\">The whole process by which a person is formed, including family, peer group, media and lived experience. It is lifelong and life-wide, and much of it is incidental rather than intended. The agent is society at large.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u0939 \u0938\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0930, \u0938\u0939\u092a\u093e\u0920\u0940 \u0938\u092e\u0942\u0939, \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u091c\u0940\u0935\u0928\u093e\u0928\u0941\u092d\u0935 \u0938\u092e\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0932\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0906\u091c\u0940\u0935\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0902\u0936 \u0906\u0936\u092f\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0928 \u0939\u094b\u0915\u0930 \u0906\u0915\u0938\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0915 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u091c \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/p>\r\n <div class=\"rung-eg\"><b><span class=\"en\">Test<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u0938\u094c\u091f\u0940<\/span><\/b><span class=\"en\">A child educated by a grandmother's storytelling is being educated without any formal teaching taking place.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0926\u093e\u0926\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u0939\u093e\u0928\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u092c\u093e\u0932\u0915 \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0914\u092a\u091a\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b \u0930\u0939\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div class=\"rung\">\r\n <div class=\"rung-step\"><div class=\"rung-num\">2<\/div><div class=\"rung-tier\">discipline<\/div><\/div>\r\n <div>\r\n <h5><span class=\"en\">Pedagogy<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930<\/span><\/h5>\r\n <p><span class=\"en\">The theory and justified practice of teaching \u2014 the discipline that studies and guides the teaching act, covering aims, content, method and relationship. It is wholly intentional, and its agents are the teacher and the teacher educator.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0914\u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u092f\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930 \u2014 \u0935\u0939 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0936\u093e\u0938\u0928 \u091c\u094b \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923-\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092f\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f, \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941, \u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923\u0924\u0903 \u0906\u0936\u092f\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/p>\r\n <div class=\"rung-eg\"><b><span class=\"en\">Test<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u0938\u094c\u091f\u0940<\/span><\/b><span class=\"en\">Deciding that a misconception needs cognitive conflict rather than a clearer explanation is a pedagogical judgement, not a teaching act.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092f\u0939 \u0924\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u0915\u093f \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092d\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0924\u093f \u0915\u094b \u0938\u094d\u092a\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0905\u092a\u093f\u0924\u0941 \u0938\u0902\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0935 \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f, \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0923\u092f \u0939\u0948, \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923-\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div class=\"rung\">\r\n <div class=\"rung-step\"><div class=\"rung-num\">3<\/div><div class=\"rung-tier\">the act<\/div><\/div>\r\n <div>\r\n <h5><span class=\"en\">Teaching<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923<\/span><\/h5>\r\n <p><span class=\"en\">The actual interactive activity undertaken to bring about learning in a particular setting. It is the operational core of pedagogy, and its agent may be a teacher, a tutor or a peer.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0936 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u0940 \u0917\u0908 \u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0903\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0917\u0924\u093f\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930 \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915, \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0938\u0939\u092a\u093e\u0920\u0940 \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/p>\r\n <div class=\"rung-eg\"><b><span class=\"en\">Test<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u0938\u094c\u091f\u0940<\/span><\/b><span class=\"en\">A teacher who arranges a debate and stays silent throughout is teaching without instructing at all.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u091c\u094b \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0935\u093e\u0926-\u0935\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0926 \u0906\u092f\u094b\u091c\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u092e\u094c\u0928 \u0930\u0939\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0935\u0939 \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0926\u0947\u0936\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u0930 \u0930\u0939\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div class=\"rung\">\r\n <div class=\"rung-step\"><div class=\"rung-num\">4<\/div><div class=\"rung-tier\">narrowest<\/div><\/div>\r\n <div>\r\n <h5><span class=\"en\">Instruction<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u0928\u0941\u0926\u0947\u0936\u0928<\/span><\/h5>\r\n <p><span class=\"en\">The structured delivery of specified content towards specified outcomes. Its defining feature is that it can be carried by a textbook, a programme or software without a teacher being present.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0926\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092b\u0932\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0926\u093f\u0936\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0926\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u093e \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u0915 \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u092f\u0939 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0907\u0938\u0947 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0915\u0940 \u0909\u092a\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u092a\u0941\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0915, \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0938\u0949\u092b\u093c\u094d\u091f\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u0935\u0939\u0928 \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/p>\r\n <div class=\"rung-eg\"><b><span class=\"en\">Test<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u0938\u094c\u091f\u0940<\/span><\/b><span class=\"en\">A self-paced module that teaches a procedure and checks it is instruction; nothing in it requires a person.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u091c\u094b \u0938\u094d\u0935-\u0917\u0924\u093f \u092e\u0949\u0921\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0932 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0938\u093f\u0916\u093e\u0915\u0930 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0901\u091a \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0935\u0939 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0926\u0947\u0936\u0928 \u0939\u0948; \u0909\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0940 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"callout teal\">\r\n <div class=\"callout-label\"><span class=\"en\">The containment relation<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u092e\u093e\u0935\u0947\u0936\u0928 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927<\/span><\/div>\r\n <span class=\"en\">Education \u2283 Pedagogy \u2283 Teaching \u2283 Instruction. The critical inference for examination purposes is this: instruction can be automated and teaching can be delegated, but pedagogy \u2014 being the reasoning behind both \u2014 remains a professional responsibility that cannot be transferred to a device.<\/span>\r\n <span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u2283 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u2283 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u2283 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0926\u0947\u0936\u0928\u0964 \u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0937 \u092f\u0939 \u0939\u0948: \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0926\u0947\u0936\u0928 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u091a\u093e\u0932\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f\u094b\u091c\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0915\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0941 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u2014 \u091c\u094b \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0940\u091b\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u0924\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u090f\u0915 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0935\u0938\u093e\u092f\u093f\u0915 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930\u0926\u093e\u092f\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u092c\u0928\u093e \u0930\u0939\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u094b \u0939\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e\u0964<\/span>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"p1-6\">\r\n <span class=\"section-badge\">1.6<\/span>\r\n <h3><span class=\"en\">Pedagogy, Andragogy and Heutagogy<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930, \u090f\u0902\u0921\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0917\u094b\u0917\u0940 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0939\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u093e\u0917\u094b\u0917\u0940<\/span><\/h3>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <p><span class=\"en\">Malcolm Knowles popularised <em>andragogy<\/em> in 1968 to name the art and science of helping adults learn, arguing that adult learners differ from children in self-concept, accumulated experience, readiness, orientation and motivation. Stewart Hase and Chris Kenyon extended the series in 2000 with <em>heutagogy<\/em>, in which the learner determines not merely the pace but the objectives, the path and the criteria of success. The three are best treated as a continuum of decreasing external control rather than as three rival theories.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092e\u093e\u0932\u094d\u0915\u092e \u0928\u094b\u0932\u094d\u0938 \u0928\u0947 1968 \u092e\u0947\u0902 <em>\u090f\u0902\u0921\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0917\u094b\u0917\u0940<\/em> \u092a\u0926 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u091a\u0932\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e, \u091c\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0922\u093c\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0940\u0916\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0939\u093e\u092f\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u0932\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u094b \u0928\u093e\u092e \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948; \u0909\u0928\u0915\u093e \u0924\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0925\u093e \u0915\u093f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0922\u093c \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0906\u0924\u094d\u092e-\u0938\u0902\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a\u0928\u093e, \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092d\u0935, \u0924\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0930\u0924\u093e, \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0935\u093f\u0928\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0930\u0923\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u093e\u0932\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0938\u094d\u091f\u0940\u0935\u0930\u094d\u091f \u0939\u0947\u0938 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0938 \u0915\u0947\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0928 \u0928\u0947 2000 \u092e\u0947\u0902 <em>\u0939\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u093e\u0917\u094b\u0917\u0940<\/em> \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0915\u0930 \u0907\u0938 \u0936\u0943\u0902\u0916\u0932\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0917\u0924\u093f \u0939\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0905\u092a\u093f\u0924\u0941 \u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f, \u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0917 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u092b\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u0938\u094c\u091f\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u092d\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0907\u0928 \u0924\u0940\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0924\u0940\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0935\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0935\u0940 \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u091c\u093e\u092f \u0918\u091f\u0924\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0939\u094d\u092f \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u093e\u0924\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0926\u0947\u0916\u0928\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n <svg class=\"full-diagram\" viewBox=\"0 0 560 214\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Continuum from pedagogy through andragogy to heutagogy\">\r\n<defs>\r\n <linearGradient id=\"pedband\" x1=\"0\" y1=\"0\" x2=\"1\" y2=\"0\">\r\n <stop offset=\"0%\" stop-color=\"#1f5fa9\"\/><stop offset=\"50%\" stop-color=\"#c9760f\"\/><stop offset=\"100%\" stop-color=\"#0d8f79\"\/>\r\n <\/linearGradient>\r\n<\/defs>\r\n<g font-family=\"DM Sans, Noto Sans Devanagari, sans-serif\" font-size=\"10.5\">\r\n <rect x=\"16\" y=\"24\" width=\"168\" height=\"88\" rx=\"10\" fill=\"#eef4fc\" stroke=\"#1f5fa9\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"100\" y=\"48\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"12\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\">PEDAGOGY<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"100\" y=\"68\" text-anchor=\"middle\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">Teacher sets aim, route<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"100\" y=\"84\" text-anchor=\"middle\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">and pace<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"100\" y=\"103\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10\" fill=\"#5a6d80\">dependent learner<\/text>\r\n\r\n <rect x=\"196\" y=\"24\" width=\"168\" height=\"88\" rx=\"10\" fill=\"#fffaef\" stroke=\"#c9760f\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"48\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"12\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#c9760f\">ANDRAGOGY<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"68\" text-anchor=\"middle\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">Learner negotiates route<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"84\" text-anchor=\"middle\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">and pace<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"103\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10\" fill=\"#5a6d80\">self-directed learner<\/text>\r\n\r\n <rect x=\"376\" y=\"24\" width=\"168\" height=\"88\" rx=\"10\" fill=\"#eefbf7\" stroke=\"#0d8f79\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"460\" y=\"48\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"12\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#0d8f79\">HEUTAGOGY<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"460\" y=\"68\" text-anchor=\"middle\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">Learner sets aim and<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"460\" y=\"84\" text-anchor=\"middle\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">success criteria<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"460\" y=\"103\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10\" fill=\"#5a6d80\">self-determined learner<\/text>\r\n\r\n <rect x=\"16\" y=\"132\" width=\"528\" height=\"14\" rx=\"7\" fill=\"url(#pedband)\"\/>\r\n <polygon points=\"552,139 534,130 534,148\" fill=\"#0d8f79\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"16\" y=\"170\" font-size=\"10.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\">High teacher control<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"544\" y=\"170\" text-anchor=\"end\" font-size=\"10.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#0d8f79\">High learner autonomy<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"196\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10.5\" fill=\"#5a6d80\">Position is fixed by competence on the task, not by the age of the learner<\/text>\r\n<\/g><\/svg>\r\n <div class=\"diagram-cap\"><span class=\"en\">The three positions differ in who controls the aim, the route and the judgement of success<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0924\u0940\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u0907\u0938 \u092c\u093e\u0924 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0915\u093f \u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f, \u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0917 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u092b\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0923\u092f \u092a\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"table-scroll\">\r\n <table class=\"data-table\">\r\n <thead><tr>\r\n <th><span class=\"en\">Dimension<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0906\u092f\u093e\u092e<\/span><\/th>\r\n <th><span class=\"en\">Pedagogy<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930<\/span><\/th>\r\n <th><span class=\"en\">Andragogy<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u090f\u0902\u0921\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0917\u094b\u0917\u0940<\/span><\/th>\r\n <th><span class=\"en\">Heutagogy<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0939\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u093e\u0917\u094b\u0917\u0940<\/span><\/th>\r\n <\/tr><\/thead>\r\n <tbody>\r\n <tr><td><strong><span class=\"en\">Self-concept<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0906\u0924\u094d\u092e-\u0938\u0902\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a\u0928\u093e<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Dependent personality<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092d\u0930 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0935<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Increasingly self-directing<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930\u094b\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u0935-\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u093f\u0924<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Self-determined and self-efficacious<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u094d\u0935-\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0906\u0924\u094d\u092e-\u0938\u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td><strong><span class=\"en\">Role of experience<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u0928\u0941\u092d\u0935 \u0915\u0940 \u092d\u0942\u092e\u093f\u0915\u093e<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Little to draw on; the teacher's experience is the resource<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u0932\u094d\u092a \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092d\u0935; \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092d\u0935 \u0939\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u093e\u0927\u0928 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">A rich reservoir; experience is itself the curriculum<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u092e\u0943\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u092d\u0902\u0921\u093e\u0930; \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092d\u0935 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u091a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Experience is reorganised through double-loop reflection<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0926\u094d\u0935\u093f-\u091a\u0915\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u091a\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0928 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092d\u0935 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0920\u0928<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td><strong><span class=\"en\">Readiness<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0924\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0930\u0924\u093e<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Follows the prescribed sequence of the curriculum<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u091a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u0930\u0923<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Arises from social role and life task<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u091c\u093f\u0915 \u092d\u0942\u092e\u093f\u0915\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u091c\u0940\u0935\u0928-\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0938\u0947 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Arises from a problem the learner has chosen<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u091a\u0941\u0928\u0940 \u0917\u0908 \u0938\u092e\u0938\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td><strong><span class=\"en\">Orientation<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u092d\u093f\u0935\u093f\u0928\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Subject-centred; application postponed<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f-\u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924; \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u0917\u093f\u0924<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Problem-centred; immediate application<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u092e\u0938\u094d\u092f\u093e-\u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924; \u0924\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0915\u093e\u0932\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Capability-centred; transfer to unfamiliar situations<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e\u0924\u093e-\u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924; \u0905\u092a\u0930\u093f\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930\u0923<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td><strong><span class=\"en\">Motivation<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u092d\u093f\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0930\u0923\u093e<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Largely extrinsic \u2014 marks, approval, promotion<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f\u0924\u0903 \u092c\u093e\u0939\u094d\u092f \u2014 \u0905\u0902\u0915, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u0902\u0938\u093e, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0928\u094d\u0928\u0924\u093f<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Largely intrinsic \u2014 competence, self-esteem<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f\u0924\u0903 \u0906\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u2014 \u092f\u094b\u0917\u094d\u092f\u0924\u093e, \u0906\u0924\u094d\u092e-\u0938\u092e\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0928<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Wholly intrinsic \u2014 curiosity and self-defined growth<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923\u0924\u0903 \u0906\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u2014 \u091c\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0938\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u0935-\u092a\u0930\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td><strong><span class=\"en\">Teacher's role<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0915\u0940 \u092d\u0942\u092e\u093f\u0915\u093e<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Director and authority on content<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0928\u093f\u0926\u0947\u0936\u0915 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0923\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0924<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Facilitator and co-planner<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u0941\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u093e\u0924\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0939-\u0928\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0915<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Resource and critical friend, consulted on demand<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u0902\u0938\u093e\u0927\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0906\u0932\u094b\u091a\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u092e\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930, \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0924\u093e\u0928\u0941\u0938\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u0930\u093e\u092e\u0930\u094d\u0936 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <\/tbody>\r\n <\/table>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n \r\n <div class=\"abbr-grid\">\r\n <table>\r\n <thead><tr><th>Term<\/th><th>Named by<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>\r\n <tbody>\r\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">Pedagogy<\/td><td>Greek <em>paidagogos<\/em>, classical Athens<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">Andragogy<\/td><td>Alexander Kapp 1833; revived by Malcolm Knowles 1968<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">Heutagogy<\/td><td>Stewart Hase and Chris Kenyon, 2000<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">Self-direction<\/td><td>Knowles, <em>Self-Directed Learning<\/em>, 1975<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <\/tbody>\r\n <\/table>\r\n <table>\r\n <thead><tr><th>Root<\/th><th>Sense<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>\r\n <tbody>\r\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">paid-<\/td><td>child<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">andr-<\/td><td>adult, man<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">heutos<\/td><td>self<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">-agogos<\/td><td>leading, conducting<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <\/tbody>\r\n <\/table>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"callout red\">\r\n <div class=\"callout-label\"><span class=\"en\">A caution against the age reading<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0906\u092f\u0941-\u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0930\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0938\u093e\u0935\u0927\u093e\u0928\u0940<\/span><\/div>\r\n <span class=\"en\">Knowles himself withdrew from the sharp child\u2013adult opposition in his later writing and reframed the three as points on a continuum applicable to learners of any age. A postgraduate meeting a wholly unfamiliar discipline may need pedagogical handling; a Class VIII learner pursuing a self-chosen science project may be operating heutagogically. The determinant is the learner's competence and self-direction in relation to the specific task, not the number of years lived.<\/span>\r\n <span class=\"hi\">\u0928\u094b\u0932\u094d\u0938 \u0928\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0940 \u0932\u0947\u0916\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u093e\u0932\u0915\u2013\u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0922\u093c \u0915\u0947 \u0924\u0940\u0916\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0930\u094b\u0927 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0940\u091b\u0947 \u0939\u091f\u0915\u0930 \u0907\u0928 \u0924\u0940\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092d\u0940 \u0906\u092f\u0941 \u0915\u0947 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u0932\u093e\u0917\u0942 \u0938\u093e\u0924\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0941\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u094d\u092a\u0930\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0964 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923\u0924\u0903 \u0905\u092a\u0930\u093f\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0936\u093e\u0938\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0928\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0928\u093e\u0924\u0915\u094b\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0915\u094b \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948; \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u091a\u0941\u0928\u0940 \u0917\u0908 \u0935\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928\u093e \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u0930\u0924 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0906\u0920 \u0915\u093e \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0939\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u093e\u0917\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915 \u0922\u0902\u0917 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0930 \u0930\u0939\u093e \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0915 \u0924\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0930\u094d\u092d \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e\u0924\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u0935-\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u0928 \u0939\u0948, \u0928 \u0915\u093f \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0924\u0940\u0924 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/span>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"p1-7\">\r\n <span class=\"section-badge\">1.7<\/span>\r\n <h3><span class=\"en\">The Pedagogical Triangle<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092d\u0941\u091c<\/span><\/h3>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <p><span class=\"en\">The pedagogical triangle in the form now standard was set out by Jean Houssaye in <em>Le triangle p\u00e9dagogique<\/em> of 1988. It models any pedagogical situation as a relation among three irreducible vertices \u2014 <em>le savoir<\/em>, the knowledge; <em>l’enseignant<\/em>, the teacher; and <em>l’\u00e9l\u00e8ve<\/em>, the learner. Its analytical power lies not in the vertices, which are obvious, but in the three <em>processes<\/em> that run along the sides, each of which can be strong or weak independently of the other two.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0906\u091c \u091c\u093f\u0938 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092d\u0941\u091c \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0915 \u0939\u0948, \u0935\u0939 \u091c\u0940\u0928 \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0928\u0947 1988 \u0915\u0940 <em>\u0932 \u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0906\u0902\u0917\u0932 \u092a\u0947\u0926\u093e\u0917\u094b\u091c\u0940\u0915<\/em> \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092a\u093e\u0926\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092d\u0940 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u0915\u094b \u0924\u0940\u0928 \u0905\u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u094d\u092f \u0936\u0940\u0930\u094d\u0937\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u0927\u094d\u092f \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u2014 <em>\u0932 \u0938\u093e\u0935\u094b\u0906\u0930<\/em> \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0924\u094d \u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928; <em>\u0932\u0902\u0938\u0947\u0928\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0901<\/em> \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0924\u094d \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915; \u0924\u0925\u093e <em>\u0932\u0947\u0932\u0947\u0935<\/em> \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0924\u094d \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0937\u0923\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0936\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0936\u0940\u0930\u094d\u0937\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u091c\u094b \u0938\u094d\u092a\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0905\u092a\u093f\u0924\u0941 \u092d\u0941\u091c\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u091a\u0932\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0909\u0928 \u0924\u0940\u0928 <em>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0913\u0902<\/em> \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0928\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0936\u0947\u0937 \u0926\u094b \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0936\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u092f\u093e \u0926\u0941\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0932 \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n <svg class=\"full-diagram\" viewBox=\"0 0 560 320\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Houssaye's pedagogical triangle with its three processes\">\r\n<g font-family=\"DM Sans, Noto Sans Devanagari, sans-serif\" font-size=\"10.5\">\r\n <line x1=\"252\" y1=\"96\" x2=\"122\" y2=\"228\" stroke=\"#1f5fa9\" stroke-width=\"2.4\"\/>\r\n <line x1=\"308\" y1=\"96\" x2=\"438\" y2=\"228\" stroke=\"#c9760f\" stroke-width=\"2.4\"\/>\r\n <line x1=\"144\" y1=\"262\" x2=\"416\" y2=\"262\" stroke=\"#0d8f79\" stroke-width=\"2.4\"\/>\r\n\r\n <circle cx=\"280\" cy=\"58\" r=\"44\" fill=\"#faf6ff\" stroke=\"#6b3a8f\" stroke-width=\"2.4\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"63\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"12\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#6b3a8f\">CONTENT<\/text>\r\n\r\n <circle cx=\"98\" cy=\"262\" r=\"44\" fill=\"#eef4fc\" stroke=\"#1f5fa9\" stroke-width=\"2.4\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"98\" y=\"267\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"12\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\">TEACHER<\/text>\r\n\r\n <circle cx=\"462\" cy=\"262\" r=\"44\" fill=\"#eefbf7\" stroke=\"#0d8f79\" stroke-width=\"2.4\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"462\" y=\"267\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"12\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#0d8f79\">LEARNER<\/text>\r\n\r\n <rect x=\"107\" y=\"146\" width=\"130\" height=\"26\" rx=\"13\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"172\" y=\"163\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#ffffff\">ENSEIGNER \u00b7 to teach<\/text>\r\n\r\n <rect x=\"323\" y=\"146\" width=\"130\" height=\"26\" rx=\"13\" fill=\"#c9760f\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"388\" y=\"163\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#ffffff\">APPRENDRE \u00b7 to learn<\/text>\r\n\r\n <rect x=\"220\" y=\"249\" width=\"120\" height=\"26\" rx=\"13\" fill=\"#0d8f79\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"266\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#ffffff\">FORMER \u00b7 to form<\/text>\r\n\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"204\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"11\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#14243f\">Every situation privileges two processes<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"222\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"11\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#c0392b\">and the third plays dead<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"306\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9.5\" fill=\"#5a6d80\">J. Houssaye, Le triangle pédagogique, 1988<\/text>\r\n<\/g><\/svg>\r\n <div class=\"diagram-cap\"><span class=\"en\">Three vertices and three processes; a situation is described by naming which two are privileged<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0924\u0940\u0928 \u0936\u0940\u0930\u094d\u0937 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0924\u0940\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u090f\u0901; \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u0915\u093e \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0923\u0928 \u092f\u0939 \u092c\u0924\u093e\u0915\u0930 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0915\u094c\u0928-\u0938\u0940 \u0926\u094b \u0915\u094b \u0935\u0930\u0940\u092f\u0924\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/div>\r\n\r\n <ul class=\"num-stack\">\r\n <li><strong><span class=\"en\">Enseigner \u2014 teacher and knowledge.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0906\u0901\u0938\u0947\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0947 \u2014 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928\u0964<\/span><\/strong> <span class=\"en\">Command of the subject and the capacity to reorganise it for teaching. A teacher weak here can be warm, well-liked and perfectly organised and still transmit error.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f \u092a\u0930 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0920\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e\u0924\u093e\u0964 \u0907\u0938 \u092d\u0941\u091c\u093e \u092a\u0930 \u0926\u0941\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0932 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u0928\u0947\u0939\u0936\u0940\u0932, \u0932\u094b\u0915\u092a\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923\u0924\u0903 \u0938\u0941\u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0915\u0930 \u092d\u0940 \u0924\u094d\u0930\u0941\u091f\u093f \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><strong><span class=\"en\">Apprendre \u2014 learner and knowledge.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0906\u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930 \u2014 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928\u0964<\/span><\/strong> <span class=\"en\">The learner’s own engagement with the material through practice, problem-solving and application. No quantity of exposition substitutes for this process.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u092d\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938, \u0938\u092e\u0938\u094d\u092f\u093e-\u0938\u092e\u093e\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u091c\u0941\u0921\u093c\u093e\u0935\u0964 \u0915\u093f\u0924\u0928\u0940 \u092d\u0940 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0907\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0932\u0947 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940\u0964<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><strong><span class=\"en\">Former \u2014 teacher and learner.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092b\u094b\u0930\u094d\u092e\u0947 \u2014 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940\u0964<\/span><\/strong> <span class=\"en\">Communication, rapport, expectation and discipline. Strength here alone produces the popular teacher whose class learns little.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u0902\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0937\u0923, \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0902\u091c\u0938\u094d\u092f, \u0905\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0936\u093e\u0938\u0928\u0964 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u092f\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0938\u0936\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u0935\u0939 \u0932\u094b\u0915\u092a\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u092c\u0928\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0905\u0932\u094d\u092a \u0938\u0940\u0916\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"enrich-box\">\r\n <span class=\"enrich-stamp\"><span class=\"en\">The thesis of the third<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0924\u0940\u0938\u0930\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u092a\u094d\u0924\u093f<\/span><\/span>\r\n <h4><span class=\"en\">Two are privileged, and the third plays dead<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0926\u094b \u0915\u094b \u0935\u0930\u0940\u092f\u0924\u093e \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0924\u0940\u0938\u0930\u0940 \u092e\u0943\u0924\u0935\u0924\u094d \u0930\u0939\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/h4>\r\n <p><span class=\"en\">Houssaye’s central claim is that no situation sustains all three processes equally. Every pedagogical arrangement selects a pair, and the excluded third is placed in the position of <em>le mort<\/em>, the dead one. The observation is descriptive rather than critical: the dead position is normal and unavoidable. What matters is that the excluded element accepts the role. Where it does not, Houssaye adds, the dead one takes the place of the fool \u2014 an excluded class does not sit quietly but disrupts, and excluded knowledge does not wait but decays.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0926\u093e\u0935\u093e \u092f\u0939 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u092d\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u0924\u0940\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0938\u0901\u092d\u093e\u0932 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940\u0964 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u090f\u0915 \u092f\u0941\u0917\u094d\u092e \u091a\u0941\u0928\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u092c\u0939\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0915\u0943\u0924 \u0924\u0940\u0938\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u094b <em>\u0932 \u092e\u094b\u0930<\/em> \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0924\u094d \u092e\u0943\u0924 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0930\u0916\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0906\u0932\u094b\u091a\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0923\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0939\u0948: \u092e\u0943\u0924 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0905\u092a\u0930\u093f\u0939\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u092f\u0939 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u092c\u0939\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0915\u0943\u0924 \u0924\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u0909\u0938 \u092d\u0942\u092e\u093f\u0915\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0940\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0964 \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0915\u093f \u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0935\u0939 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0940\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e, \u0935\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u092e\u0943\u0924 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u0942\u0937\u0915 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928 \u0932\u0947 \u0932\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u092c\u0939\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0915\u0943\u0924 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u091a\u0941\u092a\u091a\u093e\u092a \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u092c\u0948\u0920\u0924\u0940 \u0905\u092a\u093f\u0924\u0941 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u0921\u093e\u0932\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u092c\u0939\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0915\u0943\u0924 \u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0905\u092a\u093f\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0940\u0923 \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/p>\r\n <div class=\"table-scroll\">\r\n <table class=\"data-table\">\r\n <thead><tr>\r\n <th class=\"narrow\"><span class=\"en\">Privileged pair<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u0930\u0940\u092f \u092f\u0941\u0917\u094d\u092e<\/span><\/th>\r\n <th><span class=\"en\">Process in the foreground<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u0917\u094d\u0930\u092d\u0942\u092e\u093f \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e<\/span><\/th>\r\n <th><span class=\"en\">Who plays dead<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u094c\u0928 \u092e\u0943\u0924\u0935\u0924\u094d \u0930\u0939\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/th>\r\n <th><span class=\"en\">Classroom form it takes<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0930\u0942\u092a<\/span><\/th>\r\n <\/tr><\/thead>\r\n <tbody>\r\n <tr><td class=\"mono\">T + K<\/td><td><strong><span class=\"en\">Enseigner<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0906\u0901\u0938\u0947\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0947<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">The learner<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Exposition, lecture, demonstration \u2014 the transmission lesson, effective while attention holds.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e, \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0928, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u0928 \u2014 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u0930\u0923 \u092a\u093e\u0920, \u091c\u094b \u0905\u0935\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u092c\u0928\u0947 \u0930\u0939\u0928\u0947 \u0924\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td class=\"mono\">L + K<\/td><td><strong><span class=\"en\">Apprendre<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0906\u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">The teacher<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Project work, self-access material, library and laboratory study, programmed and online modules.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u0930\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928\u093e \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f, \u0938\u094d\u0935-\u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940, \u092a\u0941\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0915\u093e\u0932\u092f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0936\u093e\u0932\u093e \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092f\u0928, \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0926\u0947\u0936\u093f\u0924 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0911\u0928\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u092e\u0949\u0921\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0932\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td class=\"mono\">T + L<\/td><td><strong><span class=\"en\">Former<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092b\u094b\u0930\u094d\u092e\u0947<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">The knowledge<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Group dynamics, counselling, class-building and value sessions \u2014 warm, and empty if content never returns.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u092e\u0942\u0939 \u0917\u0924\u093f\u0915\u0940, \u092a\u0930\u093e\u092e\u0930\u094d\u0936, \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e-\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092e\u0942\u0932\u094d\u092f \u0938\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u2014 \u0938\u094d\u0928\u0947\u0939\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u0928 \u0932\u094c\u091f\u0947 \u0924\u094b \u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <\/tbody>\r\n <\/table>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <p><span class=\"en\">The diagnostic use follows at once. A lesson that is failing is not failing in general; it is failing because a process that was supposed to be in the foreground has slipped into the dead position, or because the element placed there has refused the role.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0928\u093f\u0926\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0924\u0941\u0930\u0902\u0924 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u091c\u094b \u092a\u093e\u0920 \u0935\u093f\u092b\u0932 \u0939\u094b \u0930\u0939\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0935\u0939 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u092b\u0932 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u094b \u0930\u0939\u093e; \u0935\u0939 \u0907\u0938\u0932\u093f\u090f \u0935\u093f\u092b\u0932 \u0939\u094b \u0930\u0939\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u091c\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0905\u0917\u094d\u0930\u092d\u0942\u092e\u093f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0940 \u0925\u0940 \u0935\u0939 \u092e\u0943\u0924 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0930\u0915 \u0917\u0908 \u0939\u0948, \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0935\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0930\u0916\u0947 \u0917\u090f \u0924\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u0928\u0947 \u0909\u0938 \u092d\u0942\u092e\u093f\u0915\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0905\u0938\u094d\u0935\u0940\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0930 \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/p>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"p1-8\">\r\n <span class=\"section-badge\">1.8<\/span>\r\n <h3><span class=\"en\">Determinants of Pedagogical Choice<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u091a\u092f\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0915<\/span><\/h3>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <p><span class=\"en\">No method is superior in the abstract. The selection of a pedagogy is governed by a set of determinants which, taken together, narrow a wide field of possibilities to a defensible few.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u094b\u0908 \u092d\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f \u0905\u092e\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0924 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0936\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940\u0964 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u091a\u092f\u0928 \u0909\u0928 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u0941\u091a\u094d\u091a\u092f \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0936\u093e\u0938\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0942\u0939\u093f\u0915 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0928\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0943\u0924 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u094b \u0915\u0941\u091b \u0924\u0930\u094d\u0915\u0938\u0902\u0917\u0924 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a\u094b\u0902 \u0924\u0915 \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"table-scroll\">\r\n <table class=\"data-table\">\r\n <thead><tr>\r\n <th style=\"width:24%\"><span class=\"en\">Determinant<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0915<\/span><\/th>\r\n <th style=\"width:34%\"><span class=\"en\">What it settles<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092f\u0939 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/th>\r\n <th style=\"width:42%\"><span class=\"en\">Illustrative consequence<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e<\/span><\/th>\r\n <\/tr><\/thead>\r\n <tbody>\r\n <tr><td><strong><span class=\"en\">Nature of the objective<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Whether the target is recall, understanding, a skill, an attitude or a disposition.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u092f \u0938\u094d\u092e\u0930\u0923 \u0939\u0948, \u092c\u094b\u0927 \u0939\u0948, \u0915\u094c\u0936\u0932 \u0939\u0948, \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0939\u0948 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0964<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">A psychomotor objective demands demonstration and supervised practice; an attitudinal objective demands discussion and role play.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092e\u0928\u094b\u0917\u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0905\u092d\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u0940 \u092e\u093e\u0901\u0917 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948; \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f\u092a\u0930\u0915 \u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f \u092a\u0930\u093f\u091a\u0930\u094d\u091a\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092d\u0942\u092e\u093f\u0915\u093e-\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0939 \u0915\u0940\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td><strong><span class=\"en\">Structure of the content<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Whether the material is hierarchical, procedural, factual or contested.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0938\u094b\u092a\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0939\u0948, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u0925\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0939\u0948 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0926\u093e\u0938\u094d\u092a\u0926\u0964<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Hierarchical mathematics rewards graded sequencing; a contested historical episode rewards source-based inquiry.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u094b\u092a\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0917\u0923\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0923 \u0938\u0947 \u0932\u093e\u092d\u093e\u0928\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948; \u0935\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0926\u093f\u0924 \u0910\u0924\u093f\u0939\u093e\u0938\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u0902\u0917 \u0938\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0924-\u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0905\u0928\u094d\u0935\u0947\u0937\u0923 \u0938\u0947\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td><strong><span class=\"en\">Developmental stage<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0905\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">The cognitive operations available to the learner and the span of sustained attention.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0915\u094b \u0909\u092a\u0932\u092c\u094d\u0927 \u0938\u0902\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0938\u0924\u0924 \u0905\u0935\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u0935\u0927\u093f\u0964<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Concrete-operational learners require manipulables before symbols; abstraction offered too early produces verbalism.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092e\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0924-\u0938\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u0940\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u092e\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0924 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f; \u0938\u092e\u092f \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u0905\u092e\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0924\u093e \u0936\u093e\u092c\u094d\u0926\u093f\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td><strong><span class=\"en\">Entry behaviour<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0947\u0936-\u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">What is already secure, what is shaky, and which misconceptions are in place.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0941\u0926\u0943\u0922\u093c \u0939\u0948, \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0905\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0930 \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0915\u094c\u0928-\u0938\u0940 \u092d\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0924\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">A class holding a robust misconception needs cognitive conflict, not a clearer exposition of the correct view.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0926\u0943\u0922\u093c \u092d\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0924\u093f \u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0939\u0940 \u092e\u0924 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u092a\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0938\u0902\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0935 \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td><strong><span class=\"en\">Class size and time<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0906\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u092e\u092f<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">The feasible ratio of individual attention and the length of the available block.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0917\u0924 \u0905\u0935\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u093e\u0924 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0909\u092a\u0932\u092c\u094d\u0927 \u0915\u093e\u0932\u093e\u0902\u0936 \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u0935\u0927\u093f\u0964<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Project work fragmented across thirty-five-minute periods loses its continuity and becomes busy work.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u0948\u0902\u0924\u0940\u0938 \u092e\u093f\u0928\u091f \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0932\u093e\u0902\u0936\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0916\u0902\u0921\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928\u093e \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0940 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u0902\u0924\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0916\u094b\u0915\u0930 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0924\u093e \u092e\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0930\u0939 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td><strong><span class=\"en\">Resources and infrastructure<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u0902\u0938\u093e\u0927\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0905\u0935\u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Availability of laboratory, library, materials, connectivity and support staff.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0936\u093e\u0932\u093e, \u092a\u0941\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0915\u093e\u0932\u092f, \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940, \u0938\u0902\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0915\u0924\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0939\u093e\u092f\u0915 \u0915\u0930\u094d\u092e\u091a\u093e\u0930\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0909\u092a\u0932\u092c\u094d\u0927\u0924\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Inquiry pedagogy without materials degenerates into a description of what an experiment would have shown.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0905\u0928\u094d\u0935\u0947\u0937\u0923 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0907\u0938 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0923\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u093f\u092e\u091f \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td><strong><span class=\"en\">Language and culture<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">The relation between the home language, the school language and the register of the textbook.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0917\u0943\u0939-\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e, \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f\u0940 \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u092a\u0941\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0915 \u0915\u0940 \u0936\u0948\u0932\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u0927\u094d\u092f \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0964<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">A wide gap requires bridging through the mother tongue before the academic register can carry meaning.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u0915 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0936\u0948\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u093f\u0915 \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0935\u093e\u0939\u0940 \u092c\u0928\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u092e\u093e\u0924\u0943\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0938\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td><strong><span class=\"en\">Teacher competence<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e\u0924\u093e<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">The methods that can be executed with confidence and recovered from when they falter.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u091c\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u0906\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0938 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0928\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0905\u0938\u092b\u0932 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u0938\u0901\u092d\u093e\u0932\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0947\u0964<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">A poorly managed open discussion teaches less than a well-managed exposition; ambition must match capacity.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092c\u0902\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u092e\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u091a\u0930\u094d\u091a\u093e \u0938\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092c\u0902\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0928 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u092e \u0938\u093f\u0916\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948; \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0915\u093e\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0930\u0942\u092a \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0940 \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <\/tbody>\r\n <\/table>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"p1-9\">\r\n <span class=\"section-badge\">1.9<\/span>\r\n <h3><span class=\"en\">Pedagogical Analysis<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0937\u0923<\/span><\/h3>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <p><span class=\"en\">Pedagogical analysis is the systematic procedure by which a unit of content is broken down and rebuilt for teaching. It converts a textbook chapter, which is written for reading, into a teaching plan, which is designed for learning. The procedure has five stages, each answering a question the next stage depends upon.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0937\u0923 \u0935\u0939 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0907\u0915\u093e\u0908 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0916\u0902\u0921\u0928 \u0915\u0930 \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u094d\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u092a\u0941\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f \u0915\u094b, \u091c\u094b \u092a\u0922\u093c\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0932\u093f\u0916\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0910\u0938\u0940 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0964 \u0907\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u093e\u0901\u091a \u0905\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u091c\u093f\u0928\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0910\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938 \u092a\u0930 \u0905\u0917\u0932\u0940 \u0905\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092d\u0930 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n <svg class=\"full-diagram\" viewBox=\"0 0 560 300\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"The five stages of pedagogical analysis as a repeating cycle\">\r\n<defs><marker id=\"cyc\" markerWidth=\"10\" markerHeight=\"10\" refX=\"8\" refY=\"3.5\" orient=\"auto\">\r\n<path d=\"M0,0 L0,7 L9,3.5 z\" fill=\"#b8c8d8\"\/><\/marker><\/defs>\r\n<g font-family=\"DM Sans, Noto Sans Devanagari, sans-serif\" font-size=\"10.5\">\r\n <g fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#dde5ee\" stroke-width=\"2.4\" marker-end=\"url(#cyc)\">\r\n <path d=\"M368 40 C424 48, 452 68, 462 90\"\/>\r\n <path d=\"M478 140 C486 168, 478 190, 466 200\"\/>\r\n <path d=\"M368 240 C356 254, 340 260, 326 262\"\/>\r\n <path d=\"M190 258 C140 250, 106 218, 100 190\"\/>\r\n <path d=\"M96 134 C104 92, 140 54, 190 42\"\/>\r\n <\/g>\r\n\r\n <circle cx=\"280\" cy=\"150\" r=\"56\" fill=\"#f5f8fd\" stroke=\"#14243f\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"145\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"11.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#14243f\">PEDAGOGICAL<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"163\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"11.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#14243f\">ANALYSIS<\/text>\r\n\r\n <rect x=\"196\" y=\"14\" width=\"168\" height=\"44\" rx=\"9\" fill=\"#eefbf7\" stroke=\"#0d8f79\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"33\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"11\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#0d8f79\">1 \u00b7 CONTENT<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"49\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">facts, concepts, principles<\/text>\r\n\r\n <rect x=\"396\" y=\"94\" width=\"148\" height=\"44\" rx=\"9\" fill=\"#eaf6ff\" stroke=\"#2f92d1\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"470\" y=\"113\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"11\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#2f92d1\">2 \u00b7 OBJECTIVES<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"470\" y=\"129\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">level and outcome<\/text>\r\n\r\n <rect x=\"372\" y=\"204\" width=\"172\" height=\"44\" rx=\"9\" fill=\"#eef4fc\" stroke=\"#1f5fa9\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"458\" y=\"223\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"11\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\">3 \u00b7 ENTRY BEHAVIOUR<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"458\" y=\"239\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">what is already secure<\/text>\r\n\r\n <rect x=\"196\" y=\"248\" width=\"168\" height=\"44\" rx=\"9\" fill=\"#fffaef\" stroke=\"#c9760f\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"267\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"11\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#c9760f\">4 \u00b7 STRATEGY<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"283\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">method, activity, materials<\/text>\r\n\r\n <rect x=\"16\" y=\"134\" width=\"160\" height=\"44\" rx=\"9\" fill=\"#fdf0f5\" stroke=\"#8e2f5a\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"96\" y=\"153\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"11\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#8e2f5a\">5 \u00b7 EVALUATION<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"96\" y=\"169\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">evidence and diagnosis<\/text>\r\n<\/g><\/svg>\r\n <div class=\"diagram-cap\"><span class=\"en\">The five stages, and the loop by which evaluation feeds the next unit rather than closing the file<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u093e\u0901\u091a \u0905\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u090f\u0901, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0935\u0939 \u091a\u0915\u094d\u0930 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u092e\u0942\u0932\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0915\u0928 \u092b\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0932 \u092c\u0902\u0926 \u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0917\u0932\u0940 \u0907\u0915\u093e\u0908 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u094b\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"flow-wrap\">\r\n <div class=\"flow-note\"><span class=\"en\">The order is fixed by dependency, not by convention \u2014 each stage supplies what the next one needs.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u092a\u0930\u0902\u092a\u0930\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092d\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u0936\u094d\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0905\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u0935\u0939 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u0905\u0917\u0932\u0940 \u0915\u094b \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"flow-steps\">\r\n <div class=\"flow-step\"><div class=\"fs-num\">1<\/div><div class=\"fs-body\"><strong><span class=\"en\">Content analysis<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0937\u0923<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"fs-sub\"><span class=\"en\">Separate the unit into facts, concepts, principles, procedures and applications, and mark the logical dependencies. The output is a concept map showing what must be secure before what.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0907\u0915\u093e\u0908 \u0915\u094b \u0924\u0925\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902, \u0938\u0902\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u092f\u094b\u0902, \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924\u094b\u0902, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0943\u0925\u0915\u094d \u0915\u0930 \u0924\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0915\u093f\u0915 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092d\u0930\u0924\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u091a\u093f\u0939\u094d\u0928\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902\u0964 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u092f-\u092e\u093e\u0928\u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0938\u0941\u0926\u0943\u0922\u093c \u0939\u094b\u0928\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/div><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"flow-step\"><div class=\"fs-num\">2<\/div><div class=\"fs-body\"><strong><span class=\"en\">Determination of objectives<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"fs-sub\"><span class=\"en\">Match each element of content to the taxonomic level at which it is to be mastered, and state it as an observable learning outcome with its behavioural specification.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0924\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u0915\u094b \u0909\u0938 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923-\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0938\u0947 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u091c\u093f\u0938 \u092a\u0930 \u0926\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0924\u093e \u0905\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930\u0917\u0924 \u0935\u093f\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u0928 \u0938\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u0940\u092f \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092b\u0932 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/div><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"flow-step\"><div class=\"fs-num\">3<\/div><div class=\"fs-body\"><strong><span class=\"en\">Identification of entry behaviour<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0947\u0936-\u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0939\u091a\u093e\u0928<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"fs-sub\"><span class=\"en\">List the prerequisite knowledge and verify its presence, so that the teaching begins where the class actually stands rather than where the syllabus assumes it stands.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0940\u092c\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0915\u0930 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u0909\u092a\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u0938\u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902, \u0924\u093e\u0915\u093f \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0935\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0938\u0947 \u0906\u0930\u0902\u092d \u0939\u094b \u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924\u0903 \u0916\u0921\u093c\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0928 \u0915\u093f \u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0916\u0921\u093c\u093e \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/div><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"flow-step\"><div class=\"fs-num\">4<\/div><div class=\"fs-body\"><strong><span class=\"en\">Selection of strategy and materials<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u091a\u092f\u0928<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"fs-sub\"><span class=\"en\">For each objective choose an appropriate method, learning activity, aid and grouping arrangement, applying the determinants of section 1.8.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f, \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e \u0917\u0924\u093f\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f, \u0938\u0939\u093e\u092f\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u092e\u0942\u0939\u0928 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u091a\u0941\u0928\u0947\u0902, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0916\u0902\u0921 1.8 \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0915 \u0932\u093e\u0917\u0942 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/div><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"flow-step\"><div class=\"fs-num\">5<\/div><div class=\"fs-body\"><strong><span class=\"en\">Planning of evaluation<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092e\u0942\u0932\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0915\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"fs-sub\"><span class=\"en\">Specify the evidence of attainment in advance for every objective, along with the diagnostic action to follow if that evidence does not appear.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0909\u092a\u0932\u092c\u094d\u0927\u093f \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0926\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902, \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0939\u0940 \u0935\u0939 \u0928\u093f\u0926\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0908 \u092d\u0940 \u091c\u094b \u0909\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u0930\u0939\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u090f\u0917\u0940\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/div><\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"exam-tip\">\r\n <div class=\"et-icon\">C<\/div>\r\n <div class=\"et-body\">\r\n <strong><span class=\"en\">A memory device, and why the order cannot be shuffled.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u090f\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u092e\u0943\u0924\u093f-\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u092c\u0926\u0932\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/strong>\r\n <span class=\"en\"> Content, Objectives, Entry behaviour, Strategy, Evaluation.<\/span>\r\n <span class=\"hi\"> \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941, \u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0947\u0936-\u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930, \u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f, \u092e\u0942\u0932\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0915\u0928\u0964<\/span>\r\n <ul class=\"split-list\">\r\n <li><span class=\"sl-tag\">C\u2192O<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">objectives cannot be fixed to a taxonomic level before the content is separated into its elements<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u094b \u0924\u0924\u094d\u0935\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0943\u0925\u0915\u094d \u0915\u093f\u090f \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923-\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u092c\u093e\u0901\u0927\u0947 \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0947<\/span><\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"sl-tag\">E\u2192S<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">strategy cannot be chosen before the gap between entry behaviour and objective is known<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0947\u0936-\u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u0927\u094d\u092f \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930 \u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0924 \u0939\u0941\u090f \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u091a\u0941\u0928\u0940 \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940<\/span><\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"sl-tag\">S\u2192E<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">evaluation comes last because it must mirror the objective and not the strategy<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092e\u0942\u0932\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0915\u0928 \u0905\u0902\u0924 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0906\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0915\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092c\u093f\u0902\u092c \u0939\u094b\u0928\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f<\/span><\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"p1-10\">\r\n <span class=\"section-badge\">1.10<\/span>\r\n <h3><span class=\"en\">Practice Set<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u092d\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938 \u0938\u0947\u091f<\/span><\/h3>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"mcq-box\">\r\n <div class=\"mcq-title\"><span class=\"en\">Practice \u2014 Concept, Nature and Scope<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u092d\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938 \u2014 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a\u0928\u093e, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930<\/span> <span class=\"mcq-src\">10 items<\/span><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"mcq-note\"><span class=\"en\">Several items turn on a single distinction \u2014 the containment relation, the interrogative behind a head of scope, or the side of the triangle that has given way.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u0928\u0947\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u090f\u0915 \u0939\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u0947\u0926 \u092a\u0930 \u091f\u093f\u0915\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u2014 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0935\u0947\u0936\u0928 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927, \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0936\u0940\u0930\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0940\u091b\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928\u0935\u093e\u091a\u0915, \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092d\u0941\u091c \u0915\u0940 \u0935\u0939 \u092d\u0941\u091c\u093e \u091c\u094b \u091f\u0942\u091f\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n\r\n <details class=\"mcq-q\"><summary><span class=\"mcq-num\">1<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">The Greek functionary from whom the term pedagogy derives was primarily responsible for<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u091c\u093f\u0938 \u092f\u0942\u0928\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u092a\u0926\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092a\u0926 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0939\u0948, \u0935\u0939 \u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f\u0924\u0903 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930\u0926\u093e\u092f\u0940 \u0925\u093e<\/span><\/span><\/summary>\r\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\r\n <li>(a) <span class=\"en\">delivering formal instruction in grammar and rhetoric<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0935\u093e\u0917\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0924\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0914\u092a\u091a\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0926\u0947\u0936\u0928 \u0926\u0947\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(b) <span class=\"en\">escorting and supervising the conduct of a boy attending school<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0932\u0915 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0932\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0906\u091a\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0940 \u0926\u0947\u0916\u0930\u0947\u0916 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(c) <span class=\"en\">examining candidates for admission to the academy<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u0915\u093e\u0926\u092e\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0947\u0936 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0905\u092d\u094d\u092f\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0932\u0947\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(d) <span class=\"en\">prescribing the curriculum for the city-state<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0928\u0917\u0930-\u0930\u093e\u091c\u094d\u092f \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u091a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\"><b>(b).<\/b> <span class=\"en\">The <em>paidagogos<\/em> was a household attendant who conducted the boy to and from school, carried his materials and supervised his behaviour \u2014 a custodial and moral office, not an instructional one. Formal instruction was the work of the grammatistes and later the rhetorician, which is what option (a) describes. The etymology explains why pedagogy retains a moral and relational dimension alongside the technical.<\/span><span class=\"hi\"><em>\u092a\u093e\u0907\u0921\u093e\u0917\u094b\u0917\u094b\u0938<\/em> \u0935\u0939 \u0917\u0943\u0939-\u092a\u0930\u093f\u091a\u0930 \u0925\u093e \u091c\u094b \u092c\u093e\u0932\u0915 \u0915\u094b \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0932\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e-\u0932\u093e\u0924\u093e, \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0909\u0920\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0926\u0947\u0916\u0930\u0947\u0916 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0925\u093e \u2014 \u092f\u0939 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0928\u0948\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u0926 \u0925\u093e, \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0926\u0947\u0936\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964 \u0914\u092a\u091a\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0926\u0947\u0936\u0928 \u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0924\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0947\u0938 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093e\u0917\u094d\u092e\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0925\u093e, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0923\u0928 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a (a) \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939\u0940 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0938\u094d\u092a\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0924\u0915\u0928\u0940\u0915\u0940 \u0906\u092f\u093e\u092e \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0928\u0948\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u092a\u0930\u0915 \u0906\u092f\u093e\u092e \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u090f \u0930\u0916\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n\r\n <details class=\"mcq-q\"><summary><span class=\"mcq-num\">2<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">The formulation that pedagogy is the act of teaching together with the ideas, values and justifications that inform it is attributable to<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092f\u0939 \u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u093f \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0942\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u091a\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902, \u092e\u0942\u0932\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0914\u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u092e\u0941\u091a\u094d\u091a\u092f \u0939\u0948, \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u0906\u0930\u094b\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/span><\/summary>\r\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\r\n <li>(a) <span class=\"en\">Basil Bernstein<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092c\u0947\u0938\u093f\u0932 \u092c\u0930\u094d\u0928\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0940\u0928<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(b) <span class=\"en\">Brian Simon<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092c\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092f\u0928 \u0938\u093e\u0907\u092e\u0928<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(c) <span class=\"en\">Robin Alexander<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0930\u0949\u092c\u093f\u0928 \u090f\u0932\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091c\u0947\u0902\u0921\u0930<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(d) <span class=\"en\">Malcolm Knowles<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092e\u093e\u0932\u094d\u0915\u092e \u0928\u094b\u0932\u094d\u0938<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\"><b>(c).<\/b> <span class=\"en\">Alexander's definition is distinctive in yoking the observable act to its justificatory framework. Bernstein foregrounds the licensed provider and evaluator, marking pedagogy as a relation of authority; Simon presents it as a science resting on generalisable principles; Knowles is associated with andragogy rather than with a definition of pedagogy as such.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u090f\u0932\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091c\u0947\u0902\u0921\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f\u0924\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u0940\u092f \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0914\u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u092f-\u0922\u093e\u0901\u091a\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092c\u0930\u094d\u0928\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0940\u0928 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u0943\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u093e\u0924\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092e\u0942\u0932\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0915\u0928\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0915\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0941\u0916\u0924\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0915\u0930 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093e-\u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091a\u093f\u0939\u094d\u0928\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902; \u0938\u093e\u0907\u092e\u0928 \u0907\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923\u0940\u092f \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0935\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u092c\u0924\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902; \u0928\u094b\u0932\u094d\u0938 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u090f\u0902\u0921\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0917\u094b\u0917\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n\r\n <details class=\"mcq-q\"><summary><span class=\"mcq-num\">3<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">Consider the following statements: 1. Pedagogy is descriptive in accounting for how learning occurs and normative in prescribing what ought to be done. 2. Its principles fully determine the method to be adopted in a given classroom. 3. It draws its warrant from philosophy, psychology and sociology among other disciplines. Which are correct?<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0928\u093f\u092e\u094d\u0928\u0932\u093f\u0916\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0925\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0940\u091c\u093f\u090f: 1. \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0923\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u092f\u0939 \u092c\u0924\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e \u0915\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0906\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u092f\u0939 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0926\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0928\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f\u0964 2. \u0907\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u093e\u0908 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f \u0915\u094b \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923\u0924\u0903 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 3. \u092f\u0939 \u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u0928, \u092e\u0928\u094b\u0935\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u091c\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u0932\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0915\u094c\u0928-\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0939\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902?<\/span><\/span><\/summary>\r\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\r\n <li>(a) <span class=\"en\">1 and 2 only<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 1 \u0914\u0930 2<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(b) <span class=\"en\">2 and 3 only<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 2 \u0914\u0930 3<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(c) <span class=\"en\">1 and 3 only<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 1 \u0914\u0930 3<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(d) <span class=\"en\">1, 2 and 3<\/span><span class=\"hi\">1, 2 \u0914\u0930 3<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\"><b>(c).<\/b> <span class=\"en\">Statement 2 is incorrect because pedagogical principles <em>underdetermine<\/em> practice \u2014 a single principle such as graduated difficulty is consistent with many different lesson designs, and the choice among them rests on situated judgement. This underdetermination is precisely what sustains the claim that pedagogy is an art as well as a science.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u0925\u0928 2 \u0917\u0932\u0924 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u094b <em>\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923\u0924\u0903 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902<\/em> \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u2014 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u0920\u093f\u0928\u093e\u0908 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u093e \u090f\u0915 \u0939\u0940 \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924 \u0905\u0928\u0947\u0915 \u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u092a\u093e\u0920-\u0905\u092d\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0930\u0942\u092a \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0909\u0928\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u091a\u092f\u0928 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f\u091c\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0935\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0915 \u092a\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092d\u0930 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939\u0940 \u0905\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0909\u0938 \u0926\u093e\u0935\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0915\u0932\u093e \u092d\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n\r\n <details class=\"mcq-q\"><summary><span class=\"mcq-num\">4<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">The correct order of the four concepts from the widest to the narrowest in extension is<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0926\u0943\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093f \u0938\u0947 \u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a\u0928\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u0915\u0924\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0941\u091a\u093f\u0924\u0924\u092e \u0915\u0940 \u0913\u0930 \u0938\u0939\u0940 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/span><\/summary>\r\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\r\n <li>(a) <span class=\"en\">Pedagogy \u2192 Education \u2192 Teaching \u2192 Instruction<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u2192 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u2192 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u2192 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0926\u0947\u0936\u0928<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(b) <span class=\"en\">Education \u2192 Pedagogy \u2192 Teaching \u2192 Instruction<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u2192 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u2192 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u2192 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0926\u0947\u0936\u0928<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(c) <span class=\"en\">Education \u2192 Teaching \u2192 Pedagogy \u2192 Instruction<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u2192 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u2192 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u2192 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0926\u0947\u0936\u0928<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(d) <span class=\"en\">Teaching \u2192 Education \u2192 Instruction \u2192 Pedagogy<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u2192 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u2192 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0926\u0947\u0936\u0928 \u2192 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\"><b>(b).<\/b> <span class=\"en\">Education is the widest, covering incidental and lifelong formation. Pedagogy is confined to the theory and justified practice of deliberate teaching; teaching is the operational act within pedagogy; and instruction, capable of mediation by text or machine, is narrowest. Option (c) errs by placing teaching above pedagogy, which reverses the theory\u2013practice relation.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u0915 \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0906\u0915\u0938\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0915 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0906\u091c\u0940\u0935\u0928 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u0938\u092e\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0932\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0938\u0941\u0935\u093f\u091a\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0914\u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u092f\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930 \u0924\u0915 \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948; \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u092d\u0940\u0924\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948; \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0926\u0947\u0936\u0928, \u091c\u094b \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f \u092f\u093e \u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0932\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0941\u091a\u093f\u0924\u0964 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a (c) \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u094b \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0938\u0947 \u090a\u092a\u0930 \u0930\u0916\u0915\u0930 \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924\u2013\u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927 \u0909\u0932\u091f \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n\r\n <details class=\"mcq-q\"><summary><span class=\"mcq-num\">5<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">All of the following are assumptions Knowles associated with andragogy EXCEPT<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0928\u093f\u092e\u094d\u0928\u0932\u093f\u0916\u093f\u0924 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0928\u094b\u0932\u094d\u0938 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u090f\u0902\u0921\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0917\u094b\u0917\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0924\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0938\u093f\u0935\u093e\u092f<\/span><\/span><\/summary>\r\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\r\n <li>(a) <span class=\"en\">readiness to learn arises from social role and life task<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u0940\u0916\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0924\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u091c\u093f\u0915 \u092d\u0942\u092e\u093f\u0915\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u091c\u0940\u0935\u0928-\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0938\u0947 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(b) <span class=\"en\">accumulated experience serves as a resource for learning<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u0902\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092d\u0935 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u093e\u0927\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(c) <span class=\"en\">orientation to learning is problem-centred with immediate application<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e \u0915\u093e \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0935\u093f\u0928\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938 \u0938\u092e\u0938\u094d\u092f\u093e-\u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0924\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0915\u093e\u0932\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(d) <span class=\"en\">the learner independently sets the objectives and the criteria of success<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u092b\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u0938\u094c\u091f\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\"><b>(d).<\/b> <span class=\"en\">Independent determination of objectives and success criteria is the defining feature of <em>heutagogy<\/em>, proposed by Hase and Kenyon in 2000, in which the learner is self-determined rather than merely self-directed. Andragogy stops at self-direction \u2014 the learner negotiates path and pace within objectives that remain jointly settled with a facilitator.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u092b\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u0938\u094c\u091f\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923 <em>\u0939\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u093e\u0917\u094b\u0917\u0940<\/em> \u0915\u093e \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u0915 \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0938 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0915\u0947\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0928 \u0928\u0947 2000 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0938\u094d\u0935-\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u093f\u0924 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0905\u092a\u093f\u0924\u0941 \u0938\u094d\u0935-\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u090f\u0902\u0921\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0917\u094b\u0917\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0935-\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u0928 \u092a\u0930 \u0930\u0941\u0915 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0909\u0928 \u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092d\u0940\u0924\u0930 \u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0917 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0917\u0924\u093f \u092a\u0930 \u092c\u093e\u0924\u091a\u0940\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0938\u0941\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0938\u0902\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0924\u092f \u0930\u0939\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n\r\n <details class=\"mcq-q\"><summary><span class=\"mcq-num\">6<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">In Houssaye's pedagogical triangle, the process running between the learner and knowledge is named<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092d\u0941\u091c \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u0927\u094d\u092f \u091a\u0932\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0939\u0932\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/span><\/summary>\r\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\r\n <li>(a) <span class=\"en\">former<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092b\u094b\u0930\u094d\u092e\u0947<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(b) <span class=\"en\">enseigner<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0906\u0901\u0938\u0947\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0947<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(c) <span class=\"en\">apprendre<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0906\u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(d) <span class=\"en\">transaction<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u0902\u091a\u0930\u0923<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\"><b>(c).<\/b> <span class=\"en\">Apprendre names the learner's own engagement with the material through practice, problem-solving and application; when it is privileged, the teacher plays dead, as in project work or a self-access module. Enseigner is the teacher\u2013knowledge process and former the teacher\u2013learner process. Transaction is a broader term for curriculum delivery and names no side of the triangle at all.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0906\u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930 \u0905\u092d\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938, \u0938\u092e\u0938\u094d\u092f\u093e-\u0938\u092e\u093e\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u091c\u0941\u0921\u093c\u093e\u0935 \u0915\u094b \u0928\u093e\u092e \u0926\u0947\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948; \u0907\u0938\u0947 \u0935\u0930\u0940\u092f\u0924\u093e \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u092e\u0943\u0924\u0935\u0924\u094d \u0930\u0939\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928\u093e \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u092f\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0935-\u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a \u092e\u0949\u0921\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0932 \u092e\u0947\u0902\u0964 \u0906\u0901\u0938\u0947\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0947 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915\u2013\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092b\u094b\u0930\u094d\u092e\u0947 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915\u2013\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0964 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u0930\u0923 \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u091a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0928\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0928 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u0915 \u092a\u0926 \u0939\u0948 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092d\u0941\u091c \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092d\u0941\u091c\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093e\u092e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n\r\n <details class=\"mcq-q\"><summary><span class=\"mcq-num\">7<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">A class holds a firmly established misconception about a scientific phenomenon. The pedagogically appropriate response is to<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u0948\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0918\u091f\u0928\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0926\u0943\u0922\u093c\u0924\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u092d\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0924\u093f \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0926\u0943\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093f \u0938\u0947 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/span><\/summary>\r\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\r\n <li>(a) <span class=\"en\">repeat the correct explanation with greater clarity and more examples<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u0939\u0940 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u092a\u0937\u094d\u091f\u0924\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0926\u094b\u0939\u0930\u093e\u0928\u093e<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(b) <span class=\"en\">create a situation in which the misconception yields a prediction that fails<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0910\u0938\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092d\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0924\u093f \u0938\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u0932\u093e \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0928\u0941\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0935\u093f\u092b\u0932 \u0939\u094b<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(c) <span class=\"en\">postpone the topic until the learners reach a higher class<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a\u0924\u0930 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a\u0928\u0947 \u0924\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f \u0938\u094d\u0925\u0917\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(d) <span class=\"en\">assign additional written practice on the correct formulation<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u0939\u0940 \u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u092a\u0930 \u0905\u0924\u093f\u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0932\u093f\u0916\u093f\u0924 \u0905\u092d\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938 \u0926\u0947\u0928\u093e<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\"><b>(b).<\/b> <span class=\"en\">An entrenched misconception is not an absence of knowledge but a competing structure that has served the learner adequately; clearer exposition and additional practice are absorbed into it without disturbing it. Cognitive conflict \u2014 arranging for the misconception to generate a prediction that observably fails \u2014 creates the disequilibrium required for restructuring. Options (a) and (d) treat the difficulty as a deficit of clarity or repetition, which is why they are the standard traps.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u091c\u0921\u093c \u091c\u092e\u093e\u0908 \u092d\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0924\u093f \u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u092d\u093e\u0935 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0905\u092a\u093f\u0924\u0941 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0938\u094d\u092a\u0930\u094d\u0927\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u092a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0930\u0939\u0940 \u0939\u0948; \u0938\u094d\u092a\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0905\u0924\u093f\u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0905\u092d\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938 \u0909\u0938\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0938\u0902\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0935 \u2014 \u0910\u0938\u0940 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u0915\u093f \u092d\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0924\u093f \u0938\u0947 \u0910\u0938\u093e \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0928\u0941\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u0932\u0947 \u091c\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0924\u0903 \u0935\u093f\u092b\u0932 \u0939\u094b \u2014 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u094d\u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915 \u0905\u0938\u0902\u0924\u0941\u0932\u0928 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a (a) \u090f\u0935\u0902 (d) \u0915\u0920\u093f\u0928\u093e\u0908 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u094d\u092a\u0937\u094d\u091f\u0924\u093e \u092f\u093e \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u093e\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u092e\u0940 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0907\u0938\u0940\u0932\u093f\u090f \u0935\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0915 \u092d\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n\r\n <details class=\"mcq-q\"><summary><span class=\"mcq-num\">8<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">Match List-I with List-II. List-I: A. Aims and objectives, B. Content and organisation, C. Learning environment, D. Evaluation. List-II: 1. Under what conditions, 2. Why, 3. How well, 4. What<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u0942\u091a\u0940-I \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0940-II \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0941\u092e\u0947\u0932\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0940\u091c\u093f\u090f\u0964 \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0940-I: A. \u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u092f, B. \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u0917\u0920\u0928, C. \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e \u0935\u093e\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0930\u0923, D. \u092e\u0942\u0932\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0915\u0928\u0964 \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0940-II: 1. \u0915\u093f\u0928 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902, 2. \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902, 3. \u0915\u093f\u0924\u0928\u093e \u0905\u091a\u094d\u091b\u093e, 4. \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e<\/span><\/span><\/summary>\r\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\r\n <li>(a) A-2, B-4, C-1, D-3<\/li>\r\n <li>(b) A-4, B-2, C-3, D-1<\/li>\r\n <li>(c) A-2, B-1, C-4, D-3<\/li>\r\n <li>(d) A-3, B-4, C-1, D-2<\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\"><b>(a).<\/b> <span class=\"en\">Aims answer <em>why<\/em> the teaching is undertaken; content answers <em>what<\/em> is to be taught and in what sequence; environment answers <em>under what conditions<\/em> the transaction occurs, covering physical arrangement, climate and norms of participation; evaluation answers <em>how well<\/em> the intention was realised. The two remaining heads follow the same logic \u2014 the learner answers <em>who<\/em>, and method answers <em>how<\/em>.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f \u092c\u0924\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0915\u093f \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 <em>\u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902<\/em> \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0930\u0939\u093e \u0939\u0948; \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u092c\u0924\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f <em>\u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e<\/em> \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0915\u093f\u0938 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0922\u093c\u093e\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0928\u093e \u0939\u0948; \u0935\u093e\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0930\u0923 \u092c\u0924\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0938\u0902\u091a\u0930\u0923 <em>\u0915\u093f\u0928 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902<\/em> \u0939\u094b \u0930\u0939\u093e \u0939\u0948; \u092e\u0942\u0932\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0915\u0928 \u092c\u0924\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0906\u0936\u092f <em>\u0915\u093f\u0924\u0928\u093e \u0905\u091a\u094d\u091b\u093e<\/em> \u0938\u093e\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0939\u0941\u0906\u0964 \u0936\u0947\u0937 \u0926\u094b \u0936\u0940\u0930\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u092d\u0940 \u0907\u0938\u0940 \u0924\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u2014 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 <em>\u0915\u094c\u0928<\/em> \u0915\u093e \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f <em>\u0915\u0948\u0938\u0947<\/em> \u0915\u093e \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n\r\n <details class=\"mcq-q\"><summary><span class=\"mcq-num\">9<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">Arrange the stages of pedagogical analysis in correct sequence: 1. Selection of strategy and materials, 2. Content analysis, 3. Planning of evaluation, 4. Identification of entry behaviour, 5. Determination of objectives<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0939\u0940 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0930\u0916\u093f\u090f: 1. \u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u091a\u092f\u0928, 2. \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0937\u0923, 3. \u092e\u0942\u0932\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0915\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928, 4. \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0947\u0936-\u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0939\u091a\u093e\u0928, 5. \u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923<\/span><\/span><\/summary>\r\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\r\n <li>(a) 2 \u2192 5 \u2192 4 \u2192 1 \u2192 3<\/li>\r\n <li>(b) 5 \u2192 2 \u2192 4 \u2192 3 \u2192 1<\/li>\r\n <li>(c) 4 \u2192 2 \u2192 5 \u2192 1 \u2192 3<\/li>\r\n <li>(d) 2 \u2192 4 \u2192 1 \u2192 5 \u2192 3<\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\"><b>(a).<\/b> <span class=\"en\">The dependencies fix the order. Objectives cannot be assigned to a taxonomic level until the content has been separated into facts, concepts, principles and procedures, so content analysis precedes objectives. Strategy cannot be chosen until the gap between entry behaviour and objective is known. Evaluation is planned last because it must mirror the objective and not the strategy \u2014 the point that distinguishes the answer from option (b), which places evaluation before strategy.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092d\u0930\u0924\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u0928\u093f\u0936\u094d\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u091c\u092c \u0924\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u094b \u0924\u0925\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902, \u0938\u0902\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u092f\u094b\u0902, \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924\u094b\u0902 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0943\u0925\u0915\u094d \u0928 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u090f, \u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0938\u0947 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e\u0964 \u091c\u092c \u0924\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0947\u0936-\u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u0927\u094d\u092f \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930 \u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0924 \u0928 \u0939\u094b, \u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u091a\u0941\u0928\u0940 \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940\u0964 \u092e\u0942\u0932\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0915\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u0905\u0902\u0924 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0915\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092c\u093f\u0902\u092c \u0939\u094b\u0928\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f \u2014 \u092f\u0939\u0940 \u092c\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0941 \u0907\u0938\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a (b) \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0943\u0925\u0915\u094d \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n\r\n <details class=\"mcq-q\"><summary><span class=\"mcq-num\">10<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">A teacher with excellent rapport produces consistently weak results in a subject in which the teacher's own preparation is thin. In Houssaye's terms, the situation privileges former, and the element that has slipped into the dead position is<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0909\u0924\u094d\u0915\u0943\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0902\u091c\u0938\u094d\u092f \u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0910\u0938\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0932\u0917\u093e\u0924\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u092e\u091c\u094b\u0930 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0940 \u0924\u0948\u092f\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0905\u0932\u094d\u092a \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0936\u092c\u094d\u0926\u093e\u0935\u0932\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092f\u0939 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u092b\u094b\u0930\u094d\u092e\u0947 \u0915\u094b \u0935\u0930\u0940\u092f\u0924\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092e\u0943\u0924 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0930\u0915\u093e \u0939\u0941\u0906 \u0924\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/span><\/summary>\r\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\r\n <li>(a) <span class=\"en\">the learner<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(b) <span class=\"en\">the teacher<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(c) <span class=\"en\">the knowledge<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(d) <span class=\"en\">the environment<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u093e\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0930\u0923<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\"><b>(c).<\/b> <span class=\"en\">When the teacher\u2013learner process is privileged, the vertex left out of the pair is knowledge, and it takes the dead position \u2014 the warm classroom in which little of substance is transacted. Options (a) and (b) name the vertices that are actually in the foreground here. Environment is not a vertex of the triangle at all, which is what makes option (d) the easiest to eliminate.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u091c\u092c \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915\u2013\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0935\u0930\u0940\u092f\u0924\u093e \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u092c \u092f\u0941\u0917\u094d\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0939\u0930 \u091b\u0942\u091f\u093e \u0936\u0940\u0930\u094d\u0937 \u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u0939\u0940 \u092e\u0943\u0924 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u0932\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u0935\u0939 \u0938\u094d\u0928\u0947\u0939\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u093e\u0930\u092d\u0942\u0924 \u0915\u0941\u091b \u0905\u0932\u094d\u092a \u0939\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a (a) \u090f\u0935\u0902 (b) \u0909\u0928 \u0936\u0940\u0930\u094d\u0937\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093e\u092e \u0932\u0947\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u091c\u094b \u092f\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924\u0903 \u0905\u0917\u094d\u0930\u092d\u0942\u092e\u093f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0935\u093e\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0930\u0923 \u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092d\u0941\u091c \u0915\u093e \u0936\u0940\u0930\u094d\u0937 \u0939\u0948 \u0939\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0907\u0938\u0940\u0932\u093f\u090f \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a (d) \u0939\u091f\u093e\u0928\u093e \u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0930\u0932 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n <\/section>\r\n<!--\/CH1-->\r\n<!--CH2--><section class=\"chapter-content\" data-chap=\"2\" id=\"c2\">\r\n <div class=\"chapter-heading-block\">\r\n <span class=\"chapter-badge\"><span class=\"en\">CHAPTER 2<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f 2<\/span><\/span>\r\n <h2><span class=\"en\">Philosophical Foundations of Pedagogy<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0936\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930<\/span><\/h2>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"keyfact-grid\">\r\n <div class=\"keyfact-card navy-hi\">\r\n <span class=\"big-icon\">📚<\/span>\r\n <div class=\"kf-label\"><span class=\"en\">Didactica Magna<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0926\u093f\u0926\u093e\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0915\u093e \u092e\u0948\u0917\u094d\u0928\u093e<\/span><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"kf-value\">Comenius \u00b7 1657<\/div>\r\n <div class=\"kf-sub\"><span class=\"en\">Age-graded classes and the maxims of teaching<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0906\u092f\u0941-\u0936\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0923\u0940\u092c\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div class=\"keyfact-card amber-hi\">\r\n <span class=\"big-icon\">🌿<\/span>\r\n <div class=\"kf-label\"><span class=\"en\">\u00c9mile<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u090f\u092e\u093f\u0932<\/span><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"kf-value\">Rousseau \u00b7 1762<\/div>\r\n <div class=\"kf-sub\"><span class=\"en\">Readiness, negative education, childhood as a stage<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0924\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0930\u0924\u093e, \u0928\u0915\u093e\u0930\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e, \u0905\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u093e\u0932\u094d\u092f\u0915\u093e\u0932<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div class=\"keyfact-card teal-hi\">\r\n <span class=\"big-icon\">🔨<\/span>\r\n <div class=\"kf-label\"><span class=\"en\">Democracy and Education<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0921\u0947\u092e\u094b\u0915\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0938\u0940 \u090f\u0902\u0921 \u090f\u091c\u0941\u0915\u0947\u0936\u0928<\/span><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"kf-value\">Dewey \u00b7 1916<\/div>\r\n <div class=\"kf-sub\"><span class=\"en\">Learning by doing; the school as a small community<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u0930\u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0940\u0916\u0928\u093e; \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u090f\u0915 \u0932\u0918\u0941 \u0938\u092e\u0941\u0926\u093e\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div class=\"keyfact-card\">\r\n <span class=\"big-icon\">⚖<\/span>\r\n <div class=\"kf-label\"><span class=\"en\">Pedagogy of the Oppressed<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u0947\u0921\u093e\u0917\u094b\u091c\u0940 \u0911\u092b \u0926 \u0911\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0938\u094d\u0921<\/span><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"kf-value\">Freire \u00b7 1968<\/div>\r\n <div class=\"kf-sub\"><span class=\"en\">The banking critique and problem-posing method<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092c\u0948\u0902\u0915\u093f\u0902\u0917-\u0906\u0932\u094b\u091a\u0928\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u092e\u0938\u094d\u092f\u093e-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <p><span class=\"en\">Every method of teaching carries a hidden philosophy. A teacher who begins with a demonstration and moves to a rule has assumed that knowledge is arrived at from particulars; one who begins with the rule has assumed the reverse. These assumptions are rarely stated, but they determine what happens in a classroom more reliably than any circular. Three branches of philosophy generate the pedagogical questions, and the answer given to each settles a range of practical decisions.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u092d\u0940\u0924\u0930 \u090f\u0915 \u0905\u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u0928 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u091a\u0932\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u091c\u094b \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u0928 \u0938\u0947 \u0906\u0930\u0902\u092d \u0915\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e \u0924\u0915 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0909\u0938\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0932\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948; \u091c\u094b \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u0906\u0930\u0902\u092d \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0909\u0938\u0928\u0947 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u092a\u0930\u0940\u0924 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0924\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092f\u0903 \u0905\u0915\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u0930\u0939\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0915\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0918\u091f\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0917\u093e \u092f\u0939 \u0935\u0947 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092d\u0940 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0928\u093f\u0936\u094d\u091a\u092f\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0915 \u0924\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u0924\u0940\u0928 \u0936\u093e\u0916\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0905\u0928\u0947\u0915 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0923\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0924\u092f \u0915\u0930 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"domain-grid\">\r\n <div class=\"domain-card cog\">\r\n <div class=\"dm-icon\">\u25c8<\/div>\r\n <h5><span class=\"en\">Metaphysics<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0924\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092e\u0940\u092e\u093e\u0902\u0938\u093e<\/span><\/h5>\r\n <p><span class=\"en\">What kind of being is the learner, and what is the purpose of forming that being? The answer fixes the aims of education.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0915\u093f\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0909\u0938 \u0938\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948? \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f \u0928\u093f\u0936\u094d\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/p>\r\n <div class=\"dm-levels\">aims \u00b7 purpose \u00b7 human nature<\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div class=\"domain-card aff\">\r\n <div class=\"dm-icon\">\u25c9<\/div>\r\n <h5><span class=\"en\">Epistemology<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928\u092e\u0940\u092e\u093e\u0902\u0938\u093e<\/span><\/h5>\r\n <p><span class=\"en\">How does the learner come to know, and what therefore counts as teaching? The answer fixes method, sequence and evidence of learning.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0928\u0947 \u0924\u0915 \u0915\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u0924\u0903 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u093e \u091c\u093e\u090f? \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f, \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u0915\u094b \u0928\u093f\u0936\u094d\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/p>\r\n <div class=\"dm-levels\">method \u00b7 sequence \u00b7 evidence<\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div class=\"domain-card psy\">\r\n <div class=\"dm-icon\">\u25c6<\/div>\r\n <h5><span class=\"en\">Axiology<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092e\u0942\u0932\u094d\u092f\u092e\u0940\u092e\u093e\u0902\u0938\u093e<\/span><\/h5>\r\n <p><span class=\"en\">Which knowledge is most worth teaching, and what conduct is to be cultivated? The answer fixes curriculum selection and discipline.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u094c\u0928-\u0938\u093e \u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u0922\u093c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u092f\u094b\u0917\u094d\u092f \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0915\u093f\u0938 \u0906\u091a\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0902\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0927\u0928 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u090f? \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u091a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e \u091a\u092f\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0936\u093e\u0938\u0928 \u0928\u093f\u0936\u094d\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/p>\r\n <div class=\"dm-levels\">curriculum \u00b7 values \u00b7 discipline<\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"p2-0\">\r\n <span class=\"section-badge\">2.0<\/span>\r\n <h3><span class=\"en\">Introduction<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u0930\u093f\u091a\u092f<\/span><\/h3>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <p><span class=\"en\">The purpose of studying philosophical foundations is not antiquarian. It is to bring the assumptions behind a practice to the surface, where they can be examined and, if necessary, changed. A teacher who cannot name the epistemology behind a chosen method cannot tell whether the method is failing or whether it was never suited to the objective in the first place.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0926\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0936\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092f\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u092a\u0941\u0930\u093e\u0924\u0924\u094d\u0935\u0940\u092f \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0940\u091b\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0924\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0924\u0939 \u092a\u0930 \u0932\u093e\u0928\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0909\u0928\u0915\u093e \u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0914\u0930 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u094b \u0924\u094b \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0926\u0932\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0947\u0964 \u091c\u094b \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0940 \u091a\u0941\u0928\u0940 \u0939\u0941\u0908 \u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0940\u091b\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928\u092e\u0940\u092e\u093e\u0902\u0938\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093e\u092e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u092c\u0924\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e, \u0935\u0939 \u092f\u0939 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u092c\u0924\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0915\u093f \u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f \u0935\u093f\u092b\u0932 \u0939\u094b \u0930\u0939\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0935\u0939 \u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0915\u0942\u0932 \u0915\u092d\u0940 \u0925\u0940 \u0939\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n <ul class=\"icon-list\">\r\n <li><span class=\"ico\">1<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">Papers rarely ask for a school's doctrine in the abstract. They present a classroom practice and ask which philosophy it expresses, so the doctrines are worth learning in the direction practice-to-philosophy rather than the reverse.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u093e\u092f \u0915\u093e \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924 \u0905\u092e\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0924 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0930\u0932\u0947 \u0939\u0940 \u092a\u0942\u091b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0935\u0947 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e-\u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924 \u0915\u0930 \u092a\u0942\u091b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0915\u093f \u0935\u0939 \u0915\u093f\u0938 \u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u0928 \u0915\u094b \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0905\u0924\u0903 \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930-\u0938\u0947-\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u0926\u093f\u0936\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0940\u0916\u0928\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0935\u093f\u092a\u0930\u0940\u0924 \u0926\u093f\u0936\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"ico\">2<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">The schools are not sealed compartments. Naturalism supplies readiness to pragmatism, realism supplies graded sequence to almost every later system, and constructivism inherits from pragmatism directly.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u0902\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u093e\u092f \u092c\u0902\u0926 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0926 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928\u0935\u093e\u0926 \u0915\u094b \u0924\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u092f\u0925\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0935\u093e\u0926 \u0932\u0917\u092d\u0917 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u092a\u0930\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0915\u094b \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e\u0935\u093e\u0926 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928\u0935\u093e\u0926 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0940\u0927\u0947 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"ico\">3<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">Indian policy documents are consciously eclectic. Eclecticism becomes indefensible only when it is unexamined \u2014 when constructivist aims are declared, a behaviourist lesson is transacted, and evaluation proceeds by recall.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f \u0926\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0947\u091c\u093c \u0938\u0941\u0935\u093f\u091a\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u0928\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0935\u093e\u0926\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0938\u092e\u0928\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0935\u093e\u0926 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0924\u092d\u0940 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u092c\u0928\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u092c \u0935\u0939 \u0905\u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b \u2014 \u091c\u092c \u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e\u0935\u093e\u0926\u0940 \u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f \u0918\u094b\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0902, \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0926\u0940 \u092a\u093e\u0920 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092e\u0942\u0932\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0915\u0928 \u0938\u094d\u092e\u0930\u0923 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"p2-1\">\r\n <span class=\"section-badge\">2.1<\/span>\r\n <h3><span class=\"en\">How Philosophy Determines Pedagogy<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u0928 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u094b \u0915\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/h3>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"table-scroll\">\r\n <table class=\"data-table\">\r\n <thead><tr>\r\n <th style=\"width:18%\"><span class=\"en\">Branch<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u093e\u0916\u093e<\/span><\/th>\r\n <th style=\"width:24%\"><span class=\"en\">Question it asks<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0907\u0938\u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928<\/span><\/th>\r\n <th style=\"width:28%\"><span class=\"en\">Pedagogical question generated<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928<\/span><\/th>\r\n <th style=\"width:30%\"><span class=\"en\">Decisions it settles<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092f\u0939 \u0915\u094c\u0928-\u0938\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0923\u092f \u0924\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/th>\r\n <\/tr><\/thead>\r\n <tbody>\r\n <tr><td><strong><span class=\"en\">Metaphysics<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0924\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092e\u0940\u092e\u093e\u0902\u0938\u093e<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">What is ultimately real?<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u0902\u0924\u0924\u0903 \u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948?<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">What kind of being is the learner, and to what end is that being formed?<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0915\u093f\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0935\u0939 \u0938\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0915\u093f\u0938 \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u092f \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948?<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">The aims of education; whether the learner is treated as a soul to be unfolded, an organism to be adapted or a self to be chosen.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f; \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0915\u094b \u0905\u0928\u093e\u0935\u0943\u0924 \u0915\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0906\u0924\u094d\u092e\u093e, \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0915\u0942\u0932\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e \u091c\u0940\u0935 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u091a\u0941\u0928\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0938\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093e \u092e\u093e\u0928\u093e \u091c\u093e\u090f\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td><strong><span class=\"en\">Epistemology<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928\u092e\u0940\u092e\u093e\u0902\u0938\u093e<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">What is knowledge and how is it obtained?<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u0939 \u0915\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948?<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">How does the learner come to know, and what therefore counts as teaching?<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0928\u0947 \u0924\u0915 \u0915\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u0924\u0903 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u093e \u091c\u093e\u090f?<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Method, sequence, the role of experience and authority, and what is accepted as evidence of learning.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f, \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e, \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092d\u0935 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0923\u093f\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u092d\u0942\u092e\u093f\u0915\u093e, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0940\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td><strong><span class=\"en\">Axiology<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092e\u0942\u0932\u094d\u092f\u092e\u0940\u092e\u093e\u0902\u0938\u093e<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">What is of worth?<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092e\u0942\u0932\u094d\u092f\u0935\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948?<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Which knowledge is most worth teaching, and what conduct is to be cultivated?<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u094c\u0928-\u0938\u093e \u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u0922\u093c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u092f\u094b\u0917\u094d\u092f \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0915\u093f\u0938 \u0906\u091a\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0902\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0927\u0928 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u090f?<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Curriculum selection, discipline, the treatment of art and religion, and the criteria of a good outcome.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u091a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e \u091a\u092f\u0928, \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0936\u093e\u0938\u0928, \u0915\u0932\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0927\u0930\u094d\u092e \u0915\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u092e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092b\u0932 \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u0938\u094c\u091f\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <\/tbody>\r\n <\/table>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"p2-2\">\r\n <span class=\"section-badge\">2.2<\/span>\r\n <h3><span class=\"en\">Idealism<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0906\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u0935\u093e\u0926<\/span><\/h3>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <p><span class=\"en\">Idealism, running from Plato through Berkeley, Kant and Hegel and represented in India by the Vedantic tradition, holds that ultimate reality is spiritual or mental rather than material. Ideas are eternal; the physical world is their imperfect expression. Knowledge is therefore recollection, contemplation and the ascent of the mind towards universal truth rather than the accumulation of sense data.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0906\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u0935\u093e\u0926, \u091c\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0932\u0947\u091f\u094b \u0938\u0947 \u0939\u094b\u0915\u0930 \u092c\u0930\u094d\u0915\u0932\u0947, \u0915\u093e\u0902\u091f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0939\u0947\u0917\u0947\u0932 \u0924\u0915 \u091a\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u0947\u0926\u093e\u0902\u0924 \u092a\u0930\u0902\u092a\u0930\u093e \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0928\u093f\u0927\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u092a\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u092f\u0939 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u092a\u0930\u092e \u0938\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093e \u092d\u094c\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0928 \u0939\u094b\u0915\u0930 \u0906\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0938\u093f\u0915 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0935\u093f\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0936\u093e\u0936\u094d\u0935\u0924 \u0939\u0948\u0902; \u092d\u094c\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u091c\u0917\u0924\u094d \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0940 \u0905\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0905\u0924\u0903 \u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u0907\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f-\u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0902\u091a\u092f \u0928 \u0939\u094b\u0915\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u092e\u0930\u0923, \u091a\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0928 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0938\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0935\u092d\u094c\u092e \u0938\u0924\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0940 \u0913\u0930 \u092e\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u0906\u0930\u094b\u0939\u0923 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"feat-grid\">\r\n <div class=\"feat-card\"><span class=\"fc-num\">A<\/span><strong><span class=\"en\">Aims<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"en\">Self-realisation and the unfolding of the spiritual self; development of moral character; transmission of the cultural heritage; pursuit of truth, beauty and goodness as absolute values.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0906\u0924\u094d\u092e-\u0938\u093e\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0906\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u0935 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0928\u093e\u0935\u0930\u0923; \u0928\u0948\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u091a\u0930\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938; \u0938\u093e\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0930\u093e\u0938\u0924 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0902\u091a\u0930\u0923; \u0938\u0924\u094d\u092f\u092e\u094d, \u0936\u093f\u0935\u092e\u094d, \u0938\u0941\u0902\u0926\u0930\u092e\u094d \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0930\u092e \u092e\u0942\u0932\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u092a\u093e\u0938\u0928\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"feat-card\"><span class=\"fc-num\">B<\/span><strong><span class=\"en\">Curriculum<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u091a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"en\">Subject-centred and hierarchically valued: literature, philosophy, history, religion and mathematics rank above vocational subjects because they engage the mind with the universal.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f-\u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u094b\u092a\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u092e\u0942\u0932\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0915\u093f\u0924: \u0938\u093e\u0939\u093f\u0924\u094d\u092f, \u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u0928, \u0907\u0924\u093f\u0939\u093e\u0938, \u0927\u0930\u094d\u092e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0917\u0923\u093f\u0924 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0935\u0938\u093e\u092f\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u090a\u092a\u0930 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u0935\u0947 \u092e\u0928 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0935\u092d\u094c\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"feat-card\"><span class=\"fc-num\">C<\/span><strong><span class=\"en\">Method<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"en\">Lecture, discussion, the Socratic question, imitation of the exemplary, self-study and contemplation. The dialectic of thesis, antithesis and synthesis is the characteristic procedure.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0928, \u092a\u0930\u093f\u091a\u0930\u094d\u091a\u093e, \u0938\u0941\u0915\u0930\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928, \u0906\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0915\u0930\u0923, \u0938\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u091a\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0928\u0964 \u0935\u093e\u0926, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0926 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u0935\u093e\u0926 \u0915\u093e \u0926\u094d\u0935\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0935\u0935\u093e\u0926 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"feat-card\"><span class=\"fc-num\">D<\/span><strong><span class=\"en\">Teacher and discipline<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0936\u093e\u0938\u0928<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"en\">The teacher is central \u2014 a moral exemplar and spiritual guide whose personality is itself the medium. Discipline is impressionistic, secured through reverence and the force of example.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u0928\u0948\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0906\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0906\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0915 \u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u0915 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0936\u093e\u0938\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0935\u093e\u0926\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u094b \u0936\u094d\u0930\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0940 \u0936\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"p2-3\">\r\n <span class=\"section-badge\">2.3<\/span>\r\n <h3><span class=\"en\">Naturalism<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0926<\/span><\/h3>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <p><span class=\"en\">Naturalism, associated with Rousseau and Herbert Spencer and in a biological register with Darwin, reverses the idealist order. Nature is the whole of reality; mind is a function of the organism; and the child is not a miniature adult to be shaped but a growing being whose own development supplies the curriculum. Rousseau's <em>\u00c9mile<\/em> of 1762 is its founding pedagogical text, opening with the proposition that everything is good as it leaves the hands of nature and degenerates in the hands of man.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0926, \u091c\u094b \u0930\u0942\u0938\u094b \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0939\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0930\u094d\u091f \u0938\u094d\u092a\u0947\u0902\u0938\u0930 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u091c\u0948\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0921\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0928 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0939\u0948, \u0906\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u0935\u093e\u0926\u0940 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u0915\u094b \u0909\u0932\u091f \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f \u0939\u0940 \u0938\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930 \u0938\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948; \u092e\u0928 \u091c\u0940\u0935 \u0915\u093e \u090f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0939\u0948; \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092c\u093e\u0932\u0915 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0932\u0918\u0941 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0922\u093c \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u0917\u0922\u093c\u093e \u091c\u093e\u090f, \u0905\u092a\u093f\u0924\u0941 \u090f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938\u0936\u0940\u0932 \u0938\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0905\u092a\u0928\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938 \u0939\u0940 \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u091a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0930\u0942\u0938\u094b \u0915\u0940 1762 \u0915\u0940 <em>\u090f\u092e\u093f\u0932<\/em> \u0907\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u092d\u0942\u0924 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0917\u094d\u0930\u0902\u0925 \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u094b \u0907\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u092a\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0938\u0947 \u0906\u0930\u0902\u092d \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0947 \u0939\u093e\u0925\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u0932\u0924\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u092f \u0938\u092c \u0915\u0941\u091b \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u092e \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u092e\u0928\u0941\u0937\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u0939\u093e\u0925\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u093f\u0917\u0921\u093c \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"pc-grid\">\r\n <div class=\"pc-panel pro\">\r\n <div class=\"pc-head\"><span class=\"pc-ico\">\u2713<\/span><span class=\"en\">Pedagogical contributions<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u092f\u094b\u0917\u0926\u093e\u0928<\/span><\/div>\r\n <ul>\r\n <li><span class=\"en\">Established the principle of readiness \u2014 teaching must wait for developmental capacity rather than force it<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0924\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u2014 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u094b \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0940 \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f, \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"en\">Introduced negative education \u2014 the removal of harmful influence in the early years in place of positive instruction<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0928\u0915\u093e\u0930\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a\u0928\u093e \u0926\u0940 \u2014 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0930\u0902\u092d\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0915\u093e\u0930\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0926\u0947\u0936\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u0930 \u0939\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0930\u0923<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"en\">Made direct experience and sense training prior to books, which is the ancestry of all activity-based pedagogy<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u0941\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092d\u0935 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928 \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e, \u091c\u094b \u0938\u092e\u0938\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e-\u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u0926\u094d\u0917\u092e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"en\">Replaced imposed punishment with natural consequences as the instrument of discipline<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u0928\u0941\u0936\u093e\u0938\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0927\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0906\u0930\u094b\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0926\u0902\u0921 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e \u0930\u0916\u0947<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"en\">Established childhood as a stage with its own worth, not merely a preparation for adulthood<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092c\u093e\u0932\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u0942\u0932\u094d\u092f \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0905\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e, \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0922\u093c\u093e\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u0924\u0948\u092f\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div class=\"pc-panel con\">\r\n <div class=\"pc-head\"><span class=\"pc-ico\">\u2717<\/span><span class=\"en\">Pedagogical limitations<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e\u090f\u0901<\/span><\/div>\r\n <ul>\r\n <li><span class=\"en\">Neglects the social and cultural formation of the individual by treating society as corrupting<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u092e\u093e\u091c \u0915\u094b \u092d\u094d\u0930\u0937\u094d\u091f\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0915\u0930 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u091c\u093f\u0915 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u093e\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u0915\u0940 \u0909\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"en\">Reliance on natural consequences is unworkable where the consequence is dangerous or irreversible<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e \u0938\u0902\u0915\u091f\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u092f\u093e \u0905\u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928\u0940\u092f \u0939\u094b \u0935\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092d\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0905\u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"en\">Waiting for spontaneous interest leaves large parts of an organised discipline permanently untouched<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u094d\u0935\u0924\u0903\u0938\u094d\u092b\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0924 \u0930\u0941\u091a\u093f \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0917\u0920\u093f\u0924 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0936\u093e\u0938\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u092d\u093e\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092f\u0940 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u091b\u0942\u0924\u093e \u091b\u094b\u0921\u093c \u0926\u0947\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"en\">Individual tutorship of the \u00c9mile type does not scale to a system of mass schooling<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u090f\u092e\u093f\u0932-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u0948\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u091c\u0928-\u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f\u0940 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"en\">Offers no criterion for selecting among the many directions in which nature might unfold<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f \u091c\u093f\u0928 \u0905\u0928\u0947\u0915 \u0926\u093f\u0936\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0928\u093e\u0935\u0943\u0924 \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0909\u0928\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u091a\u092f\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0926\u0902\u0921 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"p2-4\">\r\n <span class=\"section-badge\">2.4<\/span>\r\n <h3><span class=\"en\">Pragmatism<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928\u0935\u093e\u0926<\/span><\/h3>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <p><span class=\"en\">Pragmatism, developed by Charles Sanders Peirce, William James and above all John Dewey, denies that reality is fixed and that truth is discovered. Reality is what is experienced; truth is what works when acted upon and remains revisable in the light of consequences. Knowledge is therefore an instrument for solving problems, and thinking begins not in curiosity about the eternal but in a felt difficulty in the course of activity.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928\u0935\u093e\u0926, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u091a\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0932\u094d\u0938 \u0938\u0948\u0902\u0921\u0930\u094d\u0938 \u092a\u0940\u092f\u0930\u094d\u0938, \u0935\u093f\u0932\u093f\u092f\u092e \u091c\u0947\u092e\u094d\u0938 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u094b\u092a\u0930\u093f \u091c\u0949\u0928 \u0921\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0908 \u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0938\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e, \u0907\u0938 \u092e\u0924 \u0915\u093e \u0916\u0902\u0921\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0938\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0930 \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0924\u094d\u092f \u0916\u094b\u091c\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0938\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0935\u0939\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092d\u0935 \u0939\u094b; \u0938\u0924\u094d\u092f \u0935\u0939 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0928\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0947 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0906\u0932\u094b\u0915 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u0936\u094b\u0927\u0928\u0940\u092f \u092c\u0928\u093e \u0930\u0939\u0947\u0964 \u0905\u0924\u0903 \u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u0938\u092e\u0938\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u091a\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0928 \u0936\u093e\u0936\u094d\u0935\u0924 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f \u091c\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0938\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0905\u092a\u093f\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u094c\u0930\u093e\u0928 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092d\u0935 \u0915\u0940 \u0917\u0908 \u0915\u0920\u093f\u0928\u093e\u0908 \u0938\u0947 \u0906\u0930\u0902\u092d \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"flow-wrap\">\r\n <div class=\"flow-note\"><span class=\"en\">Dewey's five steps of reflective thinking, set out in How We Think in 1910, became the template for the project method and later for problem-based and inquiry pedagogy.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0921\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0908 \u0915\u0947 \u091a\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0928\u0936\u0940\u0932 \u0935\u093f\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u0901\u091a \u091a\u0930\u0923, \u091c\u094b 1910 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u093e\u0909 \u0935\u0940 \u0925\u093f\u0902\u0915 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092a\u093e\u0926\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0941\u090f, \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u092e\u0938\u094d\u092f\u093e-\u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0905\u0928\u094d\u0935\u0947\u0937\u0923 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092c\u0928\u0947\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"flow-steps\">\r\n <div class=\"flow-step\"><div class=\"fs-num\">1<\/div><div class=\"fs-body\"><strong><span class=\"en\">A felt difficulty<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u0928\u0941\u092d\u0942\u0924 \u0915\u0920\u093f\u0928\u093e\u0908<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"fs-sub\"><span class=\"en\">Activity is interrupted by something that does not work as expected; the disturbance, not the syllabus, starts the thinking.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0910\u0938\u0940 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0905\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0928\u0941\u0938\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940; \u091a\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u0906\u0930\u0902\u092d \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0907\u0938\u0940 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u0938\u0947 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/div><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"flow-step\"><div class=\"fs-num\">2<\/div><div class=\"fs-body\"><strong><span class=\"en\">Location and definition<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f-\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"fs-sub\"><span class=\"en\">The difficulty is stated precisely enough for a solution to be recognisable when it appears.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u0920\u093f\u0928\u093e\u0908 \u0907\u0924\u0928\u0940 \u0938\u091f\u0940\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u0906\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u0939\u091a\u093e\u0928\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0947\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/div><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"flow-step\"><div class=\"fs-num\">3<\/div><div class=\"fs-body\"><strong><span class=\"en\">Suggestion of solutions<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u092e\u093e\u0927\u093e\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0941\u091d\u093e\u0935<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"fs-sub\"><span class=\"en\">Possible answers are proposed; at this stage quantity matters more than correctness.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u0902\u092d\u093e\u0935\u093f\u0924 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902; \u0907\u0938 \u091a\u0930\u0923 \u092a\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0936\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927\u0924\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/div><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"flow-step\"><div class=\"fs-num\">4<\/div><div class=\"fs-body\"><strong><span class=\"en\">Reasoning out implications<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0928\u093f\u0939\u093f\u0924\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u0924\u0930\u094d\u0915<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"fs-sub\"><span class=\"en\">Each suggestion is followed to its consequences in thought before any is acted upon, which is where subject knowledge enters.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0938\u0941\u091d\u093e\u0935 \u0915\u094b \u0935\u093f\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e\u094b\u0902 \u0924\u0915 \u0932\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u092f\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f-\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0947\u0936 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/div><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"flow-step\"><div class=\"fs-num\">5<\/div><div class=\"fs-body\"><strong><span class=\"en\">Testing by action<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"fs-sub\"><span class=\"en\">The favoured hypothesis is acted upon; it either resolves the difficulty or returns the thinker to an earlier step.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u0930\u0940\u092f \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a\u0928\u093e \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948; \u0935\u0939 \u092f\u093e \u0924\u094b \u0915\u0920\u093f\u0928\u093e\u0908 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u092f\u093e \u0935\u093f\u091a\u093e\u0930\u0915 \u0915\u094b \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0940 \u091a\u0930\u0923 \u092a\u0930 \u0932\u094c\u091f\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/div><\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"callout teal\">\r\n <div class=\"callout-label\"><span class=\"en\">Why the laboratory school taught through occupations<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u093e\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0922\u093c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0925\u093e<\/span><\/div>\r\n <span class=\"en\">Dewey's school at Chicago worked through carpentry, cooking, weaving and gardening, chosen because each contains within it the historical, scientific and mathematical knowledge of a civilisation and reaches it through purposeful doing. The formula that education is not preparation for life but life itself follows directly from the epistemology: since knowing arises within activity, a school that suspends activity in order to prepare for it defeats its own purpose.<\/span>\r\n <span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0917\u094b \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0921\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0908 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u092c\u0922\u093c\u0908\u0917\u0940\u0930\u0940, \u092a\u093e\u0915\u0915\u0932\u093e, \u092c\u0941\u0928\u093e\u0908 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092c\u093e\u0917\u0935\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0925\u093e, \u091c\u094b \u0907\u0938\u0932\u093f\u090f \u091a\u0941\u0928\u0947 \u0917\u090f \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0938\u092d\u094d\u092f\u0924\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0910\u0924\u093f\u0939\u093e\u0938\u093f\u0915, \u0935\u0948\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0917\u0923\u093f\u0924\u0940\u092f \u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u0928\u093f\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0938 \u0924\u0915 \u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u093f \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u091c\u0940\u0935\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u0924\u0948\u092f\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0905\u092a\u093f\u0924\u0941 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u091c\u0940\u0935\u0928 \u0939\u0948, \u0938\u0940\u0927\u0947 \u0907\u0938\u0940 \u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928\u092e\u0940\u092e\u093e\u0902\u0938\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948: \u091a\u0942\u0901\u0915\u093f \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0928\u093e \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u092d\u0940\u0924\u0930 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0905\u0924\u0903 \u091c\u094b \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0924\u0948\u092f\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0938\u094d\u0925\u0917\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0935\u0939 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u0930\u093e\u091c\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n <div class=\"enrich-box\">\r\n <span class=\"enrich-stamp\"><span class=\"en\">Dewey’s own correction<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0921\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0908 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0902\u0936\u094b\u0927\u0928<\/span><\/span>\r\n <h4><span class=\"en\">Not every experience is educative<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092d\u0935 \u0936\u0948\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0915 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e<\/span><\/h4>\r\n <p><span class=\"en\">In <em>Experience and Education<\/em> of 1938 Dewey turned on his own followers to correct a misreading. Activity is not self-justifying. An experience is <em>mis-educative<\/em> when it arrests or distorts the growth of further experience, and a classroom can be busy from bell to bell while producing nothing that leads anywhere. Two criteria decide the matter. <strong>Continuity<\/strong> requires that an experience take up something from what went before and modify the quality of what comes after. <strong>Interaction<\/strong> requires that learning arise from a transaction between the internal conditions the learner brings and the objective conditions the teacher arranges. The consequence is the opposite of the one usually drawn: the teacher’s responsibility is not reduced by activity but increased, because the objective conditions remain the teacher’s to select.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">1938 \u0915\u0940 <em>\u090f\u0915\u094d\u0938\u092a\u0940\u0930\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0938 \u090f\u0902\u0921 \u090f\u091c\u0941\u0915\u0947\u0936\u0928<\/em> \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0921\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0908 \u0928\u0947 \u090f\u0915 \u092d\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e\u0915 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0941\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0940 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092f\u093e\u092f\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0913\u0930 \u0930\u0941\u0916 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0964 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0924\u0903\u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092d\u0935 \u0924\u092c <em>\u0915\u0941-\u0936\u0948\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0915<\/em> \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u092c \u0935\u0939 \u0906\u0917\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092d\u0935 \u0915\u0940 \u0935\u0943\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093f \u0915\u094b \u0930\u094b\u0915 \u0926\u0947 \u092f\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0943\u0924 \u0915\u0930 \u0926\u0947, \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0918\u0902\u091f\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u0918\u0902\u091f\u0940 \u0924\u0915 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0938\u094d\u0924 \u0930\u0939\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0941\u090f \u092d\u0940 \u0910\u0938\u093e \u0915\u0941\u091b \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0947 \u091c\u094b \u0915\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0932\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0964 \u0926\u094b \u0915\u0938\u094c\u091f\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0923\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 <strong>\u0928\u093f\u0930\u0902\u0924\u0930\u0924\u093e<\/strong> \u0905\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092d\u0935 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0941\u091b \u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939\u0923 \u0915\u0930\u0947 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092a\u0930\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u0917\u0941\u0923\u0935\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0915\u094b \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0964 <strong>\u0905\u0902\u0924\u0903\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e<\/strong> \u0905\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0932\u093e\u0908 \u0917\u0908 \u0906\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0917\u0924 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u0927\u094d\u092f \u0932\u0947\u0928-\u0926\u0947\u0928 \u0938\u0947 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0939\u094b\u0964 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0924\u0903 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0917\u090f \u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0937 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u092a\u0930\u0940\u0924 \u0939\u0948: \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930\u0926\u093e\u092f\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u0918\u091f\u0924\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u092c\u0922\u093c\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0917\u0924 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u091a\u092f\u0928 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u0939\u0940 \u0939\u093e\u0925 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0930\u0939\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/p>\r\n <div class=\"table-scroll\">\r\n <table class=\"data-table\">\r\n <thead><tr>\r\n <th style=\"width:20%\"><span class=\"en\">Criterion<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u0938\u094c\u091f\u0940<\/span><\/th>\r\n <th style=\"width:40%\"><span class=\"en\">Educative experience<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u0948\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092d\u0935<\/span><\/th>\r\n <th style=\"width:40%\"><span class=\"en\">Mis-educative experience<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u0941-\u0936\u0948\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092d\u0935<\/span><\/th>\r\n <\/tr><\/thead>\r\n <tbody>\r\n <tr><td><strong><span class=\"en\">Continuity<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0928\u093f\u0930\u0902\u0924\u0930\u0924\u093e<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Opens further questions and finer discriminations than the learner could make before.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0910\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0942\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u092e \u0935\u093f\u092d\u0947\u0926 \u0916\u094b\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0925\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Leaves the learner where it found them, or breeds callousness, dislike or mere routine.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0915\u094b \u0935\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u091b\u094b\u0921\u093c \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u092a\u093e\u092f\u093e \u0925\u093e, \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0938\u0940\u0928\u0924\u093e, \u0905\u0930\u0941\u091a\u093f \u092f\u093e \u092e\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0930\u0942\u0922\u093c\u093f \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td><strong><span class=\"en\">Interaction<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u0902\u0924\u0903\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Objective conditions deliberately arranged to meet the capacity the learner brings today.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0917\u0924 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u0938\u0941\u0935\u093f\u091a\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0909\u0938 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0930\u0942\u092a \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u091c\u094b \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0906\u091c \u0932\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Conditions left to chance, or imposed without regard to what the learner can presently do.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u0930\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u0938\u0902\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u092a\u0930 \u091b\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0940 \u0917\u0908\u0902, \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0907\u0938 \u0935\u093f\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0906\u0930\u094b\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td><strong><span class=\"en\">Classroom test<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e-\u0915\u0938\u094c\u091f\u0940<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">The activity is judged by where it leads.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0917\u0924\u093f\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0923\u092f \u0907\u0938 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u093f \u0935\u0939 \u0915\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0932\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">The activity is judged by whether the class looked occupied.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0917\u0924\u093f\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0923\u092f \u0907\u0938 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u093f \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0938\u094d\u0924 \u0926\u093f\u0916\u0940 \u092f\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <\/tbody>\r\n <\/table>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"p2-5\">\r\n <span class=\"section-badge\">2.5<\/span>\r\n <h3><span class=\"en\">Realism<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092f\u0925\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0935\u093e\u0926<\/span><\/h3>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <p><span class=\"en\">Realism holds that the material world exists independently of any mind that perceives it and is knowable through observation and reason. Aristotle is its ancestor; the scientific realism of Bacon and Comenius and the humanistic realism of Milton are its educational expressions. Its pedagogy is disciplined, sequential and evidence-bound. John Amos Comenius, in <em>Didactica Magna<\/em> of 1657, gave realism its most influential pedagogical statement, and his <em>Orbis Sensualium Pictus<\/em> of 1658 was the first illustrated textbook.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092f\u0925\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0935\u093e\u0926 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u092d\u094c\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u091c\u0917\u0924\u094d \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092d\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e \u092e\u0928 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0939\u0948 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0924\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u091c\u094d\u091e\u0947\u092f \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0905\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0942 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935\u091c \u0939\u0948\u0902; \u092c\u0947\u0915\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0915\u094b\u092e\u0947\u0928\u093f\u092f\u0938 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u0948\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u092f\u0925\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0935\u093e\u0926 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092e\u093f\u0932\u094d\u091f\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0935\u0924\u093e\u0935\u093e\u0926\u0940 \u092f\u0925\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0935\u093e\u0926 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u0936\u0948\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0936\u093e\u0938\u093f\u0924, \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093f\u0915 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923-\u0906\u092c\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u091c\u0949\u0928 \u090f\u092e\u094b\u0938 \u0915\u094b\u092e\u0947\u0928\u093f\u092f\u0938 \u0928\u0947 1657 \u0915\u0940 <em>\u0926\u093f\u0926\u093e\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0915\u093e \u092e\u0948\u0917\u094d\u0928\u093e<\/em> \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092f\u0925\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0935\u093e\u0926 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0936\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0915\u0925\u0928 \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0940 1658 \u0915\u0940 <em>\u0911\u0930\u094d\u092c\u093f\u0938 \u0938\u0947\u0902\u0938\u0941\u0905\u0932\u093f\u092f\u092e \u092a\u093f\u0915\u094d\u091f\u0938<\/em> \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0925\u092e \u0938\u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u092a\u0941\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0915 \u0925\u0940\u0964<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n <ul class=\"num-stack\">\r\n <li><strong><span class=\"en\">From the simple to the complex.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u0930\u0932 \u0938\u0947 \u091c\u091f\u093f\u0932 \u0915\u0940 \u0913\u0930\u0964<\/span><\/strong> <span class=\"en\">Instruction proceeds by graded steps, each resting on what is already secure, so that no leap is demanded that the previous step has not prepared.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u0928\u0941\u0926\u0947\u0936\u0928 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093f\u0915 \u091a\u0930\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0922\u093c\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0909\u0938 \u092a\u0930 \u091f\u093f\u0915\u093e \u091c\u094b \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0941\u0926\u0943\u0922\u093c \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u093e\u0915\u093f \u0910\u0938\u0940 \u091b\u0932\u093e\u0901\u0917 \u0915\u0940 \u092e\u093e\u0901\u0917 \u0928 \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u0924\u0948\u092f\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u092a\u093f\u091b\u0932\u0947 \u091a\u0930\u0923 \u0928\u0947 \u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u0939\u094b\u0964<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><strong><span class=\"en\">From the near to the distant, and the concrete to the abstract.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0928\u093f\u0915\u091f \u0938\u0947 \u0926\u0942\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0913\u0930, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092e\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0924 \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u092e\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0940 \u0913\u0930\u0964<\/span><\/strong> <span class=\"en\">Every subject is met through the senses before words are attached to it, which is why the illustrated textbook and the object lesson both descend from this position.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f \u0936\u092c\u094d\u0926\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u091c\u0941\u0921\u093c\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u0907\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0907\u0938\u0940\u0932\u093f\u090f \u0938\u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u092a\u0941\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0915 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941-\u092a\u093e\u0920 \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0907\u0938\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u0938\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u0932\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><strong><span class=\"en\">Nothing by rote that has not first been understood.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u091c\u094b \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u091d\u093e \u0928 \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0939\u094b \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0930\u091f\u093e \u0928 \u091c\u093e\u090f\u0964<\/span><\/strong> <span class=\"en\">Memorisation is admitted only after meaning is established, which distinguishes realist drill from mere repetition.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u0902\u0920\u0938\u094d\u0925\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u0939\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0940\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0939\u0948, \u092f\u0939\u0940 \u092f\u0925\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0935\u093e\u0926\u0940 \u0905\u092d\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u094b \u092e\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u093e\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0943\u0925\u0915\u094d \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><strong><span class=\"en\">Age-graded classes and one textbook per class.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0906\u092f\u0941-\u0936\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0923\u0940\u092c\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u090f\u0915 \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u092a\u0941\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0915\u0964<\/span><\/strong> <span class=\"en\">The organisational architecture of the modern school is itself a realist inheritance, retained by every later school of thought.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0906\u0927\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0917\u0920\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u092f\u0925\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0935\u093e\u0926\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0930\u093e\u0938\u0924 \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u092a\u0930\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u091a\u093e\u0930\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0928\u0947 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u090f \u0930\u0916\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"p2-6\">\r\n <span class=\"section-badge\">2.6<\/span>\r\n <h3><span class=\"en\">Existentialism<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0935\u0935\u093e\u0926<\/span><\/h3>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <p><span class=\"en\">Existentialism, in the versions of Kierkegaard, Sartre, Heidegger and Buber, begins from the proposition that existence precedes essence \u2014 the individual is not born with a fixed nature to be realised but creates a self through choices for which no external authority can take responsibility. Anxiety, freedom and authenticity are its central terms.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0935\u0935\u093e\u0926, \u0915\u0940\u0930\u094d\u0915\u0947\u0917\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0926, \u0938\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930, \u0939\u093e\u0907\u0921\u0947\u0917\u0930 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092c\u0942\u092c\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902, \u0907\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u092a\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0938\u0947 \u0906\u0930\u0902\u092d \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0905\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u0938\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0928\u093f\u0936\u094d\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092d\u093e\u0935 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u091c\u0928\u094d\u092e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0932\u0947\u0924\u093e \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u0939\u094b, \u0905\u092a\u093f\u0924\u0941 \u0909\u0928 \u091a\u092f\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0935 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0928\u0915\u093e \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930\u0926\u093e\u092f\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u092c\u093e\u0939\u094d\u092f \u0938\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0932\u0947 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940\u0964 \u0938\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0938, \u0938\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094d\u092f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0923\u093f\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0907\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u092a\u0926 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n <ul class=\"icon-list\">\r\n <li><span class=\"ico\">A<\/span><span><strong><span class=\"en\">Aim.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0964<\/span><\/strong> <span class=\"en\">Not adjustment to society nor mastery of a heritage, but the development of an authentic self capable of choosing and owning the consequences of choice.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u092e\u093e\u091c \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0930\u093e\u0938\u0924 \u092a\u0930 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0905\u092a\u093f\u0924\u0941 \u0910\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0923\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u0935 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938 \u091c\u094b \u091a\u092f\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u091a\u092f\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0935\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u0932\u0947\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u092e\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u0939\u094b\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"ico\">B<\/span><span><strong><span class=\"en\">Curriculum.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u091a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/strong> <span class=\"en\">The humanities and the arts are privileged, because literature, drama and painting present the human condition as lived rather than as classified; the sciences are valued but held to be silent on questions of meaning.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092e\u093e\u0928\u0935\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0915\u0932\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0935\u0930\u0940\u092f\u0924\u093e, \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u0938\u093e\u0939\u093f\u0924\u094d\u092f, \u0928\u093e\u091f\u094d\u092f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0915\u0932\u093e \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0935-\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u0915\u094b \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0940\u0915\u0943\u0924 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u091c\u0940\u0935\u093f\u0924 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902; \u0935\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u092e\u0942\u0932\u094d\u092f\u0935\u093e\u0928 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0915\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0941 \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u092e\u094c\u0928 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"ico\">C<\/span><span><strong><span class=\"en\">Method.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f\u0964<\/span><\/strong> <span class=\"en\">Dialogue in Buber's sense of an I\u2013Thou meeting between two subjects; wide choice of what and how to study; no standardised sequence, since a curriculum imposed uniformly denies the singularity of the chooser.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092c\u0942\u092c\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u0935\u093e\u0926, \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0924\u094d \u0926\u094b \u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u0927\u094d\u092f \u092e\u0948\u0902\u2013\u0924\u0942 \u0915\u093e \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0928; \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0915\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0922\u093c\u093e \u091c\u093e\u090f \u0907\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u0915 \u091a\u092f\u0928; \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0915\u0940\u0915\u0943\u0924 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u090f\u0915\u0930\u0942\u092a \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0906\u0930\u094b\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u091a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e \u091a\u092f\u0928\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u0926\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0924\u0940\u092f\u0924\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0937\u0947\u0927 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"ico\">D<\/span><span><strong><span class=\"en\">Teacher and evaluation.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092e\u0942\u0932\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0915\u0928\u0964<\/span><\/strong> <span class=\"en\">A fellow traveller who provokes and questions but refuses to supply an answer that would relieve the learner of the burden of choosing. Self-evaluation is primary; comparative ranking is rejected as the imposition of an external essence on a self still in the making.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u0939-\u092f\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u091c\u094b \u0909\u0915\u0938\u093e\u0924\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0941 \u0910\u0938\u093e \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0926\u0947\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u0907\u0928\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0915\u094b \u091a\u092f\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u092d\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u0947 \u092e\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0930 \u0926\u0947\u0964 \u0938\u094d\u0935-\u092e\u0942\u0932\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0915\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0941\u0916 \u0939\u0948; \u0924\u0941\u0932\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0936\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0923\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u094b \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923\u093e\u0927\u0940\u0928 \u0938\u094d\u0935 \u092a\u0930 \u092c\u093e\u0939\u094d\u092f \u0938\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0906\u0930\u094b\u092a\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0938\u094d\u0935\u0940\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"p2-7\">\r\n <span class=\"section-badge\">2.7<\/span>\r\n <h3><span class=\"en\">The Schools Compared<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u0902\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u093e\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0924\u0941\u0932\u0928\u093e<\/span><\/h3>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <svg class=\"full-diagram\" viewBox=\"0 0 560 360\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"The five schools positioned on axes of control and the status of knowledge\">\r\n<g font-family=\"DM Sans, Noto Sans Devanagari, sans-serif\" font-size=\"10.5\">\r\n <line x1=\"44\" y1=\"180\" x2=\"520\" y2=\"180\" stroke=\"#e1e8f0\" stroke-width=\"1.6\"\/>\r\n <line x1=\"280\" y1=\"34\" x2=\"280\" y2=\"326\" stroke=\"#e1e8f0\" stroke-width=\"1.6\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"20\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#5a6d80\">KNOWLEDGE IS GIVEN AND FIXED<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"348\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#5a6d80\">KNOWLEDGE IS MADE AND REVISABLE<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"16\" y=\"180\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#5a6d80\" transform=\"rotate(-90 16 180)\">TEACHER-CENTRED<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"544\" y=\"180\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#5a6d80\" transform=\"rotate(90 544 180)\">LEARNER-CENTRED<\/text>\r\n\r\n <ellipse cx=\"160\" cy=\"92\" rx=\"84\" ry=\"40\" fill=\"#eef4fc\" stroke=\"#1f5fa9\" stroke-width=\"1.8\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"160\" y=\"88\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"12.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\">IDEALISM<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"160\" y=\"105\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9.5\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\">eternal ideas \u00b7 exemplar<\/text>\r\n\r\n <ellipse cx=\"160\" cy=\"268\" rx=\"84\" ry=\"40\" fill=\"#faf6ff\" stroke=\"#6b3a8f\" stroke-width=\"1.8\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"160\" y=\"264\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"12.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#6b3a8f\">REALISM<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"160\" y=\"281\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9.5\" fill=\"#6b3a8f\">observation \u00b7 sequence<\/text>\r\n\r\n <ellipse cx=\"400\" cy=\"92\" rx=\"84\" ry=\"40\" fill=\"#fdf0f5\" stroke=\"#8e2f5a\" stroke-width=\"1.8\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"400\" y=\"88\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"12\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#8e2f5a\">EXISTENTIALISM<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"400\" y=\"105\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9.5\" fill=\"#8e2f5a\">authentic choice \u00b7 dialogue<\/text>\r\n\r\n <ellipse cx=\"400\" cy=\"268\" rx=\"84\" ry=\"40\" fill=\"#eefbf7\" stroke=\"#0d8f79\" stroke-width=\"1.8\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"400\" y=\"264\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"12.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#0d8f79\">PRAGMATISM<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"400\" y=\"281\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9.5\" fill=\"#0d8f79\">problem-solving \u00b7 project<\/text>\r\n\r\n <ellipse cx=\"400\" cy=\"180\" rx=\"62\" ry=\"28\" fill=\"#fffaef\" stroke=\"#c9760f\" stroke-width=\"1.8\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"400\" y=\"177\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"11.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#c9760f\">NATURALISM<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"400\" y=\"192\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" fill=\"#c9760f\">growth \u00b7 readiness<\/text>\r\n<\/g><\/svg>\r\n <div class=\"diagram-cap\"><span class=\"en\">The schools positioned by two questions: who controls the transaction, and whether knowledge is received or constructed<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0926\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u093e\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f: \u0938\u0902\u091a\u0930\u0923 \u092a\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u092f\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0924<\/span><\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"table-scroll\">\r\n <table class=\"data-table\">\r\n <thead><tr>\r\n <th class=\"narrow\"><span class=\"en\">Dimension<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0906\u092f\u093e\u092e<\/span><\/th>\r\n <th><span class=\"en\">Idealism<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0906\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u0935\u093e\u0926<\/span><\/th>\r\n <th><span class=\"en\">Naturalism<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0926<\/span><\/th>\r\n <th><span class=\"en\">Pragmatism<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928\u0935\u093e\u0926<\/span><\/th>\r\n <th><span class=\"en\">Realism<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092f\u0925\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0935\u093e\u0926<\/span><\/th>\r\n <th><span class=\"en\">Existentialism<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0935\u0935\u093e\u0926<\/span><\/th>\r\n <\/tr><\/thead>\r\n <tbody>\r\n <tr><td><strong><span class=\"en\">Aim<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Self-realisation<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0906\u0924\u094d\u092e-\u0938\u093e\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0915\u093e\u0930<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Natural development<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Social efficiency and growth<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u091c\u093f\u0915 \u0926\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0924\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u0935\u0943\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093f<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Adjustment to the real world<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u091c\u0917\u0924\u094d \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Authentic selfhood<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0923\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u0935<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td><strong><span class=\"en\">Curriculum<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u091a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Humanities, philosophy, religion<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092e\u093e\u0928\u0935\u093f\u0915\u0940, \u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u0928, \u0927\u0930\u094d\u092e<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Nature study, health, play<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092f\u0928, \u0938\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0925\u094d\u092f, \u0916\u0947\u0932<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Integrated around problems<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u092e\u0938\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0907\u0930\u094d\u0926-\u0917\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0926 \u0938\u092e\u0947\u0915\u093f\u0924<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Science, mathematics, languages<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928, \u0917\u0923\u093f\u0924, \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e\u090f\u0901<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Arts and literature<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u0932\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u093e\u0939\u093f\u0924\u094d\u092f<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td><strong><span class=\"en\">Method<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Lecture, dialectic, imitation<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0928, \u0926\u094d\u0935\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0935\u0935\u093e\u0926, \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0915\u0930\u0923<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Play, direct experience, discovery<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0916\u0947\u0932, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092d\u0935, \u0916\u094b\u091c<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Project, problem-solving, experiment<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u0930\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928\u093e, \u0938\u092e\u0938\u094d\u092f\u093e-\u0938\u092e\u093e\u0927\u093e\u0928, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Observation, demonstration, drill<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u0928, \u0905\u092d\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Dialogue, free choice<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u0902\u0935\u093e\u0926, \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u091a\u092f\u0928<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td><strong><span class=\"en\">Teacher<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Moral exemplar<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0928\u0948\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0906\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Stage-setter, non-interfering<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092e\u0902\u091a-\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0924\u093e, \u0905\u0939\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u092a\u0940<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Co-inquirer and guide<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u0939-\u0905\u0928\u094d\u0935\u0947\u0937\u0915 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u0915<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Expert and demonstrator<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937\u091c\u094d\u091e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u0915<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Provocateur and fellow traveller<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0909\u0915\u0938\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e \u0938\u0939-\u092f\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0940<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td><strong><span class=\"en\">Discipline<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u0928\u0941\u0936\u093e\u0938\u0928<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Impressionistic, through reverence<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0935\u093e\u0926\u0940, \u0936\u094d\u0930\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">By natural consequences<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e\u094b\u0902 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Social and self-imposed<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u091c\u093f\u0915 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u0935-\u0906\u0930\u094b\u092a\u093f\u0924<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Rational and rule-governed<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0924\u0930\u094d\u0915\u0938\u0902\u0917\u0924 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e-\u0936\u093e\u0938\u093f\u0924<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Self-chosen responsibility<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u094d\u0935-\u091a\u092f\u0928\u093f\u0924 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930\u0926\u093e\u092f\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0935<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td><strong><span class=\"en\">Key figure<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0941\u0916 \u0935\u093f\u091a\u093e\u0930\u0915<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Plato, Vivekananda<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u094d\u0932\u0947\u091f\u094b, \u0935\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0915\u093e\u0928\u0902\u0926<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Rousseau, Spencer<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0930\u0942\u0938\u094b, \u0938\u094d\u092a\u0947\u0902\u0938\u0930<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Dewey, Kilpatrick<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0921\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0908, \u0915\u093f\u0932\u092a\u0948\u091f\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0915<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Aristotle, Comenius<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0942, \u0915\u094b\u092e\u0947\u0928\u093f\u092f\u0938<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Sartre, Buber<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930, \u092c\u0942\u092c\u0930<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <\/tbody>\r\n <\/table>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"exam-tip\">\r\n <div class=\"et-icon\">?<\/div>\r\n <div class=\"et-body\">\r\n <strong><span class=\"en\">Reading a practice back to its philosophy.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u0947 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u0928 \u0924\u0915 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a\u0928\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/strong>\r\n <span class=\"en\"> Ask what the practice assumes about knowledge, and the school announces itself:<\/span>\r\n <span class=\"hi\"> \u092a\u0942\u091b\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u093f \u0935\u0939 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930 \u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u093e\u092f \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u091f \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948:<\/span>\r\n <ul class=\"split-list\">\r\n <li><span class=\"sl-tag\">P<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">learning by doing and testing consequences signals pragmatism<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u0930\u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0940\u0916\u0928\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928\u0935\u093e\u0926 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0947\u0924 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"sl-tag\">N<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">waiting for readiness and letting consequences discipline signals naturalism<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0924\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e\u094b\u0902 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0936\u093e\u0938\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0926 \u0915\u093e<\/span><\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"sl-tag\">R<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">graded sequence from object to symbol signals realism<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u0940\u0915 \u0915\u0940 \u0913\u0930 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u092f\u0925\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0935\u093e\u0926 \u0915\u093e<\/span><\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"sl-tag\">I<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">the teacher as moral exemplar signals idealism<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u0948\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0906\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u093e \u0906\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u0935\u093e\u0926 \u0915\u093e<\/span><\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"sl-tag\">E<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">unrestricted choice with self-evaluation signals existentialism<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u094d\u0935-\u092e\u0942\u0932\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0915\u0928 \u0938\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u0905\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092c\u0902\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u091a\u092f\u0928 \u0905\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0935\u0935\u093e\u0926 \u0915\u093e<\/span><\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n <div class=\"cyp-box\">\r\n <div class=\"cyp-title\"><span class=\"en\">Progress check<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0917\u0924\u093f \u091c\u093e\u0901\u091a<\/span><\/div>\r\n <details class=\"cyp-q\"><summary><span class=\"en\">A teacher waits until a class shows spontaneous interest before introducing a topic. Which school does this express, and what does it risk?<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0924\u0903\u0938\u094d\u092b\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0924 \u0930\u0941\u091a\u093f \u091c\u093e\u0917\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0915\u093f\u0938 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u093e\u092f \u0915\u094b \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0907\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u091c\u094b\u0916\u093f\u092e \u0939\u0948?<\/span><\/summary>\r\n <div class=\"cyp-a\"><span class=\"en\">Naturalism, in its principle of readiness. The risk is the one its critics have always pressed: interest arises unevenly, so large tracts of an organised discipline may never be met at all, and the position supplies no criterion for choosing among the directions in which growth might go.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0926, \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u0924\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924 \u092e\u0947\u0902\u0964 \u091c\u094b\u0916\u093f\u092e \u0935\u0939\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938 \u092a\u0930 \u0906\u0932\u094b\u091a\u0915 \u0938\u0926\u0948\u0935 \u092c\u0932 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u0947 \u0930\u0939\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902: \u0930\u0941\u091a\u093f \u0905\u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0917\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0905\u0924\u0903 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0917\u0920\u093f\u0924 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0936\u093e\u0938\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u092d\u093e\u0917 \u0915\u092d\u0940 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0928\u0947 \u0906\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0914\u0930 \u092f\u0939 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u0909\u0928 \u0926\u093f\u0936\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u091a\u092f\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0926\u0902\u0921 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u0940 \u091c\u093f\u0928\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938 \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n <details class=\"cyp-q\"><summary><span class=\"en\">Why does a graded sequence from object to symbol appear in realist and in constructivist classrooms alike?<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u0940\u0915 \u0915\u0940 \u0913\u0930 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u092f\u0925\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0935\u093e\u0926\u0940 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e\u0935\u093e\u0926\u0940 \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0926\u093f\u0916\u093e\u0908 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948?<\/span><\/summary>\r\n <div class=\"cyp-a\"><span class=\"en\">Because later schools absorb the practices of earlier ones and re-justify them. Realism supplies the sequence and grounds it in a world known through the senses; constructivism keeps the sequence but grounds it in the learner building an abstraction out of handled material. Identical practice, different warrant \u2014 which is why an examination question must ask what the practice assumes rather than what it looks like.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u092a\u0930\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u093e\u092f \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u092d\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0906\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0938\u093e\u0924\u094d \u0915\u0930 \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u092f\u093e \u0914\u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u092f \u0926\u0947\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u092f\u0925\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0935\u093e\u0926 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0907\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0924 \u091c\u0917\u0924\u094d \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948; \u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e\u0935\u093e\u0926 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u092c\u0928\u093e\u090f \u0930\u0916\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0941 \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0907\u0938 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u091f\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0939\u093e\u0925 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0932\u0940 \u0917\u0908 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u092e\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0924\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930, \u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u2014 \u0907\u0938\u0940\u0932\u093f\u090f \u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u094b \u092f\u0939 \u092a\u0942\u091b\u0928\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f \u0915\u093f \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0928 \u0915\u093f \u0935\u0939 \u0926\u093f\u0916\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0948\u0938\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n <details class=\"cyp-q\"><summary><span class=\"en\">A school abolishes rank and prize. Which position does the decision express, and what does it reject?<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0936\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0923\u0940 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u0941\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0930 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0923\u092f \u0915\u093f\u0938 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u0915\u094b \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0937\u0947\u0927 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948?<\/span><\/summary>\r\n <div class=\"cyp-a\"><span class=\"en\">It expresses the Krishnamurti position, which treats comparison and competition as instruments by which fear is installed, and it shares the existentialist rejection of comparative ranking as the imposition of a fixed external essence on a self still in the making. What it rejects is not assessment but the ordering of persons against one another.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092f\u0939 \u0915\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0923\u092e\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u0915\u094b \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u094b \u0924\u0941\u0932\u0928\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0938\u094d\u092a\u0930\u094d\u0927\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0909\u0928 \u0938\u093e\u0927\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0926\u0947\u0916\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0928\u0938\u0947 \u092d\u092f \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092f\u0939 \u0924\u0941\u0932\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0936\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0923\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0909\u0938 \u0905\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0935\u0935\u093e\u0926\u0940 \u0928\u093f\u0937\u0947\u0927 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092d\u093e\u0917\u0940\u0926\u093e\u0930 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923\u093e\u0927\u0940\u0928 \u0938\u094d\u0935 \u092a\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0930 \u092c\u093e\u0939\u094d\u092f \u0938\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u0906\u0930\u094b\u092a\u0923 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0906\u0915\u0932\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0905\u092a\u093f\u0924\u0941 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u090f\u0915-\u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u092c\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0937\u0947\u0927 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"p2-8\">\r\n <span class=\"section-badge\">2.8<\/span>\r\n <h3><span class=\"en\">Indian Educational Thinkers<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e-\u091a\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0915<\/span><\/h3>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <p><span class=\"en\">Indian educational thought of the national period did not merely apply European categories; it argued with them. Its recurring themes are the unity of work and knowledge, the rejection of an education that alienates the learner from the surrounding community, and the treatment of the teacher\u2013learner bond as a moral relationship rather than a service contract.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0915\u093e\u0932 \u0915\u093e \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0936\u0948\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0915 \u091a\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0928 \u092f\u0942\u0930\u094b\u092a\u0940\u092f \u0936\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0923\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e; \u0935\u0939 \u0909\u0928\u0938\u0947 \u0924\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u093e\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u2014 \u0915\u0930\u094d\u092e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u090f\u0915\u0924\u093e, \u0910\u0938\u0940 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0937\u0947\u0927 \u091c\u094b \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0915\u094b \u0906\u0938\u092a\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u0941\u0926\u093e\u092f \u0938\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0932\u0917 \u0915\u0930 \u0926\u0947, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915\u2013\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e-\u0905\u0928\u0941\u092c\u0902\u0927 \u0928 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0915\u0930 \u0928\u0948\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0928\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"table-scroll\">\r\n <table class=\"data-table\">\r\n <thead><tr>\r\n <th style=\"width:18%\"><span class=\"en\">Thinker<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u093f\u091a\u093e\u0930\u0915<\/span><\/th>\r\n <th style=\"width:20%\"><span class=\"en\">Position<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f<\/span><\/th>\r\n <th style=\"width:32%\"><span class=\"en\">Central pedagogical idea<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0935\u093f\u091a\u093e\u0930<\/span><\/th>\r\n <th style=\"width:30%\"><span class=\"en\">Enduring practice<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092f\u0940 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930<\/span><\/th>\r\n <\/tr><\/thead>\r\n <tbody>\r\n <tr><td><strong><span class=\"en\">Mahatma Gandhi<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092e\u0939\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u093e \u0917\u093e\u0902\u0927\u0940<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Idealist in aim, pragmatist in method<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0906\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u0935\u093e\u0926\u0940, \u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928\u0935\u093e\u0926\u0940<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Basic Education or Nai Talim, presented at Wardha in 1937: a productive craft is made the centre of the curriculum and every subject is correlated to it, so that hand, heart and head are educated together.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092c\u0941\u0928\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0926\u0940 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u092f\u093e \u0928\u0908 \u0924\u093e\u0932\u0940\u092e, \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0927\u093e 1937 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924: \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0915 \u0936\u093f\u0932\u094d\u092a \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u091a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930 \u092c\u0928\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f \u0909\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0939\u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0939\u0938\u094d\u0924, \u0939\u0943\u0926\u092f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0915 \u0915\u0940 \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0964<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Work-centred correlation, education through the mother tongue, and the dignity of manual labour \u2014 carried forward in NEP 2020 as vocational exposure from Class VI.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u0930\u094d\u092e-\u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u0939\u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927, \u092e\u093e\u0924\u0943\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0936\u093e\u0930\u0940\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0936\u094d\u0930\u092e \u0915\u0940 \u0917\u0930\u093f\u092e\u093e \u2014 \u090f\u0928\u0908\u092a\u0940 2020 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u091b\u0939 \u0938\u0947 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0935\u0938\u093e\u092f\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092d\u0935 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0906\u0917\u0947 \u092c\u0922\u093c\u093e\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td><strong><span class=\"en\">Rabindranath Tagore<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0930\u0935\u0940\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0928\u093e\u0925 \u091f\u0948\u0917\u094b\u0930<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Naturalist and idealist together<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0926\u0940 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0906\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u0935\u093e\u0926\u0940 \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Education in freedom and in the open air with the arts as the primary medium; Santiniketan and later Visva-Bharati embodied the school as a community of shared living rather than an institution of instruction.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u094d\u0935\u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0916\u0941\u0932\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0930\u0923 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u0932\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0941\u0916 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0939\u0948\u0902; \u0936\u093e\u0902\u0924\u093f\u0928\u093f\u0915\u0947\u0924\u0928 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0935-\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0915\u094b \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0926\u0947\u0936\u0928-\u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u0928 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0939\u091c\u0940\u0935\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u0941\u0926\u093e\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u093e\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Art-integrated learning, outdoor and nature-based sessions, and the principle that aesthetic experience is a mode of knowing rather than an ornament.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u0932\u093e-\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0915\u093f\u0924 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e, \u092c\u0939\u093f\u0930\u0902\u0917 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f-\u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u0924\u094d\u0930, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092f\u0939 \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924 \u0915\u093f \u0938\u094c\u0902\u0926\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0928\u0941\u092d\u0942\u0924\u093f \u0905\u0932\u0902\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0905\u092a\u093f\u0924\u0941 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u090f\u0915 \u092a\u0926\u094d\u0927\u0924\u093f \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td><strong><span class=\"en\">Swami Vivekananda<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u094d\u0935\u093e\u092e\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0915\u093e\u0928\u0902\u0926<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Vedantic idealism<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u0947\u0926\u093e\u0902\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0906\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u0935\u093e\u0926<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Education as the manifestation of the perfection already in man \u2014 knowledge is not put in from outside but uncovered, with concentration of mind as the single instrument of all learning.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u092e\u0928\u0941\u0937\u094d\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u092c\u093e\u0939\u0930 \u0938\u0947 \u092d\u0930\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0905\u092a\u093f\u0924\u0941 \u0905\u0928\u093e\u0935\u0943\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092e\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u090f\u0915\u093e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0940 \u0938\u092e\u0938\u094d\u0924 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e \u0915\u093e \u090f\u0915\u092e\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0938\u093e\u0927\u0928 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Man-making and character-building as the criterion of educational success; attention training; teaching that builds confidence before content.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u0948\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u092b\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u0938\u094c\u091f\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u0928\u0941\u0937\u094d\u092f-\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u091a\u0930\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930-\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923; \u0905\u0935\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923; \u0910\u0938\u093e \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u091c\u094b \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u0906\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td><strong><span class=\"en\">Sri Aurobindo<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0905\u0930\u0935\u093f\u0902\u0926<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Integral idealism<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0906\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u0935\u093e\u0926<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Integral education addressing five aspects \u2014 physical, vital, mental, psychic and spiritual \u2014 governed by three principles: nothing can be taught, the mind must be consulted in its own growth, and teaching must proceed from the near to the far.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u091c\u094b \u092a\u093e\u0901\u091a \u092a\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094b\u0902 \u2014 \u0936\u093e\u0930\u0940\u0930\u093f\u0915, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0923\u093f\u0915, \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0938\u093f\u0915, \u091a\u0948\u0924\u094d\u092f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0906\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0915 \u2014 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0902\u092c\u094b\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u0940\u0928 \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924\u094b\u0902 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0936\u093e\u0938\u093f\u0924: \u0915\u0941\u091b \u092d\u0940 \u0938\u093f\u0916\u093e\u092f\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e, \u092e\u0928 \u0938\u0947 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0930\u093e\u092e\u0930\u094d\u0936 \u0932\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0928\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u091f \u0938\u0947 \u0926\u0942\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0913\u0930 \u092c\u0922\u093c\u0947\u0964<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Free progress systems, self-paced learning contracts, and the treatment of the teacher as helper rather than instructor.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092e\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0917\u0924\u093f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901, \u0938\u094d\u0935-\u0917\u0924\u093f \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092c\u0902\u0927, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0915\u094b \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0926\u0947\u0936\u0915 \u0928 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0939\u093e\u092f\u0915 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0928\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td><strong><span class=\"en\">J. Krishnamurti<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u091c\u0947. \u0915\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0923\u092e\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093f<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Close to existentialism<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0935\u0935\u093e\u0926 \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u091f<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Education as freedom from conditioning; the right kind of education cultivates observation without the interference of accumulated opinion, and competition and comparison are treated as sources of fear.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0915\u0942\u0932\u0928 \u0938\u0947 \u092e\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0939\u0948; \u0938\u092e\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u092e\u0924\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0939\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u092a \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0902\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0927\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0938\u094d\u092a\u0930\u094d\u0927\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0924\u0941\u0932\u0928\u093e \u0915\u094b \u092d\u092f \u0915\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0924 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Non-comparative assessment, small teacher\u2013learner ratios, and the deliberate absence of rank and prize in several Indian schools.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u0924\u0941\u0932\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0906\u0915\u0932\u0928, \u0905\u0932\u094d\u092a \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915\u2013\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u093e\u0924, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0905\u0928\u0947\u0915 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0936\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0923\u0940 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u0941\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0941\u0935\u093f\u091a\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0905\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td><strong><span class=\"en\">Gijubhai Badheka<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0917\u093f\u091c\u0941\u092d\u093e\u0908 \u092c\u0927\u0947\u0915\u093e<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Naturalist, drawing on Montessori<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0926\u0940, \u092e\u0949\u0928\u094d\u091f\u0947\u0938\u0930\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0930\u093f\u0924<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Divaswapna records the transformation of a class through storytelling, play and the removal of fear, arguing that the textbook and the cane are the two obstacles to learning.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0926\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0935\u092a\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u0939\u093e\u0928\u0940, \u0916\u0947\u0932 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092d\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u090f\u0915 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0932\u0947\u0916 \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0924\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u092a\u0941\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0915 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u091b\u0921\u093c\u0940 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e \u0915\u0940 \u0926\u094b \u092c\u093e\u0927\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Storytelling as a primary method in early grades, and the movement against corporal punishment in Indian schooling.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0930\u0902\u092d\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0941\u0916 \u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u0939\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u0915\u0939\u0928\u093e, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f\u0940 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0936\u093e\u0930\u0940\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0926\u0902\u0921 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0930\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0906\u0902\u0926\u094b\u0932\u0928\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <\/tbody>\r\n <\/table>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"callout amber\">\r\n <div class=\"callout-label\"><span class=\"en\">The Wardha scheme in outline<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0927\u093e \u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u0930\u0942\u092a\u0930\u0947\u0916\u093e<\/span><\/div>\r\n <span class=\"en\">Gandhi's proposal, worked into a syllabus by the Zakir Husain Committee in 1938, rested on four planks: free and compulsory education for seven years through the mother tongue; a productive craft as the centre around which all instruction is correlated; the craft to yield produce sufficient to meet part of the cost of the school; and the exclusion of English from the early years. The correlation principle is the pedagogically significant element \u2014 arithmetic learned through the measurement of yarn, and history through the story of the craft, is not the same as arithmetic illustrated by an example about yarn.<\/span>\r\n <span class=\"hi\">\u0917\u093e\u0902\u0927\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 1938 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091c\u093c\u093e\u0915\u093f\u0930 \u0939\u0941\u0938\u0948\u0928 \u0938\u092e\u093f\u0924\u093f \u0928\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u0915\u093e \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e, \u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u091f\u093f\u0915\u093e \u0925\u093e: \u092e\u093e\u0924\u0943\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0924 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937 \u0915\u0940 \u0928\u093f\u0903\u0936\u0941\u0932\u094d\u0915 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0905\u0928\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e; \u090f\u0915 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0915 \u0936\u093f\u0932\u094d\u092a \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0907\u0930\u094d\u0926-\u0917\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0926 \u0938\u092e\u0938\u094d\u0924 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0926\u0947\u0936\u0928 \u0938\u0939\u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b; \u0936\u093f\u0932\u094d\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0907\u0924\u0928\u093e \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926 \u091c\u094b \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u092f \u0915\u093e \u0915\u0941\u091b \u092d\u093e\u0917 \u0935\u0939\u0928 \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0947; \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0930\u0902\u092d\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0902\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0947\u091c\u093c\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u092c\u0939\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0964 \u0938\u0939\u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927 \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924 \u0939\u0940 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0926\u0943\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093f \u0938\u0947 \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0924\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u0938\u0942\u0924 \u0915\u0940 \u092e\u093e\u092a \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0940\u0916\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0905\u0902\u0915\u0917\u0923\u093f\u0924 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0936\u093f\u0932\u094d\u092a \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u0925\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0940\u0916\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0907\u0924\u093f\u0939\u093e\u0938 \u0909\u0938 \u0905\u0902\u0915\u0917\u0923\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0942\u0924 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0940 \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u091d\u093e\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0964<\/span>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"p2-9\">\r\n <span class=\"section-badge\">2.9<\/span>\r\n <h3><span class=\"en\">Western Educational Thinkers<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u093e\u0936\u094d\u091a\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092f \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e-\u091a\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0915<\/span><\/h3>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <svg class=\"full-diagram\" viewBox=\"0 0 560 246\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Landmark works of Western educational thought from 1657 to 1968\">\r\n<defs><linearGradient id=\"tl\" x1=\"0\" y1=\"0\" x2=\"1\" y2=\"0\"><stop offset=\"0%\" stop-color=\"#6b3a8f\"\/><stop offset=\"45%\" stop-color=\"#c9760f\"\/><stop offset=\"75%\" stop-color=\"#0d8f79\"\/><stop offset=\"100%\" stop-color=\"#8e2f5a\"\/><\/linearGradient><\/defs>\r\n<g font-family=\"DM Sans, Noto Sans Devanagari, sans-serif\" font-size=\"10.5\">\r\n<rect x=\"34\" y=\"126\" width=\"492\" height=\"8\" rx=\"4\" fill=\"url(#tl)\"\/>\r\n<line x1=\"60.0\" y1=\"130\" x2=\"60.0\" y2=\"96\" stroke=\"#6b3a8f\" stroke-width=\"1.6\"\/>\r\n<circle cx=\"60.0\" cy=\"130\" r=\"7.5\" fill=\"#ffffff\" stroke=\"#6b3a8f\" stroke-width=\"3\"\/>\r\n<text x=\"60.0\" y=\"78\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"11\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#14243f\">Comenius<\/text>\r\n<text x=\"60.0\" y=\"92\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#6b3a8f\">1657<\/text>\r\n<line x1=\"133.3\" y1=\"130\" x2=\"133.3\" y2=\"164\" stroke=\"#c9760f\" stroke-width=\"1.6\"\/>\r\n<circle cx=\"133.3\" cy=\"130\" r=\"7.5\" fill=\"#ffffff\" stroke=\"#c9760f\" stroke-width=\"3\"\/>\r\n<text x=\"133.3\" y=\"190\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"11\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#14243f\">Pestalozzi<\/text>\r\n<text x=\"133.3\" y=\"176\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#c9760f\">1801<\/text>\r\n<line x1=\"206.7\" y1=\"130\" x2=\"206.7\" y2=\"96\" stroke=\"#c9760f\" stroke-width=\"1.6\"\/>\r\n<circle cx=\"206.7\" cy=\"130\" r=\"7.5\" fill=\"#ffffff\" stroke=\"#c9760f\" stroke-width=\"3\"\/>\r\n<text x=\"206.7\" y=\"78\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"11\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#14243f\">Froebel<\/text>\r\n<text x=\"206.7\" y=\"92\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#c9760f\">1826<\/text>\r\n<line x1=\"280.0\" y1=\"130\" x2=\"280.0\" y2=\"164\" stroke=\"#1f5fa9\" stroke-width=\"1.6\"\/>\r\n<circle cx=\"280.0\" cy=\"130\" r=\"7.5\" fill=\"#ffffff\" stroke=\"#1f5fa9\" stroke-width=\"3\"\/>\r\n<text x=\"280.0\" y=\"190\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"11\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#14243f\">Herbart<\/text>\r\n<text x=\"280.0\" y=\"176\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\">1835<\/text>\r\n<line x1=\"353.3\" y1=\"130\" x2=\"353.3\" y2=\"96\" stroke=\"#c9760f\" stroke-width=\"1.6\"\/>\r\n<circle cx=\"353.3\" cy=\"130\" r=\"7.5\" fill=\"#ffffff\" stroke=\"#c9760f\" stroke-width=\"3\"\/>\r\n<text x=\"353.3\" y=\"78\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"11\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#14243f\">Montessori<\/text>\r\n<text x=\"353.3\" y=\"92\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#c9760f\">1912<\/text>\r\n<line x1=\"426.7\" y1=\"130\" x2=\"426.7\" y2=\"164\" stroke=\"#0d8f79\" stroke-width=\"1.6\"\/>\r\n<circle cx=\"426.7\" cy=\"130\" r=\"7.5\" fill=\"#ffffff\" stroke=\"#0d8f79\" stroke-width=\"3\"\/>\r\n<text x=\"426.7\" y=\"190\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"11\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#14243f\">Dewey<\/text>\r\n<text x=\"426.7\" y=\"176\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#0d8f79\">1916<\/text>\r\n<line x1=\"500.0\" y1=\"130\" x2=\"500.0\" y2=\"96\" stroke=\"#8e2f5a\" stroke-width=\"1.6\"\/>\r\n<circle cx=\"500.0\" cy=\"130\" r=\"7.5\" fill=\"#ffffff\" stroke=\"#8e2f5a\" stroke-width=\"3\"\/>\r\n<text x=\"500.0\" y=\"78\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"11\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#14243f\">Freire<\/text>\r\n<text x=\"500.0\" y=\"92\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#8e2f5a\">1968<\/text>\r\n<text x=\"280\" y=\"24\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"11\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#5a6d80\">LANDMARK WORKS OF WESTERN EDUCATIONAL THOUGHT<\/text>\r\n<text x=\"280\" y=\"238\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9.5\" fill=\"#5a6d80\">markers are evenly spaced by sequence, not to scale by year<\/text>\r\n<\/g><\/svg>\r\n <div class=\"diagram-cap\"><span class=\"en\">Three centuries in one line: the graded class, the sense-impression, the kindergarten, the formal steps, the prepared environment, the project and the critique<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u090f\u0915 \u0939\u0940 \u0930\u0947\u0916\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0924\u0940\u0928 \u0936\u0924\u093e\u092c\u094d\u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901: \u0936\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0923\u0940\u092c\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e, \u0907\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935, \u0915\u093f\u0902\u0921\u0930\u0917\u093e\u0930\u094d\u091f\u0928, \u0914\u092a\u091a\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u091a\u0930\u0923, \u0924\u0948\u092f\u093e\u0930 \u0935\u093e\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0930\u0923, \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0906\u0932\u094b\u091a\u0928\u093e<\/span><\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"table-scroll\">\r\n <table class=\"data-table\">\r\n <thead><tr>\r\n <th style=\"width:24%\"><span class=\"en\">Thinker and principal work<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u093f\u091a\u093e\u0930\u0915 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0941\u0916 \u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f<\/span><\/th>\r\n <th style=\"width:38%\"><span class=\"en\">Pedagogical contribution<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u092f\u094b\u0917\u0926\u093e\u0928<\/span><\/th>\r\n <th style=\"width:38%\"><span class=\"en\">Trace in present practice<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0935\u0936\u0947\u0937<\/span><\/th>\r\n <\/tr><\/thead>\r\n <tbody>\r\n <tr><td><strong><span class=\"en\">J. A. Comenius \u2014 Didactica Magna, 1657<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u091c\u0947. \u090f. \u0915\u094b\u092e\u0947\u0928\u093f\u092f\u0938 \u2014 \u0926\u093f\u0926\u093e\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0915\u093e \u092e\u0948\u0917\u094d\u0928\u093e, 1657<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Graded classes by age, a single textbook per class, the maxims of simple-to-complex and concrete-to-abstract, and the use of pictures in instruction.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0906\u092f\u0941 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u093e\u0930 \u0936\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0923\u0940\u092c\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u090f\u0901, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u090f\u0915 \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u092a\u0941\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0915, \u0938\u0930\u0932-\u0938\u0947-\u091c\u091f\u093f\u0932 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092e\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0924-\u0938\u0947-\u0905\u092e\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0926\u0947\u0936\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0964<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">The age-graded school itself, the illustrated textbook, and the maxims of teaching reproduced in every method course.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u0906\u092f\u0941-\u0936\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0923\u0940\u092c\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f, \u0938\u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u092a\u0941\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0915 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0926\u094b\u0939\u0930\u093e\u090f \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td><strong><span class=\"en\">J. H. Pestalozzi \u2014 How Gertrude Teaches Her Children, 1801<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u091c\u0947. \u090f\u091a. \u092a\u0947\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0932\u0949\u091c\u0940 \u2014 \u0939\u093e\u0909 \u0917\u0930\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0942\u0921 \u091f\u0940\u091a\u0947\u091c\u093c \u0939\u0930 \u091a\u093f\u0932\u094d\u0921\u094d\u0930\u0928, 1801<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Anschauung, or teaching through direct sense-impression; reduction of every subject to its simplest elements of number, form and language; the school modelled on the affection of the home.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0906\u0928\u094d\u0936\u093e\u0909\u0902\u0917 \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0924\u094d \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0907\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923; \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e, \u0906\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0930\u0932\u0924\u092e \u0924\u0924\u094d\u0935\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0918\u091f\u0928; \u0917\u0943\u0939 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0928\u0947\u0939 \u092a\u0930 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f\u0964<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Object lessons, concrete materials in early mathematics, and the expectation that a primary teacher establishes emotional security before instruction.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941-\u092a\u093e\u0920, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0930\u0902\u092d\u093f\u0915 \u0917\u0923\u093f\u0924 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0924 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092f\u0939 \u0905\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u093f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0925\u092e\u093f\u0915 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0926\u0947\u0936\u0928 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u092d\u093e\u0935\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td><strong><span class=\"en\">F. W. A. Froebel \u2014 The Education of Man, 1826<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u090f\u092b. \u0921\u092c\u094d\u0932\u094d\u092f\u0942. \u090f. \u092b\u094d\u0930\u094b\u092c\u0947\u0932 \u2014 \u0926 \u090f\u091c\u0941\u0915\u0947\u0936\u0928 \u0911\u092b \u092e\u0948\u0928, 1826<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">The kindergarten as a garden in which children are cultivated; play as the highest expression of human development; structured gifts and occupations as graded materials; self-activity and social participation.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u093f\u0902\u0921\u0930\u0917\u093e\u0930\u094d\u091f\u0928 \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0924\u094d \u0935\u0939 \u0909\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0928 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u093e\u0932\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0902\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0927\u0928 \u0939\u094b; \u0916\u0947\u0932 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0935 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u094b\u091a\u094d\u091a \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f; \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0909\u092a\u0939\u093e\u0930 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u093e\u092f \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902; \u0938\u094d\u0935-\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u091c\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0939\u092d\u093e\u0917\u093f\u0924\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">The entire pre-primary stage, structured play materials, and the foundational-stage pedagogy of NEP 2020 and NIPUN Bharat.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u0902\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0925\u092e\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e, \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0916\u0947\u0932 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u090f\u0928\u0908\u092a\u0940 2020 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0928\u093f\u092a\u0941\u0923 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u0915\u093e \u092c\u0941\u0928\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0926\u0940 \u0905\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td><strong><span class=\"en\">J. F. Herbart \u2014 Outlines of Educational Doctrine, 1835<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u091c\u0947. \u090f\u092b. \u0939\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0930\u094d\u091f \u2014 \u0906\u0909\u091f\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0902\u0938 \u0911\u092b \u090f\u091c\u0941\u0915\u0947\u0936\u0928\u0932 \u0921\u0949\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0928, 1835<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Apperception \u2014 new ideas are grasped only through the mass of ideas already held; the doctrine of interest; and the formal steps his followers codified into preparation, presentation, comparison, generalisation and application.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u092a\u092c\u094b\u0927 \u2014 \u0928\u0935\u0940\u0928 \u0935\u093f\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0935\u093f\u091a\u093e\u0930-\u0930\u093e\u0936\u093f \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u0939\u0940 \u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939\u0923 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902; \u0930\u0941\u091a\u093f \u0915\u093e \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924; \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0935\u0947 \u0914\u092a\u091a\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u091a\u0930\u0923 \u091c\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092f\u093e\u092f\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0928\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0928\u093e, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923, \u0924\u0941\u0932\u0928\u093e, \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u0939\u093f\u0924\u093e\u092c\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">The Herbartian lesson plan still prescribed in teacher education, and the universal practice of opening a lesson by eliciting prior knowledge.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0906\u091c \u092d\u0940 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0930\u094d\u091f\u0940\u092f \u092a\u093e\u0920 \u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928\u093e, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935-\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u091c\u093e\u0901\u091a\u0915\u0930 \u092a\u093e\u0920 \u0906\u0930\u0902\u092d \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0935\u092d\u094c\u092e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0925\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td><strong><span class=\"en\">Maria Montessori \u2014 The Montessori Method, 1912<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092e\u093e\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u092e\u0949\u0928\u094d\u091f\u0947\u0938\u0930\u0940 \u2014 \u0926 \u092e\u0949\u0928\u094d\u091f\u0947\u0938\u0930\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0925\u0921, 1912<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">The prepared environment; auto-education through self-correcting didactic apparatus; sensitive periods; mixed-age grouping; freedom within structure and the absorbent mind of the young child.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0924\u0948\u092f\u093e\u0930 \u0935\u093e\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0930\u0923; \u0938\u094d\u0935-\u0938\u0902\u0936\u094b\u0927\u0915 \u0909\u092a\u0926\u0947\u0936\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0924\u0903\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e; \u0938\u0902\u0935\u0947\u0926\u0928\u0936\u0940\u0932 \u0905\u0935\u0927\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901; \u092e\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924-\u0906\u092f\u0941 \u0938\u092e\u0942\u0939\u0928; \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u092d\u0940\u0924\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0936\u093f\u0936\u0941 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0935\u0936\u094b\u0937\u0915 \u092e\u0928\u0964<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Self-correcting materials, learning corners, mixed-age multigrade arrangements, and child-sized furniture in early-years classrooms.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u094d\u0935-\u0938\u0902\u0936\u094b\u0927\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940, \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e \u0915\u094b\u0928\u0947, \u092e\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924-\u0906\u092f\u0941 \u092c\u0939\u0941\u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0940\u092f \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u090f\u0901, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0930\u0902\u092d\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u093e\u0932-\u0905\u0928\u0941\u0930\u0942\u092a \u092b\u0930\u094d\u0928\u0940\u091a\u0930\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td><strong><span class=\"en\">John Dewey \u2014 Democracy and Education, 1916<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u091c\u0949\u0928 \u0921\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0908 \u2014 \u0921\u0947\u092e\u094b\u0915\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0938\u0940 \u090f\u0902\u0921 \u090f\u091c\u0941\u0915\u0947\u0936\u0928, 1916<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Learning by doing; the school as a miniature community; reflective thinking in five steps; and the argument that a democracy requires a pedagogy of shared inquiry rather than of transmission.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u0930\u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0940\u0916\u0928\u093e; \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u090f\u0915 \u0932\u0918\u0941 \u0938\u092e\u0941\u0926\u093e\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902; \u092a\u093e\u0901\u091a \u091a\u0930\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091a\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0928\u0936\u0940\u0932 \u0935\u093f\u091a\u093e\u0930; \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092f\u0939 \u0924\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0915\u093f \u0932\u094b\u0915\u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0902\u091a\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0938\u093e\u091d\u093e \u0905\u0928\u094d\u0935\u0947\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u093e \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f\u0964<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Project method, problem-based learning, group inquiry and the deliberative classroom.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u0930\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f, \u0938\u092e\u0938\u094d\u092f\u093e-\u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e, \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0942\u0939\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u0928\u094d\u0935\u0947\u0937\u0923 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0935\u093f\u091a\u093e\u0930-\u0935\u093f\u092e\u0930\u094d\u0936\u0940 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td><strong><span class=\"en\">Paulo Freire \u2014 Pedagogy of the Oppressed, 1968<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u093e\u0909\u0932\u094b \u092b\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0930\u0947 \u2014 \u092a\u0947\u0921\u093e\u0917\u094b\u091c\u0940 \u0911\u092b \u0926 \u0911\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0938\u094d\u0921, 1968<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Critique of the banking concept of education; problem-posing pedagogy; conscientisation; dialogue between teacher-learner and learner-teacher as equals in inquiry.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u092c\u0948\u0902\u0915\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a\u0928\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u0906\u0932\u094b\u091a\u0928\u093e; \u0938\u092e\u0938\u094d\u092f\u093e-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924\u0915 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930; \u091a\u0947\u0924\u0928\u093e\u0915\u0930\u0923; \u0905\u0928\u094d\u0935\u0947\u0937\u0923 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915-\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940-\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u0927\u094d\u092f \u0938\u0902\u0935\u093e\u0926\u0964<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Critical pedagogy, adult literacy programmes built on generative words, and the treatment of the learner's context as curricular content.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0906\u0932\u094b\u091a\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930, \u091c\u0928\u0915-\u0936\u092c\u094d\u0926\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0922\u093c \u0938\u093e\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0930\u094d\u092d \u0915\u094b \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u091a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e-\u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0928\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <\/tbody>\r\n <\/table>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n <div class=\"abbr-grid\">\r\n <table>\r\n <thead><tr><th>Term<\/th><th>Associated with<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>\r\n <tbody>\r\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">Negative education<\/td><td>Rousseau, <em>\u00c9mile<\/em> 1762<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">Anschauung<\/td><td>Pestalozzi, teaching by sense-impression<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">Gifts, occupations<\/td><td>Froebel, the kindergarten<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">Apperception<\/td><td>Herbart, and the five formal steps<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <\/tbody>\r\n <\/table>\r\n <table>\r\n <thead><tr><th>Term<\/th><th>Associated with<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>\r\n <tbody>\r\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">Absorbent mind<\/td><td>Montessori, the prepared environment<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">Occupations<\/td><td>Dewey, the Chicago laboratory school<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">Conscientisation<\/td><td>Freire, problem-posing pedagogy<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">Nai Talim<\/td><td>Gandhi, the Wardha scheme 1937<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <\/tbody>\r\n <\/table>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"p2-10\">\r\n <span class=\"section-badge\">2.10<\/span>\r\n <h3><span class=\"en\">Practice Set<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u092d\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938 \u0938\u0947\u091f<\/span><\/h3>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"mcq-box\">\r\n <div class=\"mcq-title\"><span class=\"en\">Practice \u2014 Philosophical Foundations<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u092d\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938 \u2014 \u0926\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0936\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930<\/span> <span class=\"mcq-src\">10 items<\/span><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"mcq-note\"><span class=\"en\">Where a classroom practice is described, name the assumption it makes about knowledge before looking at the options.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e-\u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0923\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b, \u0935\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a \u0926\u0947\u0916\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u092f\u0939 \u092c\u0924\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u0915\u093f \u0935\u0939 \u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n\r\n <details class=\"mcq-q\"><summary><span class=\"mcq-num\">1<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">The branch of philosophy that settles method, sequence and what counts as evidence of learning is<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u0939 \u0926\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0936\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0936\u093e\u0916\u093e \u091c\u094b \u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f, \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u0915\u094b \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/span><\/summary>\r\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\r\n <li>(a) <span class=\"en\">metaphysics<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0924\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092e\u0940\u092e\u093e\u0902\u0938\u093e<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(b) <span class=\"en\">epistemology<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928\u092e\u0940\u092e\u093e\u0902\u0938\u093e<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(c) <span class=\"en\">axiology<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092e\u0942\u0932\u094d\u092f\u092e\u0940\u092e\u093e\u0902\u0938\u093e<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(d) <span class=\"en\">logic<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0924\u0930\u094d\u0915\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\"><b>(b).<\/b> <span class=\"en\">Epistemology asks what knowledge is and how it is obtained, and its answer determines how the learner is held to come to know \u2014 which in turn fixes method, sequence and acceptable evidence. Metaphysics settles the aims by determining what kind of being the learner is; axiology settles curriculum selection and the criteria of worthwhile conduct. Matching the three wrongly is the commonest error in this area.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928\u092e\u0940\u092e\u093e\u0902\u0938\u093e \u092a\u0942\u091b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0909\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u092f\u0939 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0928\u0947 \u0924\u0915 \u0915\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u091c\u094b \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f, \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0940\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u0924\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0924\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092e\u0940\u092e\u093e\u0902\u0938\u093e \u092f\u0939 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0915\u0947 \u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f \u0924\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0915\u093f\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948; \u092e\u0942\u0932\u094d\u092f\u092e\u0940\u092e\u093e\u0902\u0938\u093e \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u091a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e \u091a\u092f\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0936\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u0906\u091a\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u0938\u094c\u091f\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u0924\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0924\u0940\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0917\u0932\u0924 \u0938\u0941\u092e\u0947\u0932\u0928 \u0907\u0938 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0924\u094d\u0930\u0941\u091f\u093f \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n\r\n <details class=\"mcq-q\"><summary><span class=\"mcq-num\">2<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">The concept of negative education, under which harmful influences are removed in the early years instead of positive instruction being given, is associated with<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0928\u0915\u093e\u0930\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a\u0928\u093e, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0930\u0902\u092d\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0915\u093e\u0930\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0926\u0947\u0936\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u0930 \u0939\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/span><\/summary>\r\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\r\n <li>(a) <span class=\"en\">Comenius<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u094b\u092e\u0947\u0928\u093f\u092f\u0938<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(b) <span class=\"en\">Pestalozzi<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u0947\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0932\u0949\u091c\u0940<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(c) <span class=\"en\">Rousseau<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0930\u0942\u0938\u094b<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(d) <span class=\"en\">Herbart<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0939\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0930\u094d\u091f<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\"><b>(c).<\/b> <span class=\"en\">Negative education follows from the naturalist premise of <em>\u00c9mile<\/em> that what leaves the hands of nature is good and degenerates in the hands of man; the early task is therefore protective rather than instructive. Comenius contributed the graded class and the illustrated textbook, Pestalozzi the object lesson through sense-impression, and Herbart apperception and the formal steps \u2014 all positive rather than protective doctrines.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0928\u0915\u093e\u0930\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e <em>\u090f\u092e\u093f\u0932<\/em> \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0926\u0940 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0924\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u0932\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u091c\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0947 \u0939\u093e\u0925\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0935\u0939 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u092e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u092e\u0928\u0941\u0937\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u0939\u093e\u0925\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u093f\u0917\u0921\u093c \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948; \u0905\u0924\u0903 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0930\u0902\u092d\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0926\u0947\u0936\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0915\u094b\u092e\u0947\u0928\u093f\u092f\u0938 \u0915\u093e \u092f\u094b\u0917\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0936\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0923\u0940\u092c\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u092a\u0941\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0915 \u0939\u0948, \u092a\u0947\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0932\u0949\u091c\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u0907\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941-\u092a\u093e\u0920, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0939\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0930\u094d\u091f \u0915\u093e \u0905\u092a\u092c\u094b\u0927 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0914\u092a\u091a\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u091a\u0930\u0923 \u2014 \u092f\u0947 \u0938\u092d\u0940 \u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0938\u0915\u093e\u0930\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n\r\n <details class=\"mcq-q\"><summary><span class=\"mcq-num\">3<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">Consider the following about Dewey: 1. Truth is what proves workable when acted upon and remains open to revision. 2. Thinking begins in a felt difficulty encountered during activity. 3. Education is best understood as preparation for the responsibilities of later life. Which are correct?<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0921\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0908 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0940\u091c\u093f\u090f: 1. \u0938\u0924\u094d\u092f \u0935\u0939 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0928\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0939\u094b \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0938\u0902\u0936\u094b\u0927\u0928 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0916\u0941\u0932\u093e \u0930\u0939\u0947\u0964 2. \u091a\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0928 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u094c\u0930\u093e\u0928 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092d\u0935 \u0915\u0940 \u0917\u0908 \u0915\u0920\u093f\u0928\u093e\u0908 \u0938\u0947 \u0906\u0930\u0902\u092d \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 3. \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u094b \u092a\u0930\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0940 \u091c\u0940\u0935\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930\u0926\u093e\u092f\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0935\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0924\u0948\u092f\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u092e\u091d\u0928\u093e \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u094b\u0924\u094d\u0924\u092e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0915\u094c\u0928-\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0939\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902?<\/span><\/span><\/summary>\r\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\r\n <li>(a) <span class=\"en\">1 and 2 only<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 1 \u0914\u0930 2<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(b) <span class=\"en\">2 and 3 only<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 2 \u0914\u0930 3<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(c) <span class=\"en\">1 and 3 only<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 1 \u0914\u0930 3<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(d) <span class=\"en\">1, 2 and 3<\/span><span class=\"hi\">1, 2 \u0914\u0930 3<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\"><b>(a).<\/b> <span class=\"en\">Statement 3 states the position Dewey explicitly rejected: his formula is that education is not preparation for life but life itself, a conclusion following directly from the epistemology in statements 1 and 2. If knowing arises within activity, a school that suspends activity in order to prepare for it defeats its own purpose. The preparation view belongs to the traditional subject-centred position Dewey was arguing against.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u0925\u0928 3 \u0909\u0938 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u0915\u094b \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0921\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0908 \u0928\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u092a\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0916\u0902\u0921\u0928 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e: \u0909\u0928\u0915\u093e \u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u091c\u0940\u0935\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u0924\u0948\u092f\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0905\u092a\u093f\u0924\u0941 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u091c\u0940\u0935\u0928 \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u094b \u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0937 \u0915\u0925\u0928 1 \u090f\u0935\u0902 2 \u0915\u0940 \u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928\u092e\u0940\u092e\u093e\u0902\u0938\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0940\u0927\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0926\u093f \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0928\u093e \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u092d\u0940\u0924\u0930 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u094b \u091c\u094b \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0924\u0948\u092f\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0925\u0917\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0935\u0939 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u0930\u093e\u091c\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0924\u0948\u092f\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e \u092e\u0924 \u0909\u0938 \u092a\u0930\u0902\u092a\u0930\u093e\u0917\u0924 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f-\u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u0915\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0930\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0921\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0908 \u0924\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0915\u0930 \u0930\u0939\u0947 \u0925\u0947\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n\r\n <details class=\"mcq-q\"><summary><span class=\"mcq-num\">4<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">Match List-I with List-II. List-I: A. Froebel, B. Herbart, C. Montessori, D. Pestalozzi. List-II: 1. Apperception and the formal steps, 2. Anschauung through sense-impression, 3. Kindergarten, gifts and occupations, 4. Prepared environment and auto-education<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u0942\u091a\u0940-I \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0940-II \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0941\u092e\u0947\u0932\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0940\u091c\u093f\u090f\u0964 \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0940-I: A. \u092b\u094d\u0930\u094b\u092c\u0947\u0932, B. \u0939\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0930\u094d\u091f, C. \u092e\u0949\u0928\u094d\u091f\u0947\u0938\u0930\u0940, D. \u092a\u0947\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0932\u0949\u091c\u0940\u0964 \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0940-II: 1. \u0905\u092a\u092c\u094b\u0927 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0914\u092a\u091a\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u091a\u0930\u0923, 2. \u0907\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0906\u0928\u094d\u0936\u093e\u0909\u0902\u0917, 3. \u0915\u093f\u0902\u0921\u0930\u0917\u093e\u0930\u094d\u091f\u0928, \u0909\u092a\u0939\u093e\u0930 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u093e\u092f, 4. \u0924\u0948\u092f\u093e\u0930 \u0935\u093e\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0930\u0923 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0924\u0903\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e<\/span><\/span><\/summary>\r\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\r\n <li>(a) A-3, B-1, C-4, D-2<\/li>\r\n <li>(b) A-4, B-1, C-3, D-2<\/li>\r\n <li>(c) A-3, B-2, C-4, D-1<\/li>\r\n <li>(d) A-1, B-3, C-2, D-4<\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\"><b>(a).<\/b> <span class=\"en\">Froebel devised the kindergarten with its graded gifts and occupations; Herbart advanced apperception, from which his followers derived the five formal steps; Montessori built the prepared environment in which self-correcting apparatus makes auto-education possible; Pestalozzi's Anschauung is teaching through direct sense-impression. The standard confusion is between Froebel's gifts and Montessori's apparatus \u2014 the first are for creative construction in play, the second are self-correcting and prescribe their own use.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092b\u094d\u0930\u094b\u092c\u0947\u0932 \u0928\u0947 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093f\u0915 \u0909\u092a\u0939\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u093e\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u0902\u0921\u0930\u0917\u093e\u0930\u094d\u091f\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0915\u0940; \u0939\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0930\u094d\u091f \u0928\u0947 \u0905\u092a\u092c\u094b\u0927 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092f\u093e\u092f\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0928\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u0901\u091a \u0914\u092a\u091a\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u091a\u0930\u0923 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0932\u0947; \u092e\u0949\u0928\u094d\u091f\u0947\u0938\u0930\u0940 \u0928\u0947 \u0935\u0939 \u0924\u0948\u092f\u093e\u0930 \u0935\u093e\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0930\u0923 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u0935-\u0938\u0902\u0936\u094b\u0927\u0915 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0924\u0903\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0938\u0902\u092d\u0935 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902; \u092a\u0947\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0932\u0949\u091c\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u0906\u0928\u094d\u0936\u093e\u0909\u0902\u0917 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0907\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0915 \u092d\u094d\u0930\u092e \u092b\u094d\u0930\u094b\u092c\u0947\u0932 \u0915\u0947 \u0909\u092a\u0939\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092e\u0949\u0928\u094d\u091f\u0947\u0938\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u0927\u094d\u092f \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0925\u092e \u0916\u0947\u0932 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0943\u091c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0938\u094d\u0935-\u0938\u0902\u0936\u094b\u0927\u0915 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0905\u092a\u0928\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0926\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n\r\n <details class=\"mcq-q\"><summary><span class=\"mcq-num\">5<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">The pedagogically distinctive feature of the Wardha scheme of Basic Education is<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092c\u0941\u0928\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0926\u0940 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0927\u093e \u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0926\u0943\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093f \u0938\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/span><\/summary>\r\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\r\n <li>(a) <span class=\"en\">the inclusion of a craft as an additional subject in the timetable<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u092e\u092f-\u0938\u093e\u0930\u0923\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0924\u093f\u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0936\u093f\u0932\u094d\u092a \u0915\u093e \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0935\u0947\u0936<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(b) <span class=\"en\">the correlation of all subjects to a productive craft placed at the centre<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0915 \u0936\u093f\u0932\u094d\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u0938\u094d\u0924 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0939\u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(c) <span class=\"en\">vocational training provided after the completion of general education<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0936\u094d\u091a\u093e\u0924\u094d \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0935\u0938\u093e\u092f\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(d) <span class=\"en\">the use of English as the medium of instruction from the earliest years<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0930\u0902\u092d\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0939\u0940 \u0905\u0902\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0947\u091c\u093c\u0940 \u0915\u094b \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u093e \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0928\u093e<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\"><b>(b).<\/b> <span class=\"en\">Correlation is the load-bearing element: arithmetic reached through the measurement of yarn and history through the story of the craft is not the same as arithmetic merely illustrated by a yarn example, which is what option (a) reduces the scheme to. Option (c) describes the conventional sequential arrangement the scheme was designed to replace, and option (d) reverses the scheme's insistence on the mother tongue.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u0939\u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927 \u0939\u0940 \u092d\u093e\u0930-\u0935\u0939\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e \u0924\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u0939\u0948: \u0938\u0942\u0924 \u0915\u0940 \u092e\u093e\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0905\u0902\u0915\u0917\u0923\u093f\u0924 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0936\u093f\u0932\u094d\u092a \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u0925\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0907\u0924\u093f\u0939\u093e\u0938 \u0909\u0938 \u0905\u0902\u0915\u0917\u0923\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0942\u0924 \u0915\u0947 \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923 \u0938\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0938\u092e\u091d\u093e\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0939\u094b, \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a (a) \u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0907\u0938\u0940 \u0924\u0915 \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a (c) \u0909\u0938 \u092a\u0930\u0902\u092a\u0930\u093e\u0917\u0924 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0923\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928\u093e \u092c\u0928\u0940 \u0925\u0940, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a (d) \u092e\u093e\u0924\u0943\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e \u092a\u0930 \u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0906\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939 \u0915\u094b \u0909\u0932\u091f \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n\r\n <details class=\"mcq-q\"><summary><span class=\"mcq-num\">6<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">The three principles that nothing can be taught, that the mind must be consulted in its own growth, and that teaching proceeds from the near to the far, belong to<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092f\u0947 \u0924\u0940\u0928 \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924 \u0915\u093f \u0915\u0941\u091b \u092d\u0940 \u0938\u093f\u0916\u093e\u092f\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e, \u092e\u0928 \u0938\u0947 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0930\u093e\u092e\u0930\u094d\u0936 \u0932\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0928\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u091f \u0938\u0947 \u0926\u0942\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0913\u0930 \u092c\u0922\u093c\u0947 \u2014 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948\u0902<\/span><\/span><\/summary>\r\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\r\n <li>(a) <span class=\"en\">Rabindranath Tagore<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0930\u0935\u0940\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0928\u093e\u0925 \u091f\u0948\u0917\u094b\u0930<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(b) <span class=\"en\">Sri Aurobindo<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0905\u0930\u0935\u093f\u0902\u0926<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(c) <span class=\"en\">Swami Vivekananda<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u094d\u0935\u093e\u092e\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0915\u093e\u0928\u0902\u0926<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(d) <span class=\"en\">J. Krishnamurti<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u091c\u0947. \u0915\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0923\u092e\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093f<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\"><b>(b).<\/b> <span class=\"en\">These are the three principles of true teaching in Aurobindo's integral education, which addresses the physical, vital, mental, psychic and spiritual aspects of the being. Vivekananda's parallel formulation is that education is the manifestation of the perfection already in man, with concentration as its instrument; Tagore's emphasis falls on freedom, nature and the arts; Krishnamurti's on freedom from conditioning. The traps work because all four share a broadly idealist starting point.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092f\u0947 \u0905\u0930\u0935\u093f\u0902\u0926 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u091a\u094d\u091a\u0947 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0924\u0940\u0928 \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u091c\u094b \u0938\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0936\u093e\u0930\u0940\u0930\u093f\u0915, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0923\u093f\u0915, \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0938\u093f\u0915, \u091a\u0948\u0924\u094d\u092f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0906\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0902\u092c\u094b\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0935\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0915\u093e\u0928\u0902\u0926 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930 \u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u092f\u0939 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u092e\u0928\u0941\u0937\u094d\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0938\u093e\u0927\u0928 \u090f\u0915\u093e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948; \u091f\u0948\u0917\u094b\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u092c\u0932 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093e, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0915\u0932\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u0939\u0948; \u0915\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0923\u092e\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0915\u0942\u0932\u0928 \u0938\u0947 \u092e\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u092a\u0930\u0964 \u092d\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a \u0907\u0938\u0932\u093f\u090f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u091a\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928-\u092c\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0941 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u0915 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0906\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u0935\u093e\u0926\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n\r\n <details class=\"mcq-q\"><summary><span class=\"mcq-num\">7<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">A teacher arranges a sequence beginning with a handled object, moving to a drawing of it, and only then to the written symbol. This most directly expresses<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0910\u0938\u093e \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0939\u093e\u0925 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0932\u0940 \u0917\u0908 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u0938\u0947 \u0906\u0930\u0902\u092d \u0939\u094b\u0915\u0930 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0924\u0915 \u0914\u0930 \u0924\u092c \u0932\u093f\u0916\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u0940\u0915 \u0924\u0915 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/span><\/summary>\r\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\r\n <li>(a) <span class=\"en\">existentialism<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0935\u0935\u093e\u0926<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(b) <span class=\"en\">realism<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092f\u0925\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0935\u093e\u0926<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(c) <span class=\"en\">idealism<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0906\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u0935\u093e\u0926<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(d) <span class=\"en\">perennialism<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u093e\u0936\u094d\u0935\u0924\u0935\u093e\u0926<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\"><b>(b).<\/b> <span class=\"en\">The graded movement from concrete to abstract, and the requirement that a subject be met through the senses before words are attached to it, are the Comenian maxims through which realism enters classroom practice. Idealism would begin with the idea and treat the object as its imperfect expression; existentialism prescribes no standard sequence at all, since a uniformly imposed order denies the singularity of the chooser. The discriminator is the direction of travel between object and symbol.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092e\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0924 \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u092e\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0940 \u0913\u0930 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093f\u0915 \u0917\u0924\u093f, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092f\u0939 \u0905\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u093f \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f \u0938\u0947 \u0936\u092c\u094d\u0926 \u091c\u0941\u0921\u093c\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0907\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f-\u092a\u0930\u093f\u091a\u092f \u0939\u094b, \u0935\u0947 \u0915\u094b\u092e\u0947\u0928\u093f\u092f\u0928 \u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u091c\u093f\u0928\u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u092f\u0925\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0935\u093e\u0926 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e-\u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0947\u0936 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0906\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u0935\u093e\u0926 \u0935\u093f\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u0947 \u0906\u0930\u0902\u092d \u0915\u0930\u0915\u0947 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u094b \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u0905\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0947\u0917\u093e; \u0905\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0935\u0935\u093e\u0926 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0915 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u0947\u0926\u0915 \u0924\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u0940\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u0927\u094d\u092f \u0917\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0940 \u0926\u093f\u0936\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n\r\n <details class=\"mcq-q\"><summary><span class=\"mcq-num\">8<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">All of the following are limitations attributed to naturalism as a pedagogy EXCEPT<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0928\u093f\u092e\u094d\u0928\u0932\u093f\u0916\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u092d\u0940 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0926 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0938\u093f\u0935\u093e\u092f<\/span><\/span><\/summary>\r\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\r\n <li>(a) <span class=\"en\">reliance on natural consequences fails where the consequence is dangerous<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e \u0938\u0902\u0915\u091f\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0939\u094b \u0935\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092d\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0935\u093f\u092b\u0932 \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(b) <span class=\"en\">it offers no criterion for choosing among directions in which nature might unfold<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f \u091c\u093f\u0928 \u0926\u093f\u0936\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0928\u093e\u0935\u0943\u0924 \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0909\u0928\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091a\u092f\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0926\u0902\u0921 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(c) <span class=\"en\">it neglects the social and cultural formation of the individual<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092f\u0939 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u091c\u093f\u0915 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u093e\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u0915\u0940 \u0909\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(d) <span class=\"en\">it denies that childhood has any worth of its own apart from adulthood<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092f\u0939 \u0907\u0938 \u092c\u093e\u0924 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0937\u0947\u0927 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u092c\u093e\u0932\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0922\u093c\u093e\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0943\u0925\u0915\u094d \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u093e \u092e\u0942\u0932\u094d\u092f \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\"><b>(d).<\/b> <span class=\"en\">This inverts one of naturalism's principal contributions. Establishing childhood as a stage with intrinsic worth rather than a mere preparation for adulthood is exactly what <em>\u00c9mile<\/em> achieved, and it underlies the modern principle of readiness. The genuine limitations are those in the other three options, to which may be added the impossibility of scaling individual tutorship to a system of mass schooling.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092f\u0939 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0926 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0941\u0916 \u092f\u094b\u0917\u0926\u093e\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u090f\u0915 \u0915\u094b \u0909\u0932\u091f \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092c\u093e\u0932\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u0915\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0922\u093c\u093e\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u092e\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0924\u0948\u092f\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0928 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0915\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0924\u0903\u092e\u0942\u0932\u094d\u092f\u0935\u093e\u0928 \u0905\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u0920\u0940\u0915 \u0935\u0939\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b <em>\u090f\u092e\u093f\u0932<\/em> \u0928\u0947 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e, \u0914\u0930 \u092f\u0939\u0940 \u0924\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0906\u0927\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924 \u0915\u093e \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u0936\u0947\u0937 \u0924\u0940\u0928 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u091c\u093f\u0928\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092f\u0939 \u092d\u0940 \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0935\u0948\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u091c\u0928-\u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f\u0940 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n\r\n <details class=\"mcq-q\"><summary><span class=\"mcq-num\">9<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">The critique of the banking concept of education, in which the teacher deposits and the learner receives, was advanced in<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u092c\u0948\u0902\u0915\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a\u0928\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u0906\u0932\u094b\u091a\u0928\u093e, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u091c\u092e\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939\u0923 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0915\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924 \u0915\u0940 \u0917\u0908<\/span><\/span><\/summary>\r\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\r\n <li>(a) <span class=\"en\">Democracy and Education, 1916<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0921\u0947\u092e\u094b\u0915\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0938\u0940 \u090f\u0902\u0921 \u090f\u091c\u0941\u0915\u0947\u0936\u0928, 1916<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(b) <span class=\"en\">Pedagogy of the Oppressed, 1968<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u0947\u0921\u093e\u0917\u094b\u091c\u0940 \u0911\u092b \u0926 \u0911\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0938\u094d\u0921, 1968<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(c) <span class=\"en\">The Education of Man, 1826<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0926 \u090f\u091c\u0941\u0915\u0947\u0936\u0928 \u0911\u092b \u092e\u0948\u0928, 1826<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(d) <span class=\"en\">Didactica Magna, 1657<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0926\u093f\u0926\u093e\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0915\u093e \u092e\u0948\u0917\u094d\u0928\u093e, 1657<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\"><b>(b).<\/b> <span class=\"en\">Freire's banking critique, together with problem-posing pedagogy, conscientisation and the dialogue between teacher-learner and learner-teacher, appears in <em>Pedagogy of the Oppressed<\/em>. Dewey's 1916 work advances the school as a miniature democratic community and learning by doing but does not use the banking image; Froebel's 1826 book founds the kindergarten; Comenius's 1657 work establishes the graded class and the maxims of teaching.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092b\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0930\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u092c\u0948\u0902\u0915\u093f\u0902\u0917-\u0906\u0932\u094b\u091a\u0928\u093e, \u0938\u092e\u0938\u094d\u092f\u093e-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924\u0915 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930, \u091a\u0947\u0924\u0928\u093e\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915-\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940-\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u0927\u094d\u092f \u0938\u0902\u0935\u093e\u0926 \u0938\u0939\u093f\u0924, <em>\u092a\u0947\u0921\u093e\u0917\u094b\u091c\u0940 \u0911\u092b \u0926 \u0911\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0938\u094d\u0921<\/em> \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u091f \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0921\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0908 \u0915\u0940 1916 \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0915\u094b \u0932\u0918\u0941 \u0932\u094b\u0915\u0924\u093e\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u092e\u0941\u0926\u093e\u092f \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0940\u0916\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u094b \u0906\u0917\u0947 \u092c\u0922\u093c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0941 \u092c\u0948\u0902\u0915\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u092c\u093f\u0902\u092c \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940; \u092b\u094d\u0930\u094b\u092c\u0947\u0932 \u0915\u0940 1826 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0941\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0915 \u0915\u093f\u0902\u0921\u0930\u0917\u093e\u0930\u094d\u091f\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u0928\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948; \u0915\u094b\u092e\u0947\u0928\u093f\u092f\u0938 \u0915\u0940 1657 \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f \u0936\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0923\u0940\u092c\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n\r\n <details class=\"mcq-q\"><summary><span class=\"mcq-num\">10<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">A teacher declares constructivist aims, transacts the lesson by drill and reinforcement, and evaluates entirely by recall. The defect is best described as<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e\u0935\u093e\u0926\u0940 \u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f \u0918\u094b\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u092a\u093e\u0920 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0902\u091a\u0930\u0923 \u0905\u092d\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0932\u0928 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092e\u0942\u0932\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0915\u0928 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923\u0924\u0903 \u0938\u094d\u092e\u0930\u0923 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e\u0964 \u0926\u094b\u0937 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u094b\u0924\u094d\u0924\u092e \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0923\u0928 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/span><\/summary>\r\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\r\n <li>(a) <span class=\"en\">an unavoidable consequence of large class size<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092c\u0921\u093c\u0940 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0905\u092a\u0930\u093f\u0939\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(b) <span class=\"en\">inconsistency across the decisions of aim, method and assessment<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f, \u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0906\u0915\u0932\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0923\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0938\u0902\u0917\u0924\u093f<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(c) <span class=\"en\">a legitimate eclecticism drawing on several traditions<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u0928\u0947\u0915 \u092a\u0930\u0902\u092a\u0930\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0935\u0948\u0927 \u0938\u092e\u0928\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0935\u093e\u0926<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(d) <span class=\"en\">a failure of subject knowledge rather than of pedagogy<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0905\u092a\u093f\u0924\u0941 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f-\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u092b\u0932\u0924\u093e<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\"><b>(b).<\/b> <span class=\"en\">Eclecticism is defensible when examined, and Indian policy is deliberately eclectic \u2014 aims from the idealist and humanist traditions, method from pragmatism and constructivism, critique from critical pedagogy. What is indefensible is inconsistency across aim, content, method and assessment, since a mismatch at any one point cancels the intention declared at the others. Option (c) is the trap: it names the correct concept but misapplies it to a case where the combination is unexamined rather than reasoned.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u0938\u092e\u0928\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0935\u093e\u0926 \u0909\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f \u0938\u0941\u0935\u093f\u091a\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u0928\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0935\u093e\u0926\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f \u0906\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u0935\u093e\u0926\u0940 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0935\u0924\u093e\u0935\u093e\u0926\u0940 \u092a\u0930\u0902\u092a\u0930\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0938\u0947, \u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928\u0935\u093e\u0926 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e\u0935\u093e\u0926 \u0938\u0947, \u0906\u0932\u094b\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0906\u0932\u094b\u091a\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0938\u0947\u0964 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948 \u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f, \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941, \u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0906\u0915\u0932\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0938\u0902\u0917\u0924\u093f, \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u090f\u0915 \u092c\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0941 \u092a\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0938\u0902\u0917\u0924\u093f \u0936\u0947\u0937 \u092c\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0941\u0913\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u0918\u094b\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0906\u0936\u092f \u0915\u094b \u0928\u093f\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0930 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a (c) \u092d\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e\u0915 \u0939\u0948: \u092f\u0939 \u0938\u0939\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a\u0928\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093e\u092e \u0932\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0941 \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0910\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u092a\u0930 \u0932\u093e\u0917\u0942 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0938\u0902\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u0924\u0930\u094d\u0915\u093f\u0924 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0905\u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <\/section>\r\n<!--\/CH2-->\r\n<!--CH3--><section class=\"chapter-content\" data-chap=\"3\" id=\"c3\">\r\n <div class=\"chapter-heading-block\">\r\n <span class=\"chapter-badge\"><span class=\"en\">CHAPTER 3<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f 3<\/span><\/span>\r\n <h2><span class=\"en\">Psychological Foundations: Learning Theories<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092e\u0928\u094b\u0935\u0948\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930: \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924<\/span><\/h2>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"keyfact-grid\">\r\n <div class=\"keyfact-card navy-hi\">\r\n <span class=\"big-icon\">🔔<\/span>\r\n <div class=\"kf-label\"><span class=\"en\">Classical conditioning<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0928<\/span><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"kf-value\">Pavlov<\/div>\r\n <div class=\"kf-sub\"><span class=\"en\">A signal comes to stand for the event it precedes<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u0902\u0915\u0947\u0924 \u0909\u0938 \u0918\u091f\u0928\u093e \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0928\u093f\u0927\u093f \u092c\u0928 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0935\u0939 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div class=\"keyfact-card\">\r\n <span class=\"big-icon\">🐈<\/span>\r\n <div class=\"kf-label\"><span class=\"en\">Law of Effect<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e<\/span><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"kf-value\">Thorndike \u00b7 1898<\/div>\r\n <div class=\"kf-sub\"><span class=\"en\">Consequences select behaviour out of trial and error<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u093e\u0938-\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0941\u091f\u093f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u091a\u092f\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div class=\"keyfact-card amber-hi\">\r\n <span class=\"big-icon\">🧩<\/span>\r\n <div class=\"kf-label\"><span class=\"en\">Insight<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0943\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093f<\/span><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"kf-value\">K\u00f6hler \u00b7 1917<\/div>\r\n <div class=\"kf-sub\"><span class=\"en\">The field is reorganised; the parts are not drilled<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0920\u0928 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948; \u0905\u0902\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u092d\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div class=\"keyfact-card teal-hi\">\r\n <span class=\"big-icon\">🥋<\/span>\r\n <div class=\"kf-label\"><span class=\"en\">Zone of proximal development<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0928\u093f\u0915\u091f\u0938\u094d\u0925 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930<\/span><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"kf-value\">Vygotsky \u00b7 1934<\/div>\r\n <div class=\"kf-sub\"><span class=\"en\">The distance that guidance can close<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u0939 \u0926\u0942\u0930\u0940 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u0928 \u092a\u093e\u091f \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <p><span class=\"en\">Learning theories are not competing accounts of the same thing. Each answers a different question, and a great many examination items are settled simply by identifying which question a stem is asking about.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924 \u090f\u0915 \u0939\u0940 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0935\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0935\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0935\u0930\u0923 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u0928\u0947\u0915 \u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u092f\u0939 \u092a\u0939\u091a\u093e\u0928\u0915\u0930 \u0939\u0932 \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0915\u093f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928-\u092e\u0941\u0916 \u0915\u093f\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"feat-grid\">\r\n <div class=\"feat-card\"><span class=\"fc-num\">1<\/span><strong><span class=\"en\">What is the unit of learning?<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e \u0915\u0940 \u0907\u0915\u093e\u0908 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948?<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"en\">A connection, a reorganised field, a schema, or a socially mediated tool \u2014 the answer decides what a lesson tries to build.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u090f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927, \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0920\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930, \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u0915\u0940\u092e\u093e, \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u091c\u093f\u0915 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u092e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u0938\u094d\u0925 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u2014 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0924\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u092a\u093e\u0920 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"feat-card\"><span class=\"fc-num\">2<\/span><strong><span class=\"en\">Where is the cause located?<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948?<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"en\">Outside in the environment, inside in the structure, or in the space between persons.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092c\u093e\u0939\u0930 \u0935\u093e\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0930\u0923 \u092e\u0947\u0902, \u092d\u0940\u0924\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902, \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"feat-card\"><span class=\"fc-num\">3<\/span><strong><span class=\"en\">Which comes first, development or learning?<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u2014 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e?<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"en\">Piaget makes development set the ceiling; Vygotsky makes instruction pull development forward. The two yield opposite advice on readiness.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u093f\u092f\u093e\u091c\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e-\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0915 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902; \u0935\u093e\u0907\u0917\u094b\u0924\u094d\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0940 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0926\u0947\u0936\u0928 \u0915\u094b \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0937\u0915\u0964 \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0924\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0930\u0924\u093e \u092a\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u092a\u0930\u0940\u0924 \u092a\u0930\u093e\u092e\u0930\u094d\u0936 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"feat-card\"><span class=\"fc-num\">4<\/span><strong><span class=\"en\">What does the theory tell a teacher to do?<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u094b \u0915\u0939\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948?<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"en\">Every theory in this chapter is worth exactly the classroom instruction it yields; the yield is tabulated at each step.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0907\u0938 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924 \u0920\u0940\u0915 \u0909\u0924\u0928\u093e \u0939\u0940 \u092e\u0942\u0932\u094d\u092f\u0935\u093e\u0928 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0924\u0928\u093e \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e-\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u0935\u0939 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948; \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u091a\u0930\u0923 \u092a\u0930 \u0935\u0939 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092b\u0932 \u0938\u093e\u0930\u0923\u0940\u092c\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"p3-0\">\r\n <span class=\"section-badge\">3.0<\/span>\r\n <h3><span class=\"en\">Introduction<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u0930\u093f\u091a\u092f<\/span><\/h3>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <p><span class=\"en\">The families of learning theory can be told apart by a single question: what are they willing to say about the interior of the learner? Behaviourism declines to speculate and confines itself to what enters and what comes out. Cognitivism opens the interior and describes attention, memory and structure. Constructivism goes further and holds that the interior is not filled but built, and built partly in company.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u090f\u0915 \u0939\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0939\u091a\u093e\u0928\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948: \u0935\u0947 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0906\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0939\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u094b \u0924\u0948\u092f\u093e\u0930 \u0939\u0948\u0902? \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0926 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0938\u0947 \u0907\u0928\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0907\u0938 \u0924\u0915 \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0930\u0916\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u092d\u0940\u0924\u0930 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u092c\u093e\u0939\u0930 \u0906\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0938\u0902\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928\u0935\u093e\u0926 \u0906\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0915\u094b \u0916\u094b\u0932\u0915\u0930 \u0905\u0935\u0927\u093e\u0928, \u0938\u094d\u092e\u0943\u0924\u093f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0923\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e\u0935\u093e\u0926 \u0914\u0930 \u0906\u0917\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0915\u0930 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0906\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u092d\u0930\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e, \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0906\u0902\u0936\u093f\u0915 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u0917\u0924\u093f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"domain-grid\">\r\n <div class=\"domain-card cog\">\r\n <div class=\"dm-icon\">→<\/div>\r\n <h5><span class=\"en\">Behaviourist<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0926\u0940<\/span><\/h5>\r\n <p><span class=\"en\">Learning is a change in observable behaviour brought about by association and consequence. The interior is set aside as unobservable.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e \u0938\u093e\u0939\u091a\u0930\u094d\u092f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0932\u093e\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u0940\u092f \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0906\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0905\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u0940\u092f \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0915\u0930 \u091b\u094b\u0921\u093c \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/p>\r\n <div class=\"dm-levels\">Pavlov \u00b7 Thorndike \u00b7 Skinner<\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div class=\"domain-card aff\">\r\n <div class=\"dm-icon\">◉<\/div>\r\n <h5><span class=\"en\">Cognitivist<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u0902\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928\u0935\u093e\u0926\u0940<\/span><\/h5>\r\n <p><span class=\"en\">Learning is a change in mental structure. Perception, attention, memory and organisation are the proper objects of study.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0938\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0915\u093e \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923, \u0905\u0935\u0927\u093e\u0928, \u0938\u094d\u092e\u0943\u0924\u093f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u0917\u0920\u0928 \u0939\u0940 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092f\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/p>\r\n <div class=\"dm-levels\">K\u00f6hler \u00b7 Tolman \u00b7 Ausubel \u00b7 Gagn\u00e9<\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div class=\"domain-card psy\">\r\n <div class=\"dm-icon\">▢<\/div>\r\n <h5><span class=\"en\">Constructivist<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e\u0935\u093e\u0926\u0940<\/span><\/h5>\r\n <p><span class=\"en\">Learning is the construction of meaning by the learner, individually through equilibration and socially through mediated activity.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u0935\u0948\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u0924\u0941\u0932\u0928\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u091c\u093f\u0915 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u092e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u0938\u094d\u0925 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/p>\r\n <div class=\"dm-levels\">Piaget \u00b7 Vygotsky \u00b7 Bruner<\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <svg class=\"full-diagram\" viewBox=\"0 0 560 196\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Three families of learning theory and their treatment of what lies between stimulus and response\">\r\n<g font-family=\"DM Sans, Noto Sans Devanagari, sans-serif\" font-size=\"10.5\">\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"12\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#5a6d80\">WHAT LIES BETWEEN THE STIMULUS AND THE RESPONSE<\/text>\r\n\r\n <rect x=\"8\" y=\"20\" width=\"176\" height=\"150\" rx=\"10\" fill=\"#eef4fc\" stroke=\"#1f5fa9\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <rect x=\"8\" y=\"20\" width=\"176\" height=\"26\" rx=\"10\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\"\/>\r\n <rect x=\"8\" y=\"38\" width=\"176\" height=\"8\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"96\" y=\"38\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"11\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#ffffff\">BEHAVIOURIST<\/text>\r\n \r\n <circle cx=\"42\" cy=\"98\" r=\"14\" fill=\"#ffffff\" stroke=\"#5a6d80\" stroke-width=\"1.8\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"42\" y=\"102\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"11\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#5a6d80\">S<\/text>\r\n <line x1=\"58\" y1=\"98\" x2=\"72\" y2=\"98\" stroke=\"#5a6d80\" stroke-width=\"1.8\"\/>\r\n <polygon points=\"78,98 68,93 68,103\" fill=\"#5a6d80\"\/>\r\n <rect x=\"80\" y=\"76\" width=\"44\" height=\"44\" rx=\"5\" fill=\"#14243f\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"102\" y=\"102\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"15\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#5a6d80\">?<\/text>\r\n <line x1=\"128\" y1=\"98\" x2=\"142\" y2=\"98\" stroke=\"#5a6d80\" stroke-width=\"1.8\"\/>\r\n <polygon points=\"148,98 138,93 138,103\" fill=\"#5a6d80\"\/>\r\n <circle cx=\"164\" cy=\"98\" r=\"14\" fill=\"#ffffff\" stroke=\"#5a6d80\" stroke-width=\"1.8\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"164\" y=\"102\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"11\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#5a6d80\">R<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"96\" y=\"150\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9.5\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\">the box is not opened<\/text>\r\n\r\n <rect x=\"192\" y=\"20\" width=\"176\" height=\"150\" rx=\"10\" fill=\"#fffaef\" stroke=\"#c9760f\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <rect x=\"192\" y=\"20\" width=\"176\" height=\"26\" rx=\"10\" fill=\"#c9760f\"\/>\r\n <rect x=\"192\" y=\"38\" width=\"176\" height=\"8\" fill=\"#c9760f\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"38\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"11\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#ffffff\">COGNITIVIST<\/text>\r\n \r\n <circle cx=\"226\" cy=\"98\" r=\"14\" fill=\"#ffffff\" stroke=\"#5a6d80\" stroke-width=\"1.8\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"226\" y=\"102\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"11\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#5a6d80\">S<\/text>\r\n <line x1=\"242\" y1=\"98\" x2=\"252\" y2=\"98\" stroke=\"#5a6d80\" stroke-width=\"1.8\"\/>\r\n <polygon points=\"258,98 248,93 248,103\" fill=\"#5a6d80\"\/>\r\n <rect x=\"260\" y=\"72\" width=\"52\" height=\"52\" rx=\"5\" fill=\"#ffffff\" stroke=\"#c9760f\" stroke-width=\"1.8\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"286\" y=\"87\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#c9760f\">attention<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"286\" y=\"101\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#c9760f\">memory<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"286\" y=\"115\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#c9760f\">schema<\/text>\r\n <line x1=\"316\" y1=\"98\" x2=\"326\" y2=\"98\" stroke=\"#5a6d80\" stroke-width=\"1.8\"\/>\r\n <polygon points=\"332,98 322,93 322,103\" fill=\"#5a6d80\"\/>\r\n <circle cx=\"348\" cy=\"98\" r=\"14\" fill=\"#ffffff\" stroke=\"#5a6d80\" stroke-width=\"1.8\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"348\" y=\"102\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"11\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#5a6d80\">R<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"150\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9.5\" fill=\"#c9760f\">the box is opened<\/text>\r\n\r\n <rect x=\"376\" y=\"20\" width=\"176\" height=\"150\" rx=\"10\" fill=\"#eefbf7\" stroke=\"#0d8f79\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <rect x=\"376\" y=\"20\" width=\"176\" height=\"26\" rx=\"10\" fill=\"#0d8f79\"\/>\r\n <rect x=\"376\" y=\"38\" width=\"176\" height=\"8\" fill=\"#0d8f79\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"464\" y=\"38\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"11\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#ffffff\">CONSTRUCTIVIST<\/text>\r\n \r\n <rect x=\"392\" y=\"56\" width=\"60\" height=\"22\" rx=\"6\" fill=\"#ffffff\" stroke=\"#5a6d80\" stroke-width=\"1.4\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"422\" y=\"71\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" fill=\"#5a6d80\">task<\/text>\r\n <rect x=\"476\" y=\"56\" width=\"60\" height=\"22\" rx=\"6\" fill=\"#ffffff\" stroke=\"#5a6d80\" stroke-width=\"1.4\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"506\" y=\"71\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" fill=\"#5a6d80\">others<\/text>\r\n <line x1=\"426\" y1=\"80\" x2=\"446\" y2=\"92\" stroke=\"#0d8f79\" stroke-width=\"1.6\"\/>\r\n <polygon points=\"452,96 440,88 438,98\" fill=\"#0d8f79\"\/>\r\n <line x1=\"502\" y1=\"80\" x2=\"482\" y2=\"92\" stroke=\"#0d8f79\" stroke-width=\"1.6\"\/>\r\n <polygon points=\"476,96 488,88 490,98\" fill=\"#0d8f79\"\/>\r\n <circle cx=\"464\" cy=\"112\" r=\"24\" fill=\"#ffffff\" stroke=\"#0d8f79\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"464\" y=\"110\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#0d8f79\">LEARNER<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"464\" y=\"121\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#0d8f79\">builds<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"464\" y=\"152\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9.5\" fill=\"#0d8f79\">the learner rebuilds it<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"188\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9.5\" fill=\"#5a6d80\">each family is defined by what it is willing to say about the interior<\/text>\r\n<\/g><\/svg>\r\n <div class=\"diagram-cap\"><span class=\"en\">The families are told apart by what each is willing to say about the interior of the learner<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0939\u091a\u093e\u0928 \u0907\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0906\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0939\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u094b \u0924\u0948\u092f\u093e\u0930 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"p3-1\">\r\n <span class=\"section-badge\">3.1<\/span>\r\n <h3><span class=\"en\">Behaviourist Theories<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0926\u0940 \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924<\/span><\/h3>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"table-scroll\">\r\n <table class=\"data-table\">\r\n <thead><tr>\r\n <th style=\"width:20%\"><span class=\"en\">Theorist<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0915\u093e\u0930<\/span><\/th>\r\n <th style=\"width:26%\"><span class=\"en\">The experiment<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917<\/span><\/th>\r\n <th style=\"width:26%\"><span class=\"en\">Core proposition<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092e\u0942\u0932 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u092a\u094d\u0924\u093f<\/span><\/th>\r\n <th style=\"width:28%\"><span class=\"en\">Classroom yield<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092b\u0932<\/span><\/th>\r\n <\/tr><\/thead>\r\n <tbody>\r\n <tr>\r\n <td><strong><span class=\"en\">Ivan Pavlov<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0907\u0935\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u093e\u0935\u0932\u0935<\/span><\/strong><br><span class=\"en\">classical conditioning<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0928<\/span><\/td>\r\n <td><span class=\"en\">A bell repeatedly paired with food comes to produce salivation by itself.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092d\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u092c\u093e\u0930-\u092c\u093e\u0930 \u092f\u0941\u0917\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0918\u0902\u091f\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u0939\u0940 \u0932\u093e\u0930-\u0938\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0935 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0932\u0917\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td>\r\n <td><span class=\"en\">A neutral stimulus paired with an unconditioned stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus producing a conditioned response.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u0928\u093e\u0928\u0941\u092c\u0902\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0940\u092a\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u092f\u0941\u0917\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0924\u091f\u0938\u094d\u0925 \u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0940\u092a\u0915 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092c\u0902\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0940\u092a\u0915 \u092c\u0928 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092c\u0902\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td>\r\n <td><span class=\"en\">Attitudes and anxieties are conditioned, not chosen. Examination fear and dislike of a subject are conditioned emotional responses attached to a setting, and are unlearned by re-pairing rather than by exhortation.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u092d\u093f\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u091a\u093f\u0902\u0924\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092c\u0902\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u091a\u0941\u0928\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940\u0902\u0964 \u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e-\u092d\u092f \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f \u0905\u0930\u0941\u091a\u093f \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0936 \u0938\u0947 \u091c\u0941\u0921\u093c\u0940 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092c\u0902\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u0902\u0935\u0947\u0917\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u091c\u094b \u0909\u092a\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u0938\u0947 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0917\u094d\u092e\u0928 \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0938\u0940\u0916\u0940 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/td>\r\n <\/tr>\r\n <tr>\r\n <td><strong><span class=\"en\">E. L. Thorndike<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0908. \u090f\u0932. \u0925\u0949\u0930\u094d\u0928\u0921\u093e\u0907\u0915<\/span><\/strong><br><span class=\"en\">connectionism<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0935\u093e\u0926<\/span><\/td>\r\n <td><span class=\"en\">A cat in a puzzle box escapes faster over successive trials as useless movements drop away.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u0939\u0947\u0932\u0940-\u092c\u0915\u094d\u0938\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0902\u0926 \u092c\u093f\u0932\u094d\u0932\u0940 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u093e\u0938\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0924\u0947\u091c\u093c\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0939\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u0932\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u0928\u093f\u0930\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0915 \u0917\u0924\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u091b\u0942\u091f\u0924\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/td>\r\n <td><span class=\"en\">Learning is the stamping in of stimulus\u2013response connections by their consequences, arrived at by trial and error rather than by insight.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e \u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0940\u092a\u0915\u2013\u0905\u0928\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e\u094b\u0902 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0926\u0943\u0922\u093c\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u094b \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0943\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093f \u0938\u0947 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u093e\u0938-\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0941\u091f\u093f \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td>\r\n <td><span class=\"en\">Practice must be followed by knowledge of result. Graded exercises, immediate correction and success at the outset are all Thorndikean prescriptions.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u092d\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0936\u094d\u091a\u093e\u0924\u094d \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e \u0915\u093e \u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u0905\u0928\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u092d\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938, \u0924\u0924\u094d\u0915\u093e\u0932 \u0938\u0902\u0936\u094b\u0927\u0928 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0906\u0930\u0902\u092d \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u092b\u0932\u0924\u093e \u2014 \u0938\u092d\u0940 \u0925\u0949\u0930\u094d\u0928\u0921\u093e\u0907\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/td>\r\n <\/tr>\r\n <tr>\r\n <td><strong><span class=\"en\">B. F. Skinner<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092c\u0940. \u090f\u092b. \u0938\u094d\u0915\u093f\u0928\u0930<\/span><\/strong><br><span class=\"en\">operant conditioning<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u0942\u0924 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0928<\/span><\/td>\r\n <td><span class=\"en\">A rat in a lever box increases pressing when pressing delivers food on a schedule.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0932\u0940\u0935\u0930-\u092c\u0915\u094d\u0938\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091a\u0942\u0939\u093e \u0924\u092c \u0926\u092c\u093e\u0928\u093e \u092c\u0922\u093c\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u092c \u0926\u092c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u0942\u091a\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u093e\u0930 \u092d\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td>\r\n <td><span class=\"en\">Behaviour is a function of its consequences. Reinforcement raises the probability of a response; punishment suppresses without teaching an alternative.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0932\u0928 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092f\u093f\u0915\u0924\u093e \u092c\u0922\u093c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948; \u0926\u0902\u0921 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a \u0938\u093f\u0916\u093e\u090f \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0926\u092e\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td>\r\n <td><span class=\"en\">Programmed instruction, the teaching machine, shaping by successive approximations, behaviour modification, and the whole architecture of small steps with immediate feedback.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0926\u0947\u0936\u093f\u0924 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0926\u0947\u0936\u0928, \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930, \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0928\u094d\u0928\u093f\u0915\u091f\u0928 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0906\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923, \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u091c\u0928, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0924\u0924\u094d\u0915\u093e\u0932 \u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920\u092a\u094b\u0937\u0923 \u0938\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u0932\u0918\u0941 \u091a\u0930\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/td>\r\n <\/tr>\r\n <\/tbody>\r\n <\/table>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <h4><span class=\"en\">Thorndike's laws, and his own revision of them<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0925\u0949\u0930\u094d\u0928\u0921\u093e\u0907\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0909\u0928\u0915\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0902\u0936\u094b\u0927\u0928<\/span><\/h4>\r\n\r\n <ul class=\"num-stack\">\r\n <li><strong><span class=\"en\">Law of Readiness.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0924\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e\u0964<\/span><\/strong> <span class=\"en\">Where the learner is prepared to act, acting is satisfying; where the learner is not prepared, being compelled is annoying. This is the earliest formal statement of the readiness principle that later runs through Piaget and through every syllabus that sequences by stage.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0924\u0948\u092f\u093e\u0930 \u0939\u0948, \u0935\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0938\u0902\u0924\u094b\u0937\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926 \u0939\u0948; \u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0924\u0948\u092f\u093e\u0930 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u0948, \u0935\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u092c\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0928\u093e \u0915\u0937\u094d\u091f\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0924\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u091a\u0940\u0928\u0924\u092e \u0914\u092a\u091a\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u0925\u0928 \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u094b \u0906\u0917\u0947 \u092a\u093f\u092f\u093e\u091c\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0905\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u092c\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091a\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><strong><span class=\"en\">Law of Exercise.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u092d\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e\u0964<\/span><\/strong> <span class=\"en\">Connections strengthen with use and weaken with disuse. Thorndike substantially withdrew this law in the 1930s: repetition on its own was found not to strengthen a connection unless the repetition was accompanied by a consequence.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0941\u0926\u0943\u0922\u093c \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0905\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0940\u0923 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0925\u0949\u0930\u094d\u0928\u0921\u093e\u0907\u0915 \u0928\u0947 1930 \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u0936\u0915 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0907\u0938 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e \u0915\u094b \u0915\u093e\u092b\u0940 \u0939\u0926 \u0924\u0915 \u0935\u093e\u092a\u0938 \u0932\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u092f\u093e: \u092f\u0939 \u092a\u093e\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0915\u093f \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u093e\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0924\u092c \u0924\u0915 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0941\u0926\u0943\u0922\u093c \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u091c\u092c \u0924\u0915 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e \u0928 \u091c\u0941\u0921\u093c\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0964<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><strong><span class=\"en\">Law of Effect.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e\u0964<\/span><\/strong> <span class=\"en\">Responses followed by a satisfying state are strengthened; those followed by an annoying state are weakened. In the same revision Thorndike made the law asymmetrical: reward strengthens a connection more than punishment weakens it, which is the empirical root of the modern preference for reinforcement over penalty.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u091c\u093f\u0928 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u0938\u0902\u0924\u094b\u0937\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u0906\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0935\u0947 \u0938\u0941\u0926\u0943\u0922\u093c \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902; \u091c\u093f\u0928\u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u0915\u0937\u094d\u091f\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u0906\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0935\u0947 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0940\u0923\u0964 \u0909\u0938\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0936\u094b\u0927\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0925\u0949\u0930\u094d\u0928\u0921\u093e\u0907\u0915 \u0928\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e \u0915\u094b \u0905\u0938\u092e\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u092f\u093e: \u092a\u0941\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927 \u0915\u094b \u0909\u0924\u0928\u093e \u0938\u0941\u0926\u0943\u0922\u093c \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0924\u0928\u093e \u0926\u0902\u0921 \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0940\u0923 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e, \u0914\u0930 \u092f\u0939\u0940 \u0926\u0902\u0921 \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0932\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u0906\u0927\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u0930\u0940\u092f\u0924\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0906\u0928\u0941\u092d\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u092e\u0942\u0932 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"callout amber\">\r\n <div class=\"callout-label\"><span class=\"en\">Schedules of reinforcement<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0932\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u0942\u091a\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901<\/span><\/div>\r\n <span class=\"en\">Skinner distinguished four partial schedules. <strong>Fixed ratio<\/strong> reinforces after a set number of responses and produces a high rate with a pause after each reward. <strong>Variable ratio<\/strong> reinforces after an unpredictable number and produces the highest steady rate and the strongest resistance to extinction. <strong>Fixed interval<\/strong> reinforces the first response after a set time and produces a scalloped pattern, with effort concentrated just before the deadline. <strong>Variable interval<\/strong> produces a low but very steady rate. The examination point is the ranking: continuous reinforcement establishes a behaviour fastest, but variable ratio sustains it longest.<\/span>\r\n <span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u094d\u0915\u093f\u0928\u0930 \u0928\u0947 \u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0906\u0902\u0936\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u0942\u091a\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u092a\u0943\u0925\u0915\u094d \u0915\u0940\u0902\u0964 <strong>\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0930 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u093e\u0924<\/strong> \u0928\u093f\u0936\u094d\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0932\u0928 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u092a\u0941\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u0935\u093f\u0930\u093e\u092e \u0938\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u0926\u0930 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 <strong>\u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0940 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u093e\u0924<\/strong> \u0905\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0936\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0932\u0928 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u094b\u091a\u094d\u091a \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0930 \u0926\u0930 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0932\u094b\u092a\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u094b\u0927 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 <strong>\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0930 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093e\u0932<\/strong> \u0928\u093f\u0936\u094d\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u092e\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0925\u092e \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u094b \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0932\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0938\u092e\u092f-\u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u0920\u0940\u0915 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u093e\u0938 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u0942\u092a \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 <strong>\u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0940 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093e\u0932<\/strong> \u0928\u093f\u092e\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0941 \u0905\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0902\u0924 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0930 \u0926\u0930 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e-\u092c\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0941 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u0939\u0948: \u0938\u0924\u0924 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0932\u0928 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u0924\u0947\u091c\u093c\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0915\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0941 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0940 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u093e\u0924 \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u0932\u0902\u092c\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u092f \u0924\u0915 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u090f \u0930\u0916\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"pc-grid\">\r\n <div class=\"pc-panel pro\">\r\n <div class=\"pc-head\"><span class=\"pc-ico\">\u2713<\/span><span class=\"en\">What behaviourism gives the teacher<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0926 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0915\u094b \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/div>\r\n <ul>\r\n <li><span class=\"en\">Objectives stated as observable performance, and therefore assessable at all<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u0940\u092f \u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f, \u0914\u0930 \u0907\u0938\u0940\u0932\u093f\u090f \u0906\u0915\u0932\u0928\u0940\u092f<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"en\">Task analysis into small steps, each within reach of the one before<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0932\u0918\u0941 \u091a\u0930\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f-\u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0937\u0923, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a \u0915\u0947 \u092d\u0940\u0924\u0930<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"en\">Immediate feedback rather than feedback deferred to a monthly test<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0924\u0924\u094d\u0915\u093e\u0932 \u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920\u092a\u094b\u0937\u0923, \u0928 \u0915\u093f \u092e\u093e\u0938\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0924\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u0917\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920\u092a\u094b\u0937\u0923<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"en\">The discipline of arranging early success, since a first failure conditions avoidance<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0906\u0930\u0902\u092d\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u092b\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0936\u093e\u0938\u0928, \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u092b\u0932\u0924\u093e \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0939\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u094b \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092c\u0902\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div class=\"pc-panel con\">\r\n <div class=\"pc-head\"><span class=\"pc-ico\">\u2717<\/span><span class=\"en\">Where it stops short<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092f\u0939 \u0915\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0905\u092a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0930\u0939 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/div>\r\n <ul>\r\n <li><span class=\"en\">Understanding and misconception are invisible to a method that records only performance<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u091c\u094b \u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0928 \u0926\u0930\u094d\u091c \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u092c\u094b\u0927 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092d\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0924\u093f \u0905\u0926\u0943\u0936\u094d\u092f \u0939\u0948\u0902<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"en\">Sustained extrinsic reward can displace the intrinsic interest it was meant to support<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u0924\u0924 \u092c\u093e\u0939\u094d\u092f \u092a\u0941\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0909\u0938 \u0906\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0930\u0941\u091a\u093f \u0915\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928 \u0932\u0947 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0939\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0928\u093e \u0925\u093e<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"en\">Transfer is weak, because a connection stamped in one setting does not carry to another<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930\u0923 \u0926\u0941\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0932 \u0939\u0948, \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u090f\u0915 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0936 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0926\u0943\u0922\u093c \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927 \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"en\">Creativity, judgement and the making of meaning fall outside the theory's stated scope<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u0943\u091c\u0928\u0936\u0940\u0932\u0924\u093e, \u0935\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0915 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925-\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0939\u0930 \u092a\u0921\u093c\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"p3-2\">\r\n <span class=\"section-badge\">3.2<\/span>\r\n <h3><span class=\"en\">Gestalt and Cognitive Theories<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0917\u0947\u0938\u094d\u091f\u093e\u0932\u094d\u091f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924<\/span><\/h3>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <p><span class=\"en\">The Gestalt school \u2014 Max Wertheimer, Kurt Koffka and Wolfgang K\u00f6hler \u2014 objected that behaviourism analysed learning into parts that do not exist separately in experience. K\u00f6hler's studies of chimpanzees, published in German in 1917 and in English as <em>The Mentality of Apes<\/em> in 1925, reported animals that solved a problem not by graded trial and error but by a pause followed by a sudden and complete solution. The chimpanzee Sultan, unable to reach fruit with either of two short sticks, stopped, and then fitted the sticks together.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0917\u0947\u0938\u094d\u091f\u093e\u0932\u094d\u091f \u0938\u0902\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u093e\u092f \u2014 \u092e\u0948\u0915\u094d\u0938 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0926\u093e\u0907\u092e\u0930, \u0915\u0941\u0930\u094d\u091f \u0915\u0949\u092b\u093c\u094d\u0915\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0935\u0941\u0932\u094d\u092b\u0917\u0948\u0902\u0917 \u0915\u094b\u0939\u0932\u0930 \u2014 \u0915\u0940 \u0906\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0925\u0940 \u0915\u093f \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0926 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0937\u0923 \u0910\u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0902\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092d\u0935 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0943\u0925\u0915\u094d \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0939\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0915\u094b\u0939\u0932\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0928\u0930-\u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092f\u0928, \u091c\u094b 1917 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091c\u0930\u094d\u092e\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0924\u0925\u093e 1925 \u092e\u0947\u0902 <em>\u0926 \u092e\u0947\u0902\u091f\u0948\u0932\u093f\u091f\u0940 \u0911\u092b \u090f\u092a\u094d\u0938<\/em> \u0928\u093e\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0902\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0947\u091c\u093c\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0936\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0941\u090f, \u0910\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0923\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u091c\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0939\u094b\u0902\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u0938\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u093e\u0938-\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0941\u091f\u093f \u0938\u0947 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0905\u092a\u093f\u0924\u0941 \u090f\u0915 \u0920\u0939\u0930\u093e\u0935 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u0905\u0915\u0938\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0924\u094d \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u0938\u0947 \u0939\u0932 \u0915\u0940\u0964 \u0938\u0941\u0932\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0928 \u0928\u093e\u092e\u0915 \u091a\u093f\u0902\u092a\u0948\u0902\u091c\u093c\u0940, \u091c\u094b \u0926\u094b \u091b\u094b\u091f\u0940 \u091b\u0921\u093c\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u092d\u0940 \u092b\u0932 \u0924\u0915 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a \u092a\u093e \u0930\u0939\u093e \u0925\u093e, \u0930\u0941\u0915\u093e, \u0914\u0930 \u092b\u093f\u0930 \u0909\u0938\u0928\u0947 \u091b\u0921\u093c\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c \u0926\u0940\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n <ul class=\"icon-list\">\r\n <li><span class=\"ico\">1<\/span><span><strong><span class=\"en\">Insight has a signature.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0943\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093f \u0915\u0940 \u090f\u0915 \u092a\u0939\u091a\u093e\u0928 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/strong> <span class=\"en\">The solution arrives suddenly rather than incrementally; it follows a survey of the whole situation rather than of one element; it is repeated cleanly on the next occasion without the error curve that trial and error leaves behind; and it transfers to structurally similar problems.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u092e\u093e\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093f\u0915 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0905\u0915\u0938\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0924\u094d \u0906\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948; \u0935\u0939 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u090f\u0915 \u0924\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0935\u0932\u094b\u0915\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u0906\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948; \u0905\u0917\u0932\u0940 \u092c\u093e\u0930 \u0935\u0939 \u0909\u0938 \u0924\u094d\u0930\u0941\u091f\u093f-\u0935\u0915\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0935\u091a\u094d\u091b \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0926\u094b\u0939\u0930\u093e\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u093e\u0938-\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0941\u091f\u093f \u091b\u094b\u0921\u093c \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948; \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0935\u0939 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0938\u092e\u0938\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"ico\">2<\/span><span><strong><span class=\"en\">Perception is organised, not assembled.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0938\u0902\u0917\u0920\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0932\u093f\u0924 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/strong> <span class=\"en\">The laws of organisation \u2014 proximity, similarity, closure, continuity, common fate, and figure and ground, all governed by the overarching law of Pr\u00e4gnanz or good form \u2014 describe how a field resolves itself into a figure before any deliberate thought occurs.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u0902\u0917\u0920\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e \u2014 \u0938\u092e\u0940\u092a\u0924\u093e, \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928\u0924\u093e, \u0938\u0902\u0935\u0943\u0924\u093f, \u0928\u093f\u0930\u0902\u0924\u0930\u0924\u093e, \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0924\u093f, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0906\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920\u092d\u0942\u092e\u093f, \u091c\u094b \u0938\u092d\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0917\u094d\u0928\u093e\u0902\u091c\u093c \u092f\u093e \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0942\u092a \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u0915 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0936\u093e\u0938\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u2014 \u092f\u0939 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0923\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0915\u093f \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0938\u0941\u0935\u093f\u091a\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u091a\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0928 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u0939\u0940 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0906\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930 \u0932\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"ico\">3<\/span><span><strong><span class=\"en\">Latent learning extends the objection.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u091a\u094d\u091b\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e \u0906\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0915\u094b \u0906\u0917\u0947 \u092c\u0922\u093c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/strong> <span class=\"en\">Edward Tolman and Charles Honzik reported in 1930 that rats allowed to wander an unrewarded maze showed, once reward was introduced, that they had learned its layout all along. Learning had occurred without reinforcement and without performance, which no purely behavioural account could record.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u090f\u0921\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0921 \u091f\u0949\u0932\u092e\u0948\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u091a\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0932\u094d\u0938 \u0939\u094b\u0902\u091c\u093c\u093f\u0915 \u0928\u0947 1930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0942\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u093f \u091c\u093f\u0928 \u091a\u0942\u0939\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u092a\u0941\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u092d\u0942\u0932-\u092d\u0941\u0932\u0948\u092f\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0918\u0942\u092e\u0928\u0947 \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e, \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0939\u094b\u0902\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0941\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0906\u0930\u0902\u092d \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0940 \u0926\u093f\u0916\u093e\u092f\u093e \u0915\u093f \u0935\u0947 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0940\u0916 \u091a\u0941\u0915\u0947 \u0925\u0947\u0964 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0932\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0918\u091f\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0941\u0906 \u0925\u093e, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0926\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0935\u0930\u0923 \u0926\u0930\u094d\u091c \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0925\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"callout purple\">\r\n <div class=\"callout-label\"><span class=\"en\">A phrase usually misquoted<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092f\u0903 \u0917\u0932\u0924 \u0909\u0926\u094d\u0927\u0943\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e \u0935\u093e\u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0936<\/span><\/div>\r\n <span class=\"en\">Koffka's formulation is that the whole is <em>other<\/em> than the sum of its parts, not greater than it. The distinction matters pedagogically: the claim is not that a whole contains a bonus quantity, but that it has properties of a different kind which disappear when it is broken up. A melody is not a louder set of notes; a proof is not a longer list of steps.<\/span>\r\n <span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u0949\u092b\u093c\u094d\u0915\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u092f\u0939 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0938\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u0905\u0902\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0938\u0947 <em>\u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928<\/em> \u0939\u0948, \u0909\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u092d\u0947\u0926 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0926\u0943\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093f \u0938\u0947 \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0939\u0948: \u0926\u093e\u0935\u093e \u092f\u0939 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u093f \u0938\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0905\u0924\u093f\u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u092e\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0905\u092a\u093f\u0924\u0941 \u092f\u0939 \u0915\u093f \u0909\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0917\u0941\u0923 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u091c\u094b \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0924\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u0932\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0927\u0941\u0928 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0924\u0947\u091c\u093c \u0938\u092e\u0941\u091a\u094d\u091a\u092f \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u0948; \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0909\u092a\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f \u091a\u0930\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0932\u0902\u092c\u0940 \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"exam-tip\">\r\n <div class=\"et-icon\">●<\/div>\r\n <div class=\"et-body\">\r\n <strong><span class=\"en\">Separating trial and error from insight in a stem.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928-\u092e\u0941\u0916 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u093e\u0938-\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0941\u091f\u093f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0943\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093f \u0915\u094b \u0905\u0932\u0917 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/strong>\r\n <ul class=\"split-list\">\r\n <li><span class=\"sl-tag\">T&E<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">errors fall away gradually across trials, and the learner works on one element at a time<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0941\u091f\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u093e\u0938\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0936\u0903 \u0918\u091f\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u092e\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u090f\u0915 \u0939\u0940 \u0924\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"sl-tag\">Ins<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">a pause, then a complete solution, repeated without error and carried to a similar problem<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u090f\u0915 \u0920\u0939\u0930\u093e\u0935, \u092b\u093f\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0927\u093e\u0928, \u091c\u094b \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0924\u094d\u0930\u0941\u091f\u093f \u0926\u094b\u0939\u0930\u093e\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0938\u092e\u0938\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0924\u0915 \u0932\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"p3-3\">\r\n <span class=\"section-badge\">3.3<\/span>\r\n <h3><span class=\"en\">Piaget and Cognitive Development<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u093f\u092f\u093e\u091c\u0947 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938<\/span><\/h3>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <p><span class=\"en\">Jean Piaget treated the child not as an incomplete adult but as a thinker operating a different logic. A <em>schema<\/em> is a structure of action or thought; <em>assimilation<\/em> takes a new experience into an existing schema; <em>accommodation<\/em> alters the schema when the experience will not fit; and <em>equilibration<\/em> is the drive towards balance that keeps the pair in motion. Development on this account proceeds through invariant stages, and it sets the ceiling on what instruction can achieve.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u091c\u0940\u0928 \u092a\u093f\u092f\u093e\u091c\u0947 \u0928\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0932\u0915 \u0915\u094b \u0905\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0922\u093c \u0928 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0915\u0930 \u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0924\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u092a\u0930 \u091a\u0932\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e \u0935\u093f\u091a\u093e\u0930\u0915 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0964 <em>\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0940\u092e\u093e<\/em> \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u092f\u093e \u0935\u093f\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0939\u0948; <em>\u0906\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0938\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0915\u0930\u0923<\/em> \u0928\u090f \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092d\u0935 \u0915\u094b \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0938\u094d\u0915\u0940\u092e\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0932\u0947 \u0932\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948; <em>\u0938\u092e\u093e\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928<\/em> \u0909\u0938 \u0938\u092e\u092f \u0938\u094d\u0915\u0940\u092e\u093e \u0915\u094b \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u092c \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092d\u0935 \u0909\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u092c\u0948\u0920\u0924\u093e; \u0924\u0925\u093e <em>\u0938\u0902\u0924\u0941\u0932\u0928\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923<\/em> \u0938\u0902\u0924\u0941\u0932\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u0935\u0939 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0930\u0923\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0907\u0938 \u092f\u0941\u0917\u094d\u092e \u0915\u094b \u0917\u0924\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0930\u0916\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0907\u0938 \u0935\u093f\u0935\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u093e\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938 \u0905\u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928\u0940\u092f \u0905\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0939\u094b\u0915\u0930 \u092c\u0922\u093c\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u0939\u0940 \u092f\u0939 \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e \u0924\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0926\u0947\u0936\u0928 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n <svg class=\"full-diagram\" viewBox=\"0 0 560 300\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Piaget's cycle of schema, disequilibrium, assimilation or accommodation, and equilibration\">\r\n<defs><marker id=\"eq\" markerWidth=\"10\" markerHeight=\"10\" refX=\"8\" refY=\"3.5\" orient=\"auto\">\r\n<path d=\"M0,0 L0,7 L9,3.5 z\" fill=\"#b8c8d8\"\/><\/marker><\/defs>\r\n<g font-family=\"DM Sans, Noto Sans Devanagari, sans-serif\" font-size=\"10.5\">\r\n <g fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#dde5ee\" stroke-width=\"2.4\" marker-end=\"url(#eq)\">\r\n <path d=\"M368 44 C430 56, 460 84, 466 108\"\/>\r\n <path d=\"M462 194 C450 224, 410 244, 368 250\"\/>\r\n <path d=\"M190 254 C142 244, 106 220, 96 194\"\/>\r\n <path d=\"M94 108 C102 78, 138 52, 190 42\"\/>\r\n <\/g>\r\n\r\n <circle cx=\"280\" cy=\"150\" r=\"54\" fill=\"#f5f8fd\" stroke=\"#14243f\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"145\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"11.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#14243f\">EQUILIBRATION<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"163\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9.5\" fill=\"#5a6d80\">the drive to balance<\/text>\r\n\r\n <rect x=\"192\" y=\"14\" width=\"176\" height=\"44\" rx=\"9\" fill=\"#eef4fc\" stroke=\"#1f5fa9\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"33\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"11\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\">1 \u00b7 SCHEMA<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"49\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">the structure already held<\/text>\r\n\r\n <rect x=\"388\" y=\"108\" width=\"156\" height=\"86\" rx=\"9\" fill=\"#fdf0f5\" stroke=\"#8e2f5a\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"466\" y=\"128\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"11\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#8e2f5a\">2 \u00b7 DISEQUILIBRIUM<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"466\" y=\"146\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">the experience does not<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"466\" y=\"160\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">fit the structure held<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"466\" y=\"180\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" fill=\"#8e2f5a\">cognitive conflict<\/text>\r\n\r\n <rect x=\"192\" y=\"240\" width=\"176\" height=\"44\" rx=\"9\" fill=\"#fffaef\" stroke=\"#c9760f\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"259\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"11\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#c9760f\">3 \u00b7 ACCOMMODATION<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"275\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">the structure is altered<\/text>\r\n\r\n <rect x=\"16\" y=\"108\" width=\"156\" height=\"86\" rx=\"9\" fill=\"#eefbf7\" stroke=\"#0d8f79\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"94\" y=\"128\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"11\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#0d8f79\">3 \u00b7 ASSIMILATION<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"94\" y=\"146\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">the experience is taken<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"94\" y=\"160\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">into the structure held<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"94\" y=\"180\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" fill=\"#0d8f79\">no change of structure<\/text>\r\n<\/g><\/svg>\r\n <div class=\"diagram-cap\"><span class=\"en\">Disequilibrium is the engine; assimilation absorbs the experience, accommodation alters the structure to receive it<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u0938\u0902\u0924\u0941\u0932\u0928 \u0939\u0940 \u0907\u0902\u091c\u0928 \u0939\u0948; \u0906\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0938\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092d\u0935 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0938\u092e\u093e\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939\u0923 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"ladder\">\r\n <div class=\"rung\">\r\n <div class=\"rung-step\"><div class=\"rung-num\">1<\/div><div class=\"rung-tier\">0\u20132 yrs<\/div><\/div>\r\n <div>\r\n <h5><span class=\"en\">Sensorimotor<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u0902\u0935\u0947\u0926\u0940-\u092a\u0947\u0936\u0940\u092f<\/span><\/h5>\r\n <p><span class=\"en\">Intelligence is action. The infant moves from reflex to repeated circular reactions and finally to the deliberate use of one action as a means to another. The stage closes with the beginnings of symbolic thought.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092c\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093f \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0936\u093f\u0936\u0941 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u093e\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0932 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0924\u0915 \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0924\u0903 \u090f\u0915 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0927\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0941\u0935\u093f\u091a\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0924\u0915 \u092c\u0922\u093c\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0905\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u0940\u0915\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u091a\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0906\u0930\u0902\u092d \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/p>\r\n <div class=\"rung-eg\"><b><span class=\"en\">Marker<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u091a\u093f\u0939\u094d\u0928<\/span><\/b><span class=\"en\">Object permanence \u2014 a hidden object is still searched for, because it is now held in mind rather than only in view.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941-\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092f\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u2014 \u091b\u093f\u092a\u093e\u0908 \u0917\u0908 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u092b\u093f\u0930 \u092d\u0940 \u0916\u094b\u091c\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u0905\u092c \u0935\u0939 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0926\u0943\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u092e\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div class=\"rung\">\r\n <div class=\"rung-step\"><div class=\"rung-num\">2<\/div><div class=\"rung-tier\">2\u20137 yrs<\/div><\/div>\r\n <div>\r\n <h5><span class=\"en\">Pre-operational<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935-\u0938\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915<\/span><\/h5>\r\n <p><span class=\"en\">The symbolic function arrives with language and pretend play, but thought is not yet reversible. The child centres on one salient feature, attributes life to objects, and cannot yet run an operation backwards.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0915\u093e\u0932\u094d\u092a\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0916\u0947\u0932 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u0940\u0915\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0906\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0915\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0941 \u091a\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0928 \u0905\u092d\u0940 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0923\u0940\u092f \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964 \u092c\u093e\u0932\u0915 \u090f\u0915 \u0939\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0941\u0916 \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0913\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091c\u0940\u0935\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u0906\u0930\u094b\u092a\u0923 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0909\u0932\u094d\u091f\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u091a\u0932\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/p>\r\n <div class=\"rung-eg\"><b><span class=\"en\">Marker<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u091a\u093f\u0939\u094d\u0928<\/span><\/b><span class=\"en\">Failure of conservation, and egocentrism as shown in the three-mountains task \u2014 the child reports the mountain as another observer sees it only from a single point of view, the child's own.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u0902\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u092b\u0932\u0924\u093e, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0924\u0940\u0928-\u092a\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0924 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0926\u093f\u0916\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e \u0906\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0923 \u2014 \u092c\u093e\u0932\u0915 \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0915\u093e \u0926\u0943\u0936\u094d\u092f \u092d\u0940 \u090f\u0915 \u0939\u0940 \u0926\u0943\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093f\u0915\u094b\u0923 \u0938\u0947, \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0940 \u0926\u0943\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093f\u0915\u094b\u0923 \u0938\u0947, \u092c\u0924\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div class=\"rung\">\r\n <div class=\"rung-step\"><div class=\"rung-num\">3<\/div><div class=\"rung-tier\">7\u201311 yrs<\/div><\/div>\r\n <div>\r\n <h5><span class=\"en\">Concrete operational<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092e\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0924 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915<\/span><\/h5>\r\n <p><span class=\"en\">Logical operations become available but remain tied to material that can be handled or imagined concretely. Reversibility, seriation, classification and transitivity all appear in this band.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0924\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0915\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u0909\u092a\u0932\u092c\u094d\u0927 \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0915\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0941 \u0910\u0938\u0940 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0901\u0927\u0940 \u0930\u0939\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u092e\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0924 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0901\u092d\u093e\u0932\u093e \u092f\u093e \u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0947\u0964 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0923\u0940\u092f\u0924\u093e, \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u092c\u0926\u094d\u0927\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923, \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0938\u092d\u0940 \u0907\u0938\u0940 \u092a\u0930\u093e\u0938 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u091f \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/p>\r\n <div class=\"rung-eg\"><b><span class=\"en\">Marker<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u091a\u093f\u0939\u094d\u0928<\/span><\/b><span class=\"en\">Conservation of number, then mass, then weight, then volume \u2014 the sequence is fixed, and the gap between the first and the last is several years.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0902\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923, \u092b\u093f\u0930 \u0926\u094d\u0930\u0935\u094d\u092f\u092e\u093e\u0928, \u092b\u093f\u0930 \u092d\u093e\u0930, \u092b\u093f\u0930 \u0906\u092f\u0924\u0928 \u2014 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0924 \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0925\u092e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u093f\u092e \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u0915\u0908 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div class=\"rung\">\r\n <div class=\"rung-step\"><div class=\"rung-num\">4<\/div><div class=\"rung-tier\">11+ yrs<\/div><\/div>\r\n <div>\r\n <h5><span class=\"en\">Formal operational<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0914\u092a\u091a\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915<\/span><\/h5>\r\n <p><span class=\"en\">Thought operates on propositions rather than on objects. The learner can hold a hypothesis that is known to be false, vary one factor while holding others constant, and work systematically through combinations.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u091a\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0928 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0913\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u092a\u094d\u0924\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0910\u0938\u0940 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a\u0928\u093e \u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0938\u0924\u094d\u092f \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0924\u093e \u0939\u094b, \u0936\u0947\u0937 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0930 \u0930\u0916\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0941\u090f \u090f\u0915 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0915 \u092c\u0926\u0932 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0938\u0902\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/p>\r\n <div class=\"rung-eg\"><b><span class=\"en\">Marker<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u091a\u093f\u0939\u094d\u0928<\/span><\/b><span class=\"en\">Hypothetico-deductive reasoning. Piaget did not claim the stage is reached universally; a good deal of adult reasoning stays concrete in unfamiliar domains.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u0930\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915-\u0928\u093f\u0917\u092e\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0924\u0930\u094d\u0915\u0923\u0964 \u092a\u093f\u092f\u093e\u091c\u0947 \u0928\u0947 \u092f\u0939 \u0926\u093e\u0935\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u093f \u092f\u0939 \u0905\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u0938\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0935\u092d\u094c\u092e \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948; \u0905\u092a\u0930\u093f\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0922\u093c \u0924\u0930\u094d\u0915\u0923 \u0915\u093e \u092c\u0921\u093c\u093e \u092d\u093e\u0917 \u092e\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u0940 \u0930\u0939\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"cyp-box\">\r\n <div class=\"cyp-title\"><span class=\"en\">Progress check<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0917\u0924\u093f \u091c\u093e\u0901\u091a<\/span><\/div>\r\n <details class=\"cyp-q\"><summary><span class=\"en\">A learner calls a whale a fish. Is this assimilation or accommodation, and what does the teacher need to arrange?<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0935\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0932 \u0915\u094b \u092e\u091b\u0932\u0940 \u0915\u0939\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0906\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0938\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0939\u0948 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0938\u092e\u093e\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0915\u094b \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u0939\u0948?<\/span><\/summary>\r\n <div class=\"cyp-a\"><span class=\"en\">Assimilation \u2014 the new case has been forced into the schema already held, which is why the error is confident rather than hesitant. Accommodation will only follow if the schema is made to fail: the teacher arranges the disequilibrium by producing the feature the fish schema cannot absorb, such as the whale breathing air and suckling its young.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0906\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0938\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u2014 \u0928\u092f\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u094d\u0915\u0940\u092e\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0920\u0942\u0901\u0938 \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0907\u0938\u0940\u0932\u093f\u090f \u0924\u094d\u0930\u0941\u091f\u093f \u091d\u093f\u091d\u0915 \u092d\u0930\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0906\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0938\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u0924\u092d\u0940 \u0939\u094b\u0917\u093e \u091c\u092c \u0938\u094d\u0915\u0940\u092e\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0935\u093f\u092b\u0932 \u0915\u0930\u093e\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u090f: \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0935\u0939 \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924 \u0915\u0930 \u0905\u0938\u0902\u0924\u0941\u0932\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u092e\u091b\u0932\u0940-\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0940\u092e\u093e \u0906\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0938\u093e\u0924\u094d \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940, \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0935\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0932 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0936\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0938 \u0932\u0947\u0928\u093e \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0936\u093f\u0936\u0941 \u0915\u094b \u0926\u0942\u0927 \u092a\u093f\u0932\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n <details class=\"cyp-q\"><summary><span class=\"en\">Why does Piaget's account counsel patience where Vygotsky's counsels intervention?<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u093f\u092f\u093e\u091c\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0935\u0930\u0923 \u0927\u0948\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u093e \u092a\u0930\u093e\u092e\u0930\u094d\u0936 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u092c\u0915\u093f \u0935\u093e\u0907\u0917\u094b\u0924\u094d\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u0939\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u092a \u0915\u093e?<\/span><\/summary>\r\n <div class=\"cyp-a\"><span class=\"en\">Because Piaget makes development the condition of learning: a structure not yet formed cannot be taught into existence, so instruction offered above the stage produces verbal repetition without comprehension. Vygotsky reverses the order and makes instruction the engine of development, so teaching aimed slightly ahead of the present level is not premature but necessary.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u092a\u093f\u092f\u093e\u091c\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u094b \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e \u0915\u0940 \u0936\u0930\u094d\u0924 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902: \u091c\u094b \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0905\u092d\u0940 \u092c\u0928\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u0948 \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0922\u093c\u093e\u0915\u0930 \u0905\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0932\u093e\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e, \u0905\u0924\u0903 \u0905\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u090a\u092a\u0930 \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0926\u0947\u0936\u0928 \u092c\u094b\u0927 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0936\u093e\u092c\u094d\u0926\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u093e\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0935\u093e\u0907\u0917\u094b\u0924\u094d\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0940 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u0909\u0932\u091f\u0915\u0930 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0926\u0947\u0936\u0928 \u0915\u094b \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u093e \u0907\u0902\u091c\u0928 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0905\u0924\u0903 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0938\u0947 \u0925\u094b\u0921\u093c\u093e \u0906\u0917\u0947 \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0905\u0938\u093e\u092e\u092f\u093f\u0915 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n <details class=\"cyp-q\"><summary><span class=\"en\">A Class VI class handles rods before meeting the algebraic identity. Which two theorists does the sequence satisfy at once?<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u091b\u0939 \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u092c\u0940\u091c\u0940\u092f \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0938\u092e\u093f\u0915\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u091b\u0921\u093c\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0901\u092d\u093e\u0932\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u0915\u093f\u0928 \u0926\u094b \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0938\u0902\u0924\u0941\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948?<\/span><\/summary>\r\n <div class=\"cyp-a\"><span class=\"en\">Piaget, because concrete operational learners require material that can be handled before an abstraction will hold; and Bruner, because the enactive mode precedes the symbolic and remains available to be re-entered when the symbol fails. The practice is identical; the warrant differs, which is exactly what a stem may test.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u093f\u092f\u093e\u091c\u0947, \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u092e\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0924 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0905\u092e\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0924\u093e \u091f\u093f\u0915\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u0938\u0901\u092d\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f; \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092c\u094d\u0930\u0942\u0928\u0930, \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u0940\u0915\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u0906\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u0940\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u092b\u0932 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0903 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0947\u0936 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0909\u092a\u0932\u092c\u094d\u0927 \u0930\u0939\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0939\u0948; \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928, \u0914\u0930 \u0920\u0940\u0915 \u092f\u0939\u0940 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928-\u092e\u0941\u0916 \u092a\u0930\u0916 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"p3-4\">\r\n <span class=\"section-badge\">3.4<\/span>\r\n <h3><span class=\"en\">Vygotsky, ZPD and Scaffolding<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u093e\u0907\u0917\u094b\u0924\u094d\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0940, \u0928\u093f\u0915\u091f\u0938\u094d\u0925 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u093e\u0921\u093c<\/span><\/h3>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <p><span class=\"en\">Lev Vygotsky, writing in the Soviet Union in the 1920s and 1930s and read in English only from 1962, placed the origin of higher mental function outside the individual. A capacity appears twice: first between people, as a shared activity, and then within the person, as an internalised tool. Language is the master tool, and the teacher is not an outside stimulus but a partner in the activity through which thinking is assembled.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0932\u0947\u0935 \u0935\u093e\u0907\u0917\u094b\u0924\u094d\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0940 \u0928\u0947, \u091c\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0939\u094b\u0902\u0928\u0947 1920 \u090f\u0935\u0902 1930 \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u0936\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u094b\u0935\u093f\u092f\u0924 \u0938\u0902\u0918 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0932\u093f\u0916\u093e \u0924\u0925\u093e \u091c\u094b \u0905\u0902\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0947\u091c\u093c\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 1962 \u0938\u0947 \u0939\u0940 \u092a\u0922\u093c\u0947 \u0917\u090f, \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a\u0924\u0930 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0938\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u093e \u0909\u0926\u094d\u0917\u092e \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0939\u0930 \u0930\u0916\u093e\u0964 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e\u0924\u093e \u0926\u094b \u092c\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u091f \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948: \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0932\u094b\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a, \u0938\u093e\u091d\u093e \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902, \u0914\u0930 \u092b\u093f\u0930 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0947 \u092d\u0940\u0924\u0930, \u0906\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0915\u0940\u0915\u0943\u0924 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902\u0964 \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0941\u0916 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u092c\u093e\u0939\u094d\u092f \u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0940\u092a\u0915 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0905\u092a\u093f\u0924\u0941 \u0909\u0938 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0939\u092d\u093e\u0917\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u091a\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0928 \u0938\u0902\u092f\u094b\u091c\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n <svg class=\"full-diagram\" viewBox=\"0 0 560 300\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"The zone of proximal development between what a learner can do alone and what is beyond reach\">\r\n<g font-family=\"DM Sans, Noto Sans Devanagari, sans-serif\" font-size=\"10.5\">\r\n <circle cx=\"176\" cy=\"150\" r=\"134\" fill=\"#fdf0f5\" stroke=\"#8e2f5a\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <circle cx=\"176\" cy=\"150\" r=\"94\" fill=\"#fffaef\" stroke=\"#c9760f\" stroke-width=\"2.4\"\/>\r\n <circle cx=\"176\" cy=\"150\" r=\"50\" fill=\"#eefbf7\" stroke=\"#0d8f79\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n\r\n <text x=\"176\" y=\"146\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#0d8f79\">CAN DO<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"176\" y=\"161\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#0d8f79\">ALONE<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"176\" y=\"92\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"14\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#c9760f\">Z P D<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"176\" y=\"264\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#8e2f5a\">BEYOND REACH<\/text>\r\n\r\n <line x1=\"226\" y1=\"150\" x2=\"352\" y2=\"150\" stroke=\"#0d8f79\" stroke-width=\"1.4\"\/>\r\n <line x1=\"252\" y1=\"104\" x2=\"352\" y2=\"88\" stroke=\"#c9760f\" stroke-width=\"1.4\"\/>\r\n <line x1=\"286\" y1=\"228\" x2=\"352\" y2=\"238\" stroke=\"#8e2f5a\" stroke-width=\"1.4\"\/>\r\n\r\n <rect x=\"356\" y=\"66\" width=\"190\" height=\"46\" rx=\"8\" fill=\"#ffffff\" stroke=\"#c9760f\" stroke-width=\"1.8\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"368\" y=\"84\" font-size=\"10\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#c9760f\">Reachable with guidance<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"368\" y=\"100\" font-size=\"9.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">from an adult or abler peer<\/text>\r\n\r\n <rect x=\"356\" y=\"128\" width=\"190\" height=\"46\" rx=\"8\" fill=\"#ffffff\" stroke=\"#0d8f79\" stroke-width=\"1.8\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"368\" y=\"146\" font-size=\"10\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#0d8f79\">Already independent<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"368\" y=\"162\" font-size=\"9.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">teaching here wastes the hour<\/text>\r\n\r\n <rect x=\"356\" y=\"216\" width=\"190\" height=\"46\" rx=\"8\" fill=\"#ffffff\" stroke=\"#8e2f5a\" stroke-width=\"1.8\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"368\" y=\"234\" font-size=\"10\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#8e2f5a\">Not yet reachable<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"368\" y=\"250\" font-size=\"9.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">help here produces confusion<\/text>\r\n\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"290\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9.5\" fill=\"#5a6d80\">instruction is aimed at the middle band, and the band moves as it is used<\/text>\r\n<\/g><\/svg>\r\n <div class=\"diagram-cap\"><span class=\"en\">Instruction placed in the inner circle wastes the hour and placed in the outer ring produces confusion<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092d\u0940\u0924\u0930\u0940 \u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0930\u0916\u093e \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0926\u0947\u0936\u0928 \u0915\u093e\u0932\u093e\u0902\u0936 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092c\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0940 \u0935\u0932\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0930\u0916\u093e \u092d\u094d\u0930\u092e \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/div>\r\n\r\n <ul class=\"num-stack\">\r\n <li><strong><span class=\"en\">The zone of proximal development.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0928\u093f\u0915\u091f\u0938\u094d\u0925 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0964<\/span><\/strong> <span class=\"en\">The distance between what a learner can do unaided and what the same learner can do under adult guidance or in collaboration with more capable peers. What lies in the zone today is done independently tomorrow, so the zone is a statement about the near future rather than about present attainment.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u0939 \u0926\u0942\u0930\u0940 \u091c\u094b \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0938\u0939\u093e\u092f\u0924\u093e \u0915\u093f\u090f \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0922\u093c \u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u0928 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e \u0938\u0939\u092a\u093e\u0920\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0939\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u093f\u090f \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u091c\u094b \u0906\u091c \u0907\u0938 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u0948 \u0935\u0939 \u0915\u0932 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0905\u0924\u0903 \u092f\u0939 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0909\u092a\u0932\u092c\u094d\u0927\u093f \u0915\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0928\u093f\u0915\u091f \u092d\u0935\u093f\u0937\u094d\u092f \u0915\u093e \u0915\u0925\u0928 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><strong><span class=\"en\">The more knowledgeable other.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928\u0935\u093e\u0928 \u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0964<\/span><\/strong> <span class=\"en\">Not necessarily the teacher. A peer half a step ahead is often the better partner, because the distance to be bridged is smaller and the language used is closer to the learner's own.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u093f \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0939\u0940 \u0939\u094b\u0964 \u0906\u0927\u093e \u0915\u0926\u092e \u0906\u0917\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0939\u092a\u093e\u0920\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092f\u0903 \u092c\u0947\u0939\u0924\u0930 \u0938\u093e\u0925\u0940 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u092a\u093e\u091f\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0926\u0942\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u092e \u0939\u0948 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0940 \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u091f\u0964<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><strong><span class=\"en\">Speech turns inward.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u093e\u0923\u0940 \u092d\u0940\u0924\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0913\u0930 \u092e\u0941\u0921\u093c\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/strong> <span class=\"en\">Speech begins as social, becomes private speech spoken aloud to the self during difficulty, and finally becomes inner speech. Piaget read the same self-directed talk as egocentric and destined to disappear; Vygotsky read it as the visible stage of thought becoming self-regulating, and the disagreement is a standing examination item.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u093e\u0923\u0940 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u091c\u093f\u0915 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0906\u0930\u0902\u092d \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0915\u0920\u093f\u0928\u093e\u0908 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u092f \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u090a\u0901\u091a\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u094b\u0932\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0928\u093f\u091c\u0940 \u0935\u093e\u0923\u0940 \u092c\u0928\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0924\u0903 \u0906\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u093e\u0923\u0940 \u092c\u0928 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092a\u093f\u092f\u093e\u091c\u0947 \u0928\u0947 \u0909\u0938\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0935-\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u093f\u0924 \u092c\u094b\u0932\u091a\u093e\u0932 \u0915\u094b \u0906\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0932\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u094b \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0924 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u093e; \u0935\u093e\u0907\u0917\u094b\u0924\u094d\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0940 \u0928\u0947 \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u091a\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0935-\u0928\u093f\u092f\u093e\u092e\u0915 \u092c\u0928\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0926\u0943\u0936\u094d\u092f \u0905\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u092e\u093e\u0928\u093e, \u0914\u0930 \u092f\u0939 \u092e\u0924\u092d\u0947\u0926 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092f\u0940 \u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"enrich-box\">\r\n <span class=\"enrich-stamp\"><span class=\"en\">Attribution matters<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u094d\u0930\u0947\u092f \u0915\u093e \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935<\/span><\/span>\r\n <h4><span class=\"en\">Scaffolding is not Vygotsky's term<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u093e\u0921\u093c \u0935\u093e\u0907\u0917\u094b\u0924\u094d\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u0926 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/h4>\r\n <p><span class=\"en\">The word <em>scaffolding<\/em> was introduced by David Wood, Jerome Bruner and Gail Ross in a 1976 paper on tutoring, four decades after Vygotsky's death. It is a natural companion to the zone of proximal development and is almost always taught alongside it, but the two are distinct: the zone is a description of where a learner stands, and scaffolding is a description of what a tutor does. Their account lists the tutor's functions as recruiting interest, reducing the degrees of freedom in the task, maintaining direction, marking the features that matter, controlling frustration, and demonstrating an idealised form of the act. The defining feature is that the support is temporary and is withdrawn as competence grows \u2014 support that is never removed is not scaffolding but dependence.<\/span><span class=\"hi\"><em>\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0948\u092b\u094b\u0932\u094d\u0921\u093f\u0902\u0917<\/em> \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0924\u094d \u092a\u093e\u0921\u093c \u0936\u092c\u094d\u0926 \u0921\u0947\u0935\u093f\u0921 \u0935\u0941\u0921, \u091c\u0947\u0930\u094b\u092e \u092c\u094d\u0930\u0942\u0928\u0930 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0917\u0947\u0932 \u0930\u0949\u0938 \u0928\u0947 1976 \u0915\u0947 \u090f\u0915 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923-\u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0940 \u0936\u094b\u0927\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e, \u091c\u094b \u0935\u093e\u0907\u0917\u094b\u0924\u094d\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u092e\u0943\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0941 \u0915\u0947 \u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0926\u0936\u0915 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u0925\u093e\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u091f\u0938\u094d\u0925 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0935\u093e\u092d\u093e\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0939\u091a\u0930 \u0939\u0948 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0932\u0917\u092d\u0917 \u0938\u0926\u0948\u0935 \u0909\u0938\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u092a\u0922\u093c\u093e\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0915\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0941 \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0943\u0925\u0915\u094d \u0939\u0948\u0902: \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0923\u0928 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0915\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0916\u0921\u093c\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092a\u093e\u0921\u093c \u0907\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0915\u093f \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0909\u0928\u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0935\u0930\u0923 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0907\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0917\u093f\u0928\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u0930\u0941\u091a\u093f \u091c\u0917\u093e\u0928\u093e, \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0940 \u092e\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u0918\u091f\u093e\u0928\u093e, \u0926\u093f\u0936\u093e \u092c\u0928\u093e\u090f \u0930\u0916\u0928\u093e, \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u091a\u093f\u0939\u094d\u0928\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e, \u0915\u0941\u0902\u0920\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0906\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e\u0964 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u0915 \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u092f\u0939 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0938\u0939\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0905\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092f\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0938\u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e\u0924\u093e \u092c\u0922\u093c\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u0939\u091f\u093e \u0932\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u091c\u094b \u0938\u0939\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0915\u092d\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u091f\u0924\u093e \u0935\u0939 \u092a\u093e\u0921\u093c \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092d\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/p>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"vs-compare\">\r\n <div class=\"vs-side left\">\r\n <span class=\"vs-tag\">Piaget<\/span>\r\n <h5><span class=\"en\">Development leads learning<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0917\u093e\u092e\u0940<\/span><\/h5>\r\n <ul>\r\n <li><span class=\"en\">Stages are universal and follow a fixed order<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u0938\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0935\u092d\u094c\u092e \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0924 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"en\">The child is a lone scientist acting on the physical world<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092c\u093e\u0932\u0915 \u092d\u094c\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u091c\u0917\u0924\u094d \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u090f\u0915\u093e\u0915\u0940 \u0935\u0948\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"en\">Teaching above the stage produces words without comprehension<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u090a\u092a\u0930 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u092c\u094b\u0927 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0936\u092c\u094d\u0926 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"en\">Self-directed speech is egocentric and fades away<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u094d\u0935-\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u093f\u0924 \u0935\u093e\u0923\u0940 \u0906\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0932\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"en\">Advice: wait for readiness, and supply materials to act on<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u0930\u093e\u092e\u0930\u094d\u0936: \u0924\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0926\u0947\u0902<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div class=\"vs-mid\">vs<\/div>\r\n <div class=\"vs-side right\">\r\n <span class=\"vs-tag\">Vygotsky<\/span>\r\n <h5><span class=\"en\">Learning leads development<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0917\u093e\u092e\u0940<\/span><\/h5>\r\n <ul>\r\n <li><span class=\"en\">Development is shaped by the culture and its tools<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0906\u0915\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"en\">The child is an apprentice working alongside others<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092c\u093e\u0932\u0915 \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u0930\u0924 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0941 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"en\">Teaching slightly ahead of the level is what moves the level<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0938\u0947 \u0925\u094b\u0921\u093c\u093e \u0906\u0917\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0939\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0915\u094b \u0906\u0917\u0947 \u092c\u0922\u093c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"en\">Self-directed speech becomes inner speech and self-regulation<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u094d\u0935-\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u093f\u0924 \u0935\u093e\u0923\u0940 \u0906\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u093e\u0923\u0940 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u0935-\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e\u0928 \u092c\u0928\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"en\">Advice: aim at the zone, and withdraw help as it is earned<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u0930\u093e\u092e\u0930\u094d\u0936: \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u094b \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0905\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0940 \u0938\u0939\u093e\u092f\u0924\u093e \u0939\u091f\u093e\u090f\u0901<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"p3-5\">\r\n <span class=\"section-badge\">3.5<\/span>\r\n <h3><span class=\"en\">Bruner, Ausubel and Gagne<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092c\u094d\u0930\u0942\u0928\u0930, \u0906\u0938\u0941\u092c\u0947\u0932 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0917\u0948\u0928\u0947<\/span><\/h3>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <svg class=\"full-diagram\" viewBox=\"0 0 560 176\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Bruner's enactive, iconic and symbolic modes of representation\">\r\n<g font-family=\"DM Sans, Noto Sans Devanagari, sans-serif\" font-size=\"10.5\">\r\n <rect x=\"12\" y=\"30\" width=\"160\" height=\"104\" rx=\"10\" fill=\"#eefbf7\" stroke=\"#0d8f79\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"92\" y=\"54\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"12\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#0d8f79\">ENACTIVE<\/text>\r\n <g fill=\"#0d8f79\">\r\n <rect x=\"62\" y=\"76\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" rx=\"3\"\/>\r\n <rect x=\"84\" y=\"76\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" rx=\"3\"\/>\r\n <rect x=\"106\" y=\"76\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" rx=\"3\"\/>\r\n <\/g>\r\n <path d=\"M66 70 C82 58, 104 58, 118 70\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#0d8f79\" stroke-width=\"1.8\"\/>\r\n <polygon points=\"122,72 110,66 112,76\" fill=\"#0d8f79\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"92\" y=\"112\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">known through action<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"92\" y=\"126\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" fill=\"#5a6d80\">handling, doing, moving<\/text>\r\n\r\n <rect x=\"200\" y=\"30\" width=\"160\" height=\"104\" rx=\"10\" fill=\"#eaf6ff\" stroke=\"#2f92d1\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"54\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"12\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#2f92d1\">ICONIC<\/text>\r\n <g stroke=\"#2f92d1\" stroke-width=\"2\" fill=\"none\">\r\n <rect x=\"252\" y=\"64\" width=\"56\" height=\"30\" rx=\"3\"\/>\r\n <path d=\"M258 88 L272 74 L282 84 L292 72 L302 88\"\/>\r\n <\/g>\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"112\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">known through image<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"126\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" fill=\"#5a6d80\">picture, diagram, model<\/text>\r\n\r\n <rect x=\"388\" y=\"30\" width=\"160\" height=\"104\" rx=\"10\" fill=\"#eef4fc\" stroke=\"#1f5fa9\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"468\" y=\"54\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"12\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\">SYMBOLIC<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"468\" y=\"90\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"18\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\">a + b = c<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"468\" y=\"112\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">known through symbol<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"468\" y=\"126\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" fill=\"#5a6d80\">word, number, notation<\/text>\r\n\r\n <line x1=\"176\" y1=\"82\" x2=\"192\" y2=\"82\" stroke=\"#b8c8d8\" stroke-width=\"2.4\"\/>\r\n <polygon points=\"198,82 186,76 186,88\" fill=\"#b8c8d8\"\/>\r\n <line x1=\"364\" y1=\"82\" x2=\"380\" y2=\"82\" stroke=\"#b8c8d8\" stroke-width=\"2.4\"\/>\r\n <polygon points=\"386,82 374,76 374,88\" fill=\"#b8c8d8\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"18\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#5a6d80\">THE ORDER IS DEVELOPMENTAL, AND EACH MODE SURVIVES THE NEXT<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"168\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9.5\" fill=\"#5a6d80\">a difficult idea at any age can be re-entered through the earlier mode<\/text>\r\n<\/g><\/svg>\r\n <div class=\"diagram-cap\"><span class=\"en\">Bruner's three modes; the spiral curriculum works by re-entering a hard idea through the mode below<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092c\u094d\u0930\u0942\u0928\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0924\u0940\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930; \u0938\u0930\u094d\u092a\u093f\u0932 \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u091a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0920\u093f\u0928 \u0935\u093f\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u093f\u091a\u0932\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0903\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0947\u0936 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"def-stack\">\r\n <div class=\"def-card\">\r\n <div class=\"def-who\"><span class=\"en\">Jerome Bruner<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u091c\u0947\u0930\u094b\u092e \u092c\u094d\u0930\u0942\u0928\u0930<\/span><small>The Process of Education, 1960<\/small><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"def-text\"><span class=\"en\">Knowledge is represented enactively through action, iconically through image, and symbolically through language and notation. Because the structure of a subject can be rendered in any of the three, a difficult idea can be introduced early in an honest simplified form and returned to at rising levels of complexity \u2014 the spiral curriculum. Bruner favoured discovery, in which the learner is led to work out the structure rather than receive it.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902, \u092c\u093f\u0902\u092c \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0947\u0924\u0928 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u0940\u0915\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u0942\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u091a\u0942\u0901\u0915\u093f \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0907\u0928 \u0924\u0940\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092d\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924 \u0915\u0940 \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0905\u0924\u0903 \u0915\u0920\u093f\u0928 \u0935\u093f\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0930\u0902\u092d \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u0940 \u0908\u092e\u093e\u0928\u0926\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u0930\u0932\u0940\u0915\u0943\u0924 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924 \u0915\u0930 \u092c\u0922\u093c\u0924\u0940 \u091c\u091f\u093f\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u0932\u094c\u091f\u093e\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u092f\u0939\u0940 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u092a\u093f\u0932 \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u091a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092c\u094d\u0930\u0942\u0928\u0930 \u0928\u0947 \u0916\u094b\u091c \u0915\u094b \u0935\u0930\u0940\u092f\u0924\u093e \u0926\u0940, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u091c\u093e\u092f \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0932\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0913\u0930 \u0932\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div class=\"def-card\">\r\n <div class=\"def-who\"><span class=\"en\">David Ausubel<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0921\u0947\u0935\u093f\u0921 \u0906\u0938\u0941\u092c\u0947\u0932<\/span><small>Educational Psychology: A Cognitive View, 1968<\/small><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"def-text\"><span class=\"en\">Meaningful learning occurs when new material is anchored to relevant ideas already present in the learner's cognitive structure. Ausubel held that what the learner already knows is the single most important determinant of learning, and that teaching should begin by ascertaining it. His device is the <em>advance organiser<\/em>: a short, more general and more inclusive passage supplied before the material itself \u2014 expository where the content is wholly new, comparative where it must be distinguished from something similar already held.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e \u0924\u092c \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u092c \u0928\u0908 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0938\u0902\u0917\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u091a\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0932\u0902\u0917\u0930 \u0921\u093e\u0932\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0906\u0938\u0941\u092c\u0947\u0932 \u0915\u093e \u092e\u0924 \u0925\u093e \u0915\u093f \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u091c\u094b \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0935\u0939\u0940 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e \u0915\u093e \u090f\u0915\u092e\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0915 \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u093e \u0906\u0930\u0902\u092d \u0909\u0938\u0940 \u0915\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f\u0964 \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0940 \u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0939\u0948 <em>\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u0938\u0902\u0917\u0920\u0915<\/em>: \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0938\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u092a\u094d\u0924, \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0935\u0947\u0936\u0940 \u0905\u0902\u0936 \u2014 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923\u0924\u0903 \u0928\u0908 \u0939\u094b, \u0924\u0941\u0932\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0943\u0925\u0915\u094d \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div class=\"def-card\">\r\n <div class=\"def-who\"><span class=\"en\">Robert Gagn\u00e9<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0930\u0949\u092c\u0930\u094d\u091f \u0917\u0948\u0928\u0947<\/span><small>The Conditions of Learning, 1965<\/small><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"def-text\"><span class=\"en\">Different kinds of outcome require different conditions, so a single method cannot serve all teaching. Gagn\u00e9 distinguished five categories of outcome \u2014 verbal information, intellectual skills, cognitive strategies, attitudes and motor skills \u2014 and arranged intellectual skills into a hierarchy running from discrimination through concrete and defined concepts to rules and finally problem solving. Task analysis works backwards down this hierarchy to find what must be secure first.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092b\u0932\u094b\u0902 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f, \u0905\u0924\u0903 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u090f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f \u0938\u092e\u0938\u094d\u0924 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940\u0964 \u0917\u0948\u0928\u0947 \u0928\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092b\u0932 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u093e\u0901\u091a \u0936\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0923\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u092a\u0943\u0925\u0915\u094d \u0915\u0940\u0902 \u2014 \u0936\u093e\u092c\u094d\u0926\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e, \u092c\u094c\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u094c\u0936\u0932, \u0938\u0902\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901, \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0917\u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0915\u094c\u0936\u0932 \u2014 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092c\u094c\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u094c\u0936\u0932\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0935\u093f\u092d\u0947\u0926\u0928 \u0938\u0947 \u092e\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0924 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0941\u090f \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e\u094b\u0902 \u0924\u0915 \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0924\u0903 \u0938\u092e\u0938\u094d\u092f\u093e-\u0938\u092e\u093e\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u0924\u0915 \u091a\u0932\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0938\u094b\u092a\u093e\u0928-\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0964 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f-\u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0937\u0923 \u0907\u0938\u0940 \u0938\u094b\u092a\u093e\u0928-\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0940\u091b\u0947 \u0909\u0924\u0930\u0915\u0930 \u092a\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0938\u0941\u0926\u0943\u0922\u093c \u0939\u094b\u0928\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"callout red\">\r\n <div class=\"callout-label\"><span class=\"en\">Two dimensions, not one<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0926\u094b \u0906\u092f\u093e\u092e, \u090f\u0915 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902<\/span><\/div>\r\n <span class=\"en\">Ausubel's most frequently misread point is that meaningful and rote form one dimension while reception and discovery form another, and the two are independent. Reception learning can be entirely meaningful, as a well-organised exposition anchored to prior knowledge is; discovery learning can be entirely rote, as an unguided activity that ends in a memorised result is. A stem that treats reception as a synonym for rote is testing exactly this confusion.<\/span>\r\n <span class=\"hi\">\u0906\u0938\u0941\u092c\u0947\u0932 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0917\u0932\u0924 \u092a\u0922\u093c\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e \u092c\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0941 \u092f\u0939 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0930\u091f\u0902\u0924 \u090f\u0915 \u0906\u092f\u093e\u092e \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939\u0923 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0916\u094b\u091c \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u093e, \u0914\u0930 \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939\u0923 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923\u0924\u0903 \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935-\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u0938\u0947 \u0932\u0902\u0917\u0930 \u0921\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0938\u0941\u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e; \u0916\u094b\u091c \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923\u0924\u0903 \u0930\u091f\u0902\u0924 \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u0935\u0939 \u0917\u0924\u093f\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f \u091c\u094b \u0915\u0902\u0920\u0938\u094d\u0925 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e \u092a\u0930 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0964 \u091c\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928-\u092e\u0941\u0916 \u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939\u0923 \u0915\u094b \u0930\u091f\u0902\u0924 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0935\u0939 \u0920\u0940\u0915 \u0907\u0938\u0940 \u092d\u094d\u0930\u092e \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0932\u0947 \u0930\u0939\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"flow-wrap\">\r\n <div class=\"flow-note\"><span class=\"en\">Gagn\u00e9's nine events of instruction, each corresponding to a process the learner must complete for the lesson to hold.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0917\u0948\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0926\u0947\u0936\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u0928\u094c \u0918\u091f\u0928\u093e\u090f\u0901, \u091c\u093f\u0928\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0909\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0930\u0942\u092a \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u0920 \u0915\u0947 \u091f\u093f\u0915\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u0942\u0930\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"flow-steps\">\r\n <div class=\"flow-step\"><div class=\"fs-num\">1<\/div><div class=\"fs-body\"><strong><span class=\"en\">Gain attention<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u0935\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u0906\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"fs-sub\"><span class=\"en\">A discrepant event, a question or a change of stimulus, because nothing that is not attended to is encoded.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0935\u093f\u0938\u0902\u0917\u0924 \u0918\u091f\u0928\u093e, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0940\u092a\u0915-\u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928, \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u091c\u093f\u0938 \u092a\u0930 \u0905\u0935\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0935\u0939 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0947\u0924\u092c\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/div><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"flow-step\"><div class=\"fs-num\">2<\/div><div class=\"fs-body\"><strong><span class=\"en\">State the objective<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f \u092c\u0924\u093e\u090f\u0901<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"fs-sub\"><span class=\"en\">The learner is told what performance the hour is aiming at, which sets the expectancy against which effort is directed.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0915\u094b \u092c\u0924\u093e\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0915\u093e\u0932\u093e\u0902\u0936 \u0915\u093f\u0938 \u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0928 \u0915\u094b \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930 \u0930\u0939\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0935\u0939 \u0905\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u092c\u0928\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u0913\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u093e\u0938 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/div><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"flow-step\"><div class=\"fs-num\">3<\/div><div class=\"fs-body\"><strong><span class=\"en\">Recall prior learning<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e \u0915\u093e \u0938\u094d\u092e\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0930\u093e\u090f\u0901<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"fs-sub\"><span class=\"en\">The prerequisite is brought into working memory so that the new material has something to attach to.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u092e\u0943\u0924\u093f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0932\u093e\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0924\u093e\u0915\u093f \u0928\u0908 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u094b \u091c\u0941\u0921\u093c\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u0941\u091b \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0947\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/div><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"flow-step\"><div class=\"fs-num\">4<\/div><div class=\"fs-body\"><strong><span class=\"en\">Present the content<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"fs-sub\"><span class=\"en\">In organised chunks, with the distinctive features marked rather than left to be noticed.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u0902\u0917\u0920\u093f\u0924 \u0916\u0902\u0921\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902, \u0935\u093f\u0936\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u091a\u093f\u0939\u094d\u0928\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0941\u090f, \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u0926\u0947\u0916\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u0928 \u091b\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0941\u090f\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/div><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"flow-step\"><div class=\"fs-num\">5<\/div><div class=\"fs-body\"><strong><span class=\"en\">Provide learning guidance<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e \u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u0928 \u0926\u0947\u0902<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"fs-sub\"><span class=\"en\">Analogies, worked examples and elaboration \u2014 guidance towards meaning, not the answer itself.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u093e\u0926\u0943\u0936\u094d\u092f, \u0939\u0932-\u0938\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u2014 \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u0915\u0940 \u0913\u0930 \u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u0928, \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/div><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"flow-step\"><div class=\"fs-num\">6<\/div><div class=\"fs-body\"><strong><span class=\"en\">Elicit performance<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u093e\u090f\u0901<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"fs-sub\"><span class=\"en\">The learner does the thing, because retrieval is what consolidates it and not further exposure.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0935\u0939 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0941\u0926\u0943\u0922\u093c \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0903\u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924\u093f \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/div><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"flow-step\"><div class=\"fs-num\">7<\/div><div class=\"fs-body\"><strong><span class=\"en\">Provide feedback<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920\u092a\u094b\u0937\u0923 \u0926\u0947\u0902<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"fs-sub\"><span class=\"en\">Informative rather than evaluative, and close enough in time to be attached to the attempt.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092e\u0942\u0932\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0915\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0938\u092e\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0907\u0924\u0928\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0915\u091f \u0915\u093f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u093e\u0938 \u0938\u0947 \u091c\u0941\u0921\u093c \u0938\u0915\u0947\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/div><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"flow-step\"><div class=\"fs-num\">8<\/div><div class=\"fs-body\"><strong><span class=\"en\">Assess performance<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u0906\u0915\u0932\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"fs-sub\"><span class=\"en\">An independent trial without guidance, which is the only evidence that the guidance can now be withdrawn.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u093e\u0938, \u091c\u094b \u090f\u0915\u092e\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0905\u092c \u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u0928 \u0939\u091f\u093e\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/div><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"flow-step\"><div class=\"fs-num\">9<\/div><div class=\"fs-body\"><strong><span class=\"en\">Enhance retention and transfer<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930\u0923 \u092c\u0922\u093c\u093e\u090f\u0901<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"fs-sub\"><span class=\"en\">Spaced review and varied contexts, since a skill practised in one setting alone stays in that setting.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093e\u0932\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u093e\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0935\u093f\u0927 \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0930\u094d\u092d, \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u090f\u0915 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0936 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u092d\u094d\u092f\u0938\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u094c\u0936\u0932 \u0909\u0938\u0940 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0936 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0930\u0939 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/div><\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"p3-6\">\r\n <span class=\"section-badge\">3.6<\/span>\r\n <h3><span class=\"en\">Social and Humanistic Theories<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u091c\u093f\u0915 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0935\u0924\u093e\u0935\u093e\u0926\u0940 \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924<\/span><\/h3>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <p><span class=\"en\">Albert Bandura's experiments with an inflated doll in the early 1960s showed children reproducing aggressive acts they had only watched, and reproducing them more readily when the model had been rewarded. Learning, therefore, does not require the learner's own response to be reinforced; observation and vicarious consequence are enough. Bandura later renamed the position social cognitive theory to mark the place of thought within it, and added self-efficacy \u2014 the learner's judgement of personal capability \u2014 as the belief that determines what a learner will attempt at all.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">1960 \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u0936\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u0906\u0930\u0902\u092d \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u090f\u0915 \u0939\u0935\u093e \u092d\u0930\u0947 \u0917\u0941\u0921\u094d\u0921\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0905\u0932\u094d\u092c\u0930\u094d\u091f \u092c\u0902\u0921\u0942\u0930\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u0928\u0947 \u0926\u093f\u0916\u093e\u092f\u093e \u0915\u093f \u092c\u093e\u0932\u0915 \u0909\u0928 \u0906\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e\u0915 \u0915\u0943\u0924\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u0941\u0924\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u091c\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0939\u094b\u0902\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0926\u0947\u0916\u093e \u0925\u093e, \u0914\u0930 \u0924\u092c \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0939\u091c\u0924\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u0941\u0924\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u091c\u092c \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u0941\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0943\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0964 \u0905\u0924\u0903 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0940 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u093e \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0932\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u093e \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902; \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0905\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e \u092a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u092c\u0902\u0921\u0942\u0930\u093e \u0928\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0907\u0938 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093e\u092e \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0915\u0930 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u091c\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924 \u0930\u0916\u093e \u0924\u093e\u0915\u093f \u0909\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091a\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928 \u091a\u093f\u0939\u094d\u0928\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0906\u0924\u094d\u092e-\u0938\u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e\u0924\u093e \u2014 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0940 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e\u0924\u093e \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0940 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0923\u092f \u2014 \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0940, \u091c\u094b \u0935\u0939 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0938 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0924\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0917\u093e \u092d\u0940 \u092f\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"table-scroll\">\r\n <table class=\"data-table\">\r\n <thead><tr>\r\n <th class=\"narrow\"><span class=\"en\">Step<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u091a\u0930\u0923<\/span><\/th>\r\n <th style=\"width:26%\"><span class=\"en\">Process in observational learning<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e<\/span><\/th>\r\n <th style=\"width:36%\"><span class=\"en\">What it requires<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0907\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u0905\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e<\/span><\/th>\r\n <th style=\"width:32%\"><span class=\"en\">Where a demonstration lesson fails<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u0928-\u092a\u093e\u0920 \u0915\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0935\u093f\u092b\u0932 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/th>\r\n <\/tr><\/thead>\r\n <tbody>\r\n <tr><td class=\"narrow\">1<\/td><td><strong><span class=\"en\">Attention<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u0935\u0927\u093e\u0928<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">The model must be salient, and the critical feature must be visible from where the learner sits.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0941\u0916 \u0939\u094b, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0923\u093e\u092f\u0915 \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0935\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0938\u0947 \u0926\u093f\u0916\u0947 \u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u092c\u0948\u0920\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Thirty learners watch a demonstration performed at desk height for the front row only.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0924\u0940\u0938 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0935\u0939 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u0928 \u0926\u0947\u0916\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u091c\u094b \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0905\u0917\u0932\u0940 \u092a\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u092e\u0947\u091c\u093c-\u090a\u0901\u091a\u093e\u0908 \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td class=\"narrow\">2<\/td><td><strong><span class=\"en\">Retention<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">The act must be coded, in images or in words, so that it survives the interval before practice.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u092c\u093f\u0902\u092c\u094b\u0902 \u092f\u093e \u0936\u092c\u094d\u0926\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0947\u0924\u092c\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0939\u094b \u0924\u093e\u0915\u093f \u0905\u092d\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093e\u0932 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0928\u0940 \u0930\u0939\u0947\u0964<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">The steps are shown fluently and never named, so nothing is left to rehearse.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u091a\u0930\u0923 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0939\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0915 \u0926\u093f\u0916\u093e\u090f \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u092d\u0940 \u0928\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947, \u0905\u0924\u0903 \u0926\u094b\u0939\u0930\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u094b \u0915\u0941\u091b \u092c\u091a\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td class=\"narrow\">3<\/td><td><strong><span class=\"en\">Reproduction<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u0941\u0924\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0928<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">The learner must possess the component skills, and must be given the chance to attempt and correct.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u0938 \u0938\u0902\u0918\u091f\u0915 \u0915\u094c\u0936\u0932 \u0939\u094b\u0902, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u093e\u0938 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u0936\u094b\u0927\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0935\u0938\u0930 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0947\u0964<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">The demonstration ends the period, and the first attempt is homework done alone.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0915\u093e\u0932\u093e\u0902\u0936 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0925\u092e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u093e\u0938 \u0905\u0915\u0947\u0932\u0947 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0917\u0943\u0939\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td class=\"narrow\">4<\/td><td><strong><span class=\"en\">Motivation<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u092d\u093f\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0930\u0923\u093e<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Some consequence \u2014 direct, vicarious or self-administered \u2014 must make the act worth performing.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u094b\u0908 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e \u2014 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0937, \u0905\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0935-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0924\u094d\u0924 \u2014 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u092f\u094b\u0917\u094d\u092f \u092c\u0928\u093e\u090f\u0964<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">The skill is never used again, so acquisition without performance is all that remains.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u094c\u0936\u0932 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0903 \u0915\u092d\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e, \u0905\u0924\u0903 \u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0905\u0930\u094d\u091c\u0928 \u0939\u0940 \u0936\u0947\u0937 \u0930\u0939\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <\/tbody>\r\n <\/table>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <h4><span class=\"en\">The humanistic position<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092e\u093e\u0928\u0935\u0924\u093e\u0935\u093e\u0926\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f<\/span><\/h4>\r\n\r\n <p><span class=\"en\">Abraham Maslow arranged human motives as a hierarchy in which deficiency needs \u2014 physiological, safety, belonging and esteem \u2014 press for satisfaction before the growth need of self-actualisation can be felt. The pedagogical consequence is unsentimental: a hungry, frightened or excluded learner is not unmotivated but occupied. Carl Rogers, writing on student-centred teaching and later in <em>Freedom to Learn<\/em> of 1969, held that significant learning cannot be transmitted and can only be facilitated, and identified three attitudinal conditions in the facilitator \u2014 realness or congruence, prizing and acceptance of the learner, and empathic understanding.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u092c\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0939\u092e \u092e\u0948\u0938\u094d\u0932\u094b \u0928\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0935 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0930\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0910\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u094b\u092a\u093e\u0928-\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u092d\u093e\u0935-\u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0924\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u2014 \u0926\u0948\u0939\u093f\u0915, \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e, \u0938\u092e\u094d\u092c\u0926\u094d\u0927\u0924\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u092e\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u2014 \u0906\u0924\u094d\u092e-\u0938\u093e\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0935\u0943\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093f-\u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092d\u0942\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u0938\u0902\u0924\u0941\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093f \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0926\u092c\u093e\u0935 \u0921\u093e\u0932\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e \u092d\u093e\u0935\u0941\u0915\u0924\u093e\u0930\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948: \u092d\u0942\u0916\u093e, \u092d\u092f\u092d\u0940\u0924 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u092c\u0939\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0915\u0943\u0924 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0905\u0928\u092d\u093f\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0938\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0932 \u0930\u094b\u091c\u0930\u094d\u0938 \u0928\u0947, \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940-\u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u092a\u0930 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u092e\u0947\u0902 1969 \u0915\u0940 <em>\u092b\u093c\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0921\u092e \u091f\u0942 \u0932\u0930\u094d\u0928<\/em> \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0932\u093f\u0916\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0941\u090f, \u092e\u093e\u0928\u093e \u0915\u093f \u0938\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0915 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e, \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0938\u0941\u0917\u092e \u092c\u0928\u093e\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0938\u0941\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u093e\u0924\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0924\u0940\u0928 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f\u092a\u0930\u0915 \u0936\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0947\u0902 \u091a\u093f\u0939\u094d\u0928\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0940\u0902 \u2014 \u092f\u0925\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0924\u093e \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0938\u0902\u0917\u0924\u093f, \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0915\u094b \u092e\u0942\u0932\u094d\u092f\u0935\u093e\u0928 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0928\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0940\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928\u0941\u092d\u0942\u0924\u093f\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u092c\u094b\u0927\u0964<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"p3-7\">\r\n <span class=\"section-badge\">3.7<\/span>\r\n <h3><span class=\"en\">Motivation, Memory and Transfer<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u092d\u093f\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0930\u0923\u093e, \u0938\u094d\u092e\u0943\u0924\u093f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930\u0923<\/span><\/h3>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"skill-head s1\">\r\n <div class=\"sh-num\">A<\/div>\r\n <div><h5><span class=\"en\">Motivation<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u092d\u093f\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0930\u0923\u093e<\/span><\/h5><span class=\"sh-tag\"><span class=\"en\">why a learner begins, persists and returns<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0906\u0930\u0902\u092d \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e, \u091f\u093f\u0915\u0924\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0932\u094c\u091f\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <ul class=\"icon-list\">\r\n <li><span class=\"ico\">1<\/span><span><strong><span class=\"en\">Intrinsic and extrinsic are not simply additive.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0906\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092c\u093e\u0939\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u092f\u094b\u0917\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/strong> <span class=\"en\">Rewarding an activity that was already interesting can reduce the interest once the reward stops \u2014 the overjustification effect, reported by Lepper, Greene and Nisbett in 1973. The practical rule is to reward what is not yet interesting and to protect from reward what already is.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u091c\u094b \u0917\u0924\u093f\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u0930\u0941\u091a\u093f\u0915\u0930 \u0925\u0940 \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0941\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0943\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u0941\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u092c\u0902\u0926 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0940 \u0930\u0941\u091a\u093f \u0918\u091f \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u092f\u0939 \u0905\u0924\u093f-\u0914\u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935 \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0932\u0947\u092a\u0930, \u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0928\u093f\u0938\u094d\u092c\u0947\u091f \u0928\u0947 1973 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0926\u0940\u0964 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e \u092f\u0939 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u091c\u094b \u0905\u092d\u0940 \u0930\u0941\u091a\u093f\u0915\u0930 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0941\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0943\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u090f \u0924\u0925\u093e \u091c\u094b \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u0939\u0948 \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0941\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u091a\u093e\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u090f\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"ico\">2<\/span><span><strong><span class=\"en\">Attribution decides what a result teaches.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0906\u0930\u094b\u092a\u0923 \u0924\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0938\u093f\u0916\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/strong> <span class=\"en\">Bernard Weiner sorted explanations of success and failure by locus, stability and controllability. Ability is internal, stable and uncontrollable, so failure attributed to it produces resignation; effort is internal, unstable and controllable, so failure attributed to it produces renewed attempt. This is the reasoning behind praising effort and strategy rather than cleverness.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092c\u0930\u094d\u0928\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0921 \u0935\u093e\u0907\u0928\u0930 \u0928\u0947 \u0938\u092b\u0932\u0924\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u092b\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f, \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092f\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0923\u0940\u092f\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u093e\u0930 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0940\u0915\u0943\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0964 \u092f\u094b\u0917\u094d\u092f\u0924\u093e \u0906\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0915, \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092f\u0940 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0905\u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0923\u0940\u092f \u0939\u0948, \u0905\u0924\u0903 \u0909\u0938 \u092a\u0930 \u0906\u0930\u094b\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0935\u093f\u092b\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0939\u093e\u0930 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948; \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u093e\u0938 \u0906\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0915, \u0905\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092f\u0940 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0923\u0940\u092f \u0939\u0948, \u0905\u0924\u0903 \u0909\u0938 \u092a\u0930 \u0906\u0930\u094b\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0935\u093f\u092b\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0928\u092f\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u093e\u0938 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092c\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093f\u092e\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u091c\u093e\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u093e\u0938 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u0902\u0938\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0940\u091b\u0947 \u092f\u0939\u0940 \u0924\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"ico\">3<\/span><span><strong><span class=\"en\">Three needs sustain self-motivation.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0924\u0940\u0928 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0924\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u0938\u094d\u0935-\u0905\u092d\u093f\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0930\u0923\u093e \u092c\u0928\u093e\u090f \u0930\u0916\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/strong> <span class=\"en\">Edward Deci and Richard Ryan identify autonomy, competence and relatedness. A classroom that offers no choice, no evidence of growing capability and no sense of belonging will require external pressure indefinitely, because it has removed the conditions under which motivation becomes self-sustaining.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u090f\u0921\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0921 \u0921\u0947\u0938\u0940 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0930\u093f\u091a\u0930\u094d\u0921 \u0930\u093e\u092f\u0928 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u093e\u092f\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0924\u093e, \u0938\u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e\u0924\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u092e\u094d\u092c\u0926\u094d\u0927\u0924\u093e \u091a\u093f\u0939\u094d\u0928\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u091c\u094b \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0928 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u091a\u092f\u0928 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0928 \u092c\u0922\u093c\u0924\u0940 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e\u0924\u093e \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923, \u0928 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947\u092a\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u092c\u094b\u0927, \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u093f\u0936\u094d\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093e\u0932 \u0924\u0915 \u092c\u093e\u0939\u094d\u092f \u0926\u092c\u093e\u0935 \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f \u0939\u094b\u0917\u093e, \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u0909\u0938\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u0939\u091f\u093e \u0926\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u091c\u093f\u0928\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0930\u0923\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0935-\u092a\u094b\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u092c\u0928\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"skill-head s2\">\r\n <div class=\"sh-num\">B<\/div>\r\n <div><h5><span class=\"en\">Memory<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u094d\u092e\u0943\u0924\u093f<\/span><\/h5><span class=\"sh-tag\"><span class=\"en\">what survives the lesson, and why most of it does not<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u093e\u0920 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u092c\u091a\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0902\u0936 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902<\/span><\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"table-scroll\">\r\n <table class=\"data-table\">\r\n <thead><tr>\r\n <th style=\"width:26%\"><span class=\"en\">Model or finding<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0937<\/span><\/th>\r\n <th style=\"width:38%\"><span class=\"en\">Substance<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u093e\u0930<\/span><\/th>\r\n <th style=\"width:36%\"><span class=\"en\">Instruction it yields<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0907\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u0932\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936<\/span><\/th>\r\n <\/tr><\/thead>\r\n <tbody>\r\n <tr><td><strong><span class=\"en\">Multi-store model<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092c\u0939\u0941-\u092d\u0902\u0921\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0928<\/span><\/strong><br><span class=\"en\">Atkinson and Shiffrin, 1968<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u090f\u091f\u0915\u093f\u0902\u0938\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0936\u093f\u092b\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0928, 1968<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Sensory register, short-term store and long-term store, with rehearsal moving material from the second to the third.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u0902\u0935\u0947\u0926\u0940 \u092a\u0902\u091c\u0940, \u0905\u0932\u094d\u092a\u0915\u093e\u0932\u093f\u0915 \u092d\u0902\u0921\u093e\u0930 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0926\u0940\u0930\u094d\u0918\u0915\u093e\u0932\u093f\u0915 \u092d\u0902\u0921\u093e\u0930, \u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u093e\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u094b \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u0924\u0940\u0938\u0930\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0932\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Nothing reaches durable memory that is not actively rehearsed, so exposure without processing is time spent, not taught.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u091c\u094b \u0938\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0926\u094b\u0939\u0930\u093e\u092f\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0935\u0939 \u091f\u093f\u0915\u093e\u090a \u0938\u094d\u092e\u0943\u0924\u093f \u0924\u0915 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a\u0924\u093e, \u0905\u0924\u0903 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u093e\u0927\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924\u093f \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0924\u0940\u0924 \u0938\u092e\u092f \u0939\u0948, \u092a\u0922\u093c\u093e\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td><strong><span class=\"en\">Working memory<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u092e\u0943\u0924\u093f<\/span><\/strong><br><span class=\"en\">Baddeley and Hitch, 1974<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092c\u0948\u0921\u0932\u0940 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0939\u093f\u091a, 1974<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">A phonological loop and a visuospatial sketchpad under a central executive, replacing the passive short-term store with a workspace of strictly limited capacity.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u092a\u093e\u0932\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u0940\u0928 \u0927\u094d\u0935\u0928\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u091a\u0915\u094d\u0930 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0926\u0943\u0936\u094d\u092f-\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u091f\u0932, \u091c\u094b \u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f \u0905\u0932\u094d\u092a\u0915\u093e\u0932\u093f\u0915 \u092d\u0902\u0921\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u0920\u094b\u0930\u0924\u0903 \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e\u0924\u093e \u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u0938\u094d\u0925\u0932 \u0930\u0916\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Verbal and visual channels can be used together, but neither can be overloaded; instructions delivered in a single spoken stream exceed the loop.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u093e\u092c\u094d\u0926\u093f\u0915 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0926\u0943\u0936\u094d\u092f \u0935\u093e\u0939\u093f\u0915\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0915\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092a\u0930 \u0905\u0924\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0930 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902; \u090f\u0915 \u0939\u0940 \u092e\u094c\u0916\u093f\u0915 \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0926\u093f\u090f \u0917\u090f \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u091a\u0915\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e \u0932\u093e\u0901\u0918 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td><strong><span class=\"en\">Cognitive load<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u0902\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u092d\u093e\u0930<\/span><\/strong><br><span class=\"en\">John Sweller, 1988<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u091c\u0949\u0928 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0947\u0932\u0930, 1988<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Intrinsic load belongs to the material, extraneous load to the way it is presented, and germane load to the effort of building a schema.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0906\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u092d\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u092c\u093e\u0939\u094d\u092f \u092d\u093e\u0930 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924\u093f-\u0930\u0940\u0924\u093f \u0915\u093e, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0938\u0902\u0917\u093f\u0915 \u092d\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u0915\u0940\u092e\u093e-\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Reduce the extraneous before demanding more of the learner. A cluttered slide and a split diagram consume the capacity a difficult idea needs.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092e\u093e\u0901\u0917\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u092c\u093e\u0939\u094d\u092f \u092d\u093e\u0930 \u0918\u091f\u093e\u090f\u0901\u0964 \u092d\u0930\u0940 \u0939\u0941\u0908 \u0938\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092c\u0901\u091f\u093e \u0939\u0941\u0906 \u0906\u0930\u0947\u0916 \u0935\u0939 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e\u0924\u093e \u0916\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u091c\u094b \u0915\u0920\u093f\u0928 \u0935\u093f\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u094b \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td><strong><span class=\"en\">Spacing and retrieval<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093e\u0932 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0903\u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924\u093f<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Material revisited at intervals is retained better than the same time spent in one block, and being tested strengthens memory more than being shown again.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093e\u0932 \u092a\u0930 \u0926\u094b\u0939\u0930\u093e\u0908 \u0917\u0908 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0909\u0924\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0940 \u0938\u092e\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u090f\u0915 \u0916\u0902\u0921 \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u092c\u0947\u0939\u0924\u0930 \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0932\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0928\u093e \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0903 \u0926\u093f\u0916\u093e\u090f \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u092e\u0943\u0924\u093f \u0915\u094b \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0941\u0926\u0943\u0922\u093c \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Distribute revision across the term and use low-stakes recall as a teaching device rather than only as an assessment.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u093e\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092d\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0905\u0932\u094d\u092a-\u0926\u093e\u0901\u0935 \u0938\u094d\u092e\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u094b \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0906\u0915\u0932\u0928 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923-\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <\/tbody>\r\n <\/table>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"skill-head s4\">\r\n <div class=\"sh-num\">C<\/div>\r\n <div><h5><span class=\"en\">Transfer<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930\u0923<\/span><\/h5><span class=\"sh-tag\"><span class=\"en\">whether what was learned here works anywhere else<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u091c\u094b \u092f\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0938\u0940\u0916\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0935\u0939 \u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u092f\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902<\/span><\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <p><span class=\"en\">Transfer is positive where earlier learning helps later learning, negative where it interferes, and zero where it does neither. The decisive historical finding is that of Edward Thorndike and Robert Woodworth in 1901: training in one faculty did not improve performance in others, and improvement carried across only to the extent that the two tasks shared identical elements. That result dismantled the doctrine of formal discipline, under which Latin and geometry were taught to strengthen the mind in general. Charles Judd's later work qualified it by showing that a generalised principle, once understood, transfers where mere identical elements do not.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930\u0923 \u0927\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e \u092a\u0930\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0940 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0939\u093e\u092f\u0915 \u0939\u094b, \u090b\u0923\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u092c\u093e\u0927\u0915 \u0939\u094b, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0936\u0942\u0928\u094d\u092f \u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935 \u0928 \u0939\u094b\u0964 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0923\u093e\u092f\u0915 \u0910\u0924\u093f\u0939\u093e\u0938\u093f\u0915 \u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0937 \u090f\u0921\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0921 \u0925\u0949\u0930\u094d\u0928\u0921\u093e\u0907\u0915 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0930\u0949\u092c\u0930\u094d\u091f \u0935\u0941\u0921\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u0915\u093e 1901 \u0915\u093e \u0939\u0948: \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u090f\u0915 \u0936\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0928 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0938\u0941\u0927\u0930\u093e, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0938\u0941\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0909\u0938\u0940 \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e \u0924\u0915 \u0917\u092f\u093e \u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0924\u0915 \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u092e\u0930\u0942\u092a \u0924\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u0938\u093e\u091d\u093e \u0925\u0947\u0964 \u0909\u0938 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e \u0928\u0947 \u0914\u092a\u091a\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0936\u093e\u0938\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0909\u0938 \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924 \u0915\u094b \u0927\u094d\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0930 \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0924 \u0932\u0948\u091f\u093f\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u091c\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0924\u093f \u092e\u0928 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0941\u0926\u0943\u0922\u093c \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u092a\u0922\u093c\u093e\u090f \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0925\u0947\u0964 \u091a\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0932\u094d\u0938 \u091c\u0921 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0940 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0928\u0947 \u0907\u0938\u0947 \u092f\u0939 \u0926\u093f\u0916\u093e\u0915\u0930 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0938\u0940\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u093f \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0940\u0915\u0943\u0924 \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924, \u090f\u0915 \u092c\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u092e\u091d \u0932\u093f\u090f \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930, \u0935\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u092d\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0938\u092e\u0930\u0942\u092a \u0924\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947\u0964<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"abbr-grid\">\r\n <table>\r\n <thead><tr><th>Finding<\/th><th>Owner<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>\r\n <tbody>\r\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">Identical elements<\/td><td>Thorndike and Woodworth, 1901<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">Generalisation<\/td><td>Judd, transfer of a principle<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">Latent learning<\/td><td>Tolman and Honzik, 1930<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">Overjustification<\/td><td>Lepper, Greene, Nisbett, 1973<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <\/tbody>\r\n <\/table>\r\n <table>\r\n <thead><tr><th>Term<\/th><th>Owner<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>\r\n <tbody>\r\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">Advance organiser<\/td><td>Ausubel<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">Spiral curriculum<\/td><td>Bruner<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">Scaffolding<\/td><td>Wood, Bruner and Ross, 1976<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">Self-efficacy<\/td><td>Bandura, 1977<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <\/tbody>\r\n <\/table>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"p3-8\">\r\n <span class=\"section-badge\">3.8<\/span>\r\n <h3><span class=\"en\">Practice Set<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u092d\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938 \u0938\u0947\u091f<\/span><\/h3>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"mcq-box\">\r\n <div class=\"mcq-title\"><span class=\"en\">Practice \u2014 Learning Theories<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u092d\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938 \u2014 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924<\/span> <span class=\"mcq-src\">10 items<\/span><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"mcq-note\"><span class=\"en\">Several items turn on attribution \u2014 which theorist actually owns a term \u2014 and on the direction of the relation between development and instruction.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u0928\u0947\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u0936\u094d\u0930\u0947\u092f \u092a\u0930 \u091f\u093f\u0915\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u2014 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u092a\u0926 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924\u0903 \u0915\u093f\u0938 \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0926\u0947\u0936\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927 \u0915\u0940 \u0926\u093f\u0936\u093e \u092a\u0930\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n\r\n <details class=\"mcq-q\"><summary><span class=\"mcq-num\">1<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">Which of Thorndike's laws did he himself substantially withdraw in the 1930s?<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0925\u0949\u0930\u094d\u0928\u0921\u093e\u0907\u0915 \u0928\u0947 1930 \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u0936\u0915 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u093e \u0915\u094c\u0928-\u0938\u093e \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u0915\u093e\u092b\u0940 \u0939\u0926 \u0924\u0915 \u0935\u093e\u092a\u0938 \u0932\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u092f\u093e?<\/span><\/span><\/summary>\r\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\r\n <li>(a) <span class=\"en\">Law of Readiness<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0924\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(b) <span class=\"en\">Law of Exercise<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u092d\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(c) <span class=\"en\">Law of Effect<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(d) <span class=\"en\">Law of Associative Shifting<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u093e\u0939\u091a\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\"><b>(b).<\/b> <span class=\"en\">Repetition alone was found not to strengthen a connection unless it was accompanied by a consequence, so the Law of Exercise was largely abandoned. The Law of Effect was not withdrawn but made asymmetrical \u2014 reward strengthens more than punishment weakens \u2014 which is why option (c) is the standard trap here.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092f\u0939 \u092a\u093e\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0915\u093f \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u093e\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0924\u092c \u0924\u0915 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0941\u0926\u0943\u0922\u093c \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u091c\u092c \u0924\u0915 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e \u0928 \u0939\u094b, \u0905\u0924\u0903 \u0905\u092d\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e \u0915\u093e\u092b\u0940 \u0939\u0926 \u0924\u0915 \u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0917 \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e\u0964 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e \u0935\u093e\u092a\u0938 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0932\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0905\u092a\u093f\u0924\u0941 \u0905\u0938\u092e\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u2014 \u092a\u0941\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u091c\u093f\u0924\u0928\u093e \u0938\u0941\u0926\u0943\u0922\u093c \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0926\u0902\u0921 \u0909\u0924\u0928\u093e \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0940\u0923 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u2014 \u0907\u0938\u0940\u0932\u093f\u090f \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a (c) \u092f\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0915 \u091c\u093e\u0932 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n\r\n <details class=\"mcq-q\"><summary><span class=\"mcq-num\">2<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">Which schedule of reinforcement produces the highest steady response rate and the greatest resistance to extinction?<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u094c\u0928-\u0938\u0940 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0932\u0928 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u0942\u091a\u0940 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u094b\u091a\u094d\u091a \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0930 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0926\u0930 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0932\u094b\u092a\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u094b\u0927 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948?<\/span><\/span><\/summary>\r\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\r\n <li>(a) <span class=\"en\">Continuous reinforcement<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u0924\u0924 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0932\u0928<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(b) <span class=\"en\">Fixed interval<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0930 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093e\u0932<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(c) <span class=\"en\">Variable ratio<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0940 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u093e\u0924<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(d) <span class=\"en\">Fixed ratio<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0930 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u093e\u0924<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\"><b>(c).<\/b> <span class=\"en\">Because the reinforcement arrives after an unpredictable number of responses, no response can safely be treated as the one that will fail, and the behaviour persists long after reinforcement stops. Continuous reinforcement establishes a behaviour fastest but extinguishes fastest too, which is the distinction the item is testing.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u091a\u0942\u0901\u0915\u093f \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0932\u0928 \u0905\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0936\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u0906\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092d\u0940 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u092b\u0932 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e, \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0932\u0928 \u0930\u0941\u0915\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0939\u0941\u0924 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u0924\u0915 \u092c\u0928\u093e \u0930\u0939\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0938\u0924\u0924 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0932\u0928 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u0924\u0947\u091c\u093c\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0941 \u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u0924\u0947\u091c\u093c\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0932\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u092d\u0940 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u092f\u0939\u0940 \u092d\u0947\u0926 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u092a\u0930\u0916 \u0930\u0939\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n\r\n <details class=\"mcq-q\"><summary><span class=\"mcq-num\">3<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">A learner pauses before a problem, then produces a complete solution which is repeated without error on the next occasion. This is characteristic of<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0938\u092e\u0938\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0920\u0939\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u092b\u093f\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0905\u0917\u0932\u0940 \u092c\u093e\u0930 \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0924\u094d\u0930\u0941\u091f\u093f \u0926\u094b\u0939\u0930\u093e\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/span><\/summary>\r\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\r\n <li>(a) <span class=\"en\">trial-and-error learning<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u093e\u0938-\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0941\u091f\u093f \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(b) <span class=\"en\">insight learning<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0943\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093f \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(c) <span class=\"en\">operant conditioning<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u0942\u0924 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0928<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(d) <span class=\"en\">classical conditioning<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0928<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\"><b>(b).<\/b> <span class=\"en\">The signature of insight is a pause during which the whole field is surveyed, a solution that arrives complete rather than by degrees, clean repetition without the residual error curve that trial and error leaves, and transfer to structurally similar problems. Thorndike's cats showed the opposite profile \u2014 errors falling away gradually across many trials.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0943\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093f \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0939\u091a\u093e\u0928 \u0939\u0948 \u090f\u0915 \u0920\u0939\u0930\u093e\u0935 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0935\u0932\u094b\u0915\u0928 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0910\u0938\u093e \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u091c\u094b \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0936\u0903 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0905\u092a\u093f\u0924\u0941 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0906\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0909\u0938 \u0905\u0935\u0936\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0924\u094d\u0930\u0941\u091f\u093f-\u0935\u0915\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0935\u091a\u094d\u091b \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u093e\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f \u091c\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u093e\u0938-\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0941\u091f\u093f \u091b\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0938\u092e\u0938\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930\u0923\u0964 \u0925\u0949\u0930\u094d\u0928\u0921\u093e\u0907\u0915 \u0915\u0940 \u092c\u093f\u0932\u094d\u0932\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u092a\u0930\u0940\u0924 \u091b\u0935\u093f \u0926\u093f\u0916\u093e\u0908 \u2014 \u0905\u0928\u0947\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u093e\u0938\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0924\u094d\u0930\u0941\u091f\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0936\u0903 \u0918\u091f\u0928\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n\r\n <details class=\"mcq-q\"><summary><span class=\"mcq-num\">4<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">A child agrees that two rows of counters are equal, then says one row has more after it is spread out. The child is in which stage, and what is missing?<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u094b\u0908 \u092c\u093e\u0932\u0915 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0917\u094b\u091f\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0926\u094b \u092a\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u092c\u0930\u093e\u092c\u0930 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u092b\u093f\u0930 \u090f\u0915 \u092a\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u092b\u0948\u0932\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u0939\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0909\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u092c\u093e\u0932\u0915 \u0915\u093f\u0938 \u0905\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0905\u092d\u093e\u0935 \u0939\u0948?<\/span><\/span><\/summary>\r\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\r\n <li>(a) <span class=\"en\">Sensorimotor; object permanence<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u0902\u0935\u0947\u0926\u0940-\u092a\u0947\u0936\u0940\u092f; \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941-\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092f\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0935<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(b) <span class=\"en\">Pre-operational; conservation<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935-\u0938\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915; \u0938\u0902\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(c) <span class=\"en\">Concrete operational; transitivity<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092e\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0924 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915; \u0938\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e\u0915\u0924\u093e<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(d) <span class=\"en\">Formal operational; combinatorial reasoning<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0914\u092a\u091a\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915; \u0938\u0902\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0924\u0930\u094d\u0915\u0923<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\"><b>(b).<\/b> <span class=\"en\">The child centres on the single salient dimension of length and cannot reverse the operation mentally, which is exactly the pre-operational profile. Conservation of number is the first conservation to appear and marks entry into the concrete operational stage; mass, weight and volume follow at intervals of years, a sequence worth remembering in order.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092c\u093e\u0932\u0915 \u0932\u0902\u092c\u093e\u0908 \u0915\u0947 \u090f\u0915\u092e\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0941\u0916 \u0906\u092f\u093e\u092e \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0938\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u094b \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0938\u093f\u0915 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0909\u0932\u091f \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e, \u0914\u0930 \u092f\u0939\u0940 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935-\u0938\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u091b\u0935\u093f \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0902\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0925\u092e \u0938\u0902\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0939\u0948 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092e\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0924 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0905\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0947\u0936 \u091a\u093f\u0939\u094d\u0928\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948; \u0926\u094d\u0930\u0935\u094d\u092f\u092e\u093e\u0928, \u092d\u093e\u0930 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0906\u092f\u0924\u0928 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093e\u0932 \u092a\u0930 \u0906\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0914\u0930 \u092f\u0939 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u0938\u094d\u092e\u0930\u0923 \u0930\u0916\u0928\u0947 \u092f\u094b\u0917\u094d\u092f \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n\r\n <details class=\"mcq-q\"><summary><span class=\"mcq-num\">5<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">The term scaffolding was introduced by<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u093e\u0921\u093c \u092a\u0926 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e<\/span><\/span><\/summary>\r\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\r\n <li>(a) <span class=\"en\">Vygotsky, alongside the zone of proximal development<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u093e\u0907\u0917\u094b\u0924\u094d\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0940 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e, \u0928\u093f\u0915\u091f\u0938\u094d\u0925 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(b) <span class=\"en\">Wood, Bruner and Ross, in 1976<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u0941\u0921, \u092c\u094d\u0930\u0942\u0928\u0930 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0930\u0949\u0938 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e, 1976 \u092e\u0947\u0902<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(c) <span class=\"en\">Piaget, in his account of equilibration<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u093f\u092f\u093e\u091c\u0947 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e, \u0938\u0902\u0924\u0941\u0932\u0928\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0935\u0930\u0923 \u092e\u0947\u0902<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(d) <span class=\"en\">Ausubel, as an extension of the advance organiser<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0906\u0938\u0941\u092c\u0947\u0932 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e, \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u0938\u0902\u0917\u0920\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\"><b>(b).<\/b> <span class=\"en\">The term appears in a 1976 paper on tutoring, four decades after Vygotsky's death, and describes what a tutor does rather than where a learner stands. It sits so naturally beside the zone of proximal development that option (a) is chosen more often than any other, but the two ideas have different authors and different objects.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092f\u0939 \u092a\u0926 1976 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923-\u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0940 \u0936\u094b\u0927\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0906\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u094b \u0935\u093e\u0907\u0917\u094b\u0924\u094d\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u092e\u0943\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0941 \u0915\u0947 \u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0926\u0936\u0915 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092f\u0939 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0923\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0928 \u0915\u093f \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0915\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0916\u0921\u093c\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u091f\u0938\u094d\u0925 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0907\u0924\u0928\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0935\u093e\u092d\u093e\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u092c\u0948\u0920\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a (a) \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u091a\u0941\u0928\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0915\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0941 \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u091a\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u0947\u0916\u0915 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f \u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n\r\n <details class=\"mcq-q\"><summary><span class=\"mcq-num\">6<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">Consider: 1. Reception learning is necessarily rote. 2. Discovery learning is necessarily meaningful. 3. An advance organiser is more general and more inclusive than the material it precedes. Which are correct?<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u093f\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0940\u091c\u093f\u090f: 1. \u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939\u0923 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e \u0905\u0928\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u0924\u0903 \u0930\u091f\u0902\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 2. \u0916\u094b\u091c \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e \u0905\u0928\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u0924\u0903 \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 3. \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u0938\u0902\u0917\u0920\u0915 \u0909\u0938 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0935\u0947\u0936\u0940 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0935\u0939 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0915\u094c\u0928-\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0939\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902?<\/span><\/span><\/summary>\r\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\r\n <li>(a) <span class=\"en\">1 and 2 only<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 1 \u0914\u0930 2<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(b) <span class=\"en\">3 only<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 3<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(c) <span class=\"en\">2 and 3 only<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 2 \u0914\u0930 3<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(d) <span class=\"en\">1, 2 and 3<\/span><span class=\"hi\">1, 2 \u0914\u0930 3<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\"><b>(b).<\/b> <span class=\"en\">Ausubel treats meaningful-versus-rote and reception-versus-discovery as two independent dimensions. A well-organised exposition anchored to prior knowledge is reception learning that is fully meaningful; an unguided activity ending in a memorised result is discovery learning that is fully rote. Only statement 3 states his position correctly.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0906\u0938\u0941\u092c\u0947\u0932 \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923-\u092c\u0928\u093e\u092e-\u0930\u091f\u0902\u0924 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939\u0923-\u092c\u0928\u093e\u092e-\u0916\u094b\u091c \u0915\u094b \u0926\u094b \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0906\u092f\u093e\u092e \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935-\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u0938\u0947 \u0932\u0902\u0917\u0930 \u0921\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0938\u0941\u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939\u0923 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923\u0924\u0903 \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0939\u0948; \u0915\u0902\u0920\u0938\u094d\u0925 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e \u092a\u0930 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0905\u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u093f\u0924 \u0917\u0924\u093f\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f \u0916\u094b\u091c \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923\u0924\u0903 \u0930\u091f\u0902\u0924 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0915\u0925\u0928 3 \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u0938\u0939\u0940 \u0922\u0902\u0917 \u0938\u0947 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n\r\n <details class=\"mcq-q\"><summary><span class=\"mcq-num\">7<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">In Gagn\u00e9's nine events, stimulating recall of prior learning occupies which position, and why there?<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0917\u0948\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0928\u094c \u0918\u091f\u0928\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e \u0915\u093e \u0938\u094d\u092e\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0930\u093e\u0928\u093e \u0915\u093f\u0938 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u0930 \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902?<\/span><\/span><\/summary>\r\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\r\n <li>(a) <span class=\"en\">First, because attention follows from familiarity<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0925\u092e, \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u0905\u0935\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u091a\u092f \u0938\u0947 \u0906\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(b) <span class=\"en\">Third, so that the new material has an anchor before it is presented<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0924\u0943\u0924\u0940\u092f, \u0924\u093e\u0915\u093f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924\u093f \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u0928\u0908 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u094b \u0932\u0902\u0917\u0930 \u092e\u093f\u0932 \u091c\u093e\u090f<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(c) <span class=\"en\">Sixth, as part of eliciting performance<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0937\u0937\u094d\u0920, \u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0902\u0917 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(d) <span class=\"en\">Ninth, as part of enhancing retention<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0928\u0935\u092e, \u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u092c\u0922\u093c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0902\u0917 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\"><b>(b).<\/b> <span class=\"en\">The order runs attention, objective, recall of prior learning, presentation, guidance, performance, feedback, assessment, retention and transfer. Recall is placed third because the prerequisite must be in working memory before the new content arrives, which is the same reasoning that underlies the Herbartian opening step and Ausubel's advance organiser.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u0907\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0939\u0948: \u0905\u0935\u0927\u093e\u0928, \u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f, \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e \u0915\u093e \u0938\u094d\u092e\u0930\u0923, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923, \u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u0928, \u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0928, \u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920\u092a\u094b\u0937\u0923, \u0906\u0915\u0932\u0928, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930\u0923\u0964 \u0938\u094d\u092e\u0930\u0923 \u0924\u0943\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u0930 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u0928\u0908 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u0906\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u092e\u0943\u0924\u093f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0940 \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f, \u0914\u0930 \u092f\u0939\u0940 \u0924\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0939\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0930\u094d\u091f\u0940\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0925\u092e \u091a\u0930\u0923 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0906\u0938\u0941\u092c\u0947\u0932 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u0938\u0902\u0917\u0920\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u0942\u0932 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n\r\n <details class=\"mcq-q\"><summary><span class=\"mcq-num\">8<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">A demonstration is watched attentively and its steps are remembered, but no learner can perform it. Which of Bandura's processes has failed?<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u094b\u0908 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u0928 \u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0928\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0915 \u0926\u0947\u0916\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u091a\u0930\u0923 \u0938\u094d\u092e\u0930\u0923 \u0930\u0939\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0915\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0930 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u092a\u093e\u0924\u093e\u0964 \u092c\u0902\u0921\u0942\u0930\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u094c\u0928-\u0938\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0935\u093f\u092b\u0932 \u0939\u0941\u0908?<\/span><\/span><\/summary>\r\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\r\n <li>(a) <span class=\"en\">Attention<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u0935\u0927\u093e\u0928<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(b) <span class=\"en\">Retention<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(c) <span class=\"en\">Reproduction<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u0941\u0924\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0928<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(d) <span class=\"en\">Motivation<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u092d\u093f\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0930\u0923\u093e<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\"><b>(c).<\/b> <span class=\"en\">Reproduction requires that the learner already possess the component skills and be given the chance to attempt and correct. The stem rules out attention and retention explicitly, and a motivational failure would show as unwillingness to try rather than inability to execute \u2014 which is the discrimination the item is built on.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u0941\u0924\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0928 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u0938 \u0938\u0902\u0918\u091f\u0915 \u0915\u094c\u0936\u0932 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u0939\u094b\u0902 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u093e\u0938 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u0936\u094b\u0927\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0935\u0938\u0930 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0947\u0964 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928-\u092e\u0941\u0916 \u0905\u0935\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u094d\u092a\u0937\u094d\u091f\u0924\u0903 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0905\u092d\u093f\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u092b\u0932\u0924\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u0928\u093f\u091a\u094d\u091b\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0926\u093f\u0916\u0924\u0940, \u0928 \u0915\u093f \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u0938\u092e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u2014 \u0914\u0930 \u092f\u0939\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u0947\u0926 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n\r\n <details class=\"mcq-q\"><summary><span class=\"mcq-num\">9<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">On Weiner's analysis, a learner who attributes failure to low ability is likely to give up because ability is<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u093e\u0907\u0928\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u093e\u0930, \u091c\u094b \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u092b\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0906\u0930\u094b\u092a\u0923 \u0905\u0932\u094d\u092a \u092f\u094b\u0917\u094d\u092f\u0924\u093e \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0935\u0939 \u0939\u093e\u0930 \u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0932\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u092f\u094b\u0917\u094d\u092f\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/span><\/summary>\r\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\r\n <li>(a) <span class=\"en\">external, unstable and controllable<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092c\u093e\u0939\u094d\u092f, \u0905\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092f\u0940 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0923\u0940\u092f<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(b) <span class=\"en\">internal, stable and uncontrollable<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0906\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0915, \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092f\u0940 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0905\u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0923\u0940\u092f<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(c) <span class=\"en\">internal, unstable and controllable<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0906\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0915, \u0905\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092f\u0940 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0923\u0940\u092f<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(d) <span class=\"en\">external, stable and uncontrollable<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092c\u093e\u0939\u094d\u092f, \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092f\u0940 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0905\u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0923\u0940\u092f<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\"><b>(b).<\/b> <span class=\"en\">A cause that is stable predicts the same outcome next time, and one that is uncontrollable offers nothing the learner could alter, so the pair together produce resignation. Option (c) describes effort, which is why failure attributed to effort produces a renewed attempt \u2014 and why praise is directed at effort and strategy rather than at cleverness.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u091c\u094b \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092f\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0935\u0939 \u0905\u0917\u0932\u0940 \u092c\u093e\u0930 \u092d\u0940 \u0935\u0939\u0940 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e \u092c\u0924\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u091c\u094b \u0905\u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0923\u0940\u092f \u0939\u0948 \u0935\u0939 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0915\u094b \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0928\u0947 \u092f\u094b\u0917\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0941\u091b \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e, \u0905\u0924\u0903 \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0915\u0930 \u0939\u093e\u0930 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a (c) \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0923\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0907\u0938\u0940\u0932\u093f\u090f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u093e\u0938 \u092a\u0930 \u0906\u0930\u094b\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0935\u093f\u092b\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0928\u092f\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u093e\u0938 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u0914\u0930 \u0907\u0938\u0940\u0932\u093f\u090f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u0902\u0938\u093e \u092c\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093f\u092e\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u093e\u0938 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n\r\n <details class=\"mcq-q\"><summary><span class=\"mcq-num\">10<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">The doctrine of formal discipline, under which Latin was taught to strengthen the mind in general, was undermined chiefly by<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0914\u092a\u091a\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0936\u093e\u0938\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u0939 \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0924 \u092e\u0928 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0941\u0926\u0943\u0922\u093c \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0932\u0948\u091f\u093f\u0928 \u092a\u0922\u093c\u093e\u0908 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0925\u0940, \u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f\u0924\u0903 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0916\u0902\u0921\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0941\u0906<\/span><\/span><\/summary>\r\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\r\n <li>(a) <span class=\"en\">K\u00f6hler's studies of insight in apes<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u093e\u0928\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0943\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093f \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u094b\u0939\u0932\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092f\u0928<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(b) <span class=\"en\">Thorndike and Woodworth's theory of identical elements<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0925\u0949\u0930\u094d\u0928\u0921\u093e\u0907\u0915 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0935\u0941\u0921\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u092e\u0930\u0942\u092a \u0924\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(c) <span class=\"en\">Skinner's work on programmed instruction<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0926\u0947\u0936\u093f\u0924 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0926\u0947\u0936\u0928 \u092a\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u0915\u093f\u0928\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(d) <span class=\"en\">Piaget's account of formal operations<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0914\u092a\u091a\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u093f\u092f\u093e\u091c\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0935\u0930\u0923<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\"><b>(b).<\/b> <span class=\"en\">Their 1901 experiments found that training one capacity did not improve others, and that gains carried across only where the two tasks shared identical elements. That result removed the empirical ground from the mental-faculty argument for a classical curriculum. Judd's later work qualified rather than restored it, by showing that an understood general principle can transfer where shared elements are absent.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0909\u0928\u0915\u0947 1901 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u093e\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0915\u093f \u090f\u0915 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0941\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u0941\u0906, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0932\u093e\u092d \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0935\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0917\u092f\u093e \u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u092e\u0930\u0942\u092a \u0924\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u0938\u093e\u091d\u093e \u0925\u0947\u0964 \u0909\u0938 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e \u0928\u0947 \u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u091a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0938\u093f\u0915-\u0936\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0924\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0938\u0947 \u0906\u0928\u0941\u092d\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u0939\u091f\u093e \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0964 \u091c\u0921 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0940 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0928\u0947 \u0907\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u094d\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0938\u0940\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u2014 \u092f\u0939 \u0926\u093f\u0916\u093e\u0915\u0930 \u0915\u093f \u0938\u092e\u091d\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924 \u0935\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u092d\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0938\u093e\u091d\u093e \u0924\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <\/section>\r\n<!--\/CH3-->\r\n<!--CH4--><section class=\"chapter-content\" data-chap=\"4\" id=\"c4\">\r\n <div class=\"chapter-heading-block\">\r\n <span class=\"chapter-badge\"><span class=\"en\">CHAPTER 4<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f 4<\/span><\/span>\r\n <h2><span class=\"en\">Sociological and Cultural Foundations<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u092e\u093e\u091c\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u093e\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930<\/span><\/h2>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"keyfact-grid\">\r\n <div class=\"keyfact-card navy-hi\">\r\n <span class=\"big-icon\">🏛<\/span>\r\n <div class=\"kf-label\"><span class=\"en\">Education as socialisation<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u092e\u093e\u091c\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e<\/span><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"kf-value\">Durkheim \u00b7 1922<\/div>\r\n <div class=\"kf-sub\"><span class=\"en\">The methodical forming of the young for social life<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u091c\u093f\u0915 \u091c\u0940\u0935\u0928 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u092f\u0941\u0935\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div class=\"keyfact-card amber-hi\">\r\n <span class=\"big-icon\">👁<\/span>\r\n <div class=\"kf-label\"><span class=\"en\">Hidden curriculum<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0917\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u091a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e<\/span><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"kf-value\">Jackson \u00b7 1968<\/div>\r\n <div class=\"kf-sub\"><span class=\"en\">Crowds, praise and power \u2014 the lessons nobody plans<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092d\u0940\u0921\u093c, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u0902\u0938\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093e \u2014 \u0935\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u0920 \u091c\u093f\u0928\u0915\u0940 \u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928\u093e \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u093e<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div class=\"keyfact-card\">\r\n <span class=\"big-icon\">🎓<\/span>\r\n <div class=\"kf-label\"><span class=\"en\">Cultural capital<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u093e\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u0942\u0901\u091c\u0940<\/span><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"kf-value\">Bourdieu<\/div>\r\n <div class=\"kf-sub\"><span class=\"en\">Advantage inherited as manner, taste and language<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u0948\u0932\u0940, \u0930\u0941\u091a\u093f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0930\u093e\u0938\u0924 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u093e \u0932\u093e\u092d<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div class=\"keyfact-card teal-hi\">\r\n <span class=\"big-icon\">💬<\/span>\r\n <div class=\"kf-label\"><span class=\"en\">BICS and CALP<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092c\u0940\u0906\u0908\u0938\u0940\u090f\u0938 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0940\u090f\u090f\u0932\u092a\u0940<\/span><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"kf-value\">Cummins \u00b7 1979<\/div>\r\n <div class=\"kf-sub\"><span class=\"en\">Fluent speech is not readiness to study in that language<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0939\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0935\u093e\u0923\u0940 \u0909\u0938 \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092f\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u0924\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <p><span class=\"en\">A classroom is never only a psychological setting. Two learners of identical ability arrive at the same lesson carrying different languages, different expectations of authority, different amounts of quiet at home and different degrees of confidence that the school is a place where people like them succeed. Sociology of education is the study of what those differences do to the transaction, and of what the school does to those differences in return.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u092d\u0940 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u092e\u0928\u094b\u0935\u0948\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0936 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940\u0964 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092f\u094b\u0917\u094d\u092f\u0924\u093e \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0926\u094b \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u090f\u0915 \u0939\u0940 \u092a\u093e\u0920 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e\u090f\u0901, \u0938\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0905\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u090f\u0901, \u0918\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u092e\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0936\u093e\u0902\u0924\u093f \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0907\u0938 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u0940 \u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u092e\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u0932\u0947\u0915\u0930 \u0906\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0915\u093f \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0935\u0939 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0909\u0928 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0932\u094b\u0917 \u0938\u092b\u0932 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0938\u092e\u093e\u091c\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0907\u0938\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092f\u0928 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0935\u0947 \u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928\u0924\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0909\u0928 \u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928\u0924\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"feat-grid\">\r\n <div class=\"feat-card\"><span class=\"fc-num\">1<\/span><strong><span class=\"en\">What is the school for?<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0932\u093f\u090f \u0939\u0948?<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"en\">Functionalists answer socialisation and selection; conflict theorists answer the reproduction of an existing order. The two readings account for most examination stems in this area.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u0935\u093e\u0926\u0940 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u091c\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u091a\u092f\u0928; \u0938\u0902\u0918\u0930\u094d\u0937\u0935\u093e\u0926\u0940 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u0915\u093e \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u0941\u0924\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0928\u0964 \u092f\u0947 \u0926\u094b \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u0907\u0938 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0902\u0936 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928-\u092e\u0941\u0916\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0939\u093f\u0938\u093e\u092c \u0930\u0916\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"feat-card\"><span class=\"fc-num\">2<\/span><strong><span class=\"en\">What is learned that was never taught?<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u0939 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0938\u0940\u0916\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u092a\u0922\u093c\u093e\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0917\u092f\u093e?<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"en\">The hidden curriculum of queueing, praise, delay and permission, and the null curriculum of what is never offered at all.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u092c\u0926\u094d\u0927\u0924\u093e, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u0902\u0938\u093e, \u0935\u093f\u0932\u0902\u092c \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092e\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0940 \u0917\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u091a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u0936\u0942\u0928\u094d\u092f \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u091a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e \u091c\u094b \u0915\u092d\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924 \u0939\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"feat-card\"><span class=\"fc-num\">3<\/span><strong><span class=\"en\">Whose language is the classroom conducted in?<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0932\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948?<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"en\">Codes, registers and the distance between the home language and the language of the textbook.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u0942\u091f, \u0936\u0948\u0932\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0917\u0943\u0939-\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u092a\u0941\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0915 \u0915\u0940 \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u0915\u0940 \u0926\u0942\u0930\u0940\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"feat-card\"><span class=\"fc-num\">4<\/span><strong><span class=\"en\">Does schooling equalise or sort?<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f\u0940 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u091b\u093e\u0901\u091f\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948?<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"en\">Cultural capital, correspondence, resistance, and the evidence on what a school can and cannot offset.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u093e\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u0942\u0901\u091c\u0940, \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0930\u0942\u092a\u0924\u093e, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u094b\u0927, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0907\u0938 \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u0915\u093f \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0938\u0902\u0924\u0941\u0932\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"p4-0\">\r\n <span class=\"section-badge\">4.0<\/span>\r\n <h3><span class=\"en\">Introduction<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u0930\u093f\u091a\u092f<\/span><\/h3>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <p><span class=\"en\">Three perspectives divide the field, and each is a different answer to the same question about the purpose of schooling. Examination items in this area are almost always answerable once the perspective behind a statement is identified, because each perspective has a characteristic vocabulary and a characteristic verdict.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0924\u0940\u0928 \u0926\u0943\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093f\u0915\u094b\u0923 \u0907\u0938 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u094b \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093e\u091c\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f\u0940 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0940 \u090f\u0915 \u0939\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0907\u0938 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u0925\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0940\u091b\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u0926\u0943\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093f\u0915\u094b\u0923 \u092a\u0939\u091a\u093e\u0928 \u0932\u0947\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u0932\u0917\u092d\u0917 \u0938\u0926\u0948\u0935 \u0939\u0932 \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0926\u0943\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093f\u0915\u094b\u0923 \u0915\u0940 \u090f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0936\u092c\u094d\u0926\u093e\u0935\u0932\u0940 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u090f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0923\u092f \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"domain-grid\">\r\n <div class=\"domain-card cog\">\r\n <div class=\"dm-icon\">⚙<\/div>\r\n <h5><span class=\"en\">Functionalist<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u0935\u093e\u0926\u0940<\/span><\/h5>\r\n <p><span class=\"en\">The school performs necessary work for society: it transmits shared values and it allocates people to positions by merit. Consensus is assumed; inequality of outcome is read as differential achievement.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0938\u092e\u093e\u091c \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948: \u0935\u0939 \u0938\u093e\u091d\u093e \u092e\u0942\u0932\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0902\u091a\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092f\u094b\u0917\u094d\u092f\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u0932\u094b\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u0926\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091c\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0938\u0939\u092e\u0924\u093f \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948; \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092b\u0932 \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928\u0924\u093e \u0935\u093f\u092d\u0947\u0926\u0940 \u0909\u092a\u0932\u092c\u094d\u0927\u093f \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/p>\r\n <div class=\"dm-levels\">Durkheim \u00b7 Parsons<\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div class=\"domain-card aff\">\r\n <div class=\"dm-icon\">⚖<\/div>\r\n <h5><span class=\"en\">Conflict<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u0902\u0918\u0930\u094d\u0937\u0935\u093e\u0926\u0940<\/span><\/h5>\r\n <p><span class=\"en\">The school reproduces an existing distribution of advantage while presenting the result as merit. Inequality of outcome is read as the system working as designed rather than failing.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0932\u093e\u092d \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0935\u093f\u0924\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u0941\u0924\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e \u0915\u094b \u092f\u094b\u0917\u094d\u092f\u0924\u093e \u092c\u0924\u093e\u0915\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092b\u0932 \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928\u0924\u093e \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u092b\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0905\u092a\u093f\u0924\u0941 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0928\u0941\u0938\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/p>\r\n <div class=\"dm-levels\">Bowles and Gintis \u00b7 Bourdieu<\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div class=\"domain-card psy\">\r\n <div class=\"dm-icon\">💬<\/div>\r\n <h5><span class=\"en\">Interactionist<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u0902\u0924\u0903\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0935\u093e\u0926\u0940<\/span><\/h5>\r\n <p><span class=\"en\">The unit of study is the encounter itself \u2014 labels applied, expectations formed, meanings negotiated turn by turn. Large structures are visible here only as they appear in a exchange between two people.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092f\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u0907\u0915\u093e\u0908 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u0935\u0939 \u092d\u0947\u0902\u091f \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u0932\u0917\u093e\u090f \u0917\u090f \u0932\u0947\u092c\u0932, \u092c\u0928\u0940 \u0905\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u090f\u0901, \u092c\u093e\u0930\u0940-\u092c\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u0924\u092f \u0915\u093f\u090f \u0917\u090f \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0964 \u092c\u0921\u093c\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u092f\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0909\u0938\u0940 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0926\u093f\u0916\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u091c\u093f\u0938 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u0947 \u0926\u094b \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0906\u0926\u093e\u0928-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u091f \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/p>\r\n <div class=\"dm-levels\">Becker \u00b7 Rosenthal<\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"p4-1\">\r\n <span class=\"section-badge\">4.1<\/span>\r\n <h3><span class=\"en\">The School as a Social Institution<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u091c\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f<\/span><\/h3>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <p><span class=\"en\">\u00c9mile Durkheim treated education as the influence exercised by adult generations on those not yet ready for social life, and its object as the arousal in the child of the physical, intellectual and moral states demanded by the society and by the milieu for which the child is destined. On this account the school is not an extension of the family. It is the first institution in which the child is treated impersonally, judged by a rule that applies to everyone, and required to belong to a group larger than a household \u2014 which is precisely why Durkheim thought it indispensable to a modern society held together by interdependence rather than likeness.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u090f\u092e\u093f\u0932 \u0926\u0941\u0930\u094d\u0916\u0940\u092e \u0928\u0947 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0909\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0926\u0947\u0916\u093e \u091c\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0922\u093c \u092a\u0940\u0922\u093c\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u0909\u0928 \u092a\u0930 \u0921\u093e\u0932\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u091c\u094b \u0905\u092d\u0940 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u091c\u093f\u0915 \u091c\u0940\u0935\u0928 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0924\u0948\u092f\u093e\u0930 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0909\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f \u092c\u093e\u0932\u0915 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u0928 \u0936\u093e\u0930\u0940\u0930\u093f\u0915, \u092c\u094c\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0928\u0948\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u091c\u0917\u093e\u0928\u093e \u092e\u093e\u0928\u093e \u091c\u093f\u0928\u0915\u0940 \u092e\u093e\u0901\u0917 \u0935\u0939 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u091c \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0935\u0939 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0936 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u092c\u093e\u0932\u0915 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0924 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0907\u0938 \u0935\u093f\u0935\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u093e\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0930 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u093e\u0932\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0905\u0935\u0948\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0909\u0938 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u0906\u0901\u0915\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0938\u092c \u092a\u0930 \u0932\u093e\u0917\u0942 \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0909\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0917\u0943\u0939\u0938\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u0942\u0939 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0926\u0938\u094d\u092f \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u0914\u0930 \u0920\u0940\u0915 \u0907\u0938\u0940\u0932\u093f\u090f \u0926\u0941\u0930\u094d\u0916\u0940\u092e \u0928\u0947 \u0907\u0938\u0947 \u0910\u0938\u0947 \u0906\u0927\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u091c \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0905\u092a\u0930\u093f\u0939\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u092e\u093e\u0928\u093e \u091c\u094b \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928\u0924\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u092a\u0930\u0938\u094d\u092a\u0930-\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092d\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0901\u0927\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"table-scroll\">\r\n <table class=\"data-table\">\r\n <thead><tr>\r\n <th style=\"width:24%\"><span class=\"en\">Function claimed<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0926\u093e\u0935\u093e \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f<\/span><\/th>\r\n <th style=\"width:38%\"><span class=\"en\">What it means<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0907\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925<\/span><\/th>\r\n <th style=\"width:38%\"><span class=\"en\">The conflict reading of the same function<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0909\u0938\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0918\u0930\u094d\u0937\u0935\u093e\u0926\u0940 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e<\/span><\/th>\r\n <\/tr><\/thead>\r\n <tbody>\r\n <tr><td><strong><span class=\"en\">Socialisation<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u092e\u093e\u091c\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Transmission of shared values, language and civic norms, so that a diverse population can act as one society.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u093e\u091d\u093e \u092e\u0942\u0932\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902, \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0928\u093e\u0917\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0926\u0902\u0921\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0902\u091a\u0930\u0923, \u0924\u093e\u0915\u093f \u0935\u093f\u0935\u093f\u0927 \u091c\u0928\u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u091c \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0947\u0964<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Transmission of one group's values as though they were everyone's, so that the arrangement appears natural.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u090f\u0915 \u0938\u092e\u0942\u0939 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u0942\u0932\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0910\u0938\u093e \u0938\u0902\u091a\u0930\u0923 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u094b \u0935\u0947 \u0938\u092c\u0915\u0947 \u0939\u094b\u0902, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0935\u093e\u092d\u093e\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u0940\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td><strong><span class=\"en\">Selection and allocation<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u091a\u092f\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Sorting by demonstrated achievement rather than by birth, which Parsons treated as the school's distinctive contribution.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u091c\u0928\u094d\u092e \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u091c\u093e\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u093f\u0924 \u0909\u092a\u0932\u092c\u094d\u0927\u093f \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u091b\u0901\u091f\u093e\u0908, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0938\u0928\u094d\u0938 \u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0936\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f \u092f\u094b\u0917\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Sorting that reproduces the existing order while supplying it with the legitimacy of a test.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0910\u0938\u0940 \u091b\u0901\u091f\u093e\u0908 \u091c\u094b \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u0915\u093e \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u0941\u0924\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0939\u0940 \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u0935\u0948\u0927\u0924\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td><strong><span class=\"en\">Universalistic standards<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0935\u092d\u094c\u092e\u093f\u0915 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0915<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">The child is judged by a rule applying to all, in contrast to the particular treatment received at home.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092c\u093e\u0932\u0915 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u092c \u092a\u0930 \u0932\u093e\u0917\u0942 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u0906\u0901\u0915\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u094b \u0918\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u092a\u0930\u0940\u0924 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">A single standard applied to unequal starting points converts a difference in preparation into a difference in worth.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928-\u092c\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0941\u0913\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u0932\u093e\u0917\u0942 \u090f\u0915\u0932 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0915 \u0924\u0948\u092f\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928\u0924\u093e \u0915\u094b \u092f\u094b\u0917\u094d\u092f\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928\u0924\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0926\u0932 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td><strong><span class=\"en\">Social integration<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u091c\u093f\u0915 \u090f\u0915\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Attachment to a group beyond the family, and the discipline of belonging to it.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u0947 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0938\u092e\u0942\u0939 \u0938\u0947 \u0932\u0917\u093e\u0935, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0909\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0938\u0926\u0938\u094d\u092f \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0936\u093e\u0938\u0928\u0964<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Attachment on terms set elsewhere, and departure for those who will not accept them.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0910\u0938\u0940 \u0936\u0930\u094d\u0924\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u0932\u0917\u093e\u0935 \u091c\u094b \u0915\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0924\u092f \u0939\u0941\u0908 \u0939\u094b\u0902, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u091c\u094b \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0940\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u0928\u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0915\u093e\u0938\u0928\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <\/tbody>\r\n <\/table>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <svg class=\"full-diagram\" viewBox=\"0 0 560 302\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"The correspondence principle: the social relations of schooling mirror those of production\">\r\n<g font-family=\"DM Sans, Noto Sans Devanagari, sans-serif\" font-size=\"10.5\">\r\n <text x=\"118\" y=\"26\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"11\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#8e2f5a\">RELATIONS OF PRODUCTION<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"442\" y=\"26\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"11\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\">RELATIONS OF SCHOOLING<\/text>\r\n <line x1=\"10\" y1=\"38\" x2=\"226\" y2=\"38\" stroke=\"#8e2f5a\" stroke-width=\"1.6\"\/>\r\n <line x1=\"334\" y1=\"38\" x2=\"550\" y2=\"38\" stroke=\"#1f5fa9\" stroke-width=\"1.6\"\/>\r\n\r\n <rect x=\"10\" y=\"58\" width=\"216\" height=\"44\" rx=\"7\" fill=\"#fdf0f5\" stroke=\"#8e2f5a\" stroke-width=\"1.6\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"118\" y=\"77\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#8e2f5a\">Hierarchical authority<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"118\" y=\"92\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">top-down chain of command<\/text>\r\n <line x1=\"230\" y1=\"80\" x2=\"322\" y2=\"80\" stroke=\"#b8c8d8\" stroke-width=\"1.8\" stroke-dasharray=\"5 4\"\/>\r\n <polygon points=\"330,80 318,74 318,86\" fill=\"#b8c8d8\"\/>\r\n <rect x=\"334\" y=\"58\" width=\"216\" height=\"44\" rx=\"7\" fill=\"#eef4fc\" stroke=\"#1f5fa9\" stroke-width=\"1.6\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"442\" y=\"77\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\">Teacher over pupil<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"442\" y=\"92\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">the same chain, in miniature<\/text>\r\n <rect x=\"10\" y=\"114\" width=\"216\" height=\"44\" rx=\"7\" fill=\"#fdf0f5\" stroke=\"#8e2f5a\" stroke-width=\"1.6\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"118\" y=\"133\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#8e2f5a\">Fragmented tasks<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"118\" y=\"148\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">work split into isolated parts<\/text>\r\n <line x1=\"230\" y1=\"136\" x2=\"322\" y2=\"136\" stroke=\"#b8c8d8\" stroke-width=\"1.8\" stroke-dasharray=\"5 4\"\/>\r\n <polygon points=\"330,136 318,130 318,142\" fill=\"#b8c8d8\"\/>\r\n <rect x=\"334\" y=\"114\" width=\"216\" height=\"44\" rx=\"7\" fill=\"#eef4fc\" stroke=\"#1f5fa9\" stroke-width=\"1.6\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"442\" y=\"133\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\">Subjects in periods<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"442\" y=\"148\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">knowledge split into isolated parts<\/text>\r\n <rect x=\"10\" y=\"170\" width=\"216\" height=\"44\" rx=\"7\" fill=\"#fdf0f5\" stroke=\"#8e2f5a\" stroke-width=\"1.6\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"118\" y=\"189\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#8e2f5a\">Extrinsic reward<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"118\" y=\"204\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">the wage, not the work<\/text>\r\n <line x1=\"230\" y1=\"192\" x2=\"322\" y2=\"192\" stroke=\"#b8c8d8\" stroke-width=\"1.8\" stroke-dasharray=\"5 4\"\/>\r\n <polygon points=\"330,192 318,186 318,198\" fill=\"#b8c8d8\"\/>\r\n <rect x=\"334\" y=\"170\" width=\"216\" height=\"44\" rx=\"7\" fill=\"#eef4fc\" stroke=\"#1f5fa9\" stroke-width=\"1.6\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"442\" y=\"189\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\">Marks and grades<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"442\" y=\"204\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">the mark, not the learning<\/text>\r\n <rect x=\"10\" y=\"226\" width=\"216\" height=\"44\" rx=\"7\" fill=\"#fdf0f5\" stroke=\"#8e2f5a\" stroke-width=\"1.6\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"118\" y=\"245\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#8e2f5a\">Little control<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"118\" y=\"260\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">over pace, method or purpose<\/text>\r\n <line x1=\"230\" y1=\"248\" x2=\"322\" y2=\"248\" stroke=\"#b8c8d8\" stroke-width=\"1.8\" stroke-dasharray=\"5 4\"\/>\r\n <polygon points=\"330,248 318,242 318,254\" fill=\"#b8c8d8\"\/>\r\n <rect x=\"334\" y=\"226\" width=\"216\" height=\"44\" rx=\"7\" fill=\"#eef4fc\" stroke=\"#1f5fa9\" stroke-width=\"1.6\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"442\" y=\"245\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\">Little control<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"442\" y=\"260\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">over pace, method or purpose<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"294\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9.5\" fill=\"#5a6d80\">Bowles and Gintis, 1976 \u2014 the claim is of structural mirroring, not of deliberate design<\/text>\r\n<\/g><\/svg>\r\n <div class=\"diagram-cap\"><span class=\"en\">Each pair is a claim about structure, not about intention<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u092f\u0941\u0917\u094d\u092e \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0940 \u0926\u093e\u0935\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0906\u0936\u092f \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902<\/span><\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"callout red\">\r\n <div class=\"callout-label\"><span class=\"en\">What the correspondence principle does and does not claim<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u0928\u0941\u0930\u0942\u092a\u0924\u093e \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0926\u093e\u0935\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902<\/span><\/div>\r\n <span class=\"en\">Samuel Bowles and Herbert Gintis argued in 1976 that the social relations of schooling correspond to the social relations of production \u2014 the same hierarchy, the same fragmentation of tasks, the same reliance on external reward and the same absence of control over the work. The claim is structural rather than conspiratorial: no committee designed the correspondence, and no teacher intends it. Paul Willis added the necessary qualification the following year by showing that learners are not passive in the process \u2014 the boys in his study formed a counter-school culture and, in rejecting the school on their own terms, walked into the very jobs the school would have sorted them into.<\/span>\r\n <span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u0948\u092e\u0941\u0905\u0932 \u092c\u093e\u0909\u0932\u094d\u0938 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0939\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0930\u094d\u091f \u091c\u093f\u0902\u091f\u093f\u0938 \u0928\u0947 1976 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0924\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u093f \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f\u0940 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u091c\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u091c\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0930\u0942\u092a \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u2014 \u0935\u0939\u0940 \u0938\u094b\u092a\u093e\u0928-\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e, \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u0939\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0916\u0902\u0921\u0928, \u092c\u093e\u0939\u094d\u092f \u092a\u0941\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u0935\u0939\u0940 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092d\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u092a\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u0939\u0940 \u0905\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0964 \u0926\u093e\u0935\u093e \u0937\u0921\u094d\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0942\u0932\u0915 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0939\u0948: \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0938\u092e\u093f\u0924\u093f \u0928\u0947 \u0907\u0938 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0930\u0942\u092a\u0924\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e, \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0906\u0936\u092f \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0930\u0916\u0924\u093e\u0964 \u092a\u0949\u0932 \u0935\u093f\u0932\u093f\u0938 \u0928\u0947 \u0905\u0917\u0932\u0947 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937 \u092f\u0939 \u0926\u093f\u0916\u093e\u0915\u0930 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0938\u0940\u092e\u0928 \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c\u093e \u0915\u093f \u0907\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u2014 \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092f\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u0921\u093c\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0928\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f-\u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0908 \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0915\u094b \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0940 \u0936\u0930\u094d\u0924\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u0905\u0938\u094d\u0935\u0940\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0941\u090f \u0920\u0940\u0915 \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091c\u093e \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a\u0947 \u091c\u093f\u0928\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0928\u0947 \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u091b\u093e\u0901\u091f\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e\u0964<\/span>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"p4-2\">\r\n <span class=\"section-badge\">4.2<\/span>\r\n <h3><span class=\"en\">Socialisation and the Hidden Curriculum<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u092e\u093e\u091c\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0917\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u091a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e<\/span><\/h3>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <p><span class=\"en\">Philip Jackson, observing primary classrooms for <em>Life in Classrooms<\/em> in 1968, reported that the most constant features of school life were not the subjects at all. They were crowds, praise and power: learning to work in the presence of others without engaging them, learning to live under continuous evaluation by an audience, and learning to accommodate an unequal distribution of authority. To these he added the daily discipline of delay, denial, interruption and social distraction \u2014 a child in a classroom spends a great part of the day waiting.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092b\u093f\u0932\u093f\u092a \u091c\u0948\u0915\u094d\u0938\u0928 \u0928\u0947 1968 \u0915\u0940 <em>\u0932\u093e\u0907\u092b \u0907\u0928 \u0915\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0938\u0930\u0942\u092e\u094d\u0938<\/em> \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0925\u092e\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0941\u090f \u0938\u0942\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u093f \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f\u0940 \u091c\u0940\u0935\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0930 \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f \u0925\u0947 \u0939\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964 \u0935\u0947 \u0925\u0947 \u092d\u0940\u0921\u093c, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u0902\u0938\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093e: \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0909\u092a\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u0928\u0938\u0947 \u091c\u0941\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u0938\u0940\u0916\u0928\u093e, \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u0915-\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0917 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u0902\u0924\u0930 \u092e\u0942\u0932\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0915\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u0940\u0928 \u091c\u0940\u0928\u093e \u0938\u0940\u0916\u0928\u093e, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0938\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0935\u093f\u0924\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u0938\u0940\u0916\u0928\u093e\u0964 \u0907\u0928\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0939\u094b\u0902\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0932\u0902\u092c, \u0928\u093f\u0937\u0947\u0927, \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u091c\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u092a \u0915\u093e \u0926\u0948\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0936\u093e\u0938\u0928 \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c\u093e \u2014 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u093e\u0932\u0915 \u0926\u093f\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u092c\u0921\u093c\u093e \u092d\u093e\u0917 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u093f\u0924\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n <svg class=\"full-diagram\" viewBox=\"0 0 560 188\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"The explicit, hidden and null curriculum\">\r\n<g font-family=\"DM Sans, Noto Sans Devanagari, sans-serif\" font-size=\"10.5\">\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"18\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"11\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#5a6d80\">WHAT A SCHOOL ACTUALLY TEACHES<\/text>\r\n\r\n <rect x=\"8\" y=\"30\" width=\"176\" height=\"132\" rx=\"10\" fill=\"#eef4fc\" stroke=\"#1f5fa9\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <rect x=\"8\" y=\"30\" width=\"176\" height=\"26\" rx=\"10\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\"\/>\r\n <rect x=\"8\" y=\"48\" width=\"176\" height=\"8\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"96\" y=\"48\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"11\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#ffffff\">EXPLICIT<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"96\" y=\"76\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">the stated syllabus<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"96\" y=\"92\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">written, timetabled<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"96\" y=\"108\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">and examined<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"96\" y=\"134\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" font-style=\"italic\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\">declared and<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"96\" y=\"150\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" font-style=\"italic\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\">learned all the same<\/text>\r\n\r\n <rect x=\"192\" y=\"30\" width=\"176\" height=\"132\" rx=\"10\" fill=\"#fffaef\" stroke=\"#c9760f\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <rect x=\"192\" y=\"30\" width=\"176\" height=\"26\" rx=\"10\" fill=\"#c9760f\"\/>\r\n <rect x=\"192\" y=\"48\" width=\"176\" height=\"8\" fill=\"#c9760f\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"48\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"11\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#ffffff\">HIDDEN<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"76\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">queueing, waiting<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"92\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">praise, power, delay<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"108\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">whose voice counts<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"134\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" font-style=\"italic\" fill=\"#c9760f\">never declared,<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"150\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" font-style=\"italic\" fill=\"#c9760f\">learned all the same<\/text>\r\n\r\n <rect x=\"376\" y=\"30\" width=\"176\" height=\"132\" rx=\"10\" fill=\"#fdf0f5\" stroke=\"#8e2f5a\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <rect x=\"376\" y=\"30\" width=\"176\" height=\"26\" rx=\"10\" fill=\"#8e2f5a\"\/>\r\n <rect x=\"376\" y=\"48\" width=\"176\" height=\"8\" fill=\"#8e2f5a\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"464\" y=\"48\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"11\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#ffffff\">NULL<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"464\" y=\"76\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">what is never offered<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"464\" y=\"92\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">the omitted subject,<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"464\" y=\"108\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">the absent question<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"464\" y=\"134\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" font-style=\"italic\" fill=\"#8e2f5a\">absent, and<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"464\" y=\"150\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" font-style=\"italic\" fill=\"#8e2f5a\">learned all the same<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"182\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9.5\" fill=\"#5a6d80\">the second and third are learned without a lesson plan and are rarely assessed<\/text>\r\n<\/g><\/svg>\r\n <div class=\"diagram-cap\"><span class=\"en\">Only the first is planned; all three are learned<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0925\u092e \u0928\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091c\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948; \u0924\u0940\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0940\u0916\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902<\/span><\/div>\r\n\r\n <ul class=\"num-stack\">\r\n <li><strong><span class=\"en\">The hidden curriculum is not a secret.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0917\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u091a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0930\u0939\u0938\u094d\u092f \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/strong> <span class=\"en\">It is hidden only in the sense that it is unplanned and unassessed. Who is asked to fetch the register, whose answer is waited for and whose is completed by the teacher, which language is corrected and which is merely understood \u2014 each of these teaches something durable, and none appears in a scheme of work.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092f\u0939 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0907\u0938 \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0917\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u092f\u0939 \u0905\u0928\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091c\u093f\u0924 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0905\u0928\u093e\u0915\u0932\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092a\u0902\u091c\u093f\u0915\u093e \u0932\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u094b \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0939\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u093e \u0915\u0930 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0915\u093f\u0938 \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0941\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0938\u092e\u091d \u0932\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u0907\u0928\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0915\u0941\u091b \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092f\u0940 \u0938\u093f\u0916\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0907\u0928\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u092d\u0940 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f-\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u091f \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><strong><span class=\"en\">The null curriculum teaches by omission.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u0942\u0928\u094d\u092f \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u091a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0932\u094b\u092a \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0938\u093f\u0916\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/strong> <span class=\"en\">Elliot Eisner argued that what a school leaves out carries a message as clearly as what it includes. A timetable without art, a history without the region the learners live in, or a science course that never mentions a woman who did any, all state a position on what counts, without ever stating it.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0907\u0932\u093f\u092f\u091f \u0906\u0907\u091c\u0928\u0930 \u0928\u0947 \u0924\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u093f \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u091c\u094b \u091b\u094b\u0921\u093c \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0935\u0939 \u0909\u0924\u0928\u093e \u0939\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u092a\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0924\u0928\u093e \u091c\u094b \u0935\u0939 \u0938\u092e\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0932\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0915\u0932\u093e-\u0930\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u092e\u092f-\u0938\u093e\u0930\u0923\u0940, \u0910\u0938\u093e \u0907\u0924\u093f\u0939\u093e\u0938 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u0939 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0928 \u0939\u094b \u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0930\u0939\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0910\u0938\u093e \u0935\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u091c\u094b \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0910\u0938\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u0932\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0916 \u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0947 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0939\u094b \u2014 \u092f\u0947 \u0938\u092d\u0940 \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0915\u0939\u0947 \u092f\u0939 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0930 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0915\u093f \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><strong><span class=\"en\">Expectation is transmitted before it is stated.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/strong> <span class=\"en\">Robert Rosenthal and Lenore Jacobson reported in 1968 that teachers told certain randomly selected children were about to bloom treated them differently in small ways, and that measurable differences followed. The study has been much criticised on method, but the mechanism it proposed \u2014 expectation carried in tone, wait time and the quality of feedback \u2014 has held up in the wider literature on teacher expectations.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0930\u0949\u092c\u0930\u094d\u091f \u0930\u094b\u091c\u093c\u0947\u0902\u0925\u0932 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0932\u0947\u0928\u094b\u0930 \u091c\u0948\u0915\u092c\u0938\u0928 \u0928\u0947 1968 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0942\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u093f \u091c\u093f\u0928 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u092c\u0924\u093e\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0915\u093f \u0915\u0941\u091b \u092f\u093e\u0926\u0943\u091a\u094d\u091b\u093f\u0915 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u091a\u0941\u0928\u0947 \u0917\u090f \u092c\u093e\u0932\u0915 \u0936\u0940\u0918\u094d\u0930 \u0916\u093f\u0932\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0939\u094b\u0902\u0928\u0947 \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u091b\u094b\u091f\u0947-\u091b\u094b\u091f\u0947 \u0922\u0902\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e, \u0914\u0930 \u092e\u093e\u092a\u0928\u0940\u092f \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u0906\u090f\u0964 \u0907\u0938 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092f\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f \u092a\u0930 \u092c\u0939\u0941\u0924 \u0906\u0932\u094b\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0939\u0941\u0908 \u0939\u0948, \u0915\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0941 \u0907\u0938\u0928\u0947 \u091c\u094b \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0940 \u2014 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0930, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e-\u0938\u092e\u092f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920\u092a\u094b\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u0940 \u0917\u0941\u0923\u0935\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u0939\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0905\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u2014 \u0935\u0939 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915-\u0905\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0940 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u0939\u093f\u0924\u094d\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091f\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u0939\u0941\u0908 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"exam-tip\">\r\n <div class=\"et-icon\">●<\/div>\r\n <div class=\"et-body\">\r\n <strong><span class=\"en\">Telling the three curricula apart in a stem.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928-\u092e\u0941\u0916 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0924\u0940\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u091a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0905\u0932\u0917 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/strong>\r\n <ul class=\"split-list\">\r\n <li><span class=\"sl-tag\">Exp<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">written down, timetabled, and examined<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0932\u093f\u0916\u093f\u0924, \u0938\u092e\u092f-\u0938\u093e\u0930\u0923\u0940\u092c\u0926\u094d\u0927, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924<\/span><\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"sl-tag\">Hid<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">present in the room but in no document \u2014 routines, norms, whose voice is heard<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u092a\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0926\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0947\u091c\u093c \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u2014 \u0926\u093f\u0928\u091a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e, \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0926\u0902\u0921, \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u0935\u093e\u0923\u0940 \u0938\u0941\u0928\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"sl-tag\">Nul<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">absent from both, and the absence itself is the lesson<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924, \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u0939\u0940 \u092a\u093e\u0920 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"p4-3\">\r\n <span class=\"section-badge\">4.3<\/span>\r\n <h3><span class=\"en\">Culture, Language and the Classroom<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f, \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e<\/span><\/h3>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <p><span class=\"en\">The medium of every lesson is language, and language is not distributed evenly. Basil Bernstein distinguished a <em>restricted code<\/em>, which relies on shared context and leaves much unsaid because both speakers already know it, from an <em>elaborated code<\/em>, which makes meaning explicit and can therefore be understood by a stranger. Schooling is conducted almost entirely in the elaborated code. A learner whose home life has required little of it is not less able and not less articulate, but is being examined in a register the school never undertook to teach.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u092a\u093e\u0920 \u0915\u093e \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092c\u0947\u0938\u093f\u0932 \u092c\u0930\u094d\u0928\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0940\u0928 \u0928\u0947 <em>\u0938\u0940\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0942\u091f<\/em> \u0915\u094b, \u091c\u094b \u0938\u093e\u091d\u093e \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0930\u094d\u092d \u092a\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092d\u0930 \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u092c\u0939\u0941\u0924 \u0915\u0941\u091b \u0905\u0915\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u091b\u094b\u0921\u093c \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0935\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, <em>\u0935\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0942\u091f<\/em> \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0943\u0925\u0915\u094d \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e, \u091c\u094b \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u094d\u092a\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0907\u0938\u0940\u0932\u093f\u090f \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0905\u092a\u0930\u093f\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u092d\u0940 \u0938\u092e\u091d\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f\u0940 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0932\u0917\u092d\u0917 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923\u0924\u0903 \u0935\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0942\u091f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0932\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u091c\u093f\u0938 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0917\u0943\u0939-\u091c\u0940\u0935\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u0905\u0932\u094d\u092a \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0930\u0939\u0940 \u0939\u094b \u0935\u0939 \u0928 \u0915\u092e \u0938\u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e \u0939\u0948 \u0928 \u0915\u092e \u0935\u093e\u0917\u094d\u092e\u0940, \u0915\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0941 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0910\u0938\u0940 \u0936\u0948\u0932\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0932\u0940 \u091c\u093e \u0930\u0939\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0922\u093c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u0926\u093e\u092f\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0928\u0947 \u0915\u092d\u0940 \u0932\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"callout amber\">\r\n <div class=\"callout-label\"><span class=\"en\">Deficit or difference<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u092d\u093e\u0935 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928\u0924\u093e<\/span><\/div>\r\n <span class=\"en\">Bernstein's codes were widely read as a deficit account, and he objected to that reading. The corrective came from William Labov, who in 1969 examined the reasoning of speakers of non-standard English and found it tightly logical, economical and often sharper than the elaborated speech it was being unfavourably compared with. What differed was the register, not the reasoning. The pedagogical conclusion is exacting: the academic register must be taught explicitly, as a second register rather than as a correction, and the learner's own must not be treated as an error to be removed.<\/span>\r\n <span class=\"hi\">\u092c\u0930\u094d\u0928\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0940\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u0942\u091f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u0915 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u092d\u093e\u0935-\u0935\u093f\u0935\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0922\u093c\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e, \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0939\u094b\u0902\u0928\u0947 \u0909\u0938 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u092a\u0930 \u0906\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0940\u0964 \u0938\u0941\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0932\u093f\u092f\u092e \u0932\u0947\u092c\u094b\u0935 \u0938\u0947 \u0906\u092f\u093e, \u091c\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0939\u094b\u0902\u0928\u0947 1969 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u092e\u093e\u0928\u0915 \u0905\u0902\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0947\u091c\u093c\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0924\u0930\u094d\u0915\u0923 \u0915\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0901\u091a \u0915\u0930 \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0938\u0915\u0930 \u0924\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0915\u093f\u0915, \u092e\u093f\u0924\u0935\u094d\u092f\u092f\u0940 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092f\u0903 \u0909\u0938 \u0935\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0935\u093e\u0923\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u0924\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u0923\u0924\u0930 \u092a\u093e\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0915\u0942\u0932 \u0924\u0941\u0932\u0928\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u091c\u093e \u0930\u0939\u0940 \u0925\u0940\u0964 \u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928\u0924\u093e \u0936\u0948\u0932\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0925\u0940, \u0924\u0930\u094d\u0915\u0923 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0937 \u0915\u0920\u094b\u0930 \u0939\u0948: \u0936\u0948\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u093f\u0915 \u0936\u0948\u0932\u0940 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u094d\u092a\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0922\u093c\u093e\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0928\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f, \u0938\u0941\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0905\u092a\u093f\u0924\u0941 \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u0940 \u0936\u0948\u0932\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0940 \u0936\u0948\u0932\u0940 \u0915\u094b \u0939\u091f\u093e\u0908 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0924\u094d\u0930\u0941\u091f\u093f \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0928\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f\u0964<\/span>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <svg class=\"full-diagram\" viewBox=\"0 0 560 306\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Conversational fluency above the waterline and academic language proficiency below it\">\r\n<g font-family=\"DM Sans, Noto Sans Devanagari, sans-serif\" font-size=\"10.5\">\r\n <rect x=\"8\" y=\"112\" width=\"544\" height=\"180\" rx=\"8\" fill=\"#eaf6ff\"\/>\r\n <line x1=\"8\" y1=\"112\" x2=\"552\" y2=\"112\" stroke=\"#2f92d1\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"540\" y=\"102\" text-anchor=\"end\" font-size=\"9\" font-style=\"italic\" fill=\"#2f92d1\">what a teacher hears in the first weeks<\/text>\r\n\r\n <polygon points=\"196,110 260,34 324,110\" fill=\"#ffffff\" stroke=\"#14243f\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <polygon points=\"150,114 370,114 336,196 300,254 210,258 158,190\" fill=\"#dbe8f7\" stroke=\"#14243f\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n\r\n <text x=\"260\" y=\"80\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"12\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#14243f\">BICS<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"260\" y=\"96\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#5a6d80\">1\u20132 years<\/text>\r\n\r\n <text x=\"260\" y=\"160\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"13\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#14243f\">CALP<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"260\" y=\"180\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">academic language<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"260\" y=\"196\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">5\u20137 years or longer<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"260\" y=\"222\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" font-style=\"italic\" fill=\"#5a6d80\">what examinations test<\/text>\r\n\r\n <line x1=\"324\" y1=\"72\" x2=\"392\" y2=\"60\" stroke=\"#5a6d80\" stroke-width=\"1.2\"\/>\r\n <rect x=\"396\" y=\"38\" width=\"152\" height=\"44\" rx=\"7\" fill=\"#ffffff\" stroke=\"#2f92d1\" stroke-width=\"1.6\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"406\" y=\"56\" font-size=\"9.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#2f92d1\">Conversational fluency<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"406\" y=\"71\" font-size=\"9\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">playground, corridor, greeting<\/text>\r\n\r\n <line x1=\"370\" y1=\"150\" x2=\"388\" y2=\"150\" stroke=\"#5a6d80\" stroke-width=\"1.2\"\/>\r\n <rect x=\"392\" y=\"128\" width=\"156\" height=\"44\" rx=\"7\" fill=\"#ffffff\" stroke=\"#14243f\" stroke-width=\"1.6\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"402\" y=\"146\" font-size=\"9\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#14243f\">Context-reduced language<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"402\" y=\"161\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">textbook, question paper<\/text>\r\n\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"300\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9.5\" fill=\"#5a6d80\">fluent speech is routinely mistaken for readiness to study through that language<\/text>\r\n<\/g><\/svg>\r\n <div class=\"diagram-cap\"><span class=\"en\">The visible part is acquired in a year or two; the part that examinations rest on takes several<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0926\u0943\u0936\u094d\u092f \u092d\u093e\u0917 \u090f\u0915-\u0926\u094b \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948; \u091c\u093f\u0938 \u092d\u093e\u0917 \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u091f\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0935\u0939 \u0915\u0908 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937 \u0932\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/div>\r\n\r\n <p><span class=\"en\">Jim Cummins drew the same distinction for learners studying through a second language. Basic interpersonal communicative skills \u2014 the fluency of the corridor and the playground, supported by gesture, context and a forgiving listener \u2014 are typically acquired within one to two years. Cognitive academic language proficiency, the context-reduced language of the textbook and the question paper, commonly takes five to seven years and sometimes longer. The everyday error follows directly: a learner who converses easily is assumed to be ready to study through the language, and the difficulty that follows is misread as a difficulty with the subject.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u091c\u093f\u092e \u0915\u092e\u093f\u0902\u0938 \u0928\u0947 \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u0940 \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092f\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u092f\u0939\u0940 \u092d\u0947\u0926 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0964 \u092c\u0941\u0928\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0926\u0940 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0948\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u094c\u0936\u0932 \u2014 \u0917\u0932\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0930\u0947 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0916\u0947\u0932 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u0948\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0939\u0936\u0940\u0932\u0924\u093e, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u0939\u093e\u0935-\u092d\u093e\u0935, \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0930\u094d\u092d \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0930 \u0936\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0939\u093e\u0930\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092f\u0903 \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u0947 \u0926\u094b \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0938\u0902\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0936\u0948\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u093f\u0915 \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0940\u0923\u0924\u093e, \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0924\u094d \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u092a\u0941\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0915 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0930\u094d\u092d-\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0928 \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e, \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0924\u0903 \u092a\u093e\u0901\u091a \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0924 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937 \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u092d\u0940 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0932\u0947\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0924\u094d\u0930\u0941\u091f\u093f \u0938\u0940\u0927\u0947 \u0907\u0938\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u0932\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948: \u091c\u094b \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0938\u0939\u091c\u0924\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0924\u091a\u0940\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0909\u0938 \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092f\u0928 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0924\u0948\u092f\u093e\u0930 \u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0932\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u0906\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0915\u0920\u093f\u0928\u093e\u0908 \u0915\u094b \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u0920\u093f\u0928\u093e\u0908 \u0938\u092e\u091d \u0932\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"p4-4\">\r\n <span class=\"section-badge\">4.4<\/span>\r\n <h3><span class=\"en\">Equity, Access and Social Reproduction<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u092e\u0924\u093e, \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u091c\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u0941\u0924\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0928<\/span><\/h3>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <p><span class=\"en\">Pierre Bourdieu explained the persistence of advantage through capital that is not money. <em>Cultural capital<\/em> exists in three states: embodied, as accent, manner, taste and the confidence to address an adult; objectified, as books, instruments and a desk of one's own; and institutionalised, as certificates that convert the first two into a claim the labour market recognises. <em>Habitus<\/em> is the settled set of dispositions this produces, and it operates below deliberation \u2014 the learner who already knows how a school works does not experience that knowledge as an advantage but as ordinary life.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u093f\u092f\u0930\u0947 \u092c\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0926\u093f\u092f\u094b \u0928\u0947 \u0932\u093e\u092d \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0928\u0947 \u0930\u0939\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0910\u0938\u0940 \u092a\u0942\u0901\u091c\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u091c\u094b \u0927\u0928 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u0948\u0964 <em>\u0938\u093e\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u0942\u0901\u091c\u0940<\/em> \u0924\u0940\u0928 \u0905\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0939\u0948: \u0926\u0947\u0939\u0940\u0915\u0943\u0924, \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0924\u094d \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a\u093e\u0930\u0923, \u0936\u0948\u0932\u0940, \u0930\u0941\u091a\u093f \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0922\u093c \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0902\u092c\u094b\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u0906\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0938; \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0915\u0943\u0924, \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0924\u094d \u092a\u0941\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0915\u0947\u0902, \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0940 \u090f\u0915 \u092e\u0947\u091c\u093c; \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0915\u0943\u0924, \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0924\u094d \u0935\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u091c\u094b \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0940 \u0926\u094b \u0915\u094b \u0936\u094d\u0930\u092e-\u092c\u093e\u091c\u093c\u093e\u0930 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0926\u093e\u0935\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0926\u0932 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 <em>\u0939\u0948\u092c\u093f\u091f\u0938<\/em> \u0907\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0930 \u0938\u092e\u0941\u091a\u094d\u091a\u092f \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u092f\u0939 \u0935\u093f\u091a\u093e\u0930-\u0935\u093f\u092e\u0930\u094d\u0936 \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u0940\u091a\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u091c\u094b \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0915\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u091a\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0935\u0939 \u0909\u0938 \u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092d\u0935 \u0932\u093e\u092d \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f \u091c\u0940\u0935\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n <svg class=\"full-diagram\" viewBox=\"0 0 560 348\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Bernstein's classification and framing, and the visible and invisible pedagogies they produce\">\r\n<g font-family=\"DM Sans, Noto Sans Devanagari, sans-serif\" font-size=\"10.5\">\r\n <line x1=\"44\" y1=\"176\" x2=\"520\" y2=\"176\" stroke=\"#e1e8f0\" stroke-width=\"1.6\"\/>\r\n <line x1=\"282\" y1=\"34\" x2=\"282\" y2=\"318\" stroke=\"#e1e8f0\" stroke-width=\"1.6\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"282\" y=\"20\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#5a6d80\">STRONG FRAMING \u2014 the teacher controls the transmission<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"282\" y=\"340\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#5a6d80\">WEAK FRAMING \u2014 the learner shares control of pace and order<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"16\" y=\"176\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#5a6d80\" transform=\"rotate(-90 16 176)\">STRONG CLASSIFICATION<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"546\" y=\"176\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#5a6d80\" transform=\"rotate(90 546 176)\">WEAK CLASSIFICATION<\/text>\r\n\r\n <rect x=\"52\" y=\"46\" width=\"212\" height=\"108\" rx=\"10\" fill=\"#eef4fc\" stroke=\"#1f5fa9\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"158\" y=\"70\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"12\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\">VISIBLE PEDAGOGY<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"158\" y=\"90\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">Subjects kept apart; the teacher<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"158\" y=\"105\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">sets sequence, pace and criteria<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"158\" y=\"126\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" font-style=\"italic\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\">the rules are explicit, so they<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"158\" y=\"140\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" font-style=\"italic\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\">can be learned by anyone<\/text>\r\n\r\n <rect x=\"300\" y=\"46\" width=\"212\" height=\"108\" rx=\"10\" fill=\"#fffaef\" stroke=\"#c9760f\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"406\" y=\"70\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"12\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#c9760f\">INTEGRATED CONTENT<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"406\" y=\"90\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">Boundaries between subjects<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"406\" y=\"105\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">blurred, but the teacher still leads<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"406\" y=\"126\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" font-style=\"italic\" fill=\"#c9760f\">thematic and correlated teaching<\/text>\r\n\r\n <rect x=\"52\" y=\"198\" width=\"212\" height=\"108\" rx=\"10\" fill=\"#faf6ff\" stroke=\"#6b3a8f\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"158\" y=\"222\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"12\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#6b3a8f\">GUIDED DISCOVERY<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"158\" y=\"242\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">Subject lines held, but pace and<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"158\" y=\"257\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">order negotiated with the learner<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"158\" y=\"278\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" font-style=\"italic\" fill=\"#6b3a8f\">project work inside a discipline<\/text>\r\n\r\n <rect x=\"300\" y=\"198\" width=\"212\" height=\"108\" rx=\"10\" fill=\"#eefbf7\" stroke=\"#0d8f79\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"406\" y=\"222\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"12\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#0d8f79\">INVISIBLE PEDAGOGY<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"406\" y=\"242\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">Few boundaries; the learner appears<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"406\" y=\"257\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">to set the agenda and the standard<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"406\" y=\"278\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" font-style=\"italic\" fill=\"#0d8f79\">the rules are implicit, so they<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"406\" y=\"292\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" font-style=\"italic\" fill=\"#0d8f79\">favour the child who arrives knowing them<\/text>\r\n<\/g><\/svg>\r\n <div class=\"diagram-cap\"><span class=\"en\">Two dimensions, four rooms; the equity argument turns on whether the criteria are declared<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0926\u094b \u0906\u092f\u093e\u092e, \u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937; \u0938\u092e\u0924\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0924\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0907\u0938 \u092a\u0930 \u091f\u093f\u0915\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0915\u0938\u094c\u091f\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u0918\u094b\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u092f\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902<\/span><\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"enrich-box\">\r\n <span class=\"enrich-stamp\"><span class=\"en\">The sharpest instrument in this chapter<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0907\u0938 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0924\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u0923 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923<\/span><\/span>\r\n <h4><span class=\"en\">Why an invisible pedagogy can widen the gap it was meant to close<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u0926\u0943\u0936\u094d\u092f \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0909\u0938 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930 \u0915\u094b \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092c\u0922\u093c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u091f\u0928\u093e \u0909\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0906\u0936\u092f \u0925\u093e<\/span><\/h4>\r\n <p><span class=\"en\">Bernstein described teaching along two dimensions. <em>Classification<\/em> is the strength of the boundary between contents \u2014 strong where subjects are kept rigorously apart, weak where they are integrated. <em>Framing<\/em> is the degree of control the teacher holds over selection, sequence, pace and criteria \u2014 strong where the teacher decides, weak where the learner shares the decision. Strong classification with strong framing produces a <em>visible pedagogy<\/em>: the rules are explicit, the criteria are stated, and the learner is told what a good answer looks like. Weak classification with weak framing produces an <em>invisible pedagogy<\/em>: the child appears to be following its own interest, and the criteria are never announced.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092c\u0930\u094d\u0928\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0940\u0928 \u0928\u0947 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0923\u0928 \u0926\u094b \u0906\u092f\u093e\u092e\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0964 <em>\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923<\/em> \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0936\u0915\u094d\u0924\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u0938\u0936\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f \u0915\u0920\u094b\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0943\u0925\u0915\u094d \u0930\u0916\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u090f\u0901, \u0926\u0941\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0932 \u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0935\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u0947\u0915\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0902\u0964 <em>\u0922\u093e\u0901\u091a\u093e\u092c\u0902\u0926\u0940<\/em> \u091a\u092f\u0928, \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e, \u0917\u0924\u093f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0915\u0938\u094c\u091f\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0940 \u092e\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u0938\u0936\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0923\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0947, \u0926\u0941\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0932 \u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0923\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092d\u093e\u0917\u0940\u0926\u093e\u0930 \u0939\u094b\u0964 \u0938\u0936\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0936\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0922\u093e\u0901\u091a\u093e\u092c\u0902\u0926\u0940 <em>\u0926\u0943\u0936\u094d\u092f \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930<\/em> \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948: \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e \u0938\u094d\u092a\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0915\u0938\u094c\u091f\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u0915\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0915\u094b \u092c\u0924\u093e\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0905\u091a\u094d\u091b\u093e \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0915\u0948\u0938\u093e \u0926\u093f\u0916\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0926\u0941\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0932 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0926\u0941\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0932 \u0922\u093e\u0901\u091a\u093e\u092c\u0902\u0926\u0940 <em>\u0905\u0926\u0943\u0936\u094d\u092f \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930<\/em> \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948: \u092c\u093e\u0932\u0915 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0940 \u0939\u0940 \u0930\u0941\u091a\u093f \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u0940\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u0938\u094c\u091f\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u0915\u092d\u0940 \u0918\u094b\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/p>\r\n <p><span class=\"en\">Bernstein's argument, and it is the one worth carrying into an answer script, is that an invisible pedagogy is not therefore more equal. Where the criteria are never stated, they are supplied from home. The child who arrives already knowing what counts as a good question, how long to persist, and how to address an adult reads the implicit rules effortlessly; the child who does not is left to guess, and is judged on the guess. A visible pedagogy is more open to criticism precisely because its demands are declared \u2014 and declared demands can be taught to anyone.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092c\u0930\u094d\u0928\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0940\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u0924\u0930\u094d\u0915, \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930-\u092a\u0941\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0915\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0932\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u092f\u094b\u0917\u094d\u092f \u092f\u0939\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u092f\u0939 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0905\u0926\u0943\u0936\u094d\u092f \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0907\u0938 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u092e\u0924\u093e\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e\u0964 \u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0915\u0938\u094c\u091f\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u0915\u092d\u0940 \u0915\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940\u0902, \u0935\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0935\u0947 \u0918\u0930 \u0938\u0947 \u0906\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u091c\u094b \u092c\u093e\u0932\u0915 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0905\u091a\u094d\u091b\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0915\u093f\u0924\u0928\u0940 \u0926\u0947\u0930 \u091f\u093f\u0915\u0928\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0922\u093c \u0915\u094b \u0915\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u094b\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0935\u0939 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u094d\u0928\u093f\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e \u0905\u0928\u093e\u092f\u093e\u0938 \u092a\u0922\u093c \u0932\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948; \u091c\u094b \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0924\u093e \u0935\u0939 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0932\u0917\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u094b \u091b\u094b\u0921\u093c \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0938\u0940 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u0930 \u0906\u0901\u0915\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0926\u0943\u0936\u094d\u092f \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0906\u0932\u094b\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0920\u0940\u0915 \u0907\u0938\u0932\u093f\u090f \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0916\u0941\u0932\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u092e\u093e\u0901\u0917\u0947\u0902 \u0918\u094b\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u2014 \u0914\u0930 \u0918\u094b\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u092e\u093e\u0901\u0917\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0915\u094b \u092d\u0940 \u092a\u0922\u093c\u093e\u0908 \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/p>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"pc-grid\">\r\n <div class=\"pc-panel neu\">\r\n <div class=\"pc-head\"><span class=\"pc-ico\">▸<\/span><span class=\"en\">What the evidence supports<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0938\u092e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902<\/span><\/div>\r\n <ul>\r\n <li><span class=\"en\">Family background accounts for a large share of the variation in attainment, a finding first pressed on policy by the Coleman Report of 1966<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0909\u092a\u0932\u092c\u094d\u0927\u093f \u0915\u0940 \u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928\u0924\u093e \u0915\u093e \u092c\u0921\u093c\u093e \u092d\u093e\u0917 \u092a\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920\u092d\u0942\u092e\u093f \u0938\u0947 \u091c\u0941\u0921\u093c\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0925\u092e 1966 \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u094b\u0932\u092e\u0948\u0928 \u0930\u093f\u092a\u094b\u0930\u094d\u091f \u0928\u0947 \u0930\u0916\u093e<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"en\">Schools differ most in what they add for the learners who arrive with least<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0907\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0915\u093f \u0935\u0947 \u0909\u0928 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u091c\u094b \u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u092e \u0932\u0947\u0915\u0930 \u0906\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"en\">Explicit teaching of the academic register narrows the gap that implicit expectation widens<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u0948\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u093f\u0915 \u0936\u0948\u0932\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u094d\u092a\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0909\u0938 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930 \u0915\u094b \u0918\u091f\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u094d\u0928\u093f\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u0905\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u092c\u0922\u093c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div class=\"pc-panel con\">\r\n <div class=\"pc-head\"><span class=\"pc-ico\">\u2717<\/span><span class=\"en\">Conclusions that do not follow<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u091c\u094b \u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0937 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u0932\u0924\u0947<\/span><\/div>\r\n <ul>\r\n <li><span class=\"en\">That the school makes no difference \u2014 the finding concerns the share of variance, not the absence of effect<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u093f \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u092a\u0921\u093c\u0924\u093e \u2014 \u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0937 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0902\u0936 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u092d\u093e\u0935 \u0938\u0947 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"en\">That reproduction is deliberate \u2014 the mechanisms described are structural and mostly unintended<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u093f \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u0941\u0924\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0928 \u0938\u0941\u0935\u093f\u091a\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0923\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0902\u0936\u0924\u0903 \u0905\u0928\u093e\u0936\u092f\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948\u0902<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"en\">That learners are passive \u2014 resistance is itself one of the routes by which the outcome is reached<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u093f \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u2014 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u094b\u0927 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u0909\u0928 \u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u090f\u0915 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0928\u0938\u0947 \u0935\u0939 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092b\u0932 \u0906\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"p4-5\">\r\n <span class=\"section-badge\">4.5<\/span>\r\n <h3><span class=\"en\">Home, Community and School<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0917\u0943\u0939, \u0938\u092e\u0941\u0926\u093e\u092f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f<\/span><\/h3>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <p><span class=\"en\">Involvement of the home is often reduced to attendance at a parents' meeting, which is the least effective of its forms. Joyce Epstein's framework sets out six distinct types, and the categories are worth holding separately because a school can be strong in one and absent in the others.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0917\u0943\u0939 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0939\u092d\u093e\u0917\u093f\u0924\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092f\u0903 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0915-\u092c\u0948\u0920\u0915 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u092a\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u0924\u0915 \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930 \u0926\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u094b \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u092e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u091c\u0949\u092f\u0938 \u090f\u092a\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0940\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u0922\u093e\u0901\u091a\u093e \u091b\u0939 \u092a\u0943\u0925\u0915\u094d \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0907\u0928 \u0936\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0923\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0905\u0932\u0917 \u0930\u0916\u0928\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u090f\u0915 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0936\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0936\u0947\u0937 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"feat-grid\">\r\n <div class=\"feat-card\"><span class=\"fc-num\">1<\/span><strong><span class=\"en\">Parenting<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u093e\u0932\u0928-\u092a\u094b\u0937\u0923<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"en\">The school helps the home establish conditions that support the learner \u2014 sleep, a place to work, and an understanding of what the stage requires.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0917\u0943\u0939 \u0915\u094b \u0910\u0938\u0940 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0939\u093e\u092f\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0939\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0902 \u2014 \u0928\u0940\u0902\u0926, \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092f\u0939 \u092c\u094b\u0927 \u0915\u093f \u0905\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u092e\u093e\u0901\u0917\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"feat-card\"><span class=\"fc-num\">2<\/span><strong><span class=\"en\">Communicating<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u0902\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0937\u0923<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"en\">Two-way channels, in a language and at a time the home can actually use, carrying more than a report of failure.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0926\u094d\u0935\u093f\u092a\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0940\u092f \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e, \u0910\u0938\u0940 \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0910\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091c\u093f\u0928\u0915\u093e \u0917\u0943\u0939 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924\u0903 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0947, \u091c\u094b \u0935\u093f\u092b\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u0939\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"feat-card\"><span class=\"fc-num\">3<\/span><strong><span class=\"en\">Volunteering<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u094d\u0935\u0948\u091a\u094d\u091b\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0939\u092d\u093e\u0917\u093f\u0924\u093e<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"en\">Parents and community members contributing time and skill, on terms that do not require literacy or leisure to participate.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u092d\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0915 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u092e\u0941\u0926\u093e\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0926\u0938\u094d\u092f \u0938\u092e\u092f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0915\u094c\u0936\u0932 \u0915\u093e \u092f\u094b\u0917\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902, \u0910\u0938\u0940 \u0936\u0930\u094d\u0924\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u091c\u094b \u0938\u0939\u092d\u093e\u0917\u093f\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0938\u093e\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0930\u0924\u093e \u092f\u093e \u0905\u0935\u0915\u093e\u0936 \u0915\u0940 \u092e\u093e\u0901\u0917 \u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"feat-card\"><span class=\"fc-num\">4<\/span><strong><span class=\"en\">Learning at home<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0918\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"en\">Guidance on how to support work at home, which is distinct from transferring the teaching itself to a parent who may not be placed to do it.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0918\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0939\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0940 \u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u0928, \u091c\u094b \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u0910\u0938\u0947 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0915 \u092a\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928 \u0939\u094b\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"feat-card\"><span class=\"fc-num\">5<\/span><strong><span class=\"en\">Decision making<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0923\u092f-\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"en\">Parents in genuine governance roles, which the Right to Education Act gives effect to through the School Management Committee.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u092d\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0915 \u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0936\u093e\u0938\u0928 \u092d\u0942\u092e\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0928 \u0938\u092e\u093f\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0928\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"feat-card\"><span class=\"fc-num\">6<\/span><strong><span class=\"en\">Collaborating with the community<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u092e\u0941\u0926\u093e\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0938\u0939\u092f\u094b\u0917<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"en\">Drawing on services, workplaces and expertise outside the gate, and returning something to them.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0939\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e\u0913\u0902, \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u0938\u094d\u0925\u0932\u094b\u0902 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937\u091c\u094d\u091e\u0924\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u0941\u091b \u0932\u094c\u091f\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"callout teal\">\r\n <div class=\"callout-label\"><span class=\"en\">Funds of knowledge<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928-\u0928\u093f\u0927\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901<\/span><\/div>\r\n <span class=\"en\">Luis Moll and his colleagues, working with Mexican-American households in the early 1990s, proposed that every family holds accumulated bodies of knowledge and skill essential to its functioning \u2014 cultivation, repair, trade, medicine, construction, the management of a budget. Where teachers visited homes and learned what these were, the knowledge could be brought into the curriculum as content rather than as decoration. The idea reverses the usual deficit framing: the question is not what the home lacks that the school must supply, but what the home holds that the school has failed to use.<\/span>\r\n <span class=\"hi\">\u0932\u0941\u0907\u0938 \u092e\u094b\u0932 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0939\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0928\u0947 1990 \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u0936\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u0906\u0930\u0902\u092d \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u0948\u0915\u094d\u0938\u093f\u0915\u0928-\u0905\u092e\u0947\u0930\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0941\u090f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u093f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0930 \u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0915\u094c\u0936\u0932 \u0915\u0940 \u0910\u0938\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0930\u093e\u0936\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u0930\u0916\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0932\u0928 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0905\u0928\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u2014 \u0915\u0943\u0937\u093f, \u092e\u0930\u092e\u094d\u092e\u0924, \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u093e\u0930, \u0914\u0937\u0927\u093f, \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923, \u092c\u091c\u091f \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0928\u0964 \u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0928\u0947 \u0918\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091c\u093e\u0915\u0930 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u093e \u0915\u093f \u0935\u0947 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0935\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0909\u0938 \u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u091c\u094d\u091c\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u091a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0932\u093e\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u093e\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0935\u093f\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0905\u092d\u093e\u0935-\u0922\u093e\u0901\u091a\u0947 \u0915\u094b \u0909\u0932\u091f \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948: \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u092f\u0939 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u093f \u0917\u0943\u0939 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0905\u092d\u093e\u0935 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0915\u094b \u092a\u0942\u0930\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0905\u092a\u093f\u0924\u0941 \u092f\u0939 \u0915\u093f \u0917\u0943\u0939 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0930\u0916\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u092b\u0932 \u0930\u0939\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"cyp-box\">\r\n <div class=\"cyp-title\"><span class=\"en\">Progress check<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0917\u0924\u093f \u091c\u093e\u0901\u091a<\/span><\/div>\r\n <details class=\"cyp-q\"><summary><span class=\"en\">A learner speaks the school language fluently in the corridor but cannot follow the textbook. What is the likely explanation, and what is the wrong inference?<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0917\u0932\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0930\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f\u0940 \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0939\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0915 \u092c\u094b\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0941 \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u092a\u0941\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0915 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0938\u092e\u091d \u092a\u093e\u0924\u093e\u0964 \u0938\u0902\u092d\u093e\u0935\u093f\u0924 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0917\u0932\u0924 \u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0937 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e?<\/span><\/summary>\r\n <div class=\"cyp-a\"><span class=\"en\">The learner has acquired conversational fluency, which is supported by context, gesture and a co-operative listener, but not the context-reduced academic register, which typically takes several years longer. The wrong inference \u2014 and the common one \u2014 is that the difficulty lies in the subject or in ability, when it lies in the language through which the subject is being carried.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0932\u093e\u092a-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0939\u0936\u0940\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0905\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930 \u0932\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0930\u094d\u092d, \u0939\u093e\u0935-\u092d\u093e\u0935 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0939\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0940 \u0936\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0939\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0915\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0941 \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0930\u094d\u092d-\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0928 \u0936\u0948\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u093f\u0915 \u0936\u0948\u0932\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u091c\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092f\u0903 \u0915\u0908 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0932\u0947\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0917\u0932\u0924 \u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0937 \u2014 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0937 \u2014 \u092f\u0939 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0915\u0920\u093f\u0928\u093e\u0908 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092f\u093e \u092f\u094b\u0917\u094d\u092f\u0924\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u092c\u0915\u093f \u0935\u0939 \u0909\u0938 \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f \u0935\u0939\u0928 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0930\u0939\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n <details class=\"cyp-q\"><summary><span class=\"en\">A school replaces timetabled subjects with open project work and announces no criteria in advance. Which learners does the change favour, and why?<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0938\u092e\u092f-\u0938\u093e\u0930\u0923\u0940\u092c\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u0930 \u092e\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928\u093e \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0930\u0916\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u0938\u094c\u091f\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0918\u094b\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u0915\u093f\u0928 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902?<\/span><\/summary>\r\n <div class=\"cyp-a\"><span class=\"en\">Those who arrive already knowing the implicit rules. Weak classification with weak framing produces an invisible pedagogy in Bernstein's terms, and where criteria are never stated they are supplied from home. The change is well intentioned and may still be defensible, but its equity effect runs the opposite way from the one usually claimed for it.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u0947 \u091c\u094b \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u094d\u0928\u093f\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0941\u090f \u0906\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u092c\u0930\u094d\u0928\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0940\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u0936\u092c\u094d\u0926\u093e\u0935\u0932\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0926\u0941\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0932 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0926\u0941\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0932 \u0922\u093e\u0901\u091a\u093e\u092c\u0902\u0926\u0940 \u0905\u0926\u0943\u0936\u094d\u092f \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0915\u0938\u094c\u091f\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u0915\u092d\u0940 \u0915\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940\u0902 \u0935\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0935\u0947 \u0918\u0930 \u0938\u0947 \u0906\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u0938\u0926\u093e\u0936\u092f\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u092b\u093f\u0930 \u092d\u0940 \u0924\u0930\u094d\u0915\u0938\u0902\u0917\u0924 \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0915\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0941 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0938\u092e\u0924\u093e-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935 \u0909\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0909\u0932\u091f\u0940 \u0926\u093f\u0936\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0924\u0903 \u0926\u093e\u0935\u093e \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n <details class=\"cyp-q\"><summary><span class=\"en\">Why is the funds-of-knowledge idea a departure from most home\u2013school policy?<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928-\u0928\u093f\u0927\u093f \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0902\u0936 \u0917\u0943\u0939\u2013\u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f \u0938\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u091a\u0932\u0928 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0939\u0948?<\/span><\/summary>\r\n <div class=\"cyp-a\"><span class=\"en\">Because most such policy treats the home as a site of deficiency that the school compensates for, and therefore flows in one direction. The funds-of-knowledge approach treats the home as a repository of usable content, so the flow reverses: the teacher is the one who has something to learn, and what is learned enters the curriculum rather than the file.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0902\u0936 \u0910\u0938\u0940 \u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f \u0917\u0943\u0939 \u0915\u094b \u0905\u092d\u093e\u0935 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0925\u0932 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0924\u093f\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0907\u0938\u0940\u0932\u093f\u090f \u090f\u0915 \u0939\u0940 \u0926\u093f\u0936\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0939\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928-\u0928\u093f\u0927\u093f \u0909\u092a\u093e\u0917\u092e \u0917\u0943\u0939 \u0915\u094b \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u093e \u092d\u0902\u0921\u093e\u0930 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0905\u0924\u0903 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0939 \u0909\u0932\u091f \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948: \u0938\u0940\u0916\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u091c\u094b \u0938\u0940\u0916\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0935\u0939 \u092b\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0932 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u091a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0947\u0936 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"p4-6\">\r\n <span class=\"section-badge\">4.6<\/span>\r\n <h3><span class=\"en\">Practice Set<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u092d\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938 \u0938\u0947\u091f<\/span><\/h3>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"mcq-box\">\r\n <div class=\"mcq-title\"><span class=\"en\">Practice \u2014 Sociological Foundations<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u092d\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938 \u2014 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u091c\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930<\/span> <span class=\"mcq-src\">10 items<\/span><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"mcq-note\"><span class=\"en\">Several items ask which perspective a statement belongs to; identify the vocabulary before reading the options.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u0928\u0947\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u092a\u0942\u091b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0915\u093f \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0915\u0925\u0928 \u0915\u093f\u0938 \u0926\u0943\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093f\u0915\u094b\u0923 \u0915\u093e \u0939\u0948; \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a \u092a\u0922\u093c\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u0936\u092c\u094d\u0926\u093e\u0935\u0932\u0940 \u092a\u0939\u091a\u093e\u0928\u0947\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n\r\n <details class=\"mcq-q\"><summary><span class=\"mcq-num\">1<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">The description of the hidden curriculum in terms of crowds, praise and power is owed to<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092d\u0940\u0921\u093c, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u0902\u0938\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0917\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u091a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0923\u0928 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/span><\/summary>\r\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\r\n <li>(a) <span class=\"en\">Basil Bernstein<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092c\u0947\u0938\u093f\u0932 \u092c\u0930\u094d\u0928\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0940\u0928<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(b) <span class=\"en\">Philip Jackson<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092b\u093f\u0932\u093f\u092a \u091c\u0948\u0915\u094d\u0938\u0928<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(c) <span class=\"en\">Ivan Illich<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0907\u0935\u093e\u0928 \u0907\u0932\u093f\u091a<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(d) <span class=\"en\">Elliot Eisner<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0907\u0932\u093f\u092f\u091f \u0906\u0907\u091c\u0928\u0930<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\"><b>(b).<\/b> <span class=\"en\">Jackson's classroom observations, published in 1968, identified crowds, praise and power as the constant features of school life, along with the daily discipline of delay, denial and interruption. Eisner is associated with the null curriculum rather than the hidden one, Bernstein with codes, classification and framing, and Illich with the argument that institutionalisation is itself the lesson.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u091c\u0948\u0915\u094d\u0938\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923, \u091c\u094b 1968 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0936\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0941\u090f, \u092d\u0940\u0921\u093c, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u0902\u0938\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f\u0940 \u091c\u0940\u0935\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0930 \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0939\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0932\u0902\u092c, \u0928\u093f\u0937\u0947\u0927 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u0926\u0948\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0936\u093e\u0938\u0928 \u092d\u0940\u0964 \u0906\u0907\u091c\u0928\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927 \u0917\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0936\u0942\u0928\u094d\u092f \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u091a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u0939\u0948, \u092c\u0930\u094d\u0928\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0940\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u0915\u0942\u091f, \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0922\u093e\u0901\u091a\u093e\u092c\u0902\u0926\u0940 \u0938\u0947, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0907\u0932\u093f\u091a \u0915\u093e \u0907\u0938 \u0924\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u093f \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u0939\u0940 \u092a\u093e\u0920 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n\r\n <details class=\"mcq-q\"><summary><span class=\"mcq-num\">2<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">A school timetable that offers no art and a history course that omits the region the learners live in are examples of<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u0932\u093e-\u0930\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f\u0940 \u0938\u092e\u092f-\u0938\u093e\u0930\u0923\u0940 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0910\u0938\u093e \u0907\u0924\u093f\u0939\u093e\u0938 \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u091c\u094b \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0938-\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u094b \u091b\u094b\u0921\u093c \u0926\u0947 \u2014 \u092f\u0947 \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923 \u0939\u0948\u0902<\/span><\/span><\/summary>\r\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\r\n <li>(a) <span class=\"en\">the explicit curriculum<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u091f \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u091a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0947<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(b) <span class=\"en\">the hidden curriculum<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0917\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u091a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0947<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(c) <span class=\"en\">the null curriculum<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u0942\u0928\u094d\u092f \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u091a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0947<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(d) <span class=\"en\">the correlated curriculum<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u0939\u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u091a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0947<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\"><b>(c).<\/b> <span class=\"en\">The null curriculum is what a school does not offer, and the omission itself carries a message about what counts. The hidden curriculum, by contrast, is present in the room but in no document \u2014 routines, norms and whose voice is waited for. The discriminator in a stem is whether the thing described is absent altogether or present but undeclared.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u0942\u0928\u094d\u092f \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u091a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0935\u0939 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e, \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u0939 \u0932\u094b\u092a \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u092f\u0939 \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u092a\u0930\u0940\u0924 \u0917\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u091a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u092a\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0926\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0947\u091c\u093c \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u2014 \u0926\u093f\u0928\u091a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e, \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0926\u0902\u0921 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u0935\u093e\u0923\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928-\u092e\u0941\u0916 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u0947\u0926\u0915 \u092f\u0939 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0923\u093f\u0924 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923\u0924\u0903 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0909\u092a\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0941 \u0905\u0918\u094b\u0937\u093f\u0924\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n\r\n <details class=\"mcq-q\"><summary><span class=\"mcq-num\">3<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">The correspondence principle holds that<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u0928\u0941\u0930\u0942\u092a\u0924\u093e \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f<\/span><\/span><\/summary>\r\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\r\n <li>(a) <span class=\"en\">schools deliberately train workers for employers who fund them<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u091c\u093e\u0928-\u092c\u0942\u091d\u0915\u0930 \u0909\u0928 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0936\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093f\u0915 \u0924\u0948\u092f\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u091c\u094b \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0924 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(b) <span class=\"en\">the social relations of schooling mirror the social relations of production<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f\u0940 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u091c\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u091c\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092c\u093f\u0902\u092c \u0939\u0948\u0902<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(c) <span class=\"en\">curriculum content should correspond to the needs of the local economy<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u091a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e-\u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u0940\u092f \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0924\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0930\u0942\u092a \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0940 \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(d) <span class=\"en\">examination results correspond closely to measured intelligence<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e-\u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e \u092e\u093e\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u092c\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093f \u0938\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u091f\u0924\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0932 \u0916\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\"><b>(b).<\/b> <span class=\"en\">Bowles and Gintis described a structural mirroring \u2014 hierarchy, fragmented tasks, extrinsic reward and little control appearing on both sides \u2014 and were explicit that no deliberate design is required for it, which is why option (a) overstates the thesis into a conspiracy. Option (c) is a normative recommendation rather than a description, and belongs to vocationalisation debates instead.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092c\u093e\u0909\u0932\u094d\u0938 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u091c\u093f\u0902\u091f\u093f\u0938 \u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092c\u093f\u0902\u092c\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0923\u0928 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u2014 \u0938\u094b\u092a\u093e\u0928-\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e, \u0935\u093f\u0916\u0902\u0921\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f, \u092c\u093e\u0939\u094d\u092f \u092a\u0941\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0905\u0932\u094d\u092a \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0923 \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0913\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u091f \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u2014 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u092a\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u093f \u0907\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0938\u0941\u0935\u093f\u091a\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a \u0915\u0940 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0907\u0938\u0940\u0932\u093f\u090f \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a (a) \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u092a\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0915\u094b \u0937\u0921\u094d\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0924\u0915 \u092c\u0922\u093c\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a (c) \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0923\u0928 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0906\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924\u093f \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u093e\u092f\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0940 \u092c\u0939\u0938\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0902\u0917 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n\r\n <details class=\"mcq-q\"><summary><span class=\"mcq-num\">4<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">In Bourdieu's account, a certificate that converts manner and taste into a recognised claim is cultural capital in which state?<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092c\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0926\u093f\u092f\u094b \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0935\u0930\u0923 \u092e\u0947\u0902, \u0935\u0939 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u091c\u094b \u0936\u0948\u0932\u0940 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0930\u0941\u091a\u093f \u0915\u094b \u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0926\u093e\u0935\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0926\u0932 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0915\u093f\u0938 \u0905\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u093e\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u0942\u0901\u091c\u0940 \u0939\u0948?<\/span><\/span><\/summary>\r\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\r\n <li>(a) <span class=\"en\">Embodied<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0926\u0947\u0939\u0940\u0915\u0943\u0924<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(b) <span class=\"en\">Objectified<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0915\u0943\u0924<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(c) <span class=\"en\">Institutionalised<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0915\u0943\u0924<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(d) <span class=\"en\">Symbolic<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u0940\u0915\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\"><b>(c).<\/b> <span class=\"en\">Embodied capital is carried in the person as accent, manner and confidence; objectified capital exists as books, instruments and a place to work; institutionalised capital is the certificate that converts either into a claim the labour market will honour. The three states are a standard match-the-following item, and the certificate is the reliable marker of the third.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0926\u0947\u0939\u0940\u0915\u0943\u0924 \u092a\u0942\u0901\u091c\u0940 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a\u093e\u0930\u0923, \u0936\u0948\u0932\u0940 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0906\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u0939\u0928 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948; \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0915\u0943\u0924 \u092a\u0942\u0901\u091c\u0940 \u092a\u0941\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0915\u094b\u0902, \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f-\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0939\u0948; \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0915\u0943\u0924 \u092a\u0942\u0901\u091c\u0940 \u0935\u0939 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0907\u0928\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0915\u094b \u092d\u0940 \u0910\u0938\u0947 \u0926\u093e\u0935\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0926\u0932 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u0936\u094d\u0930\u092e-\u092c\u093e\u091c\u093c\u093e\u0930 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0947\u0917\u093e\u0964 \u092f\u0947 \u0924\u0940\u0928 \u0905\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0915 \u0938\u0941\u092e\u0947\u0932\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0924\u0940\u0938\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0935\u0938\u0928\u0940\u092f \u091a\u093f\u0939\u094d\u0928 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n\r\n <details class=\"mcq-q\"><summary><span class=\"mcq-num\">5<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">Strong classification combined with strong framing produces, in Bernstein's terms<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092c\u0930\u094d\u0928\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0940\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u0936\u092c\u094d\u0926\u093e\u0935\u0932\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0936\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0936\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0922\u093e\u0901\u091a\u093e\u092c\u0902\u0926\u0940 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0915\u0930 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902<\/span><\/span><\/summary>\r\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\r\n <li>(a) <span class=\"en\">an invisible pedagogy<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u0926\u0943\u0936\u094d\u092f \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(b) <span class=\"en\">a visible pedagogy<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0926\u0943\u0936\u094d\u092f \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(c) <span class=\"en\">an integrated code<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0915\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0942\u091f<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(d) <span class=\"en\">a restricted code<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u0940\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0942\u091f<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\"><b>(b).<\/b> <span class=\"en\">Classification is the strength of the boundary between contents and framing the degree of the teacher's control over selection, sequence, pace and criteria. Where both are strong, the rules and the criteria are explicit, and Bernstein's point is that explicit rules can be taught to anyone, whereas the implicit rules of an invisible pedagogy are supplied from home. Restricted and elaborated are codes of speech, not pedagogic types.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0936\u0915\u094d\u0924\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0922\u093e\u0901\u091a\u093e\u092c\u0902\u0926\u0940 \u091a\u092f\u0928, \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e, \u0917\u0924\u093f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0915\u0938\u094c\u091f\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0940 \u092e\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0964 \u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0936\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0935\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0915\u0938\u094c\u091f\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u0938\u094d\u092a\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0914\u0930 \u092c\u0930\u094d\u0928\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0940\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u092c\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0941 \u092f\u0939 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0938\u094d\u092a\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0915\u094b \u092d\u0940 \u092a\u0922\u093c\u093e\u090f \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u091c\u092c\u0915\u093f \u0905\u0926\u0943\u0936\u094d\u092f \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u094d\u0928\u093f\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e \u0918\u0930 \u0938\u0947 \u0906\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0935\u093e\u0923\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u0942\u091f \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n\r\n <details class=\"mcq-q\"><summary><span class=\"mcq-num\">6<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">Labov's 1969 study of non-standard English is chiefly cited to establish that<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u092e\u093e\u0928\u0915 \u0905\u0902\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0947\u091c\u093c\u0940 \u092a\u0930 \u0932\u0947\u092c\u094b\u0935 \u0915\u093e 1969 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092f\u0928 \u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f\u0924\u0903 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u0928\u093e \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0909\u0926\u094d\u0927\u0943\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/span><\/summary>\r\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\r\n <li>(a) <span class=\"en\">non-standard speakers reason less rigorously and need remedial language work<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u092e\u093e\u0928\u0915 \u0935\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0915\u092e \u0915\u0920\u094b\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u0924\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u092a\u091a\u093e\u0930\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e-\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(b) <span class=\"en\">the difference between codes is one of register and not of reasoning<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u0942\u091f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930 \u0936\u0948\u0932\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u0930\u094d\u0915\u0923 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(c) <span class=\"en\">the mother tongue should be the sole medium throughout schooling<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u0902\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f\u0940 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u093e\u0924\u0943\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e \u0939\u0940 \u090f\u0915\u092e\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0940 \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(d) <span class=\"en\">codes are inherited biologically rather than acquired socially<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u0942\u091f \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u091c\u093f\u0915 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093f\u0924 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u091c\u0948\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0930\u093e\u0938\u0924 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\"><b>(b).<\/b> <span class=\"en\">Labov found the reasoning of non-standard speakers tightly logical and economical, which removed the empirical basis for the verbal-deprivation argument. The pedagogical consequence is not to abandon the academic register but to teach it explicitly as a second register, so option (a) inverts the finding and option (c) draws a policy conclusion the study does not support.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0932\u0947\u092c\u094b\u0935 \u0928\u0947 \u0905\u092e\u093e\u0928\u0915 \u0935\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0924\u0930\u094d\u0915\u0923 \u0915\u094b \u0915\u0938\u0915\u0930 \u0924\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0915\u093f\u0915 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092e\u093f\u0924\u0935\u094d\u092f\u092f\u0940 \u092a\u093e\u092f\u093e, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0936\u093e\u092c\u094d\u0926\u093f\u0915-\u0935\u0902\u091a\u0928 \u0924\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0915\u093e \u0906\u0928\u0941\u092d\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u0939\u091f \u0917\u092f\u093e\u0964 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e \u0936\u0948\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u093f\u0915 \u0936\u0948\u0932\u0940 \u0915\u094b \u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0917\u0928\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0905\u092a\u093f\u0924\u0941 \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u0940 \u0936\u0948\u0932\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u092a\u0937\u094d\u091f\u0924\u0903 \u092a\u0922\u093c\u093e\u0928\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0905\u0924\u0903 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a (a) \u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0937 \u0915\u094b \u0909\u0932\u091f \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a (c) \u0910\u0938\u093e \u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f\u0917\u0924 \u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0937 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092f\u0928 \u0938\u092e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0928 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n\r\n <details class=\"mcq-q\"><summary><span class=\"mcq-num\">7<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">According to Cummins, conversational fluency in a second language is typically acquired in<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u092e\u093f\u0902\u0938 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u093e\u0930, \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u0940 \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0932\u093e\u092a-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0939\u0936\u0940\u0932\u0924\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092f\u0903 \u0905\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/span><\/summary>\r\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\r\n <li>(a) <span class=\"en\">a few months, and academic proficiency in about a year<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u0941\u091b \u092e\u093e\u0939 \u092e\u0947\u0902, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0936\u0948\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0940\u0923\u0924\u093e \u0932\u0917\u092d\u0917 \u090f\u0915 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937 \u092e\u0947\u0902<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(b) <span class=\"en\">one to two years, and academic proficiency in five to seven<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u090f\u0915 \u0938\u0947 \u0926\u094b \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937 \u092e\u0947\u0902, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0936\u0948\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0940\u0923\u0924\u093e \u092a\u093e\u0901\u091a \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0924 \u092e\u0947\u0902<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(c) <span class=\"en\">five to seven years, and academic proficiency in one to two<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u093e\u0901\u091a \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0924 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937 \u092e\u0947\u0902, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0936\u0948\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0940\u0923\u0924\u093e \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u0947 \u0926\u094b \u092e\u0947\u0902<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(d) <span class=\"en\">the same period, since the two develop together<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0905\u0935\u0927\u093f \u092e\u0947\u0902, \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0938\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\"><b>(b).<\/b> <span class=\"en\">Conversational fluency is supported by context, gesture and a co-operative listener, and comes quickly; the context-reduced language of the textbook and the question paper takes considerably longer. Option (d) is the assumption that produces the standard classroom error \u2014 treating fluent speech as evidence of readiness to study through the language.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0932\u093e\u092a-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0939\u0936\u0940\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0930\u094d\u092d, \u0939\u093e\u0935-\u092d\u093e\u0935 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0939\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0940 \u0936\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0939\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u0939 \u0936\u0940\u0918\u094d\u0930 \u0906\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948; \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u092a\u0941\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0915 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0930\u094d\u092d-\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0928 \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e \u0915\u093e\u092b\u0940 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u092e\u092f \u0932\u0947\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a (d) \u0935\u0939\u0940 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0915 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e-\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0941\u091f\u093f \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0939\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0935\u093e\u0923\u0940 \u0915\u094b \u0909\u0938 \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092f\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u0924\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0928\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n\r\n <details class=\"mcq-q\"><summary><span class=\"mcq-num\">8<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">Willis's study of a counter-school culture is significant chiefly because it shows that<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f-\u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f \u092a\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0932\u093f\u0938 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092f\u0928 \u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f\u0924\u0903 \u0907\u0938\u0932\u093f\u090f \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u0935\u0939 \u0926\u093f\u0916\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f<\/span><\/span><\/summary>\r\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\r\n <li>(a) <span class=\"en\">reproduction fails wherever learners resist the school<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u092d\u0940 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u094b\u0927 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0935\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u0941\u0924\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0928 \u0935\u093f\u092b\u0932 \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(b) <span class=\"en\">learners are active participants, and resistance can itself lead to the reproduced outcome<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0938\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f \u0938\u0939\u092d\u093e\u0917\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u094b\u0927 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u0941\u0924\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092b\u0932 \u0924\u0915 \u0932\u0947 \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(c) <span class=\"en\">the hidden curriculum is more powerful than the explicit one in every setting<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0936 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0917\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u091a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u091f \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u091a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0936\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0936\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(d) <span class=\"en\">cultural capital can be acquired at school as readily as at home<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u093e\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u0942\u0901\u091c\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u0924\u0928\u0940 \u0939\u0940 \u0938\u0939\u091c\u0924\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0940 \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0924\u0928\u0940 \u0918\u0930 \u092a\u0930<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\"><b>(b).<\/b> <span class=\"en\">The point that made the study influential is precisely that resistance did not defeat reproduction. In rejecting the school on their own terms the boys walked into the very positions a compliant sorting would have assigned them, which supplies the agency that the correspondence account on its own lacks. Option (a) states the conclusion the study is usually cited to refute.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u091c\u093f\u0938 \u092c\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0941 \u0928\u0947 \u0907\u0938 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092f\u0928 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0936\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u092f\u093e \u0935\u0939 \u0920\u0940\u0915 \u092f\u0939\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u094b\u0927 \u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u0941\u0924\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0928 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u0930\u093e\u091c\u093f\u0924 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0964 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0915\u094b \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0940 \u0936\u0930\u094d\u0924\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u0905\u0938\u094d\u0935\u0940\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0941\u090f \u0932\u0921\u093c\u0915\u0947 \u0920\u0940\u0915 \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091c\u093e \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a\u0947 \u091c\u094b \u0906\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u091b\u0901\u091f\u093e\u0908 \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u0940, \u0914\u0930 \u092f\u0939\u0940 \u0935\u0939 \u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0930\u0942\u092a\u0924\u093e-\u0935\u093f\u0935\u0930\u0923 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0915\u0947\u0932\u0947 \u0905\u092d\u093e\u0935 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a (a) \u0935\u0939\u0940 \u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0937 \u0915\u0939\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0916\u0902\u0921\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092f\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092f\u0903 \u0909\u0926\u094d\u0927\u0943\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n\r\n <details class=\"mcq-q\"><summary><span class=\"mcq-num\">9<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">Which is NOT one of Epstein's six types of involvement?<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u090f\u092a\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0940\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u091b\u0939 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0939\u092d\u093e\u0917\u093f\u0924\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u094c\u0928-\u0938\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u0948?<\/span><\/span><\/summary>\r\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\r\n <li>(a) <span class=\"en\">Communicating<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u0902\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0937\u0923<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(b) <span class=\"en\">Decision making<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0923\u092f-\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(c) <span class=\"en\">Financing the school<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0924\u092a\u094b\u0937\u0923<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(d) <span class=\"en\">Collaborating with the community<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u092e\u0941\u0926\u093e\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0938\u0939\u092f\u094b\u0917<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\"><b>(c).<\/b> <span class=\"en\">The six are parenting, communicating, volunteering, learning at home, decision making and collaborating with the community. Financing appears in none of them, and the omission is deliberate: the framework is concerned with forms of participation that do not require money, since a scheme that did would exclude exactly the households it is meant to reach.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u091b\u0939 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u2014 \u092a\u093e\u0932\u0928-\u092a\u094b\u0937\u0923, \u0938\u0902\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0937\u0923, \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0948\u091a\u094d\u091b\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0939\u092d\u093e\u0917\u093f\u0924\u093e, \u0918\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e, \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0923\u092f-\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0938\u092e\u0941\u0926\u093e\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0938\u0939\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0964 \u0935\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0924\u092a\u094b\u0937\u0923 \u0907\u0928\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0906\u0924\u093e, \u0914\u0930 \u092f\u0939 \u0932\u094b\u092a \u0938\u0941\u0935\u093f\u091a\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948: \u0922\u093e\u0901\u091a\u093e \u0938\u0939\u092d\u093e\u0917\u093f\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0909\u0928 \u0930\u0942\u092a\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0928\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0927\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0928 \u0939\u094b, \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u091c\u093f\u0938 \u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0935\u0939 \u0920\u0940\u0915 \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u092c\u093e\u0939\u0930 \u0915\u0930 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u0940 \u091c\u093f\u0928 \u0924\u0915 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0909\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0906\u0936\u092f \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n\r\n <details class=\"mcq-q\"><summary><span class=\"mcq-num\">10<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">A teacher visits homes, records the trades and skills each family practises, and builds a mathematics unit around measurement in those trades. This most closely illustrates<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0918\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u093e\u092f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0915\u094c\u0936\u0932 \u0926\u0930\u094d\u091c \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0909\u0928 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u093e\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u092e\u093e\u092a \u0915\u0947 \u0907\u0930\u094d\u0926-\u0917\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0926 \u0917\u0923\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0940 \u0907\u0915\u093e\u0908 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u091f\u0924\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/span><\/summary>\r\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\r\n <li>(a) <span class=\"en\">compensatory education<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0924\u093f\u092a\u0942\u0930\u0915 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(b) <span class=\"en\">the funds of knowledge approach<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928-\u0928\u093f\u0927\u093f \u0909\u092a\u093e\u0917\u092e<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(c) <span class=\"en\">the correspondence principle<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u0928\u0941\u0930\u0942\u092a\u0924\u093e \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(d) <span class=\"en\">an invisible pedagogy<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u0926\u0943\u0936\u094d\u092f \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\"><b>(b).<\/b> <span class=\"en\">The direction of flow is the marker. Compensatory education treats the home as deficient and sends resources towards it; the funds of knowledge approach treats the home as holding usable content and brings that content into the curriculum, which makes the teacher the one who has something to learn. Option (a) is the trap, since both are aimed at disadvantaged households and are easily conflated.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0939 \u0915\u0940 \u0926\u093f\u0936\u093e \u0939\u0940 \u091a\u093f\u0939\u094d\u0928 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0924\u093f\u092a\u0942\u0930\u0915 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0917\u0943\u0939 \u0915\u094b \u0905\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0915\u0930 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u0913\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u093e\u0927\u0928 \u092d\u0947\u091c\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948; \u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928-\u0928\u093f\u0927\u093f \u0909\u092a\u093e\u0917\u092e \u0917\u0943\u0939 \u0915\u094b \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u093e \u0927\u093e\u0930\u0915 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0915\u0930 \u0909\u0938 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u091a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0932\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0940\u0916\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u092c\u0928 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a (a) \u091c\u093e\u0932 \u0939\u0948, \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0935\u0902\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0939\u091c\u0924\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u092d\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <\/section>\r\n<!--\/CH4-->\r\n<!--CH5--><section class=\"chapter-content\" data-chap=\"5\" id=\"c5\">\r\n <div class=\"chapter-heading-block\">\r\n <span class=\"chapter-badge\"><span class=\"en\">CHAPTER 5<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f 5<\/span><\/span>\r\n <h2><span class=\"en\">Teaching: Nature, Levels, Phases and Maxims<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923: \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f, \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930<\/span><\/h2>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"keyfact-grid\">\r\n <div class=\"keyfact-card navy-hi\">\r\n <span class=\"big-icon\">📊<\/span>\r\n <div class=\"kf-label\"><span class=\"en\">Levels of teaching<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930<\/span><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"kf-value\">Memory \u00b7 Understanding \u00b7 Reflective<\/div>\r\n <div class=\"kf-sub\"><span class=\"en\">Herbart, Morrison and Hunt in that order<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0907\u0938\u0940 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0930\u094d\u091f, \u092e\u0949\u0930\u093f\u0938\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0939\u0902\u091f<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div class=\"keyfact-card teal-hi\">\r\n <span class=\"big-icon\">🕑<\/span>\r\n <div class=\"kf-label\"><span class=\"en\">Phases of teaching<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u090f\u0901<\/span><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"kf-value\">Jackson \u00b7 1966<\/div>\r\n <div class=\"kf-sub\"><span class=\"en\">Pre-active, interactive, post-active<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935-\u0938\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f, \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0903\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915, \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930-\u0938\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div class=\"keyfact-card amber-hi\">\r\n <span class=\"big-icon\">🔍<\/span>\r\n <div class=\"kf-label\"><span class=\"en\">Interaction analysis<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u0902\u0924\u0903\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0937\u0923<\/span><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"kf-value\">Flanders \u00b7 1970<\/div>\r\n <div class=\"kf-sub\"><span class=\"en\">Ten categories recorded every three seconds<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0924\u0940\u0928 \u0938\u0947\u0915\u0902\u0921 \u092a\u0930 \u0926\u0930\u094d\u091c \u0926\u0938 \u0936\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0923\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div class=\"keyfact-card\">\r\n <span class=\"big-icon\">🎥<\/span>\r\n <div class=\"kf-label\"><span class=\"en\">Micro-teaching<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u0942\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u092e \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923<\/span><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"kf-value\">Allen & Ryan \u00b7 1963<\/div>\r\n <div class=\"kf-sub\"><span class=\"en\">One skill at a time, on a scaled-down class<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u090f\u0915 \u0938\u092e\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u090f\u0915 \u0915\u094c\u0936\u0932, \u0932\u0918\u0941\u0915\u0943\u0924 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u092a\u0930<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <p><span class=\"en\">Teaching is the operational core of pedagogy \u2014 the act itself, as distinct from the reasoning behind it. This chapter takes the act apart in four ways: by asking what kind of activity it is, at what intellectual level it is being conducted, through which phases it moves, and by which working rules its sequence is governed. Each of the four is a separate question, and examination items rarely mix them.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930 \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u0935\u0939 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e, \u091c\u094b \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0940\u091b\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0924\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0943\u0925\u0915\u094d \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f \u0909\u0938 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u094b \u091a\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948: \u092f\u0939 \u092a\u0942\u091b\u0915\u0930 \u0915\u093f \u092f\u0939 \u0915\u093f\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0917\u0924\u093f\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f \u0939\u0948, \u0915\u093f\u0938 \u092c\u094c\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0932\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b \u0930\u0939\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0915\u093f\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0917\u0941\u091c\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0915\u093f\u0928 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u0936\u093e\u0938\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0947 \u091a\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0943\u0925\u0915\u094d \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u0907\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0930\u0932\u0947 \u0939\u0940 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"feat-grid\">\r\n <div class=\"feat-card\"><span class=\"fc-num\">1<\/span><strong><span class=\"en\">What kind of activity is it?<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092f\u0939 \u0915\u093f\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0917\u0924\u093f\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f \u0939\u0948?<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"en\">A tripolar interaction, purposive, and answerable \u2014 and distinguishable from conditioning, training, instruction and indoctrination.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0927\u094d\u0930\u0941\u0935\u0940\u092f \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0903\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e, \u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930\u0926\u093e\u092f\u0940 \u2014 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0928, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923, \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0926\u0947\u0936\u0928 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092e\u0924\u093e\u0930\u094b\u092a\u0923 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0943\u0925\u0915\u094d\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"feat-card\"><span class=\"fc-num\">2<\/span><strong><span class=\"en\">At what level is it pitched?<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092f\u0939 \u0915\u093f\u0938 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948?<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"en\">Memory, understanding or reflective \u2014 a ladder in which each rung rests on the one below rather than replacing it.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u094d\u092e\u0943\u0924\u093f, \u092c\u094b\u0927 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u091a\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0928 \u2014 \u0910\u0938\u0940 \u0938\u0940\u0922\u093c\u0940 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u092a\u093e\u092f\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0928\u093f\u091a\u0932\u0947 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e, \u0909\u0938 \u092a\u0930 \u091f\u093f\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"feat-card\"><span class=\"fc-num\">3<\/span><strong><span class=\"en\">Through what phases does it move?<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092f\u0939 \u0915\u093f\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0917\u0941\u091c\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948?<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"en\">Planning before, execution during, evaluation after \u2014 and the loop by which the third rewrites the first.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928, \u0926\u094c\u0930\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0928\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0928, \u092a\u0936\u094d\u091a\u093e\u0924\u094d \u092e\u0942\u0932\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0915\u0928 \u2014 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0935\u0939 \u091a\u0915\u094d\u0930 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0924\u0940\u0938\u0930\u0940 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0940 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u094d\u0932\u093f\u0916\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"feat-card\"><span class=\"fc-num\">4<\/span><strong><span class=\"en\">By what rules is the sequence set?<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u0915\u093f\u0928 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0924\u092f \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948?<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"en\">The maxims \u2014 known to unknown, concrete to abstract, and the rest \u2014 each of which fixes a direction of travel.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u2014 \u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0924 \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0924, \u092e\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0924 \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u092e\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0924, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0936\u0947\u0937 \u2014 \u091c\u093f\u0928\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0917\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0940 \u090f\u0915 \u0926\u093f\u0936\u093e \u0924\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"p5-0\">\r\n <span class=\"section-badge\">5.0<\/span>\r\n <h3><span class=\"en\">Introduction<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u0930\u093f\u091a\u092f<\/span><\/h3>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <p><span class=\"en\">Teaching is commonly defined by what it aims at rather than by what it looks like, because it looks like a great many things. The definitions below differ in emphasis and together fix the boundaries of the term.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092f\u0903 \u0907\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0935\u0939 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0928 \u0915\u093f \u0935\u0939 \u0926\u093f\u0916\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0948\u0938\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u0935\u0939 \u0905\u0928\u0947\u0915 \u0930\u0942\u092a\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0926\u093f\u0916\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0928\u0940\u091a\u0947 \u0926\u0940 \u0917\u0908 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u092c\u0932-\u092c\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0941 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0915\u0930 \u0907\u0938 \u092a\u0926 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u0928\u093f\u0936\u094d\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"def-stack\">\r\n <div class=\"def-card\">\r\n <div class=\"def-who\"><span class=\"en\">B. O. Smith<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092c\u0940. \u0913. \u0938\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0925<\/span><small>the minimal definition<\/small><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"def-text\"><span class=\"en\">Teaching is a system of actions intended to induce learning. The definition is deliberately spare: it makes intention the criterion, so that an action which produces learning by accident is not teaching, and an action which fails to produce it may still be teaching badly done.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0935\u0939 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0906\u0936\u092f \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0928-\u092c\u0942\u091d\u0915\u0930 \u092e\u093f\u0924\u0935\u094d\u092f\u092f\u0940 \u0939\u0948: \u092f\u0939 \u0906\u0936\u092f \u0915\u094b \u0915\u0938\u094c\u091f\u0940 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0935\u0936 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940, \u0914\u0930 \u091c\u094b \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u092b\u0932 \u0930\u0939\u0947 \u0935\u0939 \u092b\u093f\u0930 \u092d\u0940 \u0926\u094b\u0937\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0922\u0902\u0917 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div class=\"def-card\">\r\n <div class=\"def-who\"><span class=\"en\">Edmund Amidon<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u090f\u0921\u092e\u0902\u0921 \u090f\u092e\u093f\u0921\u0928<\/span><small>the interactive definition<\/small><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"def-text\"><span class=\"en\">Teaching is an interactive process, primarily involving classroom talk, which takes place between teacher and pupil and occurs during certain definable activities. The emphasis on talk is what makes the process observable and therefore analysable, and it is the assumption on which interaction analysis rests.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u090f\u0915 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0903\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f\u0924\u0903 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e-\u0935\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0932\u093e\u092a \u0938\u092e\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0932\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u094b \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u0927\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0941\u091b \u0928\u093f\u0936\u094d\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u0947\u092f \u0917\u0924\u093f\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u094c\u0930\u093e\u0928 \u0918\u091f\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0935\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0932\u093e\u092a \u092a\u0930 \u092c\u0932 \u0939\u0940 \u0909\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u0940\u092f \u0914\u0930 \u0907\u0938\u0940\u0932\u093f\u090f \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0937\u0923\u0940\u092f \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u092f\u0939\u0940 \u0935\u0939 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938 \u092a\u0930 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0903\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0937\u0923 \u091f\u093f\u0915\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div class=\"def-card\">\r\n <div class=\"def-who\"><span class=\"en\">N. L. Gage<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u090f\u0928. \u090f\u0932. \u0917\u0947\u091c<\/span><small>the influence definition<\/small><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"def-text\"><span class=\"en\">Teaching is a form of interpersonal influence aimed at changing the behaviour potential of another person. The phrase <em>behaviour potential<\/em> does real work: what is altered is the range of what the learner is now able to do, whether or not any of it is performed at the time.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0948\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u0939 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0940 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930-\u0938\u093e\u092e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u094d\u092f \u0915\u094b \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0964 <em>\u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930-\u0938\u093e\u092e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u094d\u092f<\/em> \u092a\u0926 \u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948: \u091c\u094b \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0935\u0939 \u0909\u0928 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0930\u093e\u0938 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0905\u092c \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091a\u093e\u0939\u0947 \u0909\u0938 \u0938\u092e\u092f \u0909\u0928\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0941\u091b \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u090f \u092f\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div class=\"def-card\">\r\n <div class=\"def-who\"><span class=\"en\">John Brubacher<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u091c\u0949\u0928 \u092c\u094d\u0930\u0942\u092c\u0947\u0915\u0930<\/span><small>the problem definition<\/small><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"def-text\"><span class=\"en\">Teaching is the arrangement and manipulation of a situation in which there are gaps or obstructions that an individual will seek to overcome, and from which the individual will learn. Nothing is transmitted in this account; the teacher's work is the construction of a difficulty worth having.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0910\u0938\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0940 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0932\u0928 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0910\u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093e\u0932 \u092f\u093e \u0905\u0935\u0930\u094b\u0927 \u0939\u094b\u0902 \u091c\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u092a\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0939\u0947\u0917\u093e, \u0914\u0930 \u091c\u093f\u0928\u0938\u0947 \u0935\u0939 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0938\u0940\u0916\u0947\u0917\u093e\u0964 \u0907\u0938 \u0935\u093f\u0935\u0930\u0923 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u0941\u091b \u092d\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e; \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0915\u093e \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0910\u0938\u0940 \u0915\u0920\u093f\u0928\u093e\u0908 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u091d\u0947\u0932\u0928\u0947 \u092f\u094b\u0917\u094d\u092f \u0939\u094b\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"p5-1\">\r\n <span class=\"section-badge\">5.1<\/span>\r\n <h3><span class=\"en\">Concept and Nature of Teaching<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a\u0928\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f<\/span><\/h3>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <p><span class=\"en\">Teaching is standardly described as a <em>tripolar process<\/em>, its three poles being the aims held, the content selected and the learner addressed. The description is useful because it locates the commonest failures: aims without content produce exhortation, content without aims produces coverage, and either without attention to the learner produces a lesson delivered to nobody in particular.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u093e \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0915 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0923\u0928 <em>\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0927\u094d\u0930\u0941\u0935\u0940\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e<\/em> \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0924\u0940\u0928 \u0927\u094d\u0930\u0941\u0935 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u2014 \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f, \u091a\u092f\u0928\u093f\u0924 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0938\u0902\u092c\u094b\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0923\u0928 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u092f\u0939 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0924\u092e \u0935\u093f\u092b\u0932\u0924\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948: \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f \u0909\u092a\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u092e\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u092a\u0930 \u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0928 \u0926\u093f\u090f \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u092d\u0940 \u0910\u0938\u093e \u092a\u093e\u0920 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0902\u092c\u094b\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n <p><span class=\"en\">Teaching is also frequently confused with four neighbouring activities that share its machinery but not its purpose. The four form a graded series by the depth at which they operate and by how much criticism they permit.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092f\u0903 \u091a\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u0921\u093c\u094b\u0938\u0940 \u0917\u0924\u093f\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u092d\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0935\u0932\u0940 \u0938\u093e\u091d\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0915\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0941 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964 \u092f\u0947 \u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0909\u0938 \u0917\u0939\u0930\u093e\u0908 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093f\u0915 \u0936\u0943\u0902\u0916\u0932\u093e \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u091c\u093f\u0938 \u092a\u0930 \u0935\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0907\u0938 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u093e\u0930 \u092d\u0940 \u0915\u093f \u0935\u0947 \u0915\u093f\u0924\u0928\u0940 \u0906\u0932\u094b\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092e\u0924\u093f \u0926\u0947\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"scale-strip\">\r\n <div class=\"scale-step\">\r\n <span class=\"ss-num\">1<\/span>\r\n <h6><span class=\"en\">Conditioning<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u0928\u0941\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0928<\/span><\/h6>\r\n <p><span class=\"en\">Behaviour altered at the level of reflex and association. No understanding is required or produced.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u093e\u0939\u091a\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930-\u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928\u0964 \u0928 \u092c\u094b\u0927 \u0905\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948 \u0928 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/p>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div class=\"scale-step\">\r\n <span class=\"ss-num\">2<\/span>\r\n <h6><span class=\"en\">Training<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923<\/span><\/h6>\r\n <p><span class=\"en\">A skill built by practice to a criterion. The performance improves; the reasoning behind it need not.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u092d\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0915\u0938\u094c\u091f\u0940 \u0924\u0915 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u094c\u0936\u0932\u0964 \u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0928 \u0938\u0941\u0927\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948; \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0940\u091b\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u0924\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/p>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div class=\"scale-step\">\r\n <span class=\"ss-num\">3<\/span>\r\n <h6><span class=\"en\">Instruction<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u0928\u0941\u0926\u0947\u0936\u0928<\/span><\/h6>\r\n <p><span class=\"en\">Knowledge delivered towards a stated outcome, addressed to the intellect and open to being questioned.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092b\u0932 \u0915\u0940 \u0913\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0924\u094d\u0924 \u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928, \u091c\u094b \u092c\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093f \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0902\u092c\u094b\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u093f\u090f \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0916\u0941\u0932\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/p>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div class=\"scale-step\">\r\n <span class=\"ss-num\">4<\/span>\r\n <h6><span class=\"en\">Indoctrination<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092e\u0924\u093e\u0930\u094b\u092a\u0923<\/span><\/h6>\r\n <p><span class=\"en\">Belief installed while the grounds for doubting it are withheld. It is not a stronger teaching but a different act.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u0928\u093e \u091c\u092c\u0915\u093f \u0909\u0938 \u092a\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0947\u0939 \u0915\u0947 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u0930\u094b\u0915 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u091c\u093e\u090f\u0901\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092c\u0932\u0924\u0930 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/p>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"callout red\">\r\n <div class=\"callout-label\"><span class=\"en\">Where the line actually falls<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0930\u0947\u0916\u093e \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924\u0903 \u0915\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0916\u093f\u0902\u091a\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/div>\r\n <span class=\"en\">Teaching may legitimately employ conditioning, training and instruction \u2014 a multiplication table is trained, a laboratory habit is conditioned, a definition is instructed. What separates teaching from indoctrination is not the subject matter and not the firmness with which a position is held, but whether the learner is left in possession of the means to question it. A lesson that supplies the evidence, names the alternatives and shows how the claim could be tested is teaching however strongly it argues; a lesson that withholds these is indoctrination however mild its tone.<\/span>\r\n <span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0935\u0948\u0927 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0928, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0926\u0947\u0936\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u092a\u0939\u093e\u0921\u093c\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0936\u093e\u0932\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u0906\u0926\u0924 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092c\u0902\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0926\u0947\u0936\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u094b \u092e\u0924\u093e\u0930\u094b\u092a\u0923 \u0938\u0947 \u091c\u094b \u092a\u0943\u0925\u0915\u094d \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0935\u0939 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0928 \u0939\u0940 \u0935\u0939 \u0926\u0943\u0922\u093c\u0924\u093e \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948, \u0905\u092a\u093f\u0924\u0941 \u092f\u0939 \u0915\u093f \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u0938 \u0909\u0938 \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0927\u0928 \u0936\u0947\u0937 \u0930\u0939\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u092f\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964 \u091c\u094b \u092a\u093e\u0920 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093e\u092e \u0932\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0926\u093f\u0916\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0926\u093e\u0935\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0935\u0939 \u091a\u093e\u0939\u0947 \u0915\u093f\u0924\u0928\u0940 \u092d\u0940 \u0938\u0936\u0915\u094d\u0924\u0924\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u0924\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0915\u0930\u0947, \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0939\u0948; \u091c\u094b \u092a\u093e\u0920 \u0907\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u0930\u094b\u0915 \u0932\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0935\u0939 \u091a\u093e\u0939\u0947 \u0915\u093f\u0924\u0928\u0947 \u092d\u0940 \u092e\u0943\u0926\u0941 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u094b, \u092e\u0924\u093e\u0930\u094b\u092a\u0923 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"p5-2\">\r\n <span class=\"section-badge\">5.2<\/span>\r\n <h3><span class=\"en\">Levels of Teaching<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930<\/span><\/h3>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <svg class=\"full-diagram\" viewBox=\"0 0 560 276\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Memory, understanding and reflective levels of teaching as a rising staircase\">\r\n<g font-family=\"DM Sans, Noto Sans Devanagari, sans-serif\" font-size=\"10.5\">\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"18\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"11\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#5a6d80\">EACH LEVEL PRESUPPOSES THE ONE BELOW IT<\/text>\r\n\r\n <rect x=\"16\" y=\"176\" width=\"168\" height=\"80\" rx=\"9\" fill=\"#eef4fc\" stroke=\"#1f5fa9\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"100\" y=\"200\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"11.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\">MEMORY LEVEL<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"100\" y=\"218\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">recall without understanding<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"100\" y=\"234\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">teacher wholly in control<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"100\" y=\"250\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" font-style=\"italic\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\">Herbart \u00b7 thoughtless<\/text>\r\n\r\n <rect x=\"196\" y=\"106\" width=\"168\" height=\"80\" rx=\"9\" fill=\"#fffaef\" stroke=\"#c9760f\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"130\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"11.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#c9760f\">UNDERSTANDING<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"148\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">generalisation and use<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"164\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">of a rule in a new case<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"180\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" font-style=\"italic\" fill=\"#c9760f\">Morrison \u00b7 thoughtful<\/text>\r\n\r\n <rect x=\"376\" y=\"36\" width=\"168\" height=\"80\" rx=\"9\" fill=\"#eefbf7\" stroke=\"#0d8f79\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"460\" y=\"60\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"11.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#0d8f79\">REFLECTIVE LEVEL<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"460\" y=\"78\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">problem-centred, open<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"460\" y=\"94\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">learner sets the question<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"460\" y=\"110\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" font-style=\"italic\" fill=\"#0d8f79\">Hunt \u00b7 upper thoughtful<\/text>\r\n\r\n <path d=\"M184 200 L196 200 L196 146\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#b8c8d8\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <polygon points=\"196,138 190,150 202,150\" fill=\"#b8c8d8\"\/>\r\n <path d=\"M364 130 L376 130 L376 76\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#b8c8d8\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <polygon points=\"376,68 370,80 382,80\" fill=\"#b8c8d8\"\/>\r\n\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"272\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9.5\" fill=\"#5a6d80\">the memory level is not a fault to be removed but a floor that must be laid<\/text>\r\n<\/g><\/svg>\r\n <div class=\"diagram-cap\"><span class=\"en\">A staircase rather than a replacement series; the lower rung is not removed when the next is reached<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u0928-\u0936\u0943\u0902\u0916\u0932\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0938\u0940\u0922\u093c\u0940; \u0905\u0917\u0932\u093e \u092a\u093e\u092f\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u091a\u0932\u093e \u0939\u091f\u0924\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902<\/span><\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"table-scroll\">\r\n <table class=\"data-table\">\r\n <thead><tr>\r\n <th style=\"width:19%\"><span class=\"en\">Dimension<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0906\u092f\u093e\u092e<\/span><\/th>\r\n <th style=\"width:27%\"><span class=\"en\">Memory level<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u094d\u092e\u0943\u0924\u093f \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930<\/span><\/th>\r\n <th style=\"width:27%\"><span class=\"en\">Understanding level<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092c\u094b\u0927 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930<\/span><\/th>\r\n <th style=\"width:27%\"><span class=\"en\">Reflective level<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u091a\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0928 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930<\/span><\/th>\r\n <\/tr><\/thead>\r\n <tbody>\r\n <tr><td><strong><span class=\"en\">Associated with<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u0902\u092c\u0926\u094d\u0927<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Herbart<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0939\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0930\u094d\u091f<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Morrison<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092e\u0949\u0930\u093f\u0938\u0928<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Hunt<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0939\u0902\u091f<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td><strong><span class=\"en\">Objective<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Retention and accurate recall of facts.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0924\u0925\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092f\u0925\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u0938\u094d\u092e\u0930\u0923\u0964<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Grasp of a relation, and its use in a case not met before.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927 \u0915\u093e \u092c\u094b\u0927, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935-\u0905\u092a\u0930\u093f\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0964<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Independent handling of a problem the learner has helped to frame.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0910\u0938\u0940 \u0938\u092e\u0938\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0939\u0928 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u0917\u0922\u093c\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0928\u0947 \u092f\u094b\u0917\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td><strong><span class=\"en\">Content<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Fixed and prescribed, presented in the order of the text.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0928\u093f\u092f\u0924 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924, \u092a\u093e\u0920 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924\u0964<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Organised around principles and their applications.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924\u094b\u0902 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0907\u0930\u094d\u0926-\u0917\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0926 \u0938\u0902\u0917\u0920\u093f\u0924\u0964<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Open; the problem determines what content is needed.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092e\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924; \u0938\u092e\u0938\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0924\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0915\u094c\u0928-\u0938\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td><strong><span class=\"en\">Method<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Telling, drill and repetition.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092c\u0924\u093e\u0928\u093e, \u0905\u092d\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u093e\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0964<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Explanation, illustration, comparison, guided application.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e, \u0926\u0943\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093e\u0902\u0924, \u0924\u0941\u0932\u0928\u093e, \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0964<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Discussion, inquiry and argument, with the teacher intervening least.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u0930\u093f\u091a\u0930\u094d\u091a\u093e, \u0905\u0928\u094d\u0935\u0947\u0937\u0923 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0924\u0930\u094d\u0915, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0928\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0928\u0924\u092e \u0939\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u092a \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td><strong><span class=\"en\">Learner<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Passive receiver.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f \u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0939\u0915\u0964<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Active within limits the teacher sets.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0924\u092f \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092d\u0940\u0924\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u0964<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Initiator; the classroom climate is open and permits disagreement.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0915; \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e-\u0935\u093e\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0930\u0923 \u092e\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u0948 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0905\u0938\u0939\u092e\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092e\u0924\u093f \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td><strong><span class=\"en\">Evaluation<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092e\u0942\u0932\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0915\u0928<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Objective items testing recall.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u094d\u092e\u0930\u0923 \u092a\u0930\u0916\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928\u0964<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Application items in unfamiliar settings.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u092a\u0930\u093f\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0936\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917-\u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928\u0964<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Essay, project and defence of a position.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0928\u093f\u092c\u0902\u0927, \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928\u093e \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u0915\u093e \u0938\u092e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0928\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <\/tbody>\r\n <\/table>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"callout amber\">\r\n <div class=\"callout-label\"><span class=\"en\">A correction worth carrying into an answer<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0932\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u092f\u094b\u0917\u094d\u092f \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u0941\u0927\u093e\u0930<\/span><\/div>\r\n <span class=\"en\">The three levels are frequently written up as though the first two were errors that the third replaces. They are not. Understanding has nothing to work on where the facts are not secure, and reflection has nothing to reason with where the principles are not understood. The defensible criticism of memory-level teaching is not that it occurs but that it is allowed to become the whole of the course \u2014 a class that never leaves the first rung has been given a floor and no building.<\/span>\r\n <span class=\"hi\">\u0924\u0940\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092f\u0903 \u0907\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0932\u093f\u0916\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u094b \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0926\u094b \u0924\u094d\u0930\u0941\u091f\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u0939\u094b\u0902 \u091c\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u0924\u0940\u0938\u0930\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0910\u0938\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0924\u0925\u094d\u092f \u0938\u0941\u0926\u0943\u0922\u093c \u0928 \u0939\u094b\u0902 \u0935\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u092c\u094b\u0927 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u094b \u0915\u0941\u091b \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0914\u0930 \u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924 \u0938\u092e\u091d\u0947 \u0928 \u0917\u090f \u0939\u094b\u0902 \u0935\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u091a\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u0938 \u0924\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u094b \u0915\u0941\u091b \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964 \u0938\u094d\u092e\u0943\u0924\u093f-\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u0940 \u0924\u0930\u094d\u0915\u0938\u0902\u0917\u0924 \u0906\u0932\u094b\u091a\u0928\u093e \u092f\u0939 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u093f \u0935\u0939 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0905\u092a\u093f\u0924\u0941 \u092f\u0939 \u0915\u093f \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u092c\u0928 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u091c\u094b \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0925\u092e \u092a\u093e\u092f\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u092d\u0940 \u0906\u0917\u0947 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u092c\u0922\u093c\u0924\u0940 \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u092b\u093c\u0930\u094d\u0936 \u0926\u0947 \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u092d\u0935\u0928 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964<\/span>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"p5-3\">\r\n <span class=\"section-badge\">5.3<\/span>\r\n <h3><span class=\"en\">Phases of Teaching<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u090f\u0901<\/span><\/h3>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <p><span class=\"en\">Philip Jackson separated the teaching act into three phases according to whether the learners are present. The division is not merely chronological: the kind of thinking a teacher does in each phase is different in kind, and a difficulty in one phase cannot be repaired in another.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092b\u093f\u0932\u093f\u092a \u091c\u0948\u0915\u094d\u0938\u0928 \u0928\u0947 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923-\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0907\u0938 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u0924\u0940\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093e\u091c\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u093f \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0909\u092a\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u092f\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093e\u091c\u0928 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0915\u093e\u0932\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093f\u0915 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u0948: \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u091c\u093f\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u091a\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0935\u0939 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u090f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u0920\u093f\u0928\u093e\u0908 \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0920\u0940\u0915 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940\u0964<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"callout amber\">\r\n <div class=\"callout-label\"><span class=\"en\">A note on the attribution, for an answer that has to be exact<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u094d\u0930\u0947\u092f \u092a\u0930 \u090f\u0915 \u091f\u093f\u092a\u094d\u092a\u0923\u0940, \u0910\u0938\u0947 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u092f\u0925\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/div>\r\n <span class=\"en\">The three-phase division is the standard formulation, is universally attributed to Jackson, and is what an examination will expect. Jackson's own paper of 1966 in fact distinguished <strong>two<\/strong> phases \u2014 pre-active and interactive \u2014 and the post-active phase was added by later writers extending his scheme so that evaluation and its return to planning had a place. A question asking how many phases Jackson identified should be answered as three; a question asking what Jackson himself proposed can be answered more precisely, and the distinction is worth carrying because it is the kind of detail that separates a recalled answer from an informed one.<\/span>\r\n <span class=\"hi\">\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093e\u091c\u0928 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0915 \u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0939\u0948, \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u091c\u0948\u0915\u094d\u0938\u0928 \u0915\u094b \u0936\u094d\u0930\u0947\u092f \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u092f\u0939\u0940 \u0905\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0917\u0940\u0964 \u091c\u0948\u0915\u094d\u0938\u0928 \u0915\u0947 1966 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u0936\u094b\u0927\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0928\u0947 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924\u0903 <strong>\u0926\u094b<\/strong> \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u092a\u0943\u0925\u0915\u094d \u0915\u0940 \u0925\u0940\u0902 \u2014 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935-\u0938\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0903\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u2014 \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930-\u0938\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u092a\u0930\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0940 \u0932\u0947\u0916\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0928\u0947 \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0940 \u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0941\u090f \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0940 \u0924\u093e\u0915\u093f \u092e\u0942\u0932\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0915\u0928 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0928\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u092a\u0930 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u0935\u093e\u092a\u0938\u0940 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0947\u0964 \u091c\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u092a\u0942\u091b\u0947 \u0915\u093f \u091c\u0948\u0915\u094d\u0938\u0928 \u0928\u0947 \u0915\u093f\u0924\u0928\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u092a\u0939\u091a\u093e\u0928\u0940\u0902, \u0909\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0924\u0940\u0928 \u0939\u0948; \u091c\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u092a\u0942\u091b\u0947 \u0915\u093f \u091c\u0948\u0915\u094d\u0938\u0928 \u0928\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e, \u0909\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092f\u0925\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0924\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u092f\u0939 \u092d\u0947\u0926 \u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u092f\u094b\u0917\u094d\u092f \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u092f\u0939\u0940 \u0935\u0939 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u092c\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0930\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0938\u094d\u092e\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u093f\u090f \u0917\u090f \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0942\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0943\u0925\u0915\u094d \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <svg class=\"full-diagram\" viewBox=\"0 0 560 256\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Jackson's pre-active, interactive and post-active phases of teaching\">\r\n<g font-family=\"DM Sans, Noto Sans Devanagari, sans-serif\" font-size=\"10.5\">\r\n <rect x=\"16\" y=\"42\" width=\"160\" height=\"110\" rx=\"9\" fill=\"#eefbf7\" stroke=\"#0d8f79\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <rect x=\"16\" y=\"42\" width=\"160\" height=\"24\" rx=\"9\" fill=\"#0d8f79\"\/>\r\n <rect x=\"16\" y=\"58\" width=\"160\" height=\"8\" fill=\"#0d8f79\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"96\" y=\"59\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"11\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#ffffff\">PRE-ACTIVE<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"96\" y=\"84\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">fixing objectives<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"96\" y=\"100\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">selecting content<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"96\" y=\"116\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">sequencing and timing<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"96\" y=\"138\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" font-style=\"italic\" fill=\"#0d8f79\">planning \u00b7 before<\/text>\r\n\r\n <rect x=\"200\" y=\"42\" width=\"160\" height=\"110\" rx=\"9\" fill=\"#fffaef\" stroke=\"#c9760f\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <rect x=\"200\" y=\"42\" width=\"160\" height=\"24\" rx=\"9\" fill=\"#c9760f\"\/>\r\n <rect x=\"200\" y=\"58\" width=\"160\" height=\"8\" fill=\"#c9760f\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"59\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"11\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#ffffff\">INTERACTIVE<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"84\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">sizing up the class<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"100\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">diagnosis and action<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"116\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">verbal and non-verbal<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"138\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" font-style=\"italic\" fill=\"#c9760f\">execution \u00b7 during<\/text>\r\n\r\n <rect x=\"384\" y=\"42\" width=\"160\" height=\"110\" rx=\"9\" fill=\"#eef4fc\" stroke=\"#1f5fa9\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <rect x=\"384\" y=\"42\" width=\"160\" height=\"24\" rx=\"9\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\"\/>\r\n <rect x=\"384\" y=\"58\" width=\"160\" height=\"8\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"464\" y=\"59\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"11\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#ffffff\">POST-ACTIVE<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"464\" y=\"84\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">defining the change<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"464\" y=\"100\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">choosing the test<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"464\" y=\"116\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">revising the strategy<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"464\" y=\"138\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" font-style=\"italic\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\">evaluation \u00b7 after<\/text>\r\n\r\n <line x1=\"180\" y1=\"97\" x2=\"192\" y2=\"97\" stroke=\"#b8c8d8\" stroke-width=\"2.4\"\/>\r\n <polygon points=\"198,97 186,91 186,103\" fill=\"#b8c8d8\"\/>\r\n <line x1=\"364\" y1=\"97\" x2=\"376\" y2=\"97\" stroke=\"#b8c8d8\" stroke-width=\"2.4\"\/>\r\n <polygon points=\"382,97 370,91 370,103\" fill=\"#b8c8d8\"\/>\r\n\r\n <path d=\"M464 158 L464 200 L96 200 L96 162\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#b8c8d8\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-dasharray=\"6 4\"\/>\r\n <polygon points=\"96,154 90,166 102,166\" fill=\"#b8c8d8\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"220\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9.5\" fill=\"#5a6d80\">evidence from the third phase reshapes the first, or the cycle is not closed<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"242\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9.5\" font-style=\"italic\" fill=\"#5a6d80\">P. W. Jackson, 1966<\/text>\r\n<\/g><\/svg>\r\n <div class=\"diagram-cap\"><span class=\"en\">The division is by whether the learners are present, and the dashed return is what closes the cycle<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u093f\u092d\u093e\u091c\u0928 \u0907\u0938 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u093f \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0909\u092a\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u092f\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092c\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0941\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0935\u093e\u092a\u0938\u0940 \u0939\u0940 \u091a\u0915\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u094b \u092c\u0902\u0926 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/div>\r\n\r\n <ul class=\"num-stack\">\r\n <li><strong><span class=\"en\">Pre-active \u2014 the learners are absent.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935-\u0938\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f \u2014 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u0964<\/span><\/strong> <span class=\"en\">Objectives are fixed, content is selected and put in order, strategies of presentation are chosen and time is distributed across them. The work is deliberative and revisable, and it is the only phase in which the teacher has as long as is needed.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f \u0928\u093f\u0936\u094d\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u090f \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u091a\u0941\u0928\u0940 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u092c\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0915\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0940 \u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u091a\u0941\u0928\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0909\u0928\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u092e\u092f \u0935\u093f\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0935\u093f\u091a\u093e\u0930-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u0936\u094b\u0927\u0928\u0940\u092f \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u092f\u0939\u0940 \u090f\u0915\u092e\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u0938 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0924\u093e\u0928\u0941\u0938\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u092e\u092f \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><strong><span class=\"en\">Interactive \u2014 the learners are present.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u0902\u0924\u0903\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u2014 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0909\u092a\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u0964<\/span><\/strong> <span class=\"en\">Jackson described this phase as perception, diagnosis and reaction running continuously: the teacher sizes up the class, reads whether a point has landed, and acts on that reading within seconds. Decisions here are made under time pressure and cannot be taken back, which is why the pre-active phase exists.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u091c\u0948\u0915\u094d\u0938\u0928 \u0928\u0947 \u0907\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0923\u0928 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u0902\u0924\u0930 \u091a\u0932\u0924\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923, \u0928\u093f\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e: \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0906\u0915\u0932\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u092a\u0922\u093c\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u092c\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0941 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a\u093e \u092f\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0938\u0947\u0915\u0902\u0921\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u0938 \u092a\u0920\u0928 \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0923\u092f \u0938\u092e\u092f-\u0926\u092c\u093e\u0935 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u093e\u092a\u0938 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0947, \u0907\u0938\u0940\u0932\u093f\u090f \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935-\u0938\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><strong><span class=\"en\">Post-active \u2014 the learners have gone.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930-\u0938\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f \u2014 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u091c\u093e \u091a\u0941\u0915\u0947\u0964<\/span><\/strong> <span class=\"en\">The exact dimensions of the change sought are defined, an appropriate testing device is selected, and the strategy is altered in the light of what the evidence shows. The phase is completed only when something in the next plan is different because of it.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u092d\u0940\u0937\u094d\u091f \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u092f\u0925\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u0906\u092f\u093e\u092e \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u090f \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0909\u092a\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923-\u0938\u093e\u0927\u0928 \u091a\u0941\u0928\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u091c\u094b \u0926\u093f\u0916\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0906\u0932\u094b\u0915 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u0924\u092d\u0940 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u092c \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0905\u0917\u0932\u0940 \u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u0941\u091b \u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0939\u094b\u0964<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"exam-tip\">\r\n <div class=\"et-icon\">●<\/div>\r\n <div class=\"et-body\">\r\n <strong><span class=\"en\">Assigning an activity to its phase.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0917\u0924\u093f\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f \u0915\u094b \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0930\u0916\u0928\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/strong>\r\n <span class=\"en\"> Ask only whether the learners are in the room.<\/span>\r\n <span class=\"hi\"> \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u092f\u0939 \u092a\u0942\u091b\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u093f \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u092f\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964<\/span>\r\n <ul class=\"split-list\">\r\n <li><span class=\"sl-tag\">Pre<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">writing objectives, ordering content, preparing aids, planning the time<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f \u0932\u093f\u0916\u0928\u093e, \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u092c\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e, \u0938\u0939\u093e\u092f\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0924\u0948\u092f\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e, \u0938\u092e\u092f \u0928\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091c\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e<\/span><\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"sl-tag\">Int<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">questioning, explaining, reinforcing, managing, reading the class and adjusting<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e, \u0938\u092e\u091d\u093e\u0928\u093e, \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0932\u0928 \u0926\u0947\u0928\u093e, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0928, \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u094b \u092a\u0922\u093c\u0928\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928<\/span><\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"sl-tag\">Post<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">marking, diagnosing the error pattern, deciding what to re-teach<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u091c\u093e\u0901\u091a\u0928\u093e, \u0924\u094d\u0930\u0941\u091f\u093f-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u0942\u092a \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0926\u093e\u0928, \u092f\u0939 \u0924\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u0915\u093f \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0903 \u092a\u0922\u093c\u093e\u0928\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"p5-4\">\r\n <span class=\"section-badge\">5.4<\/span>\r\n <h3><span class=\"en\">Maxims of Teaching<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930<\/span><\/h3>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <p><span class=\"en\">The maxims are working rules that fix a direction of travel through content. Each states where a sequence should begin, and each is a corollary of a psychological finding rather than a piece of folklore \u2014 which is why the reason for a maxim is worth carrying alongside the maxim itself.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0935\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u091c\u094b \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0917\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0940 \u0926\u093f\u0936\u093e \u0924\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u092c\u0924\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u0915\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0938\u0947 \u0906\u0930\u0902\u092d \u0939\u094b, \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0932\u094b\u0915-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0925\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092e\u0928\u094b\u0935\u0948\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0937 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u0907\u0938\u0940\u0932\u093f\u090f \u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u092d\u0940 \u0932\u0947 \u091a\u0932\u0928\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"table-scroll\">\r\n <table class=\"data-table\">\r\n <thead><tr>\r\n <th class=\"narrow\"><span class=\"en\">No.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u094d\u0930.<\/span><\/th>\r\n <th style=\"width:24%\"><span class=\"en\">Maxim<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930<\/span><\/th>\r\n <th style=\"width:36%\"><span class=\"en\">Why it holds<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092f\u0939 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0932\u093e\u0917\u0942 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/th>\r\n <th style=\"width:36%\"><span class=\"en\">In a classroom<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902<\/span><\/th>\r\n <\/tr><\/thead>\r\n <tbody>\r\n <tr><td class=\"narrow\">1<\/td><td><strong><span class=\"en\">Known to unknown<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0924 \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0924<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">New material is grasped only through the ideas already held, which is Herbart's apperception restated as a rule of order.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0928\u0908 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0935\u093f\u091a\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939\u0923 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u094b \u0939\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0930\u094d\u091f \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u092a\u092c\u094b\u0927 \u0915\u093e \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e-\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0903\u0915\u0925\u0928 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">A lesson on fractions opens with the sharing of a roti, not with the definition of a denominator.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u093e\u0920 \u0939\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0930\u094b\u091f\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0901\u091f\u0935\u093e\u0930\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u0906\u0930\u0902\u092d \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td class=\"narrow\">2<\/td><td><strong><span class=\"en\">Simple to complex<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u0930\u0932 \u0938\u0947 \u091c\u091f\u093f\u0932<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Working memory is narrow; a step that presupposes an unmastered step consumes the capacity the new idea needs.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u092e\u0943\u0924\u093f \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0940\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0939\u0948; \u091c\u094b \u091a\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0905\u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u091a\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0935\u0939 \u0909\u0938 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e\u0924\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0916\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0928\u090f \u0935\u093f\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u094b \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f\u0964<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Single-digit addition is secure before carrying is introduced, not alongside it.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0939\u093e\u0938\u093f\u0932 \u0906\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u090f\u0915-\u0905\u0902\u0915\u0940\u092f \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c \u0938\u0941\u0926\u0943\u0922\u093c \u0939\u094b, \u0938\u093e\u0925-\u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td class=\"narrow\">3<\/td><td><strong><span class=\"en\">Concrete to abstract<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092e\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0924 \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u092e\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0924<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">The concrete-operational learner reasons on material that can be handled; abstraction offered too early yields words without meaning.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092e\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0924-\u0938\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0938\u0901\u092d\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u092a\u0930 \u0924\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948; \u0938\u092e\u092f \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u0926\u0940 \u0917\u0908 \u0905\u092e\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0924\u093e \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0939\u0940\u0928 \u0936\u092c\u094d\u0926 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Rods and counters precede the algebraic identity, and remain available when the symbol fails.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092c\u0940\u091c\u0940\u092f \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0938\u092e\u093f\u0915\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u091b\u0921\u093c\u0947\u0902 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0917\u094b\u091f\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901, \u091c\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u0940\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u092b\u0932 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u0909\u092a\u0932\u092c\u094d\u0927 \u0930\u0939\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td class=\"narrow\">4<\/td><td><strong><span class=\"en\">Particular to general<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u093f\u0936\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">A rule arrived at from instances is understood as a summary of them; a rule announced first is memorised as an assertion.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0926\u0943\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093e\u0902\u0924\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0932\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0936 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u092e\u091d\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948; \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0918\u094b\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e \u0915\u0925\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u0902\u0920\u0938\u094d\u0925 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Several verbs are examined before the tense rule is stated, so the rule explains what was noticed.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u093e\u0932-\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e \u0915\u0939\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u0905\u0928\u0947\u0915 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0901\u091a, \u0924\u093e\u0915\u093f \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0947 \u091c\u094b \u0926\u0947\u0916\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td class=\"narrow\">5<\/td><td><strong><span class=\"en\">Whole to part<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930 \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0902\u0936<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">The Gestalt finding that a whole has properties that vanish on dismemberment; a part is meaningless until its place is seen.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0917\u0947\u0938\u094d\u091f\u093e\u0932\u094d\u091f \u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0937 \u0915\u093f \u0938\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0910\u0938\u0947 \u0917\u0941\u0923 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u091c\u094b \u0935\u093f\u0916\u0902\u0921\u0928 \u092a\u0930 \u0932\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902; \u091c\u092c \u0924\u0915 \u0905\u0902\u0936 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928 \u0928 \u0926\u093f\u0916\u0947 \u0935\u0939 \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0939\u0940\u0928 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">The sentence is read before the letters are analysed, and the map before the district.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0937\u0923 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u0935\u093e\u0915\u094d\u092f \u092a\u0922\u093c\u093e \u091c\u093e\u090f, \u0914\u0930 \u091c\u093c\u093f\u0932\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td class=\"narrow\">6<\/td><td><strong><span class=\"en\">Near to far<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0928\u093f\u0915\u091f \u0938\u0947 \u0926\u0942\u0930<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">The immediate environment supplies the referents against which distant material is interpreted.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0924\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0915\u093e\u0932\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0936 \u0935\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0930\u094d\u092d \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0928\u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0926\u0942\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0925 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">The local water source is studied before the river system, and the panchayat before Parliament.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0928\u0926\u0940-\u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u0940\u092f \u091c\u0932-\u0938\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0924, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0938\u0902\u0938\u0926 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u092a\u0902\u091a\u093e\u092f\u0924\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td class=\"narrow\">7<\/td><td><strong><span class=\"en\">Analysis to synthesis<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0937\u0923 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u0936\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0937\u0923<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">A structure is understood by taking it apart before it can be reliably built; assembly without analysis is imitation.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0935\u0938\u0928\u0940\u092f \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093e\u091c\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0915\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u091d\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948; \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0938\u0902\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">A worked proof is broken into its steps before the class is asked to construct one.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u0909\u092a\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0930\u091a\u0935\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u0939\u0932-\u0938\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u0909\u092a\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0915\u094b \u091a\u0930\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0924\u094b\u0921\u093c\u093e \u091c\u093e\u090f\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td class=\"narrow\">8<\/td><td><strong><span class=\"en\">Psychological to logical<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092e\u0928\u094b\u0935\u0948\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0947 \u0924\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0915\u093f\u0915<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">The order of the discipline is not the order of the learner. Interest and readiness set the entry point; logical order is reached later.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u0928\u0941\u0936\u093e\u0938\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0930\u0941\u091a\u093f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0924\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0930\u0924\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0947\u0936-\u092c\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0941 \u0924\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902; \u0924\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0915\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0906\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">History may begin with a local monument rather than with the earliest date in the chapter.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0907\u0924\u093f\u0939\u093e\u0938 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u091a\u0940\u0928\u0924\u092e \u0924\u093f\u0925\u093f \u0938\u0947 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u0940\u092f \u0938\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0930\u0915 \u0938\u0947 \u0906\u0930\u0902\u092d \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td class=\"narrow\">9<\/td><td><strong><span class=\"en\">Empirical to rational<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u0928\u0941\u092d\u0935\u091c\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0938\u0947 \u0924\u0930\u094d\u0915\u091c\u0928\u094d\u092f<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Observation supplies the material on which reasoning operates; a rational account offered first has nothing to be about.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0935\u0939 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938 \u092a\u0930 \u0924\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948; \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0926\u093f\u090f \u0917\u090f \u0924\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0915\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0935\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u0938 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f \u0939\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">The class observes what happens to the plant in the dark before the role of light is explained.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0936 \u0915\u0940 \u092d\u0942\u092e\u093f\u0915\u093e \u0938\u092e\u091d\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0916\u0947 \u0915\u093f \u0905\u0902\u0927\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094c\u0927\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td class=\"narrow\">10<\/td><td><strong><span class=\"en\">Indefinite to definite<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u0928\u093f\u0936\u094d\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u0936\u094d\u091a\u093f\u0924<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">A vague first impression is refined by successive discrimination; precision demanded at the outset produces refusal to answer.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0927\u0941\u0901\u0927\u0932\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0925\u092e \u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923\u093e \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u0947\u0926\u0928 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0915\u0943\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948; \u0906\u0930\u0902\u092d \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u0940 \u092e\u093e\u0901\u0917\u0940 \u0917\u0908 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0936\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927\u0924\u093e \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0926\u0947\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u0907\u0928\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">A rough estimate is invited before the exact measurement is taken.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092f\u0925\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u092e\u093e\u092a \u0932\u0947\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u092e\u094b\u091f\u093e \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0906\u092e\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u090f\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <\/tbody>\r\n <\/table>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"callout purple\">\r\n <div class=\"callout-label\"><span class=\"en\">Two maxims that appear to conflict<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0926\u094b \u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u091c\u094b \u092a\u0930\u0938\u094d\u092a\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0930\u094b\u0927\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u0940\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902<\/span><\/div>\r\n <span class=\"en\">Whole to part and simple to complex look opposed, since a whole is more complex than any of its parts. They are not, because they answer different questions. Whole to part fixes what is presented for perception \u2014 the sentence, the map, the melody \u2014 so that the parts have a place to occupy. Simple to complex fixes what is demanded as performance \u2014 what the learner is asked to produce unaided. A reading lesson that shows the whole sentence and asks for one letter satisfies both at once.<\/span>\r\n <span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930 \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0902\u0936 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0938\u0930\u0932 \u0938\u0947 \u091c\u091f\u093f\u0932 \u0935\u093f\u0930\u094b\u0927\u0940 \u0926\u093f\u0916\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u0938\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092d\u0940 \u0905\u0902\u0936 \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u091c\u091f\u093f\u0932 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0935\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0930\u094b\u0927\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u0935\u0947 \u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0938\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930 \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0902\u0936 \u092f\u0939 \u0924\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924 \u0939\u094b \u2014 \u0935\u093e\u0915\u094d\u092f, \u092e\u093e\u0928\u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930, \u0927\u0941\u0928 \u2014 \u0924\u093e\u0915\u093f \u0905\u0902\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0947\u0964 \u0938\u0930\u0932 \u0938\u0947 \u091c\u091f\u093f\u0932 \u092f\u0939 \u0924\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u092e\u093e\u0901\u0917\u093e \u091c\u093e\u090f \u2014 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0938\u0939\u093e\u092f\u0924\u093e \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u093e\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u090f\u0964 \u091c\u094b \u092a\u0920\u0928-\u092a\u093e\u0920 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u093e \u0935\u093e\u0915\u094d\u092f \u0926\u093f\u0916\u093e\u0915\u0930 \u090f\u0915 \u0905\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0930 \u092e\u093e\u0901\u0917\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0935\u0939 \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0938\u0902\u0924\u0941\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"p5-5\">\r\n <span class=\"section-badge\">5.5<\/span>\r\n <h3><span class=\"en\">Principles and Variables<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u091a\u0930<\/span><\/h3>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <p><span class=\"en\">Where the maxims govern sequence, the principles of teaching govern conduct. They are conventionally grouped as general and psychological, and the distinction is worth keeping because the first group can be complied with by an administrative order while the second cannot.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u0915\u094b \u0936\u093e\u0938\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0935\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924 \u0906\u091a\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u094b \u0936\u093e\u0938\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0907\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0930\u0902\u092a\u0930\u093e\u0917\u0924 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092e\u0928\u094b\u0935\u0948\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u092e\u0942\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u092f\u0939 \u092d\u0947\u0926 \u0930\u0916\u0928\u0947 \u092f\u094b\u0917\u094d\u092f \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u0942\u0939 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u093e\u0932\u0928 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u093e\u0938\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0906\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u0938\u0947 \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"pc-grid\">\r\n <div class=\"pc-panel neu\">\r\n <div class=\"pc-head\"><span class=\"pc-ico\">▸<\/span><span class=\"en\">General principles<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924<\/span><\/div>\r\n <ul>\r\n <li><span class=\"en\">Definite aim \u2014 the period has a stated destination the learners can name<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0928\u093f\u0936\u094d\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f \u2014 \u0915\u093e\u0932\u093e\u0902\u0936 \u0915\u093e \u0910\u0938\u093e \u0915\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u0917\u0902\u0924\u0935\u094d\u092f \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u092c\u0924\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0947\u0902<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"en\">Planning \u2014 content, sequence and time settled before the class begins<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0928\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u2014 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0906\u0930\u0902\u092d \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941, \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u092e\u092f \u0924\u092f<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"en\">Linking with life \u2014 the material is tied to something outside the school gate<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u091c\u0940\u0935\u0928 \u0938\u0947 \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0928\u093e \u2014 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f-\u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0939\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u0938\u0947 \u091c\u0941\u0921\u093c\u0940 \u0939\u094b<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"en\">Democratic dealing \u2014 participation is invited rather than permitted<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0932\u094b\u0915\u0924\u093e\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930 \u2014 \u0938\u0939\u092d\u093e\u0917\u093f\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092e\u0924\u093f \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0906\u092e\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0923 \u0939\u094b<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"en\">Remedial provision \u2014 diagnosis is followed by re-teaching, not by a repeated test<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0909\u092a\u091a\u093e\u0930\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0935\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u2014 \u0928\u093f\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0903 \u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0903 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0939\u094b<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div class=\"pc-panel pro\">\r\n <div class=\"pc-head\"><span class=\"pc-ico\">\u2713<\/span><span class=\"en\">Psychological principles<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092e\u0928\u094b\u0935\u0948\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924<\/span><\/div>\r\n <ul>\r\n <li><span class=\"en\">Motivation \u2014 the reason to attend is supplied before attention is demanded<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u092d\u093f\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0930\u0923\u093e \u2014 \u0905\u0935\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u092e\u093e\u0901\u0917\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0928 \u0926\u0947\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u090f<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"en\">Activity \u2014 the learner does something, since exposure alone does not encode<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u2014 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0915\u0941\u091b \u0915\u0930\u0947, \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924\u093f \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0947\u0924\u092c\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"en\">Readiness \u2014 the prerequisite is verified rather than assumed<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0924\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0930\u0924\u093e \u2014 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0938\u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u090f<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"en\">Individual differences \u2014 the range within one group is planned for, not regretted<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u0948\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928\u0924\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u2014 \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u092e\u0942\u0939 \u0915\u0940 \u0906\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u0930\u093e\u0938 \u092a\u0930 \u0916\u0947\u0926 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0928\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u0939\u094b<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"en\">Feedback and reinforcement \u2014 the result of an attempt reaches the learner while the attempt is still live<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920\u092a\u094b\u0937\u0923 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0932\u0928 \u2014 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0924\u0915 \u0924\u092c \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a\u0947 \u091c\u092c \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u093e\u0938 \u091c\u0940\u0935\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <h4><span class=\"en\">Teaching treated as a system of variables<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u091a\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923<\/span><\/h4>\r\n\r\n <p><span class=\"en\">Analysing teaching as a set of variables makes it researchable, because it names what may be altered and what is expected to change in consequence.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u093e \u091a\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u0941\u091a\u094d\u091a\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0937\u0923 \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u0902\u0927\u0947\u092f \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u092f\u0939 \u0928\u093e\u092e \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u092c\u0926\u0932\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e\u0938\u094d\u0935\u0930\u0942\u092a \u0915\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u0905\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"kv-block\">\r\n <div class=\"kv-row\"><span class=\"kv-key\">Independent<\/span><span><strong><span class=\"en\">The teacher.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915\u0964<\/span><\/strong> <span class=\"en\">What is deliberately varied \u2014 the method chosen, the questions asked, the pace set, the reinforcement given.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u091c\u094b \u0938\u0941\u0935\u093f\u091a\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0926\u0932\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u091a\u0941\u0928\u0940 \u0917\u0908 \u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f, \u092a\u0942\u091b\u0947 \u0917\u090f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928, \u0924\u092f \u0915\u0940 \u0917\u0908 \u0917\u0924\u093f, \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0932\u0928\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"kv-row\"><span class=\"kv-key\">Dependent<\/span><span><strong><span class=\"en\">The learner.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940\u0964<\/span><\/strong> <span class=\"en\">What is expected to change and is measured \u2014 attainment, participation, attitude, retention.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u0905\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u092a\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u0909\u092a\u0932\u092c\u094d\u0927\u093f, \u0938\u0939\u092d\u093e\u0917\u093f\u0924\u093e, \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f, \u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"kv-row\"><span class=\"kv-key\">Intervening<\/span><span><strong><span class=\"en\">Content and climate.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0935\u093e\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0930\u0923\u0964<\/span><\/strong> <span class=\"en\">What stands between the two and conditions the effect \u2014 the curriculum, the material available, the size of the class, the relationship already established.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u091c\u094b \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u0916\u0921\u093c\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0936\u0930\u094d\u0924 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u091a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e, \u0909\u092a\u0932\u092c\u094d\u0927 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940, \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0906\u0915\u093e\u0930, \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"p5-6\">\r\n <span class=\"section-badge\">5.6<\/span>\r\n <h3><span class=\"en\">Teaching Skills and Effectiveness<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u094c\u0936\u0932 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u093f\u0924\u093e<\/span><\/h3>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <p><span class=\"en\">Teaching is not a single ability but a set of separable skills, and the practical consequence is that they can be practised one at a time. Micro-teaching, begun at Stanford by Dwight Allen in 1963 and set out by Allen and Kevin Ryan in their account of 1969, scales the classroom down on every dimension at once \u2014 one skill, five to ten pupils, five to ten minutes \u2014 so that the feedback can be about the skill rather than about the lesson as a whole.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u090f\u0915\u0932 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e\u0924\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0905\u092a\u093f\u0924\u0941 \u092a\u0943\u0925\u0915\u094d\u0915\u0930\u0923\u0940\u092f \u0915\u094c\u0936\u0932\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u092e\u0941\u091a\u094d\u091a\u092f \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e \u092f\u0939 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0909\u0928\u0915\u093e \u0905\u092d\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938 \u090f\u0915-\u090f\u0915 \u0915\u0930\u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0938\u0942\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u092e \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 1963 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u091f\u0948\u0928\u092b\u094b\u0930\u094d\u0921 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0921\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0907\u091f \u090f\u0932\u0928 \u0928\u0947 \u0906\u0930\u0902\u092d \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0924\u0925\u093e \u090f\u0932\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u093f\u0928 \u0930\u093e\u092f\u0928 \u0928\u0947 1969 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0935\u0930\u0923 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092a\u093e\u0926\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e, \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0906\u092f\u093e\u092e \u092a\u0930 \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0932\u0918\u0941 \u0915\u0930 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u090f\u0915 \u0915\u094c\u0936\u0932, \u092a\u093e\u0901\u091a \u0938\u0947 \u0926\u0938 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940, \u092a\u093e\u0901\u091a \u0938\u0947 \u0926\u0938 \u092e\u093f\u0928\u091f \u2014 \u0924\u093e\u0915\u093f \u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920\u092a\u094b\u0937\u0923 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u092a\u093e\u0920 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0915\u094c\u0936\u0932 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0947\u0964<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n <svg class=\"full-diagram\" viewBox=\"0 0 560 290\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"The micro-teaching cycle from plan through re-feedback\">\r\n<g font-family=\"DM Sans, Noto Sans Devanagari, sans-serif\" font-size=\"10.5\">\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"18\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"11\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#5a6d80\">ONE SKILL \u00b7 5 TO 10 PUPILS \u00b7 5 TO 10 MINUTES<\/text>\r\n\r\n <rect x=\"16\" y=\"34\" width=\"164\" height=\"56\" rx=\"9\" fill=\"#eefbf7\" stroke=\"#0d8f79\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"98\" y=\"58\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"11\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#0d8f79\">1 \u00b7 PLAN<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"98\" y=\"76\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">one skill, one concept<\/text>\r\n\r\n <rect x=\"198\" y=\"34\" width=\"164\" height=\"56\" rx=\"9\" fill=\"#eaf6ff\" stroke=\"#2f92d1\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"58\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"11\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#2f92d1\">2 \u00b7 TEACH<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"76\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">the micro-lesson<\/text>\r\n\r\n <rect x=\"380\" y=\"34\" width=\"164\" height=\"56\" rx=\"9\" fill=\"#eef4fc\" stroke=\"#1f5fa9\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"462\" y=\"58\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"11\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\">3 \u00b7 FEEDBACK<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"462\" y=\"76\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">observed on that skill alone<\/text>\r\n\r\n <rect x=\"380\" y=\"156\" width=\"164\" height=\"56\" rx=\"9\" fill=\"#fffaef\" stroke=\"#c9760f\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"462\" y=\"180\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"11\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#c9760f\">4 \u00b7 RE-PLAN<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"462\" y=\"198\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">same skill, altered approach<\/text>\r\n\r\n <rect x=\"198\" y=\"156\" width=\"164\" height=\"56\" rx=\"9\" fill=\"#fdf0f5\" stroke=\"#8e2f5a\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"180\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"11\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#8e2f5a\">5 \u00b7 RE-TEACH<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"198\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">a fresh group<\/text>\r\n\r\n <rect x=\"16\" y=\"156\" width=\"164\" height=\"56\" rx=\"9\" fill=\"#faf6ff\" stroke=\"#6b3a8f\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"98\" y=\"180\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"11\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#6b3a8f\">6 \u00b7 RE-FEEDBACK<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"98\" y=\"198\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">measured against the first<\/text>\r\n\r\n <line x1=\"180\" y1=\"62\" x2=\"192\" y2=\"62\" stroke=\"#b8c8d8\" stroke-width=\"2.4\"\/>\r\n <polygon points=\"198,62 186,56 186,68\" fill=\"#b8c8d8\"\/>\r\n <line x1=\"362\" y1=\"62\" x2=\"374\" y2=\"62\" stroke=\"#b8c8d8\" stroke-width=\"2.4\"\/>\r\n <polygon points=\"380,62 368,56 368,68\" fill=\"#b8c8d8\"\/>\r\n <line x1=\"462\" y1=\"90\" x2=\"462\" y2=\"146\" stroke=\"#b8c8d8\" stroke-width=\"2.4\"\/>\r\n <polygon points=\"462,152 456,140 468,140\" fill=\"#b8c8d8\"\/>\r\n <line x1=\"380\" y1=\"184\" x2=\"368\" y2=\"184\" stroke=\"#b8c8d8\" stroke-width=\"2.4\"\/>\r\n <polygon points=\"362,184 374,178 374,190\" fill=\"#b8c8d8\"\/>\r\n <line x1=\"198\" y1=\"184\" x2=\"186\" y2=\"184\" stroke=\"#b8c8d8\" stroke-width=\"2.4\"\/>\r\n <polygon points=\"180,184 192,178 192,190\" fill=\"#b8c8d8\"\/>\r\n\r\n <path d=\"M98 212 L98 246 L462 246 L462 218\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#b8c8d8\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-dasharray=\"6 4\"\/>\r\n <polygon points=\"462,212 456,224 468,224\" fill=\"#b8c8d8\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"266\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9.5\" fill=\"#5a6d80\">the loop repeats on the same skill until the criterion is reached, then a new skill is taken up<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"284\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9.5\" font-style=\"italic\" fill=\"#5a6d80\">Allen and Ryan, Stanford, 1963<\/text>\r\n<\/g><\/svg>\r\n <div class=\"diagram-cap\"><span class=\"en\">Feedback stands between the two attempts, which is what makes the second a controlled comparison<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920\u092a\u094b\u0937\u0923 \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u093e\u0938\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u0916\u0921\u093c\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u092f\u0939\u0940 \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u0947 \u0915\u094b \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0924\u0941\u0932\u0928\u093e \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"table-scroll\">\r\n <table class=\"data-table\">\r\n <thead><tr>\r\n <th style=\"width:26%\"><span class=\"en\">Skill<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u094c\u0936\u0932<\/span><\/th>\r\n <th style=\"width:38%\"><span class=\"en\">What is practised<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u093f\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0905\u092d\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/th>\r\n <th style=\"width:36%\"><span class=\"en\">Observable component<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u0940\u092f \u0918\u091f\u0915<\/span><\/th>\r\n <\/tr><\/thead>\r\n <tbody>\r\n <tr><td><strong><span class=\"en\">Set induction<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0928\u093e \u0915\u094c\u0936\u0932<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Establishing readiness at the opening by linking to what is already held.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u0947 \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0915\u0930 \u0906\u0930\u0902\u092d \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0924\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Use of prior knowledge, a device to arouse attention, and a stated link to the day's work.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935-\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917, \u0905\u0935\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u091c\u0917\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0926\u093f\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td><strong><span class=\"en\">Questioning and probing<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0917\u0939\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928\u0928<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Fluency in framing, and staying with a partial answer instead of moving to another pupil.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928-\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0939, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u0947 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u0913\u0930 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u091c\u093e\u092f \u0905\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u091f\u093f\u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0939\u0928\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Number and spread of questions, prompting, seeking further information, redirection.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0930, \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0947\u0924 \u0926\u0947\u0928\u093e, \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e \u092e\u093e\u0901\u0917\u0928\u093e, \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u094d\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u0928\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td><strong><span class=\"en\">Explaining<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u094c\u0936\u0932<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Sequencing an explanation so that each link is available before it is needed.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0910\u0938\u093e \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0923 \u0915\u093f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0915\u0921\u093c\u0940 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u0909\u092a\u0932\u092c\u094d\u0927 \u0939\u094b\u0964<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Explaining links, absence of irrelevant statements, absence of vague terms, covering statements.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e-\u0915\u0921\u093c\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901, \u0905\u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0938\u0902\u0917\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u0925\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u092d\u093e\u0935, \u0905\u0938\u094d\u092a\u0937\u094d\u091f \u092a\u0926\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u092d\u093e\u0935, \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0935\u0947\u0936\u0940 \u0915\u0925\u0928\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td><strong><span class=\"en\">Illustrating with examples<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0938\u094d\u092a\u0937\u094d\u091f\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Choosing instances that are simple, relevant and drawn from the learner's world.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0910\u0938\u0947 \u0926\u0943\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093e\u0902\u0924\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u091a\u092f\u0928 \u091c\u094b \u0938\u0930\u0932, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0938\u0902\u0917\u093f\u0915 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u091c\u0917\u0924\u094d \u0938\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0917\u090f \u0939\u094b\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Number of examples, use of both examples and non-examples, movement between rule and instance.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e, \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f-\u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923 \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917, \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0926\u0943\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093e\u0902\u0924 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u0917\u0924\u093f\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td><strong><span class=\"en\">Stimulus variation<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0940\u092a\u0915 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Sustaining attention by changing the channel before it lapses.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u0935\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0940\u0923 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0915\u0930 \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u090f \u0930\u0916\u0928\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Movement, gesture, change of voice, focusing, change of interaction pattern, pausing.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0917\u0924\u093f, \u0939\u093e\u0935-\u092d\u093e\u0935, \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0930-\u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928, \u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923, \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0903\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928, \u0920\u0939\u0930\u093e\u0935\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td><strong><span class=\"en\">Reinforcement<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0932\u0928<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Responding to a pupil contribution in a way that makes the next one more likely.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u092f\u094b\u0917\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u0930 \u0910\u0938\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u094b \u0905\u0917\u0932\u0947 \u092f\u094b\u0917\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0928\u093e \u092c\u0922\u093c\u093e\u090f\u0964<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Positive verbal and non-verbal cues, use of pupil ideas, absence of discouraging responses.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u0915\u093e\u0930\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0936\u093e\u092c\u094d\u0926\u093f\u0915 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0905\u0936\u093e\u092c\u094d\u0926\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0947\u0924, \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u091a\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917, \u0939\u0924\u094b\u0924\u094d\u0938\u093e\u0939\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td><strong><span class=\"en\">Closure<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u092e\u093e\u092a\u0928 \u0915\u094c\u0936\u0932<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Drawing the period to a stated conclusion rather than to the sound of a bell.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u093e\u0932\u093e\u0902\u0936 \u0915\u094b \u0918\u0902\u091f\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u0927\u094d\u0935\u0928\u093f \u092a\u0930 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0915\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0937 \u092a\u0930 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Consolidation of the main points, linking to what comes next, an opportunity to apply.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f \u092c\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0941\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0941\u0926\u0943\u0922\u093c\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923, \u0906\u0917\u093e\u092e\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0935\u0938\u0930\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <\/tbody>\r\n <\/table>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <h4><span class=\"en\">Observing the interaction rather than judging the teacher<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0915\u094b \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u091c\u093e\u092f \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0903\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923<\/span><\/h4>\r\n\r\n <svg class=\"full-diagram\" viewBox=\"0 0 560 326\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"The ten categories of Flanders interaction analysis\">\r\n<g font-family=\"DM Sans, Noto Sans Devanagari, sans-serif\" font-size=\"10.5\">\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"18\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"11\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#5a6d80\">TEN CATEGORIES, ONE RECORDED EVERY THREE SECONDS<\/text>\r\n\r\n <rect x=\"12\" y=\"30\" width=\"330\" height=\"26\" rx=\"7\" fill=\"#14243f\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"177\" y=\"48\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"11\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#ffffff\">TEACHER TALK \u00b7 categories 1 to 7<\/text>\r\n\r\n <rect x=\"356\" y=\"30\" width=\"126\" height=\"26\" rx=\"7\" fill=\"#0d8f79\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"419\" y=\"48\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"11\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#ffffff\">PUPIL TALK \u00b7 8\u20139<\/text>\r\n\r\n <rect x=\"494\" y=\"30\" width=\"54\" height=\"26\" rx=\"7\" fill=\"#5a6d80\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"521\" y=\"48\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"11\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#ffffff\">10<\/text>\r\n\r\n <rect x=\"12\" y=\"70\" width=\"160\" height=\"152\" rx=\"9\" fill=\"#eefbf7\" stroke=\"#0d8f79\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"92\" y=\"92\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"11\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#0d8f79\">INDIRECT INFLUENCE<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"24\" y=\"118\" font-size=\"9.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">1 \u00b7 accepts feeling<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"24\" y=\"138\" font-size=\"9.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">2 \u00b7 praises or encourages<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"24\" y=\"158\" font-size=\"9.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">3 \u00b7 accepts pupil ideas<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"24\" y=\"178\" font-size=\"9.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">4 \u00b7 asks questions<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"92\" y=\"206\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" font-style=\"italic\" fill=\"#0d8f79\">widens pupil freedom<\/text>\r\n\r\n <rect x=\"182\" y=\"70\" width=\"160\" height=\"152\" rx=\"9\" fill=\"#fdf0f5\" stroke=\"#8e2f5a\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"262\" y=\"92\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"11\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#8e2f5a\">DIRECT INFLUENCE<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"194\" y=\"118\" font-size=\"9.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">5 \u00b7 lecturing<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"194\" y=\"138\" font-size=\"9.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">6 \u00b7 giving directions<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"194\" y=\"158\" font-size=\"9.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">7 \u00b7 criticising or<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"204\" y=\"174\" font-size=\"9.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">justifying authority<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"262\" y=\"206\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" font-style=\"italic\" fill=\"#8e2f5a\">narrows pupil freedom<\/text>\r\n\r\n <rect x=\"356\" y=\"70\" width=\"126\" height=\"152\" rx=\"9\" fill=\"#eef4fc\" stroke=\"#1f5fa9\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"419\" y=\"92\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"11\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\">PUPIL TALK<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"368\" y=\"118\" font-size=\"9.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">8 \u00b7 response to<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"378\" y=\"134\" font-size=\"9.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">the teacher<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"368\" y=\"158\" font-size=\"9.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">9 \u00b7 initiation by<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"378\" y=\"174\" font-size=\"9.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">the pupil<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"419\" y=\"206\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" font-style=\"italic\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\">8 is asked for, 9 is offered<\/text>\r\n\r\n <rect x=\"494\" y=\"70\" width=\"54\" height=\"152\" rx=\"9\" fill=\"#f5f8fd\" stroke=\"#5a6d80\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"521\" y=\"130\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#5a6d80\">10<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"521\" y=\"150\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" fill=\"#5a6d80\">silence<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"521\" y=\"164\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" fill=\"#5a6d80\">or<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"521\" y=\"178\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" fill=\"#5a6d80\">confusion<\/text>\r\n\r\n <rect x=\"12\" y=\"236\" width=\"536\" height=\"44\" rx=\"7\" fill=\"#fffaef\" stroke=\"#c9760f\" stroke-width=\"1.6\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"255\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#c9760f\">I \/ D ratio = indirect talk \u00f7 direct talk<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"271\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">the two-thirds rule describes most untrained classrooms<\/text>\r\n\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"302\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9.5\" fill=\"#5a6d80\">categories are descriptive, not evaluative \u2014 no single category is good or bad in itself<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"318\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9.5\" font-style=\"italic\" fill=\"#5a6d80\">N. A. Flanders, 1970<\/text>\r\n<\/g><\/svg>\r\n <div class=\"diagram-cap\"><span class=\"en\">The record produces a sequence rather than a verdict; no single category is good or bad in itself<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u092d\u093f\u0932\u0947\u0916 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0923\u092f \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948; \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u090f\u0915 \u0936\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0923\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u091a\u094d\u091b\u0940 \u092f\u093e \u092c\u0941\u0930\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902<\/span><\/div>\r\n\r\n <p><span class=\"en\">Ned Flanders built a system in which an observer records which of ten categories the classroom is in at that moment, every three seconds, producing a sequence rather than a verdict. Seven categories cover teacher talk, split into indirect influence, which widens the pupil's freedom to respond, and direct influence, which narrows it; two cover pupil talk, distinguishing a response that was asked for from an initiation that was not; and one covers silence or confusion. The ratio of indirect to direct talk gives a summary measure, and the recurrent finding known as the two-thirds rule \u2014 that about two-thirds of classroom time is talk, about two-thirds of that is the teacher, and about two-thirds of the teacher's is direct \u2014 is what the system was designed to make visible.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0928\u0947\u0921 \u092b\u094d\u0932\u0948\u0902\u0921\u0930\u094d\u0938 \u0928\u0947 \u0910\u0938\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0908 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0924\u0940\u0928 \u0938\u0947\u0915\u0902\u0921 \u092a\u0930 \u0926\u0930\u094d\u091c \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0909\u0938 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0926\u0938 \u0936\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0923\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0923\u092f \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u090f\u0915 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u092c\u0928\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0938\u093e\u0924 \u0936\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0923\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915-\u0935\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0932\u093e\u092a \u0915\u094b \u0938\u092e\u0947\u091f\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u091c\u094b \u0905\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935 \u2014 \u091c\u094b \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e-\u0938\u094d\u0935\u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093e \u092c\u0922\u093c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935 \u2014 \u091c\u094b \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0941\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093e\u091c\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948; \u0926\u094b \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940-\u0935\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0932\u093e\u092a \u0915\u094b \u0938\u092e\u0947\u091f\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u091c\u094b \u092e\u093e\u0901\u0917\u0947 \u0917\u090f \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0915\u094b \u0905\u0928\u093e\u0939\u0942\u0924 \u092a\u0939\u0932 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0943\u0925\u0915\u094d \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902; \u0914\u0930 \u090f\u0915 \u092e\u094c\u0928 \u092f\u093e \u092d\u094d\u0930\u092e \u0915\u094b\u0964 \u0905\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0935\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0932\u093e\u092a \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u093e\u0924 \u0938\u093e\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0936-\u092e\u093e\u092a \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0926\u094b-\u0924\u093f\u0939\u093e\u0908 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u093e\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0924 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u093e\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924 \u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0937 \u2014 \u0915\u093f \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e-\u0938\u092e\u092f \u0915\u093e \u0932\u0917\u092d\u0917 \u0926\u094b-\u0924\u093f\u0939\u093e\u0908 \u0935\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0932\u093e\u092a \u0939\u0948, \u0909\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0932\u0917\u092d\u0917 \u0926\u094b-\u0924\u093f\u0939\u093e\u0908 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0915\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u092d\u093e\u0917 \u0915\u093e \u0932\u0917\u092d\u0917 \u0926\u094b-\u0924\u093f\u0939\u093e\u0908 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u0935\u0939\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u0926\u0943\u0936\u094d\u092f \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u092f\u0939 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u092c\u0928\u0940 \u0925\u0940\u0964<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"cyp-box\">\r\n <div class=\"cyp-title\"><span class=\"en\">Progress check<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0917\u0924\u093f \u091c\u093e\u0901\u091a<\/span><\/div>\r\n <details class=\"cyp-q\"><summary><span class=\"en\">A teacher marks a set of scripts, notices that most of the class has made the same error, and files the marks. Which phase has been left incomplete?<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930-\u092a\u0941\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u092e\u0942\u0939 \u091c\u093e\u0901\u091a\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0926\u0947\u0916\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0902\u0936 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0928\u0947 \u0935\u0939\u0940 \u0924\u094d\u0930\u0941\u091f\u093f \u0915\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0905\u0902\u0915 \u0926\u0930\u094d\u091c \u0915\u0930 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0915\u094c\u0928-\u0938\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u0905\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0930\u0939 \u0917\u0908?<\/span><\/summary>\r\n <div class=\"cyp-a\"><span class=\"en\">The post-active phase. Marking and diagnosis belong to it, but the phase is completed only when the strategy is altered in the light of the evidence \u2014 that is, when something in the next plan is different because of what the scripts showed. Filing the marks stops at diagnosis and leaves the loop open.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930-\u0938\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0964 \u091c\u093e\u0901\u091a\u0928\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0928\u093f\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0909\u0938\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0902\u0917 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0915\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0941 \u092f\u0939 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u0924\u092d\u0940 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u092c \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0906\u0932\u094b\u0915 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u090f \u2014 \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0924\u094d \u091c\u092c \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930-\u092a\u0941\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0928\u0947 \u091c\u094b \u0926\u093f\u0916\u093e\u092f\u093e \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0905\u0917\u0932\u0940 \u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u0941\u091b \u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0939\u094b\u0964 \u0905\u0902\u0915 \u0926\u0930\u094d\u091c \u0915\u0930 \u0926\u0947\u0928\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u0930 \u0930\u0941\u0915 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u091a\u0915\u094d\u0930 \u0916\u0941\u0932\u093e \u091b\u094b\u0921\u093c \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n <details class=\"cyp-q\"><summary><span class=\"en\">Is drilling a multiplication table teaching, training or indoctrination?<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u0939\u093e\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u092d\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u0930\u093e\u0928\u093e \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0939\u0948, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u092e\u0924\u093e\u0930\u094b\u092a\u0923?<\/span><\/summary>\r\n <div class=\"cyp-a\"><span class=\"en\">Training, and legitimately so \u2014 teaching may employ training as one of its instruments. The activity would become objectionable only if the class were left with no account of what multiplication is and no means of reconstructing a fact it had forgotten. The test is not whether drill occurred but whether the learner retains the means to question and to rebuild.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923, \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u0948\u0927 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u2014 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0927\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u090f\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0917\u0924\u093f\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f \u0924\u092d\u0940 \u0906\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f\u091c\u0928\u0915 \u092c\u0928\u0924\u0940 \u091c\u092c \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u0938 \u092f\u0939 \u0935\u093f\u0935\u0930\u0923 \u0928 \u092c\u091a\u0924\u093e \u0915\u093f \u0917\u0941\u0923\u0928 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092d\u0942\u0932\u0947 \u0939\u0941\u090f \u0924\u0925\u094d\u092f \u0915\u094b \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u094d\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u093e\u0927\u0928 \u0928 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e\u0964 \u0915\u0938\u094c\u091f\u0940 \u092f\u0939 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u093f \u0905\u092d\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938 \u0939\u0941\u0906 \u092f\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0905\u092a\u093f\u0924\u0941 \u092f\u0939 \u0915\u093f \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u094d\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0927\u0928 \u0936\u0947\u0937 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u092f\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n <details class=\"cyp-q\"><summary><span class=\"en\">Why does micro-teaching insist on one skill at a time when a real lesson requires all of them together?<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u0942\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u092e \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u092e\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u090f\u0915 \u0939\u0940 \u0915\u094c\u0936\u0932 \u092a\u0930 \u0906\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u092c\u0915\u093f \u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u093e\u0920 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u092d\u0940 \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f?<\/span><\/summary>\r\n <div class=\"cyp-a\"><span class=\"en\">Because feedback on a whole lesson is not actionable. If everything is being judged at once, the observer's comment attaches to the teacher rather than to any alterable component, and the trainee is left with an impression instead of an instruction. Isolating one skill makes the feedback specific, the re-teach a controlled comparison, and improvement measurable against the first attempt.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u092a\u093e\u0920 \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920\u092a\u094b\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0928\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0928 \u092f\u094b\u0917\u094d\u092f \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e\u0964 \u092f\u0926\u093f \u0938\u092c \u0915\u0941\u091b \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0906\u0901\u0915\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0930\u0939\u093e \u0939\u094b \u0924\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0915\u0940 \u091f\u093f\u092a\u094d\u092a\u0923\u0940 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928\u0940\u092f \u0918\u091f\u0915 \u0938\u0947 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0938\u0947 \u091c\u0941\u0921\u093c \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0941 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u0938 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u091c\u093e\u092f \u090f\u0915 \u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923\u093e \u0930\u0939 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u090f\u0915 \u0915\u094c\u0936\u0932 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u0943\u0925\u0915\u094d \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920\u092a\u094b\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u094b \u0935\u093f\u0936\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f, \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0903 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u094b \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0924\u0941\u0932\u0928\u093e, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0938\u0941\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0925\u092e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u092e\u093e\u092a\u0928\u0940\u092f \u092c\u0928\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"p5-7\">\r\n <span class=\"section-badge\">5.7<\/span>\r\n <h3><span class=\"en\">Practice Set<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u092d\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938 \u0938\u0947\u091f<\/span><\/h3>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"mcq-box\">\r\n <div class=\"mcq-title\"><span class=\"en\">Practice \u2014 Nature, Levels, Phases and Maxims<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u092d\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938 \u2014 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f, \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930<\/span> <span class=\"mcq-src\">10 items<\/span><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"mcq-note\"><span class=\"en\">For phase items ask only whether the learners are present; for maxim items ask which direction of travel the stem describes.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u092f\u0939 \u092a\u0942\u091b\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u093f \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0909\u092a\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u092f\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902; \u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092f\u0939 \u0915\u093f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928-\u092e\u0941\u0916 \u0915\u093f\u0938 \u0926\u093f\u0936\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0923\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n\r\n <details class=\"mcq-q\"><summary><span class=\"mcq-num\">1<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">The definition of teaching as a system of actions intended to induce learning is attributed to<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u0940 \u092f\u0939 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e \u0915\u093f \u0935\u0939 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0906\u0936\u092f \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u0939\u094b, \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u0906\u0930\u094b\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/span><\/summary>\r\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\r\n <li>(a) <span class=\"en\">N. L. Gage<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u090f\u0928. \u090f\u0932. \u0917\u0947\u091c<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(b) <span class=\"en\">B. O. Smith<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092c\u0940. \u0913. \u0938\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0925<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(c) <span class=\"en\">Edmund Amidon<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u090f\u0921\u092e\u0902\u0921 \u090f\u092e\u093f\u0921\u0928<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(d) <span class=\"en\">John Brubacher<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u091c\u0949\u0928 \u092c\u094d\u0930\u0942\u092c\u0947\u0915\u0930<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\"><b>(b).<\/b> <span class=\"en\">Smith's formulation makes intention the criterion, so learning produced by accident is not teaching while teaching that fails is still teaching. Gage defines it as interpersonal influence on behaviour potential; Amidon emphasises classroom talk as an interactive process; Brubacher describes the arrangement of a situation containing obstructions the learner will seek to overcome.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0925 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0906\u0936\u092f \u0915\u094b \u0915\u0938\u094c\u091f\u0940 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0905\u0924\u0903 \u0938\u0902\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0935\u0936 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u092c\u0915\u093f \u0935\u093f\u092b\u0932 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u092b\u093f\u0930 \u092d\u0940 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0917\u0947\u091c \u0907\u0938\u0947 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930-\u0938\u093e\u092e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u094d\u092f \u092a\u0930 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0948\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902; \u090f\u092e\u093f\u0921\u0928 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e-\u0935\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0932\u093e\u092a \u0915\u094b \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0903\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902; \u092c\u094d\u0930\u0942\u092c\u0947\u0915\u0930 \u0910\u0938\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0940 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0923\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0910\u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0935\u0930\u094b\u0927 \u0939\u094b\u0902 \u091c\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u092a\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0939\u0947\u0917\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n\r\n <details class=\"mcq-q\"><summary><span class=\"mcq-num\">2<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">The memory, understanding and reflective levels of teaching are associated respectively with<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u092e\u0943\u0924\u093f, \u092c\u094b\u0927 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u091a\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0928 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0936\u0903 \u0915\u093f\u0928\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0939\u0948\u0902<\/span><\/span><\/summary>\r\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\r\n <li>(a) <span class=\"en\">Morrison, Herbart, Hunt<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092e\u0949\u0930\u093f\u0938\u0928, \u0939\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0930\u094d\u091f, \u0939\u0902\u091f<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(b) <span class=\"en\">Herbart, Hunt, Morrison<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0939\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0930\u094d\u091f, \u0939\u0902\u091f, \u092e\u0949\u0930\u093f\u0938\u0928<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(c) <span class=\"en\">Herbart, Morrison, Hunt<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0939\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0930\u094d\u091f, \u092e\u0949\u0930\u093f\u0938\u0928, \u0939\u0902\u091f<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(d) <span class=\"en\">Hunt, Morrison, Herbart<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0939\u0902\u091f, \u092e\u0949\u0930\u093f\u0938\u0928, \u0939\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0930\u094d\u091f<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\"><b>(c).<\/b> <span class=\"en\">The sequence follows the historical order and is worth fixing as a single string. Herbart's formal steps produce the memory level, Morrison's mastery formula the understanding level, and Hunt's problem-centred, open-climate account the reflective level. The distractors work by permuting the same three names, so the association must be held in order rather than reconstructed.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092f\u0939 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u0910\u0924\u093f\u0939\u093e\u0938\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0907\u0938\u0947 \u090f\u0915 \u0939\u0940 \u0936\u0943\u0902\u0916\u0932\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0930 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0939\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0930\u094d\u091f \u0915\u0947 \u0914\u092a\u091a\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u091a\u0930\u0923 \u0938\u094d\u092e\u0943\u0924\u093f \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u092e\u0949\u0930\u093f\u0938\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u0941\u0924\u094d\u0935-\u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092c\u094b\u0927 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0939\u0902\u091f \u0915\u093e \u0938\u092e\u0938\u094d\u092f\u093e-\u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092e\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0935\u093e\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0930\u0923 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0935\u0930\u0923 \u091a\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0928 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930\u0964 \u092d\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0924\u0940\u0928 \u0928\u093e\u092e\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e-\u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0905\u0924\u0903 \u092f\u0939 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u094d\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u091c\u093e\u092f \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0930\u0916\u0928\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n\r\n <details class=\"mcq-q\"><summary><span class=\"mcq-num\">3<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">Deciding the order in which sub-topics will be taken up and how many minutes each will receive belongs to<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0909\u092a-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u0930\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0915\u094b \u0915\u093f\u0924\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u093f\u0928\u091f \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0947\u0902\u0917\u0947, \u092f\u0939 \u0924\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0905\u0902\u0917 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/span><\/summary>\r\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\r\n <li>(a) <span class=\"en\">the interactive phase<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u0902\u0924\u0903\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(b) <span class=\"en\">the pre-active phase<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935-\u0938\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(c) <span class=\"en\">the post-active phase<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930-\u0938\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(d) <span class=\"en\">the evaluative phase<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092e\u0942\u0932\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0915\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\"><b>(b).<\/b> <span class=\"en\">Sequencing and the distribution of time are planning decisions taken while the learners are absent, which is the whole basis of Jackson's division. Option (d) is not one of the three phases at all \u2014 evaluation is the work of the post-active phase, and naming it separately is the commonest error in this item type.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u0928\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0923 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u092e\u092f \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0924\u0930\u0923 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928-\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0923\u092f \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u091c\u094b \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0914\u0930 \u091c\u0948\u0915\u094d\u0938\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093e\u091c\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u092f\u0939\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a (d) \u0924\u0940\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u0948 \u0939\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u2014 \u092e\u0942\u0932\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0915\u0928 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930-\u0938\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0943\u0925\u0915\u094d \u0928\u093e\u092e \u0926\u0947\u0928\u093e \u0907\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0924\u092e \u0924\u094d\u0930\u0941\u091f\u093f \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n\r\n <details class=\"mcq-q\"><summary><span class=\"mcq-num\">4<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">A teacher opens a lesson on fractions by dividing a roti among four children. Which maxim is being followed most directly?<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u093e\u0920 \u091a\u093e\u0930 \u092c\u093e\u0932\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0930\u094b\u091f\u0940 \u092c\u093e\u0901\u091f\u0915\u0930 \u0906\u0930\u0902\u092d \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u093f\u0938 \u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u093e\u0932\u0928 \u0939\u094b \u0930\u0939\u093e \u0939\u0948?<\/span><\/span><\/summary>\r\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\r\n <li>(a) <span class=\"en\">Analysis to synthesis<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0937\u0923 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u0936\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0937\u0923<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(b) <span class=\"en\">Known to unknown<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0924 \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0924<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(c) <span class=\"en\">Indefinite to definite<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u0928\u093f\u0936\u094d\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u0936\u094d\u091a\u093f\u0924<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(d) <span class=\"en\">Psychological to logical<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092e\u0928\u094b\u0935\u0948\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0947 \u0924\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0915\u093f\u0915<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\"><b>(b).<\/b> <span class=\"en\">The sharing of food is already within the learner's experience and supplies the ideas through which the unfamiliar notion of a fraction is grasped, which is Herbart's apperception stated as a rule of order. Concrete to abstract is also satisfied here, and where a stem admits two maxims the one it illustrates most directly is the one that names the source of the opening material.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092d\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u092c\u0901\u091f\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092d\u0935 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0928\u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u092a\u0930\u093f\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a\u0928\u093e \u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939\u0923 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u094b \u0939\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0930\u094d\u091f \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u092a\u092c\u094b\u0927 \u0915\u093e \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e-\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u0925\u0928 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092e\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0924 \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u092e\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0924 \u092d\u0940 \u092f\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0938\u0902\u0924\u0941\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928-\u092e\u0941\u0916 \u0926\u094b \u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092e\u0924\u093f \u0926\u0947 \u0935\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0935\u0939\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0906\u0930\u0902\u092d\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0924 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093e\u092e \u0932\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n\r\n <details class=\"mcq-q\"><summary><span class=\"mcq-num\">5<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">Consider: 1. Whole to part and simple to complex contradict each other. 2. Whole to part governs what is presented for perception. 3. Simple to complex governs what is demanded as performance. Which are correct?<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u093f\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0940\u091c\u093f\u090f: 1. \u0938\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930 \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0902\u0936 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0938\u0930\u0932 \u0938\u0947 \u091c\u091f\u093f\u0932 \u092a\u0930\u0938\u094d\u092a\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0930\u094b\u0927\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 2. \u0938\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930 \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0902\u0936 \u092f\u0939 \u0936\u093e\u0938\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0964 3. \u0938\u0930\u0932 \u0938\u0947 \u091c\u091f\u093f\u0932 \u092f\u0939 \u0936\u093e\u0938\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u092e\u093e\u0901\u0917\u093e \u091c\u093e\u090f\u0964 \u0915\u094c\u0928-\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0939\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902?<\/span><\/span><\/summary>\r\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\r\n <li>(a) <span class=\"en\">1 and 2 only<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 1 \u0914\u0930 2<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(b) <span class=\"en\">2 and 3 only<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 2 \u0914\u0930 3<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(c) <span class=\"en\">1 and 3 only<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 1 \u0914\u0930 3<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(d) <span class=\"en\">1, 2 and 3<\/span><span class=\"hi\">1, 2 \u0914\u0930 3<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\"><b>(b).<\/b> <span class=\"en\">The apparent conflict dissolves once the two maxims are seen to answer different questions. A reading lesson that displays the whole sentence while asking the class to identify a single letter satisfies both simultaneously, which is precisely why statement 1 is false.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092f\u0939 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0935\u093f\u0930\u094b\u0927 \u0924\u092d\u0940 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u092c \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0941\u090f \u0926\u0947\u0916\u093e \u091c\u093e\u090f\u0964 \u091c\u094b \u092a\u0920\u0928-\u092a\u093e\u0920 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u093e \u0935\u093e\u0915\u094d\u092f \u0926\u093f\u0916\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0941\u090f \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u090f\u0915 \u0905\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0930 \u092a\u0939\u091a\u093e\u0928\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u094b \u0915\u0939\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0935\u0939 \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0938\u0902\u0924\u0941\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0920\u0940\u0915 \u0907\u0938\u0940\u0932\u093f\u090f \u0915\u0925\u0928 1 \u0905\u0938\u0924\u094d\u092f \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n\r\n <details class=\"mcq-q\"><summary><span class=\"mcq-num\">6<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">What most reliably separates teaching from indoctrination?<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u094b \u092e\u0924\u093e\u0930\u094b\u092a\u0923 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0935\u0938\u0928\u0940\u092f \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u092a\u0943\u0925\u0915\u094d \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948?<\/span><\/span><\/summary>\r\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\r\n <li>(a) <span class=\"en\">The subject matter being dealt with<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u091c\u093f\u0938 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u0938\u0947 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930 \u0939\u094b \u0930\u0939\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(b) <span class=\"en\">The firmness with which the teacher holds the position<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u091c\u093f\u0938 \u0926\u0943\u0922\u093c\u0924\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(c) <span class=\"en\">Whether the learner retains the means to question the claim<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u0938 \u0926\u093e\u0935\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0927\u0928 \u0936\u0947\u0937 \u0930\u0939\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(d) <span class=\"en\">Whether repetition or drill has been used<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u093e\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f \u092f\u093e \u0905\u092d\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0939\u0941\u0906 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\"><b>(c).<\/b> <span class=\"en\">A lesson that supplies the evidence, names the alternatives and shows how the claim could be tested is teaching however strongly it argues; one that withholds these is indoctrination however mild its tone. Options (a), (b) and (d) all describe features that may accompany either, which is what makes them plausible and wrong.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u091c\u094b \u092a\u093e\u0920 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093e\u092e \u0932\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0926\u093f\u0916\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0926\u093e\u0935\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0939\u094b, \u0935\u0939 \u091a\u093e\u0939\u0947 \u0915\u093f\u0924\u0928\u0940 \u092d\u0940 \u0938\u0936\u0915\u094d\u0924\u0924\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u0924\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0915\u0930\u0947, \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0939\u0948; \u091c\u094b \u0907\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u0930\u094b\u0915 \u0932\u0947 \u0935\u0939 \u091a\u093e\u0939\u0947 \u0915\u093f\u0924\u0928\u0947 \u092d\u0940 \u092e\u0943\u0926\u0941 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u094b, \u092e\u0924\u093e\u0930\u094b\u092a\u0923 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a (a), (b) \u090f\u0935\u0902 (d) \u0910\u0938\u0947 \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u092c\u0924\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u091c\u094b \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u092d\u0940 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0914\u0930 \u092f\u0939\u0940 \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u0902\u0938\u0928\u0940\u092f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0917\u0932\u0924 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n\r\n <details class=\"mcq-q\"><summary><span class=\"mcq-num\">7<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">In the analysis of teaching as a system of variables, the learner is the<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u091a\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0937\u0923 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/span><\/summary>\r\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\r\n <li>(a) <span class=\"en\">independent variable<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u094d\u0935\u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u091a\u0930<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(b) <span class=\"en\">dependent variable<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0906\u0936\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u091a\u0930<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(c) <span class=\"en\">intervening variable<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0940 \u091a\u0930<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(d) <span class=\"en\">extraneous variable<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092c\u093e\u0939\u094d\u092f \u091a\u0930<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\"><b>(b).<\/b> <span class=\"en\">The teacher is what is deliberately varied and is therefore independent; the learner is what is expected to change and is measured, and is therefore dependent; content, materials, class size and the established relationship stand between the two and are intervening. The scheme is what makes a claim about method testable at all.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0935\u0939 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0941\u0935\u093f\u091a\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0926\u0932\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0907\u0938\u0940\u0932\u093f\u090f \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0939\u0948; \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0935\u0939 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u0905\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u092a\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0905\u0924\u0903 \u0906\u0936\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924; \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941, \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940, \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0906\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927 \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u0916\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u092e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u092f\u0939\u0940 \u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0940 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0926\u093e\u0935\u0947 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u0940\u092f \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n\r\n <details class=\"mcq-q\"><summary><span class=\"mcq-num\">8<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">In Flanders's system, asking questions is classified as<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092b\u094d\u0932\u0948\u0902\u0921\u0930\u094d\u0938 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u092a\u0942\u091b\u0928\u093e \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0940\u0915\u0943\u0924 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/span><\/summary>\r\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\r\n <li>(a) <span class=\"en\">direct influence, category 6<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935, \u0936\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0923\u0940 6<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(b) <span class=\"en\">indirect influence, category 4<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935, \u0936\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0923\u0940 4<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(c) <span class=\"en\">pupil talk, category 8<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940-\u0935\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0932\u093e\u092a, \u0936\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0923\u0940 8<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(d) <span class=\"en\">silence or confusion, category 10<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092e\u094c\u0928 \u092f\u093e \u092d\u094d\u0930\u092e, \u0936\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0923\u0940 10<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\"><b>(b).<\/b> <span class=\"en\">Categories 1 to 4 \u2014 accepting feeling, praising, accepting pupil ideas and asking questions \u2014 are indirect because each widens the pupil's freedom to respond. Categories 5 to 7, lecturing, giving directions and criticising or justifying authority, narrow it. Category 8 is the pupil's response to a question rather than the asking of one, which is what makes option (c) attractive and wrong.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0923\u0940 1 \u0938\u0947 4 \u2014 \u092d\u093e\u0935\u0928\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0940\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0928\u093e, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u0902\u0938\u093e, \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0940\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0928\u093e \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u092a\u0942\u091b\u0928\u093e \u2014 \u0905\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e-\u0938\u094d\u0935\u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093e \u092c\u0922\u093c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0936\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0923\u0940 5 \u0938\u0947 7, \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0924\u094d \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0928, \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u0926\u0947\u0928\u093e \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0906\u0932\u094b\u091a\u0928\u093e \u092f\u093e \u0938\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0914\u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u092f, \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0941\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0936\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0923\u0940 8 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u092a\u0942\u091b\u0928\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u092a\u0930 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u092f\u0939\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a (c) \u0915\u094b \u0906\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0917\u0932\u0924 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n\r\n <details class=\"mcq-q\"><summary><span class=\"mcq-num\">9<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">The correct sequence of the micro-teaching cycle is<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u0942\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u092e \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u091a\u0915\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0939\u0940 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/span><\/summary>\r\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\r\n <li>(a) <span class=\"en\">teach, plan, feedback, re-teach, re-plan, re-feedback<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923, \u0928\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928, \u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920\u092a\u094b\u0937\u0923, \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0903 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923, \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u094d\u0928\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928, \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0903 \u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920\u092a\u094b\u0937\u0923<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(b) <span class=\"en\">plan, teach, feedback, re-plan, re-teach, re-feedback<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0928\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928, \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923, \u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920\u092a\u094b\u0937\u0923, \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u094d\u0928\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928, \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0903 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923, \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0903 \u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920\u092a\u094b\u0937\u0923<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(c) <span class=\"en\">plan, teach, re-teach, feedback, re-plan, re-feedback<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0928\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928, \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923, \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0903 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923, \u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920\u092a\u094b\u0937\u0923, \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u094d\u0928\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928, \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0903 \u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920\u092a\u094b\u0937\u0923<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(d) <span class=\"en\">feedback, plan, teach, re-feedback, re-plan, re-teach<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920\u092a\u094b\u0937\u0923, \u0928\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928, \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923, \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0903 \u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920\u092a\u094b\u0937\u0923, \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u094d\u0928\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928, \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0903 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\"><b>(b).<\/b> <span class=\"en\">Feedback must intervene between the two attempts, since the whole purpose of the design is that the second attempt differs from the first because of what the observation showed. Option (c) places the re-teach before the feedback, which would make the repetition uninformed and the comparison meaningless.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u093e\u0938\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920\u092a\u094b\u0937\u0923 \u0905\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f \u0906\u0928\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f, \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u0907\u0938 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u092f\u0939\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u093e\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0939\u094b\u0964 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a (c) \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0903 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920\u092a\u094b\u0937\u0923 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u0930\u0916\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u093e\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0905\u0928\u092d\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0924\u0941\u0932\u0928\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0915 \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n\r\n <details class=\"mcq-q\"><summary><span class=\"mcq-num\">10<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">Which of the following is the defensible criticism of memory-level teaching?<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u094d\u092e\u0943\u0924\u093f-\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u0940 \u0924\u0930\u094d\u0915\u0938\u0902\u0917\u0924 \u0906\u0932\u094b\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0928\u093f\u092e\u094d\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u094c\u0928-\u0938\u0940 \u0939\u0948?<\/span><\/span><\/summary>\r\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\r\n <li>(a) <span class=\"en\">That it has no legitimate place in a modern classroom<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u093f \u0906\u0927\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0935\u0948\u0927 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(b) <span class=\"en\">That it is allowed to become the whole of the course<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u093f \u0907\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u092c\u0928 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(c) <span class=\"en\">That it requires more preparation than the other two levels<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u093f \u0907\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0926\u094b \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0924\u0948\u092f\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(d) <span class=\"en\">That it cannot be assessed by objective items<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u093f \u0907\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0906\u0915\u0932\u0928 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\"><b>(b).<\/b> <span class=\"en\">Understanding has nothing to operate on where the facts are not secure, and reflection has nothing to reason with where the principles are not understood, so the memory level is a floor rather than a fault. What is objectionable is a course that never leaves the first rung. Option (a) states the position the levels are most often misread into, and option (d) is factually inverted, since recall is exactly what objective items test best.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0924\u0925\u094d\u092f \u0938\u0941\u0926\u0943\u0922\u093c \u0928 \u0939\u094b\u0902 \u0935\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u092c\u094b\u0927 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u094b \u0915\u0941\u091b \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0914\u0930 \u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924 \u0938\u092e\u091d\u0947 \u0928 \u0917\u090f \u0939\u094b\u0902 \u0935\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u091a\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u0938 \u0924\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u094b \u0915\u0941\u091b \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0905\u0924\u0903 \u0938\u094d\u092e\u0943\u0924\u093f \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0926\u094b\u0937 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u092b\u093c\u0930\u094d\u0936 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0906\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f\u091c\u0928\u0915 \u0935\u0939 \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0925\u092e \u092a\u093e\u092f\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u092d\u0940 \u0906\u0917\u0947 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u092c\u0922\u093c\u0924\u093e\u0964 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a (a) \u0935\u0939\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0939\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0907\u0928 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092f\u0903 \u0917\u0932\u0924 \u092a\u0922\u093c\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a (d) \u0924\u0925\u094d\u092f\u0924\u0903 \u0909\u0932\u091f\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u0938\u094d\u092e\u0930\u0923 \u0920\u0940\u0915 \u0935\u0939\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u094b\u0924\u094d\u0924\u092e \u092a\u0930\u0916\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <\/section>\r\n<!--\/CH5-->\r\n<!--CH6--><section class=\"chapter-content\" data-chap=\"6\" id=\"c6\">\r\n <div class=\"chapter-heading-block\">\r\n <span class=\"chapter-badge\"><span class=\"en\">CHAPTER 6<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f 6<\/span><\/span>\r\n <h2><span class=\"en\">Models of Teaching<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0928<\/span><\/h2>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"keyfact-grid\">\r\n <div class=\"keyfact-card navy-hi\">\r\n <span class=\"big-icon\">📚<\/span>\r\n <div class=\"kf-label\"><span class=\"en\">The founding text<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930-\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0902\u0925<\/span><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"kf-value\">Joyce & Weil \u00b7 1972<\/div>\r\n <div class=\"kf-sub\"><span class=\"en\">Models of Teaching, later with Emily Calhoun<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092e\u0949\u0921\u0932\u094d\u0938 \u0911\u092b \u091f\u0940\u091a\u093f\u0902\u0917, \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u090f\u092e\u093f\u0932\u0940 \u0915\u093e\u0932\u094d\u0939\u0942\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div class=\"keyfact-card\">\r\n <span class=\"big-icon\">🧩<\/span>\r\n <div class=\"kf-label\"><span class=\"en\">Elements of a model<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0924\u0924\u094d\u0935<\/span><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"kf-value\">Six<\/div>\r\n <div class=\"kf-sub\"><span class=\"en\">Focus, syntax, social system, reaction, support, effects<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u092c\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0941, \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e, \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u091c\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940, \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e, \u0938\u0939\u093e\u092f\u0915 \u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div class=\"keyfact-card teal-hi\">\r\n <span class=\"big-icon\">👥<\/span>\r\n <div class=\"kf-label\"><span class=\"en\">Families<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0930<\/span><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"kf-value\">Four<\/div>\r\n <div class=\"kf-sub\"><span class=\"en\">Information processing, social, personal, behavioural<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0938\u0902\u0938\u093e\u0927\u0928, \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u091c\u093f\u0915, \u0935\u0948\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0915, \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0926\u0940<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div class=\"keyfact-card amber-hi\">\r\n <span class=\"big-icon\">🎯<\/span>\r\n <div class=\"kf-label\"><span class=\"en\">Two kinds of effect<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0926\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935<\/span><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"kf-value\">Instructional & nurturant<\/div>\r\n <div class=\"kf-sub\"><span class=\"en\">Reached directly, and arising from the environment<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0924\u0903 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0935\u093e\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0930\u0923 \u0938\u0947 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <p><span class=\"en\">A method is a way of doing something. A model of teaching is more than that: it is a described and repeatable plan which states what it is for, in what order it runs, who does what while it runs, what the teacher is to do when the class responds, and what it needs in the way of materials. Because it is described in that detail, a model can be taught to another teacher, executed with fidelity and studied for its effects \u2014 none of which is true of a method held only as a habit.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u094b \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u0922\u0902\u0917 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0909\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0939\u0948: \u092f\u0939 \u0910\u0938\u0940 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0923\u093f\u0924 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u093e\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928\u0940\u092f \u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u092c\u0924\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0935\u0939 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0932\u093f\u090f \u0939\u0948, \u0915\u093f\u0938 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091a\u0932\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u091a\u0932\u0924\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u092f \u0915\u094c\u0928 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u092a\u0930 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0915\u094b \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f\u0964 \u0907\u0924\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u0947 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0923\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u094b \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u0947 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u093f\u0916\u093e\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0920\u093e\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0915 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0928\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u094b\u0902 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092f\u0928 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u0907\u0928\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0941\u091b \u092d\u0940 \u0909\u0938 \u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0924\u094d\u092f \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u091c\u094b \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0906\u0926\u0924 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0964<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"feat-grid\">\r\n <div class=\"feat-card\"><span class=\"fc-num\">1<\/span><strong><span class=\"en\">What makes a model a model?<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948?<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"en\">Six elements, all six stated. A description missing the social system or the support system is an account of a technique, not of a model.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u091b\u0939 \u0924\u0924\u094d\u0935, \u0938\u092d\u0940 \u091b\u0939 \u0915\u0925\u093f\u0924\u0964 \u091c\u093f\u0938 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0923\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u091c\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u092f\u093e \u0938\u0939\u093e\u092f\u0915 \u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0928 \u0939\u094b \u0935\u0939 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0935\u0930\u0923 \u0939\u0948, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"feat-card\"><span class=\"fc-num\">2<\/span><strong><span class=\"en\">How are the families divided?<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093e\u091c\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948\u0902?<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"en\">By the objective, not by the subject. The same lesson content can be taught by a model from any of the four families.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f \u0938\u0947, \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f \u0938\u0947 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964 \u090f\u0915 \u0939\u0940 \u092a\u093e\u0920-\u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u091a\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092d\u0940 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u092a\u0922\u093c\u093e\u0908 \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"feat-card\"><span class=\"fc-num\">3<\/span><strong><span class=\"en\">What does a model produce?<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948?<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"en\">Instructional effects it was designed for, and nurturant effects that follow from the environment it creates whether or not anyone intended them.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u0928\u0941\u0926\u0947\u0936\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935 \u091c\u093f\u0928\u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0935\u0939 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0925\u093e, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092a\u094b\u0937\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935 \u091c\u094b \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0935\u093e\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0930\u0923 \u0938\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u0932\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u091a\u093e\u0939\u0947 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0928\u0947 \u0909\u0928\u0915\u093e \u0906\u0936\u092f \u0930\u0916\u093e \u0939\u094b \u092f\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"feat-card\"><span class=\"fc-num\">4<\/span><strong><span class=\"en\">Which one should be chosen?<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u094c\u0928-\u0938\u093e \u091a\u0941\u0928\u093e \u091c\u093e\u090f?<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"en\">The one whose focus matches the objective in hand \u2014 which is why a teacher needs a repertoire rather than a favourite.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u0939 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u092c\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0941 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924 \u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f \u0938\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0932 \u0916\u093e\u090f \u2014 \u0907\u0938\u0940\u0932\u093f\u090f \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0938\u0902\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939 \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"p6-0\">\r\n <span class=\"section-badge\">6.0<\/span>\r\n <h3><span class=\"en\">Introduction<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u0930\u093f\u091a\u092f<\/span><\/h3>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <p><span class=\"en\">Bruce Joyce and Marsha Weil set out to do for teaching what a pharmacopoeia does for medicine: to assemble the available procedures, describe each precisely enough to be used by someone who did not invent it, and state what each is for. The claim behind the enterprise is that there is no single best way to teach, because ways of teaching differ in what they produce. A model that develops the capacity to form concepts will not, by the same operation, develop the capacity to negotiate a disagreement. The teacher's task is therefore matching rather than choosing a favourite.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092c\u094d\u0930\u0942\u0938 \u091c\u0949\u092f\u0938 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0936\u093e \u0935\u0940\u0932 \u0928\u0947 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0935\u0939\u0940 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u094b \u092d\u0947\u0937\u091c-\u0938\u0902\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939 \u091a\u093f\u0915\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0938\u093e \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948: \u0909\u092a\u0932\u092c\u094d\u0927 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0932\u0928, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0915\u093e \u0907\u0924\u0928\u093e \u092f\u0925\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0923\u0928 \u0915\u093f \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0935\u0939 \u092d\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0947 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0928\u0947 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0906\u0935\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0928 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0939\u094b, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092f\u0939 \u0915\u0925\u0928 \u0915\u093f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0932\u093f\u090f \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0907\u0938 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0940\u091b\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u0926\u093e\u0935\u093e \u092f\u0939 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u092a\u0922\u093c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u094b\u0924\u094d\u0924\u092e \u0922\u0902\u0917 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u0948, \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u092a\u0922\u093c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0922\u0902\u0917 \u0907\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0915\u093f \u0935\u0947 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u091c\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u092f-\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e\u0924\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0938\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0935\u0939 \u0909\u0938\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0938\u0939\u092e\u0924\u093f \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0941\u0932\u091d\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e\u0924\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0938\u093f\u0924 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0917\u093e\u0964 \u0905\u0924\u0903 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0915\u093e \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u091a\u0941\u0928\u0928\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u092e\u093f\u0932\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"p6-1\">\r\n <span class=\"section-badge\">6.1<\/span>\r\n <h3><span class=\"en\">Concept and Elements of a Model<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a\u0928\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0924\u0924\u094d\u0935<\/span><\/h3>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <svg class=\"full-diagram\" viewBox=\"0 0 560 320\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Focus, syntax, social system, principles of reaction, support system and the two kinds of effect\">\r\n<g font-family=\"DM Sans, Noto Sans Devanagari, sans-serif\" font-size=\"10.5\">\r\n <rect x=\"164\" y=\"14\" width=\"232\" height=\"42\" rx=\"9\" fill=\"#14243f\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"33\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"11.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#ffd970\">FOCUS<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"49\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" fill=\"#ffffff\">the objective the model exists to serve<\/text>\r\n\r\n <line x1=\"280\" y1=\"58\" x2=\"280\" y2=\"76\" stroke=\"#b8c8d8\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <polygon points=\"280,82 274,70 286,70\" fill=\"#b8c8d8\"\/>\r\n\r\n <rect x=\"12\" y=\"86\" width=\"128\" height=\"86\" rx=\"9\" fill=\"#eefbf7\" stroke=\"#0d8f79\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"76\" y=\"106\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#0d8f79\">SYNTAX<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"76\" y=\"126\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">the phases, and<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"76\" y=\"140\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">the order they<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"76\" y=\"154\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">must run in<\/text>\r\n\r\n <rect x=\"152\" y=\"86\" width=\"128\" height=\"86\" rx=\"9\" fill=\"#eaf6ff\" stroke=\"#2f92d1\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"216\" y=\"106\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#2f92d1\">SOCIAL SYSTEM<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"216\" y=\"126\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">roles, relations and<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"216\" y=\"140\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">how much control<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"216\" y=\"154\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">the teacher keeps<\/text>\r\n\r\n <rect x=\"292\" y=\"86\" width=\"128\" height=\"86\" rx=\"9\" fill=\"#fffaef\" stroke=\"#c9760f\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"356\" y=\"106\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#c9760f\">REACTION<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"356\" y=\"126\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">how the teacher<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"356\" y=\"140\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">answers what the<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"356\" y=\"154\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">learner does<\/text>\r\n\r\n <rect x=\"432\" y=\"86\" width=\"116\" height=\"86\" rx=\"9\" fill=\"#faf6ff\" stroke=\"#6b3a8f\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"490\" y=\"106\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#6b3a8f\">SUPPORT<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"490\" y=\"126\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">what is needed<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"490\" y=\"140\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">beyond an ordinary<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"490\" y=\"154\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">classroom<\/text>\r\n\r\n <path d=\"M76 176 L76 196 L280 196\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#b8c8d8\" stroke-width=\"1.8\"\/>\r\n <path d=\"M216 176 L216 196\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#b8c8d8\" stroke-width=\"1.8\"\/>\r\n <path d=\"M356 176 L356 196\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#b8c8d8\" stroke-width=\"1.8\"\/>\r\n <path d=\"M490 176 L490 196 L280 196\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#b8c8d8\" stroke-width=\"1.8\"\/>\r\n <line x1=\"280\" y1=\"196\" x2=\"280\" y2=\"214\" stroke=\"#b8c8d8\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <polygon points=\"280,220 274,208 286,208\" fill=\"#b8c8d8\"\/>\r\n\r\n <rect x=\"52\" y=\"226\" width=\"224\" height=\"62\" rx=\"9\" fill=\"#eef4fc\" stroke=\"#1f5fa9\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"164\" y=\"248\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\">INSTRUCTIONAL EFFECTS<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"164\" y=\"266\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">what the model is aimed at,<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"164\" y=\"280\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">reached directly<\/text>\r\n\r\n <rect x=\"292\" y=\"226\" width=\"216\" height=\"62\" rx=\"9\" fill=\"#fdf0f5\" stroke=\"#8e2f5a\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-dasharray=\"6 4\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"400\" y=\"248\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#8e2f5a\">NURTURANT EFFECTS<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"400\" y=\"266\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">what the environment teaches<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"400\" y=\"280\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">while it is being used<\/text>\r\n\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"310\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9.5\" fill=\"#5a6d80\">a model is described completely only when all six are stated<\/text>\r\n<\/g><\/svg>\r\n <div class=\"diagram-cap\"><span class=\"en\">A description that omits any of the six is an account of a technique, not of a model<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u091c\u093f\u0938 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0923\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0907\u0928 \u091b\u0939 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u091b\u0942\u091f\u093e \u0939\u094b \u0935\u0939 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0935\u0930\u0923 \u0939\u0948, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902<\/span><\/div>\r\n\r\n <ul class=\"num-stack\">\r\n <li><strong><span class=\"en\">Focus.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u092c\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0941\u0964<\/span><\/strong> <span class=\"en\">The objective the model exists to serve, together with the assumptions about learning on which it rests. Focus is what assigns a model to its family, and it is the element to check first when a stem asks which model suits a stated aim.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u0939 \u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0940 \u0935\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0924\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u091c\u093f\u0928 \u092a\u0930 \u0935\u0939 \u091f\u093f\u0915\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u092c\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0941 \u0939\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u094b \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u091c\u092c \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928-\u092e\u0941\u0916 \u092a\u0942\u091b\u0947 \u0915\u093f \u0915\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u094c\u0928-\u0938\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u0948 \u0924\u094b \u092f\u0939\u0940 \u0924\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0901\u091a\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><strong><span class=\"en\">Syntax.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/strong> <span class=\"en\">The phases of the model and the order in which they must run. The order is not decorative: in concept attainment the concept is named only in the second phase, and naming it in the first converts an inductive model into an expository one.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0935\u0939 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u091a\u0932\u0928\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u0905\u0932\u0902\u0915\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u0948: \u0938\u0902\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924\u093f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u092f \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093e\u092e\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u0940 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u093e\u092e \u0926\u0947 \u0926\u0947\u0928\u093e \u0906\u0917\u092e\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u094b \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0926\u0932 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><strong><span class=\"en\">Social system.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u091c\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940\u0964<\/span><\/strong> <span class=\"en\">The roles of teacher and learner, the relationship between them, and how much of the initiative each holds. Joyce and Weil describe this as high, moderate or low structure, and it is the element that most often has to be altered when a model is imported into a large Indian classroom.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u092d\u0942\u092e\u093f\u0915\u093e\u090f\u0901, \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092a\u0939\u0932 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u093f\u0924\u0928\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u091c\u0949\u092f\u0938 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0935\u0940\u0932 \u0907\u0938\u0947 \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a, \u092e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0928\u093f\u092e\u094d\u0928 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0915\u0939\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0914\u0930 \u092f\u0939\u0940 \u0935\u0939 \u0924\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u094b \u092c\u0921\u093c\u0940 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0932\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092f\u0903 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0928\u093e \u092a\u0921\u093c\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><strong><span class=\"en\">Principles of reaction.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u0928\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0964<\/span><\/strong> <span class=\"en\">How the teacher is to respond to what the learner does \u2014 when to accept, when to probe, when to withhold judgement. In the non-directive model the principle is to reflect feeling without evaluating it; in direct instruction it is to correct an error at once. The same pupil answer therefore calls for opposite responses under different models.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u091c\u094b \u0915\u0930\u0947 \u0909\u0938 \u092a\u0930 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0915\u094b \u0915\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0928\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u0915\u092c \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0940\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e, \u0915\u092c \u0917\u0939\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e, \u0915\u092c \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0923\u092f \u0930\u094b\u0915\u0928\u093e\u0964 \u0905\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924 \u092f\u0939 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u092d\u093e\u0935\u0928\u093e \u0915\u094b \u092e\u0942\u0932\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0915\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u090f \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092c\u093f\u0902\u092c\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u090f; \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0926\u0947\u0936\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092f\u0939 \u0915\u093f \u0924\u094d\u0930\u0941\u091f\u093f \u0924\u0941\u0930\u0902\u0924 \u0938\u0941\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u090f\u0964 \u0905\u0924\u0903 \u090f\u0915 \u0939\u0940 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940-\u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u092a\u0930\u0940\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u092e\u093e\u0901\u0917 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><strong><span class=\"en\">Support system.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u0939\u093e\u092f\u0915 \u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0964<\/span><\/strong> <span class=\"en\">What the model needs beyond an ordinary room and an ordinary teacher \u2014 prepared sets of exemplars, a discrepant event that can actually be staged, source documents for a jurisprudential case. A model whose support system is unavailable will be run as a discussion about the model instead.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u094b \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f \u2014 \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0924\u0948\u092f\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u092e\u0941\u091a\u094d\u091a\u092f, \u0910\u0938\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0938\u0902\u0917\u0924 \u0918\u091f\u0928\u093e \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0935 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u0902\u091a\u0928 \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0947, \u0928\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u092e\u0942\u0932 \u0926\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0947\u091c\u093c\u0964 \u091c\u093f\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0939\u093e\u092f\u0915 \u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u0932\u092c\u094d\u0927 \u0939\u094b \u0935\u0939 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u091a\u0930\u094d\u091a\u093e \u092c\u0928\u0915\u0930 \u091a\u0932\u0947\u0917\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><strong><span class=\"en\">Instructional and nurturant effects.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u0928\u0941\u0926\u0947\u0936\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u094b\u0937\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0964<\/span><\/strong> <span class=\"en\">The first are what the model was built to produce and are pursued directly; the second arise from the environment the model creates and are acquired without being taught. Both are stated in a full description, because a model chosen only for its instructional effect still delivers the other.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0925\u092e \u0935\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u091c\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092c\u0928\u093e \u0925\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u091c\u093f\u0928\u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u0930\u0923 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948; \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0924\u0940\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0935\u093e\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0930\u0923 \u0938\u0947 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u092a\u0922\u093c\u093e\u090f \u0905\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0923\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0926\u0947\u0936\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u091a\u0941\u0928\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092d\u0940 \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n\r\n <svg class=\"full-diagram\" viewBox=\"0 0 560 268\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Instructional effects reached directly and nurturant effects arising from the environment\">\r\n<g font-family=\"DM Sans, Noto Sans Devanagari, sans-serif\" font-size=\"10.5\">\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"18\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"11\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#5a6d80\">GROUP INVESTIGATION AS AN ILLUSTRATION<\/text>\r\n\r\n <rect x=\"16\" y=\"86\" width=\"150\" height=\"76\" rx=\"10\" fill=\"#14243f\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"91\" y=\"118\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"11\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#ffd970\">THE MODEL<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"91\" y=\"136\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" fill=\"#ffffff\">in use, as designed<\/text>\r\n\r\n <line x1=\"170\" y1=\"106\" x2=\"250\" y2=\"70\" stroke=\"#1f5fa9\" stroke-width=\"2.4\"\/>\r\n <polygon points=\"258,66 244,64 250,76\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\"\/>\r\n <line x1=\"170\" y1=\"126\" x2=\"250\" y2=\"126\" stroke=\"#1f5fa9\" stroke-width=\"2.4\"\/>\r\n <polygon points=\"258,126 246,120 246,132\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\"\/>\r\n\r\n <line x1=\"170\" y1=\"146\" x2=\"250\" y2=\"182\" stroke=\"#8e2f5a\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-dasharray=\"6 4\"\/>\r\n <polygon points=\"258,186 244,184 250,174\" fill=\"#8e2f5a\"\/>\r\n <line x1=\"170\" y1=\"152\" x2=\"250\" y2=\"234\" stroke=\"#8e2f5a\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-dasharray=\"6 4\"\/>\r\n <polygon points=\"257,240 243,236 251,226\" fill=\"#8e2f5a\"\/>\r\n\r\n <rect x=\"266\" y=\"44\" width=\"282\" height=\"42\" rx=\"8\" fill=\"#eef4fc\" stroke=\"#1f5fa9\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"278\" y=\"62\" font-size=\"9.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\">Disciplined inquiry into a chosen problem<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"278\" y=\"78\" font-size=\"9\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">instructional \u00b7 the model was built to produce it<\/text>\r\n\r\n <rect x=\"266\" y=\"104\" width=\"282\" height=\"42\" rx=\"8\" fill=\"#eef4fc\" stroke=\"#1f5fa9\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"278\" y=\"122\" font-size=\"9.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\">Knowledge of the subject investigated<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"278\" y=\"138\" font-size=\"9\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">instructional \u00b7 assessed at the end of the unit<\/text>\r\n\r\n <rect x=\"266\" y=\"164\" width=\"282\" height=\"42\" rx=\"8\" fill=\"#fdf0f5\" stroke=\"#8e2f5a\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-dasharray=\"6 4\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"278\" y=\"182\" font-size=\"9.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#8e2f5a\">Independence as a learner<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"278\" y=\"198\" font-size=\"9\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">nurturant \u00b7 nobody set it as an objective<\/text>\r\n\r\n <rect x=\"266\" y=\"222\" width=\"282\" height=\"42\" rx=\"8\" fill=\"#fdf0f5\" stroke=\"#8e2f5a\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-dasharray=\"6 4\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"278\" y=\"240\" font-size=\"9.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#8e2f5a\">Respect for the dignity of others<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"278\" y=\"256\" font-size=\"9\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">nurturant \u00b7 learned from how the room works<\/text>\r\n\r\n <text x=\"91\" y=\"192\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\">solid \u00b7 direct<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"91\" y=\"210\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#8e2f5a\">dashed \u00b7 indirect<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"91\" y=\"236\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#5a6d80\">nurturant effects<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"91\" y=\"250\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#5a6d80\">are not lesser effects<\/text>\r\n<\/g><\/svg>\r\n <div class=\"diagram-cap\"><span class=\"en\">Solid arrows are pursued; dashed arrows arrive whether or not anyone intended them<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0920\u094b\u0938 \u0924\u0940\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u0930\u0923 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948; \u092c\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0941\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0924\u0940\u0930 \u0924\u092c \u092d\u0940 \u0906\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u091c\u092c \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0928\u0947 \u0909\u0928\u0915\u093e \u0906\u0936\u092f \u0928 \u0930\u0916\u093e \u0939\u094b<\/span><\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"callout purple\">\r\n <div class=\"callout-label\"><span class=\"en\">A distinction that is routinely inverted<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u090f\u0915 \u092d\u0947\u0926 \u091c\u094b \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0909\u0932\u091f \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/div>\r\n <span class=\"en\">Nurturant effects are frequently described as secondary or incidental, as though they mattered less. Joyce and Weil intend the opposite emphasis: they are unavoidable. A model that is run for weeks teaches whatever its social system implies about authority, disagreement and whose ideas are worth hearing, and it teaches this whether the teacher has thought about it or not. The practical consequence is that a model should be examined for its nurturant effects <em>before<\/em> adoption, since these are the part that cannot be switched off.<\/span>\r\n <span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u094b\u0937\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0923\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092f\u0903 \u0917\u094c\u0923 \u092f\u093e \u0906\u0915\u0938\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u092e\u093e\u0928\u094b \u0909\u0928\u0915\u093e \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u0915\u092e \u0939\u094b\u0964 \u091c\u0949\u092f\u0938 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0935\u0940\u0932 \u0915\u093e \u092c\u0932 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u092a\u0930\u0940\u0924 \u0939\u0948: \u0935\u0947 \u0905\u092a\u0930\u093f\u0939\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u091c\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0938\u092a\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0939\u094b\u0902 \u0924\u0915 \u091a\u0932\u093e\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u090f \u0935\u0939 \u0935\u0939 \u0938\u092c \u0938\u093f\u0916\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u091c\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0938\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093e, \u0905\u0938\u0939\u092e\u0924\u093f \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u0941\u0928\u0928\u0947 \u092f\u094b\u0917\u094d\u092f \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u2014 \u0907\u0938 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u093f\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u0930\u0916\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u092f\u0939 \u0935\u0939 \u091a\u093e\u0939\u0947 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0928\u0947 \u0907\u0938 \u092a\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0939\u094b \u092f\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0938\u093f\u0916\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e \u092f\u0939 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094b\u0937\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u094b\u0902 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u091c\u093e\u0901\u091a \u0905\u092a\u0928\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 <em>\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935<\/em> \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0940 \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f, \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u092f\u0939\u0940 \u0935\u0939 \u092d\u093e\u0917 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0902\u0926 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e\u0964<\/span>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"p6-2\">\r\n <span class=\"section-badge\">6.2<\/span>\r\n <h3><span class=\"en\">Information Processing Family<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0938\u0902\u0938\u093e\u0927\u0928 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0930<\/span><\/h3>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <svg class=\"full-diagram\" viewBox=\"0 0 560 234\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"The four families of models of teaching\">\r\n<g font-family=\"DM Sans, Noto Sans Devanagari, sans-serif\" font-size=\"10.5\">\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"18\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"11\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#5a6d80\">FOUR FAMILIES, SORTED BY WHAT EACH IS TRYING TO BUILD<\/text>\r\n\r\n <rect x=\"7\" y=\"30\" width=\"132\" height=\"176\" rx=\"10\" fill=\"#eef4fc\" stroke=\"#1f5fa9\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <rect x=\"7\" y=\"30\" width=\"132\" height=\"26\" rx=\"10\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\"\/>\r\n <rect x=\"7\" y=\"48\" width=\"132\" height=\"8\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"73\" y=\"48\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#ffffff\">INFORMATION<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"73\" y=\"74\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" font-style=\"italic\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\">how data is handled<\/text>\r\n <line x1=\"21\" y1=\"86\" x2=\"125\" y2=\"86\" stroke=\"#1f5fa9\" stroke-width=\"1\" stroke-dasharray=\"3 3\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"73\" y=\"102\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\">representative models<\/text>\r\n<text x=\"73\" y=\"118\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">Concept Attainment<\/text><text x=\"73\" y=\"133\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">Inquiry Training<\/text><text x=\"73\" y=\"148\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">Advance Organiser<\/text><text x=\"73\" y=\"163\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">Inductive Thinking<\/text><text x=\"73\" y=\"178\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">Memory Model<\/text>\r\n\r\n <rect x=\"145\" y=\"30\" width=\"132\" height=\"176\" rx=\"10\" fill=\"#eefbf7\" stroke=\"#0d8f79\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <rect x=\"145\" y=\"30\" width=\"132\" height=\"26\" rx=\"10\" fill=\"#0d8f79\"\/>\r\n <rect x=\"145\" y=\"48\" width=\"132\" height=\"8\" fill=\"#0d8f79\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"211\" y=\"48\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#ffffff\">SOCIAL<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"211\" y=\"74\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" font-style=\"italic\" fill=\"#0d8f79\">how people work together<\/text>\r\n <line x1=\"159\" y1=\"86\" x2=\"263\" y2=\"86\" stroke=\"#0d8f79\" stroke-width=\"1\" stroke-dasharray=\"3 3\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"211\" y=\"102\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#0d8f79\">representative models<\/text>\r\n<text x=\"211\" y=\"118\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">Group Investigation<\/text><text x=\"211\" y=\"133\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">Role Playing<\/text><text x=\"211\" y=\"148\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">Jurisprudential Inquiry<\/text><text x=\"211\" y=\"163\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">Social Simulation<\/text><text x=\"211\" y=\"178\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">Laboratory Method<\/text>\r\n\r\n <rect x=\"283\" y=\"30\" width=\"132\" height=\"176\" rx=\"10\" fill=\"#fdf0f5\" stroke=\"#8e2f5a\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <rect x=\"283\" y=\"30\" width=\"132\" height=\"26\" rx=\"10\" fill=\"#8e2f5a\"\/>\r\n <rect x=\"283\" y=\"48\" width=\"132\" height=\"8\" fill=\"#8e2f5a\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"349\" y=\"48\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#ffffff\">PERSONAL<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"349\" y=\"74\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" font-style=\"italic\" fill=\"#8e2f5a\">how a self is formed<\/text>\r\n <line x1=\"297\" y1=\"86\" x2=\"401\" y2=\"86\" stroke=\"#8e2f5a\" stroke-width=\"1\" stroke-dasharray=\"3 3\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"349\" y=\"102\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#8e2f5a\">representative models<\/text>\r\n<text x=\"349\" y=\"118\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">Non-Directive Teaching<\/text><text x=\"349\" y=\"133\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">Synectics<\/text><text x=\"349\" y=\"148\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">Awareness Training<\/text><text x=\"349\" y=\"163\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">Classroom Meeting<\/text><text x=\"349\" y=\"178\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">Conceptual Systems<\/text>\r\n\r\n <rect x=\"421\" y=\"30\" width=\"132\" height=\"176\" rx=\"10\" fill=\"#fffaef\" stroke=\"#c9760f\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <rect x=\"421\" y=\"30\" width=\"132\" height=\"26\" rx=\"10\" fill=\"#c9760f\"\/>\r\n <rect x=\"421\" y=\"48\" width=\"132\" height=\"8\" fill=\"#c9760f\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"487\" y=\"48\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#ffffff\">BEHAVIOURAL<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"487\" y=\"74\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" font-style=\"italic\" fill=\"#c9760f\">how performance is built<\/text>\r\n <line x1=\"435\" y1=\"86\" x2=\"539\" y2=\"86\" stroke=\"#c9760f\" stroke-width=\"1\" stroke-dasharray=\"3 3\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"487\" y=\"102\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#c9760f\">representative models<\/text>\r\n<text x=\"487\" y=\"118\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">Mastery Learning<\/text><text x=\"487\" y=\"133\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">Direct Instruction<\/text><text x=\"487\" y=\"148\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">Programmed Learning<\/text><text x=\"487\" y=\"163\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">Simulation Training<\/text><text x=\"487\" y=\"178\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">Self-control<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"226\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9.5\" fill=\"#5a6d80\">the family is fixed by the objective, so the same content may be taught by a model from any of the four<\/text>\r\n<\/g><\/svg>\r\n <div class=\"diagram-cap\"><span class=\"en\">The family is fixed by what the model is trying to build, not by the subject being taught<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0930 \u0907\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0924\u092f \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0939\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0928 \u0915\u093f \u092a\u0922\u093c\u093e\u090f \u091c\u093e \u0930\u0939\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f \u0938\u0947<\/span><\/div>\r\n\r\n <p><span class=\"en\">This family is concerned with how people take in data, organise it, sense problems and generate concepts and the language to carry them. Its models are the ones most directly usable in ordinary subject teaching.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092f\u0939 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0930 \u0907\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0932\u094b\u0917 \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u0915\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939\u0923 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u0917\u0920\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0938\u092e\u0938\u094d\u092f\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u0915\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u092d\u093e\u0901\u092a\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0938\u0902\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u092f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u0939\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f-\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u091c\u094d\u092f \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n <svg class=\"full-diagram\" viewBox=\"0 0 560 300\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"The three phases of the concept attainment model\">\r\n<g font-family=\"DM Sans, Noto Sans Devanagari, sans-serif\" font-size=\"10.5\">\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"18\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"11\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#5a6d80\">THE CONCEPT IS NOT NAMED UNTIL THE LEARNER HAS FOUND IT<\/text>\r\n\r\n <rect x=\"12\" y=\"30\" width=\"176\" height=\"120\" rx=\"9\" fill=\"#eef4fc\" stroke=\"#1f5fa9\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"100\" y=\"52\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\">PHASE 1 \u00b7 DATA<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"100\" y=\"70\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">labelled examples given<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"100\" y=\"84\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">in yes and no pairs<\/text>\r\n <rect x=\"30\" y=\"94\" width=\"60\" height=\"20\" rx=\"10\" fill=\"#0d8f79\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"60\" y=\"108\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#ffffff\">YES<\/text>\r\n <rect x=\"106\" y=\"94\" width=\"60\" height=\"20\" rx=\"10\" fill=\"#8e2f5a\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"136\" y=\"108\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#ffffff\">NO<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"100\" y=\"132\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">attributes compared,<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"100\" y=\"144\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">hypotheses generated<\/text>\r\n\r\n <rect x=\"200\" y=\"30\" width=\"176\" height=\"120\" rx=\"9\" fill=\"#fffaef\" stroke=\"#c9760f\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"288\" y=\"52\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#c9760f\">PHASE 2 \u00b7 TESTING<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"288\" y=\"74\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">unlabelled examples sorted<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"288\" y=\"90\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">by the learner<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"288\" y=\"110\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">teacher confirms, names the<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"288\" y=\"124\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">concept, states the definition<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"288\" y=\"142\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">learners produce their own<\/text>\r\n\r\n <rect x=\"388\" y=\"30\" width=\"160\" height=\"120\" rx=\"9\" fill=\"#eefbf7\" stroke=\"#0d8f79\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"468\" y=\"52\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#0d8f79\">PHASE 3 \u00b7 STRATEGY<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"468\" y=\"74\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">learners describe how<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"468\" y=\"88\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">they reached the concept<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"468\" y=\"108\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">number and type of<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"468\" y=\"122\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">hypotheses discussed<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"468\" y=\"142\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" font-style=\"italic\" fill=\"#0d8f79\">thinking made visible<\/text>\r\n\r\n <line x1=\"192\" y1=\"90\" x2=\"194\" y2=\"90\" stroke=\"#b8c8d8\" stroke-width=\"2.4\"\/>\r\n <polygon points=\"200,90 188,84 188,96\" fill=\"#b8c8d8\"\/>\r\n <line x1=\"380\" y1=\"90\" x2=\"382\" y2=\"90\" stroke=\"#b8c8d8\" stroke-width=\"2.4\"\/>\r\n <polygon points=\"388,90 376,84 376,96\" fill=\"#b8c8d8\"\/>\r\n\r\n <rect x=\"12\" y=\"172\" width=\"536\" height=\"72\" rx=\"9\" fill=\"#f5f8fd\" stroke=\"#14243f\" stroke-width=\"1.6\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"192\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#14243f\">WHY THE NEGATIVE EXAMPLES CARRY THE WEIGHT<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"212\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">A positive example is consistent with many rules at once. A negative example eliminates<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"228\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">every rule that would have admitted it, which is what narrows the field.<\/text>\r\n\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"268\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9.5\" fill=\"#5a6d80\">the model is inductive throughout; announcing the definition first converts it into exposition<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"288\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9.5\" font-style=\"italic\" fill=\"#5a6d80\">after Bruner, Goodnow and Austin, 1956<\/text>\r\n<\/g><\/svg>\r\n <div class=\"diagram-cap\"><span class=\"en\">The order is the model; naming the concept in phase one turns it into exposition<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u0939\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0939\u0948; \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u092f \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093e\u092e\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0926\u0932 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"table-scroll\">\r\n <table class=\"data-table\">\r\n <thead><tr>\r\n <th style=\"width:24%\"><span class=\"en\">Model and originator<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0915<\/span><\/th>\r\n <th style=\"width:38%\"><span class=\"en\">Syntax<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e<\/span><\/th>\r\n <th style=\"width:38%\"><span class=\"en\">Used when the objective is<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0924\u092c \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u091c\u092c \u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f \u0939\u094b<\/span><\/th>\r\n <\/tr><\/thead>\r\n <tbody>\r\n <tr>\r\n <td><strong><span class=\"en\">Concept Attainment<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u0902\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924\u093f<\/span><\/strong><br><span class=\"en\">Bruner<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092c\u094d\u0930\u0942\u0928\u0930<\/span><\/td>\r\n <td><span class=\"en\">Data presented as labelled positive and negative exemplars; hypotheses generated and tested; the concept named and defined; unlabelled instances sorted; the learner's own thinking strategy analysed aloud.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u0928\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0902\u0915\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u0915\u093e\u0930\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0928\u0915\u093e\u0930\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902; \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a\u0928\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924; \u0938\u0902\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u092f \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093e\u092e\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e; \u0905\u0928\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0902\u0915\u093f\u0924 \u0926\u0943\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093e\u0902\u0924\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u091b\u0901\u091f\u093e\u0908; \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0940 \u091a\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0928-\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0915\u093e \u092e\u0941\u0916\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0937\u0923\u0964<\/span><\/td>\r\n <td><span class=\"en\">Sharpening a concept the class half holds, and making the process of concept formation itself visible.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0910\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u092f \u0915\u094b \u0924\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u0923 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0906\u0927\u093e-\u0905\u0927\u0942\u0930\u093e \u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u092f-\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0926\u0943\u0936\u094d\u092f \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/td>\r\n <\/tr>\r\n <tr>\r\n <td><strong><span class=\"en\">Inquiry Training<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u0928\u094d\u0935\u0947\u0937\u0923 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923<\/span><\/strong><br><span class=\"en\">Suchman<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u091a\u092e\u0948\u0928<\/span><\/td>\r\n <td><span class=\"en\">Confrontation with a discrepant event; verification by questions answerable yes or no; experimentation isolating variables; formulation of an explanation; analysis of the inquiry process itself.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u093f\u0938\u0902\u0917\u0924 \u0918\u091f\u0928\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0928\u093e; \u0939\u093e\u0901 \u092f\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0926\u0947\u0928\u0947 \u092f\u094b\u0917\u094d\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0938\u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u0928; \u091a\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u0943\u0925\u0915\u094d \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917; \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923; \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u0905\u0928\u094d\u0935\u0947\u0937\u0923-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0937\u0923\u0964<\/span><\/td>\r\n <td><span class=\"en\">Building the discipline of asking productive questions, where a puzzling phenomenon can actually be staged.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u092a\u0942\u091b\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0936\u093e\u0938\u0928 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e, \u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092a\u0939\u0947\u0932\u0940\u0928\u0941\u092e\u093e \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0918\u091f\u0928\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0935 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u0902\u091a\u0928 \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0947\u0964<\/span><\/td>\r\n <\/tr>\r\n <tr>\r\n <td><strong><span class=\"en\">Advance Organiser<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u0938\u0902\u0917\u0920\u0915<\/span><\/strong><br><span class=\"en\">Ausubel<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0906\u0938\u0941\u092c\u0947\u0932<\/span><\/td>\r\n <td><span class=\"en\">Presentation of an organiser more general and inclusive than the material; presentation of the material with its logical order made explicit; strengthening of cognitive organisation by integrative reconciliation and critical questioning.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0935\u0947\u0936\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0917\u0920\u0915 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924\u093f; \u0924\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0915\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u0915\u094b \u0938\u094d\u092a\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0941\u090f \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924\u093f; \u090f\u0915\u0940\u0915\u0943\u0924 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0906\u0932\u094b\u091a\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928\u0928 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0938\u0902\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0917\u0920\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0941\u0926\u0943\u0922\u093c\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923\u0964<\/span><\/td>\r\n <td><span class=\"en\">Delivering a substantial body of organised material meaningfully rather than by rote, in the time a lecture takes.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0928 \u091c\u093f\u0924\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u0917\u0920\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u092c\u0921\u093c\u0940 \u0930\u093e\u0936\u093f \u0915\u094b \u0930\u091f\u0902\u0924 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0922\u0902\u0917 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/td>\r\n <\/tr>\r\n <tr>\r\n <td><strong><span class=\"en\">Inductive Thinking<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0906\u0917\u092e\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u091a\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0928<\/span><\/strong><br><span class=\"en\">Taba<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u091f\u093e\u092c\u093e<\/span><\/td>\r\n <td><span class=\"en\">Concept formation by listing, grouping and labelling; interpretation of data by identifying relationships and drawing inferences; application of principles to predict consequences and explain them.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u0942\u091a\u0940\u092c\u0926\u094d\u0927\u0924\u093e, \u0938\u092e\u0942\u0939\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0928\u093e\u092e\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0938\u0902\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u092f-\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923; \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927 \u092a\u0939\u091a\u093e\u0928\u0915\u0930 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0937 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0932\u0915\u0930 \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e; \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0928\u0941\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0940 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0964<\/span><\/td>\r\n <td><span class=\"en\">Teaching a class to build categories from raw material rather than receive them ready-made.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0936\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0923\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u092c\u0928\u0940-\u092c\u0928\u093e\u0908 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u091c\u093e\u092f \u0915\u091a\u094d\u091a\u0940 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u0938\u093f\u0916\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/td>\r\n <\/tr>\r\n <\/tbody>\r\n <\/table>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"exam-tip\">\r\n <div class=\"et-icon\">●<\/div>\r\n <div class=\"et-body\">\r\n <strong><span class=\"en\">Separating the three that are most often confused.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092d\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0924\u0940\u0928 \u0915\u094b \u0905\u0932\u0917 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/strong>\r\n <ul class=\"split-list\">\r\n <li><span class=\"sl-tag\">CA<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">Concept Attainment \u2014 the concept exists and is withheld; the learner recovers it from examples<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u0902\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924\u093f \u2014 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u092f \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0930\u094b\u0915\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948; \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0903\u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"sl-tag\">IT<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">Inductive Thinking \u2014 no concept is waiting; the learner builds categories out of unsorted data<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0906\u0917\u092e\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u091a\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0928 \u2014 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902; \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0905\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0940\u0915\u0943\u0924 \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0936\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0923\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"sl-tag\">AO<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">Advance Organiser \u2014 the structure is given first, on purpose, and the material is hung on it<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u0938\u0902\u0917\u0920\u0915 \u2014 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0928-\u092c\u0942\u091d\u0915\u0930 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0926\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0909\u0938 \u092a\u0930 \u091f\u093e\u0901\u0917\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"p6-3\">\r\n <span class=\"section-badge\">6.3<\/span>\r\n <h3><span class=\"en\">Social Family<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u091c\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0930<\/span><\/h3>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <p><span class=\"en\">The social family takes the relationship between people as both the method and the object. Its models assume that intellectual work is improved by being conducted jointly, and that the capacity to conduct it jointly is itself something to be taught.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u091c\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0930 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927 \u0915\u094b \u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092f\u0939 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0915\u093f \u092c\u094c\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0938\u0902\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u093f\u090f \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u092c\u0947\u0939\u0924\u0930 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e\u0924\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u092a\u0922\u093c\u093e\u0908 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u092f\u094b\u0917\u094d\u092f \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"table-scroll\">\r\n <table class=\"data-table\">\r\n <thead><tr>\r\n <th style=\"width:24%\"><span class=\"en\">Model and originator<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0915<\/span><\/th>\r\n <th style=\"width:40%\"><span class=\"en\">Syntax<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e<\/span><\/th>\r\n <th style=\"width:36%\"><span class=\"en\">Distinctive feature<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u093f\u0936\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923<\/span><\/th>\r\n <\/tr><\/thead>\r\n <tbody>\r\n <tr>\r\n <td><strong><span class=\"en\">Group Investigation<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u092e\u0942\u0939 \u0905\u0928\u094d\u0935\u0947\u0937\u0923<\/span><\/strong><br><span class=\"en\">Thelen, after Dewey<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0925\u0947\u0932\u0928, \u0921\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0908 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u0930\u0923 \u092e\u0947\u0902<\/span><\/td>\r\n <td><span class=\"en\">Encounter with a puzzling situation; exploration of reactions to it; formulation of the study task and organisation for study; independent and group study; analysis of progress and of the process; recycling of the activity.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u0939\u0947\u0932\u0940\u0928\u0941\u092e\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0928\u093e; \u0909\u0938 \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0928\u094d\u0935\u0947\u0937\u0923; \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092f\u0928-\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092f\u0928 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0938\u0902\u0917\u0920\u0928; \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0942\u0939\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092f\u0928; \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0917\u0924\u093f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0937\u0923; \u0917\u0924\u093f\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f \u0915\u093e \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u094d\u091a\u0915\u094d\u0930\u0923\u0964<\/span><\/td>\r\n <td><span class=\"en\">The group frames its own problem. A task handed down as an assignment is not group investigation, whatever the seating.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u092e\u0942\u0939 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0940 \u0938\u092e\u0938\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u0917\u0922\u093c\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u091c\u094b \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0905\u0938\u093e\u0907\u0928\u092e\u0947\u0902\u091f \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u094c\u0902\u092a\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0939\u094b \u0935\u0939 \u092c\u0948\u0920\u0915-\u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0939\u0947 \u091c\u094b \u0939\u094b, \u0938\u092e\u0942\u0939 \u0905\u0928\u094d\u0935\u0947\u0937\u0923 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td>\r\n <\/tr>\r\n <tr>\r\n <td><strong><span class=\"en\">Role Playing<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092d\u0942\u092e\u093f\u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0939<\/span><\/strong><br><span class=\"en\">Shaftel and Shaftel<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u0948\u092b\u094d\u091f\u0947\u0932 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0936\u0948\u092b\u094d\u091f\u0947\u0932<\/span><\/td>\r\n <td><span class=\"en\">Warming up the group; selecting participants; setting the stage; preparing observers; enactment; discussion and evaluation; re-enactment; further discussion; sharing of generalised experience.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u092e\u0942\u0939 \u0915\u094b \u0924\u0948\u092f\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e; \u0938\u0939\u092d\u093e\u0917\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u091a\u092f\u0928; \u092e\u0902\u091a-\u0938\u091c\u094d\u091c\u093e; \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0924\u0948\u092f\u093e\u0930\u0940; \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0928\u092f; \u092a\u0930\u093f\u091a\u0930\u094d\u091a\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092e\u0942\u0932\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0915\u0928; \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0903 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0928\u092f; \u0906\u0917\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u091a\u0930\u094d\u091a\u093e; \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0940\u0915\u0943\u0924 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092d\u0935 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u093e\u091d\u093e\u0915\u0930\u0923\u0964<\/span><\/td>\r\n <td><span class=\"en\">The re-enactment is not optional. Playing the situation once produces a performance; playing it again after discussion produces the learning.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u0941\u0928\u0903 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0928\u092f \u0910\u091a\u094d\u091b\u093f\u0915 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u0915\u094b \u090f\u0915 \u092c\u093e\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0928\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u0928 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948; \u092a\u0930\u093f\u091a\u0930\u094d\u091a\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0903 \u0928\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0928\u093e \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td>\r\n <\/tr>\r\n <tr>\r\n <td><strong><span class=\"en\">Jurisprudential Inquiry<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0928\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0905\u0928\u094d\u0935\u0947\u0937\u0923<\/span><\/strong><br><span class=\"en\">Oliver and Shaver<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0911\u0932\u093f\u0935\u0930 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0936\u0947\u0935\u0930<\/span><\/td>\r\n <td><span class=\"en\">Orientation to the case; identification of the issues; taking of positions; exploration of the patterns of argument behind them; refinement and qualification of the positions; testing of the factual assumptions on which the qualified positions rest.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u091a\u092f; \u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0926\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0939\u091a\u093e\u0928; \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u0932\u0947\u0928\u093e; \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0940\u091b\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0924\u0930\u094d\u0915-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u0942\u092a\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0928\u094d\u0935\u0947\u0937\u0923; \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0938\u0940\u092e\u0928; \u0909\u0928 \u0924\u0925\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0924\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u091c\u093f\u0928 \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0938\u0940\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u091f\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/td>\r\n <td><span class=\"en\">Built for questions of public policy where reasonable people differ. The aim is a qualified position that survives cross-examination, not a winner.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0932\u094b\u0915\u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0947 \u0909\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0935\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0915\u0936\u0940\u0932 \u0932\u094b\u0917 \u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u092e\u0924 \u0930\u0916\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u092f \u0935\u093f\u091c\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0910\u0938\u0940 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0938\u0940\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091f\u093f\u0915\u0947\u0964<\/span><\/td>\r\n <\/tr>\r\n <\/tbody>\r\n <\/table>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"p6-4\">\r\n <span class=\"section-badge\">6.4<\/span>\r\n <h3><span class=\"en\">Personal Family<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u0948\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0930<\/span><\/h3>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <p><span class=\"en\">The personal family begins from the individual's own construction of reality and aims at self-understanding, self-direction and creative capacity. Its social system is the least structured of the four, and its principle of reaction is the one furthest from ordinary classroom habit.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u0948\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0930 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u092f\u0925\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u0938\u0947 \u0906\u0930\u0902\u092d \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0906\u0924\u094d\u092e-\u092c\u094b\u0927, \u0938\u094d\u0935-\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0943\u091c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e\u0924\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u091c\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u091a\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u092e \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0907\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e-\u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e-\u0906\u0926\u0924 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0926\u0942\u0930 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"vs-compare\">\r\n <div class=\"vs-side left\">\r\n <span class=\"vs-tag\">Rogers<\/span>\r\n <h5><span class=\"en\">Non-Directive Teaching<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923<\/span><\/h5>\r\n <ul>\r\n <li><span class=\"en\">Five phases: defining the helping situation, exploring the problem, developing insight, planning and deciding, integration<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u093e\u0901\u091a \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u090f\u0901: \u0938\u0939\u093e\u092f\u0924\u093e-\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e, \u0938\u092e\u0938\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0928\u094d\u0935\u0947\u0937\u0923, \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0943\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093f \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938, \u0928\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0923\u092f, \u090f\u0915\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"en\">The teacher reflects feeling rather than evaluating it, and supplies no solution<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u092d\u093e\u0935\u0928\u093e \u0915\u093e \u092e\u0942\u0932\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0915\u0928 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092c\u093f\u0902\u092c\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"en\">Structure is low; the learner sets the agenda throughout<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0928\u093f\u092e\u094d\u0928; \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0906\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0902\u0924 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u0938\u0942\u091a\u0940 \u0924\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"en\">Used where the obstacle is emotional rather than cognitive<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u092c\u093e\u0927\u093e \u0938\u0902\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0938\u0902\u0935\u0947\u0917\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0939\u094b<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div class=\"vs-mid\">and<\/div>\r\n <div class=\"vs-side right\">\r\n <span class=\"vs-tag\">Gordon<\/span>\r\n <h5><span class=\"en\">Synectics<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u093f\u0928\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0938<\/span><\/h5>\r\n <ul>\r\n <li><span class=\"en\">Two strategies: creating something new, and making the strange familiar<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0926\u094b \u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901: \u0915\u0941\u091b \u0928\u092f\u093e \u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0905\u092a\u0930\u093f\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u0930\u093f\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0928\u093e<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"en\">Works through direct analogy, personal analogy and compressed conflict<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0938\u093e\u0926\u0943\u0936\u094d\u092f, \u0935\u0948\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u0926\u0943\u0936\u094d\u092f \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0940\u0921\u093f\u0924 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0935 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"en\">Deliberate irrationality is the method; premature evaluation is what it guards against<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u0941\u0935\u093f\u091a\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0905\u0924\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0915\u093f\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f \u0939\u0948; \u092f\u0939 \u0905\u0938\u093e\u092e\u092f\u093f\u0915 \u092e\u0942\u0932\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0915\u0928 \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u091a\u093e\u0935 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"en\">Used where a familiar idea has to be seen freshly, or a new one produced<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0935\u093f\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u094b \u0928\u090f \u0938\u093f\u0930\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u0926\u0947\u0916\u0928\u093e \u0939\u094b, \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0928\u092f\u093e \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u0939\u094b<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"p6-5\">\r\n <span class=\"section-badge\">6.5<\/span>\r\n <h3><span class=\"en\">Behavioural Systems Family<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0930<\/span><\/h3>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <p><span class=\"en\">This family rests on the behavioural account of learning set out in Chapter 3: performance is shaped by its consequences, and complex performance is reached by decomposing it and reinforcing the parts in order. Its models are the most structured of the four and the easiest to run with fidelity in a large class.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092f\u0939 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0930 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f 3 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092a\u093e\u0926\u093f\u0924 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0926\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0935\u0930\u0923 \u092a\u0930 \u091f\u093f\u0915\u093e \u0939\u0948: \u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0928 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e\u094b\u0902 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0906\u0915\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u091c\u091f\u093f\u0932 \u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0928 \u0924\u0915 \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0918\u091f\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930 \u0905\u0902\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0936\u0903 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0932\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u091a\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092c\u0921\u093c\u0940 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0920\u093e\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0915 \u091a\u0932\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0930\u0932\u0964<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"feat-grid\">\r\n <div class=\"feat-card\"><span class=\"fc-num\">1<\/span><strong><span class=\"en\">Mastery Learning<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u0941\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"en\">Content divided into small units, each tested by a formative check, with corrective work and a retest before the next unit begins. Time is treated as the variable and attainment as the constant, which reverses the ordinary arrangement.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u0932\u0918\u0941 \u0907\u0915\u093e\u0907\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093e\u091c\u093f\u0924, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u091c\u093e\u0901\u091a \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924, \u0905\u0917\u0932\u0940 \u0907\u0915\u093e\u0908 \u0906\u0930\u0902\u092d \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u0909\u092a\u091a\u093e\u0930\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0903\u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0938\u0939\u093f\u0924\u0964 \u0938\u092e\u092f \u0915\u094b \u091a\u0930 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0909\u092a\u0932\u092c\u094d\u0927\u093f \u0915\u094b \u0905\u091a\u0930 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u094b \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0909\u0932\u091f \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"feat-card\"><span class=\"fc-num\">2<\/span><strong><span class=\"en\">Direct Instruction<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0926\u0947\u0936\u0928<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"en\">Orientation, presentation, structured practice, guided practice, independent practice \u2014 with the teacher modelling first and responsibility handed over in measured stages.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u092d\u093f\u0935\u093f\u0928\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923, \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0905\u092d\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938, \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u093f\u0924 \u0905\u092d\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938, \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0905\u092d\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938 \u2014 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u0942\u092a\u0923 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930\u0926\u093e\u092f\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u092e\u093e\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u091a\u0930\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u094c\u0902\u092a\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"feat-card\"><span class=\"fc-num\">3<\/span><strong><span class=\"en\">Programmed Learning<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0926\u0947\u0936\u093f\u0924 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"en\">Small steps, an active response at each, immediate confirmation and self-pacing, with the sequence written so that errors are rare. Linear in Skinner's form and branching in Crowder's.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0932\u0918\u0941 \u091a\u0930\u0923, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u092a\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e, \u0924\u0924\u094d\u0915\u093e\u0932 \u092a\u0941\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u0935-\u0917\u0924\u093f, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0910\u0938\u093e \u0932\u093f\u0916\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u0915\u093f \u0924\u094d\u0930\u0941\u091f\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u0935\u093f\u0930\u0932 \u0939\u094b\u0902\u0964 \u0938\u094d\u0915\u093f\u0928\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0930\u0948\u0916\u093f\u0915 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0909\u0921\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0936\u093e\u0916\u093f\u0924\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"feat-card\"><span class=\"fc-num\">4<\/span><strong><span class=\"en\">Simulation and training<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u0942\u092a\u0923 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"en\">A task reproduced with its essential features and its dangers removed, so that performance can be practised, observed and corrected before it is attempted for real.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u093e \u0910\u0938\u093e \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u0941\u0924\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0928 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915 \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u092c\u0928\u0947 \u0930\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u091f \u0939\u091f\u093e \u0926\u093f\u090f \u091c\u093e\u090f\u0901, \u0924\u093e\u0915\u093f \u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u093e\u0938 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u092d\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u0936\u094b\u0927\u0928 \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0947\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"p6-6\">\r\n <span class=\"section-badge\">6.6<\/span>\r\n <h3><span class=\"en\">Choosing and Combining Models<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u091a\u092f\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928<\/span><\/h3>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <p><span class=\"en\">The selection rule is short: match the focus of the model to the objective in hand, then check that the support system exists and that the social system is workable with this class in this room. A model chosen for its reputation rather than for its focus will be run in a form that no longer produces what it was chosen for.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u091a\u092f\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u0948: \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u092c\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0941 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924 \u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f \u0938\u0947 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u093e\u090f\u0901, \u092b\u093f\u0930 \u091c\u093e\u0901\u091a\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u093f \u0938\u0939\u093e\u092f\u0915 \u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0939\u0948 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u091c\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0907\u0938 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0907\u0938 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u091c\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u092c\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0941 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u091c\u093e\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0920\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u091a\u0941\u0928\u093e \u091c\u093e\u090f \u0935\u0939 \u0910\u0938\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091a\u0932\u0947\u0917\u093e \u091c\u094b \u0905\u092c \u0935\u0939 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0935\u0939 \u091a\u0941\u0928\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0925\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"table-scroll\">\r\n <table class=\"data-table\">\r\n <thead><tr>\r\n <th style=\"width:34%\"><span class=\"en\">If the objective is<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092f\u0926\u093f \u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f \u0939\u094b<\/span><\/th>\r\n <th style=\"width:30%\"><span class=\"en\">The family to look in<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u091c\u093f\u0938 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0926\u0947\u0916\u0947\u0902<\/span><\/th>\r\n <th style=\"width:36%\"><span class=\"en\">And the usual mismatch<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0924\u0925\u093e \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0905\u0938\u0902\u0917\u0924\u093f<\/span><\/th>\r\n <\/tr><\/thead>\r\n <tbody>\r\n <tr><td><span class=\"en\">Sharpening a concept the class holds loosely<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0936\u093f\u0925\u093f\u0932 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u092f \u0915\u094b \u0924\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u0923 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Information processing<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0938\u0902\u0938\u093e\u0927\u0928<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Running a discussion, which spreads opinion without narrowing the concept<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u0930\u093f\u091a\u0930\u094d\u091a\u093e \u091a\u0932\u093e\u0928\u093e, \u091c\u094b \u0938\u0902\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u092f \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0941\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u090f \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u092e\u0924 \u092b\u0948\u0932\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td><span class=\"en\">Building the capacity to argue a contested public question<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0926\u093f\u0924 \u0932\u094b\u0915-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u092a\u0930 \u0924\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e\u0924\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Social<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u091c\u093f\u0915<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Delivering a balanced lecture, which supplies positions without exercising the capacity<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u0902\u0924\u0941\u0932\u093f\u0924 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0928 \u0926\u0947\u0928\u093e, \u091c\u094b \u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e\u0924\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0905\u092d\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u0930\u093e\u090f \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u0926\u0947 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td><span class=\"en\">Securing a procedural skill to a stated criterion<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0938\u094c\u091f\u0940 \u0924\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0915\u094c\u0936\u0932 \u0938\u0941\u0926\u0943\u0922\u093c \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Behavioural systems<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Setting an open project, which leaves the weakest learners without the steps<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092e\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0928\u093e, \u091c\u094b \u0926\u0941\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0932\u0924\u092e \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u091a\u0930\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u091b\u094b\u0921\u093c \u0926\u0947\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td><span class=\"en\">Helping a learner past an obstacle that is emotional<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u0902\u0935\u0947\u0917\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u092c\u093e\u0927\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0915\u094b \u0906\u0917\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0932\u0928\u093e<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Personal<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u0948\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0915<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Explaining the subject again, which addresses a difficulty the learner does not have<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0903 \u0938\u092e\u091d\u093e\u0928\u093e, \u091c\u094b \u0909\u0938 \u0915\u0920\u093f\u0928\u093e\u0908 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0902\u092c\u094b\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0915\u094b \u0939\u0948 \u0939\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <\/tbody>\r\n <\/table>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"callout amber\">\r\n <div class=\"callout-label\"><span class=\"en\">Combining without dissolving<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u093f\u0932\u0940\u0928 \u0915\u093f\u090f \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0938\u0902\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928<\/span><\/div>\r\n <span class=\"en\">Models are combined across a unit rather than within a period. A sequence that uses an advance organiser to establish the structure, concept attainment to sharpen a central idea within it, and group investigation to apply the idea to a local question is coherent, because each model is run whole and in its own phase. What does not work is taking a phase from one model and a phase from another inside a single lesson: the syntax of each is what produces its effect, and a model executed in fragments produces neither its instructional nor its nurturant outcome.<\/span>\r\n <span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0902\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u0915\u093e\u0932\u093e\u0902\u0936 \u0915\u0947 \u092d\u0940\u0924\u0930 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0907\u0915\u093e\u0908 \u092d\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0910\u0938\u093e \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u091c\u094b \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u0938\u0902\u0917\u0920\u0915, \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092d\u0940\u0924\u0930 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0935\u093f\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u094b \u0924\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u0923 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924\u093f, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0909\u0938 \u0935\u093f\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u094b \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u0940\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u092a\u0930 \u0932\u093e\u0917\u0942 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0938\u092e\u0942\u0939 \u0905\u0928\u094d\u0935\u0947\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0930\u0947, \u0938\u0902\u0917\u0924 \u0939\u0948, \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091a\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u091c\u094b \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0935\u0939 \u0939\u0948 \u090f\u0915 \u0939\u0940 \u092a\u093e\u0920 \u0915\u0947 \u092d\u0940\u0924\u0930 \u090f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0938\u0947 \u090f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u0940 \u0932\u0947\u0928\u093e: \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0939\u0940 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0916\u0902\u0921\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0928\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0928 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0926\u0947\u0936\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092b\u0932 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0928 \u092a\u094b\u0937\u0915\u0964<\/span>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"cyp-box\">\r\n <div class=\"cyp-title\"><span class=\"en\">Progress check<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0917\u0924\u093f \u091c\u093e\u0901\u091a<\/span><\/div>\r\n <details class=\"cyp-q\"><summary><span class=\"en\">A teacher writes the definition on the board and then shows examples that fit it. Which model has been abandoned, and at which element?<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0936\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092e\u092a\u091f \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e \u0932\u093f\u0916\u0915\u0930 \u092b\u093f\u0930 \u0909\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0932 \u0916\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923 \u0926\u093f\u0916\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0915\u094c\u0928-\u0938\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u091b\u094b\u0921\u093c \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e, \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u093f\u0938 \u0924\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u092a\u0930?<\/span><\/summary>\r\n <div class=\"cyp-a\"><span class=\"en\">Concept attainment, at the syntax. The model requires that the concept be withheld until the second phase so that the learner recovers it from labelled positive and negative instances. Naming it first converts the lesson into exposition with illustrations \u2014 which may be perfectly good teaching, but is a different model with a different focus and different effects.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u0902\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924\u093f, \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e \u092a\u0930\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0905\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0938\u0902\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u092f \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u0924\u0915 \u0930\u094b\u0915\u093e \u091c\u093e\u090f \u0924\u093e\u0915\u093f \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0928\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0902\u0915\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u0915\u093e\u0930\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0928\u0915\u093e\u0930\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0926\u0943\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093e\u0902\u0924\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0903\u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0964 \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0928\u093e\u092e \u0926\u0947 \u0926\u0947\u0928\u093e \u092a\u093e\u0920 \u0915\u094b \u0926\u0943\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093e\u0902\u0924-\u0938\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0926\u0932 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u091c\u094b \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923\u0924\u0903 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u092e \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0915\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0941 \u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u092c\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0941 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u094b\u0902 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e \u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n <details class=\"cyp-q\"><summary><span class=\"en\">Why does concept attainment rely on negative examples rather than piling up positive ones?<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u0902\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0938\u0915\u093e\u0930\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0922\u0947\u0930 \u0932\u0917\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u091c\u093e\u092f \u0928\u0915\u093e\u0930\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092d\u0930 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948?<\/span><\/summary>\r\n <div class=\"cyp-a\"><span class=\"en\">Because a positive example is consistent with many rules at once and therefore eliminates nothing. A negative example rules out every hypothesis that would have admitted it, so it is the negative instances that narrow the field. A set of exemplars that is all positive leaves the class with several surviving hypotheses and no way to choose between them.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u0938\u0915\u093e\u0930\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923 \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0905\u0928\u0947\u0915 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0930\u0942\u092a \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0907\u0938\u0940\u0932\u093f\u090f \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0915\u094b \u0928\u093f\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e\u0964 \u0928\u0915\u093e\u0930\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923 \u0909\u0928 \u0938\u092e\u0938\u094d\u0924 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a\u0928\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0928\u093f\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0930 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0940\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940\u0902, \u0905\u0924\u0903 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u094b \u0928\u0915\u093e\u0930\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0926\u0943\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093e\u0902\u0924 \u0939\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0941\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923\u0924\u0903 \u0938\u0915\u093e\u0930\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u092e\u0941\u091a\u094d\u091a\u092f \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u0908 \u0936\u0947\u0937 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a\u0928\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u091b\u094b\u0921\u093c \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0928\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u091a\u092f\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0917 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n <details class=\"cyp-q\"><summary><span class=\"en\">Two teachers use group investigation for a term. One reports better subject results, the other reports a calmer and more independent class. Are they describing different effects of the same model?<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0926\u094b \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0924\u0915 \u0938\u092e\u0942\u0939 \u0905\u0928\u094d\u0935\u0947\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u090f\u0915 \u092c\u0947\u0939\u0924\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f-\u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e \u092c\u0924\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u093e \u0936\u093e\u0902\u0924 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0964 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0935\u0947 \u090f\u0915 \u0939\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0923\u0928 \u0915\u0930 \u0930\u0939\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902?<\/span><\/summary>\r\n <div class=\"cyp-a\"><span class=\"en\">Yes. Knowledge of the subject investigated and the discipline of inquiry are instructional effects, pursued directly. Independence as a learner and respect for others in the group are nurturant effects, arising from the social system the model establishes rather than from anything taught. Both are real, and a full description of the model states both.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0939\u093e\u0901\u0964 \u0905\u0928\u094d\u0935\u0947\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f \u0915\u093e \u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0905\u0928\u094d\u0935\u0947\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0936\u093e\u0938\u0928 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0926\u0947\u0936\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u091c\u093f\u0928\u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u0930\u0923 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0938\u092e\u0942\u0939 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f \u0938\u092e\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u094b\u0937\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u091c\u094b \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092a\u0922\u093c\u093e\u0908 \u0917\u0908 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u0938\u0947 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u091c\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0923\u0928 \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0915\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"p6-7\">\r\n <span class=\"section-badge\">6.7<\/span>\r\n <h3><span class=\"en\">Practice Set<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u092d\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938 \u0938\u0947\u091f<\/span><\/h3>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"mcq-box\">\r\n <div class=\"mcq-title\"><span class=\"en\">Practice \u2014 Models of Teaching<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u092d\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938 \u2014 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0928<\/span> <span class=\"mcq-src\">10 items<\/span><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"mcq-note\"><span class=\"en\">Most items are settled by naming the element or the family before the options are read.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0902\u0936 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a \u092a\u0922\u093c\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u0924\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093e\u092e \u0932\u0947\u0915\u0930 \u0924\u092f \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n\r\n <details class=\"mcq-q\"><summary><span class=\"mcq-num\">1<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">In Joyce and Weil's scheme, the element that states the roles of teacher and learner and how much initiative each holds is<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u091c\u0949\u092f\u0938 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0935\u0940\u0932 \u0915\u0940 \u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u0939 \u0924\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u091c\u094b \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u092d\u0942\u092e\u093f\u0915\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092a\u0939\u0932 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u093f\u0924\u0928\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u092f\u0939 \u092c\u0924\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/span><\/summary>\r\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\r\n <li>(a) <span class=\"en\">syntax<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(b) <span class=\"en\">social system<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u091c\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(c) <span class=\"en\">principles of reaction<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u0928\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(d) <span class=\"en\">support system<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u0939\u093e\u092f\u0915 \u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\"><b>(b).<\/b> <span class=\"en\">The social system covers roles, relationships and the degree of structure, described as high, moderate or low. Syntax is the sequence of phases; principles of reaction govern how the teacher answers a pupil contribution; the support system is what the model needs beyond an ordinary room and teacher. Options (b) and (c) are the pair most often exchanged.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u091c\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u092d\u0942\u092e\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0913\u0902, \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u094b\u0902 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u092e\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0938\u092e\u0947\u091f\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a, \u092e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0928\u093f\u092e\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u0939\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u0939\u0948; \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924 \u0936\u093e\u0938\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0915\u093f \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u092f\u094b\u0917\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0926\u0947; \u0938\u0939\u093e\u092f\u0915 \u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0935\u0939 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u0947 \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f\u0964 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a (b) \u090f\u0935\u0902 (c) \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u0926\u0932-\u092c\u0926\u0932 \u0915\u093f\u090f \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e \u092f\u0941\u0917\u094d\u092e \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n\r\n <details class=\"mcq-q\"><summary><span class=\"mcq-num\">2<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">The Advance Organiser model belongs to which family, and to whom is it owed?<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u0938\u0902\u0917\u0920\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u093f\u0938 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0939\u0948?<\/span><\/span><\/summary>\r\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\r\n <li>(a) <span class=\"en\">Social family; Thelen<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u091c\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0930; \u0925\u0947\u0932\u0928<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(b) <span class=\"en\">Information processing family; Ausubel<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0938\u0902\u0938\u093e\u0927\u0928 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0930; \u0906\u0938\u0941\u092c\u0947\u0932<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(c) <span class=\"en\">Personal family; Rogers<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u0948\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0930; \u0930\u094b\u091c\u0930\u094d\u0938<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(d) <span class=\"en\">Behavioural systems family; Skinner<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0930; \u0938\u094d\u0915\u093f\u0928\u0930<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\"><b>(b).<\/b> <span class=\"en\">The model organises how a body of material is taken in and anchored to what is already held, which places it squarely in the information processing family. Thelen is associated with group investigation in the social family, Rogers with non-directive teaching in the personal family, and Skinner with programmed learning in the behavioural systems family.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092f\u0939 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0938\u0902\u0917\u0920\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0930\u093e\u0936\u093f \u0915\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939\u0923 \u0939\u094b\u0915\u0930 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u0947 \u0932\u0902\u0917\u0930 \u0921\u093e\u0932\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u094b \u0907\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u092a\u0937\u094d\u091f\u0924\u0903 \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0938\u0902\u0938\u093e\u0927\u0928 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0930\u0916\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0925\u0947\u0932\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u091c\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u0942\u0939 \u0905\u0928\u094d\u0935\u0947\u0937\u0923 \u0938\u0947 \u0939\u0948, \u0930\u094b\u091c\u0930\u094d\u0938 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u0948\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0938\u0947, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0915\u093f\u0928\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0926\u0947\u0936\u093f\u0924 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e \u0938\u0947\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n\r\n <details class=\"mcq-q\"><summary><span class=\"mcq-num\">3<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">Consider: 1. Nurturant effects are pursued directly by the teacher. 2. Instructional effects are those the model was designed to produce. 3. A complete description of a model states both. Which are correct?<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u093f\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0940\u091c\u093f\u090f: 1. \u092a\u094b\u0937\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u0930\u0923 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0924\u0903 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 2. \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0926\u0947\u0936\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935 \u0935\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u091c\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0925\u093e\u0964 3. \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0923\u0928 \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0915\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0915\u094c\u0928-\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0939\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902?<\/span><\/span><\/summary>\r\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\r\n <li>(a) <span class=\"en\">1 and 2 only<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 1 \u0914\u0930 2<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(b) <span class=\"en\">2 and 3 only<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 2 \u0914\u0930 3<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(c) <span class=\"en\">1 and 3 only<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 1 \u0914\u0930 3<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(d) <span class=\"en\">1, 2 and 3<\/span><span class=\"hi\">1, 2 \u0914\u0930 3<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\"><b>(b).<\/b> <span class=\"en\">Statement 1 inverts the definition. Nurturant effects arise indirectly from the environment the model creates and are acquired without being taught, which is exactly why they cannot be switched off and why a model should be examined for them before adoption rather than after.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u0925\u0928 1 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0909\u0932\u091f \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092a\u094b\u0937\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0935\u093e\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0930\u0923 \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u092a\u0922\u093c\u093e\u090f \u0905\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0914\u0930 \u0920\u0940\u0915 \u0907\u0938\u0940\u0932\u093f\u090f \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0902\u0926 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u091c\u093e\u0901\u091a \u0905\u092a\u0928\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0940 \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n\r\n <details class=\"mcq-q\"><summary><span class=\"mcq-num\">4<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">Presenting labelled positive and negative exemplars and withholding the concept until the learners have hypothesised it is the syntax of<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0928\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0902\u0915\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u0915\u093e\u0930\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0928\u0915\u093e\u0930\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a\u0928\u093e \u092c\u0928\u093e\u090f \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0924\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u092f \u0930\u094b\u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0916\u0928\u093e \u2014 \u092f\u0939 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/span><\/summary>\r\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\r\n <li>(a) <span class=\"en\">Inductive Thinking<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0906\u0917\u092e\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u091a\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0928<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(b) <span class=\"en\">Concept Attainment<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u0902\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924\u093f<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(c) <span class=\"en\">Inquiry Training<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u0928\u094d\u0935\u0947\u0937\u0923 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(d) <span class=\"en\">Advance Organiser<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u0938\u0902\u0917\u0920\u0915<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\"><b>(b).<\/b> <span class=\"en\">In concept attainment the concept already exists and is deliberately withheld, so the learner recovers it from exemplars. Inductive thinking is the near neighbour and the standard distractor: there no concept is waiting, and the learner builds categories out of unsorted data by listing, grouping and labelling. Inquiry training begins from a discrepant event, not from exemplars.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u0902\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924\u093f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u092f \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u091c\u093e\u0928-\u092c\u0942\u091d\u0915\u0930 \u0930\u094b\u0915\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0905\u0924\u0903 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0903\u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0906\u0917\u092e\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u091a\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0928 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u091f \u092a\u0921\u093c\u094b\u0938\u0940 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0915 \u092d\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a \u0939\u0948: \u0935\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0914\u0930 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0940\u092c\u0926\u094d\u0927\u0924\u093e, \u0938\u092e\u0942\u0939\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0928\u093e\u092e\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0905\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0940\u0915\u0943\u0924 \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0936\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0923\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0905\u0928\u094d\u0935\u0947\u0937\u0923 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0935\u093f\u0938\u0902\u0917\u0924 \u0918\u091f\u0928\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u0906\u0930\u0902\u092d \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n\r\n <details class=\"mcq-q\"><summary><span class=\"mcq-num\">5<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">Which model opens with confrontation by a discrepant event and proceeds through verification by yes-or-no questions?<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u094c\u0928-\u0938\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0935\u093f\u0938\u0902\u0917\u0924 \u0918\u091f\u0928\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0928\u093e \u0915\u0930\u093e\u0915\u0930 \u0906\u0930\u0902\u092d \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0939\u093e\u0901-\u092f\u093e-\u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0938\u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u0928 \u0938\u0947 \u0906\u0917\u0947 \u092c\u0922\u093c\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948?<\/span><\/span><\/summary>\r\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\r\n <li>(a) <span class=\"en\">Group Investigation<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u092e\u0942\u0939 \u0905\u0928\u094d\u0935\u0947\u0937\u0923<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(b) <span class=\"en\">Jurisprudential Inquiry<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0928\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0905\u0928\u094d\u0935\u0947\u0937\u0923<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(c) <span class=\"en\">Inquiry Training<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u0928\u094d\u0935\u0947\u0937\u0923 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(d) <span class=\"en\">Synectics<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u093f\u0928\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0938<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\"><b>(c).<\/b> <span class=\"en\">Suchman's model constrains the learners to questions the teacher can answer yes or no, which forces the framing of a testable question rather than a request for the explanation. Group investigation also begins from a puzzling situation, but proceeds by the group formulating its own study task, and its distinguishing feature is that the group frames the problem.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u091a\u092e\u0948\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0910\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0924\u0915 \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0928\u0915\u093e \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0939\u093e\u0901 \u092f\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0926\u0947 \u0938\u0915\u0947, \u091c\u094b \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u092e\u093e\u0901\u0917 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u091c\u093e\u092f \u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u0940\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u0917\u0922\u093c\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u094b \u092c\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0938\u092e\u0942\u0939 \u0905\u0928\u094d\u0935\u0947\u0937\u0923 \u092d\u0940 \u092a\u0939\u0947\u0932\u0940\u0928\u0941\u092e\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u0938\u0947 \u0906\u0930\u0902\u092d \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0915\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0941 \u0938\u092e\u0942\u0939 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0905\u092a\u0928\u093e \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092f\u0928-\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u0917\u0922\u093c\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u0906\u0917\u0947 \u092c\u0922\u093c\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u092d\u0947\u0926\u0915 \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u092f\u0939\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0938\u092e\u0938\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0938\u092e\u0942\u0939 \u0917\u0922\u093c\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n\r\n <details class=\"mcq-q\"><summary><span class=\"mcq-num\">6<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">Direct analogy, personal analogy and compressed conflict are the devices of<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0938\u093e\u0926\u0943\u0936\u094d\u092f, \u0935\u0948\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u0926\u0943\u0936\u094d\u092f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0940\u0921\u093f\u0924 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0935 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u0939\u0948\u0902<\/span><\/span><\/summary>\r\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\r\n <li>(a) <span class=\"en\">Non-Directive Teaching<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(b) <span class=\"en\">Synectics<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u093f\u0928\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0938<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(c) <span class=\"en\">Role Playing<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092d\u0942\u092e\u093f\u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0939<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(d) <span class=\"en\">Awareness Training<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u091c\u093e\u0917\u0930\u0942\u0915\u0924\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\"><b>(b).<\/b> <span class=\"en\">Gordon's model works by deliberate irrationality, using the three analogies to defer the premature evaluation that shuts down a new idea. Both of its strategies \u2014 creating something new and making the strange familiar \u2014 run on the same devices, and it sits in the personal family alongside non-directive teaching.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0917\u0949\u0930\u094d\u0921\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0938\u0941\u0935\u093f\u091a\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0905\u0924\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0915\u093f\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0924\u0940\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u093e\u0926\u0943\u0936\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0909\u0938 \u0905\u0938\u093e\u092e\u092f\u093f\u0915 \u092e\u0942\u0932\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0915\u0928 \u0915\u094b \u091f\u093e\u0932\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0928\u090f \u0935\u093f\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u094b \u092c\u0902\u0926 \u0915\u0930 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u2014 \u0915\u0941\u091b \u0928\u092f\u093e \u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0905\u092a\u0930\u093f\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u0930\u093f\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0928\u093e \u2014 \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u091a\u0932\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0914\u0930 \u092f\u0939 \u0905\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0935\u0948\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n\r\n <details class=\"mcq-q\"><summary><span class=\"mcq-num\">7<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">Orientation to the case, identifying the issues, taking positions and testing factual assumptions belong to<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u091a\u092f, \u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0926\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0939\u091a\u093e\u0928, \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u0932\u0947\u0928\u093e \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0924\u0925\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0924\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0902\u0917 \u0939\u0948\u0902<\/span><\/span><\/summary>\r\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\r\n <li>(a) <span class=\"en\">Group Investigation<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u092e\u0942\u0939 \u0905\u0928\u094d\u0935\u0947\u0937\u0923<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(b) <span class=\"en\">Jurisprudential Inquiry<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0928\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0905\u0928\u094d\u0935\u0947\u0937\u0923<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(c) <span class=\"en\">Social Simulation<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u091c\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u0942\u092a\u0923<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(d) <span class=\"en\">Concept Attainment<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u0902\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924\u093f<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\"><b>(b).<\/b> <span class=\"en\">Oliver and Shaver built the model for questions of public policy on which reasonable people differ, and its final phase is the testing of the factual assumptions on which a qualified position rests. The object is a position that survives cross-examination rather than a side that wins, which is what distinguishes it from an ordinary classroom debate.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0911\u0932\u093f\u0935\u0930 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0936\u0947\u0935\u0930 \u0928\u0947 \u092f\u0939 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0932\u094b\u0915\u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0947 \u0909\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093f\u0928 \u092a\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0915\u0936\u0940\u0932 \u0932\u094b\u0917 \u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u092e\u0924 \u0930\u0916\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0907\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u093f\u092e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u0909\u0928 \u0924\u0925\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0924\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0928 \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0938\u0940\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u091f\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u092f \u091c\u0940\u0924\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e \u092a\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0910\u0938\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091f\u093f\u0915\u0947, \u0914\u0930 \u092f\u0939\u0940 \u0907\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e-\u0935\u093e\u0926-\u0935\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0926 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0943\u0925\u0915\u094d \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n\r\n <details class=\"mcq-q\"><summary><span class=\"mcq-num\">8<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">Mastery learning reverses the ordinary arrangement of a course by treating<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u0941\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0915\u0930 \u0909\u0932\u091f \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/span><\/summary>\r\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\r\n <li>(a) <span class=\"en\">time as the constant and attainment as the variable<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u092e\u092f \u0915\u094b \u0905\u091a\u0930 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0909\u092a\u0932\u092c\u094d\u0927\u093f \u0915\u094b \u091a\u0930<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(b) <span class=\"en\">time as the variable and attainment as the constant<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u092e\u092f \u0915\u094b \u091a\u0930 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0909\u092a\u0932\u092c\u094d\u0927\u093f \u0915\u094b \u0905\u091a\u0930<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(c) <span class=\"en\">both time and attainment as constants<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u092e\u092f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0909\u092a\u0932\u092c\u094d\u0927\u093f \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0905\u091a\u0930<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(d) <span class=\"en\">both time and attainment as variables<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u092e\u092f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0909\u092a\u0932\u092c\u094d\u0927\u093f \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u091a\u0930<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\"><b>(b).<\/b> <span class=\"en\">In an ordinary course every learner receives the same number of periods and attainment is allowed to differ. Mastery learning fixes the criterion for every learner and lets the time taken vary, which is what makes the formative check and the corrective loop indispensable rather than optional. Option (a) describes precisely the arrangement the model was built to replace.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u093e\u0932\u093e\u0902\u0936 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u092a\u0932\u092c\u094d\u0927\u093f \u0915\u094b \u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u0941\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u0938\u094c\u091f\u0940 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0924 \u0915\u0930 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0932\u0917\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u092f \u0915\u094b \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0928\u0947 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u092f\u0939\u0940 \u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u091c\u093e\u0901\u091a \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0909\u092a\u091a\u093e\u0930\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u091a\u0915\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u094b \u0910\u091a\u094d\u091b\u093f\u0915 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0905\u092a\u0930\u093f\u0939\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a (a) \u0920\u0940\u0915 \u0909\u0938\u0940 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0923\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092c\u0928\u093e \u0925\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n\r\n <details class=\"mcq-q\"><summary><span class=\"mcq-num\">9<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">In role playing, the phase most often omitted in practice, and whose omission defeats the model, is<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092d\u0942\u092e\u093f\u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0939 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u091b\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0932\u094b\u092a \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u0930\u093e\u091c\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/span><\/summary>\r\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\r\n <li>(a) <span class=\"en\">selecting the participants<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u0939\u092d\u093e\u0917\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u091a\u092f\u0928<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(b) <span class=\"en\">preparing the observers<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0924\u0948\u092f\u093e\u0930\u0940<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(c) <span class=\"en\">the re-enactment after discussion<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u0930\u093f\u091a\u0930\u094d\u091a\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0903 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0928\u092f<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(d) <span class=\"en\">setting the stage<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092e\u0902\u091a-\u0938\u091c\u094d\u091c\u093e<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\"><b>(c).<\/b> <span class=\"en\">Playing the situation once produces a performance that the class watches; playing it again after the discussion is what converts the discussion into altered conduct. Preparing the observers is also frequently skipped and matters, but its omission weakens the discussion rather than removing the learning, which makes it the strongest distractor here.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u0915\u094b \u090f\u0915 \u092c\u093e\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0928\u093e \u0910\u0938\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u0928 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0916\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948; \u092a\u0930\u093f\u091a\u0930\u094d\u091a\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0903 \u0928\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0928\u093e \u0939\u0940 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u091a\u0930\u094d\u091a\u093e \u0915\u094b \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0924 \u0906\u091a\u0930\u0923 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0924\u0948\u092f\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u092d\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092f\u0903 \u091b\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0939\u0948, \u0915\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0941 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0932\u094b\u092a \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e \u0915\u094b \u0939\u091f\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u092a\u0930\u093f\u091a\u0930\u094d\u091a\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0926\u0941\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0932 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u092f\u0939\u0940 \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u092f\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092c\u0932 \u092d\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n\r\n <details class=\"mcq-q\"><summary><span class=\"mcq-num\">10<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">A teacher takes phase one from the advance organiser model and phase three from concept attainment within a single period. The objection is that<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u090f\u0915 \u0939\u0940 \u0915\u093e\u0932\u093e\u0902\u0936 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u0938\u0902\u0917\u0920\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0938\u0902\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0938\u0947 \u0924\u0940\u0938\u0930\u0940 \u0932\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0906\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f \u092f\u0939 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f<\/span><\/span><\/summary>\r\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\r\n <li>(a) <span class=\"en\">models from different families may never be used in the same unit<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u090f\u0915 \u0939\u0940 \u0907\u0915\u093e\u0908 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u092d\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0947<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(b) <span class=\"en\">the syntax of each model is what produces its effect, so a fragment produces neither<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0939\u0940 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0905\u0924\u0903 \u0916\u0902\u0921 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u092d\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(c) <span class=\"en\">the two models have incompatible support systems<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0939\u093e\u092f\u0915 \u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0905\u0938\u0902\u0917\u0924 \u0939\u0948\u0902<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(d) <span class=\"en\">a period is too short for any model to be run at all<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092d\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u094b \u091a\u0932\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u093e\u0932\u093e\u0902\u0936 \u092c\u0939\u0941\u0924 \u091b\u094b\u091f\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\"><b>(b).<\/b> <span class=\"en\">Combination across a unit is legitimate and often desirable \u2014 an advance organiser to establish structure, concept attainment to sharpen an idea within it, group investigation to apply it. What fails is combination within a period by taking phases out of their sequence, since each syntax is designed as a whole. Option (a) overstates the objection into a prohibition that Joyce and Weil do not make.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0907\u0915\u093e\u0908 \u092d\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u0935\u0948\u0927 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092f\u0903 \u0935\u093e\u0902\u091b\u0928\u0940\u092f \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u0938\u0902\u0917\u0920\u0915, \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092d\u0940\u0924\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0924\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u0923 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924\u093f, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0938\u092e\u0942\u0939 \u0905\u0928\u094d\u0935\u0947\u0937\u0923\u0964 \u091c\u094b \u0935\u093f\u092b\u0932 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0935\u0939 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0947 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0932\u0915\u0930 \u0915\u093e\u0932\u093e\u0902\u0936 \u0915\u0947 \u092d\u0940\u0924\u0930 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0938\u0902\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u0939\u0948, \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0938\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a (a) \u0906\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0915\u094b \u0910\u0938\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u0937\u0947\u0927 \u0924\u0915 \u092c\u0922\u093c\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u091c\u0949\u092f\u0938 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0935\u0940\u0932 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <\/section>\r\n<!--\/CH6-->\r\n<!--CH7--><section class=\"chapter-content\" data-chap=\"7\" id=\"c7\">\r\n <div class=\"chapter-heading-block\">\r\n <span class=\"chapter-badge\"><span class=\"en\">CHAPTER 7<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f 7<\/span><\/span>\r\n <h2><span class=\"en\">Approaches, Methods and Techniques<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0909\u092a\u093e\u0917\u092e, \u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901<\/span><\/h2>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"keyfact-grid\">\r\n <div class=\"keyfact-card navy-hi\">\r\n <span class=\"big-icon\">🧭<\/span>\r\n <div class=\"kf-label\"><span class=\"en\">The three-term hierarchy<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f-\u092a\u0926 \u0938\u094b\u092a\u093e\u0928<\/span><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"kf-value\">Anthony \u00b7 1963<\/div>\r\n <div class=\"kf-sub\"><span class=\"en\">Approach axiomatic, method procedural, technique implementational<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0909\u092a\u093e\u0917\u092e \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902\u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927, \u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0928\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div class=\"keyfact-card teal-hi\">\r\n <span class=\"big-icon\">🛠<\/span>\r\n <div class=\"kf-label\"><span class=\"en\">Project method<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u0930\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f<\/span><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"kf-value\">Kilpatrick \u00b7 1918<\/div>\r\n <div class=\"kf-sub\"><span class=\"en\">A wholehearted purposeful activity in a social setting<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u091c\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0936 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923-\u0939\u0943\u0926\u092f \u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div class=\"keyfact-card amber-hi\">\r\n <span class=\"big-icon\">💡<\/span>\r\n <div class=\"kf-label\"><span class=\"en\">Brainstorming<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u093f\u091a\u093e\u0930-\u092e\u0902\u0925\u0928<\/span><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"kf-value\">Osborn \u00b7 1953<\/div>\r\n <div class=\"kf-sub\"><span class=\"en\">Judgement deferred so that quantity can be reached<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0923\u092f \u0938\u094d\u0925\u0917\u093f\u0924 \u0924\u093e\u0915\u093f \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0924\u0915 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0947<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div class=\"keyfact-card\">\r\n <span class=\"big-icon\">🧩<\/span>\r\n <div class=\"kf-label\"><span class=\"en\">Jigsaw<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u091c\u093f\u0917\u0938\u0949<\/span><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"kf-value\">Aronson \u00b7 1971<\/div>\r\n <div class=\"kf-sub\"><span class=\"en\">Interdependence built into the structure of the task<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u0940 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u094d\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u0930\u0938\u094d\u092a\u0930-\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092d\u0930\u0924\u093e<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <p><span class=\"en\">The words approach, method, technique and strategy are used almost interchangeably in staffroom speech and are distinguished quite sharply in the literature. The distinction is not pedantry: it settles what can sensibly be argued about. Two teachers who disagree about a technique can settle the matter by trying both. Two who disagree about an approach are disagreeing about what knowledge is, and no classroom trial will settle that.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0909\u092a\u093e\u0917\u092e, \u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u2014 \u092f\u0947 \u0936\u092c\u094d\u0926 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915-\u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0915\u0940 \u092c\u094b\u0932\u091a\u093e\u0932 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0932\u0917\u092d\u0917 \u092a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f\u0935\u093e\u091a\u0940 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0938\u093e\u0939\u093f\u0924\u094d\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0907\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u093e\u092b\u0940 \u0924\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u0923\u0924\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0943\u0925\u0915\u094d \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u092d\u0947\u0926 \u092a\u093e\u0902\u0921\u093f\u0924\u094d\u092f-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u0928 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u0948: \u092f\u0939 \u0924\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0915\u093f\u0938 \u092a\u0930 \u0924\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u0938\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0915 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u091c\u094b \u0926\u094b \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f \u092a\u0930 \u0905\u0938\u0939\u092e\u0924 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0935\u0947 \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0906\u091c\u093c\u092e\u093e\u0915\u0930 \u092e\u093e\u092e\u0932\u093e \u0928\u093f\u092a\u091f\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u091c\u094b \u0926\u094b \u0909\u092a\u093e\u0917\u092e \u092a\u0930 \u0905\u0938\u0939\u092e\u0924 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0935\u0947 \u0907\u0938 \u092a\u0930 \u0905\u0938\u0939\u092e\u0924 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0915\u093f \u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e-\u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0928\u093f\u092a\u091f\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"feat-grid\">\r\n <div class=\"feat-card\"><span class=\"fc-num\">1<\/span><strong><span class=\"en\">Which term is being used?<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u094c\u0928-\u0938\u093e \u092a\u0926 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u0948?<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"en\">Approach is a set of assumptions, method an overall plan, technique a classroom act, strategy a combination chosen for one objective.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0909\u092a\u093e\u0917\u092e \u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0924\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u092e\u0941\u091a\u094d\u091a\u092f \u0939\u0948, \u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f \u0938\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930 \u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928\u093e, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e-\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u090f\u0915 \u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u091a\u0941\u0928\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0938\u0902\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"feat-card\"><span class=\"fc-num\">2<\/span><strong><span class=\"en\">Who holds the initiative?<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u0939\u0932 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u0938 \u0939\u0948?<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"en\">Methods arrange themselves on a continuum from the teacher deciding everything to the learner deciding most of it.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u0910\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0924\u0924\u094d\u092f \u092a\u0930 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u091c\u094b \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0938\u092c \u0915\u0941\u091b \u0924\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u0932\u0947\u0915\u0930 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0902\u0936 \u0924\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0924\u0915 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"feat-card\"><span class=\"fc-num\">3<\/span><strong><span class=\"en\">What makes group work work?<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u093e\u092e\u0942\u0939\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948?<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"en\">Interdependence built into the structure of the task, not requested of the group as a matter of good behaviour.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u094d\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u0930\u0938\u094d\u092a\u0930-\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092d\u0930\u0924\u093e, \u0928 \u0915\u093f \u0938\u0926\u094d\u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u092e\u0942\u0939 \u0938\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0901\u0917\u0940 \u0917\u0908\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"feat-card\"><span class=\"fc-num\">4<\/span><strong><span class=\"en\">Where does a method fail?<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f \u0915\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0935\u093f\u092b\u0932 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948?<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"en\">Almost always at a condition it silently assumed \u2014 a purpose the learner owns, a laboratory that exists, time that is not fragmented.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0932\u0917\u092d\u0917 \u0938\u0926\u0948\u0935 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0910\u0938\u0940 \u0936\u0930\u094d\u0924 \u092a\u0930 \u091c\u094b \u0909\u0938\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u094c\u0928 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0932\u0940 \u0925\u0940 \u2014 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u092a\u0928\u093e \u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f, \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0936\u093e\u0932\u093e, \u0905\u0916\u0902\u0921\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u092e\u092f\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"p7-0\">\r\n <span class=\"section-badge\">7.0<\/span>\r\n <h3><span class=\"en\">Introduction<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u0930\u093f\u091a\u092f<\/span><\/h3>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <p><span class=\"en\">No method is good in itself. A method is a proposal about how to spend the available time, and its value is entirely a function of the objective it is spent on, the learners it is spent with and the conditions under which it is spent. The chapter therefore sets the methods out along the one dimension that actually organises them \u2014 how much of the initiative each leaves with the teacher \u2014 and states for each what it presupposes, since a method fails much more often at a silently assumed condition than at its own logic.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u094b\u0908 \u092d\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u092e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f \u0907\u0938 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u090f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0909\u092a\u0932\u092c\u094d\u0927 \u0938\u092e\u092f \u0915\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u092f \u0939\u094b, \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u093e \u092e\u0942\u0932\u094d\u092f \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923\u0924\u0903 \u0909\u0938 \u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f, \u0909\u0928 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0909\u0928 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0928 \u092a\u0930 \u0935\u0939 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u092f \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0905\u0924\u0903 \u092f\u0939 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f \u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0909\u0938\u0940 \u090f\u0915 \u0906\u092f\u093e\u092e \u092a\u0930 \u0930\u0916\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924\u0903 \u0938\u0902\u0917\u0920\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u093f\u0924\u0928\u0940 \u092a\u0939\u0932 \u091b\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u092f\u0939 \u092c\u0924\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0935\u0939 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u0924\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u092a\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u092b\u0932 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092c\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092e\u094c\u0928 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u0917\u0908 \u0936\u0930\u094d\u0924 \u092a\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u092b\u0932 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"p7-1\">\r\n <span class=\"section-badge\">7.1<\/span>\r\n <h3><span class=\"en\">Approach, Method, Technique, Strategy<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0909\u092a\u093e\u0917\u092e, \u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f, \u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f<\/span><\/h3>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <svg class=\"full-diagram\" viewBox=\"0 0 560 258\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Approach, method and technique as three levels of decreasing generality\">\r\n<g font-family=\"DM Sans, Noto Sans Devanagari, sans-serif\" font-size=\"10.5\">\r\n <rect x=\"40\" y=\"24\" width=\"452\" height=\"62\" rx=\"9\" fill=\"#eef4fc\" stroke=\"#1f5fa9\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"266\" y=\"46\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"12\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\">APPROACH<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"266\" y=\"64\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">axiomatic \u00b7 a set of assumptions about knowledge and how it is learned<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"266\" y=\"78\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" font-style=\"italic\" fill=\"#5a6d80\">assumptions are held, not demonstrated<\/text>\r\n\r\n <rect x=\"90\" y=\"96\" width=\"352\" height=\"62\" rx=\"9\" fill=\"#fffaef\" stroke=\"#c9760f\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"266\" y=\"118\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"12\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#c9760f\">METHOD<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"266\" y=\"136\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">procedural \u00b7 an overall plan, consistent with the approach<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"266\" y=\"150\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" font-style=\"italic\" fill=\"#5a6d80\">one approach admits several methods<\/text>\r\n\r\n <rect x=\"140\" y=\"168\" width=\"252\" height=\"62\" rx=\"9\" fill=\"#eefbf7\" stroke=\"#0d8f79\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"266\" y=\"190\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"12\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#0d8f79\">TECHNIQUE<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"266\" y=\"208\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">implementational \u00b7 what happens in the room<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"266\" y=\"222\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" font-style=\"italic\" fill=\"#5a6d80\">one method admits many techniques<\/text>\r\n\r\n <line x1=\"22\" y1=\"30\" x2=\"22\" y2=\"216\" stroke=\"#b8c8d8\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <polygon points=\"22,226 16,212 28,212\" fill=\"#b8c8d8\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"12\" y=\"130\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#5a6d80\" transform=\"rotate(-90 12 130)\">MORE SPECIFIC<\/text>\r\n\r\n <rect x=\"504\" y=\"24\" width=\"44\" height=\"206\" rx=\"9\" fill=\"#faf6ff\" stroke=\"#6b3a8f\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"526\" y=\"127\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"11\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#6b3a8f\" transform=\"rotate(-90 526 127)\">STRATEGY<\/text>\r\n\r\n <text x=\"266\" y=\"250\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9.5\" fill=\"#5a6d80\">strategy cuts across all three: a planned combination chosen for one objective  \u00b7  after Anthony, 1963<\/text>\r\n<\/g><\/svg>\r\n <div class=\"diagram-cap\"><span class=\"en\">The relation runs downward only: an approach admits several methods, but a technique is no evidence of an approach<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092f\u0939 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0928\u0940\u091a\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0913\u0930 \u091a\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948: \u0909\u092a\u093e\u0917\u092e \u0905\u0928\u0947\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092e\u0924\u093f \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0915\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0941 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f \u0909\u092a\u093e\u0917\u092e \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902<\/span><\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"table-scroll\">\r\n <table class=\"data-table\">\r\n <thead><tr>\r\n <th style=\"width:16%\"><span class=\"en\">Term<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u0926<\/span><\/th>\r\n <th style=\"width:20%\"><span class=\"en\">Nature<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f<\/span><\/th>\r\n <th style=\"width:32%\"><span class=\"en\">What it settles<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092f\u0939 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0924\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/th>\r\n <th style=\"width:32%\"><span class=\"en\">Example<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923<\/span><\/th>\r\n <\/tr><\/thead>\r\n <tbody>\r\n <tr><td><strong><span class=\"en\">Approach<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0909\u092a\u093e\u0917\u092e<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Axiomatic \u2014 assumptions that are held rather than proved.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902\u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u2014 \u0910\u0938\u0940 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0924\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u091c\u094b \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">What knowledge is, how it is acquired, and therefore what would count as having taught it.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0915\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u0924\u0903 \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0922\u093c\u093e\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0928\u093e \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u093e \u091c\u093e\u090f\u0964<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">The constructivist approach, which holds that meaning is built by the learner and not transferred.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e\u0935\u093e\u0926\u0940 \u0909\u092a\u093e\u0917\u092e, \u091c\u094b \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0939\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td><strong><span class=\"en\">Method<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Procedural \u2014 an overall plan, consistent with the approach.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u2014 \u0938\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930 \u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928\u093e, \u091c\u094b \u0909\u092a\u093e\u0917\u092e \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0930\u0942\u092a \u0939\u094b\u0964<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">The orderly presentation of material: what comes first, what the learners do, how the work is organised.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u092c\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923: \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0906\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u0917\u0920\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">The project method, which is one of several methods a constructivist approach admits.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u0930\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f, \u091c\u094b \u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e\u0935\u093e\u0926\u0940 \u0909\u092a\u093e\u0917\u092e \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092e\u0924 \u0905\u0928\u0947\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u090f\u0915 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td><strong><span class=\"en\">Technique<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Implementational \u2014 a single act inside a lesson.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0928\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u2014 \u092a\u093e\u0920 \u0915\u0947 \u092d\u0940\u0924\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u090f\u0915\u0932 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">What actually takes place in the room in a given minute, consistent with the method in use.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0926\u093f\u090f \u0917\u090f \u092e\u093f\u0928\u091f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924\u0903 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0918\u091f\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0930\u0942\u092a \u0939\u094b\u0964<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">A buzz session, a probing question, a think-pair-share, a role play within a project.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092c\u091c\u093c \u0938\u0924\u094d\u0930, \u0917\u0939\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928, \u0925\u093f\u0902\u0915-\u092a\u0947\u092f\u0930-\u0936\u0947\u092f\u0930, \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u092d\u0940\u0924\u0930 \u092d\u0942\u092e\u093f\u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0939\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td><strong><span class=\"en\">Strategy<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Combinatorial \u2014 cuts across the other three.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u0902\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u2014 \u0936\u0947\u0937 \u0924\u0940\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0915\u093e\u091f\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0941\u0908\u0964<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">The particular arrangement of methods and techniques selected for one objective with one class.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u090f\u0915 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u090f\u0915 \u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u091a\u0941\u0928\u0940 \u0917\u0908 \u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Opening with a demonstration, moving to group investigation, closing with a written consolidation.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u0928 \u0938\u0947 \u0906\u0930\u0902\u092d, \u0938\u092e\u0942\u0939 \u0905\u0928\u094d\u0935\u0947\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u0940 \u0913\u0930 \u0917\u0924\u093f, \u0932\u093f\u0916\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u0941\u0926\u0943\u0922\u093c\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u092a\u0928\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <\/tbody>\r\n <\/table>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"callout purple\">\r\n <div class=\"callout-label\"><span class=\"en\">Why the hierarchy runs downward only<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092f\u0939 \u0938\u094b\u092a\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0928\u0940\u091a\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0913\u0930 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u091a\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/div>\r\n <span class=\"en\">An approach admits several methods, and a method admits many techniques, but the relation does not run back up. A technique is not evidence of an approach: a teacher who uses group work has not thereby adopted constructivism, since group work is equally available to a behavioural sequence in which each group practises a step. This is why an inspection that counts techniques cannot report on approach, and why a reform that mandates techniques changes less than it expects to.<\/span>\r\n <span class=\"hi\">\u0909\u092a\u093e\u0917\u092e \u0905\u0928\u0947\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092e\u0924\u093f \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f \u0905\u0928\u0947\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b, \u0915\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0941 \u092f\u0939 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927 \u0935\u093e\u092a\u0938 \u090a\u092a\u0930 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u091a\u0932\u0924\u093e\u0964 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f \u0909\u092a\u093e\u0917\u092e \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u0948: \u091c\u094b \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0942\u0939\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0930\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0909\u0938\u0928\u0947 \u0907\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e\u0935\u093e\u0926 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u093e \u0932\u093f\u092f\u093e, \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0942\u0939\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0909\u0938 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0926\u0940 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u0915\u094b \u092d\u0940 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0909\u092a\u0932\u092c\u094d\u0927 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0938\u092e\u0942\u0939 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u091a\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u092d\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0940\u0932\u093f\u090f \u091c\u094b \u0928\u093f\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u0917\u093f\u0928\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0935\u0939 \u0909\u092a\u093e\u0917\u092e \u092a\u0930 \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0926\u0947 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e, \u0914\u0930 \u0907\u0938\u0940\u0932\u093f\u090f \u091c\u094b \u0938\u0941\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u0905\u0928\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0935\u0939 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0940 \u0905\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u092e \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"p7-2\">\r\n <span class=\"section-badge\">7.2<\/span>\r\n <h3><span class=\"en\">Teacher-Centred Methods<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915-\u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901<\/span><\/h3>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <svg class=\"full-diagram\" viewBox=\"0 0 560 250\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Methods placed on a continuum from teacher control to learner control\">\r\n<defs><linearGradient id=\"ctrl\" x1=\"0\" y1=\"0\" x2=\"1\" y2=\"0\">\r\n<stop offset=\"0%\" stop-color=\"#1f5fa9\"\/><stop offset=\"55%\" stop-color=\"#c9760f\"\/><stop offset=\"100%\" stop-color=\"#8e2f5a\"\/><\/linearGradient><\/defs>\r\n<g font-family=\"DM Sans, Noto Sans Devanagari, sans-serif\" font-size=\"10.5\">\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"18\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"11\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#5a6d80\">WHO DECIDES WHAT HAPPENS NEXT<\/text>\r\n <rect x=\"18\" y=\"122\" width=\"524\" height=\"12\" rx=\"6\" fill=\"url(#ctrl)\"\/>\r\n\r\n <rect x=\"18\" y=\"44\" width=\"104\" height=\"44\" rx=\"8\" fill=\"#ffffff\" stroke=\"#1f5fa9\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"70\" y=\"62\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\">Lecture<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"70\" y=\"78\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">teacher tells<\/text>\r\n <line x1=\"70\" y1=\"106\" x2=\"70\" y2=\"120\" stroke=\"#1f5fa9\" stroke-width=\"1.4\"\/>\r\n <circle cx=\"70\" cy=\"128\" r=\"6\" fill=\"#ffffff\" stroke=\"#1f5fa9\" stroke-width=\"2.4\"\/>\r\n <rect x=\"128\" y=\"168\" width=\"104\" height=\"44\" rx=\"8\" fill=\"#ffffff\" stroke=\"#2f92d1\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"180\" y=\"186\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#2f92d1\">Demonstration<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"180\" y=\"202\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">teacher shows<\/text>\r\n <line x1=\"180\" y1=\"136\" x2=\"180\" y2=\"150\" stroke=\"#2f92d1\" stroke-width=\"1.4\"\/>\r\n <circle cx=\"180\" cy=\"128\" r=\"6\" fill=\"#ffffff\" stroke=\"#2f92d1\" stroke-width=\"2.4\"\/>\r\n <rect x=\"238\" y=\"44\" width=\"104\" height=\"44\" rx=\"8\" fill=\"#ffffff\" stroke=\"#c9760f\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"290\" y=\"62\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#c9760f\">Discussion<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"290\" y=\"78\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">class talks<\/text>\r\n <line x1=\"290\" y1=\"106\" x2=\"290\" y2=\"120\" stroke=\"#c9760f\" stroke-width=\"1.4\"\/>\r\n <circle cx=\"290\" cy=\"128\" r=\"6\" fill=\"#ffffff\" stroke=\"#c9760f\" stroke-width=\"2.4\"\/>\r\n <rect x=\"348\" y=\"168\" width=\"104\" height=\"44\" rx=\"8\" fill=\"#ffffff\" stroke=\"#0d8f79\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"400\" y=\"186\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#0d8f79\">Problem-solving<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"400\" y=\"202\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">class works<\/text>\r\n <line x1=\"400\" y1=\"136\" x2=\"400\" y2=\"150\" stroke=\"#0d8f79\" stroke-width=\"1.4\"\/>\r\n <circle cx=\"400\" cy=\"128\" r=\"6\" fill=\"#ffffff\" stroke=\"#0d8f79\" stroke-width=\"2.4\"\/>\r\n <rect x=\"448\" y=\"44\" width=\"104\" height=\"44\" rx=\"8\" fill=\"#ffffff\" stroke=\"#8e2f5a\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"500\" y=\"62\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#8e2f5a\">Heuristic<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"500\" y=\"78\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">learner finds<\/text>\r\n <line x1=\"500\" y1=\"106\" x2=\"500\" y2=\"120\" stroke=\"#8e2f5a\" stroke-width=\"1.4\"\/>\r\n <circle cx=\"500\" cy=\"128\" r=\"6\" fill=\"#ffffff\" stroke=\"#8e2f5a\" stroke-width=\"2.4\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"18\" y=\"228\" font-size=\"9.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\">Teacher decides content, order and pace<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"542\" y=\"228\" text-anchor=\"end\" font-size=\"9.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#8e2f5a\">Learner decides most of it<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"244\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9.5\" fill=\"#5a6d80\">no position on the band is better in itself; the objective decides where to stand<\/text>\r\n<\/g><\/svg>\r\n <div class=\"diagram-cap\"><span class=\"en\">The band orders methods by who holds the initiative, not by their merit<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092f\u0939 \u092a\u091f\u094d\u091f\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0947 \u0917\u0941\u0923 \u0938\u0947 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u092a\u0939\u0932 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u0938 \u0939\u0948 \u0907\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u092c\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"table-scroll\">\r\n <table class=\"data-table\">\r\n <thead><tr>\r\n <th style=\"width:20%\"><span class=\"en\">Method<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f<\/span><\/th>\r\n <th style=\"width:34%\"><span class=\"en\">Procedure<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e<\/span><\/th>\r\n <th style=\"width:22%\"><span class=\"en\">Suited to<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u093f\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0915\u0942\u0932<\/span><\/th>\r\n <th style=\"width:24%\"><span class=\"en\">Silently assumes<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092e\u094c\u0928 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/th>\r\n <\/tr><\/thead>\r\n <tbody>\r\n <tr><td><strong><span class=\"en\">Lecture<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0928<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Continuous oral exposition, organised in advance, delivered to a whole class with little interruption.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u0924\u0924 \u092e\u094c\u0916\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e, \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935-\u0938\u0902\u0917\u0920\u093f\u0924, \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0905\u0932\u094d\u092a \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924\u0964<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Covering a large organised body of material, and modelling how an expert reasons aloud.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u0902\u0917\u0920\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u092c\u0921\u093c\u0940 \u0930\u093e\u0936\u093f \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093f, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092f\u0939 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u0942\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u0915\u093f \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937\u091c\u094d\u091e \u092e\u0941\u0916\u0930 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0924\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">That attention holds, that the class shares a common starting point, and that note-taking has been taught.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u093f \u0905\u0935\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u092c\u0928\u093e \u0930\u0939\u0947\u0917\u093e, \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928-\u092c\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0941 \u0938\u093e\u091d\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u091f\u093f\u092a\u094d\u092a\u0923-\u0932\u0947\u0916\u0928 \u0938\u093f\u0916\u093e\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e \u091a\u0941\u0915\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td><strong><span class=\"en\">Demonstration<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u0928<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Planning and rehearsal, statement of purpose, performance with the critical feature marked, observation, discussion, and a check by the learners.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0928\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u092d\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u0915\u0925\u0928, \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0923\u093e\u092f\u0915 \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u091a\u093f\u0939\u094d\u0928\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0941\u090f \u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0928, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923, \u092a\u0930\u093f\u091a\u0930\u094d\u091a\u093e, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0901\u091a\u0964<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Procedures, apparatus and anything where an error is costly or dangerous on a first attempt.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u090f\u0901, \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0935\u0939 \u0938\u092c \u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0925\u092e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u093e\u0938 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0924\u094d\u0930\u0941\u091f\u093f \u092e\u0939\u0901\u0917\u0940 \u092f\u093e \u0938\u0902\u0915\u091f\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0939\u094b\u0964<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">That every learner can see, and that a chance to attempt it follows in the same period.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u093f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0926\u0947\u0916 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0909\u0938\u0940 \u0915\u093e\u0932\u093e\u0902\u0936 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0935\u0938\u0930 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0947\u0917\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td><strong><span class=\"en\">Narration and storytelling<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u0925\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0915\u0939\u093e\u0928\u0940<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">A connected account delivered with pace, voice and pause, closing on a question rather than a moral.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0917\u0924\u093f, \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0930 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0920\u0939\u0930\u093e\u0935 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924 \u0938\u0941\u0938\u0902\u092c\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0902\u0924, \u091c\u094b \u0909\u092a\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u092a\u0930 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u092a\u0930 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0964<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">The early grades, history, values, and any content whose structure is a sequence of events.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0930\u0902\u092d\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u090f\u0901, \u0907\u0924\u093f\u0939\u093e\u0938, \u092e\u0942\u0932\u094d\u092f, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0935\u0939 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0918\u091f\u0928\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u0939\u094b\u0964<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">That the teacher has rehearsed it, since a story read from a page is a different act.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u093f \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0928\u0947 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u093e \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u092d\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0922\u093c\u0940 \u0917\u0908 \u0915\u0939\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td><strong><span class=\"en\">Textbook and recitation<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u092a\u0941\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0915 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0906\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Assigned reading followed by oral questioning that checks whether the passage has been retained.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u0920\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u092e\u094c\u0916\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928\u0928, \u091c\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0901\u091a\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0905\u0902\u0936 \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0941\u0906 \u092f\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Consolidation and revision, where the material has already been understood elsewhere.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u0941\u0926\u0943\u0922\u093c\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u093e\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f, \u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0939\u0940 \u0938\u092e\u091d\u0940 \u091c\u093e \u091a\u0941\u0915\u0940 \u0939\u094b\u0964<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">That the textbook is readable at the class's actual reading level, which is often untrue.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u093f \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u092a\u0941\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0915 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u0920\u0928-\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u0920\u0928\u0940\u092f \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092f\u0903 \u0905\u0938\u0924\u094d\u092f \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <\/tbody>\r\n <\/table>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"pc-grid\">\r\n <div class=\"pc-panel pro\">\r\n <div class=\"pc-head\"><span class=\"pc-ico\">\u2713<\/span><span class=\"en\">What the lecture does that nothing else does<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0928 \u0935\u0939 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0941\u091b \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902<\/span><\/div>\r\n <ul>\r\n <li><span class=\"en\">Covers a large organised structure in the time available, which discovery cannot<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0909\u092a\u0932\u092c\u094d\u0927 \u0938\u092e\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0921\u093c\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0917\u0920\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093f, \u091c\u094b \u0916\u094b\u091c \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"en\">Makes expert reasoning audible \u2014 the false start, the correction, the choice among approaches<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937\u091c\u094d\u091e \u0924\u0930\u094d\u0915\u0923 \u0915\u094b \u0936\u094d\u0930\u0935\u094d\u092f \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u0917\u0932\u0924 \u0906\u0930\u0902\u092d, \u0938\u0902\u0936\u094b\u0927\u0928, \u0909\u092a\u093e\u0917\u092e\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u091a\u092f\u0928<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"en\">Supplies material that is not in any book available to the class<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0910\u0938\u0940 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0909\u092a\u0932\u092c\u094d\u0927 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092a\u0941\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0915 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"en\">Costs nothing in apparatus, so it survives conditions in which other methods stop<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u0941\u091b \u0935\u094d\u092f\u092f \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0905\u0924\u0903 \u0935\u0939 \u0909\u0928 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091f\u093f\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u0930\u0941\u0915 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div class=\"pc-panel con\">\r\n <div class=\"pc-head\"><span class=\"pc-ico\">\u2717<\/span><span class=\"en\">Where it fails, and the standard repairs<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092f\u0939 \u0915\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0935\u093f\u092b\u0932 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0915 \u0938\u0941\u0927\u093e\u0930<\/span><\/div>\r\n <ul>\r\n <li><span class=\"en\">Attention falls away within the first half; the repair is a break in the channel, not a louder voice<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u0935\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0925\u092e \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0936 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u0940 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0940\u0923 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948; \u0938\u0941\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0930\u093e\u092e \u0939\u0948, \u090a\u0901\u091a\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0930 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"en\">Misconception is invisible; the repair is a question that requires every learner to commit to an answer<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092d\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0924\u093f \u0905\u0926\u0943\u0936\u094d\u092f \u0939\u0948; \u0938\u0941\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u0910\u0938\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092c\u0926\u094d\u0927\u0924\u093e \u092e\u093e\u0901\u0917\u0947<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"en\">Pace is set for nobody in particular; the repair is a pause with a task, not a slower delivery<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0917\u0924\u093f \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u0948; \u0938\u0941\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f-\u0938\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u0920\u0939\u0930\u093e\u0935 \u0939\u0948, \u0927\u0940\u092e\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924\u093f \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"en\">Nothing is practised; the repair is to end the exposition early and spend the remainder on application<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u0941\u091b \u092d\u0940 \u0905\u092d\u094d\u092f\u0938\u094d\u0924 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e; \u0938\u0941\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u092f\u0939 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0936\u0940\u0918\u094d\u0930 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0930 \u0936\u0947\u0937 \u0938\u092e\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u092a\u0930 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u092f \u0939\u094b<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"p7-3\">\r\n <span class=\"section-badge\">7.3<\/span>\r\n <h3><span class=\"en\">Learner-Centred Methods<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940-\u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901<\/span><\/h3>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <p><span class=\"en\">William Heard Kilpatrick, writing in 1918 and building on Dewey, defined the project as a wholehearted purposeful activity proceeding in a social environment. Every word of that formula is load-bearing. <em>Purposeful<\/em> requires that the purpose be the learner's own; <em>wholehearted<\/em> requires that it be pursued willingly rather than complied with; and <em>social environment<\/em> requires that it be conducted with others rather than in parallel isolation. An activity that fails any of the three is an assignment wearing the name.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u093f\u0932\u093f\u092f\u092e \u0939\u0930\u094d\u0921 \u0915\u093f\u0932\u092a\u0948\u091f\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0928\u0947 1918 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0921\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0908 \u092a\u0930 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0932\u093f\u0916\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0941\u090f \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u091c\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u093e\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0930\u0923 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0906\u0917\u0947 \u092c\u0922\u093c\u0924\u0940 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923-\u0939\u0943\u0926\u092f \u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0964 \u0907\u0938 \u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0936\u092c\u094d\u0926 \u092d\u093e\u0930-\u0935\u0939\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 <em>\u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923<\/em> \u0905\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u092a\u0928\u093e \u0939\u094b; <em>\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923-\u0939\u0943\u0926\u092f<\/em> \u0905\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0909\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u0930\u0923 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u093e\u0932\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0947\u091a\u094d\u091b\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u0939\u094b; \u0924\u0925\u093e <em>\u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u091c\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u093e\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0930\u0923<\/em> \u0905\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0935\u0939 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930 \u090f\u0915\u093e\u0915\u0940\u092a\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0932\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0964 \u091c\u094b \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0907\u0928 \u0924\u0940\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u092b\u0932 \u0939\u094b \u0935\u0939 \u0928\u093e\u092e \u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u093f\u090f \u0939\u0941\u090f \u0905\u0938\u093e\u0907\u0928\u092e\u0947\u0902\u091f \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n <svg class=\"full-diagram\" viewBox=\"0 0 560 172\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Kilpatrick's four types of project\">\r\n<g font-family=\"DM Sans, Noto Sans Devanagari, sans-serif\" font-size=\"10.5\">\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"20\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"11\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#5a6d80\">FOUR TYPES OF PROJECT, SORTED BY THE PURPOSE HELD<\/text>\r\n\r\n <rect x=\"10\" y=\"34\" width=\"128\" height=\"104\" rx=\"10\" fill=\"#eef4fc\" stroke=\"#1f5fa9\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <circle cx=\"74\" cy=\"58\" r=\"14\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"74\" y=\"63\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"12\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#ffffff\">1<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"74\" y=\"88\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\">CONSTRUCTIVE<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"74\" y=\"110\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">something is made<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"74\" y=\"124\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">a model, a chart, a bed<\/text>\r\n\r\n <rect x=\"148\" y=\"34\" width=\"128\" height=\"104\" rx=\"10\" fill=\"#fdf0f5\" stroke=\"#8e2f5a\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <circle cx=\"212\" cy=\"58\" r=\"14\" fill=\"#8e2f5a\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"212\" y=\"63\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"12\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#ffffff\">2<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"212\" y=\"88\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#8e2f5a\">AESTHETIC<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"212\" y=\"110\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">something is enjoyed<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"212\" y=\"124\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">a play, a song, a story<\/text>\r\n\r\n <rect x=\"286\" y=\"34\" width=\"128\" height=\"104\" rx=\"10\" fill=\"#fffaef\" stroke=\"#c9760f\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <circle cx=\"350\" cy=\"58\" r=\"14\" fill=\"#c9760f\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"350\" y=\"63\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"12\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#ffffff\">3<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"350\" y=\"88\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#c9760f\">PROBLEM<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"350\" y=\"110\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">a difficulty is solved<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"350\" y=\"124\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">why the well ran dry<\/text>\r\n\r\n <rect x=\"424\" y=\"34\" width=\"128\" height=\"104\" rx=\"10\" fill=\"#eefbf7\" stroke=\"#0d8f79\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <circle cx=\"488\" cy=\"58\" r=\"14\" fill=\"#0d8f79\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"488\" y=\"63\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"12\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#ffffff\">4<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"488\" y=\"88\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#0d8f79\">DRILL<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"488\" y=\"110\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">a skill is mastered<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"488\" y=\"124\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">to a stated criterion<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"164\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9.5\" fill=\"#5a6d80\">an activity without a purpose the learner owns is an assignment, not a project<\/text>\r\n<\/g><\/svg>\r\n <div class=\"diagram-cap\"><span class=\"en\">The type is fixed by the purpose held, which is why a project must be chosen by the class<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f \u0938\u0947 \u0924\u092f \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0907\u0938\u0940\u0932\u093f\u090f \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928\u093e \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u091a\u0941\u0928\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f<\/span><\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"flow-wrap\">\r\n <div class=\"flow-note\"><span class=\"en\">The steps of the project method. The first two are where the method is usually lost, because they are the two a teacher is tempted to complete on the class's behalf.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u0930\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f \u0915\u0947 \u091a\u0930\u0923\u0964 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0926\u094b \u0935\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u092f\u0939 \u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092f\u0903 \u0916\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u0907\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0926\u094b \u0915\u094b \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u0913\u0930 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0932\u094b\u092d\u0928 \u092a\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"flow-steps\">\r\n <div class=\"flow-step\"><div class=\"fs-num\">1<\/div><div class=\"fs-body\"><strong><span class=\"en\">Creating the situation<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"fs-sub\"><span class=\"en\">A condition is arranged in which a real need or question can arise. The teacher builds the occasion but does not announce the project.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0910\u0938\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0940 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0924\u093e \u092f\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0947\u0964 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0905\u0935\u0938\u0930 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0941 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u0918\u094b\u0937\u0923\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/div><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"flow-step\"><div class=\"fs-num\">2<\/div><div class=\"fs-body\"><strong><span class=\"en\">Choosing and purposing<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u091a\u092f\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f-\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"fs-sub\"><span class=\"en\">The class selects the project and states why it is worth doing. A project chosen by the teacher can still be useful work, but it is no longer this method.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928\u093e \u091a\u0941\u0928\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092c\u0924\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0935\u0939 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u092f\u094b\u0917\u094d\u092f \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u091a\u0941\u0928\u0940 \u0917\u0908 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0940 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0915\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0941 \u0935\u0939 \u0905\u092c \u092f\u0939 \u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/div><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"flow-step\"><div class=\"fs-num\">3<\/div><div class=\"fs-body\"><strong><span class=\"en\">Planning<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0928\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"fs-sub\"><span class=\"en\">Tasks are broken down, divided and scheduled by the class in discussion, with the teacher intervening only where a plan is unworkable.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u092a\u0930\u093f\u091a\u0930\u094d\u091a\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093e\u091c\u0928, \u092c\u0901\u091f\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u092e\u092f-\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0924\u092d\u0940 \u0939\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u092a \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u092c \u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928\u093e \u0905\u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0939\u094b\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/div><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"flow-step\"><div class=\"fs-num\">4<\/div><div class=\"fs-body\"><strong><span class=\"en\">Executing<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0928\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0928<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"fs-sub\"><span class=\"en\">The longest phase, and the one that most often runs into the constraint of the timetable. Work is done, difficulties met and plans revised.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u0932\u0902\u092c\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0935\u0939\u0940 \u091c\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092f\u0903 \u0938\u092e\u092f-\u0938\u093e\u0930\u0923\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u092c\u093e\u0927\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u091f\u0915\u0930\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0915\u0920\u093f\u0928\u093e\u0907\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u0906\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u0938\u0902\u0936\u094b\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/div><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"flow-step\"><div class=\"fs-num\">5<\/div><div class=\"fs-body\"><strong><span class=\"en\">Judging<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092e\u0942\u0932\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0915\u0928<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"fs-sub\"><span class=\"en\">The class evaluates its own work against the purpose it set, which is the phase that makes the purpose in step two do real work.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u093e \u092e\u0942\u0932\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0915\u0928 \u0909\u0938 \u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0909\u0938\u0928\u0947 \u0924\u092f \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0925\u093e, \u0914\u0930 \u092f\u0939\u0940 \u0935\u0939 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u0947 \u091a\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f \u0938\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0930\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/div><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"flow-step\"><div class=\"fs-num\">6<\/div><div class=\"fs-body\"><strong><span class=\"en\">Recording<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u092d\u093f\u0932\u0947\u0916\u0928<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"fs-sub\"><span class=\"en\">A full account is kept of what was planned, what was done, what went wrong and what was learned \u2014 the record is part of the method, not an administrative addition.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0928\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091c\u093f\u0924 \u0925\u093e, \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e, \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0924\u094d\u0930\u0941\u091f\u093f\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0930\u0939\u093e \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0938\u0940\u0916\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u2014 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u093e \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0902\u0924 \u0930\u0916\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948; \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0932\u0947\u0916 \u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0902\u0917 \u0939\u0948, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u093e\u0938\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u0924\u093f\u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/div><\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"table-scroll\">\r\n <table class=\"data-table\">\r\n <thead><tr>\r\n <th style=\"width:22%\"><span class=\"en\">Method<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f<\/span><\/th>\r\n <th style=\"width:38%\"><span class=\"en\">Procedure and origin<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0909\u0926\u094d\u0917\u092e<\/span><\/th>\r\n <th style=\"width:40%\"><span class=\"en\">Distinctive claim, and the difficulty<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u093f\u0936\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0926\u093e\u0935\u093e, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0915\u0920\u093f\u0928\u093e\u0908<\/span><\/th>\r\n <\/tr><\/thead>\r\n <tbody>\r\n <tr><td><strong><span class=\"en\">Problem-solving<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u092e\u0938\u094d\u092f\u093e-\u0938\u092e\u093e\u0927\u093e\u0928<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Recognising and defining the problem, collecting data, forming hypotheses, testing them and drawing a conclusion \u2014 Dewey's reflective steps applied to a subject.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u092e\u0938\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0939\u091a\u093e\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e, \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0902\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939, \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a\u0928\u093e-\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923, \u0909\u0928\u0915\u093e \u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0937 \u2014 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f \u092a\u0930 \u0932\u093e\u0917\u0942 \u0921\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0908 \u0915\u0947 \u091a\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0928\u0936\u0940\u0932 \u091a\u0930\u0923\u0964<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">The reasoning process is itself the content learned. The difficulty is that a problem set by the teacher may not be felt as a problem by the class.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0924\u0930\u094d\u0915-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u0935\u0939 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0938\u0940\u0916\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0915\u0920\u093f\u0928\u093e\u0908 \u092f\u0939 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0926\u0940 \u0917\u0908 \u0938\u092e\u0938\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0938\u092e\u0938\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092d\u0942\u0924 \u0928 \u0939\u094b\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td><strong><span class=\"en\">Heuristic<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u0928\u094d\u0935\u0947\u0937\u0923\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Advanced by H. E. Armstrong for science teaching. The learner is placed in the position of a discoverer and given the minimum guidance that will keep the inquiry moving.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u090f\u091a. \u0908. \u0906\u0930\u094d\u092e\u0938\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0917 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0935\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924\u0964 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0915\u094b \u0916\u094b\u091c\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0930\u0916\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0928\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0928\u0924\u092e \u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u0928 \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0905\u0928\u094d\u0935\u0947\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u094b \u0917\u0924\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0930\u0916\u0947\u0964<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">What is discovered is retained and transferred far better than what is told. The difficulty is time: a class cannot rediscover a whole syllabus.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u091c\u094b \u0916\u094b\u091c\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0935\u0939 \u092c\u0924\u093e\u0908 \u0917\u0908 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u092c\u0947\u0939\u0924\u0930 \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0915\u0920\u093f\u0928\u093e\u0908 \u0938\u092e\u092f \u0939\u0948: \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0903 \u0916\u094b\u091c \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td><strong><span class=\"en\">Laboratory<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0936\u093e\u0932\u093e<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">A stated problem, an apparatus, a procedure carried out by the learner, observation recorded as it happens, and a conclusion drawn from the record.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u092e\u0938\u094d\u092f\u093e, \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923, \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e, \u0918\u091f\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0940 \u0926\u0930\u094d\u091c \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0932\u0947\u0916 \u0938\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0932\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0937\u0964<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Evidence is generated rather than accepted. The difficulty is that a laboratory run to confirm a result already announced teaches the opposite lesson.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0940\u0915\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0915\u0920\u093f\u0928\u093e\u0908 \u092f\u0939 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u0918\u094b\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0941\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093f \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u091a\u0932\u093e\u0908 \u0917\u0908 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0936\u093e\u0932\u093e \u0909\u0932\u091f\u093e \u092a\u093e\u0920 \u092a\u0922\u093c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td><strong><span class=\"en\">Dalton Plan<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0921\u093e\u0932\u094d\u091f\u0928 \u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928\u093e<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Devised by Helen Parkhurst around 1920. Subjects become laboratories, the timetable is dissolved, and each learner contracts for a month's assignment and budgets the time for it.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0939\u0947\u0932\u0947\u0928 \u092a\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0915\u0939\u0930\u094d\u0938\u094d\u091f \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0932\u0917\u092d\u0917 1920 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0930\u091a\u093f\u0924\u0964 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0936\u093e\u0932\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u092c\u0928 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0938\u092e\u092f-\u0938\u093e\u0930\u0923\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0932\u0940\u0928 \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u090f\u0915 \u092e\u093e\u0939 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092c\u0902\u0927 \u0915\u0930 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0938\u092e\u092f \u0915\u093e \u092c\u091c\u091f \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Pace becomes individual and the management of time is itself learned. The difficulty is that a learner who cannot yet budget time falls further behind than in a paced class.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0917\u0924\u093f \u0935\u0948\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0938\u092e\u092f \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0928 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u0938\u0940\u0916\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0915\u0920\u093f\u0928\u093e\u0908 \u092f\u0939 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u091c\u094b \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0905\u092d\u0940 \u0938\u092e\u092f \u0915\u093e \u092c\u091c\u091f \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u092c\u0928\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0935\u0939 \u0917\u0924\u093f-\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u0940\u091b\u0947 \u0930\u0939 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <\/tbody>\r\n <\/table>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"p7-4\">\r\n <span class=\"section-badge\">7.4<\/span>\r\n <h3><span class=\"en\">Group and Interactive Techniques<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u093e\u092e\u0942\u0939\u093f\u0915 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0903\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901<\/span><\/h3>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <svg class=\"full-diagram\" viewBox=\"0 0 560 300\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"The jigsaw arrangement of home groups and expert groups\">\r\n<g font-family=\"DM Sans, Noto Sans Devanagari, sans-serif\" font-size=\"10.5\">\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"18\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"11\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#5a6d80\">EACH MEMBER HOLDS A SECTION NOBODY ELSE IN THE HOME GROUP HAS<\/text>\r\n\r\n <rect x=\"30\" y=\"30\" width=\"160\" height=\"66\" rx=\"10\" fill=\"#ffffff\" stroke=\"#14243f\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"110\" y=\"48\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#14243f\">HOME GROUP 1<\/text>\r\n <circle cx=\"68\" cy=\"70\" r=\"13\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"68\" y=\"75\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"11\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#ffffff\">A<\/text><circle cx=\"110\" cy=\"70\" r=\"13\" fill=\"#0d8f79\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"110\" y=\"75\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"11\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#ffffff\">B<\/text><circle cx=\"152\" cy=\"70\" r=\"13\" fill=\"#c9760f\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"152\" y=\"75\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"11\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#ffffff\">C<\/text>\r\n\r\n <rect x=\"200\" y=\"30\" width=\"160\" height=\"66\" rx=\"10\" fill=\"#ffffff\" stroke=\"#14243f\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"48\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#14243f\">HOME GROUP 2<\/text>\r\n <circle cx=\"238\" cy=\"70\" r=\"13\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"238\" y=\"75\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"11\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#ffffff\">A<\/text><circle cx=\"280\" cy=\"70\" r=\"13\" fill=\"#0d8f79\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"75\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"11\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#ffffff\">B<\/text><circle cx=\"322\" cy=\"70\" r=\"13\" fill=\"#c9760f\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"322\" y=\"75\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"11\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#ffffff\">C<\/text>\r\n\r\n <rect x=\"370\" y=\"30\" width=\"160\" height=\"66\" rx=\"10\" fill=\"#ffffff\" stroke=\"#14243f\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"450\" y=\"48\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#14243f\">HOME GROUP 3<\/text>\r\n <circle cx=\"408\" cy=\"70\" r=\"13\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"408\" y=\"75\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"11\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#ffffff\">A<\/text><circle cx=\"450\" cy=\"70\" r=\"13\" fill=\"#0d8f79\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"450\" y=\"75\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"11\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#ffffff\">B<\/text><circle cx=\"492\" cy=\"70\" r=\"13\" fill=\"#c9760f\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"492\" y=\"75\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"11\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#ffffff\">C<\/text>\r\n\r\n <line x1=\"280\" y1=\"102\" x2=\"280\" y2=\"126\" stroke=\"#b8c8d8\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <polygon points=\"280,134 274,122 286,122\" fill=\"#b8c8d8\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"296\" y=\"120\" font-size=\"9\" font-style=\"italic\" fill=\"#5a6d80\">members leave to meet their counterparts<\/text>\r\n\r\n\r\n <rect x=\"30\" y=\"142\" width=\"160\" height=\"66\" rx=\"10\" fill=\"#ffffff\" stroke=\"#1f5fa9\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"110\" y=\"160\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\">EXPERT GROUP A<\/text>\r\n <circle cx=\"68\" cy=\"182\" r=\"13\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"68\" y=\"187\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"11\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#ffffff\">A<\/text><circle cx=\"110\" cy=\"182\" r=\"13\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"110\" y=\"187\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"11\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#ffffff\">A<\/text><circle cx=\"152\" cy=\"182\" r=\"13\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"152\" y=\"187\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"11\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#ffffff\">A<\/text>\r\n\r\n <rect x=\"200\" y=\"142\" width=\"160\" height=\"66\" rx=\"10\" fill=\"#ffffff\" stroke=\"#0d8f79\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"160\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#0d8f79\">EXPERT GROUP B<\/text>\r\n <circle cx=\"238\" cy=\"182\" r=\"13\" fill=\"#0d8f79\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"238\" y=\"187\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"11\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#ffffff\">B<\/text><circle cx=\"280\" cy=\"182\" r=\"13\" fill=\"#0d8f79\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"187\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"11\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#ffffff\">B<\/text><circle cx=\"322\" cy=\"182\" r=\"13\" fill=\"#0d8f79\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"322\" y=\"187\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"11\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#ffffff\">B<\/text>\r\n\r\n <rect x=\"370\" y=\"142\" width=\"160\" height=\"66\" rx=\"10\" fill=\"#ffffff\" stroke=\"#c9760f\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"450\" y=\"160\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#c9760f\">EXPERT GROUP C<\/text>\r\n <circle cx=\"408\" cy=\"182\" r=\"13\" fill=\"#c9760f\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"408\" y=\"187\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"11\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#ffffff\">C<\/text><circle cx=\"450\" cy=\"182\" r=\"13\" fill=\"#c9760f\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"450\" y=\"187\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"11\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#ffffff\">C<\/text><circle cx=\"492\" cy=\"182\" r=\"13\" fill=\"#c9760f\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"492\" y=\"187\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"11\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#ffffff\">C<\/text>\r\n\r\n <line x1=\"280\" y1=\"214\" x2=\"280\" y2=\"238\" stroke=\"#b8c8d8\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <polygon points=\"280,246 274,234 286,234\" fill=\"#b8c8d8\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"296\" y=\"232\" font-size=\"9\" font-style=\"italic\" fill=\"#5a6d80\">each returns as the only source on that section<\/text>\r\n\r\n <rect x=\"30\" y=\"254\" width=\"500\" height=\"34\" rx=\"8\" fill=\"#f5f8fd\" stroke=\"#14243f\" stroke-width=\"1.6\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"269\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#14243f\">Interdependence is structural, not exhorted<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"283\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">no member can complete the task alone, so cooperation is not a request but a condition<\/text>\r\n<\/g><\/svg>\r\n <div class=\"diagram-cap\"><span class=\"en\">Interdependence is designed into the task rather than requested of the group<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u0930\u0938\u094d\u092a\u0930-\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092d\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0938\u092e\u0942\u0939 \u0938\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0901\u0917\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940, \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/div>\r\n\r\n <p><span class=\"en\">Elliot Aronson devised the jigsaw arrangement in 1971. Its interest for pedagogy is that it does not ask a group to cooperate. It builds a task in which no member can succeed alone, so that cooperation becomes a condition of the work rather than a virtue requested of it \u2014 which is the single most useful principle in this section.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0907\u0932\u093f\u092f\u091f \u090f\u0930\u094b\u0928\u0938\u0928 \u0928\u0947 1971 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091c\u093f\u0917\u0938\u0949 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u0930\u091a\u0940\u0964 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u093e \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u092f\u0939 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u092f\u0939 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0938\u092e\u0942\u0939 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0939\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0940 \u092e\u093e\u0901\u0917 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0910\u0938\u093e \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0938\u0926\u0938\u094d\u092f \u0905\u0915\u0947\u0932\u0947 \u0938\u092b\u0932 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0939\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0909\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0901\u0917\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0938\u0926\u094d\u0917\u0941\u0923 \u0928 \u0930\u0939\u0915\u0930 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0940 \u0936\u0930\u094d\u0924 \u092c\u0928 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u0914\u0930 \u0907\u0938 \u0916\u0902\u0921 \u0915\u093e \u092f\u0939\u0940 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0940 \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"feat-grid\">\r\n <div class=\"feat-card\"><span class=\"fc-num\">1<\/span><strong><span class=\"en\">Positive interdependence<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u0915\u093e\u0930\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u092a\u0930\u0938\u094d\u092a\u0930-\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092d\u0930\u0924\u093e<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"en\">The task is arranged so that one member cannot succeed unless the others do. Without this the group is a seating arrangement.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0910\u0938\u0947 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f \u091c\u092c \u0924\u0915 \u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0938\u092b\u0932 \u0928 \u0939\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u0926\u0938\u094d\u092f \u0938\u092b\u0932 \u0928 \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0947\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0938\u092e\u0942\u0939 \u092c\u0948\u0920\u0915-\u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u092e\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"feat-card\"><span class=\"fc-num\">2<\/span><strong><span class=\"en\">Individual accountability<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u0948\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930\u0926\u0947\u092f\u0924\u093e<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"en\">Each member is assessed separately as well, which is what prevents the strongest member from carrying the group.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0938\u0926\u0938\u094d\u092f \u0915\u093e \u092a\u0943\u0925\u0915\u094d \u0906\u0915\u0932\u0928 \u092d\u0940 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u092f\u0939\u0940 \u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e \u0938\u0926\u0938\u094d\u092f \u0915\u094b \u092a\u0942\u0930\u093e \u0938\u092e\u0942\u0939 \u0922\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u0930\u094b\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"feat-card\"><span class=\"fc-num\">3<\/span><strong><span class=\"en\">Promotive interaction<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u0902\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0927\u0915 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0903\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"en\">Members explain, question and help one another face to face, which is where most of the learning in the arrangement actually occurs.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u0926\u0938\u094d\u092f \u0906\u092e\u0928\u0947-\u0938\u093e\u092e\u0928\u0947 \u090f\u0915-\u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u0947 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u092e\u091d\u093e\u0924\u0947, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0939\u093e\u092f\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0914\u0930 \u0907\u0938 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0902\u0936 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924\u0903 \u092f\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"feat-card\"><span class=\"fc-num\">4<\/span><strong><span class=\"en\">Social skills<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u091c\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u094c\u0936\u0932<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"en\">Turn-taking, disagreeing without insult and reaching a decision are taught directly, not assumed to be present.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092c\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0932\u0947\u0928\u093e, \u0905\u092a\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u093f\u090f \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0905\u0938\u0939\u092e\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u093e \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0923\u092f \u0924\u0915 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a\u0928\u093e \u2014 \u092f\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0924\u0903 \u0938\u093f\u0916\u093e\u090f \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0909\u092a\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0947\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"feat-card\"><span class=\"fc-num\">5<\/span><strong><span class=\"en\">Group processing<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u092e\u0942\u0939 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e-\u0938\u092e\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"en\">The group reviews how well it worked, separately from what it produced, and decides one thing to do differently.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u092e\u0942\u0939 \u0907\u0938 \u092a\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0909\u0938\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u093f\u0924\u0928\u093e \u0905\u091a\u094d\u091b\u093e \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e, \u091c\u094b \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0928 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0943\u0925\u0915\u094d \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u090f\u0915 \u092c\u093e\u0924 \u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0923\u092f \u0932\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"feat-card\"><span class=\"fc-num\">6<\/span><strong><span class=\"en\">Brainstorming rules<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u093f\u091a\u093e\u0930-\u092e\u0902\u0925\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"en\">Osborn's four: defer judgement, aim at quantity, welcome unusual ideas, and build on what others have offered.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0911\u0938\u092c\u0949\u0930\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u091a\u093e\u0930: \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0923\u092f \u0938\u094d\u0925\u0917\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902, \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u092f \u092c\u0928\u093e\u090f\u0901, \u0905\u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0935\u093f\u091a\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0917\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0926\u093f\u090f \u0917\u090f \u092a\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"table-scroll\">\r\n <table class=\"data-table\">\r\n <thead><tr>\r\n <th style=\"width:22%\"><span class=\"en\">Technique<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f<\/span><\/th>\r\n <th style=\"width:40%\"><span class=\"en\">How it runs<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092f\u0939 \u0915\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u091a\u0932\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/th>\r\n <th style=\"width:38%\"><span class=\"en\">Used when<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u092c \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924<\/span><\/th>\r\n <\/tr><\/thead>\r\n <tbody>\r\n <tr><td><strong><span class=\"en\">Buzz session<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092c\u091c\u093c \u0938\u0924\u094d\u0930<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">The class breaks into pairs or threes for two or three minutes on one narrow question, then reports in a single sentence each.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0940\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u092a\u0930 \u0926\u094b-\u0924\u0940\u0928 \u092e\u093f\u0928\u091f \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c\u094b\u0902 \u092f\u093e \u0924\u093f\u0915\u0921\u093c\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0901\u091f\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u092b\u093f\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u090f\u0915 \u0935\u093e\u0915\u094d\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0924\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Attention has flagged mid-lecture, or every learner must commit to a position before a discussion opens.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u0927\u094d\u092f \u0905\u0935\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u0922\u0940\u0932\u093e \u092a\u0921\u093c\u093e \u0939\u094b, \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u092a\u0930\u093f\u091a\u0930\u094d\u091a\u093e \u0916\u0941\u0932\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0915\u094b \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092c\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td><strong><span class=\"en\">Panel and symposium<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u0930\u093f\u091a\u0930\u094d\u091a\u093e-\u092e\u0902\u0921\u0932 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u0917\u094b\u0937\u094d\u0920\u0940<\/span><\/strong><br><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">In a panel, four or five speakers discuss among themselves before the audience joins. In a symposium each speaker presents one aspect uninterrupted, and questions follow at the end.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u0930\u093f\u091a\u0930\u094d\u091a\u093e-\u092e\u0902\u0921\u0932 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091a\u093e\u0930-\u092a\u093e\u0901\u091a \u0935\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0936\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0924\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u091c\u0941\u0921\u093c\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u0906\u092a\u0938 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091a\u0930\u094d\u091a\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0938\u0902\u0917\u094b\u0937\u094d\u0920\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0935\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093e \u090f\u0915 \u092a\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0905\u092c\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u0905\u0902\u0924 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0906\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">A topic has several defensible positions and the class needs to hear them argued rather than listed.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f \u092a\u0930 \u0905\u0928\u0947\u0915 \u0924\u0930\u094d\u0915\u0938\u0902\u0917\u0924 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u0939\u094b\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0940\u092c\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0924\u0930\u094d\u0915\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u0941\u0928\u0928\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td><strong><span class=\"en\">Case study<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092f\u0928<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">A detailed real or realistic situation is supplied with its complications intact; the class diagnoses it and proposes an action it can defend.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0935\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0943\u0924 \u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u092f\u093e \u092f\u0925\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0935\u0924\u094d \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0940 \u091c\u091f\u093f\u0932\u0924\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0938\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u0926\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948; \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0909\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0930 \u0910\u0938\u0940 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0908 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0935\u0939 \u0938\u092e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0928 \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0947\u0964<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Judgement in an untidy situation is the objective, and a clean textbook example would defeat it.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0915 \u0939\u0940 \u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f \u0939\u094b, \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u091a\u094d\u091b \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u092a\u0941\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923 \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u093e\u091c\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td><strong><span class=\"en\">Peer tutoring<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u0939\u092a\u093e\u0920\u0940 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">A learner half a step ahead works with one who is behind, on material and at a moment fixed by the teacher.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0906\u0927\u093e \u0915\u0926\u092e \u0906\u0917\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u092a\u0940\u091b\u0947 \u0930\u0939 \u0917\u090f \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0910\u0938\u0940 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u092a\u0930 \u0914\u0930 \u0910\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091c\u094b \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0924\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0964<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">The class is wide in attainment and the tutor benefits as much as the tutee, since explaining is what consolidates.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0909\u092a\u0932\u092c\u094d\u0927\u093f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0943\u0924 \u0939\u094b \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0915\u094b \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u091c\u093f\u0924\u0928\u093e \u0939\u0940 \u0932\u093e\u092d \u0939\u094b, \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u0938\u092e\u091d\u093e\u0928\u093e \u0939\u0940 \u0938\u0941\u0926\u0943\u0922\u093c \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <\/tbody>\r\n <\/table>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"p7-5\">\r\n <span class=\"section-badge\">7.5<\/span>\r\n <h3><span class=\"en\">Micro-teaching, Simulation, Team Teaching<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u0942\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u092e \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u0942\u092a\u0923, \u0926\u0932 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923<\/span><\/h3>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <p><span class=\"en\">These three are arrangements for organising teaching rather than methods of teaching content, and the first of them has already been set out in section 5.6, where the cycle and the component skills are tabulated. What follows treats the two that were not covered there.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092f\u0947 \u0924\u0940\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u092a\u0922\u093c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0902\u0917\u0920\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0914\u0930 \u0907\u0928\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0940 \u0916\u0902\u0921 5.6 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0939\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092a\u093e\u0926\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u091a\u0915\u094d\u0930 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u0918\u091f\u0915 \u0915\u094c\u0936\u0932 \u0938\u093e\u0930\u0923\u0940\u092c\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0906\u0917\u0947 \u0909\u0928 \u0926\u094b \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0935\u0947\u091a\u0928 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0935\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0906\u0908\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n <h4><span class=\"en\">Simulated teaching<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u0942\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923<\/span><\/h4>\r\n\r\n <p><span class=\"en\">In simulated teaching the trainee teaches a group of fellow trainees who play the part of school pupils, with a third acting as observer, and the three roles rotate. The arrangement removes the risk to real learners and, more usefully, allows a difficulty to be staged deliberately \u2014 a group can be instructed to lose interest at a fixed minute, or to produce a particular wrong answer, so that the trainee practises the response rather than waiting for the situation to occur by chance.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u0942\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0941 \u0909\u0928 \u0938\u0939\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0941\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u0942\u0939 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u0922\u093c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f\u0940 \u091b\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u092d\u0942\u092e\u093f\u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0924\u0940\u0938\u0930\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0915\u093e \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0924\u0940\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u092d\u0942\u092e\u093f\u0915\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0924\u0940 \u0930\u0939\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u091c\u094b\u0916\u093f\u092e \u0939\u091f\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930, \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0940 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947, \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0915\u0920\u093f\u0928\u093e\u0908 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0941\u0935\u093f\u091a\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u092e\u0902\u091a\u0928 \u0938\u0902\u092d\u0935 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u0938\u092e\u0942\u0939 \u0915\u094b \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0935\u0939 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0924 \u092e\u093f\u0928\u091f \u092a\u0930 \u0930\u0941\u091a\u093f \u0916\u094b \u0926\u0947, \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0917\u0932\u0924 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0926\u0947, \u0924\u093e\u0915\u093f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0941 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0935\u0936 \u0906\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u091c\u093e\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0905\u092d\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0964<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n <h4><span class=\"en\">Team teaching<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0926\u0932 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923<\/span><\/h4>\r\n\r\n <p><span class=\"en\">Shaplin and Olds described team teaching in 1964 as a form of instructional organisation in which two or more teachers are given joint responsibility, working together, for all or a significant part of the instruction of the same group of learners. The definition rules out the arrangement most often called team teaching in practice, in which two teachers divide a syllabus and take alternate periods \u2014 that is a division of labour, since the responsibility is several rather than joint.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u0948\u092a\u0932\u093f\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0913\u0932\u094d\u0921\u094d\u0938 \u0928\u0947 1964 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0926\u0932 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u094b \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0926\u0947\u0936\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0917\u0920\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0910\u0938\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0923\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0926\u094b \u092f\u093e \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0915\u0930 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0941\u090f \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u090f\u0915 \u0939\u0940 \u0938\u092e\u0942\u0939 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u092f\u093e \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u092d\u093e\u0917 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0926\u0947\u0936\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0902\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930\u0926\u093e\u092f\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e \u0909\u0938 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u0915\u094b \u092c\u093e\u0939\u0930 \u0915\u0930 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092f\u0903 \u0926\u0932 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u0939\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0926\u094b \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u092c\u093e\u0901\u091f\u0915\u0930 \u090f\u0915\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930 \u0915\u093e\u0932\u093e\u0902\u0936 \u0932\u0947\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u2014 \u0935\u0939 \u0936\u094d\u0930\u092e-\u0935\u093f\u092d\u093e\u091c\u0928 \u0939\u0948, \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930\u0926\u093e\u092f\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u0938\u0902\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u092a\u0943\u0925\u0915\u094d \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"pc-grid\">\r\n <div class=\"pc-panel pro\">\r\n <div class=\"pc-head\"><span class=\"pc-ico\">\u2713<\/span><span class=\"en\">What team teaching makes possible<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0926\u0932 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0938\u0902\u092d\u0935 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/div>\r\n <ul>\r\n <li><span class=\"en\">Each portion is taught by whoever in the team knows it best<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0905\u0902\u0936 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u092a\u0922\u093c\u093e\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0926\u0932 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u094b\u0924\u094d\u0924\u092e \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"en\">Group size can vary within the day \u2014 large for exposition, small for discussion, individual for correction<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0926\u093f\u0928 \u092d\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u092e\u0942\u0939 \u0915\u093e \u0906\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u092c\u0926\u0932 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u092c\u0921\u093c\u093e, \u092a\u0930\u093f\u091a\u0930\u094d\u091a\u093e \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u091b\u094b\u091f\u093e, \u0938\u0902\u0936\u094b\u0927\u0928 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0935\u0948\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0915<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"en\">A new teacher learns by working beside an experienced one rather than by being observed once a term<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0928\u092f\u093e \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0938\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u090f\u0915 \u092c\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u091c\u093e\u092f \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092d\u0935\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0941\u090f \u0938\u0940\u0916\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"en\">Planning becomes public, so a weak plan is caught before the class meets it<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0928\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u0938\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0935\u091c\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0905\u0924\u0903 \u0926\u0941\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0932 \u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928\u093e \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0924\u0915 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u092a\u0915\u0921\u093c\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div class=\"pc-panel con\">\r\n <div class=\"pc-head\"><span class=\"pc-ico\">\u2717<\/span><span class=\"en\">Why it usually fails<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092f\u0939 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092f\u0903 \u0935\u093f\u092b\u0932 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/div>\r\n <ul>\r\n <li><span class=\"en\">Joint planning time is not provided, so the team meets only in front of the class<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u0902\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928-\u0938\u092e\u092f \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e, \u0905\u0924\u0903 \u0926\u0932 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0939\u0940 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"en\">Responsibility drifts from joint to several, and the arrangement becomes alternate periods<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930\u0926\u093e\u092f\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u0938\u0902\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0943\u0925\u0915\u094d \u0915\u0940 \u0913\u0930 \u0938\u0930\u0915 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u090f\u0915\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930 \u0915\u093e\u0932\u093e\u0902\u0936\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0926\u0932 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"en\">Rooms cannot be reconfigured for varying group size, which was the point of the arrangement<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092c\u0926\u0932\u0924\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u0942\u0939-\u0906\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0938\u094d\u0924 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0947, \u091c\u094b \u0907\u0938 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u0925\u093e<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"en\">Learners are unclear whose instruction to follow when two teachers differ in front of them<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u091c\u092c \u0926\u094b \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u092e\u0924 \u0930\u0916\u0947\u0902 \u0924\u094b \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0905\u0928\u093f\u0936\u094d\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0930\u0939\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0915\u093f \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0947\u0902<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"cyp-box\">\r\n <div class=\"cyp-title\"><span class=\"en\">Progress check<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0917\u0924\u093f \u091c\u093e\u0901\u091a<\/span><\/div>\r\n <details class=\"cyp-q\"><summary><span class=\"en\">A teacher announces the project, assigns the groups and fixes the deadline. Which of Kilpatrick's conditions has been removed, and what is the activity now?<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u0918\u094b\u0937\u0923\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0938\u092e\u0942\u0939 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0938\u092e\u092f-\u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e \u0924\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0915\u093f\u0932\u092a\u0948\u091f\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u094c\u0928-\u0938\u0940 \u0936\u0930\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u091f\u093e \u0926\u0940 \u0917\u0908, \u0914\u0930 \u092f\u0939 \u0917\u0924\u093f\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f \u0905\u092c \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948?<\/span><\/summary>\r\n <div class=\"cyp-a\"><span class=\"en\">The purpose is no longer the learner's own, so the activity is not wholehearted in Kilpatrick's sense either \u2014 the two conditions fail together. What remains is a group assignment, which may be perfectly useful work but produces none of the effects the method is chosen for, since the judging phase now has no purpose of the class's own to judge against.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f \u0905\u092c \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u092a\u0928\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0930\u0939\u093e, \u0905\u0924\u0903 \u0915\u093f\u0932\u092a\u0948\u091f\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092f\u0939 \u0917\u0924\u093f\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923-\u0939\u0943\u0926\u092f \u092d\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0936\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0935\u093f\u092b\u0932 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u091c\u094b \u0936\u0947\u0937 \u0930\u0939\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0935\u0939 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0942\u0939\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u0938\u093e\u0907\u0928\u092e\u0947\u0902\u091f \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u094b \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923\u0924\u0903 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0940 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0941 \u0935\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u091c\u093f\u0928\u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u092f\u0939 \u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f \u091a\u0941\u0928\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u092e\u0942\u0932\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0915\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u0938 \u0905\u092c \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0905\u092a\u0928\u093e \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0906\u0901\u0915\u093e \u091c\u093e\u090f\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n <details class=\"cyp-q\"><summary><span class=\"en\">Two teachers divide a syllabus and take alternate periods with the same class. Is this team teaching?<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0926\u094b \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u092c\u093e\u0901\u091f\u0915\u0930 \u090f\u0915 \u0939\u0940 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u090f\u0915\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930 \u0915\u093e\u0932\u093e\u0902\u0936 \u0932\u0947\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u092f\u0939 \u0926\u0932 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0939\u0948?<\/span><\/summary>\r\n <div class=\"cyp-a\"><span class=\"en\">No. Shaplin and Olds require joint responsibility for the same instruction, whereas dividing the syllabus makes the responsibility several \u2014 each teacher answers for a different portion and neither for the whole. The arrangement is a division of labour, and it forfeits the benefits that come from planning together and from varying the group size within a day.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964 \u0936\u0948\u092a\u0932\u093f\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0913\u0932\u094d\u0921\u094d\u0938 \u090f\u0915 \u0939\u0940 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0926\u0947\u0936\u0928 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0938\u0902\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930\u0926\u093e\u092f\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u091c\u092c\u0915\u093f \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u092c\u093e\u0901\u091f\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930\u0926\u093e\u092f\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u092a\u0943\u0925\u0915\u094d \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0905\u0902\u0936 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930\u0926\u093e\u092f\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u092d\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u0936\u094d\u0930\u092e-\u0935\u093f\u092d\u093e\u091c\u0928 \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u092f\u0939 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0926\u093f\u0928 \u092d\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u092e\u0942\u0939-\u0906\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0932\u093e\u092d \u0916\u094b \u0926\u0947\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n <details class=\"cyp-q\"><summary><span class=\"en\">Why does a group task in which one able member can finish alone fail even when the group is told to cooperate?<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0910\u0938\u093e \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0942\u0939\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u092b\u0932 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e \u0938\u0926\u0938\u094d\u092f \u0905\u0915\u0947\u0932\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u093e \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u092d\u0932\u0947 \u0939\u0940 \u0938\u092e\u0942\u0939 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0939\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u094b \u0915\u0939\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0939\u094b?<\/span><\/summary>\r\n <div class=\"cyp-a\"><span class=\"en\">Because interdependence has been requested rather than built. Where one member can complete the task, the rational course for the others is to let that member do it, and an instruction to cooperate asks them to act against the structure of the work. The jigsaw arrangement fixes this by giving each member a section nobody else holds, so cooperation stops being a virtue and becomes a condition.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u092a\u0930\u0938\u094d\u092a\u0930-\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092d\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u092e\u093e\u0901\u0917\u0940 \u0917\u0908 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u0926\u0938\u094d\u092f \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u092a\u0942\u0930\u093e \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0935\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0936\u0947\u0937 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0935\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0915\u0938\u0902\u0917\u0924 \u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0917 \u092f\u0939\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0935\u0939 \u0938\u0926\u0938\u094d\u092f \u0939\u0940 \u0915\u0930\u0947, \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0939\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u0909\u0928\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0930\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0906\u091a\u0930\u0923 \u092e\u093e\u0901\u0917\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u091c\u093f\u0917\u0938\u0949 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0938\u0926\u0938\u094d\u092f \u0915\u094b \u0910\u0938\u093e \u0905\u0902\u0936 \u0926\u0947\u0915\u0930 \u0907\u0938\u0947 \u0920\u0940\u0915 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u0938 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0939\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0938\u0926\u094d\u0917\u0941\u0923 \u0928 \u0930\u0939\u0915\u0930 \u0936\u0930\u094d\u0924 \u092c\u0928 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"p7-6\">\r\n <span class=\"section-badge\">7.6<\/span>\r\n <h3><span class=\"en\">Practice Set<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u092d\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938 \u0938\u0947\u091f<\/span><\/h3>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"mcq-box\">\r\n <div class=\"mcq-title\"><span class=\"en\">Practice \u2014 Approaches, Methods and Techniques<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u092d\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938 \u2014 \u0909\u092a\u093e\u0917\u092e, \u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901<\/span> <span class=\"mcq-src\">10 items<\/span><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"mcq-note\"><span class=\"en\">Where a method is described, ask what it silently assumes before choosing an option.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0923\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b, \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a \u091a\u0941\u0928\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u092a\u0942\u091b\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u093f \u0935\u0939 \u092e\u094c\u0928 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n\r\n <details class=\"mcq-q\"><summary><span class=\"mcq-num\">1<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">In Anthony's scheme, the level described as axiomatic is<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u090f\u0902\u0925\u0928\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091c\u093f\u0938 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902\u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0915\u0939\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0935\u0939 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/span><\/summary>\r\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\r\n <li>(a) <span class=\"en\">technique<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(b) <span class=\"en\">method<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(c) <span class=\"en\">approach<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0909\u092a\u093e\u0917\u092e<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(d) <span class=\"en\">strategy<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\"><b>(c).<\/b> <span class=\"en\">An approach is a set of assumptions about knowledge and how it is acquired; assumptions are held rather than demonstrated, which is what axiomatic means here. Method is procedural and technique implementational. Strategy is not one of Anthony's three levels at all \u2014 it cuts across them, which makes option (d) the most attractive wrong answer.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0909\u092a\u093e\u0917\u092e \u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0930\u094d\u091c\u0928 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0940 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0924\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u092e\u0941\u091a\u094d\u091a\u092f \u0939\u0948; \u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0924\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940\u0902, \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0914\u0930 \u092f\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902\u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0915\u093e \u092f\u0939\u0940 \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0939\u0948 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0928\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915\u0964 \u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u090f\u0902\u0925\u0928\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0924\u0940\u0928 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u0948 \u0939\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u2014 \u0935\u0939 \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u093e\u091f\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u092f\u0939\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a (d) \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0906\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0917\u0932\u0924 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n\r\n <details class=\"mcq-q\"><summary><span class=\"mcq-num\">2<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">A teacher uses group work in every lesson. It follows that the teacher<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u092a\u093e\u0920 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0942\u0939\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0930\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915<\/span><\/span><\/summary>\r\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\r\n <li>(a) <span class=\"en\">has adopted a constructivist approach<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0928\u0947 \u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e\u0935\u093e\u0926\u0940 \u0909\u092a\u093e\u0917\u092e \u0905\u092a\u0928\u093e \u0932\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(b) <span class=\"en\">is using a technique that is available to more than one approach<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0910\u0938\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0930 \u0930\u0939\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0909\u092a\u093e\u0917\u092e\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0909\u092a\u0932\u092c\u094d\u0927 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(c) <span class=\"en\">has abandoned all teacher-centred methods<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u0938\u094d\u0924 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915-\u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0917 \u0926\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(d) <span class=\"en\">is following the project method<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u0930\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0930 \u0930\u0939\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\"><b>(b).<\/b> <span class=\"en\">The hierarchy runs downward only. A technique is not evidence of an approach, since group work serves a behavioural sequence in which each group practises a step just as readily as it serves a constructivist one. This is also why an inspection that counts techniques cannot report on approach.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092f\u0939 \u0938\u094b\u092a\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0928\u0940\u091a\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0913\u0930 \u091a\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f \u0909\u092a\u093e\u0917\u092e \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u0948, \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0942\u0939\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0909\u0938 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0926\u0940 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u0915\u0940 \u092d\u0940 \u0909\u0924\u0928\u0940 \u0939\u0940 \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0938\u092e\u0942\u0939 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u091a\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u092d\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0924\u0928\u0940 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e\u0935\u093e\u0926\u0940 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u0915\u0940\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0940\u0932\u093f\u090f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u0917\u093f\u0928\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0909\u092a\u093e\u0917\u092e \u092a\u0930 \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0926\u0947 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n\r\n <details class=\"mcq-q\"><summary><span class=\"mcq-num\">3<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">Kilpatrick defined the project as a wholehearted purposeful activity proceeding in a social environment. A project selected and announced by the teacher fails on<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u093f\u0932\u092a\u0948\u091f\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u091c\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u093e\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0930\u0923 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0906\u0917\u0947 \u092c\u0922\u093c\u0924\u0940 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923-\u0939\u0943\u0926\u092f \u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0939\u093e\u0964 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u091a\u0941\u0928\u0940 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0918\u094b\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928\u093e \u0915\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u092b\u0932 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/span><\/summary>\r\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\r\n <li>(a) <span class=\"en\">the social environment condition<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u091c\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u093e\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0940 \u0936\u0930\u094d\u0924<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(b) <span class=\"en\">the purposeful and wholehearted conditions<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923-\u0939\u0943\u0926\u092f \u0936\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0947\u0902<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(c) <span class=\"en\">no condition, provided the work is done in groups<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0936\u0930\u094d\u0924 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u092c\u0936\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0938\u092e\u0942\u0939\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u094b<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(d) <span class=\"en\">the activity condition only<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u0936\u0930\u094d\u0924<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\"><b>(b).<\/b> <span class=\"en\">The purpose must be the learner's own, and wholeheartedness follows from owning it, so the two conditions fail together. The work may still be done in a social environment and may still be useful, but the judging phase has nothing of the class's own to judge against, which is where the method's characteristic effect is lost.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u092a\u0928\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0928\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923-\u0939\u0943\u0926\u092f\u0924\u093e \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u093e \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u0932\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0905\u0924\u0903 \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0936\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0935\u093f\u092b\u0932 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u092b\u093f\u0930 \u092d\u0940 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u091c\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u093e\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0930\u0923 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0940 \u092d\u0940, \u0915\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0941 \u092e\u0942\u0932\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0915\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0905\u092a\u0928\u093e \u0915\u0941\u091b \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0906\u0901\u0915\u093e \u091c\u093e\u090f, \u0914\u0930 \u092f\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0907\u0938 \u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0936\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935 \u0916\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n\r\n <details class=\"mcq-q\"><summary><span class=\"mcq-num\">4<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">The heuristic method in science teaching is associated with<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0928\u094d\u0935\u0947\u0937\u0923\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/span><\/summary>\r\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\r\n <li>(a) <span class=\"en\">H. E. Armstrong<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u090f\u091a. \u0908. \u0906\u0930\u094d\u092e\u0938\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0917<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(b) <span class=\"en\">Helen Parkhurst<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0939\u0947\u0932\u0947\u0928 \u092a\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0915\u0939\u0930\u094d\u0938\u094d\u091f<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(c) <span class=\"en\">W. H. Kilpatrick<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0921\u092c\u094d\u0932\u094d\u092f\u0942. \u090f\u091a. \u0915\u093f\u0932\u092a\u0948\u091f\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0915<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(d) <span class=\"en\">Alex Osborn<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u090f\u0932\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0938 \u0911\u0938\u092c\u0949\u0930\u094d\u0928<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\"><b>(a).<\/b> <span class=\"en\">Armstrong placed the learner in the position of a discoverer and reduced guidance to the minimum that keeps the inquiry moving. Parkhurst devised the Dalton Plan, Kilpatrick the project method, and Osborn set out the rules of brainstorming. The four are frequently offered together because each is a single-name attribution.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0906\u0930\u094d\u092e\u0938\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0917 \u0928\u0947 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0915\u094b \u0916\u094b\u091c\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0930\u0916\u093e \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u0928 \u0915\u094b \u0909\u0938 \u0928\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0928\u0924\u092e \u0924\u0915 \u0918\u091f\u093e\u092f\u093e \u091c\u094b \u0905\u0928\u094d\u0935\u0947\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u094b \u0917\u0924\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0930\u0916\u0947\u0964 \u092a\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0915\u0939\u0930\u094d\u0938\u094d\u091f \u0928\u0947 \u0921\u093e\u0932\u094d\u091f\u0928 \u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928\u093e \u0930\u091a\u0940, \u0915\u093f\u0932\u092a\u0948\u091f\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0911\u0938\u092c\u0949\u0930\u094d\u0928 \u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u091a\u093e\u0930-\u092e\u0902\u0925\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092a\u093e\u0926\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u090f\u0964 \u092f\u0947 \u091a\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092f\u0903 \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0926\u093f\u090f \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u090f\u0915\u0932-\u0928\u093e\u092e \u0906\u0930\u094b\u092a\u0923 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n\r\n <details class=\"mcq-q\"><summary><span class=\"mcq-num\">5<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">In the Dalton Plan, the arrangement that most sharply distinguishes it from an ordinary school is<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0921\u093e\u0932\u094d\u091f\u0928 \u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091c\u094b \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u0907\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0924\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u0923\u0924\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0943\u0925\u0915\u094d \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0935\u0939 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/span><\/summary>\r\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\r\n <li>(a) <span class=\"en\">the use of group projects in place of examinations<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u0930 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0942\u0939\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(b) <span class=\"en\">the dissolution of the timetable and a monthly contract taken by each learner<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u092e\u092f-\u0938\u093e\u0930\u0923\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0932\u094b\u092a\u0928 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0932\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u092e\u093e\u0938\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092c\u0902\u0927<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(c) <span class=\"en\">the teaching of two subjects at once by a team of teachers<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915-\u0926\u0932 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0926\u094b \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(d) <span class=\"en\">the replacement of textbooks by laboratory apparatus<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u092a\u0941\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0936\u093e\u0932\u093e \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\"><b>(b).<\/b> <span class=\"en\">Subjects become laboratories a learner visits as the contracted assignment requires, so pace becomes individual and the budgeting of time is itself learned. The corresponding difficulty is that a learner who cannot yet budget time falls further behind than in a paced class, which is the qualification an examiner looks for.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f \u0910\u0938\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0936\u093e\u0932\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u092c\u0928 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092c\u0902\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0940 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0924\u093e\u0928\u0941\u0938\u093e\u0930 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0905\u0924\u0903 \u0917\u0924\u093f \u0935\u0948\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0938\u092e\u092f \u0915\u093e \u092c\u091c\u091f \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0928\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u0938\u0940\u0916\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0924\u0926\u0928\u0941\u0930\u0942\u092a \u0915\u0920\u093f\u0928\u093e\u0908 \u092f\u0939 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u091c\u094b \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0905\u092d\u0940 \u0938\u092e\u092f \u0915\u093e \u092c\u091c\u091f \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u092c\u0928\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0935\u0939 \u0917\u0924\u093f-\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u0940\u091b\u0947 \u0930\u0939 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u092f\u0939\u0940 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0938\u0940\u092e\u0928 \u0916\u094b\u091c\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n\r\n <details class=\"mcq-q\"><summary><span class=\"mcq-num\">6<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">Which is NOT one of Osborn's rules of brainstorming?<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0911\u0938\u092c\u0949\u0930\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u091a\u093e\u0930-\u092e\u0902\u0925\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u094c\u0928-\u0938\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u0948?<\/span><\/span><\/summary>\r\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\r\n <li>(a) <span class=\"en\">Defer judgement<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0923\u092f \u0938\u094d\u0925\u0917\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(b) <span class=\"en\">Aim at quantity<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u092f \u092c\u0928\u093e\u090f\u0901<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(c) <span class=\"en\">Evaluate each idea before the next is offered<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u0917\u0932\u093e \u0935\u093f\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0906\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0915\u093e \u092e\u0942\u0932\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0915\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(d) <span class=\"en\">Build on the ideas of others<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u091a\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\"><b>(c).<\/b> <span class=\"en\">Immediate evaluation is exactly what the technique is designed to prevent, since a group that judges as it goes stops offering the unusual ideas that make the exercise worth running. Option (c) inverts the first rule, and the remaining three \u2014 defer judgement, aim at quantity, welcome the unusual and build on others \u2014 are Osborn's.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0924\u0924\u094d\u0915\u093e\u0932 \u092e\u0942\u0932\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0915\u0928 \u0920\u0940\u0915 \u0935\u0939\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u0930\u094b\u0915\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u092f\u0939 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f \u092c\u0928\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u091c\u094b \u0938\u092e\u0942\u0939 \u0938\u093e\u0925-\u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0935\u0939 \u0935\u0947 \u0905\u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0935\u093f\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0926\u0947\u0928\u093e \u092c\u0902\u0926 \u0915\u0930 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0907\u0938 \u0905\u092d\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u094b \u091a\u0932\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u092f\u094b\u0917\u094d\u092f \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a (c) \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0925\u092e \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e \u0915\u094b \u0909\u0932\u091f \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0936\u0947\u0937 \u0924\u0940\u0928 \u2014 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0923\u092f \u0938\u094d\u0925\u0917\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e, \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u092f \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0928\u093e, \u0905\u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0915\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0917\u0924 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u2014 \u0911\u0938\u092c\u0949\u0930\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n\r\n <details class=\"mcq-q\"><summary><span class=\"mcq-num\">7<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">In the jigsaw arrangement, a learner leaves the home group in order to<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u091c\u093f\u0917\u0938\u0949 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0917\u0943\u0939-\u0938\u092e\u0942\u0939 \u0915\u093f\u0938 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u091b\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/span><\/summary>\r\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\r\n <li>(a) <span class=\"en\">be assessed individually by the teacher<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0935\u0948\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0906\u0915\u0932\u0928 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(b) <span class=\"en\">meet others who have been given the same section<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0909\u0928 \u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0938\u0947 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u091c\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u0939\u0940 \u0905\u0902\u0936 \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(c) <span class=\"en\">work alone on the whole topic before reporting back<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u093e\u092a\u0938 \u092c\u0924\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u092a\u0930 \u0905\u0915\u0947\u0932\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(d) <span class=\"en\">observe another group without participating<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u0939\u092d\u093e\u0917\u093f\u0924\u093e \u0915\u093f\u090f \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u0942\u0939 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\"><b>(b).<\/b> <span class=\"en\">Expert groups bring together everyone holding the same section, so that the section is studied jointly before each member carries it back as the only source on it in the home group. The design is what makes interdependence structural: no member can complete the task alone, so cooperation is a condition of the work rather than a request made of the group.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937\u091c\u094d\u091e \u0938\u092e\u0942\u0939 \u0909\u0928 \u0938\u092c\u0915\u094b \u090f\u0915\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u091c\u093f\u0928\u0915\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u0938 \u0935\u0939\u0940 \u0905\u0902\u0936 \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u093e\u0915\u093f \u0909\u0938 \u0905\u0902\u0936 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0902\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092f\u0928 \u0939\u094b \u0914\u0930 \u092b\u093f\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0938\u0926\u0938\u094d\u092f \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0917\u0943\u0939-\u0938\u092e\u0942\u0939 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u0938 \u092a\u0930 \u090f\u0915\u092e\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0924 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093e\u092a\u0938 \u0932\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u090f\u0964 \u092f\u0939\u0940 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a \u092a\u0930\u0938\u094d\u092a\u0930-\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092d\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948: \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0938\u0926\u0938\u094d\u092f \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0905\u0915\u0947\u0932\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e, \u0905\u0924\u0903 \u0938\u0939\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0938\u092e\u0942\u0939 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0917\u0908 \u092e\u093e\u0901\u0917 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0940 \u0936\u0930\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n\r\n <details class=\"mcq-q\"><summary><span class=\"mcq-num\">8<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">Two teachers take alternate periods with the same class, each responsible for a different portion of the syllabus. On Shaplin and Olds's definition this is<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0926\u094b \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u090f\u0915 \u0939\u0940 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u090f\u0915\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930 \u0915\u093e\u0932\u093e\u0902\u0936 \u0932\u0947\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u0915\u0947 \u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0905\u0902\u0936 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930\u0926\u093e\u092f\u0940\u0964 \u0936\u0948\u092a\u0932\u093f\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0913\u0932\u094d\u0921\u094d\u0938 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u093e\u0930 \u092f\u0939 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/span><\/summary>\r\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\r\n <li>(a) <span class=\"en\">team teaching in its hierarchical form<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u094b\u092a\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0926\u0932 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(b) <span class=\"en\">not team teaching, because the responsibility is several rather than joint<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0926\u0932 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930\u0926\u093e\u092f\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u0938\u0902\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u092a\u0943\u0925\u0915\u094d \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(c) <span class=\"en\">team teaching, since the same group of learners is involved<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0926\u0932 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923, \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u0939\u0940 \u0938\u092e\u0942\u0939 \u0938\u092e\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0932\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(d) <span class=\"en\">simulated teaching<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u0942\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\"><b>(b).<\/b> <span class=\"en\">The definition requires joint responsibility for all or a significant part of the same instruction. Dividing the syllabus makes each teacher answerable for a different portion and neither for the whole, so the arrangement is a division of labour and forfeits the joint planning and the varying group size that the design exists to provide.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092f\u0939 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e \u090f\u0915 \u0939\u0940 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0926\u0947\u0936\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u092f\u093e \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u092d\u093e\u0917 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0938\u0902\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930\u0926\u093e\u092f\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u092c\u093e\u0901\u091f\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0905\u0902\u0936 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930\u0926\u093e\u092f\u0940 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u092d\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0905\u0924\u0903 \u092f\u0939 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u0936\u094d\u0930\u092e-\u0935\u093f\u092d\u093e\u091c\u0928 \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u0939 \u0938\u0902\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0938\u092e\u0942\u0939-\u0906\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0916\u094b \u0926\u0947\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u0926\u0947\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u092f\u0939 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n\r\n <details class=\"mcq-q\"><summary><span class=\"mcq-num\">9<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">A laboratory session is conducted to confirm a result the teacher has already stated. The objection is that<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u094b\u0908 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0936\u093e\u0932\u093e \u0938\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0910\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0941\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093f \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u091a\u0932\u093e\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0939\u0940 \u092c\u0924\u093e \u091a\u0941\u0915\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0906\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f \u092f\u0939 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f<\/span><\/span><\/summary>\r\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\r\n <li>(a) <span class=\"en\">the apparatus will not be handled carefully enough<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u092a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0938\u093e\u0935\u0927\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0938\u0901\u092d\u093e\u0932\u093e \u091c\u093e\u090f\u0917\u093e<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(b) <span class=\"en\">the session teaches that evidence is arranged to fit a conclusion<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092f\u0939 \u0938\u093f\u0916\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0937 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0930\u0942\u092a \u092c\u093f\u0920\u093e\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(c) <span class=\"en\">laboratory work should always precede any exposition<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0936\u093e\u0932\u093e \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0938\u0926\u0948\u0935 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092d\u0940 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(d) <span class=\"en\">the method is unsuitable for large classes<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092f\u0939 \u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f \u092c\u0921\u093c\u0940 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\"><b>(b).<\/b> <span class=\"en\">The laboratory method claims that evidence is generated rather than accepted, and a session whose answer is known in advance reverses that claim in practice while retaining it in name. The learners draw the available inference, which is that the observation is expected to agree with what was announced. Option (c) overstates the objection into a rule that laboratory work must always come first.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0936\u093e\u0932\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f \u092f\u0939 \u0926\u093e\u0935\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0940\u0915\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u091c\u093f\u0938 \u0938\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0924 \u0939\u094b \u0935\u0939 \u0909\u0938 \u0926\u093e\u0935\u0947 \u0915\u094b \u0928\u093e\u092e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u090f \u0930\u0916\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0941\u090f \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u0932\u091f \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0909\u092a\u0932\u092c\u094d\u0927 \u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0937 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0932\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0924\u094d \u092f\u0939 \u0915\u093f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0938\u0947 \u0918\u094b\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u092c\u093e\u0924 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0939\u092e\u0924\u093f \u0905\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a (c) \u0906\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0915\u094b \u0907\u0938 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e \u0924\u0915 \u092c\u0922\u093c\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0936\u093e\u0932\u093e \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0938\u0926\u0948\u0935 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0906\u0928\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n\r\n <details class=\"mcq-q\"><summary><span class=\"mcq-num\">10<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">The chief pedagogical advantage of simulated teaching over practice in a real classroom is that<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u092d\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u0940 \u0924\u0941\u0932\u0928\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u0942\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0941\u0916 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0932\u093e\u092d \u092f\u0939 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f<\/span><\/span><\/summary>\r\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\r\n <li>(a) <span class=\"en\">it takes less time to organise<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0907\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u0917\u0920\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u092e \u0938\u092e\u092f \u0932\u0917\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(b) <span class=\"en\">a difficulty can be staged deliberately instead of being waited for<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0915\u0920\u093f\u0928\u093e\u0908 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u091c\u093e\u092f \u0909\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0938\u0941\u0935\u093f\u091a\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u092e\u0902\u091a\u0928 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(c) <span class=\"en\">it removes the need for an observer<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092f\u0939 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0915\u0940 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0938\u092e\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0930 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(d) <span class=\"en\">it can be conducted without any planning<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0907\u0938\u0947 \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0932\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\"><b>(b).<\/b> <span class=\"en\">Because the pupils are fellow trainees, a group can be instructed to lose interest at a fixed minute or to produce a particular wrong answer, so the trainee practises the response instead of waiting for the situation to arise by chance. Removing the risk to real learners is a genuine benefit too, but it is the staging of the difficulty that the arrangement uniquely provides.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u091a\u0942\u0901\u0915\u093f \u091b\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0938\u0939\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0941 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0938\u092e\u0942\u0939 \u0915\u094b \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0935\u0939 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0924 \u092e\u093f\u0928\u091f \u092a\u0930 \u0930\u0941\u091a\u093f \u0916\u094b \u0926\u0947 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0917\u0932\u0924 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0926\u0947, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0941 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0935\u0936 \u0906\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u091c\u093e\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0905\u092d\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u091c\u094b\u0916\u093f\u092e \u0939\u091f\u093e\u0928\u093e \u092d\u0940 \u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u0932\u093e\u092d \u0939\u0948, \u0915\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u0920\u093f\u0928\u093e\u0908 \u0915\u093e \u092e\u0902\u091a\u0928 \u0939\u0940 \u0935\u0939 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u092f\u0939 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u0905\u0926\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <\/section>\r\n<!--\/CH7-->\r\n<!--CH8--><section class=\"chapter-content\" data-chap=\"8\" id=\"c8\">\r\n <div class=\"chapter-heading-block\">\r\n <span class=\"chapter-badge\"><span class=\"en\">CHAPTER 8<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f 8<\/span><\/span>\r\n <h2><span class=\"en\">Constructivist and Inquiry-Based Pedagogy<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e\u0935\u093e\u0926\u0940 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0905\u0928\u094d\u0935\u0947\u0937\u0923-\u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930<\/span><\/h2>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"keyfact-grid\">\r\n <div class=\"keyfact-card navy-hi\">\r\n <span class=\"big-icon\">🧠<\/span>\r\n <div class=\"kf-label\"><span class=\"en\">Two constructivisms<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0926\u094b \u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e\u0935\u093e\u0926<\/span><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"kf-value\">Piaget & Vygotsky<\/div>\r\n <div class=\"kf-sub\"><span class=\"en\">The social as occasion, or the social as origin<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u091c\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u0935\u0938\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902, \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u091c\u093f\u0915 \u0909\u0926\u094d\u0917\u092e \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div class=\"keyfact-card teal-hi\">\r\n <span class=\"big-icon\">🔄<\/span>\r\n <div class=\"kf-label\"><span class=\"en\">The 5E model<\/span><span class=\"hi\">5E \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0928<\/span><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"kf-value\">Bybee \u00b7 BSCS<\/div>\r\n <div class=\"kf-sub\"><span class=\"en\">Engage, Explore, Explain, Elaborate, Evaluate<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u0902\u0932\u0917\u094d\u0928, \u0905\u0928\u094d\u0935\u0947\u0937\u0923, \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e, \u0935\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0930, \u092e\u0942\u0932\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0915\u0928<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div class=\"keyfact-card amber-hi\">\r\n <span class=\"big-icon\">🔍<\/span>\r\n <div class=\"kf-label\"><span class=\"en\">Levels of inquiry<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u0928\u094d\u0935\u0947\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930<\/span><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"kf-value\">Four<\/div>\r\n <div class=\"kf-sub\"><span class=\"en\">Confirmation, structured, guided, open<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u0941\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093f, \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u093f\u0924, \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u093f\u0924, \u092e\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div class=\"keyfact-card\">\r\n <span class=\"big-icon\">⚖<\/span>\r\n <div class=\"kf-label\"><span class=\"en\">The standing objection<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092f\u0940 \u0906\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f<\/span><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"kf-value\">Kirschner, Sweller, Clark \u00b7 2006<\/div>\r\n <div class=\"kf-sub\"><span class=\"en\">Minimal guidance overloads the novice<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0928\u0924\u092e \u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u0928 \u0928\u094c\u0938\u093f\u0916\u093f\u090f \u092a\u0930 \u0905\u0924\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0930 \u0921\u093e\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <p><span class=\"en\">Constructivism is the most influential position in contemporary Indian curriculum documents and the most frequently misapplied. Its central claim is modest and well supported: knowledge is not received but built, and what is built depends on what the builder already has. The trouble begins with a further step that does not follow \u2014 that if knowledge is constructed by the learner, instruction must therefore leave the learner to construct it unaided. This chapter sets out the position, the classroom practice that follows from it, and the evidence that limits how far the practice can be pushed.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e\u0935\u093e\u0926 \u0938\u092e\u0915\u093e\u0932\u0940\u0928 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u091a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0926\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0947\u091c\u093c\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0936\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092c\u093e\u0930 \u0917\u0932\u0924 \u0922\u0902\u0917 \u0938\u0947 \u0932\u093e\u0917\u0942 \u0915\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u092d\u0940\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0926\u093e\u0935\u093e \u0938\u0902\u092f\u0924 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0941\u0938\u092e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948: \u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e, \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u091c\u094b \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0935\u0939 \u0907\u0938 \u092a\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092d\u0930 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u0938 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0915\u0920\u093f\u0928\u093e\u0908 \u0909\u0938 \u0905\u0917\u0932\u0947 \u091a\u0930\u0923 \u0938\u0947 \u0906\u0930\u0902\u092d \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0907\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u0932\u0924\u093e \u2014 \u0915\u093f \u092f\u0926\u093f \u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0924\u094b \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0926\u0947\u0936\u0928 \u0915\u094b \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0915\u094b \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0938\u0939\u093e\u092f\u0924\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u091b\u094b\u0921\u093c \u0926\u0947\u0928\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f \u0909\u0938 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f, \u0909\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u0932\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e-\u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0909\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0907\u0938 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e \u0924\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"feat-grid\">\r\n <div class=\"feat-card\"><span class=\"fc-num\">1<\/span><strong><span class=\"en\">Which constructivism?<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u094c\u0928-\u0938\u093e \u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e\u0935\u093e\u0926?<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"en\">Cognitive, in which the individual restructures alone, or social, in which the function appears between people before it appears within one.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u0902\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0905\u0915\u0947\u0932\u0947 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u094d\u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u091c\u093f\u0915, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u090f\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u092d\u0940\u0924\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u091f \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u0932\u094b\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u091f \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"feat-card\"><span class=\"fc-num\">2<\/span><strong><span class=\"en\">What changes in the room?<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948?<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"en\">Prior conceptions are elicited before content is offered, and the sequence puts experience before the name for it.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u0926\u0947\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935-\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092d\u0935 \u0915\u094b \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0928\u093e\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u0930\u0916\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"feat-card\"><span class=\"fc-num\">3<\/span><strong><span class=\"en\">How much is left to the learner?<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u093f\u0924\u0928\u093e \u091b\u094b\u0921\u093c\u093e \u091c\u093e\u090f?<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"en\">Four levels of inquiry, distinguished by whether the question, the procedure and the solution are supplied.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u0928\u094d\u0935\u0947\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930, \u0907\u0938 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u0943\u0925\u0915\u094d \u0915\u093f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u0926\u093f\u090f \u0917\u090f \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u092f\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"feat-card\"><span class=\"fc-num\">4<\/span><strong><span class=\"en\">Where does the evidence push back?<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u0915\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u092a\u0940\u091b\u0947 \u0927\u0915\u0947\u0932\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902?<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"en\">On cognitive load. A novice without guidance searches instead of learning, and the support must be faded rather than withheld from the start.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u0902\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u092d\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u0930\u0964 \u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0928\u094c\u0938\u093f\u0916\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0938\u0940\u0916\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u091c\u093e\u092f \u0916\u094b\u091c\u0924\u093e \u0930\u0939\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0939\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0906\u0930\u0902\u092d \u0938\u0947 \u0930\u094b\u0915\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0936\u0903 \u0939\u091f\u093e\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0928\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"p8-0\">\r\n <span class=\"section-badge\">8.0<\/span>\r\n <h3><span class=\"en\">Introduction<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u0930\u093f\u091a\u092f<\/span><\/h3>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <p><span class=\"en\">The National Curriculum Framework of 2005 adopted the constructivist position explicitly, requiring that the learner be treated as an active constructor of knowledge rather than a receiver of information, and tying that requirement to a specific reform \u2014 connecting school knowledge to life outside the school and moving learning away from rote method. Everything in this chapter is an attempt to say what that requirement amounts to in a period of forty minutes with fifty learners, which is a harder question than the framework itself settles.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">2005 \u0915\u0940 \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u091a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0930\u0942\u092a\u0930\u0947\u0916\u093e \u0928\u0947 \u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e\u0935\u093e\u0926\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u0938\u094d\u092a\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u093e\u0908, \u092f\u0939 \u0905\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0941\u090f \u0915\u093f \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0928 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0915\u0930 \u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0924\u093e \u092e\u093e\u0928\u093e \u091c\u093e\u090f, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0909\u0938 \u0905\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u094b \u090f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0938\u0941\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u0947 \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0941\u090f \u2014 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f\u0940 \u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u094b \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0939\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u091c\u0940\u0935\u0928 \u0938\u0947 \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0928\u093e \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e \u0915\u094b \u0930\u091f\u0902\u0924 \u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f \u0938\u0947 \u0926\u0942\u0930 \u0932\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0964 \u0907\u0938 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f \u0915\u093e \u0938\u092c \u0915\u0941\u091b \u092f\u0939 \u092c\u0924\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u093e\u0938 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u092a\u091a\u093e\u0938 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u091a\u093e\u0932\u0940\u0938 \u092e\u093f\u0928\u091f \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0932\u093e\u0902\u0936 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u0938 \u0905\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u092c\u0928\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u092f\u0939 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u0909\u0938 \u0930\u0942\u092a\u0930\u0947\u0916\u093e \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0924\u092f \u0915\u093f\u090f \u0917\u090f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0920\u093f\u0928 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"p8-1\">\r\n <span class=\"section-badge\">8.1<\/span>\r\n <h3><span class=\"en\">Cognitive and Social Constructivism<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u0902\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u091c\u093f\u0915 \u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e\u0935\u093e\u0926<\/span><\/h3>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"vs-compare\">\r\n <div class=\"vs-side left\">\r\n <span class=\"vs-tag\">Cognitive<\/span>\r\n <h5><span class=\"en\">The individual builds<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/h5>\r\n <ul>\r\n <li><span class=\"en\">Descends from Piaget: schema, assimilation, accommodation, equilibration<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u093f\u092f\u093e\u091c\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928: \u0938\u094d\u0915\u0940\u092e\u093e, \u0906\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0938\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0915\u0930\u0923, \u0938\u092e\u093e\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928, \u0938\u0902\u0924\u0941\u0932\u0928\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"en\">The social setting is an <em>occasion<\/em> \u2014 peers supply the conflict that forces restructuring<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u091c\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0936 \u090f\u0915 <em>\u0905\u0935\u0938\u0930<\/em> \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u0938\u0939\u092a\u093e\u0920\u0940 \u0935\u0939 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0935 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u091c\u094b \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u094d\u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0915\u094b \u092c\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"en\">Radical constructivism, in von Glasersfeld's version, holds that a construction is judged by whether it fits experience, not by whether it matches an independent reality<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092b\u0949\u0928 \u0917\u094d\u0932\u0948\u0938\u0930\u094d\u0938\u092b\u0947\u0932\u094d\u0921 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u0942\u0932\u0917\u093e\u092e\u0940 \u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e\u0935\u093e\u0926 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u0915\u094b \u0907\u0938 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u0906\u0901\u0915\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0935\u0939 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092d\u0935 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0948\u0920\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u092f\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0928 \u0915\u093f \u0907\u0938 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u093f \u0935\u0939 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092f\u0925\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u0938\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0932 \u0916\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"en\">Teaching implication: arrange the disequilibrium and let the restructuring happen<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923-\u0928\u093f\u0939\u093f\u0924\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925: \u0905\u0938\u0902\u0924\u0941\u0932\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u094d\u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u0926\u0947\u0902<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div class=\"vs-mid\">vs<\/div>\r\n <div class=\"vs-side right\">\r\n <span class=\"vs-tag\">Social<\/span>\r\n <h5><span class=\"en\">The group builds first<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u092e\u0942\u0939 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/h5>\r\n <ul>\r\n <li><span class=\"en\">Descends from Vygotsky: the zone of proximal development, mediation, internalisation<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u093e\u0907\u0917\u094b\u0924\u094d\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928: \u0928\u093f\u0915\u091f\u0938\u094d\u0925 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930, \u092e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u0938\u094d\u0925\u0924\u093e, \u0906\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0915\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"en\">The social setting is the <em>origin<\/em> \u2014 the function exists between people before it exists within one<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u091c\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0936 <em>\u0909\u0926\u094d\u0917\u092e<\/em> \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u090f\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u092d\u0940\u0924\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u0932\u094b\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"en\">Language is not a report of thought but the tool with which thought is assembled<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e \u0935\u093f\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0935\u0930\u0923 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0935\u0939 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u092f\u094b\u091c\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"en\">Teaching implication: work in the zone, and withdraw the support as it is earned<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923-\u0928\u093f\u0939\u093f\u0924\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925: \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0905\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0940 \u0938\u0939\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0939\u091f\u093e\u090f\u0901<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"callout purple\">\r\n <div class=\"callout-label\"><span class=\"en\">A term that is easily confused with these<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0907\u0928\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0939\u091c \u092d\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e \u092a\u0926<\/span><\/div>\r\n <span class=\"en\">Social <em>constructionism<\/em>, associated with Kenneth Gergen, is a different position and is not a variant of the above. Its claim is about knowledge itself rather than about how an individual acquires it: categories such as intelligence, adolescence or merit are held to be social artefacts produced by a community's discourse rather than discoveries about the world. A stem that speaks of an individual building understanding is about constructivism; a stem that speaks of a category being produced by a society is about constructionism.<\/span>\r\n <span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u091c\u093f\u0915 <em>\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923\u0935\u093e\u0926<\/em>, \u091c\u094b \u0915\u0947\u0928\u0947\u0925 \u0917\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0928 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0939\u0948, \u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u0939\u0948 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0909\u092a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930\u092d\u0947\u0926 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0926\u093e\u0935\u093e \u092f\u0939 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u093f \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0905\u092a\u093f\u0924\u0941 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u0948: \u092c\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093f, \u0915\u093f\u0936\u094b\u0930\u093e\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u092f\u094b\u0917\u094d\u092f\u0924\u093e \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0940 \u0936\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0923\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u091c\u0917\u0924\u094d \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0940 \u0916\u094b\u091c \u0928 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0915\u0930 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0938\u092e\u0941\u0926\u093e\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u092e\u0930\u094d\u0936 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u091c\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f \u092e\u093e\u0928\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u091c\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928-\u092e\u0941\u0916 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u092c\u094b\u0927 \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u0915\u0940 \u092c\u093e\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0947 \u0935\u0939 \u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e\u0935\u093e\u0926 \u0915\u093e \u0939\u0948; \u091c\u094b \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u091c \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0936\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0923\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u092c\u093e\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0947 \u0935\u0939 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923\u0935\u093e\u0926 \u0915\u093e\u0964<\/span>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"p8-2\">\r\n <span class=\"section-badge\">8.2<\/span>\r\n <h3><span class=\"en\">The Constructivist Classroom<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e\u0935\u093e\u0926\u0940 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e<\/span><\/h3>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <p><span class=\"en\">Jacqueline and Martin Brooks, in <em>In Search of Understanding<\/em> of 1993, set out what a constructivist teacher does in terms concrete enough to be observed. The descriptors below are the ones that change practice most, and each is stated with the ordinary habit it displaces.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u091c\u0948\u0915\u0932\u0940\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u091f\u093f\u0928 \u092c\u094d\u0930\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0938 \u0928\u0947 1993 \u0915\u0940 <em>\u0907\u0928 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u091a \u0911\u092b \u0905\u0902\u0921\u0930\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0948\u0902\u0921\u093f\u0902\u0917<\/em> \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0907\u0924\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0924 \u0936\u092c\u094d\u0926\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092a\u093e\u0926\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u093f \u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e\u0935\u093e\u0926\u0940 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0947\u0964 \u0928\u0940\u091a\u0947 \u0926\u093f\u090f \u0935\u093f\u0935\u0930\u0923 \u0935\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u091c\u094b \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0909\u0938 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0906\u0926\u0924 \u0938\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u0935\u0939 \u0935\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"table-scroll\">\r\n <table class=\"data-table\">\r\n <thead><tr>\r\n <th style=\"width:32%\"><span class=\"en\">What the teacher does<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/th>\r\n <th style=\"width:34%\"><span class=\"en\">Instead of<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0907\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u0930<\/span><\/th>\r\n <th style=\"width:34%\"><span class=\"en\">Because<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f<\/span><\/th>\r\n <\/tr><\/thead>\r\n <tbody>\r\n <tr><td><strong><span class=\"en\">Asks what the class already thinks before offering an account<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0935\u093f\u0935\u0930\u0923 \u0926\u0947\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u092a\u0942\u091b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0938\u094b\u091a\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Beginning with the definition and checking at the end whether it was absorbed<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u0930\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u0906\u0930\u0902\u092d \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u0902\u0924 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091c\u093e\u0901\u091a \u0915\u093f \u0935\u0939 \u0906\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0938\u093e\u0924\u094d \u0939\u0941\u0908 \u092f\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">A conception already held will absorb the new account unless it is first brought into the open<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923\u093e \u0928\u090f \u0935\u093f\u0935\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u094b \u0906\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0938\u093e\u0924\u094d \u0915\u0930 \u0932\u0947\u0917\u0940 \u091c\u092c \u0924\u0915 \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u091f \u0928 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u090f<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td><strong><span class=\"en\">Uses raw data and primary material that can be handled<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u091a\u094d\u091a\u0947 \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0901\u092d\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u092e\u0942\u0932 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Working only from the summary already prepared in the textbook<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u092a\u0941\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0915 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u0924\u0948\u092f\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u093e\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0936 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">A summary states the conclusion; only the raw material allows the conclusion to be reached<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u093e\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0936 \u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0937 \u092c\u0924\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948; \u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0937 \u0924\u0915 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0915\u091a\u094d\u091a\u0940 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0939\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u092d\u0935 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td><strong><span class=\"en\">Frames tasks with words such as classify, predict, analyse, construct<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0940\u0915\u0943\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902, \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0928\u0941\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902, \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902, \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902 \u2014 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0936\u092c\u094d\u0926\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0917\u0922\u093c\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Framing them with state, list, name and write<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092c\u0924\u093e\u090f\u0901, \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0940\u092c\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902, \u0928\u093e\u092e \u0926\u0947\u0902, \u0932\u093f\u0916\u0947\u0902 \u2014 \u0938\u0947 \u0917\u0922\u093c\u0928\u093e<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">The verb in the instruction fixes the cognitive operation the learner will actually perform<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0924\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924\u0903 \u0915\u094c\u0928-\u0938\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0917\u093e<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td><strong><span class=\"en\">Allows a response to redirect the lesson<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u093e\u0920 \u0915\u0940 \u0926\u093f\u0936\u093e \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0928\u0947 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Returning to the plan after acknowledging the answer<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0940\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0930 \u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928\u093e \u092a\u0930 \u0932\u094c\u091f \u0906\u0928\u093e<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">An unexpected answer is usually the most informative thing said in the period<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0936\u093f\u0924 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092f\u0903 \u0915\u093e\u0932\u093e\u0902\u0936 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u0939\u0940 \u0917\u0908 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926 \u092c\u093e\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td><strong><span class=\"en\">Waits after a question, and waits again after the answer<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u092b\u093f\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Taking the first hand raised and moving on<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u0939\u0932\u093e \u0909\u0920\u093e \u0939\u093e\u0925 \u0932\u0947\u0915\u0930 \u0906\u0917\u0947 \u092c\u0922\u093c \u091c\u093e\u0928\u093e<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">The second silence is what produces elaboration; without it only the quickest learner is heard<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u093e \u092e\u094c\u0928 \u0939\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948; \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u0924\u0947\u091c\u093c \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0938\u0941\u0928\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td><strong><span class=\"en\">Arranges experiences that contradict the class's first hypothesis<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0910\u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092d\u0935 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0925\u092e \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a\u0928\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0916\u0902\u0921\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Correcting the hypothesis and proceeding<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u0930\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a\u0928\u093e \u0938\u0941\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0915\u0930 \u0906\u0917\u0947 \u092c\u0922\u093c \u091c\u093e\u0928\u093e<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">A conception is given up when it fails, not when it is contradicted by an authority<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923\u093e \u0924\u092c \u091b\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u092c \u0935\u0939 \u0935\u093f\u092b\u0932 \u0939\u094b, \u0924\u092c \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u091c\u092c \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0916\u0902\u0921\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0947<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <\/tbody>\r\n <\/table>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"p8-3\">\r\n <span class=\"section-badge\">8.3<\/span>\r\n <h3><span class=\"en\">The 5E and 7E Models<\/span><span class=\"hi\">5E \u090f\u0935\u0902 7E \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0928<\/span><\/h3>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <p><span class=\"en\">The 5E model was developed by Rodger Bybee and colleagues at the Biological Sciences Curriculum Study, and it descends from the three-phase learning cycle \u2014 exploration, concept introduction, concept application \u2014 worked out for the Science Curriculum Improvement Study in the 1960s. Its pedagogical claim sits in the order of the third phase: the term is supplied only after the learners have handled the phenomenon, because a name offered first is attached to nothing.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">5E \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0930\u0949\u091c\u0930 \u092c\u093e\u0907\u092c\u0940 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0939\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0928\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u092f\u094b\u0932\u0949\u091c\u093f\u0915\u0932 \u0938\u093e\u0907\u0902\u0938\u0947\u091c\u093c \u0915\u0930\u093f\u0915\u0941\u0932\u092e \u0938\u094d\u091f\u0921\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0938\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e, \u0914\u0930 \u092f\u0939 \u0909\u0938 \u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e \u091a\u0915\u094d\u0930 \u2014 \u0905\u0928\u094d\u0935\u0947\u0937\u0923, \u0938\u0902\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u092f \u092a\u0930\u093f\u091a\u092f, \u0938\u0902\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u2014 \u0938\u0947 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b 1960 \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u0936\u0915 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u093e\u0907\u0902\u0938 \u0915\u0930\u093f\u0915\u0941\u0932\u092e \u0907\u0902\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0942\u0935\u092e\u0947\u0902\u091f \u0938\u094d\u091f\u0921\u0940 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0924\u0948\u092f\u093e\u0930 \u0939\u0941\u0906 \u0925\u093e\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0926\u093e\u0935\u093e \u0924\u0940\u0938\u0930\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u093f\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948: \u092a\u0926 \u0924\u092d\u0940 \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u092c \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0918\u091f\u0928\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0901\u092d\u093e\u0932 \u091a\u0941\u0915\u0947 \u0939\u094b\u0902, \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0928\u093e\u092e \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u091c\u0941\u0921\u093c\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n <svg class=\"full-diagram\" viewBox=\"0 0 560 320\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"The five E cycle with the two additions that make it seven\">\r\n<defs><marker id=\"e5\" markerWidth=\"10\" markerHeight=\"10\" refX=\"8\" refY=\"3.5\" orient=\"auto\">\r\n<path d=\"M0,0 L0,7 L9,3.5 z\" fill=\"#c8d5e3\"\/><\/marker><\/defs>\r\n<g font-family=\"DM Sans, Noto Sans Devanagari, sans-serif\" font-size=\"10.5\">\r\n <g fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#dde5ee\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" marker-end=\"url(#e5)\">\r\n <path d=\"M348 52 C382 66, 398 88, 400 100\"\/>\r\n <path d=\"M406 156 C400 190, 380 216, 362 226\"\/>\r\n <path d=\"M274 276 C262 278, 250 278, 240 276\"\/>\r\n <path d=\"M150 226 C132 208, 124 178, 128 152\"\/>\r\n <path d=\"M152 100 C160 76, 182 58, 208 50\"\/>\r\n <\/g>\r\n\r\n <rect x=\"214\" y=\"20\" width=\"132\" height=\"44\" rx=\"9\" fill=\"#eefbf7\" stroke=\"#0d8f79\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"38\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#0d8f79\">ENGAGE<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"53\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">interest and prior idea raised<\/text>\r\n <rect x=\"332\" y=\"106\" width=\"132\" height=\"44\" rx=\"9\" fill=\"#eaf6ff\" stroke=\"#2f92d1\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"398\" y=\"124\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#2f92d1\">EXPLORE<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"398\" y=\"139\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">learners handle it first<\/text>\r\n <rect x=\"286\" y=\"230\" width=\"132\" height=\"44\" rx=\"9\" fill=\"#eef4fc\" stroke=\"#1f5fa9\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"352\" y=\"248\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\">EXPLAIN<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"352\" y=\"263\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">the term is supplied only now<\/text>\r\n <rect x=\"142\" y=\"230\" width=\"132\" height=\"44\" rx=\"9\" fill=\"#fffaef\" stroke=\"#c9760f\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"208\" y=\"248\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#c9760f\">ELABORATE<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"208\" y=\"263\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">applied to a new case<\/text>\r\n <rect x=\"96\" y=\"106\" width=\"132\" height=\"44\" rx=\"9\" fill=\"#fdf0f5\" stroke=\"#8e2f5a\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"162\" y=\"124\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#8e2f5a\">EVALUATE<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"162\" y=\"139\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">evidence of the change<\/text>\r\n <circle cx=\"280\" cy=\"152\" r=\"46\" fill=\"#14243f\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"148\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"15\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#ffd970\">5E<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"166\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#ffffff\">BSCS \u00b7 Bybee<\/text>\r\n\r\n <rect x=\"10\" y=\"20\" width=\"98\" height=\"34\" rx=\"9\" fill=\"#ffffff\" stroke=\"#6b3a8f\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-dasharray=\"5 3\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"59\" y=\"34\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#6b3a8f\">ELICIT<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"59\" y=\"47\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#6b3a8f\">prior idea drawn out<\/text>\r\n <line x1=\"110\" y1=\"38\" x2=\"204\" y2=\"38\" stroke=\"#6b3a8f\" stroke-width=\"1.6\" stroke-dasharray=\"5 3\"\/>\r\n <polygon points=\"212,38 200,32 200,44\" fill=\"#6b3a8f\"\/>\r\n\r\n <rect x=\"452\" y=\"238\" width=\"98\" height=\"34\" rx=\"9\" fill=\"#ffffff\" stroke=\"#6b3a8f\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-dasharray=\"5 3\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"501\" y=\"252\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#6b3a8f\">EXTEND<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"501\" y=\"265\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#6b3a8f\">transfer to a far case<\/text>\r\n <line x1=\"228\" y1=\"292\" x2=\"448\" y2=\"278\" stroke=\"#6b3a8f\" stroke-width=\"1.6\" stroke-dasharray=\"5 3\"\/>\r\n <polygon points=\"456,277 443,273 445,284\" fill=\"#6b3a8f\"\/>\r\n\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"312\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" fill=\"#5a6d80\">dashed additions are Eisenkraft's 7E, 2003 · the 5E itself descends from the Karplus learning cycle<\/text>\r\n<\/g><\/svg>\r\n <div class=\"diagram-cap\"><span class=\"en\">The name is supplied at Explain, after the handling and not before it<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0928\u093e\u092e \u090f\u0915\u094d\u0938\u092a\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0938\u0901\u092d\u093e\u0932\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0926, \u0909\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902<\/span><\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"exam-tip\">\r\n <div class=\"et-icon\">●<\/div>\r\n <div class=\"et-body\">\r\n <strong><span class=\"en\">The two additions that make it 7E.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u0947 \u0926\u094b \u0935\u0943\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u091c\u094b \u0907\u0938\u0947 7E \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/strong>\r\n <span class=\"en\"> Arthur Eisenkraft proposed them in 2003, and each corrects a way the 5E was being run.<\/span>\r\n <span class=\"hi\"> \u0906\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0930 \u0906\u0907\u091c\u093c\u0928\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092b\u094d\u091f \u0928\u0947 2003 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0907\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e, \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 5E \u0915\u0947 \u091a\u0932\u093e\u090f \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u090f\u0915 \u0922\u0902\u0917 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0941\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\r\n <ul class=\"split-list\">\r\n <li><span class=\"sl-tag\">1<\/span><span><span class=\"en\"><b>Elicit<\/b> is placed before Engage, because engaging interest is not the same as finding out what the class already believes<\/span><span class=\"hi\"><b>\u090f\u0932\u093f\u0938\u093f\u091f<\/b> \u090f\u0902\u0917\u0947\u091c \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u0930\u0916\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e, \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u0930\u0941\u091a\u093f \u091c\u0917\u093e\u0928\u093e \u092f\u0939 \u092a\u0924\u093e \u0932\u0917\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u093f \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"sl-tag\">2<\/span><span><span class=\"en\"><b>Extend<\/b> is placed after Evaluate, because elaboration within the same topic is not transfer to a distant one<\/span><span class=\"hi\"><b>\u090f\u0915\u094d\u0938\u091f\u0947\u0902\u0921<\/b> \u0907\u0935\u0948\u0932\u094d\u092f\u0942\u090f\u091f \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u0930\u0916\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e, \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u0909\u0938\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u092d\u0940\u0924\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0926\u0942\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0925 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930\u0923 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"p8-4\">\r\n <span class=\"section-badge\">8.4<\/span>\r\n <h3><span class=\"en\">Inquiry, Discovery and Problem-Based Learning<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u0928\u094d\u0935\u0947\u0937\u0923, \u0916\u094b\u091c \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u092e\u0938\u094d\u092f\u093e-\u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e<\/span><\/h3>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <p><span class=\"en\">Inquiry is not one thing. It is a ladder, and the rungs are distinguished by a single question: which of the three components \u2014 the question, the procedure, the solution \u2014 is supplied by the teacher and which is left to the learner. Naming the rung is what makes a claim about inquiry teaching checkable, since almost every classroom described as inquiry-based is in fact operating at the second or third level.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u0928\u094d\u0935\u0947\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u090f\u0915 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u0940\u0922\u093c\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u093e\u092f\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u090f\u0915 \u0939\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0943\u0925\u0915\u094d \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902: \u0924\u0940\u0928 \u0918\u091f\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u2014 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e, \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u2014 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u094c\u0928 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u094c\u0928 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u092a\u0930 \u091b\u094b\u0921\u093c\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092a\u093e\u092f\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093e\u092e\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0939\u0940 \u0905\u0928\u094d\u0935\u0947\u0937\u0923-\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0940 \u0926\u093e\u0935\u0947 \u0915\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0901\u091a\u0928\u0947 \u092f\u094b\u0917\u094d\u092f \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u091c\u093f\u0938 \u0932\u0917\u092d\u0917 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0905\u0928\u094d\u0935\u0947\u0937\u0923-\u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0939\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0935\u0939 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924\u0903 \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u0947 \u092f\u093e \u0924\u0940\u0938\u0930\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0930 \u0930\u0939\u0940 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n <svg class=\"full-diagram\" viewBox=\"0 0 560 292\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Four levels of inquiry by who supplies the question, the procedure and the solution\">\r\n<g font-family=\"DM Sans, Noto Sans Devanagari, sans-serif\" font-size=\"10.5\">\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"20\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"11\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#5a6d80\">WHO SUPPLIES WHAT<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"292\" y=\"52\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#14243f\">QUESTION<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"378\" y=\"52\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#14243f\">PROCEDURE<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"464\" y=\"52\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#14243f\">SOLUTION<\/text>\r\n <line x1=\"18\" y1=\"62\" x2=\"542\" y2=\"62\" stroke=\"#c8d5e3\" stroke-width=\"1.4\"\/>\r\n\r\n <rect x=\"18\" y=\"76\" width=\"524\" height=\"26\" rx=\"6\" fill=\"#ffffff\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"30\" y=\"94\" font-size=\"10.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#8e2f5a\">CONFIRMATION<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"140\" y=\"94\" font-size=\"8.5\" font-style=\"italic\" fill=\"#5a6d80\">result already known<\/text>\r\n <circle cx=\"292\" cy=\"89\" r=\"11\" fill=\"#8e2f5a\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"292\" y=\"94\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"11\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#ffffff\">T<\/text><circle cx=\"378\" cy=\"89\" r=\"11\" fill=\"#8e2f5a\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"378\" y=\"94\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"11\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#ffffff\">T<\/text><circle cx=\"464\" cy=\"89\" r=\"11\" fill=\"#8e2f5a\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"464\" y=\"94\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"11\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#ffffff\">T<\/text>\r\n <rect x=\"18\" y=\"118\" width=\"524\" height=\"26\" rx=\"6\" fill=\"#f9fbfd\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"30\" y=\"136\" font-size=\"10.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#c9760f\">STRUCTURED<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"140\" y=\"136\" font-size=\"8.5\" font-style=\"italic\" fill=\"#5a6d80\">answer is not given<\/text>\r\n <circle cx=\"292\" cy=\"131\" r=\"11\" fill=\"#c9760f\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"292\" y=\"136\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"11\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#ffffff\">T<\/text><circle cx=\"378\" cy=\"131\" r=\"11\" fill=\"#c9760f\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"378\" y=\"136\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"11\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#ffffff\">T<\/text><circle cx=\"464\" cy=\"131\" r=\"11\" fill=\"#ffffff\" stroke=\"#5a6d80\" stroke-width=\"1.8\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"464\" y=\"136\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"11\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#5a6d80\">L<\/text>\r\n <rect x=\"18\" y=\"160\" width=\"524\" height=\"26\" rx=\"6\" fill=\"#ffffff\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"30\" y=\"178\" font-size=\"10.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#2f92d1\">GUIDED<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"140\" y=\"178\" font-size=\"8.5\" font-style=\"italic\" fill=\"#5a6d80\">method is not given<\/text>\r\n <circle cx=\"292\" cy=\"173\" r=\"11\" fill=\"#2f92d1\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"292\" y=\"178\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"11\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#ffffff\">T<\/text><circle cx=\"378\" cy=\"173\" r=\"11\" fill=\"#ffffff\" stroke=\"#5a6d80\" stroke-width=\"1.8\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"378\" y=\"178\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"11\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#5a6d80\">L<\/text><circle cx=\"464\" cy=\"173\" r=\"11\" fill=\"#ffffff\" stroke=\"#5a6d80\" stroke-width=\"1.8\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"464\" y=\"178\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"11\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#5a6d80\">L<\/text>\r\n <rect x=\"18\" y=\"202\" width=\"524\" height=\"26\" rx=\"6\" fill=\"#f9fbfd\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"30\" y=\"220\" font-size=\"10.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#0d8f79\">OPEN<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"140\" y=\"220\" font-size=\"8.5\" font-style=\"italic\" fill=\"#5a6d80\">nothing is given<\/text>\r\n <circle cx=\"292\" cy=\"215\" r=\"11\" fill=\"#ffffff\" stroke=\"#5a6d80\" stroke-width=\"1.8\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"292\" y=\"220\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"11\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#5a6d80\">L<\/text><circle cx=\"378\" cy=\"215\" r=\"11\" fill=\"#ffffff\" stroke=\"#5a6d80\" stroke-width=\"1.8\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"378\" y=\"220\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"11\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#5a6d80\">L<\/text><circle cx=\"464\" cy=\"215\" r=\"11\" fill=\"#ffffff\" stroke=\"#5a6d80\" stroke-width=\"1.8\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"464\" y=\"220\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"11\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#5a6d80\">L<\/text>\r\n <rect x=\"18\" y=\"256\" width=\"524\" height=\"26\" rx=\"6\" fill=\"#f5f8fd\" stroke=\"#14243f\" stroke-width=\"1.4\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"273\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">filled T = supplied by the teacher · open L = left to the learner · the levels are a ladder, not alternatives<\/text>\r\n<\/g><\/svg>\r\n <div class=\"diagram-cap\"><span class=\"en\">Naming the rung is what makes a claim about inquiry teaching checkable<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u093e\u092f\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093e\u092e\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0939\u0940 \u0905\u0928\u094d\u0935\u0947\u0937\u0923-\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0940 \u0926\u093e\u0935\u0947 \u0915\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0901\u091a\u0928\u0947 \u092f\u094b\u0917\u094d\u092f \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/div>\r\n\r\n <ul class=\"num-stack\">\r\n <li><strong><span class=\"en\">Confirmation inquiry.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u0941\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093f \u0905\u0928\u094d\u0935\u0947\u0937\u0923\u0964<\/span><\/strong> <span class=\"en\">Question, procedure and result are all supplied, and the learner works through the procedure to arrive at a result that was announced in advance. Its legitimate use is the practice of a technique or the reinforcement of an idea already introduced; its illegitimate use is being described as inquiry.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e \u0938\u092d\u0940 \u0926\u093f\u090f \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0914\u0930 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u0917\u0941\u091c\u0930\u0915\u0930 \u0909\u0938 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e \u0924\u0915 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0939\u0940 \u0918\u094b\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0925\u093e\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0935\u0948\u0927 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f \u0915\u093e \u0905\u092d\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924 \u0935\u093f\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0941\u0926\u0943\u0922\u093c\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0939\u0948; \u0905\u0935\u0948\u0927 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0907\u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u094d\u0935\u0947\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u0939\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0928\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><strong><span class=\"en\">Structured inquiry.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0905\u0928\u094d\u0935\u0947\u0937\u0923\u0964<\/span><\/strong> <span class=\"en\">Question and procedure are supplied but the result is not. This is the level at which most school laboratory work honestly sits, and it is a perfectly respectable level, since the learner still has to derive a conclusion from evidence rather than confirm one.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0926\u093f\u090f \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0915\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0941 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964 \u0908\u092e\u093e\u0928\u0926\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u0926\u0947\u0916\u0947\u0902 \u0924\u094b \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0902\u0936 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0936\u093e\u0932\u093e \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0907\u0938\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u092f\u0939 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923\u0924\u0903 \u0938\u092e\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0928\u091c\u0928\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0939\u0948, \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0915\u094b \u092b\u093f\u0930 \u092d\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u0938\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0937 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0932\u0928\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0941\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093f \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0940\u0964<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><strong><span class=\"en\">Guided inquiry.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u093f\u0924 \u0905\u0928\u094d\u0935\u0947\u0937\u0923\u0964<\/span><\/strong> <span class=\"en\">Only the question is supplied; the learners design the procedure. The design of the procedure is where most of the scientific reasoning lives, which is why this is the level that yields the largest gain for the effort it costs.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948; \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a \u0939\u0940 \u0935\u0939 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0902\u0936 \u0935\u0948\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0924\u0930\u094d\u0915\u0923 \u0928\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0907\u0938\u0940\u0932\u093f\u090f \u092f\u0939 \u0935\u0939 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0940 \u0932\u093e\u0917\u0924 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u093e\u0924 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0932\u093e\u092d \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><strong><span class=\"en\">Open inquiry.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092e\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0905\u0928\u094d\u0935\u0947\u0937\u0923\u0964<\/span><\/strong> <span class=\"en\">Nothing is supplied. The learners frame the question as well, which presupposes enough command of the field to know what is worth asking. Attempted with a class that lacks that command, it produces activity without direction.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u0941\u091b \u092d\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e\u0964 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u092d\u0940 \u0917\u0922\u093c\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u091c\u094b \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u0907\u0924\u0928\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u092f\u0939 \u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0924 \u0939\u094b \u0915\u093f \u092a\u0942\u091b\u0928\u0947 \u092f\u094b\u0917\u094d\u092f \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0910\u0938\u0947 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0917 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u0938 \u0935\u0939 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0928 \u0939\u094b, \u092f\u0939 \u0926\u093f\u0936\u093e\u0939\u0940\u0928 \u0917\u0924\u093f\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n\r\n <svg class=\"full-diagram\" viewBox=\"0 0 560 220\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Problem-based learning contrasted with project-based learning\">\r\n<g font-family=\"DM Sans, Noto Sans Devanagari, sans-serif\" font-size=\"10.5\">\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"18\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"11\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#5a6d80\">TWO ARRANGEMENTS THAT SHARE AN ABBREVIATION AND LITTLE ELSE<\/text>\r\n\r\n <rect x=\"12\" y=\"34\" width=\"112\" height=\"46\" rx=\"7\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"68\" y=\"50\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#ffffff\">PROBLEM<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"68\" y=\"65\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#ffffff\">based<\/text>\r\n \r\n <rect x=\"132\" y=\"38\" width=\"96\" height=\"38\" rx=\"7\" fill=\"#eef4fc\" stroke=\"#1f5fa9\" stroke-width=\"1.8\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"180\" y=\"54\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\">Ill-structured<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"180\" y=\"68\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">problem given first<\/text>\r\n <line x1=\"230\" y1=\"57\" x2=\"232\" y2=\"57\" stroke=\"#c8d5e3\" stroke-width=\"1.8\"\/>\r\n <polygon points=\"238,57 228,52 228,62\" fill=\"#c8d5e3\"\/>\r\n <rect x=\"238\" y=\"38\" width=\"96\" height=\"38\" rx=\"7\" fill=\"#eef4fc\" stroke=\"#1f5fa9\" stroke-width=\"1.8\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"286\" y=\"54\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\">Learning issues<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"286\" y=\"68\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">what is not known<\/text>\r\n <line x1=\"336\" y1=\"57\" x2=\"338\" y2=\"57\" stroke=\"#c8d5e3\" stroke-width=\"1.8\"\/>\r\n <polygon points=\"344,57 334,52 334,62\" fill=\"#c8d5e3\"\/>\r\n <rect x=\"344\" y=\"38\" width=\"96\" height=\"38\" rx=\"7\" fill=\"#eef4fc\" stroke=\"#1f5fa9\" stroke-width=\"1.8\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"392\" y=\"54\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\">Self-directed<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"392\" y=\"68\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">study to fill gaps<\/text>\r\n <line x1=\"442\" y1=\"57\" x2=\"444\" y2=\"57\" stroke=\"#c8d5e3\" stroke-width=\"1.8\"\/>\r\n <polygon points=\"450,57 440,52 440,62\" fill=\"#c8d5e3\"\/>\r\n <rect x=\"450\" y=\"38\" width=\"96\" height=\"38\" rx=\"7\" fill=\"#eef4fc\" stroke=\"#1f5fa9\" stroke-width=\"1.8\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"498\" y=\"54\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\">Return<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"498\" y=\"68\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">solution defended<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"298\" y=\"94\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" font-style=\"italic\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\">knowledge is acquired in order to solve; there may be no single right answer<\/text>\r\n\r\n <rect x=\"12\" y=\"126\" width=\"112\" height=\"46\" rx=\"7\" fill=\"#c9760f\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"68\" y=\"142\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#ffffff\">PROJECT<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"68\" y=\"157\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#ffffff\">based<\/text>\r\n \r\n <rect x=\"132\" y=\"130\" width=\"96\" height=\"38\" rx=\"7\" fill=\"#fffaef\" stroke=\"#c9760f\" stroke-width=\"1.8\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"180\" y=\"146\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#c9760f\">Driving question<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"180\" y=\"160\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">and a product named<\/text>\r\n <line x1=\"230\" y1=\"149\" x2=\"232\" y2=\"149\" stroke=\"#c8d5e3\" stroke-width=\"1.8\"\/>\r\n <polygon points=\"238,149 228,144 228,154\" fill=\"#c8d5e3\"\/>\r\n <rect x=\"238\" y=\"130\" width=\"96\" height=\"38\" rx=\"7\" fill=\"#fffaef\" stroke=\"#c9760f\" stroke-width=\"1.8\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"286\" y=\"146\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#c9760f\">Plan<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"286\" y=\"160\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">roles and schedule<\/text>\r\n <line x1=\"336\" y1=\"149\" x2=\"338\" y2=\"149\" stroke=\"#c8d5e3\" stroke-width=\"1.8\"\/>\r\n <polygon points=\"344,149 334,144 334,154\" fill=\"#c8d5e3\"\/>\r\n <rect x=\"344\" y=\"130\" width=\"96\" height=\"38\" rx=\"7\" fill=\"#fffaef\" stroke=\"#c9760f\" stroke-width=\"1.8\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"392\" y=\"146\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#c9760f\">Build<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"392\" y=\"160\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">make and revise<\/text>\r\n <line x1=\"442\" y1=\"149\" x2=\"444\" y2=\"149\" stroke=\"#c8d5e3\" stroke-width=\"1.8\"\/>\r\n <polygon points=\"450,149 440,144 440,154\" fill=\"#c8d5e3\"\/>\r\n <rect x=\"450\" y=\"130\" width=\"96\" height=\"38\" rx=\"7\" fill=\"#fffaef\" stroke=\"#c9760f\" stroke-width=\"1.8\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"498\" y=\"146\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#c9760f\">Present<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"498\" y=\"160\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">a public artefact<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"298\" y=\"186\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" font-style=\"italic\" fill=\"#c9760f\">knowledge already held is applied in order to make; the product is the object<\/text>\r\n<\/g><\/svg>\r\n <div class=\"diagram-cap\"><span class=\"en\">One acquires knowledge in order to solve; the other applies knowledge in order to make<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u090f\u0915 \u0939\u0932 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u0905\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948; \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u093e \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u0932\u093e\u0917\u0942 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/div>\r\n\r\n <p><span class=\"en\">Problem-based learning was developed for the medical curriculum at McMaster University in the late 1960s and inverts the usual order of a course. An ill-structured problem is given before the content needed to solve it; the group identifies what it does not know; members study those gaps independently; and the group returns to apply what it found and to defend a solution. Project-based learning shares the abbreviation and very little else \u2014 it begins from a driving question and a named product, and knowledge already held is applied in order to make something.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u092e\u0938\u094d\u092f\u093e-\u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e 1960 \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u0936\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0927 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u0948\u0915\u092e\u093e\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0935\u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u091a\u093f\u0915\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0938\u093e \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0938\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0941\u0906 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u0915\u094b \u0909\u0932\u091f \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u0905\u0932\u094d\u092a-\u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u092e\u0938\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0926\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948; \u0938\u092e\u0942\u0939 \u092a\u0939\u091a\u093e\u0928\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0935\u0939 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0924\u093e; \u0938\u0926\u0938\u094d\u092f \u0909\u0928 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093e\u0932\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092f\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902; \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0938\u092e\u0942\u0939 \u091c\u094b \u092a\u093e\u092f\u093e \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0932\u093e\u0917\u0942 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u092e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0932\u094c\u091f\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928\u093e-\u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e \u0938\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u092a\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0930 \u0938\u093e\u091d\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u0941\u091b \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u2014 \u0935\u0939 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0930\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0928\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926 \u0938\u0947 \u0906\u0930\u0902\u092d \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0941\u091b \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0932\u093e\u0917\u0942 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"p8-5\">\r\n <span class=\"section-badge\">8.5<\/span>\r\n <h3><span class=\"en\">Concerns and Evidence<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u091a\u093f\u0902\u0924\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923<\/span><\/h3>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <p><span class=\"en\">The most serious challenge to inquiry pedagogy was put by Paul Kirschner, John Sweller and Richard Clark in 2006. Their argument runs through working memory. A novice, lacking the schemas that let an expert see a problem's structure at a glance, must hold every element of the task in a workspace of severely limited capacity while also searching for a solution path. The search consumes the capacity that would otherwise build the schema, so the learner may solve the problem and learn nothing from having solved it.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u0928\u094d\u0935\u0947\u0937\u0923 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0917\u0902\u092d\u0940\u0930 \u091a\u0941\u0928\u094c\u0924\u0940 \u092a\u0949\u0932 \u0915\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0936\u0928\u0930, \u091c\u0949\u0928 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0947\u0932\u0930 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0930\u093f\u091a\u0930\u094d\u0921 \u0915\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0928\u0947 2006 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0930\u0916\u0940\u0964 \u0909\u0928\u0915\u093e \u0924\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u092e\u0943\u0924\u093f \u0938\u0947 \u0939\u094b\u0915\u0930 \u091a\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0928\u094c\u0938\u093f\u0916\u093f\u090f \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u0938 \u0935\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0915\u0940\u092e\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u091c\u094b \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937\u091c\u094d\u091e \u0915\u094b \u0938\u092e\u0938\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e \u090f\u0915 \u0926\u0943\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0926\u093f\u0916\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0905\u0924\u0903 \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0924\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u0915\u094b \u0905\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0902\u0924 \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e\u0924\u093e \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u0938\u094d\u0925\u0932 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0941\u090f \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0927\u093e\u0928-\u092a\u0925 \u092d\u0940 \u0916\u094b\u091c\u0928\u093e \u092a\u0921\u093c\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0916\u094b\u091c \u0909\u0938 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e\u0924\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0916\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0925\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0915\u0940\u092e\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940, \u0905\u0924\u0903 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0938\u092e\u0938\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0932 \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0939\u0932 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0941\u091b \u0928 \u0938\u0940\u0916\u0947\u0964<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n <svg class=\"full-diagram\" viewBox=\"0 0 560 300\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Optimal instructional guidance falls as learner expertise rises\">\r\n<g font-family=\"DM Sans, Noto Sans Devanagari, sans-serif\" font-size=\"10.5\">\r\n <rect x=\"70\" y=\"40\" width=\"452\" height=\"180\" rx=\"8\" fill=\"#fbfdff\" stroke=\"#e1e8f0\" stroke-width=\"1.4\"\/>\r\n <line x1=\"70\" y1=\"220\" x2=\"522\" y2=\"220\" stroke=\"#5a6d80\" stroke-width=\"1.6\"\/>\r\n <line x1=\"70\" y1=\"40\" x2=\"70\" y2=\"220\" stroke=\"#5a6d80\" stroke-width=\"1.6\"\/>\r\n\r\n <text x=\"296\" y=\"244\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#5a6d80\">LEARNER EXPERTISE IN THIS CONTENT<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"82\" y=\"82\" font-size=\"9\" fill=\"#5a6d80\">novice<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"510\" y=\"82\" text-anchor=\"end\" font-size=\"9\" fill=\"#5a6d80\">expert<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"30\" y=\"130\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#5a6d80\" transform=\"rotate(-90 30 130)\">GUIDANCE NEEDED<\/text>\r\n\r\n <path d=\"M78 62 C180 66, 250 130, 330 172 C400 206, 470 212, 514 214\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#1f5fa9\" stroke-width=\"3\"\/>\r\n\r\n <rect x=\"86\" y=\"86\" width=\"132\" height=\"42\" rx=\"7\" fill=\"#eef4fc\" stroke=\"#1f5fa9\" stroke-width=\"1.6\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"152\" y=\"103\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\">Worked examples<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"152\" y=\"118\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">carry the novice<\/text>\r\n\r\n <rect x=\"232\" y=\"76\" width=\"130\" height=\"42\" rx=\"7\" fill=\"#eefbf7\" stroke=\"#0d8f79\" stroke-width=\"1.6\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"297\" y=\"93\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#0d8f79\">Guided inquiry<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"297\" y=\"108\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">support is faded<\/text>\r\n\r\n <rect x=\"376\" y=\"132\" width=\"138\" height=\"42\" rx=\"7\" fill=\"#fdf0f5\" stroke=\"#8e2f5a\" stroke-width=\"1.6\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"445\" y=\"149\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#8e2f5a\">Expertise reversal<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"445\" y=\"164\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">guidance now hinders<\/text>\r\n\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"270\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9.5\" fill=\"#5a6d80\">the same support that carries a novice becomes redundant load for someone who no longer needs it<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"288\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" font-style=\"italic\" fill=\"#5a6d80\">the curve is qualitative, and it is drawn for one body of content at a time<\/text>\r\n<\/g><\/svg>\r\n <div class=\"diagram-cap\"><span class=\"en\">Support is faded rather than withheld, and the point at which to fade it is an empirical question<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u0939\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0930\u094b\u0915\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0936\u0903 \u0939\u091f\u093e\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u093f\u0938 \u092c\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0941 \u092a\u0930 \u0939\u091f\u093e\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u090f \u092f\u0939 \u0906\u0928\u0941\u092d\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"enrich-box\">\r\n <span class=\"enrich-stamp\"><span class=\"en\">The distinction the whole dispute turns on<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u0939 \u092d\u0947\u0926 \u091c\u093f\u0938 \u092a\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0935\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0926 \u091f\u093f\u0915\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/span>\r\n <h4><span class=\"en\">Constructivism is a theory of learning, not a theory of teaching<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e\u0935\u093e\u0926 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e \u0915\u093e \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924 \u0939\u0948, \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902<\/span><\/h4>\r\n <p><span class=\"en\">Richard Mayer put the point precisely: the claim that knowledge is actively constructed by the learner is a claim about what must happen inside a head, and it says nothing by itself about what should happen in the room. A learner listening to a well-built explanation, comparing it with a prior conception and reorganising accordingly is constructing knowledge as surely as one handling apparatus. Conversely a learner moving beads about with no idea why is behaviourally active and cognitively idle. The inference from <em>learning is construction<\/em> to <em>teaching must be unguided<\/em> confuses the activity of the hands with the activity of the mind, and it is the single most consequential error in this area.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0930\u093f\u091a\u0930\u094d\u0921 \u092e\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u0928\u0947 \u092f\u0939 \u092c\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0941 \u092f\u0925\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0924\u0903 \u0930\u0916\u093e: \u092f\u0939 \u0926\u093e\u0935\u093e \u0915\u093f \u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0938\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0907\u0938 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0926\u093e\u0935\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u092d\u0940\u0924\u0930 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0918\u091f\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f, \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u0939 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0907\u0938 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u0941\u091b \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u0939\u0924\u093e \u0915\u093f \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0928\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f\u0964 \u091c\u094b \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0938\u0941\u0917\u0920\u093f\u0924 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0938\u0941\u0928\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u0924\u0941\u0932\u0928\u093e \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0940 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935-\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0924\u0926\u0928\u0941\u0938\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0920\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0935\u0939 \u0909\u0924\u0928\u0940 \u0939\u0940 \u0928\u093f\u0936\u094d\u091a\u093f\u0924\u0924\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930 \u0930\u0939\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0924\u0928\u0940 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0938\u0901\u092d\u093e\u0932\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u092a\u0930\u0940\u0924 \u091c\u094b \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u092f\u0939 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u093f \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902, \u092e\u0928\u0915\u0947 \u0907\u0927\u0930-\u0909\u0927\u0930 \u0915\u0930 \u0930\u0939\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0935\u0939 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930\u0917\u0924 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f \u0939\u0948\u0964 <em>\u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u0939\u0948<\/em> \u0938\u0947 <em>\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0905\u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f<\/em> \u0924\u0915 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0937 \u0939\u093e\u0925\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u094b \u092e\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u092d\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0907\u0938 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u092f\u0939\u0940 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0924\u094d\u0930\u0941\u091f\u093f \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/p>\r\n <div class=\"table-scroll\">\r\n <table class=\"data-table\">\r\n <thead><tr>\r\n <th class=\"narrow\"><span class=\"en\">Hands<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0939\u093e\u0925<\/span><\/th>\r\n <th class=\"narrow\"><span class=\"en\">Mind<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092e\u0928<\/span><\/th>\r\n <th style=\"width:40%\"><span class=\"en\">What it looks like<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092f\u0939 \u0915\u0948\u0938\u093e \u0926\u093f\u0916\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/th>\r\n <th style=\"width:40%\"><span class=\"en\">Verdict<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0923\u092f<\/span><\/th>\r\n <\/tr><\/thead>\r\n <tbody>\r\n <tr><td class=\"mono\">active<\/td><td class=\"mono\">active<\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Apparatus handled with a prediction to test and a record being kept.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0928\u0941\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0930\u0916\u0947 \u091c\u093e \u0930\u0939\u0947 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0932\u0947\u0916 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0938\u0901\u092d\u093e\u0932\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923\u0964<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">The intended case, and the one the model was built for.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u092d\u0940\u0937\u094d\u091f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u0930\u0923, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0935\u0939\u0940 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092c\u0928\u093e \u0925\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td class=\"mono\">active<\/td><td class=\"mono\">idle<\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Materials moved about, steps followed, no question in play.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0907\u0927\u0930-\u0909\u0927\u0930, \u091a\u0930\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u0930\u0923, \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0936\u0940\u0932 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Busy work. The commonest failure of activity-based teaching.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u094d\u092f\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0924\u093e \u092e\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0964 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e-\u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0935\u093f\u092b\u0932\u0924\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td class=\"mono\">still<\/td><td class=\"mono\">active<\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Listening to an explanation while comparing it with what was already believed.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0938\u0941\u0928\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0941\u090f \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u0924\u0941\u0932\u0928\u093e \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u0917\u0908 \u092c\u093e\u0924 \u0938\u0947\u0964<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Construction, on any reasonable reading of the word.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u092c\u094d\u0926 \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092d\u0940 \u0909\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u093e\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td class=\"mono\">still<\/td><td class=\"mono\">idle<\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Copying from the board while attending to something else.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0928 \u0930\u0916\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0941\u090f \u0936\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092e\u092a\u091f \u0938\u0947 \u0928\u0915\u0932\u0964<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">The case everyone agrees about, and the one usually cited against lecturing.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u0939 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u091c\u093f\u0938 \u092a\u0930 \u0938\u092c \u0938\u0939\u092e\u0924 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092f\u0903 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0930\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0909\u0926\u094d\u0927\u0943\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <\/tbody>\r\n <\/table>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"pc-grid\">\r\n <div class=\"pc-panel neu\">\r\n <div class=\"pc-head\"><span class=\"pc-ico\">▸<\/span><span class=\"en\">What the evidence supports<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0938\u092e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902<\/span><\/div>\r\n <ul>\r\n <li><span class=\"en\">Guided inquiry, in which the question is supplied and the procedure is not, outperforms both pure exposition and unguided discovery<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u093f\u0924 \u0905\u0928\u094d\u0935\u0947\u0937\u0923, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0905\u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u093f\u0924 \u0916\u094b\u091c \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0947\u0939\u0924\u0930 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"en\">Worked examples are more efficient than problem-solving for a novice, and the advantage disappears as expertise grows<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0928\u094c\u0938\u093f\u0916\u093f\u090f \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0939\u0932-\u0938\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923 \u0938\u092e\u0938\u094d\u092f\u093e-\u0938\u092e\u093e\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0941\u0936\u0932 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937\u091c\u094d\u091e\u0924\u093e \u092c\u0922\u093c\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u092f\u0939 \u0932\u093e\u092d \u0932\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"en\">Support that is faded as competence rises outperforms support held constant in either direction<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u091c\u094b \u0938\u0939\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0938\u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e\u0924\u093e \u092c\u0922\u093c\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0936\u0903 \u0939\u091f\u093e\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u090f \u0935\u0939 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092d\u0940 \u0926\u093f\u0936\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0930 \u0930\u0916\u0947 \u0917\u090f \u0938\u0939\u093e\u0930\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0947\u0939\u0924\u0930 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div class=\"pc-panel con\">\r\n <div class=\"pc-head\"><span class=\"pc-ico\">\u2717<\/span><span class=\"en\">Conclusions that do not follow<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u091c\u094b \u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0937 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u0932\u0924\u0947<\/span><\/div>\r\n <ul>\r\n <li><span class=\"en\">That constructivism has been refuted \u2014 what is challenged is a teaching prescription, not the account of learning<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u093f \u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e\u0935\u093e\u0926 \u0916\u0902\u0921\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b \u091a\u0941\u0915\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u091a\u0941\u0928\u094c\u0924\u0940 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923-\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u0915\u094b \u0939\u0948, \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0935\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u094b \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"en\">That exposition is therefore restored to first place \u2014 an explanation that ignores prior conceptions fails for the same reason<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u093f \u0905\u0924\u0903 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0903 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0925\u092e \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u0930 \u0906 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u091c\u094b \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935-\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0909\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0947 \u0935\u0939 \u0909\u0938\u0940 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0935\u093f\u092b\u0932 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"en\">That inquiry should wait until a class is expert \u2014 the levels exist precisely so that inquiry can begin before that<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u093f \u0905\u0928\u094d\u0935\u0947\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937\u091c\u094d\u091e \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u0924\u0915 \u0930\u0941\u0915\u0947 \u2014 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0920\u0940\u0915 \u0907\u0938\u0940\u0932\u093f\u090f \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0915\u093f \u0905\u0928\u094d\u0935\u0947\u0937\u0923 \u0909\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u0906\u0930\u0902\u092d \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0947<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"cyp-box\">\r\n <div class=\"cyp-title\"><span class=\"en\">Progress check<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0917\u0924\u093f \u091c\u093e\u0901\u091a<\/span><\/div>\r\n <details class=\"cyp-q\"><summary><span class=\"en\">A class performs a prescribed experiment to verify a law stated at the start of the period. At which level of inquiry is this, and what would raise it one rung?<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u093e\u0932\u093e\u0902\u0936 \u0915\u0947 \u0906\u0930\u0902\u092d \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0924\u093e\u090f \u0917\u090f \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0905\u0928\u094d\u0935\u0947\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093f\u0938 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0907\u0938\u0947 \u090f\u0915 \u092a\u093e\u092f\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u090a\u092a\u0930 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0909\u0920\u093e\u090f\u0917\u093e?<\/span><\/summary>\r\n <div class=\"cyp-a\"><span class=\"en\">Confirmation, since question, procedure and result are all supplied. Withholding the result raises it to structured inquiry; withholding the procedure as well raises it to guided inquiry, which is the rung that yields the most for the effort because designing the procedure is where the reasoning lies.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u0941\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093f, \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e \u0938\u092d\u0940 \u0926\u093f\u090f \u0917\u090f \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e \u0930\u094b\u0915 \u0932\u0947\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u092f\u0939 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0905\u0928\u094d\u0935\u0947\u0937\u0923 \u092c\u0928\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948; \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u092d\u0940 \u0930\u094b\u0915 \u0932\u0947\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u093f\u0924 \u0905\u0928\u094d\u0935\u0947\u0937\u0923, \u091c\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u093e\u0924 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0926\u0947\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e \u092a\u093e\u092f\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u0924\u0930\u094d\u0915\u0923 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u0940 \u0928\u093f\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n <details class=\"cyp-q\"><summary><span class=\"en\">Does the cognitive load objection show that constructivism is wrong?<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0938\u0902\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u092d\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0940 \u0906\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f \u092f\u0939 \u0926\u093f\u0916\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e\u0935\u093e\u0926 \u0917\u0932\u0924 \u0939\u0948?<\/span><\/summary>\r\n <div class=\"cyp-a\"><span class=\"en\">No. It shows that a particular teaching prescription drawn from constructivism is wrong for novices. The account of learning \u2014 that knowledge is built and that what is built depends on what is already held \u2014 is untouched, and indeed the objection relies on it, since the whole argument is about schemas the novice has not yet built.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0926\u093f\u0916\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e\u0935\u093e\u0926 \u0938\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0932\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923-\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u0928\u094c\u0938\u093f\u0916\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0917\u0932\u0924 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0935\u0930\u0923 \u2014 \u0915\u093f \u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u091c\u094b \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0935\u0939 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092d\u0930 \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u0905\u091b\u0942\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924\u0903 \u092f\u0939 \u0906\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0909\u0938\u0940 \u092a\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092d\u0930 \u0939\u0948, \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0924\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0909\u0928 \u0938\u094d\u0915\u0940\u092e\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0928\u094c\u0938\u093f\u0916\u093f\u090f \u0928\u0947 \u0905\u092d\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u090f\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n <details class=\"cyp-q\"><summary><span class=\"en\">Two classes both use manipulatives for a full period. Why might only one of them be constructing anything?<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0926\u094b \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0932\u093e\u0902\u0936 \u092e\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0924 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0907\u0928\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u090f\u0915 \u0939\u0940 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0930 \u0930\u0939\u0940 \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948?<\/span><\/summary>\r\n <div class=\"cyp-a\"><span class=\"en\">Because construction is an activity of the mind and not of the hands. Where a prediction is being tested and a record kept, the handling serves a question and the schema is built. Where the materials are simply moved through a set of steps, the class is behaviourally active and cognitively idle, which is the commonest failure of activity-based teaching and is invisible to anyone watching the room rather than the work.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u092e\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0939\u093e\u0925\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964 \u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0928\u0941\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0939\u094b \u0930\u0939\u0940 \u0939\u094b \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0932\u0947\u0916 \u0930\u0916\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0930\u0939\u093e \u0939\u094b, \u0935\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0938\u0901\u092d\u093e\u0932\u0928\u093e \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u0915\u0940\u092e\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u091a\u0930\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u0941\u091a\u094d\u091a\u092f \u0938\u0947 \u0917\u0941\u091c\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u091c\u093e \u0930\u0939\u0940 \u0939\u094b, \u0935\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930\u0917\u0924 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u094b \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e-\u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0935\u093f\u092b\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0909\u0938 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0915\u094b \u092d\u0940 \u0905\u0926\u0943\u0936\u094d\u092f \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u091c\u093e\u092f \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0915\u094b \u0926\u0947\u0916 \u0930\u0939\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"p8-6\">\r\n <span class=\"section-badge\">8.6<\/span>\r\n <h3><span class=\"en\">Practice Set<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u092d\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938 \u0938\u0947\u091f<\/span><\/h3>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"mcq-box\">\r\n <div class=\"mcq-title\"><span class=\"en\">Practice \u2014 Constructivist and Inquiry Pedagogy<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u092d\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938 \u2014 \u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e\u0935\u093e\u0926\u0940 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0905\u0928\u094d\u0935\u0947\u0937\u0923 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930<\/span> <span class=\"mcq-src\">10 items<\/span><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"mcq-note\"><span class=\"en\">Several items separate a theory of learning from a prescription for teaching; keep the two apart before reading the options.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u0928\u0947\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924 \u0915\u094b \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0943\u0925\u0915\u094d \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902; \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a \u092a\u0922\u093c\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0905\u0932\u0917 \u0930\u0916\u0947\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n\r\n <details class=\"mcq-q\"><summary><span class=\"mcq-num\">1<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">In the 5E model, the term for the concept is introduced during<\/span><span class=\"hi\">5E \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u092f \u0915\u093e \u092a\u0926 \u0915\u093f\u0938 \u091a\u0930\u0923 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/span><\/summary>\r\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\r\n <li>(a) <span class=\"en\">Engage<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u090f\u0902\u0917\u0947\u091c<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(b) <span class=\"en\">Explore<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u090f\u0915\u094d\u0938\u092a\u094d\u0932\u094b\u0930<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(c) <span class=\"en\">Explain<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u090f\u0915\u094d\u0938\u092a\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0928<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(d) <span class=\"en\">Elaborate<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u090f\u0932\u0947\u092c\u094b\u0930\u0947\u091f<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\"><b>(c).<\/b> <span class=\"en\">The whole pedagogical claim of the model sits in this placement: the learners handle the phenomenon in Explore, and the name is supplied only afterwards, because a term offered before the experience is attached to nothing. Introducing it at Engage converts the model into an ordinary expository lesson with an activity attached.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0907\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0926\u093e\u0935\u093e \u0907\u0938\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928-\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u0948: \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u090f\u0915\u094d\u0938\u092a\u094d\u0932\u094b\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0918\u091f\u0928\u093e \u0938\u0901\u092d\u093e\u0932\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0914\u0930 \u0928\u093e\u092e \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u0939\u0940 \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092d\u0935 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u092a\u0926 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u091c\u0941\u0921\u093c\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964 \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u090f\u0902\u0917\u0947\u091c \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u0907\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u094b \u0917\u0924\u093f\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f-\u0938\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u092a\u093e\u0920 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0926\u0932 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n\r\n <details class=\"mcq-q\"><summary><span class=\"mcq-num\">2<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">The two phases added by Eisenkraft to make the 7E model are<\/span><span class=\"hi\">7E \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0906\u0907\u091c\u093c\u0928\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092b\u094d\u091f \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0940 \u0917\u0908 \u0926\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u0939\u0948\u0902<\/span><\/span><\/summary>\r\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\r\n <li>(a) <span class=\"en\">Enquire and Establish<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u090f\u0928\u0915\u094d\u0935\u093e\u092f\u0930 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u090f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0948\u092c\u094d\u0932\u093f\u0936<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(b) <span class=\"en\">Elicit and Extend<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u090f\u0932\u093f\u0938\u093f\u091f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u090f\u0915\u094d\u0938\u091f\u0947\u0902\u0921<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(c) <span class=\"en\">Examine and Express<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u090f\u0917\u094d\u091c\u093c\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u090f\u0915\u094d\u0938\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0938<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(d) <span class=\"en\">Explain and Evaluate<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u090f\u0915\u094d\u0938\u092a\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0907\u0935\u0948\u0932\u094d\u092f\u0942\u090f\u091f<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\"><b>(b).<\/b> <span class=\"en\">Elicit is placed before Engage because arousing interest is not the same as finding out what the class already believes, and Extend after Evaluate because elaborating within a topic is not transfer to a distant one. Option (d) names two phases that were in the 5E model from the start, which is what makes it the natural trap.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u090f\u0932\u093f\u0938\u093f\u091f \u090f\u0902\u0917\u0947\u091c \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u0930\u0916\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u0930\u0941\u091a\u093f \u091c\u0917\u093e\u0928\u093e \u092f\u0939 \u092a\u0924\u093e \u0932\u0917\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u093f \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u090f\u0915\u094d\u0938\u091f\u0947\u0902\u0921 \u0907\u0935\u0948\u0932\u094d\u092f\u0942\u090f\u091f \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u092d\u0940\u0924\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0926\u0942\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0925 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930\u0923 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a (d) \u0909\u0928 \u0926\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093e\u092e \u0932\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b 5E \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0906\u0930\u0902\u092d \u0938\u0947 \u0925\u0940\u0902, \u0914\u0930 \u092f\u0939\u0940 \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u093e\u092d\u093e\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u091c\u093e\u0932 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n\r\n <details class=\"mcq-q\"><summary><span class=\"mcq-num\">3<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">A teacher supplies the question and the procedure but not the result. This is<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0941 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/span><\/summary>\r\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\r\n <li>(a) <span class=\"en\">confirmation inquiry<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u0941\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093f \u0905\u0928\u094d\u0935\u0947\u0937\u0923<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(b) <span class=\"en\">structured inquiry<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0905\u0928\u094d\u0935\u0947\u0937\u0923<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(c) <span class=\"en\">guided inquiry<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u093f\u0924 \u0905\u0928\u094d\u0935\u0947\u0937\u0923<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(d) <span class=\"en\">open inquiry<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092e\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0905\u0928\u094d\u0935\u0947\u0937\u0923<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\"><b>(b).<\/b> <span class=\"en\">Structured inquiry supplies question and procedure and withholds the result. Confirmation supplies all three; guided withholds the procedure as well, which is the rung at which most of the scientific reasoning begins; open withholds the question too. Most school laboratory work honestly sits at the structured level, and there is nothing wrong with that provided it is named correctly.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0905\u0928\u094d\u0935\u0947\u0937\u0923 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e \u0930\u094b\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092a\u0941\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093f \u0924\u0940\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948; \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u092d\u0940 \u0930\u094b\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u092f\u0939\u0940 \u0935\u0939 \u092a\u093e\u092f\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0902\u0936 \u0935\u0948\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0924\u0930\u094d\u0915\u0923 \u0906\u0930\u0902\u092d \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948; \u092e\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u092d\u0940 \u0930\u094b\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0908\u092e\u093e\u0928\u0926\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u0926\u0947\u0916\u0947\u0902 \u0924\u094b \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0902\u0936 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0936\u093e\u0932\u093e \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0907\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0926\u094b\u0937 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u092c\u0936\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0947 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0938\u0939\u0940 \u0928\u093e\u092e\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0939\u094b\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n\r\n <details class=\"mcq-q\"><summary><span class=\"mcq-num\">4<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">Consider: 1. Constructivism is an account of how knowledge is acquired. 2. It entails that instruction must be minimally guided. 3. A learner listening to an explanation may be constructing knowledge. Which are correct?<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u093f\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0940\u091c\u093f\u090f: 1. \u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e\u0935\u093e\u0926 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0935\u0930\u0923 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 2. \u0907\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0926\u0947\u0936\u0928 \u0928\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0928\u0924\u092e \u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f\u0964 3. \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0938\u0941\u0928\u0924\u093e \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0915\u094c\u0928-\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0939\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902?<\/span><\/span><\/summary>\r\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\r\n <li>(a) <span class=\"en\">1 and 2 only<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 1 \u0914\u0930 2<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(b) <span class=\"en\">1 and 3 only<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 1 \u0914\u0930 3<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(c) <span class=\"en\">2 and 3 only<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 2 \u0914\u0930 3<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(d) <span class=\"en\">1, 2 and 3<\/span><span class=\"hi\">1, 2 \u0914\u0930 3<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\"><b>(b).<\/b> <span class=\"en\">Statement 2 is the inference Mayer identified as invalid. Constructivism describes what must happen inside a head and says nothing by itself about the arrangement of the room, which is exactly why statement 3 holds \u2014 a learner comparing a well-built explanation with a prior conception is constructing as surely as one handling apparatus.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u0925\u0928 2 \u0935\u0939\u0940 \u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0937 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u0928\u0947 \u0905\u0935\u0948\u0927 \u092c\u0924\u093e\u092f\u093e\u0964 \u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e\u0935\u093e\u0926 \u092f\u0939 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0923\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u092d\u0940\u0924\u0930 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0918\u091f\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0915\u0940 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u0941\u091b \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u0939\u0924\u093e, \u0914\u0930 \u0920\u0940\u0915 \u0907\u0938\u0940\u0932\u093f\u090f \u0915\u0925\u0928 3 \u0938\u0924\u094d\u092f \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u091c\u094b \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0938\u0941\u0917\u0920\u093f\u0924 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u0924\u0941\u0932\u0928\u093e \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0940 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935-\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0935\u0939 \u0909\u0924\u0928\u0940 \u0939\u0940 \u0928\u093f\u0936\u094d\u091a\u093f\u0924\u0924\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u0915\u0930 \u0930\u0939\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0924\u0928\u093e \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0938\u0901\u092d\u093e\u0932\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n\r\n <details class=\"mcq-q\"><summary><span class=\"mcq-num\">5<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">The expertise reversal effect states that<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937\u091c\u094d\u091e\u0924\u093e \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924\u094d\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0923 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935 \u092c\u0924\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f<\/span><\/span><\/summary>\r\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\r\n <li>(a) <span class=\"en\">experts learn faster than novices from every form of instruction<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937\u091c\u094d\u091e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0926\u0947\u0936\u0928-\u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0928\u094c\u0938\u093f\u0916\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0924\u0947\u091c\u093c\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0940\u0916\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(b) <span class=\"en\">support that helps a novice becomes redundant load for a more expert learner<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u091c\u094b \u0938\u0939\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0928\u094c\u0938\u093f\u0916\u093f\u090f \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0939\u093e\u092f\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0935\u0939 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937\u091c\u094d\u091e \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0905\u0928\u093e\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915 \u092d\u093e\u0930 \u092c\u0928 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(c) <span class=\"en\">a learner's expertise reverses when guidance is withdrawn too early<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u0928 \u0936\u0940\u0918\u094d\u0930 \u0939\u091f\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937\u091c\u094d\u091e\u0924\u093e \u0909\u0932\u091f \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(d) <span class=\"en\">worked examples are equally effective at all levels of expertise<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0939\u0932-\u0938\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937\u091c\u094d\u091e\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u092d\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\"><b>(b).<\/b> <span class=\"en\">The same scaffold that carries a novice must be processed alongside the knowledge the more advanced learner already holds, and the processing itself consumes capacity. This is why the practical rule is to fade support rather than to hold it constant, and why option (d) states precisely what the effect denies.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u091c\u094b \u092a\u093e\u0921\u093c \u0928\u094c\u0938\u093f\u0916\u093f\u090f \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0901\u092d\u093e\u0932\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0928\u0924 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0915\u094b \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925-\u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u092a\u0921\u093c\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u0939 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u093e\u0927\u0928 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e\u0924\u093e \u0916\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0940\u0932\u093f\u090f \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0939\u093e\u0930\u0947 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0930 \u0930\u0916\u0928\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0936\u0903 \u0939\u091f\u093e\u0928\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0907\u0938\u0940\u0932\u093f\u090f \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a (d) \u0920\u0940\u0915 \u0935\u0939\u0940 \u0915\u0939\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u093e \u092f\u0939 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935 \u0916\u0902\u0921\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n\r\n <details class=\"mcq-q\"><summary><span class=\"mcq-num\">6<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">Problem-based learning is distinguished from project-based learning chiefly in that<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u092e\u0938\u094d\u092f\u093e-\u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928\u093e-\u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f\u0924\u0903 \u0907\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0943\u0925\u0915\u094d \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f<\/span><\/span><\/summary>\r\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\r\n <li>(a) <span class=\"en\">it is conducted in groups whereas the other is individual<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u0939 \u0938\u092e\u0942\u0939\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0932\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u092c\u0915\u093f \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u093e \u0935\u0948\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0915<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(b) <span class=\"en\">the problem is given before the content needed to solve it<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u092e\u0938\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0909\u0938 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u0926\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0939\u0932 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(c) <span class=\"en\">it always culminates in a public product<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u0939 \u0938\u0926\u0948\u0935 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0938\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0935\u091c\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926 \u092a\u0930 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(d) <span class=\"en\">it was developed for primary schools<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u0939 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0925\u092e\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0938\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0941\u0906<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\"><b>(b).<\/b> <span class=\"en\">Problem-based learning inverts the usual order of a course: the ill-structured problem comes first, the group identifies what it does not know, and knowledge is acquired in order to solve. Project-based learning begins from a driving question and a named product, and knowledge already held is applied in order to make \u2014 which is what option (c) describes.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u092e\u0938\u094d\u092f\u093e-\u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u0915\u094b \u0909\u0932\u091f \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948: \u0905\u0932\u094d\u092a-\u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u092e\u0938\u094d\u092f\u093e \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0906\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0938\u092e\u0942\u0939 \u092a\u0939\u091a\u093e\u0928\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0935\u0939 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0924\u093e, \u0914\u0930 \u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u0939\u0932 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0905\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928\u093e-\u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0930\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0928\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926 \u0938\u0947 \u0906\u0930\u0902\u092d \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0932\u093e\u0917\u0942 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a (c) \u0909\u0938\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0923\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n\r\n <details class=\"mcq-q\"><summary><span class=\"mcq-num\">7<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">For Vygotsky, in contrast with Piaget, the social setting is<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u093f\u092f\u093e\u091c\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u092a\u0930\u0940\u0924 \u0935\u093e\u0907\u0917\u094b\u0924\u094d\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0940 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u091c\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0936 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/span><\/summary>\r\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\r\n <li>(a) <span class=\"en\">an occasion for individual restructuring<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u0948\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u094d\u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0935\u0938\u0930<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(b) <span class=\"en\">the origin of the mental function itself<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0938\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u093e \u0909\u0926\u094d\u0917\u092e<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(c) <span class=\"en\">a source of interference to be minimised<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0939\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u092a \u0915\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0924 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u0928\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0928\u0924\u092e \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u090f<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(d) <span class=\"en\">relevant only after the formal operational stage<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0914\u092a\u091a\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0905\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0938\u0902\u0917\u093f\u0915<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\"><b>(b).<\/b> <span class=\"en\">A capacity appears twice on Vygotsky's account \u2014 first between people as a shared activity, then within the person as an internalised tool. Option (a) is Piaget's position, in which peers matter because they supply the conflict that forces restructuring, but the restructuring itself is the individual's own work. The two are distinguished by whether the social is occasion or origin.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u093e\u0907\u0917\u094b\u0924\u094d\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0935\u0930\u0923 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e\u0924\u093e \u0926\u094b \u092c\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u091f \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0932\u094b\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u0938\u093e\u091d\u093e \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902, \u092b\u093f\u0930 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0947 \u092d\u0940\u0924\u0930 \u0906\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0915\u0940\u0915\u0943\u0924 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902\u0964 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a (a) \u092a\u093f\u092f\u093e\u091c\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0939\u092a\u093e\u0920\u0940 \u0907\u0938\u0932\u093f\u090f \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0915\u093f \u0935\u0947 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u094d\u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0915\u094b \u092c\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e \u0926\u094d\u0935\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0935 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0915\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0941 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u094d\u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0915\u093e \u0905\u092a\u0928\u093e \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0907\u0938\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0943\u0925\u0915\u094d \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0915\u093f \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u091c\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u0935\u0938\u0930 \u0939\u0948 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0909\u0926\u094d\u0917\u092e\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n\r\n <details class=\"mcq-q\"><summary><span class=\"mcq-num\">8<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">A class spends a period moving counters through a prescribed set of steps without any prediction being tested. Which description fits?<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0928\u0941\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u091a\u0930\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0917\u094b\u091f\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u0917\u0941\u091c\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0941\u090f \u0915\u093e\u0932\u093e\u0902\u0936 \u092c\u093f\u0924\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0915\u094c\u0928-\u0938\u093e \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0923\u0928 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u0948?<\/span><\/span><\/summary>\r\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\r\n <li>(a) <span class=\"en\">Behaviourally active and cognitively active<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930\u0917\u0924 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(b) <span class=\"en\">Behaviourally active and cognitively idle<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930\u0917\u0924 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(c) <span class=\"en\">Behaviourally still and cognitively active<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930\u0917\u0924 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0930 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(d) <span class=\"en\">Constructivist by definition, since materials are in use<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u0930\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e\u0935\u093e\u0926\u0940, \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\"><b>(b).<\/b> <span class=\"en\">Construction is an activity of the mind and not of the hands, so the presence of materials settles nothing. This is the commonest failure of activity-based teaching and it is invisible to an observer watching the room rather than the work, which is what makes option (d) the trap the item is built on.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u092e\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0939\u093e\u0925\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0905\u0924\u0903 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u0909\u092a\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0941\u091b \u0924\u092f \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e-\u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0935\u093f\u092b\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u091c\u093e\u092f \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0926\u0947\u0916\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0915\u094b \u0905\u0926\u0943\u0936\u094d\u092f \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u092f\u0939\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a (d) \u0915\u094b \u0935\u0939 \u091c\u093e\u0932 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938 \u092a\u0930 \u092f\u0939 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u092c\u0928\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n\r\n <details class=\"mcq-q\"><summary><span class=\"mcq-num\">9<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">The 5E model descends most directly from<\/span><span class=\"hi\">5E \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/span><\/summary>\r\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\r\n <li>(a) <span class=\"en\">the Herbartian formal steps<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0939\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0930\u094d\u091f\u0940\u092f \u0914\u092a\u091a\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u091a\u0930\u0923<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(b) <span class=\"en\">the three-phase learning cycle of exploration, concept introduction and concept application<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u0928\u094d\u0935\u0947\u0937\u0923, \u0938\u0902\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u092f \u092a\u0930\u093f\u091a\u092f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u093e \u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e \u091a\u0915\u094d\u0930<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(c) <span class=\"en\">Gagn\u00e9's nine events of instruction<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0917\u0948\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0926\u0947\u0936\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u0928\u094c \u0918\u091f\u0928\u093e\u090f\u0901<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(d) <span class=\"en\">the micro-teaching cycle<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u0942\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u092e \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u091a\u0915\u094d\u0930<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\"><b>(b).<\/b> <span class=\"en\">The learning cycle worked out for the Science Curriculum Improvement Study in the 1960s is the direct ancestor, and the 5E preserves its defining feature \u2014 exploration before the concept is introduced. Herbart's steps run in the opposite direction, opening with preparation and presentation by the teacher, which is why option (a) is a genuine contrast rather than a near miss.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">1960 \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u0936\u0915 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u093e\u0907\u0902\u0938 \u0915\u0930\u093f\u0915\u0941\u0932\u092e \u0907\u0902\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0942\u0935\u092e\u0947\u0902\u091f \u0938\u094d\u091f\u0921\u0940 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0924\u0948\u092f\u093e\u0930 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e \u091a\u0915\u094d\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935\u091c \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 5E \u0909\u0938\u0915\u093e \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u0915 \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u090f \u0930\u0916\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u0905\u0928\u094d\u0935\u0947\u0937\u0923\u0964 \u0939\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0930\u094d\u091f \u0915\u0947 \u091a\u0930\u0923 \u0935\u093f\u092a\u0930\u0940\u0924 \u0926\u093f\u0936\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091a\u0932\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u091c\u094b \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0928\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0938\u0947 \u0906\u0930\u0902\u092d \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0907\u0938\u0940\u0932\u093f\u090f \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a (a) \u0928\u093f\u0915\u091f-\u092d\u094d\u0930\u092e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0930\u094b\u0927 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n\r\n <details class=\"mcq-q\"><summary><span class=\"mcq-num\">10<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">Social constructionism, associated with Gergen, differs from social constructivism in that its claim concerns<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0917\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0928 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u091c\u093f\u0915 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923\u0935\u093e\u0926 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u091c\u093f\u0915 \u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e\u0935\u093e\u0926 \u0938\u0947 \u0907\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0909\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0926\u093e\u0935\u093e \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/span><\/summary>\r\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\r\n <li>(a) <span class=\"en\">how an individual acquires knowledge through interaction<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0903\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(b) <span class=\"en\">the status of the categories a community produces through its discourse<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0938\u092e\u0941\u0926\u093e\u092f \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u092e\u0930\u094d\u0936 \u0938\u0947 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u093f\u0924 \u0936\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0923\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(c) <span class=\"en\">the stages through which cognitive development passes<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u0947 \u0905\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u091c\u093f\u0928\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938 \u0917\u0941\u091c\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(d) <span class=\"en\">the sequence in which a concept should be introduced<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u0939 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924 \u0939\u094b<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\"><b>(b).<\/b> <span class=\"en\">Constructionism is a claim about knowledge itself rather than about individual acquisition: categories such as intelligence, adolescence or merit are treated as social artefacts rather than discoveries. Option (a) states social constructivism, and the two are separated by asking whether the stem is about a person building understanding or about a society producing a category.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923\u0935\u093e\u0926 \u0935\u0948\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u0930\u094d\u091c\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0926\u093e\u0935\u093e \u0939\u0948: \u092c\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093f, \u0915\u093f\u0936\u094b\u0930\u093e\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u092f\u094b\u0917\u094d\u092f\u0924\u093e \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0940 \u0936\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0923\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0916\u094b\u091c \u0928 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0915\u0930 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u091c\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f \u092e\u093e\u0928\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a (a) \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u091c\u093f\u0915 \u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e\u0935\u093e\u0926 \u0915\u0939\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u092f\u0939 \u092a\u0942\u091b\u0915\u0930 \u092a\u0943\u0925\u0915\u094d \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928-\u092e\u0941\u0916 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u092c\u094b\u0927-\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u0915\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u091c \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0936\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0923\u0940-\u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0928 \u0915\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <\/section>\r\n<!--\/CH8-->\r\n<!--CH9--><section class=\"chapter-content\" data-chap=\"9\" id=\"c9\">\r\n <div class=\"chapter-heading-block\">\r\n <span class=\"chapter-badge\"><span class=\"en\">CHAPTER 9<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f 9<\/span><\/span>\r\n <h2><span class=\"en\">Experiential, Activity, Play and Toy Pedagogy<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u0928\u0941\u092d\u0935\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915, \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e, \u0916\u0947\u0932 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0916\u093f\u0932\u094c\u0928\u093e \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930<\/span><\/h2>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"keyfact-grid\">\r\n <div class=\"keyfact-card navy-hi\">\r\n <span class=\"big-icon\">🔄<\/span>\r\n <div class=\"kf-label\"><span class=\"en\">Experiential cycle<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u0928\u0941\u092d\u0935\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u091a\u0915\u094d\u0930<\/span><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"kf-value\">Kolb \u00b7 1984<\/div>\r\n <div class=\"kf-sub\"><span class=\"en\">Experience, reflection, conceptualisation, experiment<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u0928\u0941\u092d\u0935, \u091a\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0928, \u0938\u0902\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u092f\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div class=\"keyfact-card teal-hi\">\r\n <span class=\"big-icon\">🧩<\/span>\r\n <div class=\"kf-label\"><span class=\"en\">Social stages of play<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0916\u0947\u0932 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u091c\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u090f\u0901<\/span><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"kf-value\">Parten \u00b7 1932<\/div>\r\n <div class=\"kf-sub\"><span class=\"en\">Unoccupied to cooperative, in six stages<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u0935\u094d\u092f\u0938\u094d\u0924 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0939\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0924\u0915, \u091b\u0939 \u0905\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div class=\"keyfact-card amber-hi\">\r\n <span class=\"big-icon\">🎮<\/span>\r\n <div class=\"kf-label\"><span class=\"en\">Play and the zone<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0916\u0947\u0932 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0935\u0939 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930<\/span><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"kf-value\">Vygotsky<\/div>\r\n <div class=\"kf-sub\"><span class=\"en\">In play a child acts beyond the everyday self<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0916\u0947\u0932 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u093e\u0932\u0915 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u0930\u094b\u091c\u093c\u092e\u0930\u094d\u0930\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0935 \u0938\u0947 \u0906\u0917\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div class=\"keyfact-card\">\r\n <span class=\"big-icon\">🧺<\/span>\r\n <div class=\"kf-label\"><span class=\"en\">Policy position<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f\u0917\u0924 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f<\/span><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"kf-value\">NEP 2020<\/div>\r\n <div class=\"kf-sub\"><span class=\"en\">Experiential, art-integrated, sports-integrated, story-based<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u0928\u0941\u092d\u0935\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915, \u0915\u0932\u093e-\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0915\u093f\u0924, \u0916\u0947\u0932-\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0915\u093f\u0924, \u0915\u0925\u093e-\u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <p><span class=\"en\">This chapter deals with the family of practices that put doing before telling. They are the most popular practices in current policy and the most easily emptied out, because each of them can be performed in full while producing nothing. A class can complete every step of an activity without a question in play; a room can be full of toys that carry no concept; a period can be given over to art without the art doing any work. Every section below therefore states the condition under which the practice is instrumental rather than merely present.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092f\u0939 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f \u0909\u0928 \u0905\u092d\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u092c\u0924\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u094b \u0930\u0916\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u092f\u0947 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0932\u094b\u0915\u092a\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f \u0905\u092d\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0939\u091c\u0924\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u0916\u094b\u0916\u0932\u0947 \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u092d\u0940, \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u0907\u0928\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0915\u0930 \u092d\u0940 \u0915\u0941\u091b \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0928 \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0936\u0940\u0932 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0917\u0924\u093f\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u091a\u0930\u0923 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u093e \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948; \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0910\u0938\u0947 \u0916\u093f\u0932\u094c\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u092d\u0930\u093e \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u092f \u0935\u0939\u0928 \u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902; \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0915\u093e\u0932\u093e\u0902\u0936 \u0915\u0932\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u0932\u093e \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0964 \u0905\u0924\u0903 \u0928\u0940\u091a\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0916\u0902\u0921 \u0935\u0939 \u0936\u0930\u094d\u0924 \u092c\u0924\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0924 \u0905\u092d\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0909\u092a\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u0928 \u0930\u0939\u0915\u0930 \u0938\u093e\u0927\u0928 \u092c\u0928\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"feat-grid\">\r\n <div class=\"feat-card\"><span class=\"fc-num\">1<\/span><strong><span class=\"en\">Is the experience being processed?<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092d\u0935 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b \u0930\u0939\u093e \u0939\u0948?<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"en\">Kolb's cycle exists because an experience that is not reflected on and conceptualised leaves nothing that can be used again.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u094b\u0932\u094d\u092c \u0915\u093e \u091a\u0915\u094d\u0930 \u0907\u0938\u0932\u093f\u090f \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u091c\u093f\u0938 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092d\u0935 \u092a\u0930 \u091a\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u092f\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0928 \u0939\u094b \u0935\u0939 \u0910\u0938\u093e \u0915\u0941\u091b \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u091b\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0924\u093e \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0903 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0947\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"feat-card\"><span class=\"fc-num\">2<\/span><strong><span class=\"en\">Is the activity instrumental?<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0917\u0924\u093f\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f \u0938\u093e\u0927\u0928 \u0939\u0948?<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"en\">An activity is pedagogical only when it is the route to a stated outcome and the learner is cognitively, not merely physically, engaged.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0917\u0924\u093f\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f \u0924\u092d\u0940 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u092c \u0935\u0939 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0915\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092b\u0932 \u0924\u0915 \u0915\u093e \u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0917 \u0939\u094b \u0914\u0930 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0936\u093e\u0930\u0940\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0938\u0902\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u0932\u0917\u094d\u0928 \u0939\u094b\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"feat-card\"><span class=\"fc-num\">3<\/span><strong><span class=\"en\">Who holds the direction?<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0926\u093f\u0936\u093e \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u0938 \u0939\u0948?<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"en\">Free play, guided play and direct instruction differ on two attributes, and only the middle position holds both at once.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092e\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0916\u0947\u0932, \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u093f\u0924 \u0916\u0947\u0932 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0926\u0947\u0936\u0928 \u0926\u094b \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u092e\u0927\u094d\u092f \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"feat-card\"><span class=\"fc-num\">4<\/span><strong><span class=\"en\">Does the object carry the concept?<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u092f \u0935\u0939\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948?<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"en\">A toy, a song or a game earns its place when the structure of the content is inside it, and not because it is local or inexpensive.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0916\u093f\u0932\u094c\u0928\u093e, \u0917\u0940\u0924 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0916\u0947\u0932 \u0924\u092c \u0905\u092a\u0928\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928 \u0905\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u092c \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092d\u0940\u0924\u0930 \u0939\u094b, \u0907\u0938\u0932\u093f\u090f \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u093f \u0935\u0939 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u0940\u092f \u092f\u093e \u0938\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"p9-0\">\r\n <span class=\"section-badge\">9.0<\/span>\r\n <h3><span class=\"en\">Introduction<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u0930\u093f\u091a\u092f<\/span><\/h3>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <p><span class=\"en\">The National Education Policy of 2020 groups these practices under a single heading, calling for experiential learning that includes hands-on work, art-integrated and sports-integrated education and story-telling-based pedagogy, with play-based and discovery-based methods specified for the foundational stage. The grouping is coherent: all of them place an experience before the account of it, and all of them therefore depend on the same condition \u2014 that the experience is afterwards worked on rather than merely had.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">2020 \u0915\u0940 \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f \u0907\u0928 \u0905\u092d\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u090f\u0915 \u0939\u0940 \u0936\u0940\u0930\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0924 \u0930\u0916\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0910\u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092d\u0935\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e \u0915\u0940 \u092e\u093e\u0901\u0917 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f, \u0915\u0932\u093e-\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0915\u093f\u0924 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0916\u0947\u0932-\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0915\u093f\u0924 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0915\u0925\u093e-\u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0938\u092e\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0932\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0902, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0941\u0928\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0926\u0940 \u0905\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0916\u0947\u0932-\u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0916\u094b\u091c-\u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u0935\u093f\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0926\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0938\u092e\u0942\u0939\u0928 \u0938\u0902\u0917\u0924 \u0939\u0948: \u092f\u0947 \u0938\u092d\u0940 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092d\u0935 \u0915\u094b \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0935\u0930\u0923 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u0930\u0916\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u0924\u0903 \u092f\u0947 \u0938\u092d\u0940 \u090f\u0915 \u0939\u0940 \u0936\u0930\u094d\u0924 \u092a\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092d\u0930 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u2014 \u0915\u093f \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092d\u0935 \u0915\u094b \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0932\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0928 \u091c\u093e\u090f, \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u0938 \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u090f\u0964<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"p9-1\">\r\n <span class=\"section-badge\">9.1<\/span>\r\n <h3><span class=\"en\">Kolb's Experiential Cycle<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u094b\u0932\u094d\u092c \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092d\u0935\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u091a\u0915\u094d\u0930<\/span><\/h3>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <p><span class=\"en\">David Kolb set out the cycle in 1984, drawing it from Dewey, Kurt Lewin and Piaget. Its claim is that learning from experience requires four operations in sequence, and that stopping short of the fourth is what makes so much practical work unproductive. An experience that is not looked back on yields no observation; an observation that is not generalised yields no rule; and a rule that is not tried out is never tested against the next case.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0921\u0947\u0935\u093f\u0921 \u0915\u094b\u0932\u094d\u092c \u0928\u0947 1984 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092f\u0939 \u091a\u0915\u094d\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092a\u093e\u0926\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0939\u094b\u0902\u0928\u0947 \u0921\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0908, \u0915\u0941\u0930\u094d\u091f \u0932\u0947\u0935\u093f\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u093f\u092f\u093e\u091c\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0926\u093e\u0935\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092d\u0935 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0940\u0916\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u091a\u094c\u0925\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0930\u0941\u0915 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u093e \u0939\u0940 \u0907\u0924\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0930\u0947 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u094b \u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u092b\u0932 \u092c\u0928\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u091c\u093f\u0938 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092d\u0935 \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u0940\u091b\u0947 \u092e\u0941\u0921\u093c\u0915\u0930 \u0928 \u0926\u0947\u0916\u093e \u091c\u093e\u090f \u0935\u0939 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e; \u091c\u093f\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0928 \u0939\u094b \u0935\u0939 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e; \u0924\u0925\u093e \u091c\u094b \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e \u0906\u091c\u093c\u092e\u093e\u092f\u093e \u0928 \u091c\u093e\u090f \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0905\u0917\u0932\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0915\u092d\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940\u0964<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n <svg class=\"full-diagram\" viewBox=\"0 0 560 356\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Kolb's four-stage experiential cycle with its two dimensions and four styles\">\r\n<g font-family=\"DM Sans, Noto Sans Devanagari, sans-serif\" font-size=\"10.5\">\r\n\r\n <rect x=\"204\" y=\"12\" width=\"152\" height=\"56\" rx=\"9\" fill=\"#eefbf7\" stroke=\"#0d8f79\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"29\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#0d8f79\">CONCRETE<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"43\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#0d8f79\">EXPERIENCE<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"59\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">something is undergone<\/text>\r\n\r\n <rect x=\"396\" y=\"142\" width=\"152\" height=\"56\" rx=\"9\" fill=\"#eaf6ff\" stroke=\"#2f92d1\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"472\" y=\"159\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#2f92d1\">REFLECTIVE<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"472\" y=\"173\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#2f92d1\">OBSERVATION<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"472\" y=\"189\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">it is looked back on<\/text>\r\n\r\n <rect x=\"204\" y=\"276\" width=\"152\" height=\"56\" rx=\"9\" fill=\"#eef4fc\" stroke=\"#1f5fa9\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"293\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\">ABSTRACT<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"307\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\">CONCEPTUALISATION<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"323\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">a rule is formed<\/text>\r\n\r\n <rect x=\"12\" y=\"142\" width=\"152\" height=\"56\" rx=\"9\" fill=\"#fffaef\" stroke=\"#c9760f\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"88\" y=\"159\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#c9760f\">ACTIVE<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"88\" y=\"173\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#c9760f\">EXPERIMENTATION<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"88\" y=\"189\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">the rule is tried out<\/text>\r\n\r\n <g fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#c8d5e3\" stroke-width=\"2.4\">\r\n <path d=\"M358 40 L420 136\"\/><path d=\"M420 202 L358 292\"\/>\r\n <path d=\"M202 292 L140 202\"\/><path d=\"M140 136 L202 40\"\/>\r\n <\/g>\r\n <g fill=\"#c8d5e3\">\r\n <polygon points=\"424,142 412,134 420,146\"\/>\r\n <polygon points=\"354,298 362,286 350,288\"\/>\r\n <polygon points=\"134,196 146,200 141,188\"\/>\r\n <polygon points=\"206,36 194,40 202,50\"\/>\r\n <\/g>\r\n\r\n <rect x=\"200\" y=\"140\" width=\"160\" height=\"58\" rx=\"9\" fill=\"#f5f8fd\" stroke=\"#14243f\" stroke-width=\"1.6\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"160\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#14243f\">↕ how experience is grasped<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"177\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#14243f\">↔ how it is transformed<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"191\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#5a6d80\">Kolb, 1984<\/text>\r\n\r\n\r\n <rect x=\"36\" y=\"48\" width=\"108\" height=\"24\" rx=\"12\" fill=\"#c9760f\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"90\" y=\"64\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#ffffff\">ACCOMMODATING<\/text>\r\n\r\n <rect x=\"416\" y=\"48\" width=\"108\" height=\"24\" rx=\"12\" fill=\"#0d8f79\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"470\" y=\"64\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#ffffff\">DIVERGING<\/text>\r\n\r\n <rect x=\"416\" y=\"260\" width=\"108\" height=\"24\" rx=\"12\" fill=\"#2f92d1\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"470\" y=\"276\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#ffffff\">ASSIMILATING<\/text>\r\n\r\n <rect x=\"36\" y=\"260\" width=\"108\" height=\"24\" rx=\"12\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"90\" y=\"276\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#ffffff\">CONVERGING<\/text>\r\n\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"350\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" fill=\"#5a6d80\">the four styles name the pair of adjacent stages a learner favours · the cycle may be entered at any point but not skipped<\/text>\r\n<\/g><\/svg>\r\n <div class=\"diagram-cap\"><span class=\"en\">Stopping after the first stage is what makes so much practical work unproductive<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0925\u092e \u0905\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u0930\u0941\u0915 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u093e \u0939\u0940 \u0907\u0924\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0930\u0947 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u094b \u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u092b\u0932 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/div>\r\n\r\n <p><span class=\"en\">The two dimensions matter as much as the four stages. Concrete experience and abstract conceptualisation are the two ways of <em>grasping<\/em> what is before the learner; reflective observation and active experimentation are the two ways of <em>transforming<\/em> it. The four styles are named for the pair of adjacent stages a learner favours, and the practical use of the scheme in a classroom is not to label a learner but to check that a unit of work has provided all four operations rather than the two the teacher personally prefers.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0926\u094b \u0906\u092f\u093e\u092e \u0909\u0924\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0940 \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u091c\u093f\u0924\u0928\u0940 \u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0905\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u090f\u0901\u0964 \u092e\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0924 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092d\u0935 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0905\u092e\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0924 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u092f\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u091c\u094b \u0939\u0948 \u0909\u0938\u0947 <em>\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939\u0923<\/em> \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u094b \u0922\u0902\u0917 \u0939\u0948\u0902; \u091a\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0928\u0936\u0940\u0932 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0909\u0938\u0947 <em>\u0930\u0942\u092a\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0924<\/em> \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u094b \u0922\u0902\u0917 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u091a\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0936\u0948\u0932\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u0909\u0928 \u0906\u0938\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0905\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e-\u092f\u0941\u0917\u094d\u092e\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u093e\u092e \u092a\u0930 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u091c\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0935\u0930\u0940\u092f\u0924\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0907\u0938 \u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u092a\u0930 \u0932\u0947\u092c\u0932 \u0932\u0917\u093e\u0928\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0905\u092a\u093f\u0924\u0941 \u092f\u0939 \u091c\u093e\u0901\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f-\u0907\u0915\u093e\u0908 \u0928\u0947 \u091a\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u0926\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u092f\u093e \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0935\u0947 \u0926\u094b \u091c\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u092a\u0938\u0902\u0926 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"callout red\">\r\n <div class=\"callout-label\"><span class=\"en\">The styles inventory and the meshing claim<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u0948\u0932\u0940-\u0938\u0942\u091a\u0940 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u0926\u093e\u0935\u093e<\/span><\/div>\r\n <span class=\"en\">Kolb's cycle as an account of how experience is processed should be kept apart from the proposal that instruction ought to be matched to a learner's measured style. That further proposal, sometimes called the meshing hypothesis, has repeatedly failed the test that would establish it: when learners are taught in the style their inventory assigns them and in another, the matched group does not reliably do better. The cycle survives this criticism because it makes no claim about matching \u2014 it says that all four operations are needed, not that different learners need different ones.<\/span>\r\n <span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u094b\u0932\u094d\u092c \u0915\u0947 \u091a\u0915\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u094b, \u091c\u094b \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092d\u0935 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u093e\u0927\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0935\u0930\u0923 \u0939\u0948, \u0909\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0943\u0925\u0915\u094d \u0930\u0916\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0928\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f \u0915\u093f \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0926\u0947\u0936\u0928 \u0915\u094b \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u092e\u093e\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0936\u0948\u0932\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u093e\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u090f\u0964 \u0935\u0939 \u0906\u0917\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u092d\u0940-\u0915\u092d\u0940 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u093e\u0928-\u092a\u0930\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a\u0928\u093e \u0915\u0939\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0909\u0938 \u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u093e\u0930-\u092c\u093e\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u092b\u0932 \u0930\u0939\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940: \u091c\u092c \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0940 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0924 \u0936\u0948\u0932\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0936\u0948\u0932\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0922\u093c\u093e\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u092c \u092e\u093f\u0932\u093e\u0928 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e \u0938\u092e\u0942\u0939 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0935\u0938\u0928\u0940\u092f \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0947\u0939\u0924\u0930 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e\u0964 \u091a\u0915\u094d\u0930 \u0907\u0938 \u0906\u0932\u094b\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u091a\u093e \u0930\u0939\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u0935\u0939 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0926\u093e\u0935\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u2014 \u0935\u0939 \u0915\u0939\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u091a\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u092f\u0939 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u093f \u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f\u0964<\/span>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"p9-2\">\r\n <span class=\"section-badge\">9.2<\/span>\r\n <h3><span class=\"en\">Activity-Based Learning<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e-\u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e<\/span><\/h3>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <p><span class=\"en\">Activity-based learning in the Indian sense is a specific organisational arrangement and not simply a preference for doing. It descends from the multigrade multilevel work developed at the Rishi Valley Rural Education Centre, was taken up by the Chennai Corporation schools from 2003 and extended across Tamil Nadu from 2007. Its distinctive apparatus is a ladder of numbered milestones through which each learner moves at an individual pace, with self-instructional cards for each rung, and a chart on which every learner's present rung is visible to the learner, the teacher and anyone entering the room.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e-\u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e \u090f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0938\u0902\u0917\u0920\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0928 \u0915\u093f \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0935\u0930\u0940\u092f\u0924\u093e\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u090b\u0937\u093f \u0935\u0948\u0932\u0940 \u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e\u0940\u0923 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0938\u093f\u0924 \u092c\u0939\u0941\u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0940\u092f \u092c\u0939\u0941\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0938\u0947 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 2003 \u0938\u0947 \u091a\u0947\u0928\u094d\u0928\u0908 \u0928\u093f\u0917\u092e \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0928\u0947 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u093e\u092f\u093e \u0924\u0925\u093e 2007 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0924\u092e\u093f\u0932\u0928\u093e\u0921\u0941 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0936\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0902\u0915\u093f\u0924 \u092e\u0940\u0932-\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0925\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0935\u0939 \u0938\u0940\u0922\u093c\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0940 \u0917\u0924\u093f \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0922\u093c\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u092a\u093e\u092f\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0938\u094d\u0935-\u0905\u0928\u0941\u0926\u0947\u0936\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0921 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u090f\u0915 \u091a\u093e\u0930\u094d\u091f \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u093e\u092f\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940, \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0947\u0936 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092d\u0940 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0915\u094b \u0926\u093f\u0916\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"pc-grid\">\r\n <div class=\"pc-panel pro\">\r\n <div class=\"pc-head\"><span class=\"pc-ico\">\u2713<\/span><span class=\"en\">What the arrangement makes possible<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092f\u0939 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0938\u0902\u092d\u0935 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/div>\r\n <ul>\r\n <li><span class=\"en\">A learner who was absent resumes at the rung reached rather than at the lesson the class happens to be on<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u0930\u0939\u093e \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0909\u0938\u0940 \u092a\u093e\u092f\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0938\u0947 \u0906\u0917\u0947 \u092c\u0922\u093c\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a\u093e \u0925\u093e, \u0928 \u0915\u093f \u0909\u0938 \u092a\u093e\u0920 \u0938\u0947 \u091c\u093f\u0938 \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"en\">The teacher's time goes to the learners who need it, since the rest are working from cards<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u092e\u092f \u0909\u0928 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u0936\u0947\u0937 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0921\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0930 \u0930\u0939\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"en\">Attainment is visible on the chart, so a learner stuck on one rung cannot be carried along unnoticed<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0909\u092a\u0932\u092c\u094d\u0927\u093f \u091a\u093e\u0930\u094d\u091f \u092a\u0930 \u0926\u0943\u0936\u094d\u092f \u0939\u0948, \u0905\u0924\u0903 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u090f\u0915 \u092a\u093e\u092f\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u0930 \u0905\u091f\u0915\u093e \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0905\u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0906\u0917\u0947 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u092c\u0939\u093e\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"en\">Multigrade classrooms become workable, since the ladder does not assume a common starting point<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092c\u0939\u0941\u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0940\u092f \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u092c\u0928\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u092f\u0939 \u0938\u0940\u0922\u093c\u0940 \u0938\u093e\u091d\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928-\u092c\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0941 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0924\u0940<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div class=\"pc-panel con\">\r\n <div class=\"pc-head\"><span class=\"pc-ico\">\u2717<\/span><span class=\"en\">Where it goes wrong<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092f\u0939 \u0915\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u092c\u093f\u0917\u0921\u093c\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/div>\r\n <ul>\r\n <li><span class=\"en\">The cards are treated as the method, and are worked through without any question in play<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0921\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0939\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f \u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0932\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0936\u0940\u0932 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u093e \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"en\">Whole-class discussion disappears, so nothing is ever argued out between learners<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u0902\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923-\u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u092a\u0930\u093f\u091a\u0930\u094d\u091a\u093e \u0932\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0905\u0924\u0903 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u0915\u0941\u091b \u092d\u0940 \u0924\u0930\u094d\u0915\u093f\u0924 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"en\">Milestones become a record to be completed rather than a description of what is secure<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092e\u0940\u0932-\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0925\u0930 \u092f\u0939 \u0935\u093f\u0935\u0930\u0923 \u0928 \u0930\u0939\u0915\u0930 \u0915\u093f \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0938\u0941\u0926\u0943\u0922\u093c \u0939\u0948, \u092a\u0942\u0930\u093e \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0932\u0947\u0916 \u092c\u0928 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"en\">Material for the higher rungs runs out, and the fastest learners are left to repeat<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u090a\u092a\u0930\u0940 \u092a\u093e\u092f\u0926\u093e\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u0924\u0947\u091c\u093c \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0926\u094b\u0939\u0930\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u094b \u091b\u094b\u0921\u093c \u0926\u093f\u090f \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"exam-tip\">\r\n <div class=\"et-icon\">●<\/div>\r\n <div class=\"et-body\">\r\n <strong><span class=\"en\">Activity is not activity-based learning.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0917\u0924\u093f\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e-\u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/strong>\r\n <span class=\"en\"> Three conditions separate the two, and a stem that describes an activity without them is describing busy work:<\/span>\r\n <span class=\"hi\"> \u0924\u0940\u0928 \u0936\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0947\u0902 \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u0943\u0925\u0915\u094d \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0914\u0930 \u091c\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928-\u092e\u0941\u0916 \u0907\u0928\u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0917\u0924\u093f\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f \u0915\u093e \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0923\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0947 \u0935\u0939 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0924\u093e-\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u093e \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0923\u0928 \u0915\u0930 \u0930\u0939\u093e \u0939\u0948:<\/span>\r\n <ul class=\"split-list\">\r\n <li><span class=\"sl-tag\">1<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">the activity is the route to a stated outcome, not an illustration of one already reached<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0917\u0924\u093f\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0915\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092b\u0932 \u0924\u0915 \u0915\u093e \u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0917 \u0939\u0948, \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092b\u0932 \u0915\u093e \u0926\u0943\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093e\u0902\u0924 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902<\/span><\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"sl-tag\">2<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">the learner is cognitively engaged, with a prediction to test or a difficulty to resolve<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u0932\u0917\u094d\u0928 \u0939\u0948, \u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0928\u0941\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092f\u093e \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u0920\u093f\u0928\u093e\u0908 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925<\/span><\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"sl-tag\">3<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">the doing is followed by reflection and generalisation, or Kolb's cycle stops at its first stage<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u091a\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0906\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0925\u093e \u0915\u094b\u0932\u094d\u092c \u0915\u093e \u091a\u0915\u094d\u0930 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0925\u092e \u0905\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u092a\u0930 \u0930\u0941\u0915 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"p9-3\">\r\n <span class=\"section-badge\">9.3<\/span>\r\n <h3><span class=\"en\">Play-Based Pedagogy<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0916\u0947\u0932-\u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930<\/span><\/h3>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <p><span class=\"en\">Play is classified along two independent lines, and confusing them is a standard source of error. Piaget sorted play by its cognitive form \u2014 practice play, symbolic play and games with rules \u2014 while Mildred Parten sorted it by its social form, in the six stages below. A child engaged in symbolic play may be at any of Parten's stages, so the two schemes describe different attributes of the same episode.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0916\u0947\u0932 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0926\u094b \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0930\u0947\u0916\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0907\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u092d\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u0924\u094d\u0930\u0941\u091f\u093f \u0915\u093e \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0924 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092a\u093f\u092f\u093e\u091c\u0947 \u0928\u0947 \u0916\u0947\u0932 \u0915\u094b \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0940\u0915\u0943\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u2014 \u0905\u092d\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938 \u0916\u0947\u0932, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u0940\u0915\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0916\u0947\u0932 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e-\u0938\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u0916\u0947\u0932 \u2014 \u091c\u092c\u0915\u093f \u092e\u093f\u0932\u094d\u0921\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0921 \u092a\u093e\u0930\u094d\u091f\u0947\u0928 \u0928\u0947 \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u091c\u093f\u0915 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0928\u0940\u091a\u0947 \u0926\u0940 \u0917\u0908 \u091b\u0939 \u0905\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0940\u0915\u0943\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0964 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u0940\u0915\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0916\u0947\u0932 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u0932\u0917\u094d\u0928 \u092c\u093e\u0932\u0915 \u092a\u093e\u0930\u094d\u091f\u0947\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092d\u0940 \u0905\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u092a\u0930 \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0905\u0924\u0903 \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u090f\u0915 \u0939\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u0902\u0917 \u0915\u0947 \u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0923\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n <svg class=\"full-diagram\" viewBox=\"0 0 560 268\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Parten's six social stages of play\">\r\n<g font-family=\"DM Sans, Noto Sans Devanagari, sans-serif\" font-size=\"10.5\">\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"18\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"11\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#5a6d80\">SIX SOCIAL STAGES OF PLAY<\/text>\r\n\r\n <rect x=\"8\" y=\"172\" width=\"84\" height=\"52\" rx=\"8\" fill=\"#ffffff\" stroke=\"#8e2f5a\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"50\" y=\"190\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#8e2f5a\">UNOCCUPIED<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"50\" y=\"205\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"6.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">watching nothing<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"50\" y=\"216\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"6.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">in particular<\/text>\r\n <rect x=\"99\" y=\"147\" width=\"84\" height=\"52\" rx=\"8\" fill=\"#ffffff\" stroke=\"#6b3a8f\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"141\" y=\"165\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#6b3a8f\">SOLITARY<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"141\" y=\"180\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"6.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">playing alone<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"141\" y=\"191\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"6.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">others ignored<\/text>\r\n <rect x=\"190\" y=\"122\" width=\"84\" height=\"52\" rx=\"8\" fill=\"#ffffff\" stroke=\"#1f5fa9\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"232\" y=\"140\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\">ONLOOKER<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"232\" y=\"155\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"6.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">watching others<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"232\" y=\"166\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"6.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">not joining<\/text>\r\n <rect x=\"281\" y=\"97\" width=\"84\" height=\"52\" rx=\"8\" fill=\"#ffffff\" stroke=\"#2f92d1\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"323\" y=\"115\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#2f92d1\">PARALLEL<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"323\" y=\"130\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"6.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">beside others<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"323\" y=\"141\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"6.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">not with them<\/text>\r\n <rect x=\"372\" y=\"72\" width=\"84\" height=\"52\" rx=\"8\" fill=\"#ffffff\" stroke=\"#c9760f\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"414\" y=\"90\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#c9760f\">ASSOCIATIVE<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"414\" y=\"105\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"6.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">sharing, but<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"414\" y=\"116\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"6.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">no common goal<\/text>\r\n <rect x=\"463\" y=\"47\" width=\"84\" height=\"52\" rx=\"8\" fill=\"#ffffff\" stroke=\"#0d8f79\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"505\" y=\"65\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#0d8f79\">COOPERATIVE<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"505\" y=\"80\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"6.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">organised, roles<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"505\" y=\"91\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"6.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">and a shared goal<\/text>\r\n <line x1=\"8\" y1=\"240\" x2=\"530\" y2=\"240\" stroke=\"#c8d5e3\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <polygon points=\"540,240 526,234 526,246\" fill=\"#c8d5e3\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"8\" y=\"258\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#5a6d80\">less social<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"540\" y=\"258\" text-anchor=\"end\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#5a6d80\">more social<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"258\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" font-style=\"italic\" fill=\"#5a6d80\">Parten, 1932 · earlier stages do not disappear when later ones arrive<\/text>\r\n<\/g><\/svg>\r\n <div class=\"diagram-cap\"><span class=\"en\">A social classification, and independent of what the mind is doing in the play<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092f\u0939 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u091c\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0907\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u093f \u0916\u0947\u0932 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u0928 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0930 \u0930\u0939\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/div>\r\n\r\n <p><span class=\"en\">Vygotsky's account of play is the one that carries most weight for pedagogy. He argued that in play a child acts beyond the ordinary self, because play is where meaning is first separated from the object that carries it \u2014 a stick is ridden as a horse, and the child is for the first time governed by an idea rather than by what is in front of it. He also noticed the apparent paradox that play, which looks like freedom, is in fact the child's earliest submission to rules: a child playing at being a mother obeys the rules of motherhood far more strictly than any real mother does, and the submission is willing because it buys the freedom of meaning.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0916\u0947\u0932 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093e\u0907\u0917\u094b\u0924\u094d\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0935\u0930\u0923 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092d\u093e\u0930 \u0935\u0939\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0909\u0928\u0915\u093e \u0924\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0925\u093e \u0915\u093f \u0916\u0947\u0932 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u093e\u0932\u0915 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0938\u094d\u0935 \u0938\u0947 \u0906\u0917\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u0916\u0947\u0932 \u0939\u0940 \u0935\u0939 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0940 \u092c\u093e\u0930 \u0909\u0938 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0943\u0925\u0915\u094d \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0935\u0939\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u091b\u0921\u093c\u0940 \u092a\u0930 \u0918\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u092d\u093e\u0901\u0924\u093f \u0938\u0935\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u092c\u093e\u0932\u0915 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0940 \u092c\u093e\u0930 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0928\u0947 \u0930\u0916\u0940 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u0938\u0947 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u0947 \u0936\u093e\u0938\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0939\u094b\u0902\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u0939 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0935\u093f\u0930\u094b\u0927\u093e\u092d\u093e\u0938 \u092d\u0940 \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u093f \u0916\u0947\u0932, \u091c\u094b \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093e \u091c\u0948\u0938\u093e \u0926\u093f\u0916\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924\u0903 \u092c\u093e\u0932\u0915 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u091a\u0940\u0928\u0924\u092e \u0938\u092e\u0930\u094d\u092a\u0923 \u0939\u0948: \u092e\u093e\u0901 \u092c\u0928\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u0916\u0947\u0932 \u0916\u0947\u0932\u0924\u093e \u092c\u093e\u0932\u0915 \u092e\u093e\u0924\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u093e\u0932\u0928 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u092e\u093e\u0901 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u0920\u094b\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u092f\u0939 \u0938\u092e\u0930\u094d\u092a\u0923 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0947\u091a\u094d\u091b\u093f\u0915 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u0909\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0916\u0930\u0940\u0926\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n <svg class=\"full-diagram\" viewBox=\"0 0 560 220\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Free play, guided play and direct instruction compared on two attributes\">\r\n<g font-family=\"DM Sans, Noto Sans Devanagari, sans-serif\" font-size=\"10.5\">\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"20\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"11\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#5a6d80\">GUIDED PLAY HOLDS BOTH ATTRIBUTES AT ONCE<\/text>\r\n\r\n <rect x=\"8\" y=\"34\" width=\"172\" height=\"140\" rx=\"10\" fill=\"#eefbf7\" stroke=\"#0d8f79\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <rect x=\"8\" y=\"34\" width=\"172\" height=\"26\" rx=\"10\" fill=\"#0d8f79\"\/>\r\n <rect x=\"8\" y=\"52\" width=\"172\" height=\"8\" fill=\"#0d8f79\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"94\" y=\"52\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#ffffff\">FREE PLAY<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"20\" y=\"82\" font-size=\"8\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#5a6d80\">LEARNING GOAL SET BY ADULT<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"94\" y=\"100\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"11\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#0d8f79\">NO<\/text>\r\n <line x1=\"24\" y1=\"110\" x2=\"164\" y2=\"110\" stroke=\"#0d8f79\" stroke-width=\"1\" stroke-dasharray=\"3 3\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"20\" y=\"128\" font-size=\"8\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#5a6d80\">DIRECTION HELD BY CHILD<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"94\" y=\"146\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"11\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#0d8f79\">YES<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"94\" y=\"166\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" font-style=\"italic\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">joyful, and not aimed anywhere<\/text>\r\n\r\n <rect x=\"194\" y=\"34\" width=\"172\" height=\"140\" rx=\"10\" fill=\"#fffaef\" stroke=\"#c9760f\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <rect x=\"194\" y=\"34\" width=\"172\" height=\"26\" rx=\"10\" fill=\"#c9760f\"\/>\r\n <rect x=\"194\" y=\"52\" width=\"172\" height=\"8\" fill=\"#c9760f\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"52\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#ffffff\">GUIDED PLAY<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"206\" y=\"82\" font-size=\"8\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#5a6d80\">LEARNING GOAL SET BY ADULT<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"100\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"11\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#c9760f\">YES<\/text>\r\n <line x1=\"210\" y1=\"110\" x2=\"350\" y2=\"110\" stroke=\"#c9760f\" stroke-width=\"1\" stroke-dasharray=\"3 3\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"206\" y=\"128\" font-size=\"8\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#5a6d80\">DIRECTION HELD BY CHILD<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"146\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"11\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#c9760f\">YES<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"166\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" font-style=\"italic\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">aimed, and still the child's own<\/text>\r\n\r\n <rect x=\"380\" y=\"34\" width=\"172\" height=\"140\" rx=\"10\" fill=\"#eef4fc\" stroke=\"#1f5fa9\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <rect x=\"380\" y=\"34\" width=\"172\" height=\"26\" rx=\"10\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\"\/>\r\n <rect x=\"380\" y=\"52\" width=\"172\" height=\"8\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"466\" y=\"52\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#ffffff\">DIRECT INSTRUCTION<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"392\" y=\"82\" font-size=\"8\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#5a6d80\">LEARNING GOAL SET BY ADULT<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"466\" y=\"100\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"11\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\">YES<\/text>\r\n <line x1=\"396\" y1=\"110\" x2=\"536\" y2=\"110\" stroke=\"#1f5fa9\" stroke-width=\"1\" stroke-dasharray=\"3 3\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"392\" y=\"128\" font-size=\"8\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#5a6d80\">DIRECTION HELD BY CHILD<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"466\" y=\"146\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"11\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\">NO<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"466\" y=\"166\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" font-style=\"italic\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">aimed, and no longer play<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"196\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" fill=\"#5a6d80\">the foundational stage relies on the middle column; the two outer columns are the ones easiest to run<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"212\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" font-style=\"italic\" fill=\"#5a6d80\">free play is not thereby worthless \u2014 it is simply not an instrument of a stated outcome<\/text>\r\n<\/g><\/svg>\r\n <div class=\"diagram-cap\"><span class=\"en\">Two attributes, three positions; only the middle one holds both<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0926\u094b \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923, \u0924\u0940\u0928 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901; \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u092e\u0927\u094d\u092f \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"callout amber\">\r\n <div class=\"callout-label\"><span class=\"en\">Why the foundational stage rests on the middle column<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092c\u0941\u0928\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0926\u0940 \u0905\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u092e\u0927\u094d\u092f \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0902\u092d \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u091f\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/div>\r\n <span class=\"en\">Free play and direct instruction are both easy to run, and each forfeits one of the two things that make the foundational stage work. Free play keeps the child's agency and aims at nothing in particular; direct instruction aims at a stated outcome and takes the agency away. Guided play holds both: the adult fixes the learning goal and arranges the materials, and the child retains the direction of the activity within it. That combination is harder to sustain than either extreme, which is why a foundational classroom drifts towards one of the outer columns unless the goal is written down in advance.<\/span>\r\n <span class=\"hi\">\u092e\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0916\u0947\u0932 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0926\u0947\u0936\u0928 \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u091a\u0932\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0930\u0932 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0909\u0928 \u0926\u094b \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0913\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u090f\u0915 \u0916\u094b \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u092c\u0941\u0928\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0926\u0940 \u0905\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u0936\u0940\u0932 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u092e\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0916\u0947\u0932 \u092c\u093e\u0932\u0915 \u0915\u093e \u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u090f \u0930\u0916\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937 \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u092f \u092a\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u0936\u093e\u0928\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0938\u093e\u0927\u0924\u093e; \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0926\u0947\u0936\u0928 \u0915\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092b\u0932 \u092a\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u0936\u093e\u0928\u093e \u0938\u093e\u0927\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u091b\u0940\u0928 \u0932\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u093f\u0924 \u0916\u0947\u0932 \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948: \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0922\u093c \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e-\u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u092f \u0928\u093f\u0936\u094d\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092c\u093e\u0932\u0915 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092d\u0940\u0924\u0930 \u0917\u0924\u093f\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f \u0915\u0940 \u0926\u093f\u0936\u093e \u092c\u0928\u093e\u090f \u0930\u0916\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0938\u0902\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092d\u0940 \u091b\u094b\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u092c\u0928\u093e\u090f \u0930\u0916\u0928\u093e \u0915\u0920\u093f\u0928 \u0939\u0948, \u0907\u0938\u0940\u0932\u093f\u090f \u092c\u0941\u0928\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0926\u0940 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0924\u092c \u0924\u0915 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092c\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0902\u092d \u0915\u0940 \u0913\u0930 \u0938\u0930\u0915\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u092c \u0924\u0915 \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u092f \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0932\u093f\u0916\u093f\u0924 \u0928 \u0939\u094b\u0964<\/span>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"p9-4\">\r\n <span class=\"section-badge\">9.4<\/span>\r\n <h3><span class=\"en\">Toy Pedagogy and Local Materials<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0916\u093f\u0932\u094c\u0928\u093e \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u0940\u092f \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940<\/span><\/h3>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <p><span class=\"en\">Toy-based pedagogy has been given official form in India through NCERT's handbook on the subject, and it draws on both a craft tradition \u2014 Channapatna, Kondapalli, Thanjavur \u2014 and a low-cost science tradition in which Arvind Gupta's work is the best-known instance. The pedagogical question is not which of these a school uses but which of three roles the object is being asked to play.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0916\u093f\u0932\u094c\u0928\u093e-\u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u094b \u090f\u0928\u0938\u0940\u0908\u0906\u0930\u091f\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u0907\u0938 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u0941\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0915\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u0906\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u093f\u0932\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092f\u0939 \u090f\u0915 \u0936\u093f\u0932\u094d\u092a \u092a\u0930\u0902\u092a\u0930\u093e \u2014 \u091a\u0928\u094d\u0928\u092a\u091f\u0928\u093e, \u0915\u094b\u0902\u0921\u093e\u092a\u0932\u094d\u0932\u0940, \u0924\u0902\u091c\u093e\u0935\u0941\u0930 \u2014 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0910\u0938\u0940 \u0905\u0932\u094d\u092a-\u0932\u093e\u0917\u0924 \u0935\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u0930\u0902\u092a\u0930\u093e \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0932\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0930\u0935\u093f\u0902\u0926 \u0917\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0924 \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u092f\u0939 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u093f \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0907\u0928\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0905\u092a\u093f\u0924\u0941 \u092f\u0939 \u0915\u093f \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u0938\u0947 \u0924\u0940\u0928 \u092d\u0942\u092e\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u094c\u0928-\u0938\u0940 \u0928\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u094b \u0915\u0939\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0930\u0939\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n <svg class=\"full-diagram\" viewBox=\"0 0 560 244\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Three roles a toy can play in a classroom\">\r\n<g font-family=\"DM Sans, Noto Sans Devanagari, sans-serif\" font-size=\"10.5\">\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"18\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"11\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#5a6d80\">THE SAME OBJECT, THREE DIFFERENT PEDAGOGICAL ROLES<\/text>\r\n <rect x=\"12\" y=\"86\" width=\"150\" height=\"70\" rx=\"10\" fill=\"#14243f\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"87\" y=\"112\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"11\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#ffd970\">A TOY<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"87\" y=\"130\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#ffffff\">bought, found or made<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"87\" y=\"145\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#ffffff\">from local material<\/text>\r\n\r\n <g fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#c8d5e3\" stroke-width=\"2\">\r\n <path d=\"M166 108 C182 92, 186 66, 196 58\"\/>\r\n <path d=\"M166 121 L192 121\"\/>\r\n <path d=\"M166 134 C182 150, 186 178, 196 188\"\/>\r\n <\/g>\r\n <g fill=\"#c8d5e3\">\r\n <polygon points=\"200,54 188,60 198,66\"\/>\r\n <polygon points=\"200,121 188,115 188,127\"\/>\r\n <polygon points=\"200,192 188,186 198,180\"\/>\r\n <\/g>\r\n\r\n\r\n <rect x=\"200\" y=\"32\" width=\"348\" height=\"52\" rx=\"9\" fill=\"#eefbf7\" stroke=\"#0d8f79\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <circle cx=\"224\" cy=\"58\" r=\"13\" fill=\"#0d8f79\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"224\" y=\"63\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"11\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#ffffff\">1<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"248\" y=\"54\" font-size=\"10\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#0d8f79\">Object of free play<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"248\" y=\"70\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">the child sets the purpose; no outcome is stated<\/text>\r\n\r\n <rect x=\"200\" y=\"96\" width=\"348\" height=\"52\" rx=\"9\" fill=\"#eaf6ff\" stroke=\"#2f92d1\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <circle cx=\"224\" cy=\"122\" r=\"13\" fill=\"#2f92d1\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"224\" y=\"127\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"11\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#ffffff\">2<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"248\" y=\"118\" font-size=\"10\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#2f92d1\">Teaching aid<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"248\" y=\"134\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">the teacher demonstrates; the concept is carried by the object<\/text>\r\n\r\n <rect x=\"200\" y=\"166\" width=\"348\" height=\"52\" rx=\"9\" fill=\"#fffaef\" stroke=\"#c9760f\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <circle cx=\"224\" cy=\"192\" r=\"13\" fill=\"#c9760f\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"224\" y=\"197\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"11\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#ffffff\">3<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"248\" y=\"188\" font-size=\"10\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#c9760f\">Toy-making as the activity<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"248\" y=\"204\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">measuring, cutting, testing and revising<\/text>\r\n\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"236\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" fill=\"#5a6d80\">a toy that does not carry the concept is decoration, however local, however inexpensive<\/text>\r\n<\/g><\/svg>\r\n <div class=\"diagram-cap\"><span class=\"en\">The question is not which toy but which of the three roles it is being asked to play<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u092f\u0939 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u093f \u0915\u094c\u0928-\u0938\u093e \u0916\u093f\u0932\u094c\u0928\u093e, \u0905\u092a\u093f\u0924\u0941 \u092f\u0939 \u0915\u093f \u0909\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0924\u0940\u0928 \u092d\u0942\u092e\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u094c\u0928-\u0938\u0940 \u0928\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u094b \u0915\u0939\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0930\u0939\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/div>\r\n\r\n <ul class=\"num-stack\">\r\n <li><strong><span class=\"en\">The toy as an object of play.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0916\u0947\u0932 \u0915\u0940 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0916\u093f\u0932\u094c\u0928\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/strong> <span class=\"en\">The child sets the purpose and no outcome is stated. This is a legitimate use and belongs in the foundational stage, but it should not be reported as the teaching of a concept, because nothing has been aimed at.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092c\u093e\u0932\u0915 \u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f \u0924\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092b\u0932 \u0915\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0935\u0948\u0927 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0939\u0948 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092c\u0941\u0928\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0926\u0940 \u0905\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0902\u0917 \u0939\u0948, \u0915\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0941 \u0907\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u092f \u0915\u093e \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u092c\u0924\u093e\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0928\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f, \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092a\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u0936\u093e\u0928\u093e \u0938\u093e\u0927\u093e \u0939\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0917\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><strong><span class=\"en\">The toy as a teaching aid.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0938\u0939\u093e\u092f\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0916\u093f\u0932\u094c\u0928\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/strong> <span class=\"en\">The teacher demonstrates with it and the structure of the content is inside the object \u2014 a balance that shows equality, a spinner that produces a distribution. Where the concept is not inside the object, the toy is illustration and could be replaced by a picture without loss.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0909\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u0947 \u092d\u0940\u0924\u0930 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u0910\u0938\u093e \u0924\u0930\u093e\u091c\u0942 \u091c\u094b \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928\u0924\u093e \u0926\u093f\u0916\u093e\u090f, \u0910\u0938\u093e \u091a\u0915\u094d\u0930 \u091c\u094b \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0935\u093f\u0924\u0930\u0923 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0964 \u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u092f \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u0947 \u092d\u0940\u0924\u0930 \u0928 \u0939\u094b, \u0935\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0916\u093f\u0932\u094c\u0928\u093e \u0926\u0943\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093e\u0902\u0924 \u092e\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0939\u093e\u0928\u093f \u0915\u0947 \u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0926\u0932\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><strong><span class=\"en\">Toy-making as the activity itself.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u0917\u0924\u093f\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0916\u093f\u0932\u094c\u0928\u093e-\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923\u0964<\/span><\/strong> <span class=\"en\">Measuring, cutting, fitting, testing and revising place the learner in the position of someone whose design has to work. Most of the learning available from a toy sits here rather than in its use, and this is the role most often left out because it takes the longest and produces the untidiest room.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092e\u093e\u092a\u0928\u093e, \u0915\u093e\u091f\u0928\u093e, \u092c\u093f\u0920\u093e\u0928\u093e, \u092a\u0930\u0916\u0928\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u0936\u094b\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0915\u094b \u0909\u0938 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0930\u0916\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u0939\u0940 \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f\u0964 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0916\u093f\u0932\u094c\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u0909\u092a\u0932\u092c\u094d\u0927 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0902\u0936 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u092f\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0928\u093f\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u092f\u0939\u0940 \u0935\u0939 \u092d\u0942\u092e\u093f\u0915\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u091b\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u0909\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u092e\u092f \u0932\u0917\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"p9-5\">\r\n <span class=\"section-badge\">9.5<\/span>\r\n <h3><span class=\"en\">Art, Sport and Story Integration<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u0932\u093e, \u0916\u0947\u0932\u0915\u0942\u0926 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0915\u0925\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0938\u092e\u0947\u0915\u0928<\/span><\/h3>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <p><span class=\"en\">Integration in the technical sense means that the art, the game or the story is the vehicle through which a subject objective is reached, and is assessed on that objective. This is what separates it from an art period, a games period or a story told for pleasure, all three of which are worth having on their own account and none of which is integration.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0924\u0915\u0928\u0940\u0915\u0940 \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u092e\u0947\u0915\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u0924\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0915\u0932\u093e, \u0916\u0947\u0932 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0915\u0925\u093e \u0935\u0939 \u0935\u093e\u0939\u0928 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f-\u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f \u0924\u0915 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0906\u0915\u0932\u0928 \u0909\u0938\u0940 \u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f \u092a\u0930 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939\u0940 \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0932\u093e-\u0915\u093e\u0932\u093e\u0902\u0936, \u0916\u0947\u0932-\u0915\u093e\u0932\u093e\u0902\u0936 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0906\u0928\u0902\u0926 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0938\u0941\u0928\u093e\u0908 \u0917\u0908 \u0915\u0925\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0943\u0925\u0915\u094d \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u094b \u0924\u0940\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u0906\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0930\u0916\u0928\u0947 \u092f\u094b\u0917\u094d\u092f \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u091c\u093f\u0928\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u092d\u0940 \u0938\u092e\u0947\u0915\u0928 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"table-scroll\">\r\n <table class=\"data-table\">\r\n <thead><tr>\r\n <th style=\"width:18%\"><span class=\"en\">Vehicle<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u093e\u0939\u0928<\/span><\/th>\r\n <th style=\"width:30%\"><span class=\"en\">Integration looks like<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0915\u0928 \u0910\u0938\u093e \u0926\u093f\u0916\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/th>\r\n <th style=\"width:28%\"><span class=\"en\">Decoration looks like<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u091c\u094d\u091c\u093e \u0910\u0938\u0940 \u0926\u093f\u0916\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/th>\r\n <th style=\"width:24%\"><span class=\"en\">The test<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u0938\u094c\u091f\u0940<\/span><\/th>\r\n <\/tr><\/thead>\r\n <tbody>\r\n <tr><td><strong><span class=\"en\">Art<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u0932\u093e<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">A class draws the stages of a life cycle and has to decide what to show and what to leave out, so the drawing forces the sequence to be understood.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u091c\u0940\u0935\u0928-\u091a\u0915\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0924\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0926\u093f\u0916\u093e\u0928\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u091b\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0928\u093e, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u0915\u094b \u0938\u092e\u091d\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u092c\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">A poster of the same life cycle is copied from the textbook and coloured neatly.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0909\u0938\u0940 \u091c\u0940\u0935\u0928-\u091a\u0915\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094b\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0930 \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u092a\u0941\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0915 \u0938\u0947 \u0928\u0915\u0932 \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0941\u0902\u0926\u0930 \u0930\u0902\u0917\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Could the subject objective be reached without doing the art?<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0932\u093e \u0915\u093f\u090f \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f-\u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f \u0924\u0915 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0925\u093e?<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td><strong><span class=\"en\">Sport<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0916\u0947\u0932\u0915\u0942\u0926<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Learners record their own times and distances over a fortnight and use the record to meet mean, range and variation.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u092a\u0916\u0935\u093e\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u092d\u0930 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u092f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0926\u0942\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u0926\u0930\u094d\u091c \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0909\u0938 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0932\u0947\u0916 \u0938\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f, \u092a\u0930\u093e\u0938 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u091a\u0930\u0923 \u0924\u0915 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">A mathematics period is held on the field because the weather is good.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092e\u094c\u0938\u092e \u0905\u091a\u094d\u091b\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0917\u0923\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093e \u0915\u093e\u0932\u093e\u0902\u0936 \u092e\u0948\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0932\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Is the data the class's own, and does the concept need it?<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0938\u0902\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u092f \u0915\u094b \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0940 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948?<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td><strong><span class=\"en\">Story<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u0925\u093e<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">A narrative is stopped at the point of decision and the class must supply what happens next and defend it from what has gone before.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u0925\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0923\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0941 \u092a\u0930 \u0930\u094b\u0915\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u094b \u092c\u0924\u093e\u0928\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0906\u0917\u0947 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0938\u092e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">A story is told at the end of the period as a reward for finishing the exercise.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u092d\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0941\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u093e\u0932\u093e\u0902\u0936 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0902\u0924 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u0925\u093e \u0938\u0941\u0928\u093e\u0908 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Does the class have to do anything with the story?<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0915\u0925\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0915\u0941\u091b \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u092a\u0921\u093c\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948?<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <\/tbody>\r\n <\/table>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"cyp-box\">\r\n <div class=\"cyp-title\"><span class=\"en\">Progress check<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0917\u0924\u093f \u091c\u093e\u0901\u091a<\/span><\/div>\r\n <details class=\"cyp-q\"><summary><span class=\"en\">A class completes a well-designed experiment, records the readings neatly and the period ends. Which stages of Kolb's cycle have run?<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0938\u0941\u0905\u092d\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u092a\u093e\u0920 \u0938\u0941\u0902\u0926\u0930 \u0922\u0902\u0917 \u0938\u0947 \u0926\u0930\u094d\u091c \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u093e\u0932\u093e\u0902\u0936 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0915\u094b\u0932\u094d\u092c \u0915\u0947 \u091a\u0915\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u094c\u0928-\u0938\u0940 \u0905\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u091a\u0932\u0940\u0902?<\/span><\/summary>\r\n <div class=\"cyp-a\"><span class=\"en\">Only the first, and part of the second at most. The experience has been had and the readings written down, but nothing has been looked back on as a pattern, no rule has been formed from it and no rule has been tried on a further case. A neat record is evidence that the activity was completed, not that anything was learned from it.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0925\u092e, \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0915\u093e \u0915\u0941\u091b \u0905\u0902\u0936\u0964 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092d\u0935 \u0932\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e \u091a\u0941\u0915\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u093e\u0920 \u0932\u093f\u0916 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0917\u090f, \u0915\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u0942\u092a \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u0941\u091b \u092d\u0940 \u092a\u0940\u091b\u0947 \u092e\u0941\u0921\u093c\u0915\u0930 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0926\u0947\u0916\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e, \u0909\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u092c\u0928\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0906\u0917\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u092a\u0930 \u0906\u091c\u093c\u092e\u093e\u092f\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0917\u092f\u093e\u0964 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u091a\u094d\u091b \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0932\u0947\u0916 \u0907\u0938 \u092c\u093e\u0924 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0917\u0924\u093f\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f \u092a\u0942\u0930\u0940 \u0939\u0941\u0908, \u092f\u0939 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u093f \u0909\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0941\u091b \u0938\u0940\u0916\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n <details class=\"cyp-q\"><summary><span class=\"en\">Why did Vygotsky call play the child's earliest submission to rules when it appears to be the opposite?<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u093e\u0907\u0917\u094b\u0924\u094d\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0940 \u0928\u0947 \u0916\u0947\u0932 \u0915\u094b \u092c\u093e\u0932\u0915 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u091a\u0940\u0928\u0924\u092e \u0938\u092e\u0930\u094d\u092a\u0923 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0939\u093e \u091c\u092c\u0915\u093f \u0935\u0939 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u092a\u0930\u0940\u0924 \u0926\u093f\u0916\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948?<\/span><\/summary>\r\n <div class=\"cyp-a\"><span class=\"en\">Because a role taken in play carries its rules with it, and the child enforces them on itself more strictly than reality would. What is bought by that submission is the separation of meaning from object \u2014 the stick can be a horse only because the child is now governed by an idea rather than by the thing in front of it, and that separation is the beginning of abstract thought.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u0916\u0947\u0932 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0932\u0940 \u0917\u0908 \u092d\u0942\u092e\u093f\u0915\u093e \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0932\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u092c\u093e\u0932\u0915 \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u092f\u0925\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u0920\u094b\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u0932\u093e\u0917\u0942 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0909\u0938 \u0938\u092e\u0930\u094d\u092a\u0923 \u0938\u0947 \u091c\u094b \u0916\u0930\u0940\u0926\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0935\u0939 \u0939\u0948 \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0943\u0925\u0915\u094d\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u2014 \u091b\u0921\u093c\u0940 \u0918\u094b\u0921\u093c\u093e \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0907\u0938\u0932\u093f\u090f \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u092c\u093e\u0932\u0915 \u0905\u092c \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0928\u0947 \u0930\u0916\u0940 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u0938\u0947 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u0947 \u0936\u093e\u0938\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u0939\u0940 \u092a\u0943\u0925\u0915\u094d\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0905\u092e\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0924 \u091a\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u0906\u0930\u0902\u092d \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n <details class=\"cyp-q\"><summary><span class=\"en\">A school fills its foundational classrooms with locally made wooden toys. What has been settled, and what has not?<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0940 \u092c\u0941\u0928\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0926\u0940 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u0940\u092f \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u0916\u093f\u0932\u094c\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u092d\u0930 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0924\u092f \u0939\u0941\u0906, \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902?<\/span><\/summary>\r\n <div class=\"cyp-a\"><span class=\"en\">What has been settled is availability, cost and cultural fit, all of which matter. What has not been settled is whether any concept is inside the objects, which is the only thing that makes a toy pedagogical rather than decorative. The question to ask of each is what a learner could not otherwise reach, and the answer is usually strongest where the learners are the ones making the toy.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u091c\u094b \u0924\u092f \u0939\u0941\u0906 \u0935\u0939 \u0939\u0948 \u0909\u092a\u0932\u092c\u094d\u0927\u0924\u093e, \u0932\u093e\u0917\u0924 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u093e\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0930\u0942\u092a\u0924\u093e, \u091c\u094b \u0938\u092d\u0940 \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u091c\u094b \u0924\u092f \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u0941\u0906 \u0935\u0939 \u092f\u0939 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0907\u0928 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092d\u0940\u0924\u0930 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u092f \u0939\u0948 \u092f\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0914\u0930 \u092f\u0939\u0940 \u090f\u0915\u092e\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0916\u093f\u0932\u094c\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u091c\u094d\u091c\u093e \u0928 \u0930\u0939\u0928\u0947 \u0926\u0947\u0915\u0930 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u091b\u0928\u0947 \u092f\u094b\u0917\u094d\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u092f\u0939 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0925\u093e \u0915\u093f\u0938 \u0924\u0915 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0925\u093e, \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092f\u0903 \u0935\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0936\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0916\u093f\u0932\u094c\u0928\u093e \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u092c\u0928\u093e \u0930\u0939\u0947 \u0939\u094b\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"p9-6\">\r\n <span class=\"section-badge\">9.6<\/span>\r\n <h3><span class=\"en\">Practice Set<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u092d\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938 \u0938\u0947\u091f<\/span><\/h3>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"mcq-box\">\r\n <div class=\"mcq-title\"><span class=\"en\">Practice \u2014 Experiential, Play and Toy Pedagogy<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u092d\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938 \u2014 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092d\u0935\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915, \u0916\u0947\u0932 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0916\u093f\u0932\u094c\u0928\u093e \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930<\/span> <span class=\"mcq-src\">10 items<\/span><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"mcq-note\"><span class=\"en\">Where a practice is described, ask whether it is instrumental to a stated outcome before choosing an option.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0905\u092d\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0923\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b, \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a \u091a\u0941\u0928\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u092a\u0942\u091b\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u093f \u0935\u0939 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0915\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092b\u0932 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u093e\u0927\u0928 \u0939\u0948 \u092f\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n\r\n <details class=\"mcq-q\"><summary><span class=\"mcq-num\">1<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">The correct order of Kolb's four stages is<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u094b\u0932\u094d\u092c \u0915\u0940 \u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0905\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0939\u0940 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/span><\/summary>\r\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\r\n <li>(a) <span class=\"en\">concrete experience, abstract conceptualisation, reflective observation, active experimentation<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092e\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0924 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092d\u0935, \u0905\u092e\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0924 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u092f\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923, \u091a\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0928\u0936\u0940\u0932 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923, \u0938\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(b) <span class=\"en\">concrete experience, reflective observation, abstract conceptualisation, active experimentation<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092e\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0924 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092d\u0935, \u091a\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0928\u0936\u0940\u0932 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923, \u0905\u092e\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0924 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u092f\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923, \u0938\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(c) <span class=\"en\">reflective observation, concrete experience, active experimentation, abstract conceptualisation<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u091a\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0928\u0936\u0940\u0932 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923, \u092e\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0924 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092d\u0935, \u0938\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917, \u0905\u092e\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0924 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u092f\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(d) <span class=\"en\">active experimentation, concrete experience, abstract conceptualisation, reflective observation<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917, \u092e\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0924 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092d\u0935, \u0905\u092e\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0924 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u092f\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923, \u091a\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0928\u0936\u0940\u0932 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\"><b>(b).<\/b> <span class=\"en\">Something is undergone, it is looked back on, a rule is formed from it, and the rule is tried out \u2014 which returns the learner to a fresh experience. Option (a) is the standard trap because it places conceptualisation before reflection, which would require a rule to be formed from an experience nobody has yet examined.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u0941\u091b \u092d\u094b\u0917\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0909\u0938 \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u0940\u091b\u0947 \u092e\u0941\u0921\u093c\u0915\u0930 \u0926\u0947\u0916\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0909\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e \u092c\u0928\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e \u0906\u091c\u093c\u092e\u093e\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u091c\u094b \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0915\u094b \u0928\u090f \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092d\u0935 \u092a\u0930 \u0932\u094c\u091f\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a (a) \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0915 \u091c\u093e\u0932 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u0935\u0939 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u092f\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u094b \u091a\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0928 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u0930\u0916\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0910\u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092d\u0935 \u0938\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0928\u093e \u092a\u0921\u093c\u0924\u093e \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u0905\u092d\u0940 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u0916\u093e \u0939\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n\r\n <details class=\"mcq-q\"><summary><span class=\"mcq-num\">2<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">In Kolb's scheme, concrete experience and abstract conceptualisation are the two ways of<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u094b\u0932\u094d\u092c \u0915\u0940 \u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0924 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092d\u0935 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0905\u092e\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0924 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u092f\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0926\u094b \u0922\u0902\u0917 \u0939\u0948\u0902<\/span><\/span><\/summary>\r\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\r\n <li>(a) <span class=\"en\">transforming experience<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u0928\u0941\u092d\u0935 \u0915\u094b \u0930\u0942\u092a\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(b) <span class=\"en\">grasping experience<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u0928\u0941\u092d\u0935 \u0915\u094b \u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939\u0923 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(c) <span class=\"en\">recording experience<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u0928\u0941\u092d\u0935 \u0915\u094b \u0926\u0930\u094d\u091c \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(d) <span class=\"en\">evaluating experience<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u0928\u0941\u092d\u0935 \u0915\u093e \u092e\u0942\u0932\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0915\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\"><b>(b).<\/b> <span class=\"en\">The vertical dimension is grasping \u2014 taking hold of what is before the learner either through direct apprehension or through a concept. The horizontal dimension, reflective observation against active experimentation, is transforming. The four styles are named for adjacent pairs drawn one from each dimension.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0932\u0902\u092c \u0906\u092f\u093e\u092e \u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939\u0923 \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u091c\u094b \u0939\u0948 \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u092f\u093e \u0924\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u092c\u094b\u0927 \u0938\u0947 \u092f\u093e \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u092f \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0915\u0921\u093c\u0928\u093e\u0964 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0948\u0924\u093f\u091c \u0906\u092f\u093e\u092e, \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0924\u094d \u091a\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0928\u0936\u0940\u0932 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u092e \u0938\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917, \u0930\u0942\u092a\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930\u0923 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u091a\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0936\u0948\u0932\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0906\u092f\u093e\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u090f\u0915-\u090f\u0915 \u0932\u0947\u0915\u0930 \u092c\u0928\u0947 \u0906\u0938\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u092f\u0941\u0917\u094d\u092e\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u093e\u092e \u092a\u0930 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n\r\n <details class=\"mcq-q\"><summary><span class=\"mcq-num\">3<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">Two children build separately with blocks, side by side, using the same materials but not addressing each other. In Parten's scheme this is<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0926\u094b \u092c\u093e\u0932\u0915 \u090f\u0915 \u0939\u0940 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0917\u0932-\u092c\u0917\u0932 \u092a\u0943\u0925\u0915\u094d \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u094d\u0932\u0949\u0915 \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0915\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0941 \u090f\u0915-\u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u0947 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0902\u092c\u094b\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947\u0964 \u092a\u093e\u0930\u094d\u091f\u0947\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092f\u0939 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/span><\/summary>\r\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\r\n <li>(a) <span class=\"en\">solitary play<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u090f\u0915\u093e\u0915\u0940 \u0916\u0947\u0932<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(b) <span class=\"en\">onlooker play<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u0915 \u0916\u0947\u0932<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(c) <span class=\"en\">parallel play<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930 \u0916\u0947\u0932<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(d) <span class=\"en\">associative play<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u093e\u0939\u091a\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0916\u0947\u0932<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\"><b>(c).<\/b> <span class=\"en\">Parallel play is beside others rather than with them, and the shared materials are exactly what distinguishes it from solitary play. Associative play would show sharing and comment between the children without a common goal; cooperative play would add the common goal and assigned roles.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930 \u0916\u0947\u0932 \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0917\u0932 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u093e\u091d\u093e \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0939\u0940 \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u090f\u0915\u093e\u0915\u0940 \u0916\u0947\u0932 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0943\u0925\u0915\u094d \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0938\u093e\u0939\u091a\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0916\u0947\u0932 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u093e\u0932\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u0938\u093e\u091d\u093e\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u091f\u093f\u092a\u094d\u092a\u0923\u0940 \u0926\u093f\u0916\u0924\u0940 \u0915\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0938\u093e\u091d\u093e \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u092f \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902; \u0938\u0939\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0916\u0947\u0932 \u0938\u093e\u091d\u093e \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u092f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0924 \u092d\u0942\u092e\u093f\u0915\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n\r\n <details class=\"mcq-q\"><summary><span class=\"mcq-num\">4<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">Guided play is distinguished from free play and from direct instruction in that<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u093f\u0924 \u0916\u0947\u0932 \u092e\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0916\u0947\u0932 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0926\u0947\u0936\u0928 \u0938\u0947 \u0907\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0943\u0925\u0915\u094d \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f<\/span><\/span><\/summary>\r\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\r\n <li>(a) <span class=\"en\">it has no learning goal but is closely supervised<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0909\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e-\u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u092f \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0941 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u091f \u092a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(b) <span class=\"en\">the adult sets the learning goal while the child keeps the direction of the activity<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0922\u093c \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e-\u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u092f \u0924\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u092c\u0915\u093f \u0917\u0924\u093f\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f \u0915\u0940 \u0926\u093f\u0936\u093e \u092c\u093e\u0932\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u0938 \u0930\u0939\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(c) <span class=\"en\">the child sets the goal and the adult directs the activity<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092c\u093e\u0932\u0915 \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u092f \u0924\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0922\u093c \u0917\u0924\u093f\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(d) <span class=\"en\">it is used only after direct instruction has failed<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u0939 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0926\u0947\u0936\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u092b\u0932 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\"><b>(b).<\/b> <span class=\"en\">Free play keeps the child's direction and aims at nothing in particular; direct instruction aims at a stated outcome and takes the direction away. Only the middle position holds both attributes at once, which is why it is harder to sustain and why a foundational classroom drifts to one extreme unless the goal is written down in advance.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092e\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0916\u0947\u0932 \u092c\u093e\u0932\u0915 \u0915\u0940 \u0926\u093f\u0936\u093e \u092c\u0928\u093e\u090f \u0930\u0916\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937 \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u092f \u092a\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u0936\u093e\u0928\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0938\u093e\u0927\u0924\u093e; \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0926\u0947\u0936\u0928 \u0915\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092b\u0932 \u092a\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u0936\u093e\u0928\u093e \u0938\u093e\u0927\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0926\u093f\u0936\u093e \u091b\u0940\u0928 \u0932\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u092e\u0927\u094d\u092f \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0907\u0938\u0940\u0932\u093f\u090f \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u090f \u0930\u0916\u0928\u093e \u0915\u0920\u093f\u0928 \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0907\u0938\u0940\u0932\u093f\u090f \u092c\u0941\u0928\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0926\u0940 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0924\u092c \u0924\u0915 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u091b\u094b\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0913\u0930 \u0938\u0930\u0915\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u092c \u0924\u0915 \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u092f \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0932\u093f\u0916\u093f\u0924 \u0928 \u0939\u094b\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n\r\n <details class=\"mcq-q\"><summary><span class=\"mcq-num\">5<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">Vygotsky held that play is significant chiefly because<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u093e\u0907\u0917\u094b\u0924\u094d\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0940 \u0928\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u093e \u0915\u093f \u0916\u0947\u0932 \u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f\u0924\u0903 \u0907\u0938\u0932\u093f\u090f \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f<\/span><\/span><\/summary>\r\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\r\n <li>(a) <span class=\"en\">it releases surplus energy and prepares the body for work<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u0939 \u0905\u0924\u093f\u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u090a\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e \u092e\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0930 \u0936\u0930\u0940\u0930 \u0915\u094b \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0924\u0948\u092f\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(b) <span class=\"en\">meaning is separated from the object that carries it<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u0909\u0938 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0943\u0925\u0915\u094d \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0935\u0939\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(c) <span class=\"en\">it allows a child to rehearse adult occupations accurately<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u0939 \u092c\u093e\u0932\u0915 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0922\u093c \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u093e\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u092f\u0925\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u092d\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(d) <span class=\"en\">it is free of rules and therefore free of constraint<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u0939 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u092e\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0907\u0938\u0940\u0932\u093f\u090f \u092c\u0902\u0927\u0928 \u0938\u0947 \u092e\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\"><b>(b).<\/b> <span class=\"en\">A stick ridden as a horse means the child is governed by an idea rather than by the object in front of it, and that separation is the beginning of abstract thought. Option (d) states the appearance Vygotsky specifically denied: a role taken in play brings its rules with it, and the child enforces them on itself more strictly than reality does.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0918\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u092d\u093e\u0901\u0924\u093f \u0938\u0935\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u0917\u0908 \u091b\u0921\u093c\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u092c\u093e\u0932\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0928\u0947 \u0930\u0916\u0940 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u0938\u0947 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u0947 \u0936\u093e\u0938\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u0939\u0940 \u092a\u0943\u0925\u0915\u094d\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0905\u092e\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0924 \u091a\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u0906\u0930\u0902\u092d \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a (d) \u0935\u0939\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u0940\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0939\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0935\u093e\u0907\u0917\u094b\u0924\u094d\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0940 \u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0916\u0902\u0921\u0928 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e: \u0916\u0947\u0932 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0932\u0940 \u0917\u0908 \u092d\u0942\u092e\u093f\u0915\u093e \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0932\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u092c\u093e\u0932\u0915 \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u092f\u0925\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u0920\u094b\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u0932\u093e\u0917\u0942 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n\r\n <details class=\"mcq-q\"><summary><span class=\"mcq-num\">6<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">The distinctive apparatus of activity-based learning as practised in Tamil Nadu is<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0924\u092e\u093f\u0932\u0928\u093e\u0921\u0941 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u091a\u0932\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e-\u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0936\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/span><\/summary>\r\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\r\n <li>(a) <span class=\"en\">a single textbook worked through by the whole class together<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u090f\u0915 \u0939\u0940 \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u092a\u0941\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0915 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0947<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(b) <span class=\"en\">a ladder of numbered milestones with self-instructional cards and a visible progress chart<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0902\u0915\u093f\u0924 \u092e\u0940\u0932-\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0925\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0940\u0922\u093c\u0940, \u0938\u094d\u0935-\u0905\u0928\u0941\u0926\u0947\u0936\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0921 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0926\u0943\u0936\u094d\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0917\u0924\u093f \u091a\u093e\u0930\u094d\u091f<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(c) <span class=\"en\">a fixed timetable in which each subject receives an equal period<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0928\u093f\u092f\u0924 \u0938\u092e\u092f-\u0938\u093e\u0930\u0923\u0940 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f \u0915\u094b \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u093e\u0932\u093e\u0902\u0936 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0947<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(d) <span class=\"en\">a weekly examination used to group learners by ability<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0939\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u092f\u094b\u0917\u094d\u092f\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u092e\u0942\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u090f<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\"><b>(b).<\/b> <span class=\"en\">The ladder makes an individual pace workable and the chart makes attainment visible, so a learner stuck on one rung cannot be carried along unnoticed. Option (a) describes precisely the lockstep arrangement the design was built to replace, and the multigrade origin of the scheme at Rishi Valley is what makes a common starting point unnecessary.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u0940\u0922\u093c\u0940 \u0935\u0948\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0917\u0924\u093f \u0915\u094b \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u091a\u093e\u0930\u094d\u091f \u0909\u092a\u0932\u092c\u094d\u0927\u093f \u0915\u094b \u0926\u0943\u0936\u094d\u092f, \u0905\u0924\u0903 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u090f\u0915 \u092a\u093e\u092f\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u0930 \u0905\u091f\u0915\u093e \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0905\u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0906\u0917\u0947 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u092c\u0939\u093e\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e\u0964 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a (a) \u0920\u0940\u0915 \u0909\u0938\u0940 \u090f\u0915-\u0932\u092f \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0923\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u092f\u0939 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a \u092c\u0928\u093e, \u0914\u0930 \u090b\u0937\u093f \u0935\u0948\u0932\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0907\u0938 \u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928\u093e \u0915\u093e \u092c\u0939\u0941\u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0940\u092f \u0909\u0926\u094d\u0917\u092e \u0939\u0940 \u0938\u093e\u091d\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928-\u092c\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0941 \u0915\u094b \u0905\u0928\u093e\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n\r\n <details class=\"mcq-q\"><summary><span class=\"mcq-num\">7<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">Which best describes the role in which a toy yields the most learning?<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0916\u093f\u0932\u094c\u0928\u093e \u0915\u093f\u0938 \u092d\u0942\u092e\u093f\u0915\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0907\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u094b\u0924\u094d\u0924\u092e \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0923\u0928 \u0915\u094c\u0928-\u0938\u093e \u0939\u0948?<\/span><\/span><\/summary>\r\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\r\n <li>(a) <span class=\"en\">As an object of free play in the corner of the room<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0916\u0947\u0932 \u0915\u0940 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(b) <span class=\"en\">As a teaching aid used by the teacher in demonstration<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0938\u0939\u093e\u092f\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(c) <span class=\"en\">As the thing the learners are making, measuring and revising<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0909\u0938 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u092c\u0928\u093e, \u092e\u093e\u092a \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u0936\u094b\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930 \u0930\u0939\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(d) <span class=\"en\">As a display item that shows the school's use of local craft<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091c\u094b \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u0940\u092f \u0936\u093f\u0932\u094d\u092a \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0926\u093f\u0916\u093e\u090f<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\"><b>(c).<\/b> <span class=\"en\">Making places the learner in the position of someone whose design has to work, so measuring, fitting, testing and revising all carry content. The first two roles are legitimate and have their uses, but the third is the one most often omitted because it takes the longest and leaves the untidiest room.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0915\u094b \u0909\u0938 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0930\u0916\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u0939\u0940 \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f, \u0905\u0924\u0903 \u092e\u093e\u092a\u0928\u093e, \u092c\u093f\u0920\u093e\u0928\u093e, \u092a\u0930\u0916\u0928\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u0936\u094b\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u0938\u092d\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u0935\u0939\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0940 \u0926\u094b \u092d\u0942\u092e\u093f\u0915\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u0935\u0948\u0927 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0947 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0915\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0941 \u0924\u0940\u0938\u0930\u0940 \u0935\u0939\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u091b\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u0909\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u092e\u092f \u0932\u0917\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u0930\u0939\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n\r\n <details class=\"mcq-q\"><summary><span class=\"mcq-num\">8<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">A class copies a life-cycle diagram from the textbook and colours it carefully. This is<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u092a\u0941\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0915 \u0938\u0947 \u091c\u0940\u0935\u0928-\u091a\u0915\u094d\u0930 \u0906\u0930\u0947\u0916 \u0915\u0940 \u0928\u0915\u0932 \u0915\u0930 \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0935\u0927\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u0930\u0902\u0917\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/span><\/summary>\r\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\r\n <li>(a) <span class=\"en\">art-integrated learning, since art has been used in a science lesson<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u0932\u093e-\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0915\u093f\u0924 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e, \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u0935\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u0920 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u0932\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u0941\u0908<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(b) <span class=\"en\">decoration, since the subject objective could be reached without doing the art<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u091c\u094d\u091c\u093e, \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u0915\u0932\u093e \u0915\u093f\u090f \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f-\u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f \u0924\u0915 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0925\u093e<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(c) <span class=\"en\">experiential learning, since the learners were active<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u0928\u0941\u092d\u0935\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e, \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0938\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f \u0925\u0947<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(d) <span class=\"en\">guided play, since the teacher set the goal<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u093f\u0924 \u0916\u0947\u0932, \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0928\u0947 \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u092f \u0924\u092f \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\"><b>(b).<\/b> <span class=\"en\">Integration requires that the art be the vehicle through which the subject objective is reached. Copying a finished diagram leaves no decision to make about what to show or leave out, so the sequence is never forced to be understood. The test to apply to any such case is whether the objective could have been reached without the art.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0915\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0915\u0932\u093e \u0935\u0939 \u0935\u093e\u0939\u0928 \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f-\u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f \u0924\u0915 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a\u093e \u091c\u093e\u090f\u0964 \u0924\u0948\u092f\u093e\u0930 \u0906\u0930\u0947\u0916 \u0915\u0940 \u0928\u0915\u0932 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092f\u0939 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0923\u092f \u0939\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u092c\u091a\u0924\u093e \u0915\u093f \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0926\u093f\u0916\u093e\u0928\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u091b\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0928\u093e, \u0905\u0924\u0903 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u0915\u094b \u0938\u092e\u091d\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u092c\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u0924\u093e \u0915\u092d\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0906\u0924\u0940\u0964 \u0910\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092d\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u092a\u0930 \u0932\u093e\u0917\u0942 \u0915\u0938\u094c\u091f\u0940 \u092f\u0939 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0932\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f \u0924\u0915 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0925\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n\r\n <details class=\"mcq-q\"><summary><span class=\"mcq-num\">9<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">The proposal that instruction should be matched to a learner's measured learning style is best described as<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092f\u0939 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935 \u0915\u093f \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0926\u0947\u0936\u0928 \u0915\u094b \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u092e\u093e\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e \u0936\u0948\u0932\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u093e\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u090f, \u0907\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u094b\u0924\u094d\u0924\u092e \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0923\u0928 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/span><\/summary>\r\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\r\n <li>(a) <span class=\"en\">the central claim of Kolb's cycle<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u094b\u0932\u094d\u092c \u0915\u0947 \u091a\u0915\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0926\u093e\u0935\u093e<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(b) <span class=\"en\">a further claim that has not survived testing, and which the cycle does not require<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u090f\u0915 \u0906\u0917\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u0926\u093e\u0935\u093e \u091c\u094b \u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u091f\u093f\u0915\u093e, \u0914\u0930 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u091a\u0915\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u094b \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(c) <span class=\"en\">an established finding on which activity-based learning depends<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u090f\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0937 \u091c\u093f\u0938 \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e-\u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092d\u0930 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(d) <span class=\"en\">Parten's contribution to the study of play<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0916\u0947\u0932 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092f\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u093e\u0930\u094d\u091f\u0947\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u092f\u094b\u0917\u0926\u093e\u0928<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\"><b>(b).<\/b> <span class=\"en\">When learners are taught in the style their inventory assigns and also in another, the matched group does not reliably do better. The cycle itself is untouched by this, since it claims that all four operations are needed by every learner rather than that different learners need different ones \u2014 a distinction worth stating explicitly in an answer.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u091c\u092c \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0940 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0924 \u0936\u0948\u0932\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0936\u0948\u0932\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0922\u093c\u093e\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u092c \u092e\u093f\u0932\u093e\u0928 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e \u0938\u092e\u0942\u0939 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0935\u0938\u0928\u0940\u092f \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0947\u0939\u0924\u0930 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e\u0964 \u091a\u0915\u094d\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u0907\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0905\u091b\u0942\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u0909\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0926\u093e\u0935\u093e \u092f\u0939 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0915\u094b \u091a\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f, \u0928 \u0915\u093f \u092f\u0939 \u0915\u093f \u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u2014 \u0914\u0930 \u092f\u0939 \u092d\u0947\u0926 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u092a\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0939\u0928\u0947 \u092f\u094b\u0917\u094d\u092f \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n\r\n <details class=\"mcq-q\"><summary><span class=\"mcq-num\">10<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">Piaget's classification of play and Parten's classification differ in that<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u093f\u092f\u093e\u091c\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u0916\u0947\u0932-\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u093e\u0930\u094d\u091f\u0947\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0907\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0915\u093f<\/span><\/span><\/summary>\r\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\r\n <li>(a) <span class=\"en\">Piaget's is by social form and Parten's by cognitive form<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u093f\u092f\u093e\u091c\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u091c\u093f\u0915 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u093e\u0930\u094d\u091f\u0947\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0902\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(b) <span class=\"en\">Piaget's is by cognitive form and Parten's by social form<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u093f\u092f\u093e\u091c\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0902\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u093e\u0930\u094d\u091f\u0947\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u091c\u093f\u0915 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(c) <span class=\"en\">both classify by age, but use different age bands<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0906\u092f\u0941 \u0938\u0947 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0940\u0915\u0943\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0915\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0941 \u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0906\u092f\u0941-\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0917 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(d) <span class=\"en\">Parten's applies only to indoor play<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u093e\u0930\u094d\u091f\u0947\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u092d\u0940\u0924\u0930\u0940 \u0916\u0947\u0932 \u092a\u0930 \u0932\u093e\u0917\u0942 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\"><b>(b).<\/b> <span class=\"en\">Piaget's practice play, symbolic play and games with rules describe what the mind is doing; Parten's six stages describe how the child stands in relation to others. The two are independent, so a child engaged in symbolic play may be at any of Parten's stages \u2014 which is why treating them as a single ladder is the error the item is testing.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u093f\u092f\u093e\u091c\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u092d\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938 \u0916\u0947\u0932, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u0940\u0915\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0916\u0947\u0932 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e-\u0938\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u0916\u0947\u0932 \u092f\u0939 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0923\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0915\u093f \u092e\u0928 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0930 \u0930\u0939\u093e \u0939\u0948; \u092a\u093e\u0930\u094d\u091f\u0947\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u091b\u0939 \u0905\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u092f\u0939 \u0915\u093f \u092c\u093e\u0932\u0915 \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0915\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0916\u0921\u093c\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0905\u0924\u0903 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u0940\u0915\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0916\u0947\u0932 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u0932\u0917\u094d\u0928 \u092c\u093e\u0932\u0915 \u092a\u093e\u0930\u094d\u091f\u0947\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092d\u0940 \u0905\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u092a\u0930 \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u0914\u0930 \u0907\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u090f\u0915 \u0939\u0940 \u0938\u0940\u0922\u093c\u0940 \u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0932\u0947\u0928\u093e \u0935\u0939\u0940 \u0924\u094d\u0930\u0941\u091f\u093f \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u092f\u0939 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0932\u0947 \u0930\u0939\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <\/section>\r\n<!--\/CH9-->\r\n<!--CH10--><section class=\"chapter-content\" data-chap=\"10\" id=\"c10\">\r\n <div class=\"chapter-heading-block\">\r\n <span class=\"chapter-badge\"><span class=\"en\">CHAPTER 10<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f 10<\/span><\/span>\r\n <h2><span class=\"en\">Pedagogical Content Knowledge and TPACK<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u091f\u0940\u092a\u0948\u0915<\/span><\/h2>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"keyfact-grid\">\r\n <div class=\"keyfact-card navy-hi\">\r\n <span class=\"big-icon\">📚<\/span>\r\n <div class=\"kf-label\"><span class=\"en\">The missing paradigm<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0932\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0928<\/span><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"kf-value\">Shulman \u00b7 1986<\/div>\r\n <div class=\"kf-sub\"><span class=\"en\">Content and pedagogy had been studied apart<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092a\u0943\u0925\u0915\u094d \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092f\u0928 \u0915\u093f\u090f \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0930\u0939\u0947<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div class=\"keyfact-card amber-hi\">\r\n <span class=\"big-icon\">⭐<\/span>\r\n <div class=\"kf-label\"><span class=\"en\">Categories of knowledge<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u0936\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0923\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901<\/span><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"kf-value\">Seven<\/div>\r\n <div class=\"kf-sub\"><span class=\"en\">Of which one belongs to teachers alone<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u091c\u093f\u0928\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u090f\u0915 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div class=\"keyfact-card teal-hi\">\r\n <span class=\"big-icon\">🔑<\/span>\r\n <div class=\"kf-label\"><span class=\"en\">TPACK<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u091f\u0940\u092a\u0948\u0915<\/span><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"kf-value\">Mishra & Koehler \u00b7 2006<\/div>\r\n <div class=\"kf-sub\"><span class=\"en\">Technology added to Shulman's amalgam, not beside it<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u0936\u0941\u0932\u092e\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0930\u0923 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0940 \u0917\u0908, \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0917\u0932 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div class=\"keyfact-card\">\r\n <span class=\"big-icon\">🔄<\/span>\r\n <div class=\"kf-label\"><span class=\"en\">Reasoning and action<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0924\u0930\u094d\u0915\u0923 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e<\/span><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"kf-value\">Six stages<\/div>\r\n <div class=\"kf-sub\"><span class=\"en\">Comprehension through to a new comprehension<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092c\u094b\u0927 \u0938\u0947 \u0932\u0947\u0915\u0930 \u0928\u090f \u092c\u094b\u0927 \u0924\u0915<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <p><span class=\"en\">Two teachers may know a subject equally well and teach it with unequal success, and the difference is not general teaching skill either, since the same two may be reversed on a different topic. Lee Shulman named what lies between: a form of knowledge that is neither the subject nor pedagogy but the join between them, held topic by topic, and belonging to teachers rather than to subject specialists or to educationists. This chapter sets out that idea, the six-stage process by which it is exercised, and the extension of it that brings technology inside rather than adding it alongside.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0926\u094b \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f \u0915\u094b \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0928 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0938\u092b\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0922\u093c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0914\u0930 \u092f\u0939 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923-\u0915\u094c\u0936\u0932 \u0915\u093e \u092d\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u0948, \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u092a\u0930 \u0935\u0939\u0940 \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0909\u0932\u091f \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0932\u0940 \u0936\u0941\u0932\u092e\u0928 \u0928\u0947 \u0909\u0938 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093e\u092e\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u094b \u092c\u0940\u091a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u0948: \u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u0910\u0938\u093e \u0930\u0942\u092a \u091c\u094b \u0928 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f \u0939\u0948 \u0928 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930, \u0905\u092a\u093f\u0924\u0941 \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u0915\u093e \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c, \u091c\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u0930\u0923-\u0926\u0930-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u091c\u094b \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f-\u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937\u091c\u094d\u091e\u094b\u0902 \u092f\u093e \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0935\u093f\u0926\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f \u0909\u0938 \u0935\u093f\u091a\u093e\u0930, \u0909\u0938 \u091b\u0939-\u091a\u0930\u0923\u0940\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0935\u0939 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0909\u0938 \u0935\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u0915\u094b \u092c\u0917\u0932 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u091c\u093e\u092f \u092d\u0940\u0924\u0930 \u0932\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"feat-grid\">\r\n <div class=\"feat-card\"><span class=\"fc-num\">1<\/span><strong><span class=\"en\">What does a teacher know?<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948?<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"en\">Seven categories, of which six are shared with other professions and one is not.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u093e\u0924 \u0936\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0923\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901, \u091c\u093f\u0928\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091b\u0939 \u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u093e\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0938\u093e\u091d\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u090f\u0915 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"feat-card\"><span class=\"fc-num\">2<\/span><strong><span class=\"en\">Why is it held topic by topic?<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092f\u0939 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u0930\u0923-\u0926\u0930-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948?<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"en\">Because the difficulties, the misconceptions and the useful analogies are different for every topic, and do not transfer.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u0915\u0920\u093f\u0928\u093e\u0907\u092f\u093e\u0901, \u092d\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0924\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0940 \u0938\u093e\u0926\u0943\u0936\u094d\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"feat-card\"><span class=\"fc-num\">3<\/span><strong><span class=\"en\">How is content transformed?<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948?<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"en\">By preparation, representation, selection and tailoring \u2014 the four sub-processes at the heart of the reasoning model.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0924\u0948\u092f\u093e\u0930\u0940, \u0928\u093f\u0930\u0942\u092a\u0923, \u091a\u092f\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0915\u0942\u0932\u0928 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u2014 \u0924\u0930\u094d\u0915\u0923 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0909\u092a-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u090f\u0901\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"feat-card\"><span class=\"fc-num\">4<\/span><strong><span class=\"en\">Where does technology sit?<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u0915\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u092c\u0948\u0920\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948?<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"en\">In the intersections. A device chosen without reference to the content it carries and the method it serves adds nothing.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u091a\u094d\u091b\u0947\u0926\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902\u0964 \u091c\u094b \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0909\u0938 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0930\u094d\u092d \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u091a\u0941\u0928\u093e \u091c\u093e\u090f \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u0935\u0939 \u0935\u0939\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0935\u0939 \u0915\u0941\u091b \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0924\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"p10-0\">\r\n <span class=\"section-badge\">10.0<\/span>\r\n <h3><span class=\"en\">Introduction<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u0930\u093f\u091a\u092f<\/span><\/h3>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <p><span class=\"en\">Shulman opened his 1986 paper by observing that research on teaching had divided into two camps that never met. One studied subject matter and left out the classroom; the other studied classroom process \u2014 questioning, time on task, management \u2014 and could describe a lesson in complete detail without once mentioning what was being taught. He called the gap between them the missing paradigm, and the whole of what follows is an attempt to fill it.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u0941\u0932\u092e\u0928 \u0928\u0947 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 1986 \u0915\u0947 \u0936\u094b\u0927\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u0906\u0930\u0902\u092d \u092f\u0939 \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0941\u090f \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u093f \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0940 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u0902\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u0926\u094b \u0910\u0938\u0947 \u0936\u093f\u0935\u093f\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0901\u091f \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0925\u093e \u091c\u094b \u0915\u092d\u0940 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964 \u090f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092f\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0925\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u094b \u091b\u094b\u0921\u093c \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0925\u093e; \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u093e \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u093e \u2014 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928\u0928, \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u092a\u0930 \u0938\u092e\u092f, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0928 \u2014 \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092a\u093e\u0920 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0935\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u0947 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0923\u0928 \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0925\u093e \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u090f\u0915 \u092c\u093e\u0930 \u092d\u0940 \u092f\u0939 \u092c\u0924\u093e\u090f \u0915\u093f \u092a\u0922\u093c\u093e\u092f\u093e \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0930\u0939\u093e \u0925\u093e\u0964 \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0939\u094b\u0902\u0928\u0947 \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093e\u0932 \u0915\u094b \u0932\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0939\u093e, \u0914\u0930 \u0906\u0917\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u092c \u0915\u0941\u091b \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u092d\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u093e\u0938 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"p10-1\">\r\n <span class=\"section-badge\">10.1<\/span>\r\n <h3><span class=\"en\">Shulman's Categories of Teacher Knowledge<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u0941\u0932\u092e\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915-\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u0936\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0923\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901<\/span><\/h3>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <svg class=\"full-diagram\" viewBox=\"0 0 560 302\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Shulman's seven categories of the teacher knowledge base\">\r\n<g font-family=\"DM Sans, Noto Sans Devanagari, sans-serif\" font-size=\"10.5\">\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"20\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"11\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#5a6d80\">SEVEN CATEGORIES OF THE TEACHER KNOWLEDGE BASE<\/text>\r\n\r\n <rect x=\"12\" y=\"34\" width=\"128\" height=\"76\" rx=\"9\" fill=\"#eef4fc\" stroke=\"#1f5fa9\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"76.0\" y=\"58\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\">CONTENT<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"76.0\" y=\"72\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\">KNOWLEDGE<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"76.0\" y=\"90\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">the subject itself,<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"76.0\" y=\"102\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">as a discipline<\/text>\r\n \r\n\r\n <rect x=\"148\" y=\"34\" width=\"128\" height=\"76\" rx=\"9\" fill=\"#eaf6ff\" stroke=\"#2f92d1\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"212.0\" y=\"58\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#2f92d1\">GENERAL<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"212.0\" y=\"72\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#2f92d1\">PEDAGOGY<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"212.0\" y=\"90\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">management and method<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"212.0\" y=\"102\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">across all subjects<\/text>\r\n \r\n\r\n <rect x=\"284\" y=\"34\" width=\"128\" height=\"76\" rx=\"9\" fill=\"#eefbf7\" stroke=\"#0d8f79\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"348.0\" y=\"58\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#0d8f79\">CURRICULUM<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"348.0\" y=\"72\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#0d8f79\">KNOWLEDGE<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"348.0\" y=\"90\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">programmes and materials,<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"348.0\" y=\"102\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">the tools of the trade<\/text>\r\n \r\n\r\n <rect x=\"420\" y=\"34\" width=\"128\" height=\"76\" rx=\"9\" fill=\"#faf6ff\" stroke=\"#6b3a8f\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"484.0\" y=\"58\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#6b3a8f\">LEARNERS<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"484.0\" y=\"72\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#6b3a8f\">AND THEIR TRAITS<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"484.0\" y=\"90\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">who is in the room<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"484.0\" y=\"102\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">and what they bring<\/text>\r\n \r\n\r\n <rect x=\"12\" y=\"126\" width=\"128\" height=\"76\" rx=\"9\" fill=\"#fdf0f5\" stroke=\"#8e2f5a\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"76.0\" y=\"150\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#8e2f5a\">EDUCATIONAL<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"76.0\" y=\"164\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#8e2f5a\">CONTEXTS<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"76.0\" y=\"182\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">from the group to the<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"76.0\" y=\"194\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">system and the community<\/text>\r\n \r\n\r\n <rect x=\"148\" y=\"126\" width=\"128\" height=\"76\" rx=\"9\" fill=\"#fbf4de\" stroke=\"#c2a010\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"212.0\" y=\"150\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#c2a010\">ENDS AND<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"212.0\" y=\"164\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#c2a010\">VALUES<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"212.0\" y=\"182\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">purposes, and their<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"212.0\" y=\"194\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">philosophical grounds<\/text>\r\n \r\n\r\n <rect x=\"284\" y=\"126\" width=\"264\" height=\"76\" rx=\"9\" fill=\"#fffaef\" stroke=\"#c9760f\" stroke-width=\"3\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"416.0\" y=\"150\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#c9760f\">PEDAGOGICAL CONTENT KNOWLEDGE<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"416.0\" y=\"164\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#c9760f\">the special amalgam of the two<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"416.0\" y=\"182\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">what makes this topic hard, and the representation<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"416.0\" y=\"194\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">that makes it comprehensible to this learner<\/text>\r\n <circle cx=\"532\" cy=\"142\" r=\"11\" fill=\"#c9760f\"\/><text x=\"532\" y=\"146\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#ffffff\">★<\/text>\r\n\r\n <rect x=\"12\" y=\"222\" width=\"536\" height=\"34\" rx=\"8\" fill=\"#f5f8fd\" stroke=\"#14243f\" stroke-width=\"1.6\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"237\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#14243f\">The starred category is the one Shulman called the missing paradigm<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"250\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">research had studied content and pedagogy separately and left the join between them unexamined<\/text>\r\n\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"278\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" fill=\"#5a6d80\">Shulman, 1986 and 1987 · the first three appear in the earlier paper, all seven in the later<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"294\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" font-style=\"italic\" fill=\"#5a6d80\">only the starred one belongs to teachers rather than to subject specialists or to educationists<\/text>\r\n<\/g><\/svg>\r\n <div class=\"diagram-cap\"><span class=\"en\">Six of the seven are held by somebody outside the profession; the starred one is not<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u093e\u0924\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u091b\u0939 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0928 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u093e\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0939\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u092d\u0940 \u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948; \u0924\u093e\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0915\u093f\u0924 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902<\/span><\/div>\r\n\r\n <p><span class=\"en\">Six of the seven are held by somebody outside the profession as well. A mathematician holds the content knowledge, a curriculum officer holds the curricular knowledge, a psychologist holds the knowledge of learners, and a philosopher of education holds the knowledge of ends. Only the amalgam is peculiar to teaching, and Shulman's argument is that a profession is defined by the knowledge nobody else has.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u093e\u0924\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u091b\u0939 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0928 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u093e\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0939\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u092d\u0940 \u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0917\u0923\u093f\u0924\u091c\u094d\u091e \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u091a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u091a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e \u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928, \u092e\u0928\u094b\u0935\u0948\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0940 \u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e-\u0926\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0936\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0940 \u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928\u0964 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u092f\u0939 \u092e\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0930\u0923 \u0939\u0940 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0940 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0936\u0941\u0932\u092e\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u0924\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u093e\u092f \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e \u0909\u0938 \u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u0938\u0947 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u0938 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"p10-2\">\r\n <span class=\"section-badge\">10.2<\/span>\r\n <h3><span class=\"en\">Pedagogical Content Knowledge<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928<\/span><\/h3>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <p><span class=\"en\">Shulman defined it as the ways of representing and formulating a subject that make it comprehensible to others, together with an understanding of what makes the learning of particular topics easy or difficult and of the conceptions learners of a given age bring with them. Two components are doing the work, and they are worth separating because they are acquired differently.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u0941\u0932\u092e\u0928 \u0928\u0947 \u0907\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u0942\u092a\u0923 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0909\u0928 \u0922\u0902\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u094b \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u092c\u094b\u0927\u0917\u092e\u094d\u092f \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0939\u0940 \u0907\u0938 \u092c\u094b\u0927 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u093f \u0935\u093f\u0936\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u0930\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e \u0915\u093f\u0938 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0938\u0930\u0932 \u092f\u093e \u0915\u0920\u093f\u0928 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0926\u0940 \u0917\u0908 \u0906\u092f\u0941 \u0915\u0947 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0915\u094c\u0928-\u0938\u0940 \u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0932\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0926\u094b \u0918\u091f\u0915 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0930 \u0930\u0939\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0943\u0925\u0915\u094d \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u0935\u0947 \u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0922\u0902\u0917 \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"table-scroll\">\r\n <table class=\"data-table\">\r\n <thead><tr>\r\n <th style=\"width:22%\"><span class=\"en\">Component<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0918\u091f\u0915<\/span><\/th>\r\n <th style=\"width:32%\"><span class=\"en\">What it consists of<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0907\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0938\u092e\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0932\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/th>\r\n <th style=\"width:24%\"><span class=\"en\">How it is acquired<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092f\u0939 \u0915\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/th>\r\n <th style=\"width:22%\"><span class=\"en\">Worked instance<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0943\u0924 \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923<\/span><\/th>\r\n <\/tr><\/thead>\r\n <tbody>\r\n <tr>\r\n <td><strong><span class=\"en\">Knowledge of what makes a topic hard<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u093f\u0938 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0920\u093f\u0928 \u0939\u0948, \u0907\u0938\u0915\u093e \u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\r\n <td><span class=\"en\">The predictable misconceptions, the point at which a class reliably stalls, and the prior idea that gets in the way.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0928\u0941\u092e\u0947\u092f \u092d\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0924\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901, \u0935\u0939 \u092c\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0941 \u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0935\u0938\u0928\u0940\u092f \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u091f\u0915\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0935\u0939 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935-\u0935\u093f\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u091c\u094b \u092c\u093e\u0927\u093e \u092c\u0928\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td>\r\n <td><span class=\"en\">Chiefly from having taught it and having looked at wrong answers as data rather than as failure.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f\u0924\u0903 \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0922\u093c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0917\u0932\u0924 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0935\u093f\u092b\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0928 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0915\u0930 \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u093e \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0915\u0930 \u0926\u0947\u0916\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947\u0964<\/span><\/td>\r\n <td><span class=\"en\">Learners hold that multiplication always makes larger, which fails as soon as a proper fraction is met.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0915\u093f \u0917\u0941\u0923\u0928 \u0938\u0926\u0948\u0935 \u092c\u0921\u093c\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u094b \u0909\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u092b\u0932 \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td>\r\n <\/tr>\r\n <tr>\r\n <td><strong><span class=\"en\">Knowledge of how to represent it<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u0942\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\r\n <td><span class=\"en\">A stock of analogies, examples, illustrations, demonstrations and explanations, each with its range of usefulness known.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u093e\u0926\u0943\u0936\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902, \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923\u094b\u0902, \u0926\u0943\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093e\u0902\u0924\u094b\u0902, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u092d\u0902\u0921\u093e\u0930, \u091c\u093f\u0928\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0915\u0940 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0924\u093e-\u092a\u0930\u093e\u0938 \u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0964<\/span><\/td>\r\n <td><span class=\"en\">From training, from colleagues, from textbooks and from deliberate collection over years.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0938\u0947, \u0938\u0939\u0915\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947, \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u092a\u0941\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0941\u0935\u093f\u091a\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u0902\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939 \u0938\u0947\u0964<\/span><\/td>\r\n <td><span class=\"en\">The area model of multiplication, which continues to hold when one side is less than one.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0917\u0941\u0923\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930\u092b\u0932 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0928, \u091c\u094b \u090f\u0915 \u092d\u0941\u091c\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u092e \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u092d\u0940 \u091f\u093f\u0915\u093e \u0930\u0939\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td>\r\n <\/tr>\r\n <\/tbody>\r\n <\/table>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"enrich-box\">\r\n <span class=\"enrich-stamp\"><span class=\"en\">Why the two components must be held together<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0918\u091f\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f<\/span><\/span>\r\n <h4><span class=\"en\">A representation is chosen against a difficulty, not in general<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0928\u093f\u0930\u0942\u092a\u0923 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0915\u0920\u093f\u0928\u093e\u0908 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u091a\u0941\u0928\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902<\/span><\/h4>\r\n <p><span class=\"en\">The repeated-addition account of multiplication is a good representation, and it is the reason a class comes to believe that multiplying makes larger. The belief is not carelessness; it is a correct generalisation from the only model the learners have been given. A teacher who knows the difficulty but not a second representation can only assert that the rule fails; a teacher who knows a second representation but not the difficulty will introduce the area model at a moment when nobody yet needs it and will find that it does not take. Pedagogical content knowledge is the pairing \u2014 this difficulty, and therefore this representation, introduced at this point.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0917\u0941\u0923\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u092c\u093e\u0930-\u092c\u093e\u0930 \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0935\u0930\u0923 \u090f\u0915 \u0905\u091a\u094d\u091b\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u0942\u092a\u0923 \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u0939\u0940 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u092f\u0939 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0928\u0947 \u0932\u0917\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0917\u0941\u0923\u0928 \u092c\u0921\u093c\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0924\u093e \u0905\u0938\u093e\u0935\u0927\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u0948; \u092f\u0939 \u0909\u0938 \u090f\u0915\u092e\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0938\u0939\u0940 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e\u0964 \u091c\u094b \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0915\u0920\u093f\u0928\u093e\u0908 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0941 \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u0942\u092a\u0923 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0935\u0939 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u092f\u0939 \u0915\u0939 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e \u0935\u093f\u092b\u0932 \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948; \u091c\u094b \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u0942\u092a\u0923 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u0920\u093f\u0928\u093e\u0908 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0935\u0939 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930\u092b\u0932 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0910\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0917\u093e \u091c\u092c \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0915\u094b \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u093e\u090f\u0917\u093e \u0915\u093f \u0935\u0939 \u091f\u093f\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u092f\u0939\u0940 \u092f\u0941\u0917\u094d\u092e\u0928 \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u092f\u0939 \u0915\u0920\u093f\u0928\u093e\u0908, \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u0924\u0903 \u092f\u0939 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u0942\u092a\u0923, \u0907\u0938 \u092c\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0941 \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924\u0964<\/span><\/p>\r\n <p><span class=\"en\">This is also why the knowledge does not transfer across topics. A teacher with an excellent repertoire for fractions holds none of it for photosynthesis, and a teacher moving from one grade to another loses a good deal of what made the previous year go well. The practical consequence for a school is that the useful unit of professional sharing is not a general workshop on method but a record, topic by topic, of what went wrong and what fixed it.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0907\u0938\u0940\u0932\u093f\u090f \u092f\u0939 \u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u0930\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u092d\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e\u0964 \u091c\u093f\u0938 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u0938 \u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0915\u0943\u0937\u094d\u091f \u092d\u0902\u0921\u093e\u0930 \u0939\u0948 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0936-\u0938\u0902\u0936\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0937\u0923 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0909\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0941\u091b \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0914\u0930 \u090f\u0915 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u093e \u092c\u0921\u093c\u093e \u092d\u093e\u0917 \u0916\u094b \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u093f\u091b\u0932\u0947 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937 \u0915\u094b \u0905\u091a\u094d\u091b\u093e \u092c\u0928\u093e\u092f\u093e \u0925\u093e\u0964 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e \u092f\u0939 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0935\u0938\u093e\u092f\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u091d\u093e\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0940 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0940 \u0907\u0915\u093e\u0908 \u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f \u092a\u0930 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u0936\u093e\u0932\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0905\u092a\u093f\u0924\u0941 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u0930\u0923-\u0926\u0930-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u092f\u0939 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0932\u0947\u0916 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0917\u0932\u0924 \u0939\u0941\u0906 \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0920\u0940\u0915 \u0939\u0941\u0906\u0964<\/span><\/p>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"p10-3\">\r\n <span class=\"section-badge\">10.3<\/span>\r\n <h3><span class=\"en\">The TPACK Framework<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u091f\u0940\u092a\u0948\u0915 \u0922\u093e\u0901\u091a\u093e<\/span><\/h3>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <p><span class=\"en\">Punya Mishra and Matthew Koehler extended Shulman's account in 2006 by adding technology as a third body of knowledge rather than as an accessory to the other two. The framework is usually drawn as three overlapping circles, and its whole argument lies in the overlaps: a device is pedagogically useful only where what it can do, what the content requires and how the class is to be taught coincide.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u0941\u0923\u094d\u092f \u092e\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0930\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092e\u0948\u0925\u094d\u092f\u0942 \u0915\u094b\u0939\u0932\u0930 \u0928\u0947 2006 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0936\u0941\u0932\u092e\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0935\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u0915\u094b \u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0926\u094b \u0915\u0947 \u0909\u092a\u0938\u093e\u0927\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0905\u092a\u093f\u0924\u0941 \u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0924\u0940\u0938\u0930\u0947 \u092a\u093f\u0902\u0921 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0915\u0930 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0964 \u0907\u0938 \u0922\u093e\u0901\u091a\u0947 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092f\u0903 \u0924\u0940\u0928 \u0905\u0924\u093f\u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u0940 \u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0924\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0905\u0924\u093f\u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u0940 \u0928\u093f\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948: \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0926\u0943\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093f \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0935\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0935\u0939 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u092e\u093e\u0901\u0917\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0915\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0922\u093c\u093e\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0928\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u092f\u0947 \u0924\u0940\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u094b\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n <svg class=\"full-diagram\" viewBox=\"0 0 560 404\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"The TPACK framework of overlapping technological, pedagogical and content knowledge\">\r\n<g font-family=\"DM Sans, Noto Sans Devanagari, sans-serif\" font-size=\"10.5\">\r\n <ellipse cx=\"280\" cy=\"196\" rx=\"232\" ry=\"182\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#5a6d80\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-dasharray=\"8 5\"\/>\r\n <circle cx=\"280\" cy=\"140\" r=\"108\" fill=\"#c9760f\" fill-opacity=\"0.16\" stroke=\"#c9760f\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <circle cx=\"196\" cy=\"236\" r=\"108\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\" fill-opacity=\"0.16\" stroke=\"#1f5fa9\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <circle cx=\"364\" cy=\"236\" r=\"108\" fill=\"#0d8f79\" fill-opacity=\"0.16\" stroke=\"#0d8f79\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"58\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"12\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#c9760f\">TK<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"72\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#c9760f\">technological<\/text>\r\n\r\n <text x=\"150\" y=\"298\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"12\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\">PK<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"150\" y=\"312\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\">pedagogical<\/text>\r\n\r\n <text x=\"410\" y=\"298\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"12\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#0d8f79\">CK<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"410\" y=\"312\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#0d8f79\">content<\/text>\r\n\r\n <text x=\"192\" y=\"172\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#14243f\">TPK<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"368\" y=\"172\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#14243f\">TCK<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"298\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#14243f\">PCK<\/text>\r\n\r\n <circle cx=\"280\" cy=\"212\" r=\"34\" fill=\"#14243f\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"210\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"11\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#ffd970\">TPACK<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"224\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7\" fill=\"#ffffff\">all three at once<\/text>\r\n\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"368\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#5a6d80\">CONTEXTS<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"392\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" fill=\"#5a6d80\">Mishra and Koehler, 2006 · the dashed boundary is part of the framework, not a border<\/text>\r\n<\/g><\/svg>\r\n <div class=\"diagram-cap\"><span class=\"en\">The value is in the overlaps, and the dashed boundary carries the claim that no solution is universal<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092e\u0942\u0932\u094d\u092f \u0905\u0924\u093f\u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092c\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0941\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0927\u093f \u092f\u0939 \u0926\u093e\u0935\u093e \u0935\u0939\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u0938\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0935\u092d\u094c\u092e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902<\/span><\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"table-scroll\">\r\n <table class=\"data-table\">\r\n <thead><tr>\r\n <th class=\"narrow\"><span class=\"en\">Region<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930<\/span><\/th>\r\n <th style=\"width:34%\"><span class=\"en\">What it names<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092f\u0939 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u0928\u093e\u092e \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/th>\r\n <th style=\"width:36%\"><span class=\"en\">In practice<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902<\/span><\/th>\r\n <th style=\"width:22%\"><span class=\"en\">Failure without it<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0907\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0935\u093f\u092b\u0932\u0924\u093e<\/span><\/th>\r\n <\/tr><\/thead>\r\n <tbody>\r\n <tr><td class=\"mono\">TK<\/td><td><span class=\"en\">What a tool can do and what it cannot, including tools not yet met.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0909\u0928 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u091c\u094b \u0905\u092d\u0940 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0947 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Knowing that a spreadsheet recalculates, so a change in one figure shows its effect everywhere at once.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092f\u0939 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0928\u093e \u0915\u093f \u0938\u094d\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0921\u0936\u0940\u091f \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0923\u0928\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0905\u0924\u0903 \u090f\u0915 \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0926\u093f\u0916\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">The tool is used for a task it is bad at.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0910\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u0939 \u0926\u0941\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0932 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td class=\"mono\">TCK<\/td><td><span class=\"en\">How a technology changes what can be represented in a subject.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u094b\u0908 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u0942\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Dynamic geometry lets a shape be dragged, so a property that survives the dragging is seen to be general.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0917\u0924\u093f\u0936\u0940\u0932 \u091c\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0924\u093f \u0906\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f \u0915\u094b \u0916\u0940\u0902\u091a\u0928\u0947 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0905\u0924\u0903 \u091c\u094b \u0917\u0941\u0923 \u0916\u093f\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0935 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u091a\u093e \u0930\u0939\u0947 \u0935\u0939 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0926\u093f\u0916\u0928\u0947 \u0932\u0917\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">The screen shows what the board already showed.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u094d\u0915\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0928 \u0935\u0939\u0940 \u0926\u093f\u0916\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0936\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092e\u092a\u091f \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0939\u0940 \u0926\u093f\u0916\u093e \u091a\u0941\u0915\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td class=\"mono\">TPK<\/td><td><span class=\"en\">How a technology changes what a teaching method can do.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u094b\u0908 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e\u0924\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0915\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">A polling tool makes every learner commit to an answer, which a show of hands does not.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092e\u0924\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0915\u094b \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092c\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0915\u0930\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u094b \u0939\u093e\u0925 \u0909\u0920\u0935\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">The method is unchanged and the device is decoration.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f \u0905\u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0924 \u0930\u0939\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0938\u091c\u094d\u091c\u093e \u092c\u0928 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td class=\"mono\">TPACK<\/td><td><span class=\"en\">The judgement that this tool, for this content, with this class, is worth the time it costs.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092f\u0939 \u0935\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0915 \u0915\u093f \u092f\u0939 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923, \u0907\u0938 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941, \u0907\u0938 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925, \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0940 \u0938\u092e\u092f-\u0932\u093e\u0917\u0924 \u0915\u0947 \u092f\u094b\u0917\u094d\u092f \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Choosing the dragging demonstration for the topic where a static figure misleads, and not for the rest.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0909\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0916\u093f\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0935-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u0928 \u091a\u0941\u0928\u0928\u093e \u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0930 \u0906\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f \u092d\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0936\u0947\u0937 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Technology is adopted uniformly and evaluated by how much it is used.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u090f\u0915\u0930\u0942\u092a \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u093e\u0908 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0909\u0938\u0915\u093e \u092e\u0942\u0932\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0915\u0928 \u0907\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0935\u0939 \u0915\u093f\u0924\u0928\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u0941\u0908\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <\/tbody>\r\n <\/table>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"callout red\">\r\n <div class=\"callout-label\"><span class=\"en\">The dashed boundary is not decoration<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092c\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0941\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0927\u093f \u0938\u091c\u094d\u091c\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/div>\r\n <span class=\"en\">Mishra and Koehler drew a broken circle around the diagram and labelled it contexts, and the point they were making with it is the one most often dropped when the framework is reproduced. Their claim is that there is no single technological solution that applies to every teacher, every course or every view of teaching. What counts as TPACK in a room with one shared device and an unreliable supply is a different body of knowledge from what counts as TPACK where every learner has a screen. A recommendation stated without its context has left out the part of the framework that made it a framework.<\/span>\r\n <span class=\"hi\">\u092e\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0930\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0915\u094b\u0939\u0932\u0930 \u0928\u0947 \u0906\u0930\u0947\u0916 \u0915\u0947 \u091a\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0913\u0930 \u091f\u0942\u091f\u093e \u0939\u0941\u0906 \u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0915\u0930 \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0930\u094d\u092d \u0928\u093e\u092e \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e, \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u0947 \u0909\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u091c\u094b \u092c\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0941 \u092c\u0928\u093e \u0930\u0939\u0947 \u0925\u0947 \u0935\u0939\u0940 \u0922\u093e\u0901\u091a\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u0941\u0924\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u091b\u094b\u0921\u093c\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0909\u0928\u0915\u093e \u0926\u093e\u0935\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0910\u0938\u093e \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u090f\u0915\u0932 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u091c\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0926\u0943\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093f \u092a\u0930 \u0932\u093e\u0917\u0942 \u0939\u094b\u0964 \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u091d\u093e \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0905\u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0935\u0938\u0928\u0940\u092f \u0906\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091c\u094b \u091f\u0940\u092a\u0948\u0915 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0935\u0939 \u0909\u0938 \u091f\u0940\u092a\u0948\u0915 \u0938\u0947 \u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928-\u0930\u093e\u0936\u093f \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0935\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u0938 \u0938\u094d\u0915\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0928 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u091c\u094b \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924\u093f \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0930\u094d\u092d \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0915\u0939\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u090f \u0909\u0938\u0928\u0947 \u0922\u093e\u0901\u091a\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u0939\u0940 \u092d\u093e\u0917 \u091b\u094b\u0921\u093c \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0928\u0947 \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0922\u093e\u0901\u091a\u093e \u092c\u0928\u093e\u092f\u093e \u0925\u093e\u0964<\/span>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"p10-4\">\r\n <span class=\"section-badge\">10.4<\/span>\r\n <h3><span class=\"en\">Representation and Transformation of Content<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u0942\u092a\u0923 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0930\u0942\u092a\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930\u0923<\/span><\/h3>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <p><span class=\"en\">Shulman's model of pedagogical reasoning and action describes what a teacher actually does with a body of content between reading it and being finished with it. The model is a cycle of six stages, and the second is the one where teaching is made rather than merely delivered.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u0941\u0932\u092e\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0924\u0930\u094d\u0915\u0923 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092f\u0939 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0923\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0930\u093e\u0936\u093f \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0922\u093c\u0928\u0947 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0909\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u092a\u091f \u0932\u0947\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924\u0903 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u091b\u0939 \u0905\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u091a\u0915\u094d\u0930 \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u0940 \u0935\u0939\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e, \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n <svg class=\"full-diagram\" viewBox=\"0 0 560 348\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Shulman's model of pedagogical reasoning and action\">\r\n<defs><marker id=\"pr\" markerWidth=\"10\" markerHeight=\"10\" refX=\"8\" refY=\"3.5\" orient=\"auto\">\r\n<path d=\"M0,0 L0,7 L9,3.5 z\" fill=\"#c8d5e3\"\/><\/marker><\/defs>\r\n<g font-family=\"DM Sans, Noto Sans Devanagari, sans-serif\" font-size=\"10.5\">\r\n <g fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#dde5ee\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" marker-end=\"url(#pr)\">\r\n <path d=\"M352 52 C382 60, 400 74, 406 84\"\/>\r\n <path d=\"M410 136 L410 190\"\/>\r\n <path d=\"M406 248 C400 262, 380 278, 352 288\"\/>\r\n <path d=\"M208 292 C182 282, 162 264, 156 250\"\/>\r\n <path d=\"M150 196 L150 142\"\/>\r\n <path d=\"M156 84 C164 68, 184 56, 208 50\"\/>\r\n <\/g>\r\n\r\n <rect x=\"210\" y=\"24\" width=\"140\" height=\"46\" rx=\"9\" fill=\"#eef4fc\" stroke=\"#1f5fa9\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"42\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\">COMPREHENSION<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"57\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">of purposes and of the subject<\/text>\r\n <rect x=\"340\" y=\"90\" width=\"140\" height=\"46\" rx=\"9\" fill=\"#fffaef\" stroke=\"#c9760f\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"410\" y=\"108\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#c9760f\">TRANSFORMATION<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"410\" y=\"123\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">prepare, represent, select, tailor<\/text>\r\n <rect x=\"340\" y=\"198\" width=\"140\" height=\"46\" rx=\"9\" fill=\"#eaf6ff\" stroke=\"#2f92d1\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"410\" y=\"216\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#2f92d1\">INSTRUCTION<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"410\" y=\"231\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">the act, with all its management<\/text>\r\n <rect x=\"210\" y=\"264\" width=\"140\" height=\"46\" rx=\"9\" fill=\"#eefbf7\" stroke=\"#0d8f79\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"282\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#0d8f79\">EVALUATION<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"297\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">of learning and of the teaching<\/text>\r\n <rect x=\"80\" y=\"198\" width=\"140\" height=\"46\" rx=\"9\" fill=\"#fdf0f5\" stroke=\"#8e2f5a\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"150\" y=\"216\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#8e2f5a\">REFLECTION<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"150\" y=\"231\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">reviewing and reconstructing<\/text>\r\n <rect x=\"80\" y=\"90\" width=\"140\" height=\"46\" rx=\"9\" fill=\"#faf6ff\" stroke=\"#6b3a8f\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"150\" y=\"108\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#6b3a8f\">NEW COMPREHENSION<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"150\" y=\"123\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">of purposes, subject and self<\/text>\r\n <circle cx=\"280\" cy=\"166\" r=\"46\" fill=\"#f5f8fd\" stroke=\"#14243f\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"160\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#14243f\">PEDAGOGICAL<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"174\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#14243f\">REASONING<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"188\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7\" fill=\"#5a6d80\">Shulman, 1987<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"338\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" fill=\"#5a6d80\">the cycle does not return to where it began: what is comprehended at the end is not what was comprehended at the start<\/text>\r\n<\/g><\/svg>\r\n <div class=\"diagram-cap\"><span class=\"en\">Six stages, ending not where it began but at a comprehension altered by having taught<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u091b\u0939 \u0905\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u090f\u0901, \u091c\u094b \u0935\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0906\u0930\u0902\u092d \u0939\u0941\u0908\u0902, \u0905\u092a\u093f\u0924\u0941 \u092a\u0922\u093c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0924 \u092c\u094b\u0927 \u092a\u0930 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902<\/span><\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"flow-wrap\">\r\n <div class=\"flow-note\"><span class=\"en\">Transformation, opened out. These four are the sub-processes Shulman placed inside the second stage, and they are where pedagogical content knowledge is actually spent.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0930\u0942\u092a\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930\u0923, \u0935\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u0947\u0964 \u092f\u0947 \u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0935\u0947 \u0909\u092a-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u091c\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u0936\u0941\u0932\u092e\u0928 \u0928\u0947 \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u0940 \u0905\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u092d\u0940\u0924\u0930 \u0930\u0916\u093e, \u0914\u0930 \u092f\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924\u0903 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u092f \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"flow-steps\">\r\n <div class=\"flow-step\"><div class=\"fs-num\">1<\/div><div class=\"fs-body\"><strong><span class=\"en\">Preparation<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0924\u0948\u092f\u093e\u0930\u0940<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"fs-sub\"><span class=\"en\">The text is read critically, its structure identified, its errors and omissions noticed, and the parts to be dropped decided. A textbook chapter is a source, not a plan.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u093e\u0920 \u0906\u0932\u094b\u091a\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0922\u093c\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e \u092a\u0939\u091a\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u0924\u094d\u0930\u0941\u091f\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0932\u094b\u092a \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u091b\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u092d\u093e\u0917 \u0924\u092f \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u092a\u0941\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0915 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f \u0938\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0924 \u0939\u0948, \u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/div><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"flow-step\"><div class=\"fs-num\">2<\/div><div class=\"fs-body\"><strong><span class=\"en\">Representation<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0928\u093f\u0930\u0942\u092a\u0923<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"fs-sub\"><span class=\"en\">Analogies, metaphors, examples, demonstrations and explanations are assembled \u2014 the ideas are turned into forms that can be met by someone who does not yet hold them.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u093e\u0926\u0943\u0936\u094d\u092f, \u0930\u0942\u092a\u0915, \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u090f\u0915\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u2014 \u0935\u093f\u091a\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0910\u0938\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0926\u0932\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0928\u0938\u0947 \u0935\u0939 \u092e\u093f\u0932 \u0938\u0915\u0947 \u091c\u094b \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u092d\u0940 \u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/div><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"flow-step\"><div class=\"fs-num\">3<\/div><div class=\"fs-body\"><strong><span class=\"en\">Selection<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u091a\u092f\u0928<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"fs-sub\"><span class=\"en\">A method is chosen from a repertoire \u2014 exposition, inquiry, group investigation, demonstration \u2014 against the objective in hand rather than by preference.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u0902\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f \u091a\u0941\u0928\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e, \u0905\u0928\u094d\u0935\u0947\u0937\u0923, \u0938\u092e\u0942\u0939 \u0905\u0928\u094d\u0935\u0947\u0937\u0923, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u0928 \u2014 \u091c\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924 \u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0939\u094b, \u0935\u0930\u0940\u092f\u0924\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/div><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"flow-step\"><div class=\"fs-num\">4<\/div><div class=\"fs-body\"><strong><span class=\"en\">Adaptation and tailoring<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u0928\u0941\u0915\u0942\u0932\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0930\u0942\u092a\u0923<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"fs-sub\"><span class=\"en\">Adaptation fits the material to learners in general; tailoring fits it to these learners, whose prior conceptions, language and attainment the teacher already knows.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u0928\u0941\u0915\u0942\u0932\u0928 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0930\u0942\u092a \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948; \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0930\u0942\u092a\u0923 \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0907\u0928 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0930\u0942\u092a, \u091c\u093f\u0928\u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935-\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923\u093e\u090f\u0901, \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0909\u092a\u0932\u092c\u094d\u0927\u093f \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/div><\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <svg class=\"full-diagram\" viewBox=\"0 0 560 344\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"One idea held in four representations with translation between them\">\r\n<g font-family=\"DM Sans, Noto Sans Devanagari, sans-serif\" font-size=\"10.5\">\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"18\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"11\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#5a6d80\">ONE IDEA, FOUR REPRESENTATIONS<\/text>\r\n\r\n <rect x=\"20\" y=\"34\" width=\"152\" height=\"70\" rx=\"9\" fill=\"#eefbf7\" stroke=\"#0d8f79\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"96\" y=\"54\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#0d8f79\">CONCRETE<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"96\" y=\"76\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"15\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#0d8f79\">●●●<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"96\" y=\"94\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">a roti divided and shared<\/text>\r\n\r\n <rect x=\"388\" y=\"34\" width=\"152\" height=\"70\" rx=\"9\" fill=\"#eaf6ff\" stroke=\"#2f92d1\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"464\" y=\"54\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#2f92d1\">PICTORIAL<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"464\" y=\"76\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"15\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#2f92d1\">▤<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"464\" y=\"94\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">a bar or a circle shaded<\/text>\r\n\r\n <rect x=\"20\" y=\"212\" width=\"152\" height=\"70\" rx=\"9\" fill=\"#fffaef\" stroke=\"#c9760f\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"96\" y=\"232\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#c9760f\">VERBAL<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"96\" y=\"254\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"15\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#c9760f\">“”<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"96\" y=\"272\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">one part of three equal parts<\/text>\r\n\r\n <rect x=\"388\" y=\"212\" width=\"152\" height=\"70\" rx=\"9\" fill=\"#eef4fc\" stroke=\"#1f5fa9\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"464\" y=\"232\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\">SYMBOLIC<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"464\" y=\"254\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"15\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\">1\/3<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"464\" y=\"272\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">the written numeral<\/text>\r\n\r\n <rect x=\"204\" y=\"122\" width=\"152\" height=\"72\" rx=\"10\" fill=\"#14243f\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"150\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"11\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#ffd970\">ONE THIRD<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"168\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#ffffff\">the idea itself, held<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"181\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#ffffff\">in none of them alone<\/text>\r\n\r\n <g stroke=\"#c8d5e3\" stroke-width=\"2\" fill=\"none\">\r\n <path d=\"M176 78 L200 122\"\/><path d=\"M384 78 L360 122\"\/>\r\n <path d=\"M176 240 L200 194\"\/><path d=\"M384 240 L360 194\"\/>\r\n <\/g>\r\n\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"304\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9.5\" fill=\"#5a6d80\">command of the idea is the ability to move between any two of the four, in either direction<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"324\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" font-style=\"italic\" fill=\"#5a6d80\">a learner fluent only in the symbolic form has the notation and not the concept<\/text>\r\n<\/g><\/svg>\r\n <div class=\"diagram-cap\"><span class=\"en\">The idea is held in none of the four alone; command of it is the ability to translate between them<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092f\u0939 \u0935\u093f\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u091a\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u090f\u0915 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0915\u0947\u0932\u0947 \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902; \u0909\u0938 \u092a\u0930 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0935\u093e\u0926 \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"callout amber\">\r\n <div class=\"callout-label\"><span class=\"en\">Every analogy has a boundary, and the teacher must know where it is<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u0926\u0943\u0936\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0940 \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0915\u094b \u0909\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928 \u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f<\/span><\/div>\r\n <span class=\"en\">An analogy works by importing structure from something familiar, and it fails at the point where the two structures stop matching. Electric current as water in a pipe carries flow, resistance and the effect of a narrower pipe, and it stops carrying anything as soon as a circuit is broken, since water would spill and charge does not. The pedagogical error is not using the analogy but leaving the class to discover its boundary by being wrong in an examination. A representation is taught properly when its range is taught with it.<\/span>\r\n <span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u093e\u0926\u0943\u0936\u094d\u092f \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0906\u092f\u093e\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u0939 \u0909\u0938 \u092c\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0941 \u092a\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u092b\u0932 \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u092e\u0947\u0932 \u0916\u093e\u0928\u093e \u092c\u0902\u0926 \u0915\u0930 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u092a\u093e\u0907\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091c\u0932 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924 \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0939, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u094b\u0927 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0938\u0901\u0915\u0930\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u0907\u092a \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935 \u0935\u0939\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092a\u0925 \u091f\u0942\u091f\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0940 \u0915\u0941\u091b \u092d\u0940 \u0935\u0939\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u092c\u0902\u0926 \u0915\u0930 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u091c\u0932 \u092c\u0939 \u091c\u093e\u090f\u0917\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0906\u0935\u0947\u0936 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u092c\u0939\u0924\u093e\u0964 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0924\u094d\u0930\u0941\u091f\u093f \u0938\u093e\u0926\u0943\u0936\u094d\u092f \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0905\u092a\u093f\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e \u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0917\u0932\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0915\u0930 \u0916\u094b\u091c\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u091b\u094b\u0921\u093c \u0926\u0947\u0928\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u0942\u092a\u0923 \u0924\u092c \u0920\u0940\u0915 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0922\u093c\u093e\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u092c \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0930\u093e\u0938 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u092a\u0922\u093c\u093e\u0908 \u091c\u093e\u090f\u0964<\/span>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"cyp-box\">\r\n <div class=\"cyp-title\"><span class=\"en\">Progress check<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0917\u0924\u093f \u091c\u093e\u0901\u091a<\/span><\/div>\r\n <details class=\"cyp-q\"><summary><span class=\"en\">A teacher moves from Class VIII mathematics to Class VIII science and finds the first term much harder. What does this show about pedagogical content knowledge?<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0906\u0920 \u0915\u0947 \u0917\u0923\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0906\u0920 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0925\u092e \u0938\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u0920\u093f\u0928 \u092a\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0926\u093f\u0916\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948?<\/span><\/summary>\r\n <div class=\"cyp-a\"><span class=\"en\">That it is held topic by topic and does not transfer. The general pedagogical knowledge \u2014 management, questioning, pacing \u2014 has come across intact, and so has the ability to learn a subject. What has not come across is the stock of representations for these particular topics and the knowledge of where these particular learners will stall, and both have to be built again from the wrong answers of the first year.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u093f \u0935\u0939 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u0930\u0923-\u0926\u0930-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e\u0964 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u2014 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0928, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928\u0928, \u0917\u0924\u093f \u2014 \u0905\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0941\u0923\u094d\u0923 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0906\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f \u0938\u0940\u0916\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e\u0924\u093e \u092d\u0940\u0964 \u091c\u094b \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0906\u092f\u093e \u0935\u0939 \u0939\u0948 \u0907\u0928 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u0930\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u0942\u092a\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u092d\u0902\u0921\u093e\u0930 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092f\u0939 \u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u093f \u092f\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0915\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0905\u091f\u0915\u0947\u0902\u0917\u0947, \u0914\u0930 \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0925\u092e \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937 \u0915\u0947 \u0917\u0932\u0924 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0903 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0917\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n <details class=\"cyp-q\"><summary><span class=\"en\">A school buys a projector for every room and reports the reform as complete. Which regions of TPACK have been addressed?<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091c\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u0930 \u0916\u0930\u0940\u0926\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0941\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u092c\u0924\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u091f\u0940\u092a\u0948\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u094c\u0928-\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u094b\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0941\u090f?<\/span><\/summary>\r\n <div class=\"cyp-a\"><span class=\"en\">Technological knowledge alone, and only its availability at that. Nothing has been settled about what the projector lets a subject show that a board could not, or about which method it changes, and the framework's whole claim is that the value lies in those intersections. A device adopted uniformly and evaluated by how much it is used is the standard case the framework was written against.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u0940\u092f \u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928, \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u0939 \u092d\u0940 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u0909\u092a\u0932\u092c\u094d\u0927\u0924\u093e\u0964 \u0907\u0938 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u0941\u091b \u0924\u092f \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u0941\u0906 \u0915\u093f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091c\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u0930 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f \u0915\u094b \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0926\u093f\u0916\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0936\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092e\u092a\u091f \u0928 \u0926\u093f\u0916\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e, \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0935\u0939 \u0915\u093f\u0938 \u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f \u0915\u094b \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0922\u093e\u0901\u091a\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0926\u093e\u0935\u093e \u092f\u0939\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u092e\u0942\u0932\u094d\u092f \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u091a\u094d\u091b\u0947\u0926\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u090f\u0915\u0930\u0942\u092a \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u093e\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0940 \u092e\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u092e\u0942\u0932\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0915\u093f\u0924 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0935\u0939\u0940 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0930\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u092f\u0939 \u0922\u093e\u0901\u091a\u093e \u0932\u093f\u0916\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n <details class=\"cyp-q\"><summary><span class=\"en\">Why does Shulman's cycle end at a new comprehension rather than returning to the first stage?<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u0941\u0932\u092e\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u091a\u0915\u094d\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0925\u092e \u0905\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u092a\u0930 \u0932\u094c\u091f\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u091c\u093e\u092f \u0928\u090f \u092c\u094b\u0927 \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948?<\/span><\/summary>\r\n <div class=\"cyp-a\"><span class=\"en\">Because what is comprehended after teaching a topic is not what was comprehended before it. The teacher now knows where this content resists being taught, which representations survived contact with a class and which did not, and something about the purposes the lesson was serving. Naming the final stage differently is Shulman's way of insisting that teaching a thing changes the teacher's grasp of it, which is why the second year is not a repetition of the first.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u0922\u093c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u091c\u094b \u092c\u094b\u0927 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0935\u0939 \u0935\u0939 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u091c\u094b \u0909\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u0925\u093e\u0964 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0905\u092c \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u092f\u0939 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u092a\u0922\u093c\u093e\u090f \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u094b\u0927 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0915\u094c\u0928-\u0938\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u0942\u092a\u0923 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091f\u093f\u0915\u0947 \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u094c\u0928 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0909\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092d\u0940 \u0915\u0941\u091b \u091c\u093f\u0928\u0915\u0940 \u0935\u0939 \u092a\u093e\u0920 \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e \u0915\u0930 \u0930\u0939\u093e \u0925\u093e\u0964 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u093f\u092e \u0905\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u0915\u094b \u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0928\u093e\u092e \u0926\u0947\u0928\u093e \u0936\u0941\u0932\u092e\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u092f\u0939 \u0906\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u0922\u093c\u093e\u0928\u093e \u0909\u0938 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u092a\u0930 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0915\u0921\u093c \u092c\u0926\u0932 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0907\u0938\u0940\u0932\u093f\u090f \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u093e \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u093e\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"p10-5\">\r\n <span class=\"section-badge\">10.5<\/span>\r\n <h3><span class=\"en\">Practice Set<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u092d\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938 \u0938\u0947\u091f<\/span><\/h3>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"mcq-box\">\r\n <div class=\"mcq-title\"><span class=\"en\">Practice \u2014 PCK and TPACK<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u092d\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938 \u2014 \u092a\u0940\u0938\u0940\u0915\u0947 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u091f\u0940\u092a\u0948\u0915<\/span> <span class=\"mcq-src\">10 items<\/span><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"mcq-note\"><span class=\"en\">Several items ask which category or which region a described situation belongs to; name it before reading the options.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u0928\u0947\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u092a\u0942\u091b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0915\u093f \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0923\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u0915\u093f\u0938 \u0936\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0923\u0940 \u092f\u093e \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0939\u0948; \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a \u092a\u0922\u093c\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0928\u093e\u092e \u0932\u0947\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n\r\n <details class=\"mcq-q\"><summary><span class=\"mcq-num\">1<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">Shulman's phrase the missing paradigm refers to<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u0941\u0932\u092e\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u0926 \u0932\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0930\u094d\u092d\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/span><\/summary>\r\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\r\n <li>(a) <span class=\"en\">the absence of technology from teacher education<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(b) <span class=\"en\">the neglect of the join between subject matter and pedagogy in research on teaching<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u0902\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u0915\u0947 \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c \u0915\u0940 \u0909\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(c) <span class=\"en\">the lack of an agreed definition of teaching<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0938\u092e\u094d\u092e\u0924 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0905\u092d\u093e\u0935<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(d) <span class=\"en\">the failure to specify educational aims in policy documents<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f \u0926\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0947\u091c\u093c\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0936\u0948\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0915 \u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0926\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u092b\u0932\u0924\u093e<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\"><b>(b).<\/b> <span class=\"en\">One tradition of research studied subject matter and left out the classroom; another studied classroom process in complete detail without mentioning what was being taught. Shulman named the unexamined space between them, and pedagogical content knowledge is his proposal for filling it. Option (a) belongs to Mishra and Koehler's later extension.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u0902\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u090f\u0915 \u092a\u0930\u0902\u092a\u0930\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092f\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0925\u0940 \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u094b \u091b\u094b\u0921\u093c \u0926\u0947\u0924\u0940 \u0925\u0940; \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u093e \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0935\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092f\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0925\u0940 \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u092f\u0939 \u092c\u0924\u093e\u090f \u0915\u093f \u092a\u0922\u093c\u093e\u092f\u093e \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0930\u0939\u093e \u0925\u093e\u0964 \u0936\u0941\u0932\u092e\u0928 \u0928\u0947 \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093e\u092e\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e, \u0914\u0930 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u092d\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u0928\u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a (a) \u092e\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0930\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0915\u094b\u0939\u0932\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n\r\n <details class=\"mcq-q\"><summary><span class=\"mcq-num\">2<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">Which of Shulman's categories is described as belonging to teachers rather than to subject specialists or educationists?<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u0941\u0932\u092e\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u094c\u0928-\u0938\u0940 \u0936\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0923\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f-\u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937\u091c\u094d\u091e\u094b\u0902 \u092f\u093e \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0935\u093f\u0926\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u092c\u0924\u093e\u0908 \u0917\u0908 \u0939\u0948?<\/span><\/span><\/summary>\r\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\r\n <li>(a) <span class=\"en\">Content knowledge<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(b) <span class=\"en\">Curriculum knowledge<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u091a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e \u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(c) <span class=\"en\">Pedagogical content knowledge<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(d) <span class=\"en\">Knowledge of educational ends and values<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u0948\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0915 \u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092e\u0942\u0932\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\"><b>(c).<\/b> <span class=\"en\">A mathematician holds the content knowledge, a curriculum officer the curricular knowledge, a psychologist the knowledge of learners and a philosopher of education the knowledge of ends. Only the amalgam of content and pedagogy is peculiar to teaching, and Shulman's argument is that a profession is defined by the knowledge nobody outside it has.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0917\u0923\u093f\u0924\u091c\u094d\u091e \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u091a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u091a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e \u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928, \u092e\u0928\u094b\u0935\u0948\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0940 \u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e-\u0926\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0936\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0940 \u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928\u0964 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u092e\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0930\u0923 \u0939\u0940 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0940 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0936\u0941\u0932\u092e\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u0924\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u093e\u092f \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e \u0909\u0938 \u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u0938\u0947 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0939\u0930 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u0938 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n\r\n <details class=\"mcq-q\"><summary><span class=\"mcq-num\">3<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">Knowing that learners commonly believe multiplication always makes a number larger is an instance of<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092f\u0939 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0928\u093e \u0915\u093f \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0924\u0903 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0915\u093f \u0917\u0941\u0923\u0928 \u0938\u0926\u0948\u0935 \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u094b \u092c\u0921\u093c\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/span><\/summary>\r\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\r\n <li>(a) <span class=\"en\">content knowledge<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(b) <span class=\"en\">general pedagogical knowledge<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(c) <span class=\"en\">pedagogical content knowledge<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(d) <span class=\"en\">curriculum knowledge<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u091a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e \u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\"><b>(c).<\/b> <span class=\"en\">Knowing what makes a particular topic difficult, and which prior conception gets in the way, is one of the two components of the amalgam. A mathematician knows that the belief is false, which is content knowledge; only someone who has taught the topic knows that a class will reliably arrive at it, and why the repeated-addition model is what produced it.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092f\u0939 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0928\u093e \u0915\u093f \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u093f\u0938 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0920\u093f\u0928 \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0915\u094c\u0928-\u0938\u0940 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935-\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923\u093e \u092c\u093e\u0927\u093e \u092c\u0928\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0907\u0938 \u092e\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u094b \u0918\u091f\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u090f\u0915 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0917\u0923\u093f\u0924\u091c\u094d\u091e \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u092f\u0939 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0924\u093e \u0905\u0938\u0924\u094d\u092f \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u0939 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u0939\u0948; \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0935\u0939\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0935\u0938\u0928\u0940\u092f \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0909\u0938 \u0924\u0915 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a\u0947\u0917\u0940 \u0914\u0930 \u092c\u093e\u0930-\u092c\u093e\u0930 \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0940 \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0928\u0947 \u092f\u0939 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u092a\u0922\u093c\u093e\u092f\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n\r\n <details class=\"mcq-q\"><summary><span class=\"mcq-num\">4<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">In TPACK, knowing that dynamic geometry software lets a figure be dragged so that an invariant property becomes visible is<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u091f\u0940\u092a\u0948\u0915 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092f\u0939 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0928\u093e \u0915\u093f \u0917\u0924\u093f\u0936\u0940\u0932 \u091c\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0924\u093f \u0938\u0949\u092b\u094d\u091f\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u0906\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f \u0915\u094b \u0916\u0940\u0902\u091a\u0928\u0947 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0905\u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0940 \u0917\u0941\u0923 \u0926\u0943\u0936\u094d\u092f \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/span><\/summary>\r\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\r\n <li>(a) <span class=\"en\">TK<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u091f\u0940\u0915\u0947<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(b) <span class=\"en\">TPK<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u091f\u0940\u092a\u0940\u0915\u0947<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(c) <span class=\"en\">TCK<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u091f\u0940\u0938\u0940\u0915\u0947<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(d) <span class=\"en\">PCK<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u0940\u0938\u0940\u0915\u0947<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\"><b>(c).<\/b> <span class=\"en\">Technological content knowledge concerns how a technology changes what can be represented in a subject, and dragging changes what a geometrical figure is able to show. TPK would be the parallel claim about method \u2014 a polling tool making every learner commit to an answer, which no subject content is doing any work in. TK alone would be knowing that the software exists and how to run it.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u0907\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u0942\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0916\u0940\u0902\u091a\u0928\u093e \u092f\u0939 \u092c\u0926\u0932 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u091c\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0906\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0926\u093f\u0916\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u091f\u0940\u092a\u0940\u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0940 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930 \u0926\u093e\u0935\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u2014 \u092e\u0924\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092c\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u093e, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f-\u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u0930 \u0930\u0939\u0940\u0964 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u091f\u0940\u0915\u0947 \u092f\u0939 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0928\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0915\u093f \u0938\u0949\u092b\u094d\u091f\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u091a\u0932\u093e\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u090f\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n\r\n <details class=\"mcq-q\"><summary><span class=\"mcq-num\">5<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">The dashed circle drawn around the TPACK diagram is labelled<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u091f\u0940\u092a\u0948\u0915 \u0906\u0930\u0947\u0916 \u0915\u0947 \u091a\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0913\u0930 \u092c\u0928\u093e \u092c\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0941\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0939\u0932\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/span><\/summary>\r\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\r\n <li>(a) <span class=\"en\">assessment<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0906\u0915\u0932\u0928<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(b) <span class=\"en\">contexts<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u0902\u0926\u0930\u094d\u092d<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(c) <span class=\"en\">curriculum<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u091a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(d) <span class=\"en\">policy<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\"><b>(b).<\/b> <span class=\"en\">Its purpose is to record that no single technological solution applies to every teacher, course or view of teaching, so what counts as TPACK in a room with one shared device is a different body of knowledge from what counts where every learner has a screen. The boundary is the part of the framework most often dropped when the diagram is reproduced.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0907\u0938\u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u092f\u0939 \u0926\u0930\u094d\u091c \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u090f\u0915\u0932 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915, \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923-\u0926\u0943\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093f \u092a\u0930 \u0932\u093e\u0917\u0942 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e, \u0905\u0924\u0903 \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u091d\u093e \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091c\u094b \u091f\u0940\u092a\u0948\u0915 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0935\u0939 \u0909\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928-\u0930\u093e\u0936\u093f \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0935\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u0938 \u0938\u094d\u0915\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0928 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0906\u0930\u0947\u0916 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u0941\u0924\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092f\u0939\u0940 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0927\u093f \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u091b\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n\r\n <details class=\"mcq-q\"><summary><span class=\"mcq-num\">6<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">In Shulman's model of pedagogical reasoning, the four sub-processes of preparation, representation, selection and adaptation belong to<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u0941\u0932\u092e\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0924\u0930\u094d\u0915\u0923 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0924\u0948\u092f\u093e\u0930\u0940, \u0928\u093f\u0930\u0942\u092a\u0923, \u091a\u092f\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0915\u0942\u0932\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0909\u092a-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902<\/span><\/span><\/summary>\r\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\r\n <li>(a) <span class=\"en\">comprehension<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092c\u094b\u0927<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(b) <span class=\"en\">transformation<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0930\u0942\u092a\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930\u0923<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(c) <span class=\"en\">instruction<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u0928\u0941\u0926\u0947\u0936\u0928<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(d) <span class=\"en\">reflection<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u091a\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0928<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\"><b>(b).<\/b> <span class=\"en\">Transformation is the stage at which teaching is made rather than merely delivered, and the four sub-processes are where pedagogical content knowledge is actually spent. Adaptation and tailoring are worth distinguishing within the fourth: adaptation fits the material to learners in general, tailoring to these learners in particular.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0930\u0942\u092a\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930\u0923 \u0935\u0939 \u0905\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938 \u092a\u0930 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e, \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0909\u092a-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u0935\u0939\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924\u0903 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u092f \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u091a\u094c\u0925\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u092d\u0940\u0924\u0930 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0915\u0942\u0932\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0930\u0942\u092a\u0923 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u0943\u0925\u0915\u094d \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0940 \u0939\u0948: \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0915\u0942\u0932\u0928 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0930\u0942\u092a \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0930\u0942\u092a\u0923 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0907\u0928 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n\r\n <details class=\"mcq-q\"><summary><span class=\"mcq-num\">7<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">The final stage of the reasoning cycle is named new comprehension rather than comprehension because<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0924\u0930\u094d\u0915\u0923 \u091a\u0915\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u093f\u092e \u0905\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u0915\u094b \u092c\u094b\u0927 \u0928 \u0915\u0939\u0915\u0930 \u0928\u092f\u093e \u092c\u094b\u0927 \u0907\u0938\u0932\u093f\u090f \u0915\u0939\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f<\/span><\/span><\/summary>\r\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\r\n <li>(a) <span class=\"en\">the syllabus will have changed by then<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0924\u092c \u0924\u0915 \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u092c\u0926\u0932 \u091a\u0941\u0915\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0917\u093e<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(b) <span class=\"en\">teaching a topic alters the teacher's grasp of it<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u0922\u093c\u093e\u0928\u093e \u0909\u0938 \u092a\u0930 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0915\u0921\u093c \u092c\u0926\u0932 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(c) <span class=\"en\">a different teacher takes the class next year<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u0917\u0932\u0947 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0932\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(d) <span class=\"en\">the learners will have forgotten the content<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u092d\u0942\u0932 \u091a\u0941\u0915\u0947 \u0939\u094b\u0902\u0917\u0947<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\"><b>(b).<\/b> <span class=\"en\">After teaching it the teacher knows where the content resists being taught, which representations survived contact with a class, and something more about the purposes the lesson served. Naming the stage differently is Shulman's way of recording that the second year is not a repetition of the first, and it is the detail that distinguishes his cycle from a simple plan-teach-review loop.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u0922\u093c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u092a\u0922\u093c\u093e\u090f \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u094b\u0927 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0915\u094c\u0928-\u0938\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u0942\u092a\u0923 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091f\u093f\u0915\u0947, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0909\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u0941\u091b \u0914\u0930 \u092d\u0940 \u091c\u093f\u0928\u0915\u0940 \u0909\u0938 \u092a\u093e\u0920 \u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e \u0915\u0940\u0964 \u0905\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u0915\u094b \u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0928\u093e\u092e \u0926\u0947\u0928\u093e \u0936\u0941\u0932\u092e\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u092f\u0939 \u0926\u0930\u094d\u091c \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u0922\u0902\u0917 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u093e \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u093e\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u092f\u0939\u0940 \u092c\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0930\u093e \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0947 \u091a\u0915\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0928\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928-\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923-\u0938\u092e\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u091a\u0915\u094d\u0930 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0943\u0925\u0915\u094d \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n\r\n <details class=\"mcq-q\"><summary><span class=\"mcq-num\">8<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">A teacher explains electric current as water flowing in a pipe. The pedagogical error would be to<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924 \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0915\u094b \u092a\u093e\u0907\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0939\u0924\u0947 \u091c\u0932 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u092e\u091d\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0924\u094d\u0930\u0941\u091f\u093f \u0939\u094b\u0917\u0940<\/span><\/span><\/summary>\r\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\r\n <li>(a) <span class=\"en\">use the analogy at all, since all analogies mislead<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u093e\u0926\u0943\u0936\u094d\u092f \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u0939\u0940, \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u0938\u092d\u0940 \u0938\u093e\u0926\u0943\u0936\u094d\u092f \u092d\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(b) <span class=\"en\">leave the class to discover the analogy's boundary by being wrong later<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0938\u093e\u0926\u0943\u0936\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0917\u0932\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0915\u0930 \u0916\u094b\u091c\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u091b\u094b\u0921\u093c \u0926\u0947\u0928\u093e<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(c) <span class=\"en\">use more than one representation of the same idea<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u090f\u0915 \u0939\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u0942\u092a\u0923 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(d) <span class=\"en\">introduce the symbolic form before the concrete one<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092e\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0924 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u0940\u0915\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\"><b>(b).<\/b> <span class=\"en\">An analogy imports structure from something familiar and fails where the two structures stop matching \u2014 water spills from a broken pipe and charge does not. Using it is not the error; a representation is taught properly when its range is taught with it. Option (c) states the opposite of good practice, since command of an idea is precisely the ability to move between its representations.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u093e\u0926\u0943\u0936\u094d\u092f \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0906\u092f\u093e\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0935\u093f\u092b\u0932 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u092e\u0947\u0932 \u0916\u093e\u0928\u093e \u092c\u0902\u0926 \u0915\u0930 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u2014 \u091f\u0942\u091f\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u0907\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u091c\u0932 \u092c\u0939 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0906\u0935\u0947\u0936 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0924\u094d\u0930\u0941\u091f\u093f \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u0948; \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u0942\u092a\u0923 \u0924\u092c \u0920\u0940\u0915 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0922\u093c\u093e\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u092c \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0930\u093e\u0938 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u092a\u0922\u093c\u093e\u0908 \u091c\u093e\u090f\u0964 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a (c) \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u092e \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u092a\u0930\u0940\u0924 \u0915\u0939\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0920\u0940\u0915 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u0942\u092a\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u0917\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n\r\n <details class=\"mcq-q\"><summary><span class=\"mcq-num\">9<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">A learner can carry out every operation on fractions symbolically but cannot say what one third of a quantity means. The most accurate description is that the learner<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u0940\u0915\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0941 \u092f\u0939 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u092c\u0924\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0915\u093f \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0930\u093e\u0936\u093f \u0915\u093e \u090f\u0915-\u0924\u093f\u0939\u093e\u0908 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092f\u0925\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0923\u0928 \u092f\u0939 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940<\/span><\/span><\/summary>\r\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\r\n <li>(a) <span class=\"en\">has the concept but not the notation<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u0938 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u092f \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0941 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0947\u0924\u0928 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(b) <span class=\"en\">has the notation but not the concept<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u0938 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0947\u0924\u0928 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0941 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u092f \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(c) <span class=\"en\">has both, but cannot express either<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u0938 \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0915\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0941 \u0935\u0939 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0915\u094b \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(d) <span class=\"en\">needs more practice in the symbolic form<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u0940\u0915\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u092d\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938 \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\"><b>(b).<\/b> <span class=\"en\">Command of an idea is the ability to move between its representations in either direction, so fluency confined to one of them is fluency in that form and not possession of what the form stands for. Option (d) is the response that follows from missing the diagnosis, and more practice in the symbolic form is exactly what will not repair a gap in the concrete and verbal ones.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u0942\u092a\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092d\u0940 \u0926\u093f\u0936\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0917\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0905\u0924\u0903 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u090f\u0915 \u0924\u0915 \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0939\u0936\u0940\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0909\u0938 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0939\u0936\u0940\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0909\u0938 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0935\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0935\u0939 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0928\u093f\u0927\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a (d) \u0935\u0939\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0928\u093f\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u091a\u0942\u0915 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u0932\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u0940\u0915\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u092d\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938 \u0920\u0940\u0915 \u0935\u0939\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u092e\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0924 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0936\u093e\u092c\u094d\u0926\u093f\u0915 \u0930\u0942\u092a\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093e\u0932 \u0915\u0940 \u092e\u0930\u092e\u094d\u092e\u0924 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0917\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n\r\n <details class=\"mcq-q\"><summary><span class=\"mcq-num\">10<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">Consider: 1. Pedagogical content knowledge transfers readily from one topic to another. 2. It is built substantially from examining learners' wrong answers. 3. TPACK treats technology as an accessory to content and pedagogy. Which are correct?<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u093f\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0940\u091c\u093f\u090f: 1. \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u090f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0938\u0947 \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0939\u091c\u0924\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 2. \u092f\u0939 \u0915\u093e\u092b\u0940 \u0939\u0926 \u0924\u0915 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0917\u0932\u0924 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0901\u091a \u0938\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 3. \u091f\u0940\u092a\u0948\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u0915\u094b \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u0938\u093e\u0927\u0928 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0915\u094c\u0928-\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0939\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902?<\/span><\/span><\/summary>\r\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\r\n <li>(a) <span class=\"en\">1 only<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 1<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(b) <span class=\"en\">2 only<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 2<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(c) <span class=\"en\">2 and 3 only<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 2 \u0914\u0930 3<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(d) <span class=\"en\">1 and 3 only<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 1 \u0914\u0930 3<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\"><b>(b).<\/b> <span class=\"en\">Statement 1 is false because the difficulties and the useful representations differ for every topic, which is why a teacher moving subject or grade loses much of what made the previous year work. Statement 3 inverts the framework: technology is a third body of knowledge whose value lies in the intersections, and treating it as an accessory is the practice the framework was written against.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u0925\u0928 1 \u0905\u0938\u0924\u094d\u092f \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u0915\u0920\u093f\u0928\u093e\u0907\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0940 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u0942\u092a\u0923 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0907\u0938\u0940\u0932\u093f\u090f \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f \u092f\u093e \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u093e \u092c\u0921\u093c\u093e \u092d\u093e\u0917 \u0916\u094b \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u093f\u091b\u0932\u0947 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937 \u0915\u094b \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u0936\u0940\u0932 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u092f\u093e\u0964 \u0915\u0925\u0928 3 \u0922\u093e\u0901\u091a\u0947 \u0915\u094b \u0909\u0932\u091f \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948: \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u0924\u0940\u0938\u0930\u093e \u092a\u093f\u0902\u0921 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u093e \u092e\u0942\u0932\u094d\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u091a\u094d\u091b\u0947\u0926\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u093f\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0909\u092a\u0938\u093e\u0927\u0928 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0928\u093e \u0935\u0939\u0940 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0930\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u092f\u0939 \u0922\u093e\u0901\u091a\u093e \u0932\u093f\u0916\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <\/section>\r\n<!--\/CH10-->\r\n<!--CH11--><section class=\"chapter-content\" data-chap=\"11\" id=\"c11\">\r\n <div class=\"chapter-heading-block\">\r\n <span class=\"chapter-badge\"><span class=\"en\">CHAPTER 11<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f 11<\/span><\/span>\r\n <h2><span class=\"en\">Curriculum and Its Transaction<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u091a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0938\u0902\u091a\u0930\u0923<\/span><\/h2>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"keyfact-grid\">\r\n <div class=\"keyfact-card navy-hi\">\r\n <span class=\"big-icon\">🏃<\/span>\r\n <div class=\"kf-label\"><span class=\"en\">Origin of the word<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u092c\u094d\u0926 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u0926\u094d\u0917\u092e<\/span><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"kf-value\">currere<\/div>\r\n <div class=\"kf-sub\"><span class=\"en\">Latin, to run \u2014 the course to be run<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0932\u093e\u0924\u093f\u0928, \u0926\u094c\u0921\u093c\u0928\u093e \u2014 \u0935\u0939 \u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0917 \u091c\u093f\u0938 \u092a\u0930 \u0926\u094c\u0921\u093c\u0928\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div class=\"keyfact-card teal-hi\">\r\n <span class=\"big-icon\">❓<\/span>\r\n <div class=\"kf-label\"><span class=\"en\">The four questions<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928<\/span><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"kf-value\">Tyler \u00b7 1949<\/div>\r\n <div class=\"kf-sub\"><span class=\"en\">Purposes, experiences, organisation, evaluation<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928, \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092d\u0935, \u0938\u0902\u0917\u0920\u0928, \u092e\u0942\u0932\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0915\u0928<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div class=\"keyfact-card amber-hi\">\r\n <span class=\"big-icon\">📝<\/span>\r\n <div class=\"kf-label\"><span class=\"en\">The grassroots model<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u091c\u092e\u0940\u0928\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0928<\/span><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"kf-value\">Taba \u00b7 1962<\/div>\r\n <div class=\"kf-sub\"><span class=\"en\">Seven steps, beginning with a diagnosis of needs<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u093e\u0924 \u091a\u0930\u0923, \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0924\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0938\u0947 \u0906\u0930\u0902\u092d<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div class=\"keyfact-card\">\r\n <span class=\"big-icon\">📊<\/span>\r\n <div class=\"kf-label\"><span class=\"en\">Evaluation model<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092e\u0942\u0932\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0915\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0928<\/span><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"kf-value\">CIPP<\/div>\r\n <div class=\"kf-sub\"><span class=\"en\">Context, input, process and product<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u0902\u0926\u0930\u094d\u092d, \u0928\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0936, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <p><span class=\"en\">A curriculum is a plan, and a plan is not a thing that happens. Almost every difficulty in this area comes from treating the document as though it were the practice \u2014 from asking whether a curriculum is good rather than whether it survived contact with a room. This chapter therefore keeps three things apart throughout: what is prescribed, what is transacted and what is finally held by a learner.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u091a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e \u090f\u0915 \u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928\u093e \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0918\u091f\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0907\u0938 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0932\u0917\u092d\u0917 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0915\u0920\u093f\u0928\u093e\u0908 \u0926\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0947\u091c\u093c \u0915\u094b \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930 \u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0932\u0947\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u0906\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u092f\u0939 \u092a\u0942\u091b\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u093f \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u091a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0905\u091a\u094d\u091b\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u092f\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0928 \u0915\u093f \u092f\u0939 \u0915\u093f \u0935\u0939 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091f\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u092f\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964 \u0905\u0924\u0903 \u092f\u0939 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f \u0906\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0902\u0924 \u0924\u0940\u0928 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u0943\u0925\u0915\u094d \u0930\u0916\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948: \u091c\u094b \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u094b \u0938\u0902\u091a\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u091c\u094b \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0924\u0903 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u0938 \u092c\u091a\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"feat-grid\">\r\n <div class=\"feat-card\"><span class=\"fc-num\">1<\/span><strong><span class=\"en\">What does the word cover?<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092f\u0939 \u0936\u092c\u094d\u0926 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0938\u092e\u0947\u091f\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948?<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"en\">Everything a school arranges for a learner, of which the syllabus is one part and the textbook a smaller part still.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u0939 \u0938\u092c \u091c\u094b \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u093e \u090f\u0915 \u092d\u093e\u0917 \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u092d\u0940 \u091b\u094b\u091f\u093e \u092d\u093e\u0917 \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u092a\u0941\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0915\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"feat-card\"><span class=\"fc-num\">2<\/span><strong><span class=\"en\">How is it designed?<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0907\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a \u0915\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948?<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"en\">Around a subject, around the learner, or around a problem \u2014 and the three designs answer different questions about what school is for.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u0907\u0930\u094d\u0926-\u0917\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0926, \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0907\u0930\u094d\u0926-\u0917\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0926, \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0938\u092e\u0938\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0907\u0930\u094d\u0926-\u0917\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0926 \u2014 \u0914\u0930 \u0924\u0940\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a \u0907\u0938 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0915\u093f \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0932\u093f\u090f \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"feat-card\"><span class=\"fc-num\">3<\/span><strong><span class=\"en\">Who builds it, and from where?<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0907\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u094c\u0928 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0938\u0947?<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"en\">From the top down in Tyler, from the classroom up in Taba, and around a loop in Wheeler.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u091f\u093e\u092f\u0932\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u090a\u092a\u0930 \u0938\u0947 \u0928\u0940\u091a\u0947, \u091f\u093e\u092c\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u090a\u092a\u0930, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0935\u094d\u0939\u0940\u0932\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u090f\u0915 \u091a\u0915\u094d\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"feat-card\"><span class=\"fc-num\">4<\/span><strong><span class=\"en\">How is it judged?<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0907\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0923\u092f \u0915\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0939\u094b?<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"en\">By what it produces, evaluated at four points \u2014 and an evaluation that informs no decision has not been carried out.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0907\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u093f \u0935\u0939 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u093e \u092e\u0942\u0932\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0915\u0928 \u091a\u093e\u0930 \u092c\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0941\u0913\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u0939\u094b \u2014 \u0914\u0930 \u091c\u094b \u092e\u0942\u0932\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0915\u0928 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0923\u092f \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0942\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0947 \u0935\u0939 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0917\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"p11-0\">\r\n <span class=\"section-badge\">11.0<\/span>\r\n <h3><span class=\"en\">Introduction<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u0930\u093f\u091a\u092f<\/span><\/h3>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <p><span class=\"en\">The word descends from the Latin <em>currere<\/em>, to run, and a curriculum was originally a race course \u2014 the track to be covered. The metaphor has done some harm, because a track is a fixed thing that exists before any runner arrives, and much of the argument in curriculum theory since Tyler has been about how far that picture should be resisted.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092f\u0939 \u0936\u092c\u094d\u0926 \u0932\u093e\u0924\u093f\u0928 <em>\u0915\u0941\u0930\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0930\u0947<\/em> \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0924\u094d \u0926\u094c\u0921\u093c\u0928\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u091a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e \u092e\u0942\u0932\u0924\u0903 \u0926\u094c\u0921\u093c-\u092a\u0925 \u0925\u0940 \u2014 \u0935\u0939 \u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0917 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u0924\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0907\u0938 \u0930\u0942\u092a\u0915 \u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0941\u091b \u0939\u093e\u0928\u093f \u0915\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u092a\u0925 \u0910\u0938\u0940 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0924 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0927\u093e\u0935\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u0906\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0930\u0939\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u091f\u093e\u092f\u0932\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u091a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e-\u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0902\u0936 \u0924\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0907\u0938\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0930\u0939\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0909\u0938 \u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u0915\u093f\u0924\u0928\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u094b\u0927 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u090f\u0964<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"p11-1\">\r\n <span class=\"section-badge\">11.1<\/span>\r\n <h3><span class=\"en\">Concept and Bases of Curriculum<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u091a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a\u0928\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930<\/span><\/h3>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"def-stack\">\r\n <div class=\"def-card\">\r\n <div class=\"def-who\"><span class=\"en\">Hilda Taba<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0939\u093f\u0932\u094d\u0921\u093e \u091f\u093e\u092c\u093e<\/span><small>Curriculum Development, 1962<\/small><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"def-text\"><span class=\"en\">A curriculum is a plan for learning. The formulation is the shortest in the literature and the most useful in an examination, because it makes explicit that what is being described is an intention and not an occurrence.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u091a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e \u0915\u0940 \u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0938\u093e\u0939\u093f\u0924\u094d\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u092f\u0939 \u0938\u094d\u092a\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0915\u0930 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0923\u0928 \u0939\u094b \u0930\u0939\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0935\u0939 \u0906\u0936\u092f \u0939\u0948, \u0918\u091f\u0928\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div class=\"def-card\">\r\n <div class=\"def-who\"><span class=\"en\">Secondary Education Commission<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e\u093f\u0915 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0906\u092f\u094b\u0917<\/span><small>India, 1952\u201353<\/small><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"def-text\"><span class=\"en\">Curriculum does not mean only the academic subjects traditionally taught; it includes the totality of experiences a pupil receives through the manifold activities of the school \u2014 in the classroom, library, laboratory, workshop and playground, and in the informal contacts between teachers and pupils. This is the widest of the standard Indian definitions and the one from which the hidden curriculum follows.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u091a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u092a\u0930\u0902\u092a\u0930\u093e\u0917\u0924 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0922\u093c\u093e\u090f \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0936\u0948\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902; \u0907\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u0938\u094d\u0924 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092d\u0935 \u0938\u092e\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0932\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u091c\u094b \u091b\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u0928\u0947\u0915\u0935\u093f\u0927 \u0917\u0924\u093f\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e, \u092a\u0941\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0915\u093e\u0932\u092f, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0936\u093e\u0932\u093e, \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u0936\u093e\u0932\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0921\u093c\u093e\u0902\u0917\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u091b\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u094c\u092a\u091a\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0930\u094d\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902\u0964 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0915 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092f\u0939 \u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u0915 \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0907\u0938\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u0917\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u091a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0915\u0932\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div class=\"def-card\">\r\n <div class=\"def-who\"><span class=\"en\">Cunningham<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u0928\u093f\u0902\u0918\u092e<\/span><small>the studio metaphor<\/small><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"def-text\"><span class=\"en\">Curriculum is a tool in the hands of the artist to mould the material according to his ideals in his studio \u2014 the teacher being the artist, the learner the material, the objectives the ideals and the school the studio. The metaphor is memorable and is worth stating together with its defect: material does not have purposes of its own, and a learner does.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u091a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0932\u093e\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0939\u093e\u0925\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u0939 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0935\u0939 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0940 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u0936\u093e\u0932\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u0906\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u094b \u0917\u0922\u093c\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0915\u0932\u093e\u0915\u093e\u0930, \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940, \u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f \u0906\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u0936\u093e\u0932\u093e\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0930\u0942\u092a\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u092e\u0930\u0923\u0940\u092f \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0907\u0938\u0947 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0926\u094b\u0937 \u0938\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0939\u0928\u093e \u0909\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948: \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947, \u0914\u0930 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <svg class=\"full-diagram\" viewBox=\"0 0 560 296\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"The intended, implemented and attained curriculum, and what is lost between them\">\r\n<g font-family=\"DM Sans, Noto Sans Devanagari, sans-serif\" font-size=\"10.5\">\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"18\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"11\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#5a6d80\">THREE CURRICULA, AND THE GAP BETWEEN EACH PAIR<\/text>\r\n\r\n <rect x=\"20\" y=\"34\" width=\"330\" height=\"58\" rx=\"9\" fill=\"#eef4fc\" stroke=\"#1f5fa9\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"185\" y=\"56\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\">INTENDED<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"185\" y=\"74\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">what the framework, syllabus and<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"185\" y=\"86\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">textbook together prescribe<\/text>\r\n\r\n <rect x=\"60\" y=\"118\" width=\"250\" height=\"58\" rx=\"9\" fill=\"#fffaef\" stroke=\"#c9760f\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"185\" y=\"140\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#c9760f\">IMPLEMENTED<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"185\" y=\"158\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">what is actually transacted<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"185\" y=\"170\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">in this room, this year<\/text>\r\n\r\n <rect x=\"100\" y=\"202\" width=\"170\" height=\"58\" rx=\"9\" fill=\"#eefbf7\" stroke=\"#0d8f79\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"185\" y=\"224\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#0d8f79\">ATTAINED<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"185\" y=\"242\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">what the learner<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"185\" y=\"254\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">is left holding<\/text>\r\n\r\n <line x1=\"185\" y1=\"94\" x2=\"185\" y2=\"110\" stroke=\"#c8d5e3\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <polygon points=\"185,116 179,104 191,104\" fill=\"#c8d5e3\"\/>\r\n <line x1=\"185\" y1=\"178\" x2=\"185\" y2=\"194\" stroke=\"#c8d5e3\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <polygon points=\"185,200 179,188 191,188\" fill=\"#c8d5e3\"\/>\r\n\r\n <line x1=\"316\" y1=\"105\" x2=\"360\" y2=\"105\" stroke=\"#8e2f5a\" stroke-width=\"1.4\" stroke-dasharray=\"5 3\"\/>\r\n <rect x=\"364\" y=\"82\" width=\"186\" height=\"46\" rx=\"8\" fill=\"#ffffff\" stroke=\"#8e2f5a\" stroke-width=\"1.8\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"374\" y=\"100\" font-size=\"9\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#8e2f5a\">Lost to the teacher's side<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"374\" y=\"115\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">time, materials, own command<\/text>\r\n\r\n <line x1=\"276\" y1=\"189\" x2=\"360\" y2=\"189\" stroke=\"#8e2f5a\" stroke-width=\"1.4\" stroke-dasharray=\"5 3\"\/>\r\n <rect x=\"364\" y=\"166\" width=\"186\" height=\"46\" rx=\"8\" fill=\"#ffffff\" stroke=\"#8e2f5a\" stroke-width=\"1.8\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"374\" y=\"184\" font-size=\"9\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#8e2f5a\">Lost to the learner's side<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"374\" y=\"199\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">attention, prior gaps, language<\/text>\r\n\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"288\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" fill=\"#5a6d80\">reform that changes only the first box changes nothing that a learner will ever meet<\/text>\r\n<\/g><\/svg>\r\n <div class=\"diagram-cap\"><span class=\"en\">The three are studied separately because a reform can move one without moving the next<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0924\u0940\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092f\u0928 \u092a\u0943\u0925\u0915\u094d \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u0938\u0941\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u090f\u0915 \u0915\u094b \u0905\u0917\u0932\u0947 \u0915\u094b \u0939\u093f\u0932\u093e\u090f \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u092c\u0926\u0932 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"callout red\">\r\n <div class=\"callout-label\"><span class=\"en\">Curriculum, syllabus and textbook are three different things<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u091a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e, \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u092a\u0941\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0915 \u0924\u0940\u0928 \u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u090f\u0901 \u0939\u0948\u0902<\/span><\/div>\r\n <span class=\"en\">The <strong>curriculum<\/strong> is the whole plan \u2014 aims, content, method, organisation, materials and evaluation together. The <strong>syllabus<\/strong> is a subset of it: the content to be covered in one subject over one course, with its sequence and weightage. The <strong>textbook<\/strong> is one material through which part of the syllabus may be transacted, and it is written by people who have never met the class. In Indian practice the chain runs from a national framework to a syllabus to a textbook to a lesson, and a teacher who treats the last link as the whole chain has accepted somebody else's answers to all four of Tyler's questions without noticing that they were asked.<\/span>\r\n <span class=\"hi\"><strong>\u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u091a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e<\/strong> \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f, \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941, \u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f, \u0938\u0902\u0917\u0920\u0928, \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092e\u0942\u0932\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0915\u0928 \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u0925\u0964 <strong>\u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e<\/strong> \u0909\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u0938\u092e\u0941\u091a\u094d\u091a\u092f \u0939\u0948: \u090f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u090f\u0915 \u0915\u094b\u0930\u094d\u0938 \u092d\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941, \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0915 \u0938\u0939\u093f\u0924\u0964 <strong>\u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u092a\u0941\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0915<\/strong> \u0935\u0939 \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u0915\u093e \u0915\u0941\u091b \u092d\u093e\u0917 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0935\u0947 \u0932\u094b\u0917 \u0932\u093f\u0916\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u091c\u094b \u0909\u0938 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u092d\u0940 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0947 \u0939\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092f\u0939 \u0936\u0943\u0902\u0916\u0932\u093e \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0930\u0942\u092a\u0930\u0947\u0916\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e, \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u092a\u0941\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0915 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u092a\u0941\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0915 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u0920 \u0924\u0915 \u091a\u0932\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u091c\u094b \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u093f\u092e \u0915\u0921\u093c\u0940 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0936\u0943\u0902\u0916\u0932\u093e \u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0932\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0909\u0938\u0928\u0947 \u091f\u093e\u092f\u0932\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u091a\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u092f\u0939 \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u090f \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0940\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0930 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0915\u093f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u092a\u0942\u091b\u0947 \u092d\u0940 \u0917\u090f \u0925\u0947\u0964<\/span>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <h4><span class=\"en\">The four bases<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930<\/span><\/h4>\r\n\r\n <ul class=\"icon-list\">\r\n <li><span class=\"ico\">1<\/span><span><strong><span class=\"en\">Philosophical.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0926\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0936\u0928\u093f\u0915\u0964<\/span><\/strong> <span class=\"en\">Settles what is worth including at all. Every act of selection excludes something, and the ground of the exclusion is philosophical whether or not it is stated.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092f\u0939 \u0924\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0938\u092e\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0932\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u092f\u094b\u0917\u094d\u092f \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u091a\u092f\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0915\u094b \u092c\u093e\u0939\u0930 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0938 \u092c\u0939\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u093e \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u0926\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0936\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091a\u093e\u0939\u0947 \u0935\u0939 \u0915\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b \u092f\u093e \u0928 \u0939\u094b\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"ico\">2<\/span><span><strong><span class=\"en\">Psychological.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092e\u0928\u094b\u0935\u0948\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0915\u0964<\/span><\/strong> <span class=\"en\">Settles what can be placed where. Readiness, sequence, load and the order in which concepts become available all constrain a design that philosophy alone would leave unconstrained.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092f\u0939 \u0924\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0930\u0916\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0924\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0930\u0924\u093e, \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e, \u092d\u093e\u0930 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0935\u0939 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u092f \u0909\u092a\u0932\u092c\u094d\u0927 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u2014 \u092f\u0947 \u0938\u092d\u0940 \u0909\u0938 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0915\u0947\u0932\u093e \u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u0928 \u0905\u0938\u0940\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u091b\u094b\u0921\u093c \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"ico\">3<\/span><span><strong><span class=\"en\">Sociological.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u092e\u093e\u091c\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f\u0964<\/span><\/strong> <span class=\"en\">Settles what the society requires and whose knowledge is treated as knowledge. It is the base that makes a curriculum a political document as well as an educational one.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092f\u0939 \u0924\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0938\u092e\u093e\u091c \u0915\u094b \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0915\u093e \u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939\u0940 \u0935\u0939 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u091a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0936\u0948\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925-\u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0930\u093e\u091c\u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0926\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0947\u091c\u093c \u092d\u0940 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"ico\">4<\/span><span><strong><span class=\"en\">Disciplinary.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u0928\u0941\u0936\u093e\u0938\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915\u0964<\/span><\/strong> <span class=\"en\">Settles what a subject's own structure demands \u2014 which ideas are foundational, which derived, and which cannot be met before another has been secured.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092f\u0939 \u0924\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u092e\u093e\u0901\u0917\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u0915\u094c\u0928-\u0938\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u092d\u0942\u0924 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0915\u094c\u0928 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0915\u094c\u0928-\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0941\u0926\u0943\u0922\u093c \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u092e\u093f\u0932 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0947\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"p11-2\">\r\n <span class=\"section-badge\">11.2<\/span>\r\n <h3><span class=\"en\">Types and Designs of Curriculum<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u091a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a<\/span><\/h3>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <p><span class=\"en\">Curriculum designs are conventionally grouped by what stands at the centre of the organisation. The three families answer different questions, and a design is chosen well or badly according to whether the question it answers is the one the school is actually asking.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u091a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u0930\u0902\u092a\u0930\u093e\u0917\u0924 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0907\u0938 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u0938\u092e\u0942\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0938\u0902\u0917\u0920\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0916\u0921\u093c\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0924\u0940\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0930 \u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a \u0907\u0938 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u092e \u092f\u093e \u0926\u094b\u0937\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0922\u0902\u0917 \u0938\u0947 \u091a\u0941\u0928\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0935\u0939 \u091c\u093f\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0935\u0939\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924\u0903 \u092a\u0942\u091b \u0930\u0939\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u092f\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"table-scroll\">\r\n <table class=\"data-table\">\r\n <thead><tr>\r\n <th style=\"width:20%\"><span class=\"en\">Family<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0930<\/span><\/th>\r\n <th style=\"width:30%\"><span class=\"en\">Designs within it<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0907\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092d\u0940\u0924\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a<\/span><\/th>\r\n <th style=\"width:26%\"><span class=\"en\">Organising question<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u0902\u0917\u0920\u0928\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928<\/span><\/th>\r\n <th style=\"width:24%\"><span class=\"en\">Characteristic weakness<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u093f\u0936\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0926\u0941\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0932\u0924\u093e<\/span><\/th>\r\n <\/tr><\/thead>\r\n <tbody>\r\n <tr>\r\n <td><strong><span class=\"en\">Subject-centred<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f-\u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\r\n <td><span class=\"en\">Subject design, discipline design, broad-fields, correlated design, spiral design.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a, \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0936\u093e\u0938\u0928 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a, \u0935\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0943\u0924-\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930, \u0938\u0939\u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a, \u0938\u0930\u094d\u092a\u093f\u0932 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a\u0964<\/span><\/td>\r\n <td><span class=\"en\">What must be transmitted, and in what logical order does the discipline require it?<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0938\u0902\u091a\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f, \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0936\u093e\u0938\u0928 \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u093f\u0938 \u0924\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0915\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u093e\u0901\u0917\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948?<\/span><\/td>\r\n <td><span class=\"en\">The learner's own questions never enter, and subjects sit beside one another without meeting.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u092d\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0947\u0936 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947, \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f \u090f\u0915-\u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0917\u0932 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0947 \u092c\u0948\u0920\u0947 \u0930\u0939\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/td>\r\n <\/tr>\r\n <tr>\r\n <td><strong><span class=\"en\">Learner-centred<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940-\u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\r\n <td><span class=\"en\">Child-centred, experience-centred, humanistic, and the activity curriculum.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092c\u093e\u0932-\u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924, \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092d\u0935-\u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924, \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0935\u0924\u093e\u0935\u093e\u0926\u0940, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u091a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/td>\r\n <td><span class=\"en\">What does this learner need, and what is this learner ready to pursue?<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0907\u0938 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0915\u094b \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f, \u0914\u0930 \u092f\u0939 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u094b \u0924\u0948\u092f\u093e\u0930 \u0939\u0948?<\/span><\/td>\r\n <td><span class=\"en\">Coverage becomes unpredictable, and whole regions of an organised subject may never be met.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0905\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0936\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0917\u0920\u093f\u0924 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u0947 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u092d\u0940 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0940 \u0928 \u0906\u090f\u0901\u0964<\/span><\/td>\r\n <\/tr>\r\n <tr>\r\n <td><strong><span class=\"en\">Problem-centred<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u092e\u0938\u094d\u092f\u093e-\u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\r\n <td><span class=\"en\">Life-situations design, core design, and the social reconstructionist design.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u091c\u0940\u0935\u0928-\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a, \u0915\u094b\u0930 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u091c\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u094d\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923\u0935\u093e\u0926\u0940 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a\u0964<\/span><\/td>\r\n <td><span class=\"en\">What problems will these learners have to act on, in this society, at this time?<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0907\u0928 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0907\u0938 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u091c \u092e\u0947\u0902, \u0907\u0938 \u0938\u092e\u092f, \u0915\u093f\u0928 \u0938\u092e\u0938\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0917\u093e?<\/span><\/td>\r\n <td><span class=\"en\">Systematic knowledge is picked up in fragments, as each problem happens to require it.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u0916\u0902\u0921\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u0920\u093e\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u0948\u0938\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0938\u092e\u0938\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0938\u0902\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0935\u0936 \u092e\u093e\u0901\u0917 \u0932\u0947\u0964<\/span><\/td>\r\n <\/tr>\r\n <\/tbody>\r\n <\/table>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"callout purple\">\r\n <div class=\"callout-label\"><span class=\"en\">Three degrees of integration, often used interchangeably and not the same<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0915\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u0924\u0940\u0928 \u092e\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093e\u090f\u0901, \u091c\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092f\u0903 \u092a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f\u0935\u093e\u091a\u0940 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u0948\u0902<\/span><\/div>\r\n <span class=\"en\"><strong>Multidisciplinary<\/strong> keeps the subjects intact and points several of them at one theme, so water is studied in science, in geography and in a poem, each in its own period and by its own methods. <strong>Interdisciplinary<\/strong> takes concepts and skills that genuinely belong to more than one subject and organises around those, so the idea of a cycle or of evidence is developed across the subjects that use it. <strong>Transdisciplinary<\/strong> starts from a real question that belongs to no subject \u2014 why the local well runs dry in April \u2014 and draws in whatever any discipline can contribute. The three make increasing demands on the timetable and on the teachers, and a school that announces the third while running the first has changed a heading.<\/span>\r\n <span class=\"hi\"><strong>\u092c\u0939\u0941-\u0905\u0928\u0941\u0936\u093e\u0938\u0928\u093f\u0915<\/strong> \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0905\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0941\u0923\u094d\u0923 \u0930\u0916\u0915\u0930 \u0909\u0928\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0947\u0915 \u0915\u094b \u090f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u0940 \u0913\u0930 \u092e\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0905\u0924\u0903 \u091c\u0932 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092f\u0928 \u0935\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902, \u092d\u0942\u0917\u094b\u0932 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0915\u0935\u093f\u0924\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0932\u093e\u0902\u0936 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947\u0964 <strong>\u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930-\u0905\u0928\u0941\u0936\u093e\u0938\u0928\u093f\u0915<\/strong> \u0909\u0928 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0915\u094c\u0936\u0932\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0932\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924\u0903 \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0907\u0930\u094d\u0926-\u0917\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0926 \u0938\u0902\u0917\u0920\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0905\u0924\u0903 \u091a\u0915\u094d\u0930 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0909\u0928 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0938\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0909\u0938\u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 <strong>\u092a\u093e\u0930-\u0905\u0928\u0941\u0936\u093e\u0938\u0928\u093f\u0915<\/strong> \u0910\u0938\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u0938\u0947 \u0906\u0930\u0902\u092d \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f \u0915\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u2014 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u0940\u092f \u0915\u0941\u0906\u0901 \u0905\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0948\u0932 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0942\u0916 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u0914\u0930 \u091c\u094b \u092d\u0940 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0936\u093e\u0938\u0928 \u0926\u0947 \u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0916\u0940\u0902\u091a \u0932\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0924\u0940\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u092e\u092f-\u0938\u093e\u0930\u0923\u0940 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u092c\u0922\u093c\u0924\u0940 \u092e\u093e\u0901\u0917 \u0930\u0916\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0914\u0930 \u091c\u094b \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u092a\u0939\u0932\u093e \u091a\u0932\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0941\u090f \u0924\u0940\u0938\u0930\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0918\u094b\u0937\u0923\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0947 \u0909\u0938\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0936\u0940\u0930\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u092c\u0926\u0932\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"p11-3\">\r\n <span class=\"section-badge\">11.3<\/span>\r\n <h3><span class=\"en\">Curriculum Development Models<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u091a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0928<\/span><\/h3>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <p><span class=\"en\">Ralph Tyler's <em>Basic Principles of Curriculum and Instruction<\/em> of 1949 organised the field around four questions: what purposes should be sought, what experiences will serve them, how those experiences should be organised, and how it can be determined whether the purposes are being attained. Everything written since is either an elaboration of those four or an objection to the order in which they are asked.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0930\u093e\u0932\u094d\u092b \u091f\u093e\u092f\u0932\u0930 \u0915\u0940 1949 \u0915\u0940 <em>\u092c\u0947\u0938\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0902\u0938\u093f\u092a\u0932\u094d\u0938 \u0911\u092b \u0915\u0930\u093f\u0915\u0941\u0932\u092e \u090f\u0902\u0921 \u0907\u0902\u0938\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0936\u0928<\/em> \u0928\u0947 \u0907\u0938 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u094b \u091a\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0907\u0930\u094d\u0926-\u0917\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0926 \u0938\u0902\u0917\u0920\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e: \u0915\u094c\u0928-\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u0916\u094b\u091c\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f, \u0915\u094c\u0928-\u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092d\u0935 \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902\u0917\u0947, \u0909\u0928 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092d\u0935\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0915\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u0917\u0920\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u090f, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092f\u0939 \u0915\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b \u0915\u093f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u094b \u0930\u0939\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u092f\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964 \u0924\u092c \u0938\u0947 \u091c\u094b \u0915\u0941\u091b \u0932\u093f\u0916\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0935\u0939 \u092f\u093e \u0924\u094b \u0907\u0928 \u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0930 \u0939\u0948 \u092f\u093e \u0909\u0938 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u092a\u0930 \u0906\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092f\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u091b\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n <svg class=\"full-diagram\" viewBox=\"0 0 560 306\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Tyler's three sources, two screens and the objectives they produce\">\r\n<g font-family=\"DM Sans, Noto Sans Devanagari, sans-serif\" font-size=\"10.5\">\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"18\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"11\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#5a6d80\">THREE SOURCES, TWO SCREENS, ONE SET OF OBJECTIVES<\/text>\r\n\r\n <rect x=\"10\" y=\"30\" width=\"170\" height=\"52\" rx=\"9\" fill=\"#eefbf7\" stroke=\"#0d8f79\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"95\" y=\"52\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#0d8f79\">STUDIES OF LEARNERS<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"95\" y=\"68\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">needs and interests<\/text>\r\n <line x1=\"95\" y1=\"84\" x2=\"95\" y2=\"98\" stroke=\"#c8d5e3\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <polygon points=\"95,104 89,92 101,92\" fill=\"#c8d5e3\"\/>\r\n\r\n <rect x=\"195\" y=\"30\" width=\"170\" height=\"52\" rx=\"9\" fill=\"#eaf6ff\" stroke=\"#2f92d1\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"52\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#2f92d1\">CONTEMPORARY LIFE<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"68\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">what society requires<\/text>\r\n <line x1=\"280\" y1=\"84\" x2=\"280\" y2=\"98\" stroke=\"#c8d5e3\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <polygon points=\"280,104 274,92 286,92\" fill=\"#c8d5e3\"\/>\r\n\r\n <rect x=\"380\" y=\"30\" width=\"170\" height=\"52\" rx=\"9\" fill=\"#faf6ff\" stroke=\"#6b3a8f\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"465\" y=\"52\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#6b3a8f\">SUBJECT SPECIALISTS<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"465\" y=\"68\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">what the discipline offers<\/text>\r\n <line x1=\"465\" y1=\"84\" x2=\"465\" y2=\"98\" stroke=\"#c8d5e3\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <polygon points=\"465,104 459,92 471,92\" fill=\"#c8d5e3\"\/>\r\n\r\n <rect x=\"60\" y=\"108\" width=\"440\" height=\"34\" rx=\"8\" fill=\"#f5f8fd\" stroke=\"#14243f\" stroke-width=\"1.8\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"130\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#14243f\">TENTATIVE GENERAL OBJECTIVES<\/text>\r\n <line x1=\"280\" y1=\"144\" x2=\"280\" y2=\"158\" stroke=\"#c8d5e3\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <polygon points=\"280,164 274,152 286,152\" fill=\"#c8d5e3\"\/>\r\n\r\n <rect x=\"60\" y=\"168\" width=\"210\" height=\"50\" rx=\"9\" fill=\"#fffaef\" stroke=\"#c9760f\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"165\" y=\"188\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#c9760f\">SCREEN 1 · PHILOSOPHY<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"165\" y=\"205\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">is this worth aiming at?<\/text>\r\n\r\n <rect x=\"290\" y=\"168\" width=\"210\" height=\"50\" rx=\"9\" fill=\"#fdf0f5\" stroke=\"#8e2f5a\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"395\" y=\"188\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#8e2f5a\">SCREEN 2 · PSYCHOLOGY<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"395\" y=\"205\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">can this age reach it?<\/text>\r\n\r\n <line x1=\"165\" y1=\"220\" x2=\"165\" y2=\"236\" stroke=\"#c8d5e3\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <line x1=\"395\" y1=\"220\" x2=\"395\" y2=\"236\" stroke=\"#c8d5e3\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <line x1=\"165\" y1=\"236\" x2=\"395\" y2=\"236\" stroke=\"#c8d5e3\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <line x1=\"280\" y1=\"236\" x2=\"280\" y2=\"246\" stroke=\"#c8d5e3\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <polygon points=\"280,252 274,240 286,240\" fill=\"#c8d5e3\"\/>\r\n\r\n <rect x=\"60\" y=\"256\" width=\"440\" height=\"34\" rx=\"8\" fill=\"#14243f\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"278\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#ffd970\">PRECISE INSTRUCTIONAL OBJECTIVES<\/text>\r\n\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"302\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#5a6d80\">Tyler, 1949 · an objective that passes only one screen is dropped, not weakened<\/text>\r\n<\/g><\/svg>\r\n <div class=\"diagram-cap\"><span class=\"en\">Sources supply candidate objectives; the screens decide which of them survive<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0924 \u0938\u0902\u092d\u093e\u0935\u093f\u0924 \u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f \u0926\u0947\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902; \u091b\u0928\u0928\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u0924\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0915\u093f \u0909\u0928\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u094c\u0928 \u092c\u091a\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902<\/span><\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"flow-wrap\">\r\n <div class=\"flow-note\"><span class=\"en\">Hilda Taba's seven steps. Her objection to Tyler was not to the questions but to who answers them first: she held that curriculum should be built by teachers from units upward rather than handed down as a general design.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0939\u093f\u0932\u094d\u0921\u093e \u091f\u093e\u092c\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0924 \u091a\u0930\u0923\u0964 \u091f\u093e\u092f\u0932\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0940 \u0906\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0925\u0940, \u0905\u092a\u093f\u0924\u0941 \u0907\u0938 \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u093f \u0909\u0928\u0915\u093e \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0915\u094c\u0928 \u0926\u0947: \u0909\u0928\u0915\u093e \u092e\u0924 \u0925\u093e \u0915\u093f \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u091a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u090a\u092a\u0930 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u094c\u0902\u092a\u0940 \u0928 \u091c\u093e\u0915\u0930 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0907\u0915\u093e\u0907\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u090a\u092a\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0913\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0940 \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"flow-steps\">\r\n <div class=\"flow-step\"><div class=\"fs-num\">1<\/div><div class=\"fs-body\"><strong><span class=\"en\">Diagnosis of needs<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0924\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0926\u093e\u0928<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"fs-sub\"><span class=\"en\">What the learners actually bring and lack, established before anything is written. Placing this first is the whole of Taba's departure.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924\u0903 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0932\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0905\u092d\u093e\u0935 \u0939\u0948, \u092f\u0939 \u0915\u0941\u091b \u092d\u0940 \u0932\u093f\u0916\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u093f\u0924\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0925\u092e \u0930\u0916\u0928\u093e \u0939\u0940 \u091f\u093e\u092c\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0935\u093f\u091a\u0932\u0928 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/div><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"flow-step\"><div class=\"fs-num\">2<\/div><div class=\"fs-body\"><strong><span class=\"en\">Formulation of objectives<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"fs-sub\"><span class=\"en\">Stated in a form that permits the question of attainment to be asked at all.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0910\u0938\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f \u0909\u092a\u0932\u092c\u094d\u0927\u093f \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u092a\u0942\u091b\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0928\u093e \u0938\u0902\u092d\u0935 \u0939\u094b\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/div><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"flow-step\"><div class=\"fs-num\">3<\/div><div class=\"fs-body\"><strong><span class=\"en\">Selection of content<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u093e \u091a\u092f\u0928<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"fs-sub\"><span class=\"en\">Against the objectives, and tested for validity and significance rather than for coverage.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0935\u0948\u0927\u0924\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/div><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"flow-step\"><div class=\"fs-num\">4<\/div><div class=\"fs-body\"><strong><span class=\"en\">Organisation of content<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0902\u0917\u0920\u0928<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"fs-sub\"><span class=\"en\">Sequenced by the maturity of the learners and by what the subject requires to come first.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092a\u0915\u094d\u0935\u0924\u093e \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f \u0915\u0940 \u0907\u0938 \u092e\u093e\u0901\u0917 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u092c\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0915\u093f \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0906\u0928\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/div><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"flow-step\"><div class=\"fs-num\">5<\/div><div class=\"fs-body\"><strong><span class=\"en\">Selection of learning experiences<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092d\u0935\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u091a\u092f\u0928<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"fs-sub\"><span class=\"en\">Content and experience are separated deliberately: the same content admits several experiences, and the choice among them is a further decision.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092d\u0935 \u0938\u0941\u0935\u093f\u091a\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0943\u0925\u0915\u094d \u0939\u0948\u0902: \u090f\u0915 \u0939\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u0905\u0928\u0947\u0915 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092d\u0935\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092e\u0924\u093f \u0926\u0947\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0928\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u091a\u092f\u0928 \u090f\u0915 \u0914\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0923\u092f \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/div><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"flow-step\"><div class=\"fs-num\">6<\/div><div class=\"fs-body\"><strong><span class=\"en\">Organisation of learning experiences<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092d\u0935\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0902\u0917\u0920\u0928<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"fs-sub\"><span class=\"en\">Arranged so that each rests on the one before and the whole builds cumulatively.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0907\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0940 \u092a\u0930 \u091f\u093f\u0915\u0947 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u092f\u0940 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/div><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"flow-step\"><div class=\"fs-num\">7<\/div><div class=\"fs-body\"><strong><span class=\"en\">Determination of what to evaluate, and how<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u092e\u0942\u0932\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0915\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b, \u0907\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"fs-sub\"><span class=\"en\">Both the objectives and the means of testing them, decided as part of the design rather than after it.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0927\u0928 \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902, \u091c\u094b \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0902\u0917 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0924\u092f \u0939\u094b\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/div><\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"vs-compare\">\r\n <div class=\"vs-side left\">\r\n <span class=\"vs-tag\">Tyler<\/span>\r\n <h5><span class=\"en\">Deductive and administrative<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0928\u093f\u0917\u092e\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u093e\u0938\u0928\u093f\u0915<\/span><\/h5>\r\n <ul>\r\n <li><span class=\"en\">Begins with general objectives for the whole programme<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u0902\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0906\u0930\u0902\u092d<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"en\">Moves from the general design down to the unit and the lesson<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0907\u0915\u093e\u0908 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u093e\u0920 \u0924\u0915 \u0928\u0940\u091a\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0913\u0930 \u0917\u0924\u093f<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"en\">Built by a body above the school; teachers receive it<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0938\u0947 \u090a\u092a\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u093e\u092f \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0924; \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"en\">Strength: coherence across a system. Weakness: distance from any actual class<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f: \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u092d\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u0917\u0924\u093f\u0964 \u0926\u0941\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0932\u0924\u093e: \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u0926\u0942\u0930\u0940<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div class=\"vs-mid\">vs<\/div>\r\n <div class=\"vs-side right\">\r\n <span class=\"vs-tag\">Taba<\/span>\r\n <h5><span class=\"en\">Inductive and grassroots<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0906\u0917\u092e\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u091c\u092e\u0940\u0928\u0940<\/span><\/h5>\r\n <ul>\r\n <li><span class=\"en\">Begins with a diagnosis of what these learners need<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0907\u0928 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f, \u0907\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0938\u0947 \u0906\u0930\u0902\u092d<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"en\">Builds teaching-learning units first and generalises upward from them<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923-\u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e \u0907\u0915\u093e\u0907\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0915\u0930 \u0909\u0928\u0938\u0947 \u090a\u092a\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0913\u0930 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"en\">Built by teachers, who know the learners the design is for<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0924, \u091c\u094b \u0909\u0928 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u091c\u093f\u0928\u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"en\">Strength: fit to the actual class. Weakness: coherence across schools is harder to secure<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f: \u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0930\u0942\u092a\u0924\u093e\u0964 \u0926\u0941\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0932\u0924\u093e: \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u0917\u0924\u093f \u0938\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0936\u094d\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u0915\u0920\u093f\u0928<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <svg class=\"full-diagram\" viewBox=\"0 0 560 334\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Wheeler's cyclical model of curriculum development\">\r\n<defs><marker id=\"wh\" markerWidth=\"10\" markerHeight=\"10\" refX=\"8\" refY=\"3.5\" orient=\"auto\">\r\n<path d=\"M0,0 L0,7 L9,3.5 z\" fill=\"#c8d5e3\"\/><\/marker><\/defs>\r\n<g font-family=\"DM Sans, Noto Sans Devanagari, sans-serif\" font-size=\"10.5\">\r\n <g fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#dde5ee\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" marker-end=\"url(#wh)\">\r\n <path d=\"M350 44 C384 58, 402 82, 406 96\"\/>\r\n <path d=\"M410 152 C412 194, 396 232, 380 244\"\/>\r\n <path d=\"M290 290 C276 292, 262 292, 250 290\"\/>\r\n <path d=\"M160 244 C144 230, 130 196, 132 152\"\/>\r\n <path d=\"M136 96 C142 78, 172 52, 208 42\"\/>\r\n <\/g>\r\n\r\n <rect x=\"212\" y=\"12\" width=\"136\" height=\"46\" rx=\"9\" fill=\"#eef4fc\" stroke=\"#1f5fa9\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"30\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\">AIMS, GOALS AND<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"44\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\">OBJECTIVES<\/text>\r\n <rect x=\"336\" y=\"102\" width=\"136\" height=\"46\" rx=\"9\" fill=\"#eaf6ff\" stroke=\"#2f92d1\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"404\" y=\"120\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#2f92d1\">SELECTION OF<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"404\" y=\"134\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#2f92d1\">LEARNING EXPERIENCES<\/text>\r\n <rect x=\"292\" y=\"244\" width=\"136\" height=\"46\" rx=\"9\" fill=\"#eefbf7\" stroke=\"#0d8f79\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"360\" y=\"262\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#0d8f79\">SELECTION OF<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"360\" y=\"276\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#0d8f79\">CONTENT<\/text>\r\n <rect x=\"132\" y=\"244\" width=\"136\" height=\"46\" rx=\"9\" fill=\"#fffaef\" stroke=\"#c9760f\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"200\" y=\"262\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#c9760f\">ORGANISATION AND<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"200\" y=\"276\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#c9760f\">INTEGRATION<\/text>\r\n <rect x=\"88\" y=\"102\" width=\"136\" height=\"46\" rx=\"9\" fill=\"#fdf0f5\" stroke=\"#8e2f5a\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"156\" y=\"120\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#8e2f5a\">EVALUATION<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"156\" y=\"134\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#8e2f5a\">of all of the above<\/text>\r\n <circle cx=\"280\" cy=\"150\" r=\"48\" fill=\"#f5f8fd\" stroke=\"#14243f\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"145\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#14243f\">CYCLICAL<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"159\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#14243f\">MODEL<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"173\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7\" fill=\"#5a6d80\">Wheeler, 1967<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"324\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" fill=\"#5a6d80\">evaluation returns to the aims rather than closing the file, which is the whole difference from a linear model<\/text>\r\n<\/g><\/svg>\r\n <div class=\"diagram-cap\"><span class=\"en\">The fifth phase returns to the first, which is what makes the model cyclical rather than linear<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u093e\u0901\u091a\u0935\u0940\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0940 \u092a\u0930 \u0932\u094c\u091f\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u092f\u0939\u0940 \u0907\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u094b \u0930\u0948\u0916\u093f\u0915 \u0928 \u0930\u0939\u0928\u0947 \u0926\u0947\u0915\u0930 \u091a\u0915\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"p11-4\">\r\n <span class=\"section-badge\">11.4<\/span>\r\n <h3><span class=\"en\">Curriculum Transaction and Materials<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u091a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0938\u0902\u091a\u0930\u0923 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940<\/span><\/h3>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <p><span class=\"en\">Transaction is the point at which a plan becomes an occurrence, and it is where almost all of the difference between two schools with the same syllabus is made. The materials through which it happens are worth listing with what each can and cannot carry, because a school's whole reform effort is often spent on the one that carries least.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u0902\u091a\u0930\u0923 \u0935\u0939 \u092c\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0941 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938 \u092a\u0930 \u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928\u093e \u0918\u091f\u0928\u093e \u092c\u0928\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u090f\u0915 \u0939\u0940 \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0926\u094b \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u0915\u093e \u0932\u0917\u092d\u0917 \u0938\u092e\u0938\u094d\u0924 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930 \u092f\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u092c\u0928\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u091c\u093f\u0928 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u092f\u0939 \u0918\u091f\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u0907\u0938 \u0938\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0940\u092c\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0935\u0939\u0928 \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0938\u0941\u0927\u093e\u0930-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u093e\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092f\u0903 \u0909\u0938\u0940 \u092a\u0930 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u092f \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u092e \u0935\u0939\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"table-scroll\">\r\n <table class=\"data-table\">\r\n <thead><tr>\r\n <th style=\"width:20%\"><span class=\"en\">Material<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940<\/span><\/th>\r\n <th style=\"width:32%\"><span class=\"en\">What it carries well<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092f\u0939 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0905\u091a\u094d\u091b\u0940 \u0924\u0930\u0939 \u0935\u0939\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/th>\r\n <th style=\"width:26%\"><span class=\"en\">What it cannot carry<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092f\u0939 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0935\u0939\u0928 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940<\/span><\/th>\r\n <th style=\"width:22%\"><span class=\"en\">Common misuse<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0926\u0941\u0930\u0941\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917<\/span><\/th>\r\n <\/tr><\/thead>\r\n <tbody>\r\n <tr><td><strong><span class=\"en\">Textbook<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u092a\u0941\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0915<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">An ordered exposition, a common reference for a whole class, and material a learner can return to alone.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u092c\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e, \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0938\u093e\u091d\u093e \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0930\u094d\u092d, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0910\u0938\u0940 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u091c\u093f\u0938 \u092a\u0930 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0905\u0915\u0947\u0932\u093e \u0932\u094c\u091f \u0938\u0915\u0947\u0964<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Any adaptation to this class, and any response to a wrong answer.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0907\u0938 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0930\u0942\u092a \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0915\u0942\u0932\u0928, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0917\u0932\u0924 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Treated as the syllabus, so what it omits is not taught.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0932\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0928\u093e, \u0905\u0924\u0903 \u091c\u094b \u0935\u0939 \u091b\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0935\u0939 \u092a\u0922\u093c\u093e\u092f\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td><strong><span class=\"en\">Teacher's handbook<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u092a\u0941\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0915\u093e<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">The reasoning behind the sequence, the misconceptions to expect, and alternative activities.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0940\u091b\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u0924\u0930\u094d\u0915, \u0905\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u092d\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0924\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0935\u0948\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a\u093f\u0915 \u0917\u0924\u093f\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901\u0964<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Anything, if it is not read \u2014 which is the usual case.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u0941\u091b \u092d\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u092f\u0926\u093f \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0922\u093c\u093e \u0928 \u091c\u093e\u090f \u2014 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0924\u0903 \u092f\u0939\u0940 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Distributed once and never referred to again.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u090f\u0915 \u092c\u093e\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0914\u0930 \u092b\u093f\u0930 \u0915\u092d\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0930\u094d\u092d\u093f\u0924 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td><strong><span class=\"en\">Teaching-learning material<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923-\u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">A concept whose structure is inside the object, and a way for a learner to test a prediction.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0910\u0938\u093e \u0938\u0902\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u092f \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u0947 \u092d\u0940\u0924\u0930 \u0939\u094b, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0928\u0941\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u0930\u0916\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0964<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">A concept that is not inside it, however attractive the object.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0910\u0938\u093e \u0938\u0902\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u092f \u091c\u094b \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092d\u0940\u0924\u0930 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u091a\u093e\u0939\u0947 \u0915\u093f\u0924\u0928\u0940 \u0906\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0939\u094b\u0964<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Prepared for an inspection and stored thereafter.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0928\u093f\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0924\u0948\u092f\u093e\u0930 \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u0930\u0916 \u0926\u0940 \u0917\u0908\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td><strong><span class=\"en\">Digital material<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Simulation of what cannot be brought into a room, repetition without fatigue, and immediate feedback.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u091c\u094b \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0932\u093e\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0909\u0938\u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u0942\u092a\u0923, \u0925\u0915\u093e\u0928-\u0930\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u093e\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0924\u0924\u094d\u0915\u093e\u0932 \u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920\u092a\u094b\u0937\u0923\u0964<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">The judgement about when a learner needs something other than what was planned.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092f\u0939 \u0935\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0915 \u0915\u093f \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0915\u094b \u0928\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091c\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u0947 \u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u0941\u091b \u0915\u092c \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f\u0964<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Adopted uniformly and evaluated by how much it is used.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u090f\u0915\u0930\u0942\u092a \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u093e\u0908 \u0917\u0908 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0940 \u092e\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u092e\u0942\u0932\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0915\u093f\u0924\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <\/tbody>\r\n <\/table>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"p11-5\">\r\n <span class=\"section-badge\">11.5<\/span>\r\n <h3><span class=\"en\">Curriculum Evaluation and Renewal<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u091a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e \u092e\u0942\u0932\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0915\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0928\u0935\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923<\/span><\/h3>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <p><span class=\"en\">Michael Scriven introduced the terms formative and summative in 1967, and he introduced them about curricula rather than about learners. Formative evaluation is carried out while a curriculum is still being developed, so that it can be altered; summative evaluation is carried out on the finished product, so that it can be judged. The extension of the pair to student assessment came later, and the original sense is worth holding, because it explains why a formative judgement that arrives after the programme has been printed is not formative at all.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092e\u093e\u0907\u0915\u0932 \u0938\u094d\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0928 \u0928\u0947 1967 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0932\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u092a\u0926 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u090f, \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0939\u094b\u0902\u0928\u0947 \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u091a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0964 \u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u092e\u0942\u0932\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0915\u0928 \u0924\u092c \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u092c \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u091a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0905\u092d\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0938\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b \u0930\u0939\u0940 \u0939\u094b, \u0924\u093e\u0915\u093f \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0926\u0932\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0947; \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0932\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u092e\u0942\u0932\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0915\u0928 \u0924\u0948\u092f\u093e\u0930 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926 \u092a\u0930 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u093e\u0915\u093f \u0909\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0923\u092f \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0947\u0964 \u0907\u0938 \u092f\u0941\u0917\u094d\u092e \u0915\u093e \u091b\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930-\u0906\u0915\u0932\u0928 \u0924\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0930 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0906\u092f\u093e, \u0914\u0930 \u092e\u0942\u0932 \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u0935\u0939 \u0938\u092e\u091d\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u091b\u092a \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u0906\u092f\u093e \u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0923\u092f \u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0939\u0948 \u0939\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n <svg class=\"full-diagram\" viewBox=\"0 0 560 282\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"The four components of the CIPP evaluation model\">\r\n<g font-family=\"DM Sans, Noto Sans Devanagari, sans-serif\" font-size=\"10.5\">\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"18\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"11\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#5a6d80\">EACH COMPONENT SERVES A DIFFERENT DECISION<\/text>\r\n\r\n <rect x=\"14\" y=\"30\" width=\"262\" height=\"98\" rx=\"10\" fill=\"#eef4fc\" stroke=\"#1f5fa9\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <circle cx=\"44\" cy=\"60\" r=\"17\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"44\" y=\"66\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"15\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#ffffff\">C<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"72\" y=\"56\" font-size=\"10.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\">CONTEXT<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"72\" y=\"72\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">what needs exist, and what should be aimed at?<\/text>\r\n <line x1=\"30\" y1=\"88\" x2=\"260\" y2=\"88\" stroke=\"#1f5fa9\" stroke-width=\"1\" stroke-dasharray=\"3 3\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"30\" y=\"104\" font-size=\"7.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#5a6d80\">SERVES THE DECISION<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"30\" y=\"118\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">planning · what the objectives should be<\/text>\r\n\r\n <rect x=\"284\" y=\"30\" width=\"262\" height=\"98\" rx=\"10\" fill=\"#eaf6ff\" stroke=\"#2f92d1\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <circle cx=\"314\" cy=\"60\" r=\"17\" fill=\"#2f92d1\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"314\" y=\"66\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"15\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#ffffff\">I<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"342\" y=\"56\" font-size=\"10.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#2f92d1\">INPUT<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"342\" y=\"72\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">which design and what resources will serve?<\/text>\r\n <line x1=\"300\" y1=\"88\" x2=\"530\" y2=\"88\" stroke=\"#2f92d1\" stroke-width=\"1\" stroke-dasharray=\"3 3\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"300\" y=\"104\" font-size=\"7.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#5a6d80\">SERVES THE DECISION<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"300\" y=\"118\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">structuring · which plan to adopt<\/text>\r\n\r\n <rect x=\"14\" y=\"142\" width=\"262\" height=\"98\" rx=\"10\" fill=\"#fffaef\" stroke=\"#c9760f\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <circle cx=\"44\" cy=\"172\" r=\"17\" fill=\"#c9760f\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"44\" y=\"178\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"15\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#ffffff\">P<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"72\" y=\"168\" font-size=\"10.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#c9760f\">PROCESS<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"72\" y=\"184\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">is the plan being carried out as designed?<\/text>\r\n <line x1=\"30\" y1=\"200\" x2=\"260\" y2=\"200\" stroke=\"#c9760f\" stroke-width=\"1\" stroke-dasharray=\"3 3\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"30\" y=\"216\" font-size=\"7.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#5a6d80\">SERVES THE DECISION<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"30\" y=\"230\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">implementing · what to correct while running<\/text>\r\n\r\n <rect x=\"284\" y=\"142\" width=\"262\" height=\"98\" rx=\"10\" fill=\"#eefbf7\" stroke=\"#0d8f79\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <circle cx=\"314\" cy=\"172\" r=\"17\" fill=\"#0d8f79\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"314\" y=\"178\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"15\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#ffffff\">P<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"342\" y=\"168\" font-size=\"10.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#0d8f79\">PRODUCT<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"342\" y=\"184\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">what has been achieved, and at what cost?<\/text>\r\n <line x1=\"300\" y1=\"200\" x2=\"530\" y2=\"200\" stroke=\"#0d8f79\" stroke-width=\"1\" stroke-dasharray=\"3 3\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"300\" y=\"216\" font-size=\"7.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#5a6d80\">SERVES THE DECISION<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"300\" y=\"230\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">recycling · continue, revise or discontinue<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"264\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" fill=\"#5a6d80\">Stufflebeam · the model is decision-oriented, so an evaluation that informs no decision has not been done<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"278\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" font-style=\"italic\" fill=\"#5a6d80\">the first two run before the programme, the third during it and the fourth after<\/text>\r\n<\/g><\/svg>\r\n <div class=\"diagram-cap\"><span class=\"en\">Two components run before the programme, one during it and one after<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0926\u094b \u0918\u091f\u0915 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u091a\u0932\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u090f\u0915 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0926\u094c\u0930\u093e\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u090f\u0915 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u092e\u0947\u0902<\/span><\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"pc-grid\">\r\n <div class=\"pc-panel neu\">\r\n <div class=\"pc-head\"><span class=\"pc-ico\">▸<\/span><span class=\"en\">What a renewal cycle should check<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0928\u0935\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u091a\u0915\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u094b \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0901\u091a\u0928\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f<\/span><\/div>\r\n <ul>\r\n <li><span class=\"en\">Whether the attained curriculum has moved, not whether the intended one has been rewritten<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u091a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u092f\u0939 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u093f \u0905\u092d\u0940\u0937\u094d\u091f \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u091a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u094d\u0932\u093f\u0916\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0941\u0908 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"en\">Whether what was dropped from the syllabus was actually dropped from the examination<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u091c\u094b \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u0939\u091f\u093e\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0935\u0939 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924\u0903 \u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u092d\u0940 \u0939\u091f\u093e<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"en\">Whether teachers were given the knowledge the new design assumes they hold<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0935\u0939 \u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u0928\u092f\u093e \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u0938 \u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0932\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"en\">Whether the materials reached the schools that had least before the change<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0909\u0928 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0924\u0915 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a\u0940 \u091c\u093f\u0928\u0915\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u0938 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u092e \u0925\u093e<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div class=\"pc-panel con\">\r\n <div class=\"pc-head\"><span class=\"pc-ico\">\u2717<\/span><span class=\"en\">Why renewal so often changes little<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0928\u0935\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092f\u0903 \u0907\u0924\u0928\u093e \u0915\u092e \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/div>\r\n <ul>\r\n <li><span class=\"en\">The examination is left unchanged, and it, not the framework, is what fixes what is taught<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0905\u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0924 \u091b\u094b\u0921\u093c \u0926\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u0939\u0940, \u0928 \u0915\u093f \u0930\u0942\u092a\u0930\u0947\u0916\u093e, \u0924\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u092a\u0922\u093c\u093e\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u090f<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"en\">The textbook is rewritten and the teacher's own understanding of the content is not addressed<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u092a\u0941\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0915 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u094d\u0932\u093f\u0916\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f-\u0938\u092e\u091d \u0938\u0902\u092c\u094b\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"en\">Evaluation is summative only, so nothing could have been corrected while it was still possible<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092e\u0942\u0932\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0915\u0928 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0932\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0905\u0924\u0903 \u091c\u092c \u0938\u0941\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u092d\u0935 \u0925\u093e \u0924\u092c \u0915\u0941\u091b \u0938\u0941\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0939\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0925\u093e<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"en\">The cycle is fixed by a calendar rather than by evidence that the previous design has stopped serving<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u091a\u0915\u094d\u0930 \u0907\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u0938\u0947 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u093f \u092a\u093f\u091b\u0932\u093e \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a \u0915\u093e\u092e \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u092c\u0902\u0926 \u0915\u0930 \u091a\u0941\u0915\u093e, \u0905\u092a\u093f\u0924\u0941 \u092a\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0902\u0917 \u0938\u0947 \u0924\u092f \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"cyp-box\">\r\n <div class=\"cyp-title\"><span class=\"en\">Progress check<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0917\u0924\u093f \u091c\u093e\u0901\u091a<\/span><\/div>\r\n <details class=\"cyp-q\"><summary><span class=\"en\">A state adopts a new framework, prints new textbooks and reports the curriculum as reformed. Which of the three curricula has changed?<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0930\u093e\u091c\u094d\u092f \u0928\u0908 \u0930\u0942\u092a\u0930\u0947\u0916\u093e \u0905\u092a\u0928\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0928\u0908 \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u092a\u0941\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0915\u0947\u0902 \u091b\u093e\u092a\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u091a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0941\u0927\u0930\u093e \u0939\u0941\u0906 \u092c\u0924\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0924\u0940\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u094c\u0928-\u0938\u0940 \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u091a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0940?<\/span><\/summary>\r\n <div class=\"cyp-a\"><span class=\"en\">The intended one, and only that. Whether the implemented curriculum has moved depends on what teachers now do differently, which depends in turn on whether they hold the knowledge the new design assumes. Whether the attained curriculum has moved is a further question again, and it is the only one that concerns a learner. Reform that changes only the first box changes nothing a learner will ever meet.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u092d\u0940\u0937\u094d\u091f \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u091a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e, \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0935\u0939\u0940\u0964 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0928\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u091a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0940 \u092f\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u092f\u0939 \u0907\u0938 \u092a\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092d\u0930 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0905\u092c \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u091c\u094b \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0907\u0938 \u092a\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092d\u0930 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u0938 \u0935\u0939 \u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u0939\u0948 \u092f\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u0928\u092f\u093e \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a \u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0932\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u091a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0940 \u092f\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u092f\u0939 \u0909\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u092d\u0940 \u0906\u0917\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0935\u0939\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u091c\u094b \u0938\u0941\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0925\u092e \u0916\u0902\u0921 \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0935\u0939 \u0910\u0938\u093e \u0915\u0941\u091b \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0924\u093e \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0915\u092d\u0940 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0947\u0917\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n <details class=\"cyp-q\"><summary><span class=\"en\">Why is Taba's model called grassroots when its seven steps look much like Tyler's four questions expanded?<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u091f\u093e\u092c\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u094b \u091c\u092e\u0940\u0928\u0940 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0939\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u092c\u0915\u093f \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0924 \u091a\u0930\u0923 \u091f\u093e\u092f\u0932\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u091a\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0930 \u0939\u0940 \u0932\u0917\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902?<\/span><\/summary>\r\n <div class=\"cyp-a\"><span class=\"en\">Because the objection is not to the questions but to the order of answering and to who answers first. Taba placed a diagnosis of needs before objectives and had teachers build teaching-learning units from which the general design would be generalised upward, whereas Tyler moves from a general design down to the unit. The steps overlap; the direction of construction does not.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u0906\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0926\u0947\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0907\u0938 \u092a\u0930 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0915\u094c\u0928 \u0926\u0947\u0964 \u091f\u093e\u092c\u093e \u0928\u0947 \u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0924\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0930\u0916\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923-\u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e \u0907\u0915\u093e\u0907\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u092c\u0928\u0935\u093e\u0908\u0902 \u091c\u093f\u0928\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a \u090a\u092a\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0913\u0930 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0940\u0915\u0943\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0917\u093e, \u091c\u092c\u0915\u093f \u091f\u093e\u092f\u0932\u0930 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0907\u0915\u093e\u0908 \u0924\u0915 \u0928\u0940\u091a\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0913\u0930 \u091a\u0932\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u091a\u0930\u0923 \u0905\u0924\u093f\u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902; \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u0915\u0940 \u0926\u093f\u0936\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n <details class=\"cyp-q\"><summary><span class=\"en\">A committee evaluates a new programme only at the end of three years. Which components of CIPP have been used, and what has been forfeited?<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0938\u092e\u093f\u0924\u093f \u0928\u090f \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u0915\u093e \u092e\u0942\u0932\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0915\u0928 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0924\u0940\u0928 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0902\u0924 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0938\u0940\u0906\u0908\u092a\u0940\u092a\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u094c\u0928-\u0938\u0947 \u0918\u091f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u0941\u090f, \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0916\u094b \u0917\u092f\u093e?<\/span><\/summary>\r\n <div class=\"cyp-a\"><span class=\"en\">Product evaluation alone. Context evaluation, which would have settled whether the objectives were the right ones, and input evaluation, which would have compared designs before one was adopted, both had to run before the programme began. Process evaluation, which would have shown what to correct while correction was still possible, had to run during it. What is forfeited is every decision except the last one, which is whether to continue or discontinue.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926 \u092e\u0942\u0932\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0915\u0928\u0964 \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0930\u094d\u092d \u092e\u0942\u0932\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0915\u0928, \u091c\u094b \u0924\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0915\u093f \u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f \u0909\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0925\u0947 \u092f\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0936 \u092e\u0942\u0932\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0915\u0928, \u091c\u094b \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u090f\u0915 \u0915\u094b \u0905\u092a\u0928\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0924\u0941\u0932\u0928\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u2014 \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u0906\u0930\u0902\u092d \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u091a\u0932\u0928\u093e \u0925\u093e\u0964 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u092e\u0942\u0932\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0915\u0928, \u091c\u094b \u0926\u093f\u0916\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0915\u093f \u091c\u092c \u0938\u0941\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u092d\u0935 \u0925\u093e \u0924\u092c \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0938\u0941\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093e \u091c\u093e\u090f, \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0926\u094c\u0930\u093e\u0928 \u091a\u0932\u0928\u093e \u0925\u093e\u0964 \u091c\u094b \u0916\u094b \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0935\u0939 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u093f\u092e \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0924\u093f\u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0923\u092f \u0939\u0948, \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0924\u094d \u091c\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0930\u0916\u0928\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u092f\u093e \u092c\u0902\u0926 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"p11-6\">\r\n <span class=\"section-badge\">11.6<\/span>\r\n <h3><span class=\"en\">Practice Set<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u092d\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938 \u0938\u0947\u091f<\/span><\/h3>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"mcq-box\">\r\n <div class=\"mcq-title\"><span class=\"en\">Practice \u2014 Curriculum and Transaction<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u092d\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938 \u2014 \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u091a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u0930\u0923<\/span> <span class=\"mcq-src\">10 items<\/span><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"mcq-note\"><span class=\"en\">Where a model is described, identify the direction of construction and the point at which evaluation enters.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0923\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b, \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u0915\u0940 \u0926\u093f\u0936\u093e \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0935\u0939 \u092c\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0941 \u092a\u0939\u091a\u093e\u0928\u0947\u0902 \u091c\u093f\u0938 \u092a\u0930 \u092e\u0942\u0932\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0915\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0947\u0936 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n\r\n <details class=\"mcq-q\"><summary><span class=\"mcq-num\">1<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">In Tyler's rationale, the three sources of objectives are<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u091f\u093e\u092f\u0932\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0924\u0930\u094d\u0915\u093e\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0924\u0940\u0928 \u0938\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0924 \u0939\u0948\u0902<\/span><\/span><\/summary>\r\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\r\n <li>(a) <span class=\"en\">philosophy, psychology and sociology<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u0928, \u092e\u0928\u094b\u0935\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u091c\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(b) <span class=\"en\">studies of learners, studies of contemporary life, and suggestions from subject specialists<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092f\u0928, \u0938\u092e\u0915\u093e\u0932\u0940\u0928 \u091c\u0940\u0935\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092f\u0928, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f-\u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937\u091c\u094d\u091e\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0941\u091d\u093e\u0935<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(c) <span class=\"en\">the framework, the syllabus and the textbook<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0930\u0942\u092a\u0930\u0947\u0916\u093e, \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u092a\u0941\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0915<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(d) <span class=\"en\">aims, content and evaluation<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f, \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092e\u0942\u0932\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0915\u0928<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\"><b>(b).<\/b> <span class=\"en\">Option (a) names the two screens rather than the three sources, and it names them wrongly as three: the screens are the philosophy of education and the psychology of learning, through which the tentative general objectives from the sources are passed to yield precise instructional objectives. Confusing sources with screens is the standard error on this item.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a (a) \u0924\u0940\u0928 \u0938\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0924\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u091c\u093e\u092f \u0926\u094b \u091b\u0928\u0928\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093e\u092e \u0932\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u092d\u0940 \u0917\u0932\u0924\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u0924\u0940\u0928 \u092c\u0924\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948: \u091b\u0928\u0928\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e-\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e-\u092e\u0928\u094b\u0935\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u091c\u093f\u0928\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0924\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0906\u090f \u0905\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092f\u0940 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f \u0917\u0941\u091c\u093e\u0930\u0915\u0930 \u092f\u0925\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0926\u0947\u0936\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f \u0928\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0938\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0924\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u091b\u0928\u0928\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u092d\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u0907\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0915 \u0924\u094d\u0930\u0941\u091f\u093f \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n\r\n <details class=\"mcq-q\"><summary><span class=\"mcq-num\">2<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">The first step in Taba's model is<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u091f\u093e\u092c\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0925\u092e \u091a\u0930\u0923 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/span><\/summary>\r\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\r\n <li>(a) <span class=\"en\">formulation of objectives<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(b) <span class=\"en\">selection of content<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u093e \u091a\u092f\u0928<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(c) <span class=\"en\">diagnosis of needs<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0924\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0926\u093e\u0928<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(d) <span class=\"en\">organisation of learning experiences<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092d\u0935\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0902\u0917\u0920\u0928<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\"><b>(c).<\/b> <span class=\"en\">Placing the diagnosis before the objectives is the whole of Taba's departure from Tyler, since it makes the design answerable to what these learners actually bring rather than to a general statement of purpose. Option (a) is Tyler's starting point and is therefore the trap.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0928\u093f\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u094b \u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u0930\u0916\u0928\u093e \u0939\u0940 \u091f\u093e\u092f\u0932\u0930 \u0938\u0947 \u091f\u093e\u092c\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0935\u093f\u091a\u0932\u0928 \u0939\u0948, \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u0907\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0925\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0907\u0938 \u092c\u093e\u0924 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930\u0926\u093e\u092f\u0940 \u092c\u0928\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u092f\u0947 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924\u0903 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0932\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a (a) \u091f\u093e\u092f\u0932\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928-\u092c\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0941 \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0907\u0938\u0940\u0932\u093f\u090f \u091c\u093e\u0932 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n\r\n <details class=\"mcq-q\"><summary><span class=\"mcq-num\">3<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">Which best states the relation among curriculum, syllabus and textbook?<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u091a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e, \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u092a\u0941\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u094b\u0924\u094d\u0924\u092e \u0915\u0925\u0928 \u0915\u094c\u0928-\u0938\u093e \u0939\u0948?<\/span><\/span><\/summary>\r\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\r\n <li>(a) <span class=\"en\">They are three names for the same document<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092f\u0947 \u090f\u0915 \u0939\u0940 \u0926\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0947\u091c\u093c \u0915\u0947 \u0924\u0940\u0928 \u0928\u093e\u092e \u0939\u0948\u0902<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(b) <span class=\"en\">The syllabus contains the curriculum, which contains the textbook<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u091a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u092a\u0941\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0915<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(c) <span class=\"en\">The curriculum contains the syllabus, and the textbook is one material for transacting part of it<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u091a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u092a\u0941\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0915 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u090f\u0915 \u092d\u093e\u0917 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0940 \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(d) <span class=\"en\">The textbook determines the syllabus, which determines the curriculum<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u092a\u0941\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0915 \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u0924\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u094b \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u091a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0924\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\"><b>(c).<\/b> <span class=\"en\">The curriculum is the whole plan \u2014 aims, content, method, organisation, materials and evaluation. The syllabus is the content of one subject with its sequence and weightage, and the textbook is one material among several. Option (d) describes what happens in practice when the last link is treated as the whole chain, which is a description of a failure rather than of the relation.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u091a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f, \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941, \u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f, \u0938\u0902\u0917\u0920\u0928, \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092e\u0942\u0932\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0915\u0928\u0964 \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u090f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f \u0915\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u0939\u0948 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0915 \u0938\u0939\u093f\u0924, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u092a\u0941\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0915 \u0905\u0928\u0947\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u090f\u0915\u0964 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a (d) \u0909\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0923\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0924\u092c \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u092c \u0905\u0902\u0924\u093f\u092e \u0915\u0921\u093c\u0940 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0936\u0943\u0902\u0916\u0932\u093e \u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0932\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u090f, \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u0939 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0935\u093f\u092b\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0923\u0928 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n\r\n <details class=\"mcq-q\"><summary><span class=\"mcq-num\">4<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">A study finds that a topic present in the syllabus was taught in only a third of schools. This is a gap between<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092f\u0928 \u092a\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u092a\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u090f\u0915-\u0924\u093f\u0939\u093e\u0908 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0922\u093c\u093e\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0915\u093f\u0928\u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093e\u0932 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/span><\/summary>\r\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\r\n <li>(a) <span class=\"en\">the intended and the implemented curriculum<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u092d\u0940\u0937\u094d\u091f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0928\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u091a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(b) <span class=\"en\">the implemented and the attained curriculum<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0928\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0924 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u091a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(c) <span class=\"en\">the hidden and the null curriculum<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0917\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0936\u0942\u0928\u094d\u092f \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u091a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(d) <span class=\"en\">the formal and the informal curriculum<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0914\u092a\u091a\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0905\u0928\u094c\u092a\u091a\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u091a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\"><b>(a).<\/b> <span class=\"en\">The topic was prescribed and was not transacted, which places the loss on the teacher's side of the chain \u2014 time, materials or the teacher's own command of the content. A gap between implemented and attained would be a finding that the topic was taught and the learners nonetheless do not hold it, which is a different diagnosis with different remedies.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0925\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u0941\u0906, \u091c\u094b \u0939\u093e\u0928\u093f \u0915\u094b \u0936\u0943\u0902\u0916\u0932\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915-\u092a\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u092a\u0930 \u0930\u0916\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u0938\u092e\u092f, \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f-\u092a\u0915\u0921\u093c\u0964 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0928\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0924 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093e\u0932 \u092f\u0939 \u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0937 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0915\u093f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u092a\u0922\u093c\u093e\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u092b\u093f\u0930 \u092d\u0940 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947, \u091c\u094b \u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0909\u092a\u091a\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e \u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0928\u093f\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n\r\n <details class=\"mcq-q\"><summary><span class=\"mcq-num\">5<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">Wheeler's model differs from Tyler's chiefly in that it is<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u094d\u0939\u0940\u0932\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u091f\u093e\u092f\u0932\u0930 \u0938\u0947 \u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f\u0924\u0903 \u0907\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0935\u0939 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/span><\/summary>\r\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\r\n <li>(a) <span class=\"en\">linear rather than cyclical<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u091a\u0915\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0930\u0948\u0916\u093f\u0915<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(b) <span class=\"en\">cyclical, with evaluation returning to the aims<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u091a\u0915\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u0942\u0932\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0915\u0928 \u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u0932\u094c\u091f\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(c) <span class=\"en\">concerned only with evaluation<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u092e\u0942\u0932\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0915\u0928 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u093f\u0924<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(d) <span class=\"en\">built entirely by classroom teachers<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923\u0924\u0903 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e-\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0924<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\"><b>(b).<\/b> <span class=\"en\">In a linear model evaluation is the last phase and closes the file; in Wheeler's the fifth phase feeds back into the first, so the aims are themselves revised in the light of what was attained. Option (d) describes Taba's departure rather than Wheeler's, and mixing the two is the commonest confusion among the three models.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0930\u0948\u0916\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u0942\u0932\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0915\u0928 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u093f\u092e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u092b\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0932 \u092c\u0902\u0926 \u0915\u0930 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948; \u0935\u094d\u0939\u0940\u0932\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u093e\u0901\u091a\u0935\u0940\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093e\u092a\u0938 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0905\u0924\u0903 \u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u0907\u0938 \u0906\u0932\u094b\u0915 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u0936\u094b\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0915\u093f \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u0941\u0906\u0964 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a (d) \u0935\u094d\u0939\u0940\u0932\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u091f\u093e\u092c\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u091a\u0932\u0928 \u092c\u0924\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0907\u0928 \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u092e\u093f\u0932\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0928\u093e \u0924\u0940\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f \u092d\u094d\u0930\u092e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n\r\n <details class=\"mcq-q\"><summary><span class=\"mcq-num\">6<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">Water is studied in the science period, in the geography period and in a poem, each keeping its own methods. This is<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u091c\u0932 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092f\u0928 \u0935\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0932\u093e\u0902\u0936 \u092e\u0947\u0902, \u092d\u0942\u0917\u094b\u0932 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0932\u093e\u0902\u0936 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u090f\u0915 \u0915\u0935\u093f\u0924\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u0930\u0916\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0941\u090f\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/span><\/summary>\r\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\r\n <li>(a) <span class=\"en\">transdisciplinary integration<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u093e\u0930-\u0905\u0928\u0941\u0936\u093e\u0938\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u092e\u0947\u0915\u0928<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(b) <span class=\"en\">interdisciplinary integration<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930-\u0905\u0928\u0941\u0936\u093e\u0938\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u092e\u0947\u0915\u0928<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(c) <span class=\"en\">multidisciplinary integration<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092c\u0939\u0941-\u0905\u0928\u0941\u0936\u093e\u0938\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u092e\u0947\u0915\u0928<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(d) <span class=\"en\">a core curriculum design<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u094b\u0930 \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u091a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\"><b>(c).<\/b> <span class=\"en\">The subjects remain intact and are pointed at a shared theme, which is the least demanding of the three degrees. Interdisciplinary would organise around a concept genuinely belonging to more than one subject, such as cycle or evidence; transdisciplinary would begin from a real question belonging to no subject and draw in whatever helps. A school announcing the third while running the first has changed a heading.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f \u0905\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0941\u0923\u094d\u0923 \u0930\u0939\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u093e\u091d\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u0940 \u0913\u0930 \u092e\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u091c\u094b \u0924\u0940\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u092e \u092e\u093e\u0901\u0917 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930-\u0905\u0928\u0941\u0936\u093e\u0938\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0910\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u0907\u0930\u094d\u0926-\u0917\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0926 \u0938\u0902\u0917\u0920\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u091c\u094b \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924\u0903 \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0939\u094b, \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u091a\u0915\u094d\u0930 \u092f\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923; \u092a\u093e\u0930-\u0905\u0928\u0941\u0936\u093e\u0938\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0910\u0938\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u0938\u0947 \u0906\u0930\u0902\u092d \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u091c\u094b \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f \u0915\u093e \u0928 \u0939\u094b\u0964 \u091c\u094b \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u092a\u0939\u0932\u093e \u091a\u0932\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0941\u090f \u0924\u0940\u0938\u0930\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0918\u094b\u0937\u0923\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0947 \u0909\u0938\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0936\u0940\u0930\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u092c\u0926\u0932\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n\r\n <details class=\"mcq-q\"><summary><span class=\"mcq-num\">7<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">Scriven's distinction between formative and summative evaluation was originally drawn with reference to<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0932\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u092e\u0942\u0932\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0915\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u092d\u0947\u0926 \u092e\u0942\u0932\u0924\u0903 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0930\u094d\u092d \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0925\u093e<\/span><\/span><\/summary>\r\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\r\n <li>(a) <span class=\"en\">the assessment of individual learners<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0917\u0924 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0906\u0915\u0932\u0928<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(b) <span class=\"en\">the evaluation of curricula and programmes<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u091a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u092e\u0942\u0932\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0915\u0928<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(c) <span class=\"en\">the appraisal of teachers<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u092e\u0942\u0932\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0915\u0928<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(d) <span class=\"en\">the inspection of school buildings<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u092d\u0935\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\"><b>(b).<\/b> <span class=\"en\">Formative evaluation was carried out while a curriculum was still under development, so that it could be altered; summative on the finished product, so that it could be judged. The extension to student assessment came later. Holding the original sense explains why a formative judgement delivered after the programme has been printed is not formative at all.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u092e\u0942\u0932\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0915\u0928 \u0924\u092c \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0925\u093e \u091c\u092c \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u091a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0905\u092d\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938\u093e\u0927\u0940\u0928 \u0939\u094b, \u0924\u093e\u0915\u093f \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0926\u0932\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0947; \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0932\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0924\u0948\u092f\u093e\u0930 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926 \u092a\u0930, \u0924\u093e\u0915\u093f \u0909\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0923\u092f \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0947\u0964 \u091b\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930-\u0906\u0915\u0932\u0928 \u0924\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0930 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0906\u092f\u093e\u0964 \u092e\u0942\u0932 \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u0938\u092e\u091d\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u091b\u092a \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0923\u092f \u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0939\u0948 \u0939\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n\r\n <details class=\"mcq-q\"><summary><span class=\"mcq-num\">8<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">In the CIPP model, the component that asks whether the plan is being carried out as designed is<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u0940\u0906\u0908\u092a\u0940\u092a\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u0939 \u0918\u091f\u0915 \u091c\u094b \u092a\u0942\u091b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928\u093e \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0928\u0941\u0938\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0928\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b \u0930\u0939\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u092f\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902<\/span><\/span><\/summary>\r\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\r\n <li>(a) <span class=\"en\">context evaluation<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u0902\u0926\u0930\u094d\u092d \u092e\u0942\u0932\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0915\u0928<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(b) <span class=\"en\">input evaluation<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0928\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0936 \u092e\u0942\u0932\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0915\u0928<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(c) <span class=\"en\">process evaluation<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u092e\u0942\u0932\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0915\u0928<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(d) <span class=\"en\">product evaluation<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926 \u092e\u0942\u0932\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0915\u0928<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\"><b>(c).<\/b> <span class=\"en\">Process evaluation runs during the programme and serves the implementing decision \u2014 what to correct while correction is still possible. Context serves planning and asks what should be aimed at, input serves structuring and compares designs, and product serves the recycling decision of whether to continue, revise or discontinue.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u092e\u0942\u0932\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0915\u0928 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u094c\u0930\u093e\u0928 \u091a\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0928\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0928-\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0923\u092f \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u091c\u092c \u0938\u0941\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u092d\u0935 \u0939\u0948 \u0924\u092c \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0938\u0941\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093e \u091c\u093e\u090f\u0964 \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0930\u094d\u092d \u0928\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u0942\u091b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u092f \u092c\u0928\u093e\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u090f, \u0928\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0936 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e-\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0923\u092f \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e \u0915\u0930 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0924\u0941\u0932\u0928\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926 \u091c\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0930\u0916\u0928\u0947, \u0938\u0902\u0936\u094b\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u092f\u093e \u092c\u0902\u0926 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u094d\u091a\u0915\u094d\u0930\u0923-\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0923\u092f \u0915\u0940\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n\r\n <details class=\"mcq-q\"><summary><span class=\"mcq-num\">9<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">The chief reason a curriculum reform often fails to change what is taught is that<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u091a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0938\u0941\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092f\u0903 \u092f\u0939 \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u092b\u0932 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0930\u0939\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u092a\u0922\u093c\u093e\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u090f, \u0907\u0938\u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0941\u0916 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/span><\/summary>\r\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\r\n <li>(a) <span class=\"en\">the framework document is too short<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0930\u0942\u092a\u0930\u0947\u0916\u093e \u0926\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0947\u091c\u093c \u092c\u0939\u0941\u0924 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(b) <span class=\"en\">the examination is left unchanged<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0905\u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0924 \u091b\u094b\u0921\u093c \u0926\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(c) <span class=\"en\">teachers are opposed to all reform in principle<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0938\u0948\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u0938\u094d\u0924 \u0938\u0941\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0930\u094b\u0927\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(d) <span class=\"en\">learners prefer the previous textbooks<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u092a\u093f\u091b\u0932\u0940 \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u092a\u0941\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0915\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0938\u0902\u0926 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\"><b>(b).<\/b> <span class=\"en\">What is examined is what is taught, so a framework that asks for reasoning and an examination that rewards recall will be resolved in favour of the examination. The second commonest reason is that the textbook is rewritten while the teacher's own command of the content is left unaddressed, and both are failures of the implemented rather than the intended curriculum.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u091c\u094b \u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0935\u0939\u0940 \u092a\u0922\u093c\u093e\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0905\u0924\u0903 \u091c\u094b \u0930\u0942\u092a\u0930\u0947\u0916\u093e \u0924\u0930\u094d\u0915\u0923 \u092e\u093e\u0901\u0917\u0947 \u0914\u0930 \u091c\u094b \u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0938\u094d\u092e\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u0941\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0943\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0947, \u0909\u0928\u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u092a\u091f\u093e\u0930\u093e \u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u094b\u0917\u093e\u0964 \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u093e \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u092f\u0939 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u092a\u0941\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0915 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u094d\u0932\u093f\u0916\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u092c\u0915\u093f \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f-\u092a\u0915\u0921\u093c \u0905\u0938\u0902\u092c\u094b\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u0930\u0939 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0905\u092d\u0940\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0928\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u091a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u092b\u0932\u0924\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n\r\n <details class=\"mcq-q\"><summary><span class=\"mcq-num\">10<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">Consider: 1. Content and learning experience are the same thing. 2. Taba separated their selection into two steps. 3. Tyler's screens are philosophy of education and psychology of learning. Which are correct?<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u093f\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0940\u091c\u093f\u090f: 1. \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092d\u0935 \u090f\u0915 \u0939\u0940 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 2. \u091f\u093e\u092c\u093e \u0928\u0947 \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0947 \u091a\u092f\u0928 \u0915\u094b \u0926\u094b \u091a\u0930\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0943\u0925\u0915\u094d \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0964 3. \u091f\u093e\u092f\u0932\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u091b\u0928\u0928\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e-\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e-\u092e\u0928\u094b\u0935\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0915\u094c\u0928-\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0939\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902?<\/span><\/span><\/summary>\r\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\r\n <li>(a) <span class=\"en\">1 and 2 only<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 1 \u0914\u0930 2<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(b) <span class=\"en\">2 and 3 only<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 2 \u0914\u0930 3<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(c) <span class=\"en\">1 and 3 only<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 1 \u0914\u0930 3<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(d) <span class=\"en\">1, 2 and 3<\/span><span class=\"hi\">1, 2 \u0914\u0930 3<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\"><b>(b).<\/b> <span class=\"en\">Statement 1 is false, and Taba's separation of the two into steps three and five is precisely the evidence: the same content admits several experiences, and choosing among them is a further decision that a design must make. Treating the two as identical is what produces a syllabus that lists topics and says nothing about what a learner will do with them.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u0925\u0928 1 \u0905\u0938\u0924\u094d\u092f \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u091f\u093e\u092c\u093e \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0924\u0940\u0938\u0930\u0947 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u093e\u0901\u091a\u0935\u0947\u0902 \u091a\u0930\u0923 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0943\u0925\u0915\u094d \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u0920\u0940\u0915 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u0939\u0948: \u090f\u0915 \u0939\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u0905\u0928\u0947\u0915 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092d\u0935\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092e\u0924\u093f \u0926\u0947\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0928\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u091a\u092f\u0928 \u090f\u0915 \u0914\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0923\u092f \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a \u0915\u094b \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u0939\u0940 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0928\u093e \u0939\u0940 \u0910\u0938\u093e \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0940\u092c\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u092f\u0939 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u092c\u0924\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0915\u093f \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0917\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <\/section>\r\n<!--\/CH11-->\r\n<!--CH12--><section class=\"chapter-content\" data-chap=\"12\" id=\"c12\">\r\n <div class=\"chapter-heading-block\">\r\n <span class=\"chapter-badge\"><span class=\"en\">CHAPTER 12<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f 12<\/span><\/span>\r\n <h2><span class=\"en\">Planning of Instruction<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u0928\u0941\u0926\u0947\u0936\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928<\/span><\/h2>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"keyfact-grid\">\r\n <div class=\"keyfact-card navy-hi\">\r\n <span class=\"big-icon\">🎯<\/span>\r\n <div class=\"kf-label\"><span class=\"en\">Backward design<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0917\u093e\u092e\u0940 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a<\/span><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"kf-value\">Wiggins & McTighe<\/div>\r\n <div class=\"kf-sub\"><span class=\"en\">Results, then evidence, then activities<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092b\u0932, \u092b\u093f\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923, \u092b\u093f\u0930 \u0917\u0924\u093f\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div class=\"keyfact-card teal-hi\">\r\n <span class=\"big-icon\">📝<\/span>\r\n <div class=\"kf-label\"><span class=\"en\">Parts of an objective<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0902\u0917<\/span><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"kf-value\">Mager \u00b7 1962<\/div>\r\n <div class=\"kf-sub\"><span class=\"en\">Performance, conditions and criterion<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0928, \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0915\u0938\u094c\u091f\u0940<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div class=\"keyfact-card amber-hi\">\r\n <span class=\"big-icon\">🔄<\/span>\r\n <div class=\"kf-label\"><span class=\"en\">Unit teaching<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0907\u0915\u093e\u0908 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923<\/span><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"kf-value\">Morrison \u00b7 five steps<\/div>\r\n <div class=\"kf-sub\"><span class=\"en\">Teach and re-test to the point of mastery<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u0941\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0941 \u0924\u0915 \u092a\u0922\u093c\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0903 \u092a\u0930\u0916\u0947\u0902<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div class=\"keyfact-card\">\r\n <span class=\"big-icon\">📋<\/span>\r\n <div class=\"kf-label\"><span class=\"en\">Lesson design<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u093e\u0920 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a<\/span><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"kf-value\">Hunter \u00b7 seven elements<\/div>\r\n <div class=\"kf-sub\"><span class=\"en\">From anticipatory set to independent practice<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0936\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0928\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0905\u092d\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938 \u0924\u0915<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <p><span class=\"en\">Planning is the pre-active phase of Chapter 5 made concrete. Its whole value lies in the fact that it happens when the learners are absent and the teacher has as long as is needed, because every decision deferred to the interactive phase has to be made in seconds and cannot be taken back. A plan is not a script; it is a set of decisions taken while there was still time to take them well.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0928\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f 5 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935-\u0938\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u0915\u093e \u092e\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0924 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u092e\u0942\u0932\u094d\u092f \u0907\u0938 \u0924\u0925\u094d\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u092f\u0939 \u0924\u092c \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u092c \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u0938 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0924\u093e\u0928\u0941\u0938\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u092e\u092f \u0939\u0948, \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u091c\u094b \u092d\u0940 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0923\u092f \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0903\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u0924\u0915 \u091f\u093e\u0932\u093e \u091c\u093e\u090f \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0947\u0915\u0902\u0921\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0932\u0947\u0928\u093e \u092a\u0921\u093c\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u093e\u092a\u0938 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0932\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e\u0964 \u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928\u093e \u092a\u091f\u0915\u0925\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u0948; \u092f\u0939 \u0909\u0928 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0923\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u092e\u0941\u091a\u094d\u091a\u092f \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0924\u092c \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0917\u090f \u091c\u092c \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u091a\u094d\u091b\u0940 \u0924\u0930\u0939 \u0932\u0947\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u092e\u092f \u0936\u0947\u0937 \u0925\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"feat-grid\">\r\n <div class=\"feat-card\"><span class=\"fc-num\">1<\/span><strong><span class=\"en\">At what level is this decision taken?<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092f\u0939 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0923\u092f \u0915\u093f\u0938 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u0932\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u090f?<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"en\">Year, unit or lesson \u2014 and a decision taken at the wrong level produces a plan that cannot be followed.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937, \u0907\u0915\u093e\u0908 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u092a\u093e\u0920 \u2014 \u0914\u0930 \u0917\u0932\u0924 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u0932\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0923\u092f \u0910\u0938\u0940 \u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928\u093e \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u093e \u092a\u093e\u0932\u0928 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"feat-card\"><span class=\"fc-num\">2<\/span><strong><span class=\"en\">In what order are the parts written?<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u0902\u0917 \u0915\u093f\u0938 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0932\u093f\u0916\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u090f\u0901?<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"en\">Backward design writes the evidence before any activity is chosen, which is what stops the objective from being written to fit the activity.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0917\u093e\u092e\u0940 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0917\u0924\u093f\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f \u091a\u0941\u0928\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u0932\u093f\u0916\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u092f\u0939\u0940 \u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f \u0915\u094b \u0917\u0924\u093f\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0930\u0942\u092a \u0932\u093f\u0916\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u0930\u094b\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"feat-card\"><span class=\"fc-num\">3<\/span><strong><span class=\"en\">Is the objective checkable?<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f \u091c\u093e\u0901\u091a\u0928\u0947 \u092f\u094b\u0917\u094d\u092f \u0939\u0948?<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"en\">Only if it names an observable performance, the conditions and the standard. Two of the three are usually present and the third is usually the degree.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0924\u092d\u0940 \u091c\u092c \u0935\u0939 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u0940\u092f \u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0928, \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0915 \u092c\u0924\u093e\u090f\u0964 \u0924\u0940\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0926\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092f\u0903 \u0909\u092a\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0924\u0940\u0938\u0930\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092f\u0903 \u092e\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093e \u0939\u0940 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"feat-card\"><span class=\"fc-num\">4<\/span><strong><span class=\"en\">What happens when it is not met?<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u091c\u092c \u0935\u0939 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u093e \u0928 \u0939\u094b \u0924\u094b \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0939\u094b?<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"en\">A unit plan that has no remedial loop has assumed that teaching once is sufficient, which no diagnosis ever supports.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u091c\u093f\u0938 \u0907\u0915\u093e\u0908 \u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u092a\u091a\u093e\u0930\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u091a\u0915\u094d\u0930 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0935\u0939 \u092f\u0939 \u092e\u093e\u0928 \u091a\u0941\u0915\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u090f\u0915 \u092c\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u0922\u093c\u093e\u0928\u093e \u092a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0938\u092e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0928 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0928\u093f\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u092d\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"p12-0\">\r\n <span class=\"section-badge\">12.0<\/span>\r\n <h3><span class=\"en\">Introduction<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u0930\u093f\u091a\u092f<\/span><\/h3>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <p><span class=\"en\">Two objections are made to lesson planning, and both are answered by the same observation. The first is that a plan cannot survive contact with a class; the second is that experienced teachers do not write one. The answer is that the value of planning lies in the decisions rather than in the document. An experienced teacher has taken the same decisions and holds them without writing, and a plan abandoned in the third minute has still supplied the objective against which the abandonment was judged worthwhile.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u093e\u0920 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u092a\u0930 \u0926\u094b \u0906\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u0915\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0914\u0930 \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u090f\u0915 \u0939\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0938\u0947 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0940 \u092f\u0939 \u0915\u093f \u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928\u093e \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091f\u093f\u0915 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940; \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u0940 \u092f\u0939 \u0915\u093f \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092d\u0935\u0940 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u0916\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u092f\u0939 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0928\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u092e\u0942\u0932\u094d\u092f \u0926\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0947\u091c\u093c \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0923\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092d\u0935\u0940 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0935\u0939\u0940 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0923\u092f \u0932\u0947 \u091a\u0941\u0915\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0932\u093f\u0916\u0947 \u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0924\u0940\u0938\u0930\u0947 \u092e\u093f\u0928\u091f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0917\u0940 \u0917\u0908 \u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928\u093e \u0928\u0947 \u092d\u0940 \u0935\u0939 \u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f \u0926\u0947 \u0939\u0940 \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0917 \u0915\u094b \u0909\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"p12-1\">\r\n <span class=\"section-badge\">12.1<\/span>\r\n <h3><span class=\"en\">Levels of Planning<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0928\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930<\/span><\/h3>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <svg class=\"full-diagram\" viewBox=\"0 0 560 232\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"What is decided at the year, unit and lesson levels of planning\">\r\n<g font-family=\"DM Sans, Noto Sans Devanagari, sans-serif\" font-size=\"10.5\">\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"20\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"11\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#5a6d80\">EACH LEVEL SETTLES WHAT THE NEXT ONE ASSUMES<\/text>\r\n\r\n <rect x=\"8\" y=\"34\" width=\"176\" height=\"152\" rx=\"10\" fill=\"#eef4fc\" stroke=\"#1f5fa9\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <rect x=\"8\" y=\"34\" width=\"176\" height=\"26\" rx=\"10\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\"\/>\r\n <rect x=\"8\" y=\"52\" width=\"176\" height=\"8\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"96\" y=\"52\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#ffffff\">YEAR PLAN<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"96\" y=\"78\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" font-style=\"italic\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\">the whole session<\/text>\r\n <line x1=\"24\" y1=\"88\" x2=\"168\" y2=\"88\" stroke=\"#1f5fa9\" stroke-width=\"1\" stroke-dasharray=\"3 3\"\/>\r\n<text x=\"96\" y=\"104\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">how many periods per unit<\/text><text x=\"96\" y=\"120\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">the order of the units<\/text><text x=\"96\" y=\"136\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">when assessment falls<\/text><text x=\"96\" y=\"152\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">what is held in reserve<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"96\" y=\"172\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#8e2f5a\">skipped → the last unit is rushed<\/text>\r\n\r\n <rect x=\"192\" y=\"34\" width=\"176\" height=\"152\" rx=\"10\" fill=\"#fffaef\" stroke=\"#c9760f\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <rect x=\"192\" y=\"34\" width=\"176\" height=\"26\" rx=\"10\" fill=\"#c9760f\"\/>\r\n <rect x=\"192\" y=\"52\" width=\"176\" height=\"8\" fill=\"#c9760f\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"52\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#ffffff\">UNIT PLAN<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"78\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" font-style=\"italic\" fill=\"#c9760f\">two to four weeks<\/text>\r\n <line x1=\"208\" y1=\"88\" x2=\"352\" y2=\"88\" stroke=\"#c9760f\" stroke-width=\"1\" stroke-dasharray=\"3 3\"\/>\r\n<text x=\"280\" y=\"104\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">what the unit is for<\/text><text x=\"280\" y=\"120\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">content broken into topics<\/text><text x=\"280\" y=\"136\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">activities and materials<\/text><text x=\"280\" y=\"152\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">the unit test and remedy<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"172\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#8e2f5a\">skipped → lessons do not add up<\/text>\r\n\r\n <rect x=\"376\" y=\"34\" width=\"176\" height=\"152\" rx=\"10\" fill=\"#eefbf7\" stroke=\"#0d8f79\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <rect x=\"376\" y=\"34\" width=\"176\" height=\"26\" rx=\"10\" fill=\"#0d8f79\"\/>\r\n <rect x=\"376\" y=\"52\" width=\"176\" height=\"8\" fill=\"#0d8f79\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"464\" y=\"52\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#ffffff\">LESSON PLAN<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"464\" y=\"78\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" font-style=\"italic\" fill=\"#0d8f79\">one period<\/text>\r\n <line x1=\"392\" y1=\"88\" x2=\"536\" y2=\"88\" stroke=\"#0d8f79\" stroke-width=\"1\" stroke-dasharray=\"3 3\"\/>\r\n<text x=\"464\" y=\"104\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">objectives for this hour<\/text><text x=\"464\" y=\"120\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">entry behaviour to check<\/text><text x=\"464\" y=\"136\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">steps, aids and questions<\/text><text x=\"464\" y=\"152\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">evidence before the bell<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"464\" y=\"172\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#8e2f5a\">skipped → the hour drifts<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"212\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" fill=\"#5a6d80\">a decision taken at the wrong level is the commonest cause of a plan that cannot be followed<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"228\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" font-style=\"italic\" fill=\"#5a6d80\">a good lesson inside no unit plan is an hour that led nowhere in particular<\/text>\r\n<\/g><\/svg>\r\n <div class=\"diagram-cap\"><span class=\"en\">Each level settles the conditions the next one assumes<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0935\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u0924\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0917\u0932\u093e \u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0932\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/div>\r\n\r\n <p><span class=\"en\">The three levels are nested, and each settles the conditions the next one assumes. A lesson plan takes its objective from a unit plan, and a unit plan takes its allotted time from a year plan. Where an intermediate level is missing, the missing decisions do not disappear \u2014 they are taken tacitly and badly, which is why a series of individually good lessons can add up to a year that reached nowhere in particular.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0924\u0940\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u092a\u0930\u0938\u094d\u092a\u0930 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0935\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u0924\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0917\u0932\u093e \u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0932\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092a\u093e\u0920 \u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928\u093e \u0905\u092a\u0928\u093e \u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f \u0907\u0915\u093e\u0908 \u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u0932\u0947\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0907\u0915\u093e\u0908 \u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928\u093e \u0905\u092a\u0928\u093e \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0924 \u0938\u092e\u092f \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937 \u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928\u093e \u0938\u0947\u0964 \u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u092e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b, \u0935\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u091b\u0942\u091f\u0947 \u0939\u0941\u090f \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0923\u092f \u0932\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u2014 \u0935\u0947 \u092e\u094c\u0928 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0914\u0930 \u0926\u094b\u0937\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0922\u0902\u0917 \u0938\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0907\u0938\u0940\u0932\u093f\u090f \u0905\u0932\u0917-\u0905\u0932\u0917 \u0905\u091a\u094d\u091b\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0936\u0943\u0902\u0916\u0932\u093e \u0910\u0938\u0947 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091c\u0941\u0921\u093c \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0915\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n <svg class=\"full-diagram\" viewBox=\"0 0 560 254\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"The three stages of backward design and the two design faults it guards against\">\r\n<g font-family=\"DM Sans, Noto Sans Devanagari, sans-serif\" font-size=\"10.5\">\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"20\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"11\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#5a6d80\">THE EVIDENCE IS DECIDED BEFORE THE ACTIVITY<\/text>\r\n\r\n <rect x=\"10\" y=\"36\" width=\"170\" height=\"86\" rx=\"10\" fill=\"#eef4fc\" stroke=\"#1f5fa9\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <circle cx=\"34\" cy=\"60\" r=\"14\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"34\" y=\"65\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"12\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#ffffff\">1<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"95\" y=\"86\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\">DESIRED<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"95\" y=\"100\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\">RESULTS<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"95\" y=\"115\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" font-style=\"italic\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">what should be understood?<\/text>\r\n\r\n <rect x=\"195\" y=\"36\" width=\"170\" height=\"86\" rx=\"10\" fill=\"#fffaef\" stroke=\"#c9760f\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <circle cx=\"219\" cy=\"60\" r=\"14\" fill=\"#c9760f\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"219\" y=\"65\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"12\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#ffffff\">2<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"86\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#c9760f\">ACCEPTABLE<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"100\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#c9760f\">EVIDENCE<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"115\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" font-style=\"italic\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">what would show it?<\/text>\r\n\r\n <rect x=\"380\" y=\"36\" width=\"170\" height=\"86\" rx=\"10\" fill=\"#eefbf7\" stroke=\"#0d8f79\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <circle cx=\"404\" cy=\"60\" r=\"14\" fill=\"#0d8f79\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"404\" y=\"65\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"12\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#ffffff\">3<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"465\" y=\"86\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#0d8f79\">LEARNING<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"465\" y=\"100\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#0d8f79\">EXPERIENCES<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"465\" y=\"115\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" font-style=\"italic\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">what will get them there?<\/text>\r\n <line x1=\"182\" y1=\"79\" x2=\"190\" y2=\"79\" stroke=\"#c8d5e3\" stroke-width=\"2.4\"\/>\r\n <polygon points=\"196,79 184,73 184,85\" fill=\"#c8d5e3\"\/>\r\n <line x1=\"367\" y1=\"79\" x2=\"375\" y2=\"79\" stroke=\"#c8d5e3\" stroke-width=\"2.4\"\/>\r\n <polygon points=\"381,79 369,73 369,85\" fill=\"#c8d5e3\"\/>\r\n\r\n <rect x=\"14\" y=\"140\" width=\"260\" height=\"66\" rx=\"9\" fill=\"#fdf0f5\" stroke=\"#8e2f5a\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"144\" y=\"160\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#8e2f5a\">ACTIVITY-ORIENTED DESIGN<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"144\" y=\"177\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">engaging work is planned first and<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"144\" y=\"190\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">the objective is written to fit it<\/text>\r\n\r\n <rect x=\"286\" y=\"140\" width=\"260\" height=\"66\" rx=\"9\" fill=\"#fdf0f5\" stroke=\"#8e2f5a\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"416\" y=\"160\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#8e2f5a\">COVERAGE-ORIENTED DESIGN<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"416\" y=\"177\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">the textbook is marched through and<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"416\" y=\"190\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">finishing it is taken as the goal<\/text>\r\n\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"228\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" fill=\"#5a6d80\">Wiggins and McTighe call these the two faults of design; both begin at stage three<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"244\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" font-style=\"italic\" fill=\"#5a6d80\">a plan is backward only if stage two is written before any activity is chosen<\/text>\r\n<\/g><\/svg>\r\n <div class=\"diagram-cap\"><span class=\"en\">Both design faults begin at stage three; writing stage two first is what prevents them<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a-\u0926\u094b\u0937 \u0924\u0940\u0938\u0930\u0940 \u0905\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u0906\u0930\u0902\u092d \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902; \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u0940 \u0905\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u0932\u093f\u0916\u0928\u093e \u0939\u0940 \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u0930\u094b\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"callout red\">\r\n <div class=\"callout-label\"><span class=\"en\">Why the order of writing matters<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0932\u093f\u0916\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/div>\r\n <span class=\"en\">Grant Wiggins and Jay McTighe describe two faults that produce plans looking entirely reasonable. In <strong>activity-oriented design<\/strong> an engaging piece of work is chosen first and an objective is written afterwards to justify it, so the objective is guaranteed to be met and guarantees nothing. In <strong>coverage-oriented design<\/strong> the textbook is marched through and finishing it is treated as the goal, so the question of what was understood is never separately asked. Both begin at the third stage. Writing the evidence at stage two, before any activity has been considered, is the only thing that prevents either.<\/span>\r\n <span class=\"hi\">\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0902\u091f \u0935\u093f\u0917\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0938 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u091c\u0947 \u092e\u0948\u0915\u091f\u093e\u0908 \u0926\u094b \u0910\u0938\u0947 \u0926\u094b\u0937 \u092c\u0924\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u091c\u094b \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923\u0924\u0903 \u0909\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0926\u093f\u0916\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 <strong>\u0917\u0924\u093f\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f-\u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a<\/strong> \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0906\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u091a\u0941\u0928\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0909\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0920\u0939\u0930\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f \u0932\u093f\u0916\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0905\u0924\u0903 \u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f \u0915\u093e \u092a\u0942\u0930\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0928\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0936\u094d\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u0939 \u0915\u0941\u091b \u092d\u0940 \u0938\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0936\u094d\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e\u0964 <strong>\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093f-\u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a<\/strong> \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u092a\u0941\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0915 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u0939\u0940 \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u092f \u092e\u093e\u0928\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0905\u0924\u0903 \u092f\u0939 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u092a\u0943\u0925\u0915\u094d \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u091b\u093e \u0939\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0915\u093f \u0938\u092e\u091d\u093e \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e\u0964 \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0924\u0940\u0938\u0930\u0940 \u0905\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u0906\u0930\u0902\u092d \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0917\u0924\u093f\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f \u092a\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u0940 \u0905\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u0932\u093f\u0916 \u0926\u0947\u0928\u093e \u0939\u0940 \u090f\u0915\u092e\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0930\u094b\u0915\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"p12-2\">\r\n <span class=\"section-badge\">12.2<\/span>\r\n <h3><span class=\"en\">Writing Learning Outcomes<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092b\u0932 \u0932\u0947\u0916\u0928<\/span><\/h3>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <p><span class=\"en\">Robert Mager's <em>Preparing Instructional Objectives<\/em> of 1962 set the standard form. An objective states a performance the learner will exhibit, the conditions under which it will be exhibited, and the criterion by which it will be judged adequate. The ABCD variant names the audience as well, which matters chiefly because it forces the writer to say which learners are meant.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0930\u0949\u092c\u0930\u094d\u091f \u092e\u0947\u091c\u0930 \u0915\u0940 1962 \u0915\u0940 <em>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092a\u0947\u092f\u0930\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0907\u0902\u0938\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0936\u0928\u0932 \u0911\u092c\u094d\u091c\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u093f\u0935\u094d\u0938<\/em> \u0928\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0915 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0928\u093f\u0936\u094d\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0964 \u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f \u0935\u0939 \u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0928 \u092c\u0924\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0917\u093e, \u0935\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u091c\u093f\u0928\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u0939 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0917\u093e, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0935\u0939 \u0915\u0938\u094c\u091f\u0940 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u093e \u091c\u093e\u090f\u0917\u093e\u0964 \u090f\u092c\u0940\u0938\u0940\u0921\u0940 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0936\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093e\u092e \u092d\u0940 \u0932\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u094b \u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f\u0924\u0903 \u0907\u0938\u0932\u093f\u090f \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u092f\u0939 \u0932\u0947\u0916\u0915 \u0915\u094b \u092f\u0939 \u0915\u0939\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u092c\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0915\u093f\u0928 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u092c\u093e\u0924 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n <svg class=\"full-diagram\" viewBox=\"0 0 560 306\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"One instructional objective broken into its four components\">\r\n<g font-family=\"DM Sans, Noto Sans Devanagari, sans-serif\" font-size=\"10.5\">\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"20\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"11\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#5a6d80\">ONE OBJECTIVE, TAKEN APART<\/text>\r\n\r\n <rect x=\"14\" y=\"34\" width=\"532\" height=\"42\" rx=\"8\" fill=\"#ffffff\" stroke=\"#0d8f79\" stroke-width=\"1.8\"\/>\r\n <rect x=\"22\" y=\"43\" width=\"104\" height=\"24\" rx=\"12\" fill=\"#0d8f79\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"74\" y=\"59\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#ffffff\">CONDITION<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"140\" y=\"54\" font-size=\"9.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">Given an unlabelled diagram of the human heart,<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"140\" y=\"68\" font-size=\"7.5\" font-style=\"italic\" fill=\"#0d8f79\">under what circumstances<\/text>\r\n <rect x=\"14\" y=\"84\" width=\"532\" height=\"42\" rx=\"8\" fill=\"#ffffff\" stroke=\"#2f92d1\" stroke-width=\"1.8\"\/>\r\n <rect x=\"22\" y=\"93\" width=\"104\" height=\"24\" rx=\"12\" fill=\"#2f92d1\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"74\" y=\"109\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#ffffff\">AUDIENCE<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"140\" y=\"104\" font-size=\"9.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">the Class VIII learner<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"140\" y=\"118\" font-size=\"7.5\" font-style=\"italic\" fill=\"#2f92d1\">who is to perform<\/text>\r\n <rect x=\"14\" y=\"134\" width=\"532\" height=\"42\" rx=\"8\" fill=\"#ffffff\" stroke=\"#1f5fa9\" stroke-width=\"1.8\"\/>\r\n <rect x=\"22\" y=\"143\" width=\"104\" height=\"24\" rx=\"12\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"74\" y=\"159\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#ffffff\">BEHAVIOUR<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"140\" y=\"154\" font-size=\"9.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">will label the chambers and the great vessels<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"140\" y=\"168\" font-size=\"7.5\" font-style=\"italic\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\">the observable act<\/text>\r\n <rect x=\"14\" y=\"184\" width=\"532\" height=\"42\" rx=\"8\" fill=\"#ffffff\" stroke=\"#c9760f\" stroke-width=\"1.8\"\/>\r\n <rect x=\"22\" y=\"193\" width=\"104\" height=\"24\" rx=\"12\" fill=\"#c9760f\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"74\" y=\"209\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#ffffff\">DEGREE<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"140\" y=\"204\" font-size=\"9.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">with at least six of eight correct, within five minutes<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"140\" y=\"218\" font-size=\"7.5\" font-style=\"italic\" fill=\"#c9760f\">how well, and by when<\/text>\r\n <rect x=\"14\" y=\"240\" width=\"532\" height=\"44\" rx=\"8\" fill=\"#14243f\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"260\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" fill=\"#ffffff\">Mager required performance, conditions and criterion; the ABCD form adds the audience.<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"276\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" fill=\"#ffd970\">Drop the degree and nothing settles whether the objective was met.<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"300\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#5a6d80\">the verb must name something a second observer could also see happening<\/text>\r\n<\/g><\/svg>\r\n <div class=\"diagram-cap\"><span class=\"en\">The component most often missing is the degree, and it is the one that settles attainment<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092c\u093e\u0930 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u0918\u091f\u0915 \u092e\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u0939\u0940 \u0909\u092a\u0932\u092c\u094d\u0927\u093f \u0924\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"exam-tip\">\r\n <div class=\"et-icon\">●<\/div>\r\n <div class=\"et-body\">\r\n <strong><span class=\"en\">The verb test.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e-\u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/strong>\r\n <span class=\"en\"> An objective is usable when its verb names something a second observer could also see happening. Verbs that fail the test are not wrong as aims; they are unusable as objectives, and each has a serviceable substitute.<\/span>\r\n <span class=\"hi\"> \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f \u0924\u092c \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u091c\u094d\u092f \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u092c \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0910\u0938\u0940 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093e\u092e \u0932\u0947 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u092d\u0940 \u0918\u091f\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0926\u0947\u0916 \u0938\u0915\u0947\u0964 \u091c\u094b \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u0907\u0938 \u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u092b\u0932 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0935\u0947 \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0917\u0932\u0924 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u0948\u0902; \u0935\u0947 \u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u091c\u094d\u092f \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0915\u093e \u090f\u0915 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\r\n <ul class=\"split-list\">\r\n <li><span class=\"sl-tag\">\u2717<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">know, understand, appreciate, be familiar with, grasp, be aware of<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u091c\u093e\u0928\u0928\u093e, \u0938\u092e\u091d\u0928\u093e, \u0938\u0930\u093e\u0939\u0928\u093e, \u092a\u0930\u093f\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u093e, \u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939\u0923 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e, \u0905\u0935\u0917\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u093e<\/span><\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"sl-tag\">\u2713<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">state, distinguish, classify, predict, construct, derive, justify, demonstrate<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092c\u0924\u093e\u0928\u093e, \u0935\u093f\u092d\u0947\u0926 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e, \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0940\u0915\u0943\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e, \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0928\u0941\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e, \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e, \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e, \u0914\u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u092f \u0926\u0947\u0928\u093e, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e<\/span><\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <h4><span class=\"en\">The RCEM approach<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0906\u0930\u0938\u0940\u0908\u090f\u092e \u0909\u092a\u093e\u0917\u092e<\/span><\/h4>\r\n\r\n <p><span class=\"en\">The Regional College of Education at Mysore developed an Indian adaptation in which objectives are written under four heads, each with the mental abilities it calls on stated explicitly. Its usefulness is that it forces a writer to say which ability is being exercised rather than leaving that to be inferred from the content.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092e\u0948\u0938\u0942\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u092e\u0939\u093e\u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0928\u0947 \u0910\u0938\u093e \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0930\u0942\u092a\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930\u0923 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0938\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f \u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0936\u0940\u0930\u094d\u0937\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0924 \u0932\u093f\u0916\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0935\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0938\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e\u0924\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u0938\u094d\u092a\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u091c\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u0939 \u091c\u0917\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0924\u093e \u092f\u0939 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u092f\u0939 \u0932\u0947\u0916\u0915 \u0915\u094b \u092f\u0939 \u0915\u0939\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u092c\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0915\u094c\u0928-\u0938\u0940 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e\u0924\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u094b \u0930\u0939\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0928 \u0915\u093f \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092e\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"table-scroll\">\r\n <table class=\"data-table\">\r\n <thead><tr>\r\n <th style=\"width:20%\"><span class=\"en\">Head<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u0940\u0930\u094d\u0937\u0915<\/span><\/th>\r\n <th style=\"width:38%\"><span class=\"en\">Mental abilities called on<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u091c\u0917\u093e\u0908 \u0917\u0908 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0938\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e\u0924\u093e\u090f\u0901<\/span><\/th>\r\n <th style=\"width:42%\"><span class=\"en\">A specimen objective<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0928\u092e\u0942\u0928\u093e \u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f<\/span><\/th>\r\n <\/tr><\/thead>\r\n <tbody>\r\n <tr><td><strong><span class=\"en\">Knowledge<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Recognition and recall of terms, facts, conventions and sequences.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u0926\u094b\u0902, \u0924\u0925\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902, \u0930\u0942\u0922\u093c\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0939\u091a\u093e\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u092e\u0930\u0923\u0964<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">The learner recalls the four chambers of the heart in order of blood flow.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0930\u0915\u094d\u0924-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0939 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u0943\u0926\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u094d\u092e\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td><strong><span class=\"en\">Understanding<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092c\u094b\u0927<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Seeing relationships, citing examples, discriminating, classifying, comparing, interpreting and verifying.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927 \u0926\u0947\u0916\u0928\u093e, \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923 \u0926\u0947\u0928\u093e, \u0935\u093f\u092d\u0947\u0926 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e, \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0940\u0915\u0943\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e, \u0924\u0941\u0932\u0928\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e, \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">The learner distinguishes arteries from veins by two structural features and gives a reason for each.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0926\u094b \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0927\u092e\u0928\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0936\u093f\u0930\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u0947\u0926\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td><strong><span class=\"en\">Application<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Reasoning, judging, predicting, hypothesising, inferring and solving a problem not met before.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0924\u0930\u094d\u0915, \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0923\u092f, \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0928\u0941\u092e\u093e\u0928, \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a\u0928\u093e, \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935-\u0905\u092a\u0930\u093f\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u092e\u0938\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0927\u093e\u0928\u0964<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">The learner predicts the effect of a narrowed valve on the pressure in the chamber behind it.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0938\u0901\u0915\u0930\u0947 \u0915\u092a\u093e\u091f \u0915\u093e \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0940\u091b\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u093e\u092c \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0928\u0941\u092e\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td><strong><span class=\"en\">Creativity<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u0943\u091c\u0928\u0936\u0940\u0932\u0924\u093e<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Sensitivity to problems, fluency, flexibility, originality and elaboration.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u092e\u0938\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f \u0938\u0902\u0935\u0947\u0926\u0928\u0936\u0940\u0932\u0924\u093e, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0939, \u0932\u091a\u0940\u0932\u093e\u092a\u0928, \u092e\u094c\u0932\u093f\u0915\u0924\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0930\u0923\u0964<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">The learner designs a model that shows the direction of flow using only locally available material.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u0940\u092f \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0909\u092a\u0932\u092c\u094d\u0927 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0939 \u0915\u0940 \u0926\u093f\u0936\u093e \u0926\u093f\u0916\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u0942\u092a \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <\/tbody>\r\n <\/table>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"callout purple\">\r\n <div class=\"callout-label\"><span class=\"en\">The standing objection, and what it does not license<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092f\u0940 \u0906\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0935\u0939 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092e\u0924\u093f \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u0940<\/span><\/div>\r\n <span class=\"en\">Elliot Eisner argued that not every worthwhile outcome can be specified in advance, and proposed the <em>expressive objective<\/em> as a complement: a statement that describes an encounter rather than a terminal behaviour \u2014 the class will visit the ward and write about what it noticed \u2014 with the outcome discovered afterwards rather than prescribed before. The objection is real, and the risk it names is that what is easily stated becomes what is easily measured and then what is exclusively taught. What it does not license is abandoning behavioural objectives, since an encounter with no stated purpose is indistinguishable from an outing. The defensible position is to write behavioural objectives for what must be secured and expressive ones for what the encounter is expected to open up.<\/span>\r\n <span class=\"hi\">\u0907\u0932\u093f\u092f\u091f \u0906\u0907\u091c\u0928\u0930 \u0928\u0947 \u0924\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u093f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0936\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092b\u0932 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0926\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092a\u0942\u0930\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 <em>\u0905\u092d\u093f\u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u092a\u0930\u0915 \u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f<\/em> \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e: \u0910\u0938\u093e \u0915\u0925\u0928 \u091c\u094b \u0905\u0902\u0924\u093f\u092e \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092d\u0947\u0902\u091f \u0915\u093e \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0923\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0947 \u2014 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0935\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0921 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091c\u093e\u090f\u0917\u0940 \u0914\u0930 \u091c\u094b \u0926\u0947\u0916\u093e \u0909\u0938 \u092a\u0930 \u0932\u093f\u0916\u0947\u0917\u0940 \u2014 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092b\u0932 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0928 \u0939\u094b\u0915\u0930 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0916\u094b\u091c\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0906\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u091c\u093f\u0938 \u091c\u094b\u0916\u093f\u092e \u0915\u093e \u092f\u0939 \u0928\u093e\u092e \u0932\u0947\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0935\u0939 \u092f\u0939 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u091c\u094b \u0938\u0939\u091c\u0924\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b \u0935\u0939\u0940 \u0938\u0939\u091c\u0924\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u0932\u0917\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u092b\u093f\u0930 \u0935\u0939\u0940 \u090f\u0915\u092e\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092a\u0922\u093c\u093e\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0932\u0917\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092e\u0924\u093f \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u0940 \u0935\u0939 \u0939\u0948 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930\u092a\u0930\u0915 \u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0917, \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0915\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u092d\u0947\u0902\u091f \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0938\u0948\u0930 \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0924\u0930\u094d\u0915\u0938\u0902\u0917\u0924 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u092f\u0939 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u091c\u094b \u0938\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0936\u094d\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u093e \u0939\u0940 \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930\u092a\u0930\u0915 \u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f \u0932\u093f\u0916\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u0914\u0930 \u091c\u094b \u092d\u0947\u0902\u091f \u0916\u094b\u0932\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u092a\u0930\u0915\u0964<\/span>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"p12-3\">\r\n <span class=\"section-badge\">12.3<\/span>\r\n <h3><span class=\"en\">Lesson Plan Formats<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u093e\u0920 \u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0930\u0942\u092a<\/span><\/h3>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <p><span class=\"en\">A format is not a method. Each of the four below imposes a different order on the same period, and the order it imposes follows from the theory of learning behind it \u2014 which is why a format should be chosen against the objective rather than adopted as a house style.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0930\u0942\u092a \u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0928\u0940\u091a\u0947 \u0926\u093f\u090f \u091a\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u090f\u0915 \u0939\u0940 \u0915\u093e\u0932\u093e\u0902\u0936 \u092a\u0930 \u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u0906\u0930\u094b\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u091c\u094b \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u0935\u0939 \u0906\u0930\u094b\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0935\u0939 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0940\u091b\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e-\u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924 \u0938\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u0907\u0938\u0940\u0932\u093f\u090f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0930\u0942\u092a \u0915\u094b \u0917\u0943\u0939-\u0936\u0948\u0932\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u091c\u093e\u092f \u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u091a\u0941\u0928\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0928\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f\u0964<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"table-scroll\">\r\n <table class=\"data-table\">\r\n <thead><tr>\r\n <th style=\"width:22%\"><span class=\"en\">Format<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0930\u0942\u092a<\/span><\/th>\r\n <th style=\"width:34%\"><span class=\"en\">Order it imposes<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092f\u0939 \u091c\u094b \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u0906\u0930\u094b\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/th>\r\n <th style=\"width:22%\"><span class=\"en\">Theory behind it<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0907\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0940\u091b\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924<\/span><\/th>\r\n <th style=\"width:22%\"><span class=\"en\">Best suited to<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u093f\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0915\u0942\u0932<\/span><\/th>\r\n <\/tr><\/thead>\r\n <tbody>\r\n <tr><td><strong><span class=\"en\">Herbartian steps<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0939\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0930\u094d\u091f\u0940\u092f \u091a\u0930\u0923<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Preparation, presentation, comparison, generalisation, application \u2014 with recapitulation appended.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0928\u093e, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923, \u0924\u0941\u0932\u0928\u093e, \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u2014 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u093e\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0938\u0902\u0932\u0917\u094d\u0928\u0964<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Apperception: the new is grasped through the mass of ideas already held.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u092a\u092c\u094b\u0927: \u0928\u092f\u093e \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0935\u093f\u091a\u093e\u0930-\u0930\u093e\u0936\u093f \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939\u0923 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Content with a clear rule to be reached inductively from instances.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0910\u0938\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0926\u0943\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093e\u0902\u0924\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0906\u0917\u092e\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0938\u094d\u092a\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e \u0924\u0915 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td><strong><span class=\"en\">Hunter's seven elements<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0939\u0902\u091f\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0924 \u0924\u0924\u094d\u0935<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Anticipatory set, objective and purpose, input, modelling, checking for understanding, guided practice, independent practice.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0936\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0928\u093e, \u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928, \u0928\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0936, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u0942\u092a\u0923, \u092c\u094b\u0927 \u0915\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0901\u091a, \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u093f\u0924 \u0905\u092d\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938, \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0905\u092d\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938\u0964<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Behavioural: responsibility is handed over in measured stages after modelling.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0926\u0940: \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u0942\u092a\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930\u0926\u093e\u092f\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u092e\u093e\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u091a\u0930\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u094c\u0902\u092a\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">A procedural skill that has to reach a stated criterion.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0910\u0938\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0915\u094c\u0936\u0932 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0938\u094c\u091f\u0940 \u0924\u0915 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td><strong><span class=\"en\">RCEM format<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0906\u0930\u0938\u0940\u0908\u090f\u092e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0930\u0942\u092a<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Content analysis, objectives under the four heads with expected behavioural changes, teaching points, evaluation against each objective.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0937\u0923, \u0905\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930\u0917\u0924 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0936\u0940\u0930\u094d\u0937\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0924 \u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f, \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923-\u092c\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0941, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u092e\u0942\u0932\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0915\u0928\u0964<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Objectives-based: every teaching point is tied to a named mental ability.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f-\u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924: \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923-\u092c\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0941 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0928\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0938\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e\u0924\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0901\u0927\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Training use, where the link from objective to evidence must be visible.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923-\u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917, \u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u0924\u0915 \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u0921\u093c\u0940 \u0926\u0943\u0936\u094d\u092f \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0940 \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td><strong><span class=\"en\">The 5E plan<\/span><span class=\"hi\">5E \u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928\u093e<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Engage, explore, explain, elaborate, evaluate \u2014 with the term supplied only at the third stage.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u090f\u0902\u0917\u0947\u091c, \u090f\u0915\u094d\u0938\u092a\u094d\u0932\u094b\u0930, \u090f\u0915\u094d\u0938\u092a\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0928, \u090f\u0932\u0947\u092c\u094b\u0930\u0947\u091f, \u0907\u0935\u0948\u0932\u094d\u092f\u0942\u090f\u091f \u2014 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0926 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0924\u0940\u0938\u0930\u0940 \u0905\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u092a\u0930 \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Constructivist: the name is attached to an experience already had.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e\u0935\u093e\u0926\u0940: \u0928\u093e\u092e \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0917\u090f \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092d\u0935 \u0938\u0947 \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">A concept the class half holds, where a phenomenon can be staged.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0910\u0938\u093e \u0938\u0902\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u092f \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0906\u0927\u093e-\u0905\u0927\u0942\u0930\u093e \u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0918\u091f\u0928\u093e \u092e\u0902\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0940 \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0947\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <\/tbody>\r\n <\/table>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"exam-tip\">\r\n <div class=\"et-icon\">●<\/div>\r\n <div class=\"et-body\">\r\n <strong><span class=\"en\">What every format contains, whatever it is called.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0935\u0939 \u091a\u093e\u0939\u0947 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0928\u093e\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u0939\u094b\u0964<\/span><\/strong>\r\n <ul class=\"split-list\">\r\n <li><span class=\"sl-tag\">1<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">objectives for this hour, in a form that permits the question of attainment<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0907\u0938 \u0915\u093e\u0932\u093e\u0902\u0936 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f, \u0910\u0938\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091c\u094b \u0909\u092a\u0932\u092c\u094d\u0927\u093f \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u0938\u0902\u092d\u0935 \u0915\u0930\u0947<\/span><\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"sl-tag\">2<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">entry behaviour to be verified rather than assumed<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0947\u0936-\u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930 \u091c\u094b \u092e\u093e\u0928\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0938\u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u090f<\/span><\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"sl-tag\">3<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">an opening that connects to what is already held<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0910\u0938\u093e \u0906\u0930\u0902\u092d \u091c\u094b \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u0947 \u091c\u0941\u0921\u093c\u0947<\/span><\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"sl-tag\">4<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">teaching points in sequence, with the aid and the question named at each<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923-\u092c\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0941, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u092a\u0930 \u0938\u0939\u093e\u092f\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u0928\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0924<\/span><\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"sl-tag\">5<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">evidence collected before the bell, not deferred to the unit test<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0918\u0902\u091f\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u090f\u0915\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923, \u091c\u094b \u0907\u0915\u093e\u0908 \u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0924\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u0917\u093f\u0924 \u0928 \u0939\u094b<\/span><\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"sl-tag\">6<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">work set that consolidates rather than merely occupies<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0910\u0938\u093e \u0917\u0943\u0939\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u091c\u094b \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0938\u094d\u0924 \u0928 \u0930\u0916\u0947, \u0938\u0941\u0926\u0943\u0922\u093c \u0915\u0930\u0947<\/span><\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"p12-4\">\r\n <span class=\"section-badge\">12.4<\/span>\r\n <h3><span class=\"en\">Unit and Year Planning<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0907\u0915\u093e\u0908 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0935\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0915 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928<\/span><\/h3>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <p><span class=\"en\">A unit is the working amount of curriculum \u2014 large enough to reach an idea worth reaching and small enough to be held in view at once. Henry Morrison set out the classic five-step arrangement for teaching one, and its distinctive feature is the loop: the third step is followed by a test, and a class that has not reached mastery returns to the second rather than proceeding to the fourth.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0907\u0915\u093e\u0908 \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u091a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u0936\u0940\u0932 \u092e\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u0907\u0924\u0928\u0940 \u092c\u0921\u093c\u0940 \u0915\u093f \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a\u0928\u0947 \u092f\u094b\u0917\u094d\u092f \u0935\u093f\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0924\u0915 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0914\u0930 \u0907\u0924\u0928\u0940 \u091b\u094b\u091f\u0940 \u0915\u093f \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0926\u0943\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0930\u0916\u0940 \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0947\u0964 \u0939\u0947\u0928\u0930\u0940 \u092e\u0949\u0930\u093f\u0938\u0928 \u0928\u0947 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u090f\u0915 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u0922\u093c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u092a\u093e\u0901\u091a-\u091a\u0930\u0923\u0940\u092f \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092a\u093e\u0926\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0940, \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0936\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0935\u0939 \u091a\u0915\u094d\u0930 \u0939\u0948: \u0924\u0940\u0938\u0930\u0947 \u091a\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0906\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u091c\u094b \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u0941\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u0924\u0915 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a\u0940 \u0935\u0939 \u091a\u094c\u0925\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u092c\u0922\u093c\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u091c\u093e\u092f \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u0932\u094c\u091f\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n <svg class=\"full-diagram\" viewBox=\"0 0 560 226\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Morrison's five steps of unit teaching with the mastery loop\">\r\n<g font-family=\"DM Sans, Noto Sans Devanagari, sans-serif\" font-size=\"10.5\">\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"20\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"11\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#5a6d80\">FIVE STEPS OF UNIT TEACHING<\/text>\r\n\r\n <rect x=\"12\" y=\"40\" width=\"96\" height=\"76\" rx=\"9\" fill=\"#eefbf7\" stroke=\"#0d8f79\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <circle cx=\"60\" cy=\"58\" r=\"11\" fill=\"#0d8f79\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"60\" y=\"62\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#ffffff\">1<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"60\" y=\"82\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#0d8f79\">EXPLORATION<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"60\" y=\"96\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"6.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">pre-test: what<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"60\" y=\"106\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"6.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">is already held<\/text>\r\n <line x1=\"122\" y1=\"78\" x2=\"126\" y2=\"78\" stroke=\"#c8d5e3\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <polygon points=\"132,78 120,73 120,83\" fill=\"#c8d5e3\"\/>\r\n <rect x=\"122\" y=\"40\" width=\"96\" height=\"76\" rx=\"9\" fill=\"#eaf6ff\" stroke=\"#2f92d1\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <circle cx=\"170\" cy=\"58\" r=\"11\" fill=\"#2f92d1\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"170\" y=\"62\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#ffffff\">2<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"170\" y=\"82\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#2f92d1\">PRESENTATION<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"170\" y=\"96\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"6.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">the teacher<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"170\" y=\"106\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"6.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">sets it out<\/text>\r\n <line x1=\"232\" y1=\"78\" x2=\"236\" y2=\"78\" stroke=\"#c8d5e3\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <polygon points=\"242,78 230,73 230,83\" fill=\"#c8d5e3\"\/>\r\n <rect x=\"232\" y=\"40\" width=\"96\" height=\"76\" rx=\"9\" fill=\"#eef4fc\" stroke=\"#1f5fa9\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <circle cx=\"280\" cy=\"58\" r=\"11\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"62\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#ffffff\">3<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"82\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\">ASSIMILATION<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"96\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"6.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">the learner<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"106\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"6.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">works on it alone<\/text>\r\n <line x1=\"342\" y1=\"78\" x2=\"346\" y2=\"78\" stroke=\"#c8d5e3\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <polygon points=\"352,78 340,73 340,83\" fill=\"#c8d5e3\"\/>\r\n <rect x=\"342\" y=\"40\" width=\"96\" height=\"76\" rx=\"9\" fill=\"#fffaef\" stroke=\"#c9760f\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <circle cx=\"390\" cy=\"58\" r=\"11\" fill=\"#c9760f\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"390\" y=\"62\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#ffffff\">4<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"390\" y=\"82\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#c9760f\">ORGANISATION<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"390\" y=\"96\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"6.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">recall without<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"390\" y=\"106\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"6.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">help, in writing<\/text>\r\n <line x1=\"452\" y1=\"78\" x2=\"456\" y2=\"78\" stroke=\"#c8d5e3\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <polygon points=\"462,78 450,73 450,83\" fill=\"#c8d5e3\"\/>\r\n <rect x=\"452\" y=\"40\" width=\"96\" height=\"76\" rx=\"9\" fill=\"#fdf0f5\" stroke=\"#8e2f5a\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <circle cx=\"500\" cy=\"58\" r=\"11\" fill=\"#8e2f5a\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"500\" y=\"62\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#ffffff\">5<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"500\" y=\"82\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#8e2f5a\">RECITATION<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"500\" y=\"96\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"6.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">presented aloud<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"500\" y=\"106\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"6.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">to the class<\/text>\r\n <path d=\"M280 122 L280 152 L170 152 L170 124\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#8e2f5a\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-dasharray=\"6 4\"\/>\r\n <polygon points=\"170,116 164,128 176,128\" fill=\"#8e2f5a\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"286\" y=\"148\" font-size=\"8.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#8e2f5a\">re-teach and re-test until mastery is reached<\/text>\r\n\r\n <rect x=\"12\" y=\"170\" width=\"536\" height=\"42\" rx=\"8\" fill=\"#f5f8fd\" stroke=\"#14243f\" stroke-width=\"1.6\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"188\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#14243f\">Morrison's mastery formula<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"204\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">pre-test · teach · test the result · adapt the procedure · teach and test again to the point of mastery<\/text>\r\n<\/g><\/svg>\r\n <div class=\"diagram-cap\"><span class=\"en\">The loop treats the test as a decision point rather than as a record<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092f\u0939 \u091a\u0915\u094d\u0930 \u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0932\u0947\u0916 \u0928 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0915\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0923\u092f-\u092c\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0941 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"pc-grid\">\r\n <div class=\"pc-panel neu\">\r\n <div class=\"pc-head\"><span class=\"pc-ico\">▸<\/span><span class=\"en\">What a unit plan must contain<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0907\u0915\u093e\u0908 \u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0928\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f<\/span><\/div>\r\n <ul>\r\n <li><span class=\"en\">The idea the unit exists to reach, stated as one sentence a learner could be asked about<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u0939 \u0935\u093f\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u091c\u093f\u0938 \u0924\u0915 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0907\u0915\u093e\u0908 \u0939\u0948, \u0910\u0938\u0947 \u090f\u0915 \u0935\u093e\u0915\u094d\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u091c\u093f\u0938 \u092a\u0930 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u091b\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0947<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"en\">Content broken into topics, with the prerequisite for each identified<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u0930\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093e\u091c\u093f\u0924, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u091a\u093f\u0939\u094d\u0928\u093f\u0924<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"en\">Activities and materials, and the periods each will actually take<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0917\u0924\u093f\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924\u0903 \u0932\u0917\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0932\u093e\u0902\u0936<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"en\">The unit test, written before the teaching, and the remedial provision that follows a failure<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0907\u0915\u093e\u0908 \u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e, \u091c\u094b \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u0932\u093f\u0916\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u090f, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0935\u093f\u092b\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u091a\u093e\u0930\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0935\u0927\u093e\u0928<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div class=\"pc-panel con\">\r\n <div class=\"pc-head\"><span class=\"pc-ico\">\u2717<\/span><span class=\"en\">Where a year plan usually fails<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0915 \u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092f\u0903 \u0915\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0935\u093f\u092b\u0932 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/div>\r\n <ul>\r\n <li><span class=\"en\">Periods are allotted by the length of the chapter rather than by the difficulty of the idea<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u093e\u0932\u093e\u0902\u0936 \u0935\u093f\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u0920\u093f\u0928\u093e\u0908 \u0938\u0947 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f \u0915\u0940 \u0932\u0902\u092c\u093e\u0908 \u0938\u0947 \u0906\u0935\u0902\u091f\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"en\">No time is held in reserve, so a single lost fortnight is carried by the last unit<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0938\u092e\u092f \u0906\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0930\u0916\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e, \u0905\u0924\u0903 \u090f\u0915 \u0916\u094b\u092f\u093e \u092a\u0916\u0935\u093e\u0921\u093c\u093e \u0905\u0902\u0924\u093f\u092e \u0907\u0915\u093e\u0908 \u0922\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"en\">Assessment is placed where the calendar allows rather than where a unit closes<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0906\u0915\u0932\u0928 \u0935\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0930\u0916\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u092a\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0902\u0917 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092e\u0924\u093f \u0926\u0947, \u0928 \u0915\u093f \u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0907\u0915\u093e\u0908 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u094b<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"en\">Revision is left to the end, where it becomes a second pass over everything and a consolidation of nothing<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u093e\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0905\u0902\u0924 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u091b\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0935\u0939 \u0938\u092c \u0915\u0941\u091b \u092a\u0930 \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u093e \u0926\u094c\u0930 \u092c\u0928 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0941\u0926\u0943\u0922\u093c\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"cyp-box\">\r\n <div class=\"cyp-title\"><span class=\"en\">Progress check<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0917\u0924\u093f \u091c\u093e\u0901\u091a<\/span><\/div>\r\n <details class=\"cyp-q\"><summary><span class=\"en\">An objective reads: the learner will appreciate the importance of the water cycle. What is wrong, and how is it repaired?<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f \u0939\u0948: \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u091c\u0932-\u091a\u0915\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0930\u093e\u0939\u0928\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0917\u093e\u0964 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0926\u094b\u0937 \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u092e\u0930\u092e\u094d\u092e\u0924 \u0915\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0939\u094b?<\/span><\/summary>\r\n <div class=\"cyp-a\"><span class=\"en\">The verb names nothing a second observer could see, so nothing settles whether it has been met. The conditions and the criterion are missing as well. A repaired form names the performance, the circumstances and the standard: given a diagram of a catchment, the learner traces the path of a drop of water through four named stages and states one consequence of removing the forest cover.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092f\u0939 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0910\u0938\u0940 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093e\u092e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0932\u0947\u0924\u0940 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0926\u0947\u0916 \u0938\u0915\u0947, \u0905\u0924\u0903 \u092f\u0939 \u0915\u0941\u091b \u0924\u092f \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0915\u093f \u0935\u0939 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u093e \u0939\u0941\u0906 \u092f\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0915\u0938\u094c\u091f\u0940 \u092d\u0940 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0938\u0941\u0927\u0930\u093e \u0939\u0941\u0906 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0928, \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0915 \u092c\u0924\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948: \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u091c\u0932\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939\u0923 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u0906\u0930\u0947\u0916 \u0926\u093f\u090f \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u091c\u0932 \u0915\u0940 \u090f\u0915 \u092c\u0942\u0901\u0926 \u0915\u093e \u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0917 \u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0928\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0905\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0939\u094b\u0915\u0930 \u0905\u0902\u0915\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0935\u0928-\u0906\u0935\u0930\u0923 \u0939\u091f\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u090f\u0915 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e \u092c\u0924\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n <details class=\"cyp-q\"><summary><span class=\"en\">A teacher plans an engaging role play and then writes the objective. What has gone wrong, even though the lesson may go well?<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0906\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u092d\u0942\u092e\u093f\u0915\u093e-\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0939 \u0915\u0940 \u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928\u093e \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0915\u0930 \u092b\u093f\u0930 \u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f \u0932\u093f\u0916\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0917\u0932\u0924 \u0939\u0941\u0906, \u092d\u0932\u0947 \u0939\u0940 \u092a\u093e\u0920 \u0905\u091a\u094d\u091b\u093e \u091a\u0932\u0947?<\/span><\/summary>\r\n <div class=\"cyp-a\"><span class=\"en\">The objective has been written to fit an activity already chosen, so it is guaranteed to be met and guarantees nothing about learning. This is activity-oriented design, and the remedy is not to abandon the role play but to write the acceptable evidence first and then ask whether the role play is what produces it \u2014 which it may well be.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u091a\u0941\u0928\u0940 \u0917\u0908 \u0917\u0924\u093f\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0930\u0942\u092a \u0932\u093f\u0916\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0905\u0924\u0903 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u093e \u092a\u0942\u0930\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0928\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0936\u094d\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u0939 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u0941\u091b \u092d\u0940 \u0938\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0936\u094d\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0917\u0924\u093f\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f-\u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u092a\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u092d\u0942\u092e\u093f\u0915\u093e-\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0939 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0917 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0905\u092a\u093f\u0924\u0941 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0940\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u0932\u093f\u0916\u0928\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u092b\u093f\u0930 \u092f\u0939 \u092a\u0942\u091b\u0928\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0935\u0939\u0940 \u092d\u0942\u092e\u093f\u0915\u093e-\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0939 \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u092d\u0935\u0924\u0903 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0940 \u0939\u094b\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n <details class=\"cyp-q\"><summary><span class=\"en\">Why does Morrison's arrangement return to the second step rather than proceeding after a poor test result?<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0916\u0930\u093e\u092c \u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e-\u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u092e\u0949\u0930\u093f\u0938\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u0906\u0917\u0947 \u092c\u0922\u093c\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u091c\u093e\u092f \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u0947 \u091a\u0930\u0923 \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0932\u094c\u091f\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948?<\/span><\/summary>\r\n <div class=\"cyp-a\"><span class=\"en\">Because the fourth and fifth steps ask the learner to organise and present what has not yet been assimilated, and a learner who cannot do the third cannot do those either. The loop treats the test as a decision point rather than as a record, and a unit plan without it has assumed that teaching once is sufficient \u2014 an assumption no diagnosis has ever supported.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u091a\u094c\u0925\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u093e\u0901\u091a\u0935\u093e\u0901 \u091a\u0930\u0923 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u0917\u0920\u093f\u0924 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u094b \u0915\u0939\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u091c\u094b \u0905\u092d\u0940 \u0906\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0938\u093e\u0924\u094d \u0939\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u0941\u0906, \u0914\u0930 \u091c\u094b \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0924\u0940\u0938\u0930\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0935\u0939 \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u092d\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u091a\u0915\u094d\u0930 \u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0932\u0947\u0916 \u0928 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0915\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0923\u092f-\u092c\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0941 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0907\u0915\u093e\u0908 \u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928\u093e \u092f\u0939 \u092e\u093e\u0928 \u091a\u0941\u0915\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u090f\u0915 \u092c\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u0922\u093c\u093e\u0928\u093e \u092a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u0910\u0938\u0940 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0924\u093e \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0938\u092e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0928 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0928\u093f\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0928\u0947 \u0915\u092d\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"p12-5\">\r\n <span class=\"section-badge\">12.5<\/span>\r\n <h3><span class=\"en\">Teaching-Learning Material<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923-\u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940<\/span><\/h3>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <p><span class=\"en\">Material is chosen at the planning stage or it is not chosen at all, because a teacher who reaches the point of need without it will proceed without it. The selection rule is the one that runs through Chapters 9 and 10: an aid earns its place when the structure of the content is inside it, so that a learner can reach something through it that words alone would not deliver. An aid that merely illustrates what has already been said is not wrong, but it should be recognised as decoration and costed accordingly.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u091a\u092f\u0928 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u092a\u0930 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0925\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u091c\u094b \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0941 \u0924\u0915 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a\u0947\u0917\u093e \u0935\u0939 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0939\u0940 \u0906\u0917\u0947 \u092c\u0922\u093c \u091c\u093e\u090f\u0917\u093e\u0964 \u091a\u092f\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e \u0935\u0939\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f 9 \u090f\u0935\u0902 10 \u0938\u0947 \u0939\u094b\u0915\u0930 \u091a\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948: \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0938\u0939\u093e\u092f\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0924\u092c \u0905\u092a\u0928\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928 \u0905\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u092c \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092d\u0940\u0924\u0930 \u0939\u094b, \u0924\u093e\u0915\u093f \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u0910\u0938\u0940 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u0924\u0915 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a \u0938\u0915\u0947 \u091c\u094b \u0905\u0915\u0947\u0932\u0947 \u0936\u092c\u094d\u0926 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0926\u0947 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0947\u0964 \u091c\u094b \u0938\u0939\u093e\u092f\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0915\u0939\u0940 \u091c\u093e \u091a\u0941\u0915\u0940 \u092c\u093e\u0924 \u0915\u093e \u0926\u0943\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093e\u0902\u0924 \u0926\u0947 \u0935\u0939 \u0917\u0932\u0924 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u0948, \u0915\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0941 \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u091c\u094d\u091c\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0939\u091a\u093e\u0928\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0928\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0938\u0940 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u093e\u0930 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u0932\u093e\u0917\u0924 \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f\u0964<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"table-scroll\">\r\n <table class=\"data-table\">\r\n <thead><tr>\r\n <th style=\"width:22%\"><span class=\"en\">Class of material<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0917<\/span><\/th>\r\n <th style=\"width:36%\"><span class=\"en\">Reaches what words cannot<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0936\u092c\u094d\u0926 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a\u0924\u0947 \u0935\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/th>\r\n <th style=\"width:42%\"><span class=\"en\">Planning decision it forces<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092f\u0939 \u0915\u094c\u0928-\u0938\u093e \u0928\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928-\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0923\u092f \u092c\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/th>\r\n <\/tr><\/thead>\r\n <tbody>\r\n <tr><td><strong><span class=\"en\">Concrete and manipulative<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092e\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0924 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0932\u0928\u0940\u092f<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">A structure that can be taken apart and rebuilt, so a relation is met before its symbol.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0910\u0938\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u0924\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0915\u0930 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u094d\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0947, \u0924\u093e\u0915\u093f \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u0940\u0915 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0947\u0964<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">How many sets are needed, and whether every learner handles one or only watches.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u093f\u0924\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u0941\u091a\u094d\u091a\u092f \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u0901\u092d\u093e\u0932\u0947\u0917\u093e \u092f\u093e \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0926\u0947\u0916\u0947\u0917\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td><strong><span class=\"en\">Graphic and pictorial<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0906\u0932\u0947\u0916\u0940\u092f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">A whole seen at once \u2014 a cycle, a map, a distribution \u2014 which a sequence of sentences cannot present simultaneously.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u090f\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0926\u093f\u0916\u0924\u093e \u0938\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930 \u2014 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u091a\u0915\u094d\u0930, \u092e\u093e\u0928\u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930, \u0935\u093f\u0924\u0930\u0923 \u2014 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Whether it is legible from the back row, which decides size before it decides content.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0935\u0939 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u093f\u092e \u092a\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0920\u0928\u0940\u092f \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u094b \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u0906\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0924\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td><strong><span class=\"en\">Improvised and local<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0924\u0924\u094d\u0915\u093e\u0932\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u0940\u092f<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">A referent the learners already know, which removes the second unfamiliar thing from a difficult lesson.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0910\u0938\u093e \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0930\u094d\u092d \u091c\u094b \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u091c\u094b \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0915\u0920\u093f\u0928 \u092a\u093e\u0920 \u0938\u0947 \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u0940 \u0905\u092a\u0930\u093f\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u0939\u091f\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Who makes it and when \u2014 since material made by the class carries more than material made for it.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u094c\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u092c \u092c\u0928\u093e\u090f\u0917\u093e \u2014 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0908 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0908 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u0939\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td><strong><span class=\"en\">Projected and digital<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Motion, scale and processes too slow, too fast or too dangerous to be brought into a room.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0917\u0924\u093f, \u092a\u0948\u092e\u093e\u0928\u093e \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0935\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u091c\u094b \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0932\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0905\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0927\u0940\u092e\u0940, \u0924\u0947\u091c\u093c \u092f\u093e \u0938\u0902\u0915\u091f\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">What the lesson does if the power fails, which must be planned rather than improvised.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092c\u093f\u091c\u0932\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u093e\u0920 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0917\u093e, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u0924\u0924\u094d\u0915\u093e\u0932 \u0917\u0922\u093c\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0928\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091c\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0928\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <\/tbody>\r\n <\/table>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"callout teal\">\r\n <div class=\"callout-label\"><span class=\"en\">Edgar Dale's cone, and what it does and does not establish<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u090f\u0921\u0917\u0930 \u0921\u0947\u0932 \u0915\u093e \u0936\u0902\u0915\u0941, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0935\u0939 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902<\/span><\/div>\r\n <span class=\"en\">Dale arranged experiences in a cone running from direct purposeful experience at the base through contrived experience, dramatised experience, demonstration and field visits to still pictures, radio, and verbal symbols at the apex. The arrangement is a useful ordering by <em>degree of abstraction<\/em>, and that is all Dale claimed for it. It is very frequently reproduced with retention percentages attached to each band \u2014 that people remember ten per cent of what they read and so on. Those figures were not Dale's, appear in no study he conducted, and should not be quoted. The cone is worth using as a reminder that a lesson conducted entirely at the apex has asked a great deal of learners who have not met the base.<\/span>\r\n <span class=\"hi\">\u0921\u0947\u0932 \u0928\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092d\u0935\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0910\u0938\u0947 \u0936\u0902\u0915\u0941 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u094b \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092d\u0935 \u0938\u0947 \u0906\u0930\u0902\u092d \u0939\u094b\u0915\u0930 \u0930\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092d\u0935, \u0928\u093e\u091f\u094d\u092f\u0940\u0915\u0943\u0924 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092d\u0935, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930-\u092d\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0923 \u0938\u0947 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0941\u090f \u0936\u0940\u0930\u094d\u0937 \u092a\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0930 \u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902, \u0930\u0947\u0921\u093f\u092f\u094b \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0936\u093e\u092c\u094d\u0926\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u0940\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0924\u0915 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e <em>\u0905\u092e\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u092e\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093e<\/em> \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u093e\u0930 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0940 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0921\u0947\u0932 \u0928\u0947 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0907\u0924\u0928\u093e \u0939\u0940 \u0926\u093e\u0935\u093e \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092f\u0903 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u092a\u091f\u094d\u091f\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u091c\u0941\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0936\u0924\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u0941\u0924\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u0915\u093f \u0932\u094b\u0917 \u091c\u094b \u092a\u0922\u093c\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0926\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0936\u0924 \u0938\u094d\u092e\u0930\u0923 \u0930\u0916\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0907\u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0926\u093f\u0964 \u0935\u0947 \u0905\u0902\u0915 \u0921\u0947\u0932 \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0925\u0947, \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092f\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0906\u0924\u0947, \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0926\u094d\u0927\u0943\u0924 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u093f\u090f \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f\u0964 \u0936\u0902\u0915\u0941 \u0907\u0938 \u0938\u094d\u092e\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u092f\u094b\u0917\u094d\u092f \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923\u0924\u0903 \u0936\u0940\u0930\u094d\u0937 \u092a\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0932\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u093e\u0920 \u0928\u0947 \u0909\u0928 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0939\u0941\u0924 \u0915\u0941\u091b \u092e\u093e\u0901\u0917 \u0932\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u0947 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0947 \u0939\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964<\/span>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"p12-6\">\r\n <span class=\"section-badge\">12.6<\/span>\r\n <h3><span class=\"en\">Practice Set<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u092d\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938 \u0938\u0947\u091f<\/span><\/h3>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"mcq-box\">\r\n <div class=\"mcq-title\"><span class=\"en\">Practice \u2014 Planning of Instruction<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u092d\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938 \u2014 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0926\u0947\u0936\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928<\/span> <span class=\"mcq-src\">10 items<\/span><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"mcq-note\"><span class=\"en\">Where an objective is quoted, test its verb before reading the options.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f \u0909\u0926\u094d\u0927\u0943\u0924 \u0939\u094b, \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a \u092a\u0922\u093c\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u092a\u0930\u0916\u0947\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n\r\n <details class=\"mcq-q\"><summary><span class=\"mcq-num\">1<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">The three components Mager required in an instructional objective are<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092e\u0947\u091c\u0930 \u0928\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0926\u0947\u0936\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091c\u093f\u0928 \u0924\u0940\u0928 \u0918\u091f\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u0935\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902<\/span><\/span><\/summary>\r\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\r\n <li>(a) <span class=\"en\">aim, content and method<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u092f, \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(b) <span class=\"en\">performance, conditions and criterion<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0928, \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0915\u0938\u094c\u091f\u0940<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(c) <span class=\"en\">knowledge, understanding and application<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928, \u092c\u094b\u0927 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(d) <span class=\"en\">preparation, presentation and application<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0928\u093e, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\"><b>(b).<\/b> <span class=\"en\">The ABCD variant adds the audience to these three. Option (c) names three of the RCEM heads, which classify objectives rather than state the parts of one, and option (d) names Herbartian lesson steps. Distinguishing the parts of an objective from a classification of objectives is what the item is testing.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u090f\u092c\u0940\u0938\u0940\u0921\u0940 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0907\u0928 \u0924\u0940\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0936\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0924\u093e \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a (c) \u0906\u0930\u0938\u0940\u0908\u090f\u092e \u0915\u0947 \u0924\u0940\u0928 \u0936\u0940\u0930\u094d\u0937\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093e\u092e \u0932\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u094b \u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u090f\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0902\u0917 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u092c\u0924\u093e\u0924\u0947, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a (d) \u0939\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0930\u094d\u091f\u0940\u092f \u092a\u093e\u0920-\u091a\u0930\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e\u0964 \u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0902\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0943\u0925\u0915\u094d \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u0939\u0940 \u0907\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n\r\n <details class=\"mcq-q\"><summary><span class=\"mcq-num\">2<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">In backward design, the stage that must be completed before any activity is chosen is<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0917\u093e\u092e\u0940 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0917\u0924\u093f\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f \u091a\u0941\u0928\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u0915\u094c\u0928-\u0938\u0940 \u0905\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0940 \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f<\/span><\/span><\/summary>\r\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\r\n <li>(a) <span class=\"en\">identifying desired results only<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0905\u092d\u0940\u0937\u094d\u091f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092b\u0932\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0939\u091a\u093e\u0928<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(b) <span class=\"en\">determining acceptable evidence<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u094d\u0935\u0940\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(c) <span class=\"en\">planning the learning experiences<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092d\u0935\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(d) <span class=\"en\">selecting the textbook chapter<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u092a\u0941\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0915 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f \u0915\u093e \u091a\u092f\u0928<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\"><b>(b).<\/b> <span class=\"en\">Stage one alone is not enough, because a desired result can be stated in a way that any activity would appear to serve. Writing the evidence at stage two is what prevents the objective from being written to fit an activity already chosen, and it is the single decision that distinguishes backward from ordinary design.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0925\u092e \u0905\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u092a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u0905\u092d\u0940\u0937\u094d\u091f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092b\u0932 \u0910\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u092d\u0940 \u0917\u0924\u093f\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u0940\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0964 \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u0940 \u0905\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u0932\u093f\u0916\u0928\u093e \u0939\u0940 \u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f \u0915\u094b \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u091a\u0941\u0928\u0940 \u0917\u0908 \u0917\u0924\u093f\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0930\u0942\u092a \u0932\u093f\u0916\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u0930\u094b\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u092f\u0939\u0940 \u0935\u0939 \u090f\u0915\u0932 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0923\u092f \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0917\u093e\u092e\u0940 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a \u0915\u094b \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0943\u0925\u0915\u094d \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n\r\n <details class=\"mcq-q\"><summary><span class=\"mcq-num\">3<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">Which of the following is usable as written?<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0928\u093f\u092e\u094d\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u094c\u0928-\u0938\u093e \u0932\u093f\u0916\u0947 \u0917\u090f \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u091c\u094d\u092f \u0939\u0948?<\/span><\/span><\/summary>\r\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\r\n <li>(a) <span class=\"en\">The learner will understand the causes of soil erosion<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u092e\u0943\u0926\u093e \u0905\u092a\u0930\u0926\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0938\u092e\u091d\u0947\u0917\u093e<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(b) <span class=\"en\">The learner will appreciate the value of afforestation<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0935\u0928\u0930\u094b\u092a\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u0942\u0932\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0930\u093e\u0939\u0928\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0917\u093e<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(c) <span class=\"en\">Given four photographs, the learner will classify each as wind or water erosion and justify three of the four<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u091b\u093e\u092f\u093e\u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0926\u093f\u090f \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0915\u094b \u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941 \u092f\u093e \u091c\u0932 \u0905\u092a\u0930\u0926\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0940\u0915\u0943\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0917\u093e \u0924\u0925\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0924\u0940\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u0914\u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u092f \u0926\u0947\u0917\u093e<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(d) <span class=\"en\">The learner will be familiar with erosion control measures<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0905\u092a\u0930\u0926\u0928 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0923 \u0909\u092a\u093e\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0917\u093e<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\"><b>(c).<\/b> <span class=\"en\">It names a performance a second observer could see, the conditions under which it is to occur and the standard by which it will be judged. The other three use verbs that describe an internal state, and each has a serviceable substitute: understand becomes distinguish or explain, appreciate becomes justify or defend, be familiar with becomes state or identify.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092f\u0939 \u0910\u0938\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0928 \u092c\u0924\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0926\u0947\u0916 \u0938\u0915\u0947, \u0935\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u091c\u093f\u0928\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u0939 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0935\u0939 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0915 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0923\u092f \u0939\u094b\u0917\u093e\u0964 \u0936\u0947\u0937 \u0924\u0940\u0928 \u0910\u0938\u0940 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u091c\u094b \u0906\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u0915\u093e \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0923\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0915\u093e \u090f\u0915 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a \u0939\u0948: \u0938\u092e\u091d\u0928\u093e \u092c\u0928\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u0947\u0926 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u092f\u093e \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e, \u0938\u0930\u093e\u0939\u0928\u093e \u092c\u0928\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u092f \u0926\u0947\u0928\u093e \u092f\u093e \u0938\u092e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e, \u092a\u0930\u093f\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u093e \u092c\u0928\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u092c\u0924\u093e\u0928\u093e \u092f\u093e \u092a\u0939\u091a\u093e\u0928\u0928\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n\r\n <details class=\"mcq-q\"><summary><span class=\"mcq-num\">4<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">Anticipatory set, modelling, checking for understanding and guided practice belong to<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0936\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0928\u093e, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u0942\u092a\u0923, \u092c\u094b\u0927 \u0915\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0901\u091a \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u093f\u0924 \u0905\u092d\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0902\u0917 \u0939\u0948\u0902<\/span><\/span><\/summary>\r\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\r\n <li>(a) <span class=\"en\">the Herbartian five steps<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0939\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0930\u094d\u091f\u0940\u092f \u092a\u093e\u0901\u091a \u091a\u0930\u0923<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(b) <span class=\"en\">Madeline Hunter's lesson design<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092e\u0947\u0921\u0932\u093f\u0928 \u0939\u0902\u091f\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u093e\u0920 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(c) <span class=\"en\">the RCEM format<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0906\u0930\u0938\u0940\u0908\u090f\u092e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0930\u0942\u092a<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(d) <span class=\"en\">the 5E plan<\/span><span class=\"hi\">5E \u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928\u093e<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\"><b>(b).<\/b> <span class=\"en\">Hunter's seven elements run from an anticipatory set through the statement of objective and purpose, input, modelling and a check for understanding to guided and then independent practice. The order rests on a behavioural account in which responsibility is handed over in measured stages after the teacher has modelled the performance.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0939\u0902\u091f\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0924 \u0924\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0936\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0928\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u0925\u0928, \u0928\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0936, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u0942\u092a\u0923 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092c\u094b\u0927 \u0915\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0901\u091a \u0938\u0947 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0941\u090f \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u093f\u0924 \u0914\u0930 \u092b\u093f\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0905\u092d\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938 \u0924\u0915 \u091a\u0932\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u0909\u0938 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0926\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0935\u0930\u0923 \u092a\u0930 \u091f\u093f\u0915\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u0942\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930\u0926\u093e\u092f\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u092e\u093e\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u091a\u0930\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u094c\u0902\u092a\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n\r\n <details class=\"mcq-q\"><summary><span class=\"mcq-num\">5<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">In the RCEM approach, predicting the effect of a change and inferring from evidence belong under<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0906\u0930\u0938\u0940\u0908\u090f\u092e \u0909\u092a\u093e\u0917\u092e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0928\u0941\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u093f\u0938 \u0936\u0940\u0930\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0924 \u0939\u0948\u0902<\/span><\/span><\/summary>\r\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\r\n <li>(a) <span class=\"en\">knowledge<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(b) <span class=\"en\">understanding<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092c\u094b\u0927<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(c) <span class=\"en\">application<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(d) <span class=\"en\">creativity<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u0943\u091c\u0928\u0936\u0940\u0932\u0924\u093e<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\"><b>(c).<\/b> <span class=\"en\">Application covers reasoning, judging, predicting, hypothesising, inferring and solving a problem not met before. Understanding covers seeing relationships, discriminating, classifying, comparing and interpreting, which stop short of a new case; creativity covers sensitivity to problems, fluency, flexibility, originality and elaboration.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0924\u0930\u094d\u0915, \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0923\u092f, \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0928\u0941\u092e\u093e\u0928, \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a\u0928\u093e, \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935-\u0905\u092a\u0930\u093f\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u092e\u0938\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u0906\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u092c\u094b\u0927 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927 \u0926\u0947\u0916\u0928\u093e, \u0935\u093f\u092d\u0947\u0926, \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923, \u0924\u0941\u0932\u0928\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0906\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u091c\u094b \u0928\u090f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0924\u0915 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a\u0924\u0947; \u0938\u0943\u091c\u0928\u0936\u0940\u0932\u0924\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u092e\u0938\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f \u0938\u0902\u0935\u0947\u0926\u0928\u0936\u0940\u0932\u0924\u093e, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0939, \u0932\u091a\u0940\u0932\u093e\u092a\u0928, \u092e\u094c\u0932\u093f\u0915\u0924\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0930\u0923\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n\r\n <details class=\"mcq-q\"><summary><span class=\"mcq-num\">6<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">Morrison's five steps of unit teaching are<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092e\u0949\u0930\u093f\u0938\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0907\u0915\u093e\u0908 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u0901\u091a \u091a\u0930\u0923 \u0939\u0948\u0902<\/span><\/span><\/summary>\r\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\r\n <li>(a) <span class=\"en\">preparation, presentation, comparison, generalisation, application<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0928\u093e, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923, \u0924\u0941\u0932\u0928\u093e, \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(b) <span class=\"en\">exploration, presentation, assimilation, organisation, recitation<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u0928\u094d\u0935\u0947\u0937\u0923, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923, \u0906\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0938\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0915\u0930\u0923, \u0938\u0902\u0917\u0920\u0928, \u0906\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(c) <span class=\"en\">engage, explore, explain, elaborate, evaluate<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u090f\u0902\u0917\u0947\u091c, \u090f\u0915\u094d\u0938\u092a\u094d\u0932\u094b\u0930, \u090f\u0915\u094d\u0938\u092a\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0928, \u090f\u0932\u0947\u092c\u094b\u0930\u0947\u091f, \u0907\u0935\u0948\u0932\u094d\u092f\u0942\u090f\u091f<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(d) <span class=\"en\">diagnosis, objectives, content, experiences, evaluation<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0928\u093f\u0926\u093e\u0928, \u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f, \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941, \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092d\u0935, \u092e\u0942\u0932\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0915\u0928<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\"><b>(b).<\/b> <span class=\"en\">Exploration is a pre-test of what is already held; assimilation is the learner's own work on the material; organisation is recall in writing without help; recitation is presentation to the class. Option (a) names the Herbartian steps and is the standard confusion, since both are five-step lesson-related sequences from the same era of writing.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u0928\u094d\u0935\u0947\u0937\u0923 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935-\u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0939\u0948; \u0906\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0938\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u092a\u0930 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u092a\u0928\u093e \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f; \u0938\u0902\u0917\u0920\u0928 \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0938\u0939\u093e\u092f\u0924\u093e \u0932\u093f\u0916\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u094d\u092e\u0930\u0923; \u0906\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924\u093f\u0964 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a (a) \u0939\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0930\u094d\u091f\u0940\u092f \u091a\u0930\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093e\u092e \u0932\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0915 \u092d\u094d\u0930\u092e \u0939\u0948, \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u090f\u0915 \u0939\u0940 \u0932\u0947\u0916\u0928-\u092f\u0941\u0917 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u0901\u091a-\u091a\u0930\u0923\u0940\u092f \u092a\u093e\u0920-\u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0940 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n\r\n <details class=\"mcq-q\"><summary><span class=\"mcq-num\">7<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">Eisner's expressive objective is best described as one that<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0906\u0907\u091c\u0928\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u092a\u0930\u0915 \u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u094b\u0924\u094d\u0924\u092e \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0923\u0928 \u092f\u0939 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0935\u0939<\/span><\/span><\/summary>\r\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\r\n <li>(a) <span class=\"en\">states a terminal behaviour more precisely than Mager requires<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092e\u0947\u091c\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092f\u0925\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0924\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u093f\u092e \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930 \u092c\u0924\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(b) <span class=\"en\">describes an encounter, with the outcome discovered afterwards<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092d\u0947\u0902\u091f \u0915\u093e \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0923\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092b\u0932 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0916\u094b\u091c\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(c) <span class=\"en\">applies only to the psychomotor domain<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0917\u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u0932\u093e\u0917\u0942 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(d) <span class=\"en\">replaces behavioural objectives entirely<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930\u092a\u0930\u0915 \u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923\u0924\u0903 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\"><b>(b).<\/b> <span class=\"en\">The class will visit the ward and write about what it noticed is an expressive objective: the encounter is prescribed and the outcome is not. Option (d) overstates the position, since an encounter with no stated purpose is indistinguishable from an outing. The defensible practice is to write behavioural objectives for what must be secured and expressive ones for what the encounter is expected to open up.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0935\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0921 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091c\u093e\u090f\u0917\u0940 \u0914\u0930 \u091c\u094b \u0926\u0947\u0916\u093e \u0909\u0938 \u092a\u0930 \u0932\u093f\u0916\u0947\u0917\u0940 \u2014 \u092f\u0939 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u092a\u0930\u0915 \u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f \u0939\u0948: \u092d\u0947\u0902\u091f \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092b\u0932 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a (d) \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u0915\u094b \u092c\u0922\u093c\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0915\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u092d\u0947\u0902\u091f \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0938\u0948\u0930 \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0924\u0930\u094d\u0915\u0938\u0902\u0917\u0924 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930 \u092f\u0939 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u091c\u094b \u0938\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0936\u094d\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u093e \u0939\u0940 \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930\u092a\u0930\u0915 \u0914\u0930 \u091c\u094b \u092d\u0947\u0902\u091f \u0916\u094b\u0932\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u092a\u0930\u0915 \u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f \u0932\u093f\u0916\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u090f\u0901\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n\r\n <details class=\"mcq-q\"><summary><span class=\"mcq-num\">8<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">A year plan allots periods to each chapter in proportion to its number of pages. The objection is that<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0935\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0915 \u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f \u0915\u094b \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u093e\u0924 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u093e\u0932\u093e\u0902\u0936 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0906\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f \u092f\u0939 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f<\/span><\/span><\/summary>\r\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\r\n <li>(a) <span class=\"en\">chapters should always receive equal time<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0926\u0948\u0935 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0938\u092e\u092f \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0928\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(b) <span class=\"en\">length is not a measure of the difficulty of the idea<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0932\u0902\u092c\u093e\u0908 \u0935\u093f\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u0920\u093f\u0928\u093e\u0908 \u0915\u093e \u092e\u093e\u092a\u0915 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(c) <span class=\"en\">year plans should not allot periods at all<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0915 \u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0915\u093e\u0932\u093e\u0902\u0936 \u0906\u0935\u0902\u091f\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(d) <span class=\"en\">the textbook chapters are always of equal length<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u092a\u0941\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f \u0938\u0926\u0948\u0935 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0932\u0902\u092c\u093e\u0908 \u0915\u0947 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\"><b>(b).<\/b> <span class=\"en\">A short chapter may contain the idea on which the rest of the year rests, and a long one may be an extended illustration of something already secure. Allotting by pages hands the year plan over to the textbook's layout, which is a decision taken by people who never met the class. Option (a) substitutes one arbitrary rule for another.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u091b\u094b\u091f\u093e \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f \u0935\u0939 \u0935\u093f\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u092e\u0947\u091f \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938 \u092a\u0930 \u0936\u0947\u0937 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937 \u091f\u093f\u0915\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0932\u0902\u092c\u093e \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0941\u0926\u0943\u0922\u093c \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0943\u0924 \u0926\u0943\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093e\u0902\u0924 \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0906\u0935\u0902\u091f\u0928 \u0935\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0915 \u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928\u093e \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u092a\u0941\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0928\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u094c\u0902\u092a \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u094b \u0909\u0928 \u0932\u094b\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0923\u092f \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0909\u0938 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u092d\u0940 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0947 \u0939\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a (a) \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0947\u091a\u094d\u091b\u093e\u091a\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u0930 \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u093e \u0930\u0916 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n\r\n <details class=\"mcq-q\"><summary><span class=\"mcq-num\">9<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">The 5E format differs from the Herbartian format most sharply in<\/span><span class=\"hi\">5E \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0930\u0942\u092a \u0939\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0930\u094d\u091f\u0940\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0924\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u0923\u0924\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/span><\/summary>\r\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\r\n <li>(a) <span class=\"en\">the number of steps it contains<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0909\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091a\u0930\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(b) <span class=\"en\">the point at which the term for the concept is supplied<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u0939 \u092c\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0941 \u091c\u093f\u0938 \u092a\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u092f \u0915\u093e \u092a\u0926 \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(c) <span class=\"en\">whether an introduction is required<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0928\u093e \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(d) <span class=\"en\">whether homework is assigned<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0917\u0943\u0939\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\"><b>(b).<\/b> <span class=\"en\">Both have five steps, so option (a) is a distinction without a difference. In the Herbartian order the presentation by the teacher comes second and the generalisation follows from it; in the 5E order the learners handle the phenomenon at Explore and the name is supplied only at Explain, which is where the constructivist commitment of the format actually sits.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u093e\u0901\u091a \u091a\u0930\u0923 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0905\u0924\u0903 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a (a) \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u092d\u0947\u0926 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0939\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0930\u094d\u091f\u0940\u092f \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u0930 \u0906\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0909\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948; 5E \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u090f\u0915\u094d\u0938\u092a\u094d\u0932\u094b\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0918\u091f\u0928\u093e \u0938\u0901\u092d\u093e\u0932\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0928\u093e\u092e \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u090f\u0915\u094d\u0938\u092a\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0907\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0930\u0942\u092a \u0915\u0940 \u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e\u0935\u093e\u0926\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092c\u0926\u094d\u0927\u0924\u093e \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924\u0903 \u0935\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n\r\n <details class=\"mcq-q\"><summary><span class=\"mcq-num\">10<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">Consider: 1. A unit test should be written after the unit has been taught. 2. Entry behaviour should be verified rather than assumed. 3. A plan abandoned during a lesson has been wasted. Which are correct?<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u093f\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0940\u091c\u093f\u090f: 1. \u0907\u0915\u093e\u0908 \u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0907\u0915\u093e\u0908 \u092a\u0922\u093c\u093e\u090f \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u0932\u093f\u0916\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f\u0964 2. \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0947\u0936-\u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0938\u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0928\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f\u0964 3. \u092a\u093e\u0920 \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u094c\u0930\u093e\u0928 \u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0917\u0940 \u0917\u0908 \u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928\u093e \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u0917\u0908\u0964 \u0915\u094c\u0928-\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0939\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902?<\/span><\/span><\/summary>\r\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\r\n <li>(a) <span class=\"en\">1 and 2 only<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 1 \u0914\u0930 2<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(b) <span class=\"en\">2 only<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 2<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(c) <span class=\"en\">2 and 3 only<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 2 \u0914\u0930 3<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(d) <span class=\"en\">1, 2 and 3<\/span><span class=\"hi\">1, 2 \u0914\u0930 3<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\"><b>(b).<\/b> <span class=\"en\">Statement 1 reverses backward design: writing the test after teaching allows the test to be written to fit what was covered, which is the coverage fault in a different guise. Statement 3 misses the point that the value of planning lies in the decisions rather than the document \u2014 an abandoned plan has still supplied the objective against which the abandonment was judged worthwhile.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u0925\u0928 1 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0917\u093e\u092e\u0940 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a \u0915\u094b \u0909\u0932\u091f \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948: \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0932\u093f\u0916\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0930\u0942\u092a \u0932\u093f\u0916\u0940 \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u092a\u0942\u0930\u093e \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e, \u0914\u0930 \u092f\u0939 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093f-\u0926\u094b\u0937 \u0915\u093e \u0939\u0940 \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u093e \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0915\u0925\u0928 3 \u092f\u0939 \u092c\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0941 \u091a\u0942\u0915 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0928\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u092e\u0942\u0932\u094d\u092f \u0926\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0947\u091c\u093c \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0923\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0917\u0940 \u0917\u0908 \u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928\u093e \u0928\u0947 \u092d\u0940 \u0935\u0939 \u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f \u0926\u0947 \u0939\u0940 \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0917 \u0915\u094b \u0909\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <\/section>\r\n<!--\/CH12-->\r\n<!--CH13--><section class=\"chapter-content\" data-chap=\"13\" id=\"c13\">\r\n <div class=\"chapter-heading-block\">\r\n <span class=\"chapter-badge\"><span class=\"en\">CHAPTER 13<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f 13<\/span><\/span>\r\n <h2><span class=\"en\">Taxonomies and Competency-Based Education<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0926\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0924\u093e-\u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e<\/span><\/h2>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"keyfact-grid\">\r\n <div class=\"keyfact-card navy-hi\">\r\n <span class=\"big-icon\">📚<\/span>\r\n <div class=\"kf-label\"><span class=\"en\">Cognitive domain<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u0902\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930<\/span><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"kf-value\">Bloom \u00b7 1956<\/div>\r\n <div class=\"kf-sub\"><span class=\"en\">Six levels named as nouns<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u0902\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u091b\u0939 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div class=\"keyfact-card amber-hi\">\r\n <span class=\"big-icon\">🔄<\/span>\r\n <div class=\"kf-label\"><span class=\"en\">The revision<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u0902\u0936\u094b\u0927\u0928<\/span><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"kf-value\">Anderson & Krathwohl \u00b7 2001<\/div>\r\n <div class=\"kf-sub\"><span class=\"en\">Verbs, a second dimension, and the top two exchanged<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u090f\u0901, \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u093e \u0906\u092f\u093e\u092e, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u090a\u092a\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u094b \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092e\u092f<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div class=\"keyfact-card teal-hi\">\r\n <span class=\"big-icon\">🧭<\/span>\r\n <div class=\"kf-label\"><span class=\"en\">Psychomotor domain<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092e\u0928\u094b\u0917\u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930<\/span><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"kf-value\">R. H. Dave \u00b7 1970<\/div>\r\n <div class=\"kf-sub\"><span class=\"en\">Imitation through to naturalisation<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u0928\u0941\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u093e\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0924\u0915<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div class=\"keyfact-card\">\r\n <span class=\"big-icon\">🔍<\/span>\r\n <div class=\"kf-label\"><span class=\"en\">SOLO taxonomy<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u094b\u0932\u094b \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923<\/span><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"kf-value\">Biggs & Collis \u00b7 1982<\/div>\r\n <div class=\"kf-sub\"><span class=\"en\">Classifies the response, not the intention<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0906\u0936\u092f \u0915\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <p><span class=\"en\">A taxonomy is a classification, and the point of classifying objectives is to make visible what a course is actually asking for. Almost every question set on this chapter turns on one of two things: which level a described task belongs to, or what a particular taxonomy classifies. The second matters more than it looks, because Bloom classifies an intended objective, Dave classifies a stage of skill, and SOLO classifies the answer a learner actually gave.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u090f\u0915 \u0936\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0923\u0940\u092c\u0926\u094d\u0927\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0940\u0915\u0943\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u092f\u0939 \u0926\u0943\u0936\u094d\u092f \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0928\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924\u0903 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u092e\u093e\u0901\u0917 \u0930\u0939\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0907\u0938 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u0942\u091b\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e \u0932\u0917\u092d\u0917 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u0926\u094b \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u090f\u0915 \u092c\u093e\u0924 \u092a\u0930 \u091f\u093f\u0915\u093e \u0939\u0948: \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0923\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u093f\u0938 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u093e \u0926\u093f\u0916\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0939\u0948, \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u092c\u094d\u0932\u0942\u092e \u0905\u092d\u0940\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f \u0915\u093e \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0921\u0947\u0935 \u0915\u094c\u0936\u0932 \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u0915\u093e, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0938\u094b\u0932\u094b \u0909\u0938 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u091c\u094b \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0928\u0947 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924\u0903 \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"feat-grid\">\r\n <div class=\"feat-card\"><span class=\"fc-num\">1<\/span><strong><span class=\"en\">What is being classified?<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u093f\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0939\u094b \u0930\u0939\u093e \u0939\u0948?<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"en\">An intended objective, a stage of skill, a kind of knowledge, or the answer a learner produced \u2014 four different objects with four different taxonomies.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u092d\u0940\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f, \u0915\u094c\u0936\u0932 \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e, \u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930, \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u2014 \u091a\u093e\u0930 \u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u090f\u0901, \u091a\u093e\u0930 \u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"feat-card\"><span class=\"fc-num\">2<\/span><strong><span class=\"en\">What changed in 2001?<\/span><span class=\"hi\">2001 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u092c\u0926\u0932\u093e?<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"en\">Nouns became verbs, a knowledge dimension was added, and the top two levels were exchanged as well as renamed.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u0902\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u092c\u0928\u0940\u0902, \u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u0906\u092f\u093e\u092e \u091c\u0941\u0921\u093c\u093e, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u090a\u092a\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u094b \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093e\u092e \u0939\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928 \u092d\u0940 \u092c\u0926\u0932\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"feat-card\"><span class=\"fc-num\">3<\/span><strong><span class=\"en\">Which domains exist beside the cognitive?<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u0902\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0924\u093f\u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u094c\u0928-\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0939\u0948\u0902?<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"en\">Affective, ordered by internalisation, and psychomotor, ordered by how far an act has become automatic.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092d\u093e\u0935\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915, \u091c\u094b \u0906\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0915\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u092c\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092e\u0928\u094b\u0917\u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915, \u091c\u094b \u0907\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u093f \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u093f\u0924\u0928\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u091a\u093e\u0932\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0941\u0908\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"feat-card\"><span class=\"fc-num\">4<\/span><strong><span class=\"en\">What does a competency add?<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0926\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0924\u093e \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948?<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"en\">Demonstration across contexts. An objective is met in a lesson; a competency has to survive being asked for somewhere else.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u0902\u0926\u0930\u094d\u092d\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u0928\u0964 \u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092a\u093e\u0920 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948; \u0926\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0924\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0915\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u092e\u093e\u0901\u0917\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u092d\u0940 \u091f\u093f\u0915\u0928\u093e \u092a\u0921\u093c\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"p13-0\">\r\n <span class=\"section-badge\">13.0<\/span>\r\n <h3><span class=\"en\">Introduction<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u0930\u093f\u091a\u092f<\/span><\/h3>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <p><span class=\"en\">The work began at a meeting of college examiners in 1948, and the problem they set out to solve was practical rather than theoretical: examiners at different institutions were using the same words for different things, so no comparison of question papers was possible. The taxonomy was built to give examiners a shared vocabulary, which is why it is organised by what a question demands of a candidate rather than by subject matter.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092f\u0939 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f 1948 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u0939\u093e\u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f\u0940 \u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u090f\u0915 \u092c\u0948\u0920\u0915 \u0938\u0947 \u0906\u0930\u0902\u092d \u0939\u0941\u0906, \u0914\u0930 \u091c\u093f\u0938 \u0938\u092e\u0938\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0935\u0947 \u0939\u0932 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u091a\u0932\u0947 \u0935\u0939 \u0938\u0948\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0925\u0940: \u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u090f\u0915 \u0939\u0940 \u0936\u092c\u094d\u0926 \u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0913\u0902 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0930 \u0930\u0939\u0947 \u0925\u0947, \u0905\u0924\u0903 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0924\u0941\u0932\u0928\u093e \u0938\u0902\u092d\u0935 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0925\u0940\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u093e\u091d\u093e \u0936\u092c\u094d\u0926\u093e\u0935\u0932\u0940 \u0926\u0947\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u092c\u0928\u093e, \u0907\u0938\u0940\u0932\u093f\u090f \u092f\u0939 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u0938\u0947 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0907\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u0917\u0920\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u092e\u093e\u0901\u0917\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"p13-1\">\r\n <span class=\"section-badge\">13.1<\/span>\r\n <h3><span class=\"en\">Bloom's Original Taxonomy<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092c\u094d\u0932\u0942\u092e \u0915\u093e \u092e\u0942\u0932 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923<\/span><\/h3>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"ladder\">\r\n <div class=\"rung\">\r\n <div class=\"rung-step\"><div class=\"rung-num\">1<\/div><div class=\"rung-tier\">Lowest<\/div><\/div>\r\n <div>\r\n <h5><span class=\"en\">Knowledge<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928<\/span><\/h5>\r\n <p><span class=\"en\">Recall of specifics, of ways and means of dealing with specifics, and of universals and abstractions in a field. Nothing is required beyond bringing the material back in the form in which it was met.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u093f\u0936\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f\u0924\u093e\u0913\u0902, \u0935\u093f\u0936\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f\u0924\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u092a\u091f\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0927\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0930\u0940\u0924\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0935\u092d\u094c\u092e\u094b\u0902 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0905\u092e\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u094d\u092e\u0930\u0923\u0964 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u094b \u0909\u0938\u0940 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093e\u092a\u0938 \u0932\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0924\u093f\u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0941\u091b \u0905\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u0939 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0940 \u0925\u0940\u0964<\/span><\/p>\r\n <div class=\"rung-eg\"><b><span class=\"en\">Test<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u0938\u094c\u091f\u0940<\/span><\/b><span class=\"en\">Could the answer be given by someone who had memorised the page without understanding it?<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0935\u0939 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0926\u0947 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0938\u092e\u091d\u0947 \u0915\u0902\u0920\u0938\u094d\u0925 \u0915\u0930 \u0932\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0939\u094b?<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div class=\"rung\">\r\n <div class=\"rung-step\"><div class=\"rung-num\">2<\/div><div class=\"rung-tier\">Level 2<\/div><\/div>\r\n <div>\r\n <h5><span class=\"en\">Comprehension<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092c\u094b\u0927<\/span><\/h5>\r\n <p><span class=\"en\">Translation into another form, interpretation of what is given, and extrapolation slightly beyond it. The material is still supplied; what is added is the grasp of what it says.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0935\u093e\u0926, \u091c\u094b \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0909\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0925\u094b\u0921\u093c\u093e \u0906\u0917\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092e\u093e\u0928\u0964 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0905\u092d\u0940 \u092d\u0940 \u0926\u0940 \u0917\u0908 \u0939\u0948; \u091c\u094b \u091c\u0941\u0921\u093c\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0935\u0939 \u092f\u0939 \u092a\u0915\u0921\u093c \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0935\u0939 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0939\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/p>\r\n <div class=\"rung-eg\"><b><span class=\"en\">Marker<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u091a\u093f\u0939\u094d\u0928<\/span><\/b><span class=\"en\">Restating a definition in the learner's own words, or reading a value off a graph.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u0936\u092c\u094d\u0926\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e \u0915\u093e \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0903\u0915\u0925\u0928, \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0906\u0932\u0947\u0916 \u0938\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u0922\u093c\u0928\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div class=\"rung\">\r\n <div class=\"rung-step\"><div class=\"rung-num\">3<\/div><div class=\"rung-tier\">Level 3<\/div><\/div>\r\n <div>\r\n <h5><span class=\"en\">Application<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917<\/span><\/h5>\r\n <p><span class=\"en\">Use of an abstraction in a situation that was not supplied with it. The decisive feature is that the learner has to select which principle applies; where the question names it, the level has dropped to comprehension.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0905\u092e\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u0910\u0938\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u091c\u094b \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0926\u0940 \u0917\u0908 \u0925\u0940\u0964 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0923\u093e\u092f\u0915 \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u092f\u0939 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0915\u094b \u091a\u0941\u0928\u0928\u093e \u092a\u0921\u093c\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0915\u094c\u0928-\u0938\u093e \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924 \u0932\u093e\u0917\u0942 \u0939\u0948; \u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0928\u093e\u092e \u0932\u0947 \u0926\u0947, \u0935\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0917\u093f\u0930\u0915\u0930 \u092c\u094b\u0927 \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/p>\r\n <div class=\"rung-eg\"><b><span class=\"en\">Discriminator<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u093f\u092d\u0947\u0926\u0915<\/span><\/b><span class=\"en\">Use this formula to find the area is comprehension; find the area of this field is application.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0907\u0938 \u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930\u092b\u0932 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0932\u093f\u090f \u2014 \u092c\u094b\u0927 \u0939\u0948; \u0907\u0938 \u0916\u0947\u0924 \u0915\u093e \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930\u092b\u0932 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0932\u093f\u090f \u2014 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div class=\"rung\">\r\n <div class=\"rung-step\"><div class=\"rung-num\">4<\/div><div class=\"rung-tier\">Level 4<\/div><\/div>\r\n <div>\r\n <h5><span class=\"en\">Analysis<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0937\u0923<\/span><\/h5>\r\n <p><span class=\"en\">Breaking a whole into its elements, its relationships and its organising principles, so that the structure is made explicit and any unstated assumption becomes visible.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0938\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0924\u0924\u094d\u0935\u094b\u0902, \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u094b\u0902 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u0917\u0920\u0928\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093e\u091c\u0928, \u0924\u093e\u0915\u093f \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0938\u094d\u092a\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0939\u094b \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u092d\u0940 \u0905\u0915\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0924\u093e \u0926\u0943\u0936\u094d\u092f \u092c\u0928\u0947\u0964<\/span><\/p>\r\n <div class=\"rung-eg\"><b><span class=\"en\">Marker<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u091a\u093f\u0939\u094d\u0928<\/span><\/b><span class=\"en\">Identifying which step of an argument does the work, or which variable an experiment failed to control.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092f\u0939 \u092a\u0939\u091a\u093e\u0928\u0928\u093e \u0915\u093f \u0924\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0915\u093e \u0915\u094c\u0928-\u0938\u093e \u091a\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0930 \u0930\u0939\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u093f\u0938 \u091a\u0930 \u0915\u094b \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u092b\u0932 \u0930\u0939\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div class=\"rung\">\r\n <div class=\"rung-step\"><div class=\"rung-num\">5<\/div><div class=\"rung-tier\">Level 5<\/div><\/div>\r\n <div>\r\n <h5><span class=\"en\">Synthesis<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u0902\u0936\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0937\u0923<\/span><\/h5>\r\n <p><span class=\"en\">Putting elements together into a whole that was not there before \u2014 a plan, a proposed set of operations, a communication. The product is judged partly by its originality.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0924\u0924\u094d\u0935\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0910\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0928\u093e \u091c\u094b \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0925\u093e \u2014 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928\u093e, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u092e\u0941\u091a\u094d\u091a\u092f, \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0937\u0923\u0964 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0923\u092f \u0906\u0902\u0936\u093f\u0915 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u092e\u094c\u0932\u093f\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/p>\r\n <div class=\"rung-eg\"><b><span class=\"en\">Marker<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u091a\u093f\u0939\u094d\u0928<\/span><\/b><span class=\"en\">Designing an investigation, or writing an account that draws on sources not previously combined.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0905\u0928\u094d\u0935\u0947\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a, \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0910\u0938\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0935\u0930\u0923 \u0932\u093f\u0916\u0928\u093e \u091c\u094b \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935-\u0905\u0938\u0902\u092f\u094b\u091c\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0924\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div class=\"rung\">\r\n <div class=\"rung-step\"><div class=\"rung-num\">6<\/div><div class=\"rung-tier\">Highest<\/div><\/div>\r\n <div>\r\n <h5><span class=\"en\">Evaluation<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092e\u0942\u0932\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0915\u0928<\/span><\/h5>\r\n <p><span class=\"en\">Judgement about the value of material for a stated purpose, using criteria that are either supplied or chosen by the learner. Bloom placed it highest because it was held to draw on all five below.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u0942\u0932\u094d\u092f \u092a\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0923\u092f, \u0910\u0938\u0940 \u0915\u0938\u094c\u091f\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u091c\u094b \u092f\u093e \u0924\u094b \u0926\u0940 \u0917\u0908 \u0939\u094b\u0902 \u092f\u093e \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u091a\u0941\u0928\u0940 \u0917\u0908 \u0939\u094b\u0902\u0964 \u092c\u094d\u0932\u0942\u092e \u0928\u0947 \u0907\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u094b\u091a\u094d\u091a \u0930\u0916\u093e \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u0907\u0938\u0947 \u0928\u0940\u091a\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u0901\u091a\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092d\u0930 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/p>\r\n <div class=\"rung-eg\"><b><span class=\"en\">Discriminator<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u093f\u092d\u0947\u0926\u0915<\/span><\/b><span class=\"en\">A judgement without stated criteria is an opinion; the criteria are what make it this level.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0915\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0938\u094c\u091f\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0923\u092f \u092e\u0924 \u0939\u0948; \u0915\u0938\u094c\u091f\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u0939\u0940 \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u092f\u0939 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"p13-2\">\r\n <span class=\"section-badge\">13.2<\/span>\r\n <h3><span class=\"en\">The Revised Taxonomy<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u0902\u0936\u094b\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923<\/span><\/h3>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <svg class=\"full-diagram\" viewBox=\"0 0 560 372\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Bloom's original taxonomy beside the 2001 revision\">\r\n<g font-family=\"DM Sans, Noto Sans Devanagari, sans-serif\" font-size=\"10.5\">\r\n <text x=\"114\" y=\"26\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"11\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#14243f\">ORIGINAL · 1956<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"114\" y=\"40\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#5a6d80\">nouns, naming a kind of knowledge<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"446\" y=\"26\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"11\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#14243f\">REVISED · 2001<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"446\" y=\"40\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#5a6d80\">verbs, naming a cognitive process<\/text>\r\n<line x1=\"214\" y1=\"161\" x2=\"346\" y2=\"161\" stroke=\"#c8d5e3\" stroke-width=\"1.6\" stroke-dasharray=\"4 3\"\/><line x1=\"214\" y1=\"207\" x2=\"346\" y2=\"207\" stroke=\"#c8d5e3\" stroke-width=\"1.6\" stroke-dasharray=\"4 3\"\/><line x1=\"214\" y1=\"253\" x2=\"346\" y2=\"253\" stroke=\"#c8d5e3\" stroke-width=\"1.6\" stroke-dasharray=\"4 3\"\/><line x1=\"214\" y1=\"299\" x2=\"346\" y2=\"299\" stroke=\"#c8d5e3\" stroke-width=\"1.6\" stroke-dasharray=\"4 3\"\/><path d=\"M214 69 C270 74, 290 106, 346 115\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#8e2f5a\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/><path d=\"M214 115 C270 106, 290 74, 346 69\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#6b3a8f\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n\r\n <rect x=\"18\" y=\"50\" width=\"192\" height=\"38\" rx=\"8\" fill=\"#f5f8fd\" stroke=\"#8e2f5a\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"114\" y=\"74\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#8e2f5a\">EVALUATION<\/text>\r\n <rect x=\"18\" y=\"96\" width=\"192\" height=\"38\" rx=\"8\" fill=\"#f5f8fd\" stroke=\"#6b3a8f\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"114\" y=\"120\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#6b3a8f\">SYNTHESIS<\/text>\r\n <rect x=\"18\" y=\"142\" width=\"192\" height=\"38\" rx=\"8\" fill=\"#f5f8fd\" stroke=\"#1f5fa9\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"114\" y=\"166\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\">ANALYSIS<\/text>\r\n <rect x=\"18\" y=\"188\" width=\"192\" height=\"38\" rx=\"8\" fill=\"#f5f8fd\" stroke=\"#2f92d1\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"114\" y=\"212\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#2f92d1\">APPLICATION<\/text>\r\n <rect x=\"18\" y=\"234\" width=\"192\" height=\"38\" rx=\"8\" fill=\"#f5f8fd\" stroke=\"#c9760f\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"114\" y=\"258\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#c9760f\">COMPREHENSION<\/text>\r\n <rect x=\"18\" y=\"280\" width=\"192\" height=\"38\" rx=\"8\" fill=\"#f5f8fd\" stroke=\"#0d8f79\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"114\" y=\"304\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#0d8f79\">KNOWLEDGE<\/text>\r\n\r\n <rect x=\"350\" y=\"50\" width=\"192\" height=\"38\" rx=\"8\" fill=\"#f5f8fd\" stroke=\"#8e2f5a\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"446\" y=\"74\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#8e2f5a\">CREATE<\/text>\r\n <rect x=\"350\" y=\"96\" width=\"192\" height=\"38\" rx=\"8\" fill=\"#f5f8fd\" stroke=\"#6b3a8f\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"446\" y=\"120\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#6b3a8f\">EVALUATE<\/text>\r\n <rect x=\"350\" y=\"142\" width=\"192\" height=\"38\" rx=\"8\" fill=\"#f5f8fd\" stroke=\"#1f5fa9\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"446\" y=\"166\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\">ANALYSE<\/text>\r\n <rect x=\"350\" y=\"188\" width=\"192\" height=\"38\" rx=\"8\" fill=\"#f5f8fd\" stroke=\"#2f92d1\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"446\" y=\"212\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#2f92d1\">APPLY<\/text>\r\n <rect x=\"350\" y=\"234\" width=\"192\" height=\"38\" rx=\"8\" fill=\"#f5f8fd\" stroke=\"#c9760f\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"446\" y=\"258\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#c9760f\">UNDERSTAND<\/text>\r\n <rect x=\"350\" y=\"280\" width=\"192\" height=\"38\" rx=\"8\" fill=\"#f5f8fd\" stroke=\"#0d8f79\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"446\" y=\"304\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#0d8f79\">REMEMBER<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"340\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#8e2f5a\">The top two are exchanged as well as renamed<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"356\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" fill=\"#5a6d80\">Anderson and Krathwohl put Create above Evaluate, on the ground that making something new subsumes judging it<\/text>\r\n<\/g><\/svg>\r\n <div class=\"diagram-cap\"><span class=\"en\">The crossing lines are the point: the top two were exchanged, not merely renamed<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0938 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0930\u0947\u0916\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u0939\u0940 \u092c\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0941 \u0939\u0948\u0902: \u090a\u092a\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u094b \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093e\u092e \u0939\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928 \u092d\u0940 \u092c\u0926\u0932\u093e<\/span><\/div>\r\n\r\n <ul class=\"num-stack\">\r\n <li><strong><span class=\"en\">Nouns became verbs.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u0902\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u092c\u0928\u0940\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/strong> <span class=\"en\">The original levels named kinds of knowledge; the revised ones name what a learner does. The change is not cosmetic \u2014 it makes each level directly usable as the verb of an objective.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092e\u0942\u0932 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093e\u092e \u0932\u0947\u0924\u0947 \u0925\u0947; \u0938\u0902\u0936\u094b\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u092c\u0924\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0915\u093f \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u093e\u0927\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u2014 \u092f\u0939 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0915\u094b \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0940\u0927\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u091c\u094d\u092f \u092c\u0928\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><strong><span class=\"en\">The top two were exchanged.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u090a\u092a\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u094b \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092e\u092f \u0939\u0941\u0906\u0964<\/span><\/strong> <span class=\"en\">Synthesis was renamed Create and moved above Evaluate, on the ground that making something new subsumes judging something that already exists. This is the single most examined detail in the chapter.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u0902\u0936\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093e\u092e \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0943\u091c\u0928 \u0939\u0941\u0906 \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u092e\u0942\u0932\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0915\u0928 \u0938\u0947 \u090a\u092a\u0930 \u0932\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e, \u0907\u0938 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u093f \u0915\u0941\u091b \u0928\u092f\u093e \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0928\u093e \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0923\u092f \u0915\u094b \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u092c\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0930\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><strong><span class=\"en\">A second dimension was added.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u093e \u0906\u092f\u093e\u092e \u091c\u0941\u0921\u093c\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/strong> <span class=\"en\">The six processes were crossed with four kinds of knowledge \u2014 factual, conceptual, procedural and metacognitive \u2014 producing a table of twenty-four cells. Metacognitive knowledge was new, and it covers what a learner knows about the learner's own knowing.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u091b\u0939 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u091a\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u2014 \u0924\u0925\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915, \u0938\u0902\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u092f\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0938\u0902\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u2014 \u0938\u0947 \u0917\u0941\u0923\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u091a\u094c\u092c\u0940\u0938 \u0915\u094b\u0937\u094d\u0920\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u093e\u0930\u0923\u0940 \u092c\u0928\u0940\u0964 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0938\u0902\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u0928\u092f\u093e \u0925\u093e, \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u0939 \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u0947\u091f\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n\r\n <svg class=\"full-diagram\" viewBox=\"0 0 560 320\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"The two-dimensional taxonomy table of knowledge against cognitive process\">\r\n<g font-family=\"DM Sans, Noto Sans Devanagari, sans-serif\" font-size=\"10.5\">\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"20\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"11\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#5a6d80\">FOUR KINDS OF KNOWLEDGE × SIX PROCESSES = TWENTY-FOUR CELLS<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"66\" y=\"36\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#5a6d80\">KNOWLEDGE<\/text>\r\n<rect x=\"126\" y=\"44\" width=\"67\" height=\"26\" rx=\"5\" fill=\"#14243f\"\/><text x=\"159\" y=\"61\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#ffffff\">Remember<\/text><rect x=\"197\" y=\"44\" width=\"67\" height=\"26\" rx=\"5\" fill=\"#14243f\"\/><text x=\"230\" y=\"61\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#ffffff\">Understand<\/text><rect x=\"268\" y=\"44\" width=\"67\" height=\"26\" rx=\"5\" fill=\"#14243f\"\/><text x=\"301\" y=\"61\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#ffffff\">Apply<\/text><rect x=\"339\" y=\"44\" width=\"67\" height=\"26\" rx=\"5\" fill=\"#14243f\"\/><text x=\"372\" y=\"61\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#ffffff\">Analyse<\/text><rect x=\"410\" y=\"44\" width=\"67\" height=\"26\" rx=\"5\" fill=\"#14243f\"\/><text x=\"443\" y=\"61\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#ffffff\">Evaluate<\/text><rect x=\"481\" y=\"44\" width=\"67\" height=\"26\" rx=\"5\" fill=\"#14243f\"\/><text x=\"514\" y=\"61\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#ffffff\">Create<\/text><rect x=\"10\" y=\"76\" width=\"112\" height=\"42\" rx=\"6\" fill=\"#eef4fc\" stroke=\"#1f5fa9\" stroke-width=\"1.4\"\/><text x=\"66\" y=\"94\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\">FACTUAL<\/text><text x=\"66\" y=\"108\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"6.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">terms and details<\/text><rect x=\"126\" y=\"76\" width=\"67\" height=\"42\" rx=\"5\" fill=\"#ffffff\" stroke=\"#dde5ee\" stroke-width=\"1.2\"\/><rect x=\"197\" y=\"76\" width=\"67\" height=\"42\" rx=\"5\" fill=\"#ffffff\" stroke=\"#dde5ee\" stroke-width=\"1.2\"\/><rect x=\"268\" y=\"76\" width=\"67\" height=\"42\" rx=\"5\" fill=\"#ffffff\" stroke=\"#dde5ee\" stroke-width=\"1.2\"\/><rect x=\"339\" y=\"76\" width=\"67\" height=\"42\" rx=\"5\" fill=\"#ffffff\" stroke=\"#dde5ee\" stroke-width=\"1.2\"\/><rect x=\"410\" y=\"76\" width=\"67\" height=\"42\" rx=\"5\" fill=\"#ffffff\" stroke=\"#dde5ee\" stroke-width=\"1.2\"\/><rect x=\"481\" y=\"76\" width=\"67\" height=\"42\" rx=\"5\" fill=\"#ffffff\" stroke=\"#dde5ee\" stroke-width=\"1.2\"\/><rect x=\"10\" y=\"122\" width=\"112\" height=\"42\" rx=\"6\" fill=\"#eef4fc\" stroke=\"#1f5fa9\" stroke-width=\"1.4\"\/><text x=\"66\" y=\"140\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\">CONCEPTUAL<\/text><text x=\"66\" y=\"154\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"6.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">categories and models<\/text><rect x=\"126\" y=\"122\" width=\"67\" height=\"42\" rx=\"5\" fill=\"#ffffff\" stroke=\"#dde5ee\" stroke-width=\"1.2\"\/><rect x=\"197\" y=\"122\" width=\"67\" height=\"42\" rx=\"5\" fill=\"#ffffff\" stroke=\"#dde5ee\" stroke-width=\"1.2\"\/><rect x=\"268\" y=\"122\" width=\"67\" height=\"42\" rx=\"5\" fill=\"#ffffff\" stroke=\"#dde5ee\" stroke-width=\"1.2\"\/><rect x=\"339\" y=\"122\" width=\"67\" height=\"42\" rx=\"5\" fill=\"#ffffff\" stroke=\"#dde5ee\" stroke-width=\"1.2\"\/><rect x=\"410\" y=\"122\" width=\"67\" height=\"42\" rx=\"5\" fill=\"#ffffff\" stroke=\"#dde5ee\" stroke-width=\"1.2\"\/><rect x=\"481\" y=\"122\" width=\"67\" height=\"42\" rx=\"5\" fill=\"#ffffff\" stroke=\"#dde5ee\" stroke-width=\"1.2\"\/><rect x=\"10\" y=\"168\" width=\"112\" height=\"42\" rx=\"6\" fill=\"#eef4fc\" stroke=\"#1f5fa9\" stroke-width=\"1.4\"\/><text x=\"66\" y=\"186\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\">PROCEDURAL<\/text><text x=\"66\" y=\"200\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"6.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">methods and criteria<\/text><rect x=\"126\" y=\"168\" width=\"67\" height=\"42\" rx=\"5\" fill=\"#ffffff\" stroke=\"#dde5ee\" stroke-width=\"1.2\"\/><rect x=\"197\" y=\"168\" width=\"67\" height=\"42\" rx=\"5\" fill=\"#ffffff\" stroke=\"#dde5ee\" stroke-width=\"1.2\"\/><rect x=\"268\" y=\"168\" width=\"67\" height=\"42\" rx=\"5\" fill=\"#fffaef\" stroke=\"#c9760f\" stroke-width=\"2.2\"\/><text x=\"301\" y=\"196\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"16\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#c9760f\">★<\/text><rect x=\"339\" y=\"168\" width=\"67\" height=\"42\" rx=\"5\" fill=\"#ffffff\" stroke=\"#dde5ee\" stroke-width=\"1.2\"\/><rect x=\"410\" y=\"168\" width=\"67\" height=\"42\" rx=\"5\" fill=\"#ffffff\" stroke=\"#dde5ee\" stroke-width=\"1.2\"\/><rect x=\"481\" y=\"168\" width=\"67\" height=\"42\" rx=\"5\" fill=\"#ffffff\" stroke=\"#dde5ee\" stroke-width=\"1.2\"\/><rect x=\"10\" y=\"214\" width=\"112\" height=\"42\" rx=\"6\" fill=\"#eef4fc\" stroke=\"#1f5fa9\" stroke-width=\"1.4\"\/><text x=\"66\" y=\"232\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\">METACOGNITIVE<\/text><text x=\"66\" y=\"246\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"6.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">knowing one's own knowing<\/text><rect x=\"126\" y=\"214\" width=\"67\" height=\"42\" rx=\"5\" fill=\"#ffffff\" stroke=\"#dde5ee\" stroke-width=\"1.2\"\/><rect x=\"197\" y=\"214\" width=\"67\" height=\"42\" rx=\"5\" fill=\"#ffffff\" stroke=\"#dde5ee\" stroke-width=\"1.2\"\/><rect x=\"268\" y=\"214\" width=\"67\" height=\"42\" rx=\"5\" fill=\"#ffffff\" stroke=\"#dde5ee\" stroke-width=\"1.2\"\/><rect x=\"339\" y=\"214\" width=\"67\" height=\"42\" rx=\"5\" fill=\"#ffffff\" stroke=\"#dde5ee\" stroke-width=\"1.2\"\/><rect x=\"410\" y=\"214\" width=\"67\" height=\"42\" rx=\"5\" fill=\"#ffffff\" stroke=\"#dde5ee\" stroke-width=\"1.2\"\/><rect x=\"481\" y=\"214\" width=\"67\" height=\"42\" rx=\"5\" fill=\"#ffffff\" stroke=\"#dde5ee\" stroke-width=\"1.2\"\/>\r\n <rect x=\"10\" y=\"266\" width=\"536\" height=\"44\" rx=\"8\" fill=\"#f5f8fd\" stroke=\"#14243f\" stroke-width=\"1.6\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"284\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#14243f\">The highlighted cell: carry out a known procedure in a familiar situation<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"300\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">an objective belongs in one cell, and a paper that fills only the left two columns has said so about the whole course<\/text>\r\n<\/g><\/svg>\r\n <div class=\"diagram-cap\"><span class=\"en\">An objective belongs in one cell; a paper that fills only the left columns has described the whole course<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f \u090f\u0915 \u0915\u094b\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u0915\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948; \u091c\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u092c\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0902\u092d \u092d\u0930\u0947 \u0909\u0938\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u0915\u093e \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0923\u0928 \u0915\u0930 \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e<\/span><\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"exam-tip\">\r\n <div class=\"et-icon\">●<\/div>\r\n <div class=\"et-body\">\r\n <strong><span class=\"en\">Placing a task on the cognitive ladder.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0902\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0938\u0940\u0922\u093c\u0940 \u092a\u0930 \u0930\u0916\u0928\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/strong>\r\n <span class=\"en\"> The verb in a question is a poor guide, because the same verb sits at several levels depending on what was taught. Ask instead what the learner has to supply that the question did not.<\/span>\r\n <span class=\"hi\"> \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0926\u0941\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0932 \u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u0915 \u0939\u0948, \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u092a\u0922\u093c\u093e\u090f \u0917\u090f \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u093e\u0930 \u0935\u0939\u0940 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0905\u0928\u0947\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u092c\u0948\u0920\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092c\u091c\u093e\u092f \u092a\u0942\u091b\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u093f \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0915\u094b \u0935\u0939 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0928\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u0928\u0947 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/span>\r\n <ul class=\"split-list\">\r\n <li><span class=\"sl-tag\">R<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">nothing \u2014 the answer was met in this form<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u0941\u091b \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u2014 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0907\u0938\u0940 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u093e \u0925\u093e<\/span><\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"sl-tag\">U<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">a restatement, or a reading from what is given<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u0941\u0928\u0903\u0915\u0925\u0928, \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0926\u093f\u090f \u0917\u090f \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u092a\u0920\u0928<\/span><\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"sl-tag\">Ap<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">the choice of which principle applies<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092f\u0939 \u091a\u092f\u0928 \u0915\u093f \u0915\u094c\u0928-\u0938\u093e \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924 \u0932\u093e\u0917\u0942 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"sl-tag\">An<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">the structure, including an assumption nobody stated<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e, \u0909\u0938 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0924\u093e \u0938\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0939\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902<\/span><\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"sl-tag\">E<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">criteria, and their application to the case<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u0938\u094c\u091f\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u092a\u0930 \u0909\u0928\u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917<\/span><\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"sl-tag\">C<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">a whole that was not there before<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0910\u0938\u093e \u0938\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930 \u091c\u094b \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0925\u093e<\/span><\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"p13-3\">\r\n <span class=\"section-badge\">13.3<\/span>\r\n <h3><span class=\"en\">Affective and Psychomotor Domains<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092d\u093e\u0935\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092e\u0928\u094b\u0917\u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930<\/span><\/h3>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <svg class=\"full-diagram\" viewBox=\"0 0 560 348\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"The affective and psychomotor domains as five-level ladders\">\r\n<g font-family=\"DM Sans, Noto Sans Devanagari, sans-serif\" font-size=\"10.5\">\r\n <text x=\"143\" y=\"26\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"11\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#8e2f5a\">AFFECTIVE<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"143\" y=\"42\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#5a6d80\">Krathwohl, Bloom and Masia, 1964<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"417\" y=\"26\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"11\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#0d8f79\">PSYCHOMOTOR<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"417\" y=\"42\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#5a6d80\">R. H. Dave, 1970<\/text>\r\n\r\n <rect x=\"14\" y=\"66\" width=\"258\" height=\"38\" rx=\"8\" fill=\"#fdf0f5\" stroke=\"#8e2f5a\" stroke-width=\"1.8\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"26\" y=\"83\" font-size=\"9\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#8e2f5a\">CHARACTERISATION<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"26\" y=\"97\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">the value governs conduct<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"262\" y=\"90\" text-anchor=\"end\" font-size=\"11\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#8e2f5a\">5<\/text>\r\n <rect x=\"14\" y=\"112\" width=\"258\" height=\"38\" rx=\"8\" fill=\"#fdf0f5\" stroke=\"#8e2f5a\" stroke-width=\"1.8\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"26\" y=\"129\" font-size=\"9\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#8e2f5a\">ORGANISATION<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"26\" y=\"143\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">values ordered into a system<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"262\" y=\"136\" text-anchor=\"end\" font-size=\"11\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#8e2f5a\">4<\/text>\r\n <rect x=\"14\" y=\"158\" width=\"258\" height=\"38\" rx=\"8\" fill=\"#fdf0f5\" stroke=\"#8e2f5a\" stroke-width=\"1.8\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"26\" y=\"175\" font-size=\"9\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#8e2f5a\">VALUING<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"26\" y=\"189\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">worth is attached, and shown<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"262\" y=\"182\" text-anchor=\"end\" font-size=\"11\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#8e2f5a\">3<\/text>\r\n <rect x=\"14\" y=\"204\" width=\"258\" height=\"38\" rx=\"8\" fill=\"#fdf0f5\" stroke=\"#8e2f5a\" stroke-width=\"1.8\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"26\" y=\"221\" font-size=\"9\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#8e2f5a\">RESPONDING<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"26\" y=\"235\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">participates, with satisfaction<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"262\" y=\"228\" text-anchor=\"end\" font-size=\"11\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#8e2f5a\">2<\/text>\r\n <rect x=\"14\" y=\"250\" width=\"258\" height=\"38\" rx=\"8\" fill=\"#fdf0f5\" stroke=\"#8e2f5a\" stroke-width=\"1.8\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"26\" y=\"267\" font-size=\"9\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#8e2f5a\">RECEIVING<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"26\" y=\"281\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">attends, and is willing to<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"262\" y=\"274\" text-anchor=\"end\" font-size=\"11\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#8e2f5a\">1<\/text>\r\n\r\n <rect x=\"288\" y=\"66\" width=\"258\" height=\"38\" rx=\"8\" fill=\"#eefbf7\" stroke=\"#0d8f79\" stroke-width=\"1.8\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"300\" y=\"83\" font-size=\"9\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#0d8f79\">NATURALISATION<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"300\" y=\"97\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">performed without thought<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"536\" y=\"90\" text-anchor=\"end\" font-size=\"11\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#0d8f79\">5<\/text>\r\n <rect x=\"288\" y=\"112\" width=\"258\" height=\"38\" rx=\"8\" fill=\"#eefbf7\" stroke=\"#0d8f79\" stroke-width=\"1.8\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"300\" y=\"129\" font-size=\"9\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#0d8f79\">ARTICULATION<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"300\" y=\"143\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">several skills combined<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"536\" y=\"136\" text-anchor=\"end\" font-size=\"11\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#0d8f79\">4<\/text>\r\n <rect x=\"288\" y=\"158\" width=\"258\" height=\"38\" rx=\"8\" fill=\"#eefbf7\" stroke=\"#0d8f79\" stroke-width=\"1.8\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"300\" y=\"175\" font-size=\"9\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#0d8f79\">PRECISION<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"300\" y=\"189\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">accurate without a model<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"536\" y=\"182\" text-anchor=\"end\" font-size=\"11\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#0d8f79\">3<\/text>\r\n <rect x=\"288\" y=\"204\" width=\"258\" height=\"38\" rx=\"8\" fill=\"#eefbf7\" stroke=\"#0d8f79\" stroke-width=\"1.8\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"300\" y=\"221\" font-size=\"9\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#0d8f79\">MANIPULATION<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"300\" y=\"235\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">performed from instruction<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"536\" y=\"228\" text-anchor=\"end\" font-size=\"11\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#0d8f79\">2<\/text>\r\n <rect x=\"288\" y=\"250\" width=\"258\" height=\"38\" rx=\"8\" fill=\"#eefbf7\" stroke=\"#0d8f79\" stroke-width=\"1.8\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"300\" y=\"267\" font-size=\"9\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#0d8f79\">IMITATION<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"300\" y=\"281\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">copied from a model<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"536\" y=\"274\" text-anchor=\"end\" font-size=\"11\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#0d8f79\">1<\/text>\r\n <rect x=\"14\" y=\"300\" width=\"258\" height=\"34\" rx=\"8\" fill=\"#ffffff\" stroke=\"#8e2f5a\" stroke-width=\"1.4\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"143\" y=\"314\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#8e2f5a\">ORGANISING PRINCIPLE<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"143\" y=\"328\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">internalisation — how far the value has been taken in<\/text>\r\n\r\n <rect x=\"288\" y=\"300\" width=\"258\" height=\"34\" rx=\"8\" fill=\"#ffffff\" stroke=\"#0d8f79\" stroke-width=\"1.4\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"417\" y=\"314\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#0d8f79\">ORGANISING PRINCIPLE<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"417\" y=\"328\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">coordination — how far the act has become automatic<\/text>\r\n<\/g><\/svg>\r\n <div class=\"diagram-cap\"><span class=\"en\">Two domains, two organising principles, and neither of them Bloom's own psychomotor work<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0926\u094b \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930, \u0926\u094b \u0938\u0902\u0917\u0920\u0928\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924, \u0914\u0930 \u0907\u0928\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u092d\u0940 \u092c\u094d\u0932\u0942\u092e \u0915\u093e \u0905\u092a\u0928\u093e \u092e\u0928\u094b\u0917\u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902<\/span><\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"callout amber\">\r\n <div class=\"callout-label\"><span class=\"en\">Two attributions that are frequently got wrong<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0926\u094b \u0936\u094d\u0930\u0947\u092f \u091c\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092f\u0903 \u0917\u0932\u0924 \u092c\u0924\u093e\u090f \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902<\/span><\/div>\r\n <span class=\"en\">The affective handbook was published in 1964 by David Krathwohl with Bloom and Bertram Masia, and its organising principle is <em>internalisation<\/em> \u2014 how far a value has been taken in, from merely attending to it at the first level to having it govern conduct at the fifth. Bloom's group never published a psychomotor handbook at all. The three best-known were supplied later by others: R. H. Dave in 1970 with five levels from imitation to naturalisation, Elizabeth Simpson in 1972 with seven from perception to origination, and Anita Harrow in 1972 with six running from reflex movements to non-discursive communication. A question that asks for Bloom's psychomotor taxonomy is asking about something that does not exist.<\/span>\r\n <span class=\"hi\">\u092d\u093e\u0935\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u092a\u0941\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0915\u093e 1964 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0921\u0947\u0935\u093f\u0921 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u0948\u0925\u0935\u094b\u0932 \u0928\u0947 \u092c\u094d\u0932\u0942\u092e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092c\u0930\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u092e \u092e\u093e\u0938\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0936\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0940, \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0938\u0902\u0917\u0920\u0928\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924 <em>\u0906\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0915\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923<\/em> \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u092e\u0942\u0932\u094d\u092f \u0915\u093f\u0924\u0928\u093e \u092d\u0940\u0924\u0930 \u0932\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0925\u092e \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0909\u0938 \u092a\u0930 \u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0928 \u0926\u0947\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u0932\u0947\u0915\u0930 \u092a\u0902\u091a\u092e \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0906\u091a\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u094b \u0936\u093e\u0938\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0924\u0915\u0964 \u092c\u094d\u0932\u0942\u092e \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u0932 \u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0928\u094b\u0917\u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u092a\u0941\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0915\u093e \u0915\u092d\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0936\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0940 \u0939\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964 \u0924\u0940\u0928 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0924 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0932\u094b\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u0928\u0947 \u0926\u0940\u0902: 1970 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0906\u0930. \u090f\u091a. \u0921\u0947\u0935 \u0928\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u093e\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0924\u0915 \u092a\u093e\u0901\u091a \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930, 1972 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u090f\u0932\u093f\u091c\u093c\u093e\u092c\u0947\u0925 \u0938\u093f\u092e\u094d\u092a\u0938\u0928 \u0928\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0938\u0947 \u0909\u0926\u094d\u092d\u0935\u0928 \u0924\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u0924, \u0924\u0925\u093e 1972 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0928\u0940\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0930\u094b \u0928\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0940 \u0917\u0924\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0936\u093e\u092c\u094d\u0926\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0937\u0923 \u0924\u0915 \u091b\u0939\u0964 \u091c\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u092c\u094d\u0932\u0942\u092e \u0915\u093e \u092e\u0928\u094b\u0917\u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u092a\u0942\u091b\u0947 \u0935\u0939 \u0910\u0938\u0940 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0942\u091b \u0930\u0939\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0939\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964<\/span>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"p13-4\">\r\n <span class=\"section-badge\">13.4<\/span>\r\n <h3><span class=\"en\">SOLO and Other Frameworks<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u094b\u0932\u094b \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0922\u093e\u0901\u091a\u0947<\/span><\/h3>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <p><span class=\"en\">John Biggs and Kevin Collis proposed the Structure of the Observed Learning Outcome in 1982, and its departure from Bloom is stated in its own name. Bloom classifies an objective that a teacher intends; SOLO classifies the answer a learner actually produced. The same well-set question can therefore be answered at any of five levels, and the level is read off the response rather than assumed from the task.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u091c\u0949\u0928 \u092c\u093f\u0917\u094d\u0938 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u093f\u0928 \u0915\u0949\u0932\u093f\u0938 \u0928\u0947 1982 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092b\u0932 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0940, \u0914\u0930 \u092c\u094d\u0932\u0942\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u091a\u0932\u0928 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0928\u093e\u092e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u0940 \u0915\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092c\u094d\u0932\u0942\u092e \u0909\u0938 \u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f \u0915\u093e \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0906\u0936\u092f \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0930\u0916\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948; \u0938\u094b\u0932\u094b \u0909\u0938 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u091c\u094b \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0928\u0947 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924\u0903 \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0964 \u0905\u0924\u0903 \u090f\u0915 \u0939\u0940 \u0938\u0941\u0917\u0920\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u092a\u093e\u0901\u091a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092d\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0938\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0922\u093c\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n <svg class=\"full-diagram\" viewBox=\"0 0 560 262\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"The five levels of the SOLO taxonomy\">\r\n<g font-family=\"DM Sans, Noto Sans Devanagari, sans-serif\" font-size=\"10.5\">\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"22\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"11\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#5a6d80\">SOLO CLASSIFIES THE ANSWER GIVEN, NOT THE QUESTION ASKED<\/text>\r\n\r\n <rect x=\"12\" y=\"40\" width=\"100\" height=\"112\" rx=\"9\" fill=\"#ffffff\" stroke=\"#8e2f5a\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"62\" y=\"60\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#8e2f5a\">PRE-<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"62\" y=\"72\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#8e2f5a\">STRUCTURAL<\/text>\r\n <circle cx=\"62\" cy=\"106\" r=\"5\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#8e2f5a\" stroke-width=\"1.8\" stroke-dasharray=\"3 2\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"62\" y=\"140\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">misses the point<\/text>\r\n <rect x=\"122\" y=\"40\" width=\"100\" height=\"112\" rx=\"9\" fill=\"#ffffff\" stroke=\"#6b3a8f\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"172\" y=\"60\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#6b3a8f\">UNI-<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"172\" y=\"72\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#6b3a8f\">STRUCTURAL<\/text>\r\n <circle cx=\"172\" cy=\"106\" r=\"5.5\" fill=\"#6b3a8f\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"172\" y=\"140\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">one relevant aspect<\/text>\r\n <rect x=\"232\" y=\"40\" width=\"100\" height=\"112\" rx=\"9\" fill=\"#ffffff\" stroke=\"#1f5fa9\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"282\" y=\"60\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\">MULTI-<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"282\" y=\"72\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\">STRUCTURAL<\/text>\r\n <circle cx=\"266\" cy=\"106\" r=\"5.5\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\"\/><circle cx=\"282\" cy=\"106\" r=\"5.5\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\"\/><circle cx=\"298\" cy=\"106\" r=\"5.5\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"282\" y=\"140\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">several, unconnected<\/text>\r\n <rect x=\"342\" y=\"40\" width=\"100\" height=\"112\" rx=\"9\" fill=\"#ffffff\" stroke=\"#2f92d1\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"392\" y=\"60\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#2f92d1\">RELATIONAL<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"392\" y=\"72\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#2f92d1\"><\/text>\r\n <circle cx=\"376\" cy=\"106\" r=\"5.5\" fill=\"#2f92d1\"\/><circle cx=\"392\" cy=\"106\" r=\"5.5\" fill=\"#2f92d1\"\/><circle cx=\"408\" cy=\"106\" r=\"5.5\" fill=\"#2f92d1\"\/><line x1=\"376\" y1=\"106\" x2=\"408\" y2=\"106\" stroke=\"#2f92d1\" stroke-width=\"1.8\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"392\" y=\"140\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">integrated into a whole<\/text>\r\n <rect x=\"452\" y=\"40\" width=\"100\" height=\"112\" rx=\"9\" fill=\"#ffffff\" stroke=\"#0d8f79\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"502\" y=\"60\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#0d8f79\">EXTENDED<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"502\" y=\"72\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#0d8f79\">ABSTRACT<\/text>\r\n <circle cx=\"478\" cy=\"106\" r=\"5.5\" fill=\"#0d8f79\"\/><circle cx=\"494\" cy=\"106\" r=\"5.5\" fill=\"#0d8f79\"\/><circle cx=\"510\" cy=\"106\" r=\"5.5\" fill=\"#0d8f79\"\/><line x1=\"478\" y1=\"106\" x2=\"510\" y2=\"106\" stroke=\"#0d8f79\" stroke-width=\"1.8\"\/><line x1=\"510\" y1=\"106\" x2=\"528\" y2=\"92\" stroke=\"#0d8f79\" stroke-width=\"1.8\"\/><polygon points=\"532,88 522,90 526,98\" fill=\"#0d8f79\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"502\" y=\"140\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">generalised beyond<\/text>\r\n <rect x=\"12\" y=\"166\" width=\"320\" height=\"30\" rx=\"8\" fill=\"#eef4fc\" stroke=\"#1f5fa9\" stroke-width=\"1.6\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"172\" y=\"185\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\">QUANTITATIVE PHASE · how much is known<\/text>\r\n <rect x=\"342\" y=\"166\" width=\"210\" height=\"30\" rx=\"8\" fill=\"#eefbf7\" stroke=\"#0d8f79\" stroke-width=\"1.6\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"447\" y=\"185\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#0d8f79\">QUALITATIVE PHASE · how it is held<\/text>\r\n\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"220\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" fill=\"#5a6d80\">the shift from multistructural to relational is the one that matters, and it is a change of kind rather than of amount<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"238\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" font-style=\"italic\" fill=\"#5a6d80\">Biggs and Collis, 1982<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"256\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#5a6d80\">a well-set question can still be answered unistructurally, which is why the level is read off the response<\/text>\r\n<\/g><\/svg>\r\n <div class=\"diagram-cap\"><span class=\"en\">The level is read off the answer, so the same question may be met at any of the five<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0922\u093c\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0905\u0924\u0903 \u090f\u0915 \u0939\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u092a\u093e\u0901\u091a\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092a\u0930 \u092d\u0940 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"table-scroll\">\r\n <table class=\"data-table\">\r\n <thead><tr>\r\n <th style=\"width:22%\"><span class=\"en\">Framework<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0922\u093e\u0901\u091a\u093e<\/span><\/th>\r\n <th style=\"width:32%\"><span class=\"en\">What it classifies<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092f\u0939 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/th>\r\n <th style=\"width:46%\"><span class=\"en\">Its distinctive contribution<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0907\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0936\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f \u092f\u094b\u0917\u0926\u093e\u0928<\/span><\/th>\r\n <\/tr><\/thead>\r\n <tbody>\r\n <tr><td><strong><span class=\"en\">Bloom, revised<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092c\u094d\u0932\u0942\u092e, \u0938\u0902\u0936\u094b\u0927\u093f\u0924<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">An intended objective, on two dimensions at once.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u092d\u0940\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f, \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0926\u094b \u0906\u092f\u093e\u092e\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930\u0964<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Separates the process demanded from the kind of knowledge it is demanded of, so a course can be checked for balance in both.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092e\u093e\u0901\u0917\u0940 \u0917\u0908 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0909\u0938 \u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0943\u0925\u0915\u094d \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938 \u092a\u0930 \u0935\u0939 \u092e\u093e\u0901\u0917\u0940 \u0917\u0908 \u0939\u0948, \u0905\u0924\u0903 \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0902\u0924\u0941\u0932\u0928 \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091c\u093e\u0901\u091a\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td><strong><span class=\"en\">SOLO<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u094b\u0932\u094b<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">The response a learner gave.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930\u0964<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Marks the point where growth stops being quantitative and becomes qualitative \u2014 the move from several unconnected aspects to an integrated whole.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u0939 \u092c\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0941 \u091a\u093f\u0939\u094d\u0928\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0935\u0943\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093f \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0923\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0928 \u0930\u0939\u0915\u0930 \u0917\u0941\u0923\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u092c\u0928\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u0905\u0928\u0947\u0915 \u0905\u0938\u0902\u092c\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u092a\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u0947\u0915\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0913\u0930 \u0917\u0924\u093f\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td><strong><span class=\"en\">Depth of Knowledge<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u0917\u0939\u0930\u093e\u0908<\/span><\/strong><br><span class=\"en\">Norman Webb<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0928\u0949\u0930\u094d\u092e\u0928 \u0935\u0947\u092c<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">The complexity of the task, in four levels.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0940 \u091c\u091f\u093f\u0932\u0924\u093e, \u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Holds that complexity is not the same as difficulty, and that a verb cannot fix the level because the same verb serves tasks of very different depth.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092e\u093e\u0928\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u091c\u091f\u093f\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0920\u093f\u0928\u093e\u0908 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0924\u092f \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u0935\u0939\u0940 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0905\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0902\u0924 \u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0917\u0939\u0930\u093e\u0908 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td><strong><span class=\"en\">The New Taxonomy<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0928\u0935\u0940\u0928 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923<\/span><\/strong><br><span class=\"en\">Marzano and Kendall<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093c\u093e\u0928\u094b \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0915\u0947\u0902\u0921\u0932<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Three systems of thought and three domains of knowledge.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u093f\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0924\u0940\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0924\u0940\u0928 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0964<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Places a self-system decision first: before any cognitive work begins, the learner has decided whether to engage at all, and no taxonomy above that point applies if the answer was no.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u094d\u0935-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0923\u092f \u0915\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0925\u092e \u0930\u0916\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948: \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092d\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0924\u092f \u0915\u0930 \u091a\u0941\u0915\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0938\u0902\u0932\u0917\u094d\u0928 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u092f\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0914\u0930 \u092f\u0926\u093f \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0925\u093e \u0924\u094b \u0909\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u090a\u092a\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0932\u093e\u0917\u0942 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <\/tbody>\r\n <\/table>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"p13-5\">\r\n <span class=\"section-badge\">13.5<\/span>\r\n <h3><span class=\"en\">Competency-Based Education<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0926\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0924\u093e-\u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e<\/span><\/h3>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <p><span class=\"en\">A competency is an observable capability that integrates knowledge, skill, attitude and value, and is demonstrated in a context. The National Curriculum Framework for School Education of 2023 sets out the chain explicitly: curricular goals are broad statements of what a stage is for; competencies are the capabilities that make up a goal; and learning outcomes are the granular, observable evidence that a competency has been reached. Each level is derived from the one above it, and an outcome that belongs to no competency has nothing to be evidence of.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0926\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0924\u093e \u0935\u0939 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u0940\u092f \u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928, \u0915\u094c\u0936\u0932, \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092e\u0942\u0932\u094d\u092f \u0915\u094b \u0938\u092e\u0947\u0915\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0930\u094d\u092d \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 2023 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0915\u0942\u0932\u0940 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u091a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0930\u0942\u092a\u0930\u0947\u0916\u093e \u092f\u0939 \u0936\u0943\u0902\u0916\u0932\u093e \u0938\u094d\u092a\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092a\u093e\u0926\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948: \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u091a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u092f \u0907\u0938 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u0915 \u0915\u0925\u0928 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0915\u093f \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0905\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0932\u093f\u090f \u0939\u0948; \u0926\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0924\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u0935\u0947 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e\u0924\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u091c\u094b \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u092f \u0915\u094b \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902; \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092b\u0932 \u0935\u0939 \u0938\u0942\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u092e, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u0940\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0915\u093f \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0926\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0924\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u094b \u091a\u0941\u0915\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u090a\u092a\u0930 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u091c\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092b\u0932 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0926\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0924\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0928 \u0939\u094b \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u094b \u0915\u0941\u091b \u0939\u0948 \u0939\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"kv-block\">\r\n <div class=\"kv-row\"><span class=\"kv-key\">Objective<\/span><span><strong><span class=\"en\">What the teaching is aiming at in this lesson.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0907\u0938 \u092a\u093e\u0920 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930 \u0930\u0939\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/strong> <span class=\"en\">Written from the teacher's side, bounded by the period, and met or not met by the end of it.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0938\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u0916\u093f\u0924, \u0915\u093e\u0932\u093e\u0902\u0936 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093f\u0924, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0902\u0924 \u0924\u0915 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u093e \u092f\u093e \u0905\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"kv-row\"><span class=\"kv-key\">Outcome<\/span><span><strong><span class=\"en\">What the learner will be able to demonstrate.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0947\u0917\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/strong> <span class=\"en\">Written from the learner's side and stated as evidence, which is why it can be verified by somebody who did not teach the lesson.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0938\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u0916\u093f\u0924 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u0925\u093f\u0924, \u0907\u0938\u0940\u0932\u093f\u090f \u0907\u0938\u0947 \u0935\u0939 \u092d\u0940 \u0938\u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u0939 \u092a\u093e\u0920 \u092a\u0922\u093c\u093e\u092f\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"kv-row\"><span class=\"kv-key\">Competency<\/span><span><strong><span class=\"en\">What survives being asked for elsewhere.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u091c\u094b \u0915\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u092e\u093e\u0901\u0917\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u092d\u0940 \u091f\u093f\u0915\u0947\u0964<\/span><\/strong> <span class=\"en\">Durable and transferable, integrating knowledge with skill and disposition, and demonstrated across more than one context \u2014 which is the whole of the difference.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u091f\u093f\u0915\u093e\u090a \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930\u0923\u0940\u092f, \u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u094b \u0915\u094c\u0936\u0932 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u0947\u0915\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0941\u0908, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0930\u094d\u092d\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u093f\u0924 \u2014 \u0914\u0930 \u092f\u0939\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"pc-grid\">\r\n <div class=\"pc-panel pro\">\r\n <div class=\"pc-head\"><span class=\"pc-ico\">\u2713<\/span><span class=\"en\">What competency-based education changes<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0926\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0924\u093e-\u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/div>\r\n <ul>\r\n <li><span class=\"en\">The standard is fixed and the time is allowed to vary, which is the mastery arrangement of Chapter 6 applied to a whole stage<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092e\u093e\u0928\u0915 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0924 \u0930\u0939\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u092e\u092f \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0928\u0947 \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u094b \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f 6 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u0941\u0924\u094d\u0935-\u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0905\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"en\">Judgement is criterion-referenced, so a learner is measured against the standard rather than against the rest of the class<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0923\u092f \u0915\u0938\u094c\u091f\u0940-\u0938\u0902\u0926\u0930\u094d\u092d\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948, \u0905\u0924\u0903 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0936\u0947\u0937 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u092e\u093e\u092a\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"en\">Evidence is collected continuously and from performance, not only from a paper written at the end<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u0902\u0924\u0930 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0928 \u0938\u0947 \u090f\u0915\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0905\u0902\u0924 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0932\u093f\u0916\u0947 \u0917\u090f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0938\u0947 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"en\">What a learner can do is reported, which is more use to the learner than a rank<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u092f\u0939 \u092c\u0924\u093e\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u094b \u0936\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0923\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0940 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div class=\"pc-panel con\">\r\n <div class=\"pc-head\"><span class=\"pc-ico\">\u2717<\/span><span class=\"en\">Where it goes wrong in practice<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092f\u0939 \u0915\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u092c\u093f\u0917\u0921\u093c\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/div>\r\n <ul>\r\n <li><span class=\"en\">Competencies are split into ever finer checklists until the integration that defined them is lost<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0926\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0924\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930\u094b\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0938\u0942\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u092e \u091c\u093e\u0901\u091a-\u0938\u0942\u091a\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0901\u091f\u0924\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u091c\u092c \u0924\u0915 \u0935\u0939 \u0938\u092e\u0947\u0915\u0928 \u0939\u0940 \u0928 \u0916\u094b \u091c\u093e\u090f \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0928\u0947 \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0925\u093e<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"en\">Capacities that cannot be demonstrated on demand are quietly dropped from the list<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u091c\u094b \u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e\u0924\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u092e\u093e\u0901\u0917\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u093f\u0924 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940\u0902 \u0935\u0947 \u091a\u0941\u092a\u091a\u093e\u092a \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u0939\u091f\u093e \u0926\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"en\">Recording consumes the time that the flexible pacing was supposed to release<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u092d\u093f\u0932\u0947\u0916\u0928 \u0935\u0939\u0940 \u0938\u092e\u092f \u0916\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u0932\u091a\u0940\u0932\u0940 \u0917\u0924\u093f \u0938\u0947 \u092e\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u093e \u0925\u093e<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"en\">The examination stays norm-referenced, and it, not the framework, decides what is taught<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0915-\u0938\u0902\u0926\u0930\u094d\u092d\u093f\u0924 \u092c\u0928\u0940 \u0930\u0939\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u0939\u0940, \u0928 \u0915\u093f \u0930\u0942\u092a\u0930\u0947\u0916\u093e, \u0924\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u092a\u0922\u093c\u093e\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u090f<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"cyp-box\">\r\n <div class=\"cyp-title\"><span class=\"en\">Progress check<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0917\u0924\u093f \u091c\u093e\u0901\u091a<\/span><\/div>\r\n <details class=\"cyp-q\"><summary><span class=\"en\">A question reads: using the formula given below, calculate the area of the rectangle. At which level of the revised taxonomy does it sit?<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u094b\u0908 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u0939\u0948: \u0928\u0940\u091a\u0947 \u0926\u093f\u090f \u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0938\u0947 \u0906\u092f\u0924 \u0915\u093e \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930\u092b\u0932 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0932\u093f\u090f\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0938\u0902\u0936\u094b\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093f\u0938 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u0939\u0948?<\/span><\/summary>\r\n <div class=\"cyp-a\"><span class=\"en\">Understand rather than Apply. The question has already selected the principle, so the only work left is the substitution. Application requires the learner to decide which abstraction fits a situation that was not supplied with it, and removing the phrase using the formula given below is what would raise the level.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u092c\u094b\u0927\u0964 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0939\u0940 \u091a\u0941\u0928 \u091a\u0941\u0915\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0905\u0924\u0903 \u0936\u0947\u0937 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u0928 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0915\u094b \u092f\u0939 \u0924\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u092a\u0921\u093c\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0915\u094c\u0928-\u0938\u093e \u0905\u092e\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u0910\u0938\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0948\u0920\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0926\u0940 \u0917\u0908 \u0925\u0940, \u0914\u0930 \u0928\u0940\u091a\u0947 \u0926\u093f\u090f \u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0938\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0936 \u0939\u091f\u093e\u0928\u093e \u0939\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u090a\u092a\u0930 \u0909\u0920\u093e\u0924\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n <details class=\"cyp-q\"><summary><span class=\"en\">Two learners answer the same question. One lists four causes; the other explains how three of them reinforce one another. What has changed?<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0926\u094b \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u090f\u0915 \u0939\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u090f\u0915 \u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0917\u093f\u0928\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948; \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u093e \u092c\u0924\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0909\u0928\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0924\u0940\u0928 \u090f\u0915-\u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u0947 \u0915\u094b \u0915\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0941\u0926\u0943\u0922\u093c \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u092c\u0926\u0932\u093e?<\/span><\/summary>\r\n <div class=\"cyp-a\"><span class=\"en\">The first answer is multistructural and the second is relational, so the difference is not that the second learner knows more \u2014 the first may know more items. It is that the second has integrated what is known into a structure. This is the shift SOLO exists to mark, and it is a change of kind rather than of amount, which is exactly what a mark scheme counting points cannot see.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u0939\u0932\u093e \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u092c\u0939\u0941\u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u093e \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915, \u0905\u0924\u0903 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930 \u092f\u0939 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u093f \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u093e \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u093e \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092e\u0926\u0947\u0902 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0924\u093e \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930 \u092f\u0939 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u0947 \u0928\u0947 \u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0924 \u0915\u094b \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u092e\u0947\u0915\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930 \u0932\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0938\u094b\u0932\u094b \u0907\u0938\u0940 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u0915\u094b \u091a\u093f\u0939\u094d\u0928\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u092f\u0939 \u092e\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u092c\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0941 \u0917\u093f\u0928\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0905\u0902\u0915-\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0916 \u0939\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n <details class=\"cyp-q\"><summary><span class=\"en\">A school lists ninety-four learning outcomes for one subject in one year. What has probably gone wrong?<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u090f\u0915 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u090f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u091a\u094c\u0930\u093e\u0928\u092c\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092b\u0932 \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0940\u092c\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0938\u0902\u092d\u0935\u0924\u0903 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0917\u0932\u0924 \u0939\u0941\u0906?<\/span><\/summary>\r\n <div class=\"cyp-a\"><span class=\"en\">The competencies have been split into ever finer checklists until the integration that defined them is lost. A competency integrates knowledge, skill and disposition and is demonstrated across contexts; a list of ninety-four separately recordable items has decomposed exactly that integration and will consume in recording the time that flexible pacing was meant to release.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0926\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0924\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930\u094b\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0938\u0942\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u092e \u091c\u093e\u0901\u091a-\u0938\u0942\u091a\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u093e\u0901\u091f\u0940 \u0917\u0908 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u091c\u092c \u0924\u0915 \u0935\u0939 \u0938\u092e\u0947\u0915\u0928 \u0939\u0940 \u0916\u094b \u0928 \u0917\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0928\u0947 \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0925\u093e\u0964 \u0926\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0924\u093e \u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928, \u0915\u094c\u0936\u0932 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0915\u094b \u0938\u092e\u0947\u0915\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0930\u094d\u092d\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948; \u091a\u094c\u0930\u093e\u0928\u092c\u0947 \u092a\u0943\u0925\u0915\u094d \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0932\u0947\u0916\u0928\u0940\u092f \u092e\u0926\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0940 \u0920\u0940\u0915 \u0909\u0938\u0940 \u0938\u092e\u0947\u0915\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0918\u091f\u0928 \u0915\u0930 \u091a\u0941\u0915\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0932\u0947\u0916\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u0939\u0940 \u0938\u092e\u092f \u0916\u093e \u0932\u0947\u0917\u0940 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u0932\u091a\u0940\u0932\u0940 \u0917\u0924\u093f \u0938\u0947 \u092e\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u093e \u0925\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"p13-6\">\r\n <span class=\"section-badge\">13.6<\/span>\r\n <h3><span class=\"en\">Practice Set<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u092d\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938 \u0938\u0947\u091f<\/span><\/h3>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"mcq-box\">\r\n <div class=\"mcq-title\"><span class=\"en\">Practice \u2014 Taxonomies and CBE<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u092d\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938 \u2014 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0926\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0924\u093e-\u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e<\/span> <span class=\"mcq-src\">10 items<\/span><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"mcq-note\"><span class=\"en\">For level items, ask what the learner must supply that the question did not.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0942\u091b\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u093f \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0915\u094b \u0935\u0939 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0928\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u0928\u0947 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n\r\n <details class=\"mcq-q\"><summary><span class=\"mcq-num\">1<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">In the revised taxonomy the highest level is<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u0902\u0936\u094b\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u094b\u091a\u094d\u091a \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/span><\/summary>\r\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\r\n <li>(a) <span class=\"en\">Evaluate<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092e\u0942\u0932\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0915\u0928<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(b) <span class=\"en\">Create<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u0943\u091c\u0928<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(c) <span class=\"en\">Synthesis<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u0902\u0936\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0937\u0923<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(d) <span class=\"en\">Analyse<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0937\u0923<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\"><b>(b).<\/b> <span class=\"en\">Anderson and Krathwohl exchanged the top two as well as renaming them, on the ground that making something new subsumes judging something that already exists. Option (c) is the original name of the level and would have been correct for 1956 in the fifth position, which is what makes it the sharpest distractor here.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u090f\u0902\u0921\u0930\u0938\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u0948\u0925\u0935\u094b\u0932 \u0928\u0947 \u090a\u092a\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u094b \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093e\u092e \u0939\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u092c\u0926\u0932\u093e, \u0909\u0928\u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092e\u092f \u092d\u0940 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e, \u0907\u0938 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u093f \u0915\u0941\u091b \u0928\u092f\u093e \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0928\u093e \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0923\u092f \u0915\u094b \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a (c) \u0909\u0938 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u092e\u0942\u0932 \u0928\u093e\u092e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 1956 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u092a\u093e\u0901\u091a\u0935\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u0930 \u0938\u0939\u0940 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e, \u0914\u0930 \u092f\u0939\u0940 \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u092f\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u0924\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u0923 \u092d\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n\r\n <details class=\"mcq-q\"><summary><span class=\"mcq-num\">2<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">The knowledge dimension added in 2001 consists of<\/span><span class=\"hi\">2001 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u0917\u090f \u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928-\u0906\u092f\u093e\u092e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u0948\u0902<\/span><\/span><\/summary>\r\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\r\n <li>(a) <span class=\"en\">cognitive, affective and psychomotor<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u0902\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915, \u092d\u093e\u0935\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092e\u0928\u094b\u0917\u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(b) <span class=\"en\">factual, conceptual, procedural and metacognitive<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0924\u0925\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915, \u0938\u0902\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u092f\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0938\u0902\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(c) <span class=\"en\">declarative, procedural and conditional<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0918\u094b\u0937\u0923\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0936\u0930\u094d\u0924<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(d) <span class=\"en\">verbal, intellectual and motor<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u093e\u092c\u094d\u0926\u093f\u0915, \u092c\u094c\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0917\u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\"><b>(b).<\/b> <span class=\"en\">Crossed with the six processes, these produce a table of twenty-four cells. Metacognitive knowledge was the genuinely new category and covers what a learner knows about the learner's own knowing. Option (a) names the three domains, which are a different classification altogether, and option (d) names part of Gagn\u00e9's outcome categories.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u091b\u0939 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0917\u0941\u0923\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0915\u0930 \u092f\u0947 \u091a\u094c\u092c\u0940\u0938 \u0915\u094b\u0937\u094d\u0920\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u093e\u0930\u0923\u0940 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0938\u0902\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0935 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u0908 \u0936\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0923\u0940 \u0925\u0940 \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u0939 \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u0947\u091f\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a (a) \u0924\u0940\u0928 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093e\u092e \u0932\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u094b \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923\u0924\u0903 \u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a (d) \u0917\u0948\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092b\u0932-\u0936\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0923\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0902\u0936\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n\r\n <details class=\"mcq-q\"><summary><span class=\"mcq-num\">3<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">The five levels of the affective domain, in order, are<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092d\u093e\u0935\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u0901\u091a \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930, \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u092e\u0947\u0902, \u0939\u0948\u0902<\/span><\/span><\/summary>\r\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\r\n <li>(a) <span class=\"en\">imitation, manipulation, precision, articulation, naturalisation<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u0928\u0941\u0915\u0930\u0923, \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0932\u0928, \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0936\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927\u0924\u093e, \u0938\u0902\u0927\u093e\u0928, \u0938\u094d\u0935\u093e\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(b) <span class=\"en\">receiving, responding, valuing, organisation, characterisation<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939\u0923, \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e, \u092e\u0942\u0932\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0915\u0928, \u0938\u0902\u0917\u0920\u0928, \u091a\u0930\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(c) <span class=\"en\">perception, set, guided response, mechanism, adaptation<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923, \u0924\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0930\u0924\u093e, \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u093f\u0924 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e, \u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923, \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0915\u0942\u0932\u0928<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(d) <span class=\"en\">remember, understand, apply, analyse, evaluate<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u094d\u092e\u0930\u0923, \u092c\u094b\u0927, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917, \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0937\u0923, \u092e\u0942\u0932\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0915\u0928<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\"><b>(b).<\/b> <span class=\"en\">Their organising principle is internalisation \u2014 how far the value has been taken in. Option (a) gives Dave's psychomotor levels and option (c) the first five of Simpson's, so the item is testing whether the three domains are being kept apart rather than merely whether a list has been memorised.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0907\u0928\u0915\u093e \u0938\u0902\u0917\u0920\u0928\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924 \u0906\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0915\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u092e\u0942\u0932\u094d\u092f \u0915\u093f\u0924\u0928\u093e \u092d\u0940\u0924\u0930 \u0932\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e\u0964 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a (a) \u0921\u0947\u0935 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u0928\u094b\u0917\u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a (c) \u0938\u093f\u092e\u094d\u092a\u0938\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0925\u092e \u092a\u093e\u0901\u091a, \u0905\u0924\u0903 \u092f\u0939 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u092f\u0939 \u092a\u0930\u0916 \u0930\u0939\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0924\u0940\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092a\u0943\u0925\u0915\u094d \u0930\u0916\u0947 \u091c\u093e \u0930\u0939\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u092f\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0928 \u0915\u093f \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u092f\u0939 \u0915\u093f \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0940 \u0915\u0902\u0920\u0938\u094d\u0925 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n\r\n <details class=\"mcq-q\"><summary><span class=\"mcq-num\">4<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">A learner performs a skill accurately, quickly and without conscious attention. On Dave's scale this is<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0915\u094c\u0936\u0932 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0928 \u092f\u0925\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925, \u0936\u0940\u0918\u094d\u0930 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0938\u091a\u0947\u0924 \u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0921\u0947\u0935 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u092a\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u092a\u0930 \u092f\u0939 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/span><\/summary>\r\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\r\n <li>(a) <span class=\"en\">manipulation<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0932\u0928<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(b) <span class=\"en\">precision<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u0930\u093f\u0936\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927\u0924\u093e<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(c) <span class=\"en\">articulation<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u0902\u0927\u093e\u0928<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(d) <span class=\"en\">naturalisation<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u094d\u0935\u093e\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\"><b>(d).<\/b> <span class=\"en\">The organising principle of the psychomotor domain is how far the act has become automatic, and performance without conscious attention is the top of that scale. Precision is accuracy without a model still requiring attention; articulation is the combining of several skills in sequence, which is the level immediately below.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092e\u0928\u094b\u0917\u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0902\u0917\u0920\u0928\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924 \u092f\u0939 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u093f\u0924\u0928\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u091a\u093e\u0932\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0941\u0908, \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u091a\u0947\u0924 \u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0928 \u0909\u0938 \u092e\u093e\u092a\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u0915\u093e \u0936\u0940\u0930\u094d\u0937 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0936\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927\u0924\u093e \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u092f\u0925\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0928 \u0905\u092d\u0940 \u092d\u0940 \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f; \u0938\u0902\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u0905\u0928\u0947\u0915 \u0915\u094c\u0936\u0932\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u094b \u0920\u0940\u0915 \u0928\u0940\u091a\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n\r\n <details class=\"mcq-q\"><summary><span class=\"mcq-num\">5<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">The SOLO taxonomy differs from Bloom's chiefly in that it classifies<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u094b\u0932\u094b \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u092c\u094d\u0932\u0942\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f\u0924\u0903 \u0907\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0935\u0939 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/span><\/summary>\r\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\r\n <li>(a) <span class=\"en\">the intended objective<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u092d\u0940\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f \u0915\u093e<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(b) <span class=\"en\">the observed response<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u093e<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(c) <span class=\"en\">the difficulty of the question<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u0920\u093f\u0928\u093e\u0908 \u0915\u093e<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(d) <span class=\"en\">the domain of the objective<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u093e<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\"><b>(b).<\/b> <span class=\"en\">The name says so: the structure of the observed learning outcome. The consequence is that a well-set question can still be answered unistructurally, so the level is read off the response rather than assumed from the task \u2014 which is why SOLO is usable as a marking scheme where Bloom is usable as a design tool.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0928\u093e\u092e \u0939\u0940 \u092f\u0939 \u0915\u0939\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948: \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092b\u0932 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e\u0964 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e \u092f\u0939 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0938\u0941\u0917\u0920\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u092d\u0940 \u090f\u0915\u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0905\u0924\u0903 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0938\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0922\u093c\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u0907\u0938\u0940\u0932\u093f\u090f \u0938\u094b\u0932\u094b \u0905\u0902\u0915\u0928-\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u091c\u094d\u092f \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u092c\u094d\u0932\u0942\u092e \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a-\u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n\r\n <details class=\"mcq-q\"><summary><span class=\"mcq-num\">6<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">In SOLO, an answer that lists several relevant points without connecting them is<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u094b\u0932\u094b \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u0939 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u091c\u094b \u0905\u0928\u0947\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0938\u0902\u0917\u093f\u0915 \u092c\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0941 \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u0917\u093f\u0928\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/span><\/summary>\r\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\r\n <li>(a) <span class=\"en\">unistructural<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u090f\u0915\u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(b) <span class=\"en\">multistructural<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092c\u0939\u0941\u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(c) <span class=\"en\">relational<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(d) <span class=\"en\">extended abstract<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0905\u092e\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0924<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\"><b>(b).<\/b> <span class=\"en\">The multistructural level is the top of the quantitative phase \u2014 several aspects are present and nothing has been integrated. The move to relational is the shift the taxonomy exists to mark, and it is a change of kind rather than of amount, which is precisely what a mark scheme that counts points cannot detect.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092c\u0939\u0941\u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0923\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0936\u0940\u0930\u094d\u0937 \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u0905\u0928\u0947\u0915 \u092a\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0909\u092a\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u0941\u091b \u092d\u0940 \u0938\u092e\u0947\u0915\u093f\u0924 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u0941\u0906\u0964 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0915\u0940 \u0913\u0930 \u0917\u0924\u093f \u0935\u0939\u0940 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u091a\u093f\u0939\u094d\u0928\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u092f\u0939 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u0939 \u092e\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u092c\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0941 \u0917\u093f\u0928\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0905\u0902\u0915-\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928\u093e \u092a\u0915\u0921\u093c \u0939\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n\r\n <details class=\"mcq-q\"><summary><span class=\"mcq-num\">7<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">Which statement about the psychomotor domain is correct?<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092e\u0928\u094b\u0917\u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0940 \u0915\u094c\u0928-\u0938\u093e \u0915\u0925\u0928 \u0938\u0939\u0940 \u0939\u0948?<\/span><\/span><\/summary>\r\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\r\n <li>(a) <span class=\"en\">Bloom's group published a psychomotor handbook in 1972<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092c\u094d\u0932\u0942\u092e \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u0932 \u0928\u0947 1972 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u0928\u094b\u0917\u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u092a\u0941\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0936\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0940<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(b) <span class=\"en\">Bloom's group never published one; Dave, Simpson and Harrow supplied versions later<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092c\u094d\u0932\u0942\u092e \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u0932 \u0928\u0947 \u0915\u092d\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0936\u093f\u0924 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u0940; \u0921\u0947\u0935, \u0938\u093f\u092e\u094d\u092a\u0938\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0939\u0948\u0930\u094b \u0928\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0926\u093f\u090f<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(c) <span class=\"en\">It has the same five levels as the affective domain<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0907\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092d\u093e\u0935\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0939\u0940 \u092a\u093e\u0901\u091a \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0939\u0948\u0902<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(d) <span class=\"en\">It was the first of the three domains to be published<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0924\u0940\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092f\u0939 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0925\u092e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0936\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0941\u0906<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\"><b>(b).<\/b> <span class=\"en\">The cognitive handbook appeared in 1956 and the affective in 1964; no psychomotor handbook was produced by the original group at all. Dave's five levels, Simpson's seven and Harrow's six are separate later proposals, and a question asking for Bloom's psychomotor taxonomy is asking about something that does not exist.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u0902\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u092a\u0941\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0915\u093e 1956 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0906\u0908 \u0914\u0930 \u092d\u093e\u0935\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 1964 \u092e\u0947\u0902; \u092e\u0942\u0932 \u0926\u0932 \u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0928\u094b\u0917\u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u092a\u0941\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0915\u093e \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0908 \u0939\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964 \u0921\u0947\u0935 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u0901\u091a \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930, \u0938\u093f\u092e\u094d\u092a\u0938\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0924 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0939\u0948\u0930\u094b \u0915\u0947 \u091b\u0939 \u092a\u0943\u0925\u0915\u094d \u092a\u0930\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0914\u0930 \u091c\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u092c\u094d\u0932\u0942\u092e \u0915\u093e \u092e\u0928\u094b\u0917\u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u092a\u0942\u091b\u0947 \u0935\u0939 \u0910\u0938\u0940 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0942\u091b \u0930\u0939\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0939\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n\r\n <details class=\"mcq-q\"><summary><span class=\"mcq-num\">8<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">In the NCF-SE 2023 chain, the correct order from broad to granular is<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u090f\u0928\u0938\u0940\u090f\u092b-\u090f\u0938\u0908 2023 \u0915\u0940 \u0936\u0943\u0902\u0916\u0932\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u0915 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0942\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u092e \u0924\u0915 \u0938\u0939\u0940 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/span><\/summary>\r\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\r\n <li>(a) <span class=\"en\">learning outcomes, competencies, curricular goals<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092b\u0932, \u0926\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0924\u093e\u090f\u0901, \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u091a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u092f<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(b) <span class=\"en\">curricular goals, competencies, learning outcomes<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u091a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u092f, \u0926\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0924\u093e\u090f\u0901, \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092b\u0932<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(c) <span class=\"en\">competencies, curricular goals, learning outcomes<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0926\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0924\u093e\u090f\u0901, \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u091a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u092f, \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092b\u0932<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(d) <span class=\"en\">curricular goals, learning outcomes, competencies<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u091a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u092f, \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092b\u0932, \u0926\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0924\u093e\u090f\u0901<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\"><b>(b).<\/b> <span class=\"en\">Curricular goals state what a stage is for; competencies are the capabilities that make up a goal; learning outcomes are the granular, observable evidence that a competency has been reached. Each is derived from the one above, and an outcome belonging to no competency has nothing to be evidence of \u2014 which is the test to apply when a list of outcomes looks unmanageably long.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u091a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u092f \u092c\u0924\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0915\u093f \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0905\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0932\u093f\u090f \u0939\u0948; \u0926\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0924\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u0935\u0947 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e\u0924\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u091c\u094b \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u092f \u0915\u094b \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902; \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092b\u0932 \u0935\u0939 \u0938\u0942\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u092e, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u0940\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0915\u093f \u0926\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0924\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u0941\u0908\u0964 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u090a\u092a\u0930 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u091c\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092b\u0932 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0926\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0924\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0928 \u0939\u094b \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u094b \u0915\u0941\u091b \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u2014 \u0914\u0930 \u091c\u092c \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092b\u0932\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0940 \u0905\u0938\u0902\u092d\u0935 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0932\u0902\u092c\u0940 \u0926\u093f\u0916\u0947 \u0924\u092c \u092f\u0939\u0940 \u0915\u0938\u094c\u091f\u0940 \u0932\u0917\u093e\u0908 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n\r\n <details class=\"mcq-q\"><summary><span class=\"mcq-num\">9<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">Competency-based education is characteristically<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0926\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0924\u093e-\u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0936\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/span><\/summary>\r\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\r\n <li>(a) <span class=\"en\">norm-referenced, with time fixed and attainment varying<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092e\u093e\u0928\u0915-\u0938\u0902\u0926\u0930\u094d\u092d\u093f\u0924, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u092e\u092f \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0924 \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u092a\u0932\u092c\u094d\u0927\u093f \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0940<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(b) <span class=\"en\">criterion-referenced, with the standard fixed and time varying<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u0938\u094c\u091f\u0940-\u0938\u0902\u0926\u0930\u094d\u092d\u093f\u0924, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0915 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0924 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u092e\u092f \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0940<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(c) <span class=\"en\">norm-referenced, with both time and attainment fixed<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092e\u093e\u0928\u0915-\u0938\u0902\u0926\u0930\u094d\u092d\u093f\u0924, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u092e\u092f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0909\u092a\u0932\u092c\u094d\u0927\u093f \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0924<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(d) <span class=\"en\">criterion-referenced, with both fixed<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u0938\u094c\u091f\u0940-\u0938\u0902\u0926\u0930\u094d\u092d\u093f\u0924, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0924<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\"><b>(b).<\/b> <span class=\"en\">This is the mastery arrangement applied to a whole stage: the standard holds for every learner and the time taken is allowed to differ, so a learner is measured against the criterion rather than against the rest of the class. Option (a) describes the conventional arrangement it was designed to replace.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092f\u0939 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0905\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u092a\u0930 \u0932\u093e\u0917\u0942 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u0941\u0924\u094d\u0935-\u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u0939\u0948: \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0930 \u0930\u0939\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0932\u0917\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e \u0938\u092e\u092f \u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0905\u0924\u0903 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0936\u0947\u0937 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0915\u0938\u094c\u091f\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u092e\u093e\u092a\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a (a) \u0909\u0938 \u092a\u0930\u0902\u092a\u0930\u093e\u0917\u0924 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0923\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u092f\u0939 \u092c\u0928\u0940\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n\r\n <details class=\"mcq-q\"><summary><span class=\"mcq-num\">10<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">Consider: 1. Bloom's original levels were named as nouns. 2. Webb's Depth of Knowledge classifies task complexity rather than the verb used. 3. A learning outcome and a competency are the same thing. Which are correct?<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u093f\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0940\u091c\u093f\u090f: 1. \u092c\u094d\u0932\u0942\u092e \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u0942\u0932 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0925\u0947\u0964 2. \u0935\u0947\u092c \u0915\u0940 \u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928-\u0917\u0939\u0930\u093e\u0908 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f-\u091c\u091f\u093f\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 3. \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092b\u0932 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0926\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0924\u093e \u090f\u0915 \u0939\u0940 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0915\u094c\u0928-\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0939\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902?<\/span><\/span><\/summary>\r\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\r\n <li>(a) <span class=\"en\">1 and 2 only<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 1 \u0914\u0930 2<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(b) <span class=\"en\">2 and 3 only<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 2 \u0914\u0930 3<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(c) <span class=\"en\">1 and 3 only<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 1 \u0914\u0930 3<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(d) <span class=\"en\">1, 2 and 3<\/span><span class=\"hi\">1, 2 \u0914\u0930 3<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\"><b>(a).<\/b> <span class=\"en\">Statement 3 is false: an outcome is the granular observable evidence, while a competency is durable and transferable and has to be demonstrated across more than one context. Collapsing the two is what produces a list of ninety-odd outcomes with no competency behind any of them, which is the standard failure of implementation.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u0925\u0928 3 \u0905\u0938\u0924\u094d\u092f \u0939\u0948: \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092b\u0932 \u0938\u0942\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u092e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u0940\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u092c\u0915\u093f \u0926\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0924\u093e \u091f\u093f\u0915\u093e\u090a \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930\u0923\u0940\u092f \u0939\u0948 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0930\u094d\u092d\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u093e \u092a\u0921\u093c\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u090f\u0915 \u0915\u0930 \u0926\u0947\u0928\u093e \u0939\u0940 \u0910\u0938\u0940 \u0928\u092c\u094d\u092c\u0947-\u0915\u0941\u091b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092b\u0932\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0940 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0928\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0940\u091b\u0947 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0926\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0924\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0914\u0930 \u092f\u0939\u0940 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0928\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u092b\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <\/section>\r\n<!--\/CH13-->\r\n<!--CH14--><section class=\"chapter-content\" data-chap=\"14\" id=\"c14\">\r\n <div class=\"chapter-heading-block\">\r\n <span class=\"chapter-badge\"><span class=\"en\">CHAPTER 14<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f 14<\/span><\/span>\r\n <h2><span class=\"en\">Assessment as Pedagogy<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0906\u0915\u0932\u0928<\/span><\/h2>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"keyfact-grid\">\r\n <div class=\"keyfact-card navy-hi\">\r\n <span class=\"big-icon\">🎯<\/span>\r\n <div class=\"kf-label\"><span class=\"en\">Three uses of evidence<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0924\u0940\u0928 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917<\/span><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"kf-value\">Of \u00b7 For \u00b7 As<\/div>\r\n <div class=\"kf-sub\"><span class=\"en\">Fixed by who uses it, not by the instrument<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0938\u0947 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u0936\u094d\u091a\u093f\u0924<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div class=\"keyfact-card amber-hi\">\r\n <span class=\"big-icon\">💬<\/span>\r\n <div class=\"kf-label\"><span class=\"en\">Levels of feedback<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920\u092a\u094b\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930<\/span><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"kf-value\">Hattie & Timperley \u00b7 2007<\/div>\r\n <div class=\"kf-sub\"><span class=\"en\">Task, process, self-regulation \u2014 and self, which fails<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e, \u0938\u094d\u0935-\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e\u0928 \u2014 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0935, \u091c\u094b \u0935\u093f\u092b\u0932 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div class=\"keyfact-card teal-hi\">\r\n <span class=\"big-icon\">📊<\/span>\r\n <div class=\"kf-label\"><span class=\"en\">Inside the Black Box<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0907\u0928\u0938\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u0926 \u092c\u094d\u0932\u0948\u0915 \u092c\u0949\u0915\u094d\u0938<\/span><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"kf-value\">Black & Wiliam \u00b7 1998<\/div>\r\n <div class=\"kf-sub\"><span class=\"en\">Formative work helps the lowest attainers most<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0928\u093f\u092e\u094d\u0928\u0924\u092e \u0909\u092a\u0932\u092c\u094d\u0927\u093f \u0935\u093e\u0932\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0939\u093e\u092f\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div class=\"keyfact-card\">\r\n <span class=\"big-icon\">📜<\/span>\r\n <div class=\"kf-label\"><span class=\"en\">National assessment centre<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0906\u0915\u0932\u0928 \u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930<\/span><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"kf-value\">PARAKH<\/div>\r\n <div class=\"kf-sub\"><span class=\"en\">Set up under NCERT following NEP 2020<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u090f\u0928\u0908\u092a\u0940 2020 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u0930\u0923 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u090f\u0928\u0938\u0940\u0908\u0906\u0930\u091f\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u0940\u0928 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u093f\u0924<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <p><span class=\"en\">The title of this chapter states its argument. Assessment is treated here not as the event that follows teaching but as one of the instruments by which teaching is carried out, on the ground that evidence which changes nothing has not been used for anything. Every distinction that follows turns on that single question: what decision does this evidence inform, and who takes it?<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0907\u0938 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f \u0915\u093e \u0936\u0940\u0930\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0939\u0940 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0924\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0915\u0939\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0906\u0915\u0932\u0928 \u0915\u094b \u092f\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u0906\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0918\u091f\u0928\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0905\u092a\u093f\u0924\u0941 \u0909\u0928 \u0938\u093e\u0927\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u090f\u0915 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0928\u0938\u0947 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0907\u0938 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u093f \u091c\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u0915\u0941\u091b \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0935\u0939 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0915\u093e\u092e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0932\u093e\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0917\u092f\u093e\u0964 \u0906\u0917\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u092d\u0947\u0926 \u0909\u0938\u0940 \u090f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u092a\u0930 \u091f\u093f\u0915\u093e \u0939\u0948: \u092f\u0939 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u0915\u093f\u0938 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0923\u092f \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0942\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u094c\u0928 \u0932\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948?<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"feat-grid\">\r\n <div class=\"feat-card\"><span class=\"fc-num\">1<\/span><strong><span class=\"en\">Who uses the evidence?<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u094c\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948?<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"en\">The system, the teacher or the learner \u2014 which is what makes an assessment of, for or as learning, whatever instrument was used.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e, \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u2014 \u0914\u0930 \u092f\u0939\u0940 \u0906\u0915\u0932\u0928 \u0915\u094b \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e \u0915\u093e, \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e \u0930\u0942\u092a\u0940 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u091a\u093e\u0939\u0947 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u092d\u0940 \u0939\u094b\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"feat-card\"><span class=\"fc-num\">2<\/span><strong><span class=\"en\">What does the feedback address?<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920\u092a\u094b\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u094b\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948?<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"en\">The task, the process or the learner's self-monitoring \u2014 or the person, which is the level that does not work.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0935-\u0905\u0935\u0932\u094b\u0915\u0928 \u2014 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f, \u0914\u0930 \u092f\u0939\u0940 \u0935\u0939 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"feat-card\"><span class=\"fc-num\">3<\/span><strong><span class=\"en\">Is the instrument fit for the claim?<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0926\u093e\u0935\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u092f\u094b\u0917\u094d\u092f \u0939\u0948?<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"en\">Validity asks whether it measures what is claimed; reliability asks whether it would say the same thing twice.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u0948\u0927\u0924\u093e \u092a\u0942\u091b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0935\u0939 \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u092a\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0926\u093e\u0935\u093e \u0939\u0948; \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0935\u0938\u0928\u0940\u092f\u0924\u093e \u092a\u0942\u091b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0935\u0939 \u0926\u094b \u092c\u093e\u0930 \u0935\u0939\u0940 \u0915\u0939\u0947\u0917\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"feat-card\"><span class=\"fc-num\">4<\/span><strong><span class=\"en\">What is reported, and to whom?<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u092c\u0924\u093e\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0947?<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"en\">A rank tells a learner where others stand; a description of what can now be done tells the learner something usable.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0923\u0940 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0915\u094b \u092c\u0924\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0939\u0948\u0902; \u0905\u092c \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0923\u0928 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0915\u094b \u0915\u0941\u091b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u091c\u094d\u092f \u092c\u0924\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"p14-0\">\r\n <span class=\"section-badge\">14.0<\/span>\r\n <h3><span class=\"en\">Introduction<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u0930\u093f\u091a\u092f<\/span><\/h3>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <p><span class=\"en\">Four terms are used interchangeably in staffroom speech and mean different things. <strong>Measurement<\/strong> assigns a number according to a rule and carries no judgement \u2014 thirty-two out of fifty is a measurement. <strong>Testing<\/strong> is the use of one instrument to obtain such a number. <strong>Assessment<\/strong> is the wider process of gathering evidence about learning and interpreting it, by any means including observation. <strong>Evaluation<\/strong> adds a judgement of worth against criteria, and so answers a question that measurement by itself never can: whether thirty-two out of fifty is good enough for this purpose.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915-\u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0915\u0940 \u092c\u094b\u0932\u091a\u093e\u0932 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091a\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u0926 \u092a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f\u0935\u093e\u091a\u0940 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u0930\u0916\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 <strong>\u092e\u093e\u092a\u0928<\/strong> \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0923\u092f \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0935\u0939\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u2014 \u092a\u091a\u093e\u0938 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0940\u0938 \u092e\u093e\u092a\u0928 \u0939\u0948\u0964 <strong>\u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923<\/strong> \u0910\u0938\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u090f\u0915 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0939\u0948\u0964 <strong>\u0906\u0915\u0932\u0928<\/strong> \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u090f\u0915\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0938\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092d\u0940 \u0938\u093e\u0927\u0928 \u0938\u0947\u0964 <strong>\u092e\u0942\u0932\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0915\u0928<\/strong> \u0915\u0938\u094c\u091f\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u092e\u0942\u0932\u094d\u092f \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0923\u092f \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0907\u0938\u0940\u0932\u093f\u090f \u0909\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u092e\u093e\u092a\u0928 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u0915\u092d\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0926\u0947 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e: \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u092a\u091a\u093e\u0938 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0940\u0938 \u0907\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u092a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"p14-1\">\r\n <span class=\"section-badge\">14.1<\/span>\r\n <h3><span class=\"en\">Assessment For, Of and As Learning<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941, \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e \u0915\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e \u0930\u0942\u092a\u0940 \u0906\u0915\u0932\u0928<\/span><\/h3>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <svg class=\"full-diagram\" viewBox=\"0 0 560 254\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Assessment of, for and as learning distinguished by who uses the evidence\">\r\n<g font-family=\"DM Sans, Noto Sans Devanagari, sans-serif\" font-size=\"10.5\">\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"20\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"11\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#5a6d80\">THE SAME TEST CAN BE ANY OF THE THREE<\/text>\r\n\r\n <rect x=\"8\" y=\"34\" width=\"176\" height=\"164\" rx=\"10\" fill=\"#fdf0f5\" stroke=\"#8e2f5a\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <rect x=\"8\" y=\"34\" width=\"176\" height=\"26\" rx=\"10\" fill=\"#8e2f5a\"\/>\r\n <rect x=\"8\" y=\"52\" width=\"176\" height=\"8\" fill=\"#8e2f5a\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"96\" y=\"52\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#ffffff\">OF LEARNING<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"20\" y=\"78\" font-size=\"7\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#5a6d80\">PRIMARY USER<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"96\" y=\"94\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#8e2f5a\">the system<\/text>\r\n <line x1=\"24\" y1=\"104\" x2=\"168\" y2=\"104\" stroke=\"#8e2f5a\" stroke-width=\"1\" stroke-dasharray=\"3 3\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"20\" y=\"120\" font-size=\"7\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#5a6d80\">WHEN<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"96\" y=\"134\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">after the teaching<\/text>\r\n <line x1=\"24\" y1=\"144\" x2=\"168\" y2=\"144\" stroke=\"#8e2f5a\" stroke-width=\"1\" stroke-dasharray=\"3 3\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"96\" y=\"160\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" font-style=\"italic\" fill=\"#8e2f5a\">what has been reached?<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"96\" y=\"180\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">reporting and certification<\/text>\r\n\r\n <rect x=\"192\" y=\"34\" width=\"176\" height=\"164\" rx=\"10\" fill=\"#fffaef\" stroke=\"#c9760f\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <rect x=\"192\" y=\"34\" width=\"176\" height=\"26\" rx=\"10\" fill=\"#c9760f\"\/>\r\n <rect x=\"192\" y=\"52\" width=\"176\" height=\"8\" fill=\"#c9760f\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"52\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#ffffff\">FOR LEARNING<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"204\" y=\"78\" font-size=\"7\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#5a6d80\">PRIMARY USER<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"94\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#c9760f\">the teacher<\/text>\r\n <line x1=\"208\" y1=\"104\" x2=\"352\" y2=\"104\" stroke=\"#c9760f\" stroke-width=\"1\" stroke-dasharray=\"3 3\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"204\" y=\"120\" font-size=\"7\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#5a6d80\">WHEN<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"134\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">during the teaching<\/text>\r\n <line x1=\"208\" y1=\"144\" x2=\"352\" y2=\"144\" stroke=\"#c9760f\" stroke-width=\"1\" stroke-dasharray=\"3 3\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"160\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" font-style=\"italic\" fill=\"#c9760f\">what should I do next?<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"180\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">the next lesson changes<\/text>\r\n\r\n <rect x=\"376\" y=\"34\" width=\"176\" height=\"164\" rx=\"10\" fill=\"#eefbf7\" stroke=\"#0d8f79\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <rect x=\"376\" y=\"34\" width=\"176\" height=\"26\" rx=\"10\" fill=\"#0d8f79\"\/>\r\n <rect x=\"376\" y=\"52\" width=\"176\" height=\"8\" fill=\"#0d8f79\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"464\" y=\"52\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#ffffff\">AS LEARNING<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"388\" y=\"78\" font-size=\"7\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#5a6d80\">PRIMARY USER<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"464\" y=\"94\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#0d8f79\">the learner<\/text>\r\n <line x1=\"392\" y1=\"104\" x2=\"536\" y2=\"104\" stroke=\"#0d8f79\" stroke-width=\"1\" stroke-dasharray=\"3 3\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"388\" y=\"120\" font-size=\"7\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#5a6d80\">WHEN<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"464\" y=\"134\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">throughout<\/text>\r\n <line x1=\"392\" y1=\"144\" x2=\"536\" y2=\"144\" stroke=\"#0d8f79\" stroke-width=\"1\" stroke-dasharray=\"3 3\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"464\" y=\"160\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" font-style=\"italic\" fill=\"#0d8f79\">how am I doing, and why?<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"464\" y=\"180\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">the learner adjusts<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"222\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" fill=\"#5a6d80\">the category is fixed by who uses the evidence and to what end, not by the instrument<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"240\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" font-style=\"italic\" fill=\"#5a6d80\">a unit test filed unread is of learning; the same test used to re-plan is for learning<\/text>\r\n<\/g><\/svg>\r\n <div class=\"diagram-cap\"><span class=\"en\">The category is fixed after the paper is collected, by what is done with it<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0923\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u090f\u0915\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u0907\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0924\u092f \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"callout red\">\r\n <div class=\"callout-label\"><span class=\"en\">The instrument settles nothing<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0941\u091b \u0924\u092f \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e<\/span><\/div>\r\n <span class=\"en\">A unit test is not summative because it is a test. It becomes assessment <em>of<\/em> learning if the marks are recorded and the class proceeds; assessment <em>for<\/em> learning if the pattern of errors changes what is taught next week; and assessment <em>as<\/em> learning if the learners mark their own work against the criteria and each decides what to work on. The same forty minutes, the same paper, three different acts \u2014 and the difference is made entirely after the paper is collected. This is why the useful question about any assessment is not what kind it is but what changed because of it.<\/span>\r\n <span class=\"hi\">\u0907\u0915\u093e\u0908 \u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0932\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0907\u0938\u0932\u093f\u090f \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0935\u0939 \u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0935\u0939 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e <em>\u0915\u093e<\/em> \u0906\u0915\u0932\u0928 \u092c\u0928\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u092f\u0926\u093f \u0905\u0902\u0915 \u0926\u0930\u094d\u091c \u0939\u094b\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0906\u0917\u0947 \u092c\u0922\u093c \u091c\u093e\u090f; \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e <em>\u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941<\/em> \u0906\u0915\u0932\u0928 \u092f\u0926\u093f \u0924\u094d\u0930\u0941\u091f\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u0942\u092a \u092c\u0926\u0932 \u0926\u0947 \u0915\u093f \u0905\u0917\u0932\u0947 \u0938\u092a\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0939 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u092a\u0922\u093c\u093e\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u090f; \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e <em>\u0930\u0942\u092a\u0940<\/em> \u0906\u0915\u0932\u0928 \u092f\u0926\u093f \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u093e \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0938\u094c\u091f\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u091c\u093e\u0901\u091a\u0947\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0924\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0947 \u0915\u093f \u0915\u093f\u0938 \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0935\u0939\u0940 \u091a\u093e\u0932\u0940\u0938 \u092e\u093f\u0928\u091f, \u0935\u0939\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930, \u0924\u0940\u0928 \u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u2014 \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923\u0924\u0903 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u090f\u0915\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u092c\u0928\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0940\u0932\u093f\u090f \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092d\u0940 \u0906\u0915\u0932\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u092f\u0939 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u093f \u0935\u0939 \u0915\u093f\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0905\u092a\u093f\u0924\u0941 \u092f\u0939 \u0915\u093f \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u092c\u0926\u0932\u093e\u0964<\/span>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"table-scroll\">\r\n <table class=\"data-table\">\r\n <thead><tr>\r\n <th style=\"width:24%\"><span class=\"en\">Distinction<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092d\u0947\u0926<\/span><\/th>\r\n <th style=\"width:38%\"><span class=\"en\">What it compares the learner against<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092f\u0939 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u0924\u0941\u0932\u0928\u093e \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/th>\r\n <th style=\"width:38%\"><span class=\"en\">What it is good for, and what it cannot say<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092f\u0939 \u0915\u093f\u0938 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u092c\u0924\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e<\/span><\/th>\r\n <\/tr><\/thead>\r\n <tbody>\r\n <tr><td><strong><span class=\"en\">Norm-referenced<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092e\u093e\u0928\u0915-\u0938\u0902\u0926\u0930\u094d\u092d\u093f\u0924<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">The performance of the rest of the group, so the report is a position in a distribution.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u0947\u0937 \u0938\u092e\u0942\u0939 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0928, \u0905\u0924\u0903 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0926\u0928 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0924\u0930\u0923 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Selecting a fixed number of candidates. It cannot say what any of them can do, and a strong candidate in a weak group looks the same as a weak candidate in a strong one.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0928\u093f\u0936\u094d\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u092d\u094d\u092f\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u091a\u092f\u0928\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u092c\u0924\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0915\u093f \u0909\u0928\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0926\u0941\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0932 \u0938\u092e\u0942\u0939 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0936\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0905\u092d\u094d\u092f\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0938\u0936\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0938\u092e\u0942\u0939 \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u0941\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0932 \u0905\u092d\u094d\u092f\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u093e \u0939\u0940 \u0926\u093f\u0916\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td><strong><span class=\"en\">Criterion-referenced<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u0938\u094c\u091f\u0940-\u0938\u0902\u0926\u0930\u094d\u092d\u093f\u0924<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">A stated standard, so the report is what the learner can and cannot do.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0915\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0915, \u0905\u0924\u0903 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0926\u0928 \u092f\u0939 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Teaching, because it names the next thing to work on. It cannot rank, and it will pass everybody if everybody reaches the standard \u2014 which is a feature and not a fault.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923, \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u092f\u0939 \u0905\u0917\u0932\u0940 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f-\u092f\u094b\u0917\u094d\u092f \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093e\u092e \u0932\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0936\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0923\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e, \u0914\u0930 \u092f\u0926\u093f \u0938\u092d\u0940 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0915 \u0924\u0915 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a \u091c\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u0924\u094b \u0938\u092d\u0940 \u0915\u094b \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0940\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0915\u0930 \u0926\u0947\u0917\u093e \u2014 \u091c\u094b \u0926\u094b\u0937 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <\/tbody>\r\n <\/table>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"p14-2\">\r\n <span class=\"section-badge\">14.2<\/span>\r\n <h3><span class=\"en\">Formative Assessment and Feedback<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0906\u0915\u0932\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920\u092a\u094b\u0937\u0923<\/span><\/h3>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <p><span class=\"en\">Paul Black and Dylan Wiliam reviewed the evidence in 1998 and reported two findings that have held since. Attention to formative work raises attainment substantially, and it raises it most for the learners who were achieving least \u2014 so it narrows the spread while lifting the average, which few other interventions do. Their later account sets out five strategies, and the order matters: the first two are conditions for the third.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u0949\u0932 \u092c\u094d\u0932\u0948\u0915 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0921\u093f\u0932\u0928 \u0935\u093f\u0932\u093f\u092f\u092e \u0928\u0947 1998 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u092e\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0930 \u0926\u094b \u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0937 \u0926\u093f\u090f \u091c\u094b \u0924\u092c \u0938\u0947 \u091f\u093f\u0915\u0947 \u0939\u0941\u090f \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u092a\u0930 \u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0928 \u0926\u0947\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u0909\u092a\u0932\u092c\u094d\u0927\u093f \u092a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0922\u093c\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u0939 \u0909\u0928 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092c\u0922\u093c\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u092e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0930 \u0930\u0939\u0947 \u0925\u0947 \u2014 \u0905\u0924\u0903 \u092f\u0939 \u0914\u0938\u0924 \u0909\u0920\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0941\u090f \u0935\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0941\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u094b \u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f \u092c\u0939\u0941\u0924 \u0915\u092e \u0939\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u092a \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0909\u0928\u0915\u093e \u092a\u0930\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0935\u0930\u0923 \u092a\u093e\u0901\u091a \u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092a\u093e\u0926\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0939\u0948: \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0940 \u0926\u094b \u0924\u0940\u0938\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u0936\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n <ul class=\"num-stack\">\r\n <li><strong><span class=\"en\">Clarify and share the learning intention and the criteria for success.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e-\u0906\u0936\u092f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u092b\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u0938\u094c\u091f\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u0938\u094d\u092a\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u093e\u091d\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/strong> <span class=\"en\">A learner who does not know what a good answer looks like cannot act on being told that this one is not good.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u091c\u094b \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0924\u093e \u0915\u093f \u0905\u091a\u094d\u091b\u093e \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0915\u0948\u0938\u093e \u0926\u093f\u0916\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0935\u0939 \u092f\u0939 \u092c\u0924\u093e\u090f \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u0941\u091b \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0915\u093f \u092f\u0939 \u0905\u091a\u094d\u091b\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><strong><span class=\"en\">Engineer discussions and tasks that elicit evidence.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0910\u0938\u0940 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u091a\u0930\u094d\u091a\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0930\u091a\u0947\u0902 \u091c\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0932\u0947\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/strong> <span class=\"en\">A question that the confident answer first tells the teacher only about the confident. Techniques that require every learner to commit \u2014 a written prediction, a card held up \u2014 are what make the evidence complete.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u091c\u093f\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0906\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0938\u0940 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0926\u0947 \u0926\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u0939 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0915\u094b \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0906\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0938\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0924\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u091c\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092c\u0926\u094d\u0927\u0924\u093e \u092e\u093e\u0901\u0917\u0947\u0902 \u2014 \u0932\u093f\u0916\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0928\u0941\u092e\u093e\u0928, \u0909\u0920\u093e\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0921 \u2014 \u0935\u0939\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><strong><span class=\"en\">Provide feedback that moves the learner forward.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0910\u0938\u093e \u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920\u092a\u094b\u0937\u0923 \u0926\u0947\u0902 \u091c\u094b \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0915\u094b \u0906\u0917\u0947 \u092c\u0922\u093c\u093e\u090f\u0964<\/span><\/strong> <span class=\"en\">Which means feedback that names something to do, in time for it to be done, on work that will be revisited.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0924\u094d \u0910\u0938\u093e \u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920\u092a\u094b\u0937\u0923 \u091c\u094b \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u092f\u094b\u0917\u094d\u092f \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u092c\u0924\u093e\u090f, \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u092f\u094b\u0917\u094d\u092f \u0938\u092e\u092f \u092a\u0930 \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u090f, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0910\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u092a\u0930 \u091c\u093f\u0938 \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0903 \u0932\u094c\u091f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u090f\u0917\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><strong><span class=\"en\">Activate learners as instructional resources for one another.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u090f\u0915-\u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0926\u0947\u0936\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u093e\u0927\u0928 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u090f\u0901\u0964<\/span><\/strong> <span class=\"en\">Explaining is what consolidates, so the learner who explains gains at least as much as the one who listens.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u092e\u091d\u093e\u0928\u093e \u0939\u0940 \u0938\u0941\u0926\u0943\u0922\u093c \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0905\u0924\u0903 \u0938\u092e\u091d\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0938\u0941\u0928\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u092e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u092a\u093e\u0924\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><strong><span class=\"en\">Activate learners as owners of their own learning.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e \u0915\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0935\u093e\u092e\u0940 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u090f\u0901\u0964<\/span><\/strong> <span class=\"en\">This is assessment as learning, and it is the strategy the other four exist to make possible.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092f\u0939\u0940 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e \u0930\u0942\u092a\u0940 \u0906\u0915\u0932\u0928 \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u092f\u0939\u0940 \u0935\u0939 \u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u092d\u0935 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0936\u0947\u0937 \u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n\r\n <svg class=\"full-diagram\" viewBox=\"0 0 560 330\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Four levels at which feedback can be directed\">\r\n<g font-family=\"DM Sans, Noto Sans Devanagari, sans-serif\" font-size=\"10.5\">\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"20\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"11\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#5a6d80\">FEEDBACK ANSWERS THREE QUESTIONS AT ONE OF FOUR LEVELS<\/text>\r\n <rect x=\"10\" y=\"34\" width=\"150\" height=\"42\" rx=\"7\" fill=\"#14243f\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"85\" y=\"52\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#ffd970\">FEED UP<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"85\" y=\"66\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#ffffff\">where am I going?<\/text>\r\n <rect x=\"168\" y=\"34\" width=\"150\" height=\"42\" rx=\"7\" fill=\"#14243f\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"243\" y=\"52\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#ffd970\">FEED BACK<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"243\" y=\"66\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#ffffff\">how am I going?<\/text>\r\n <rect x=\"326\" y=\"34\" width=\"150\" height=\"42\" rx=\"7\" fill=\"#14243f\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"401\" y=\"52\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#ffd970\">FEED FORWARD<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"401\" y=\"66\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#ffffff\">where to next?<\/text>\r\n\r\n <rect x=\"10\" y=\"92\" width=\"150\" height=\"40\" rx=\"7\" fill=\"#f5f8fd\" stroke=\"#1f5fa9\" stroke-width=\"1.8\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"22\" y=\"109\" font-size=\"8.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\">TASK<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"22\" y=\"123\" font-size=\"7\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">how well the work was done<\/text>\r\n <rect x=\"168\" y=\"92\" width=\"300\" height=\"40\" rx=\"7\" fill=\"#ffffff\" stroke=\"#dde5ee\" stroke-width=\"1.2\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"182\" y=\"117\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">correct or not, against the criteria<\/text>\r\n <circle cx=\"504\" cy=\"112\" r=\"15\" fill=\"#0d8f79\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"504\" y=\"117\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"13\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#ffffff\">✓<\/text>\r\n <rect x=\"10\" y=\"138\" width=\"150\" height=\"40\" rx=\"7\" fill=\"#f5f8fd\" stroke=\"#0d8f79\" stroke-width=\"1.8\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"22\" y=\"155\" font-size=\"8.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#0d8f79\">PROCESS<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"22\" y=\"169\" font-size=\"7\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">the method used to do it<\/text>\r\n <rect x=\"168\" y=\"138\" width=\"300\" height=\"40\" rx=\"7\" fill=\"#ffffff\" stroke=\"#dde5ee\" stroke-width=\"1.2\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"182\" y=\"163\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">the strategy that would work better<\/text>\r\n <circle cx=\"504\" cy=\"158\" r=\"15\" fill=\"#0d8f79\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"504\" y=\"163\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"13\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#ffffff\">✓<\/text>\r\n <rect x=\"10\" y=\"184\" width=\"150\" height=\"40\" rx=\"7\" fill=\"#f5f8fd\" stroke=\"#c9760f\" stroke-width=\"1.8\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"22\" y=\"201\" font-size=\"8.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#c9760f\">SELF-REGULATION<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"22\" y=\"215\" font-size=\"7\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">how the learner monitors<\/text>\r\n <rect x=\"168\" y=\"184\" width=\"300\" height=\"40\" rx=\"7\" fill=\"#ffffff\" stroke=\"#dde5ee\" stroke-width=\"1.2\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"182\" y=\"209\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">how to check one's own work<\/text>\r\n <circle cx=\"504\" cy=\"204\" r=\"15\" fill=\"#0d8f79\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"504\" y=\"209\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"13\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#ffffff\">✓<\/text>\r\n <rect x=\"10\" y=\"230\" width=\"150\" height=\"40\" rx=\"7\" fill=\"#f5f8fd\" stroke=\"#8e2f5a\" stroke-width=\"1.8\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"22\" y=\"247\" font-size=\"8.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#8e2f5a\">SELF<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"22\" y=\"261\" font-size=\"7\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">the person, not the work<\/text>\r\n <rect x=\"168\" y=\"230\" width=\"300\" height=\"40\" rx=\"7\" fill=\"#ffffff\" stroke=\"#dde5ee\" stroke-width=\"1.2\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"182\" y=\"255\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">good girl, clever, well done<\/text>\r\n <circle cx=\"504\" cy=\"250\" r=\"15\" fill=\"#8e2f5a\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"504\" y=\"255\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"13\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#ffffff\">✗<\/text>\r\n <rect x=\"10\" y=\"288\" width=\"536\" height=\"34\" rx=\"8\" fill=\"#fdf0f5\" stroke=\"#8e2f5a\" stroke-width=\"1.8\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"303\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#8e2f5a\">Feedback aimed at the self is the least effective of the four<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"316\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">it carries little information about the work and directs attention away from the task · Hattie and Timperley, 2007<\/text>\r\n<\/g><\/svg>\r\n <div class=\"diagram-cap\"><span class=\"en\">Three questions, four levels; praise of the person is the level that carries least<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0924\u0940\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928, \u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930; \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u0902\u0938\u093e \u0935\u0939 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u092e \u0935\u0939\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"enrich-box\">\r\n <span class=\"enrich-stamp\"><span class=\"en\">A finding that changes marking practice<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u090f\u0915 \u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0937 \u091c\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0901\u091a-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0925\u093e \u092c\u0926\u0932 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/span>\r\n <h4><span class=\"en\">A grade written beside a comment cancels the comment<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u091f\u093f\u092a\u094d\u092a\u0923\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0917\u0932 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0932\u093f\u0916\u0940 \u0936\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0923\u0940 \u091f\u093f\u092a\u094d\u092a\u0923\u0940 \u0915\u094b \u0928\u093f\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0930 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/h4>\r\n <p><span class=\"en\">Ruth Butler compared three ways of returning the same work. One group received written comments alone, one received grades alone, and one received both. The comments-only group improved; the grades-only group did not; and the group that received both performed like the grades-only group rather than like the comments group. The comment had been read, and it had made no difference. The explanation offered is that a grade is a judgement of the person's standing, which is precisely the level of feedback that carries least information about the work, and once it is present the learner attends to it and stops reading.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0930\u0942\u0925 \u092c\u091f\u0932\u0930 \u0928\u0947 \u090f\u0915 \u0939\u0940 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0932\u094c\u091f\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0924\u0940\u0928 \u0922\u0902\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0924\u0941\u0932\u0928\u093e \u0915\u0940\u0964 \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u092e\u0942\u0939 \u0915\u094b \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0932\u093f\u0916\u093f\u0924 \u091f\u093f\u092a\u094d\u092a\u0923\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0940\u0902, \u090f\u0915 \u0915\u094b \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0936\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0923\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u090f\u0915 \u0915\u094b \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902\u0964 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932-\u091f\u093f\u092a\u094d\u092a\u0923\u0940 \u0938\u092e\u0942\u0939 \u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0941\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e; \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932-\u0936\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0923\u0940 \u0938\u092e\u0942\u0939 \u0928\u0947 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902; \u0914\u0930 \u091c\u093f\u0938 \u0938\u092e\u0942\u0939 \u0915\u094b \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0947 \u0909\u0938\u0928\u0947 \u091f\u093f\u092a\u094d\u092a\u0923\u0940 \u0938\u092e\u0942\u0939 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932-\u0936\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0923\u0940 \u0938\u092e\u0942\u0939 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0928 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0964 \u091f\u093f\u092a\u094d\u092a\u0923\u0940 \u092a\u0922\u093c\u0940 \u0917\u0908 \u0925\u0940, \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u092a\u0921\u093c\u093e \u0925\u093e\u0964 \u0926\u0940 \u0917\u0908 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u092f\u0939 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0936\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0923\u0940 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0923\u092f \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u092f\u0939\u0940 \u0935\u0939 \u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920\u092a\u094b\u0937\u0923-\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u092e \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0935\u0939\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0909\u092a\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0940 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0909\u0938\u0940 \u092a\u0930 \u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0928 \u0926\u0947\u0915\u0930 \u092a\u0922\u093c\u0928\u093e \u092c\u0902\u0926 \u0915\u0930 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/p>\r\n <p><span class=\"en\">The practical consequence is uncomfortable and specific: work returned for improvement should carry comments without a mark, and the mark should be recorded separately or supplied later. A school that requires every piece to be graded has, without intending it, made its own feedback ineffective. The related finding from the wider literature is worth holding alongside \u2014 a meta-analysis of feedback interventions found that about a third of them <em>lowered<\/em> performance, and those directed at the self were prominent among them.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e \u0905\u0938\u0941\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093e\u091c\u0928\u0915 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0939\u0948: \u0938\u0941\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0932\u094c\u091f\u093e\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0905\u0902\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u091f\u093f\u092a\u094d\u092a\u0923\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u0935\u0939\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0947, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0905\u0902\u0915 \u092a\u0943\u0925\u0915\u094d \u0926\u0930\u094d\u091c \u0939\u094b \u092f\u093e \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u090f\u0964 \u091c\u094b \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u092a\u0930 \u0936\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0923\u0940 \u0905\u0928\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0909\u0938\u0928\u0947 \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0906\u0936\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u093e \u0939\u0940 \u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920\u092a\u094b\u0937\u0923 \u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0940 \u092c\u0928\u093e \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u0939\u093f\u0924\u094d\u092f \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0937 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0930\u0916\u0928\u0947 \u092f\u094b\u0917\u094d\u092f \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920\u092a\u094b\u0937\u0923-\u0939\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u092a\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u090f\u0915 \u092e\u0947\u091f\u093e-\u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0937\u0923 \u0928\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u092f\u093e \u0915\u093f \u0909\u0928\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0932\u0917\u092d\u0917 \u090f\u0915-\u0924\u093f\u0939\u093e\u0908 \u0928\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0928 <em>\u0918\u091f\u093e\u092f\u093e<\/em>, \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u0935 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0902\u092c\u094b\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u092a \u0909\u0928\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0941\u0916 \u0925\u0947\u0964<\/span><\/p>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"callout amber\">\r\n <div class=\"callout-label\"><span class=\"en\">Wait time<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e-\u0938\u092e\u092f<\/span><\/div>\r\n <span class=\"en\">Mary Budd Rowe measured the pause between a teacher's question and the teacher's next utterance and found it to be about one second. Extending it to three seconds and more changed several things at once: answers became longer, more learners volunteered, the number of failures to respond fell, and learners began to support their answers with evidence unprompted. The teacher's own questioning also changed, becoming more varied and less repetitive. It is the least expensive intervention in this chapter and the hardest to sustain, because one second of classroom silence is experienced by the person at the front as considerably longer than it is.<\/span>\r\n <span class=\"hi\">\u092e\u0947\u0930\u0940 \u092c\u0921 \u0930\u094b \u0928\u0947 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0917\u0932\u0947 \u0915\u0925\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u0915\u0947 \u0920\u0939\u0930\u093e\u0935 \u0915\u094b \u092e\u093e\u092a\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0932\u0917\u092d\u0917 \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u0947\u0915\u0902\u0921 \u092a\u093e\u092f\u093e\u0964 \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0924\u0940\u0928 \u0938\u0947\u0915\u0902\u0921 \u092f\u093e \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0924\u0915 \u092c\u0922\u093c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0915\u0908 \u092c\u093e\u0924\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0940\u0902: \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0932\u0902\u092c\u0947 \u0939\u0941\u090f, \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0947\u091a\u094d\u091b\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u0906\u090f, \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0928 \u0926\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0918\u091f\u0940, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0915\u0939\u0947 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0939\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0928\u0947 \u0932\u0917\u0947\u0964 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u092a\u0928\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928\u0928 \u092d\u0940 \u092c\u0926\u0932\u093e, \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0935\u093f\u0927 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0915\u092e \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u093e\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u0941\u0906\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0907\u0938 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f \u0915\u093e \u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u092e \u0916\u0930\u094d\u091a\u0940\u0932\u093e \u0939\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u092a \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u090f \u0930\u0916\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0920\u093f\u0928, \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u094c\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u0947\u0915\u0902\u0921 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0928\u0947 \u0916\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0915\u094b \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0940 \u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u0935\u0927\u093f \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u092b\u0940 \u0932\u0902\u092c\u093e \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092d\u0935 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"p14-3\">\r\n <span class=\"section-badge\">14.3<\/span>\r\n <h3><span class=\"en\">Tools, Techniques and Rubrics<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0930\u0942\u092c\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0915<\/span><\/h3>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <p><span class=\"en\">A <em>technique<\/em> is the procedure by which evidence is obtained \u2014 testing, observation, self-report, peer assessment. A <em>tool<\/em> is the instrument used within it \u2014 a question paper, a checklist, a rating scale, a rubric, an anecdotal record, a portfolio. The distinction is worth keeping because the same tool serves several techniques, and a scheme that lists them together has usually confused a decision about method with a decision about paperwork.<\/span><span class=\"hi\"><em>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f<\/em> \u0935\u0939 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923, \u0938\u094d\u0935-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0926\u0928, \u0938\u0939\u092a\u093e\u0920\u0940 \u0906\u0915\u0932\u0928\u0964 <em>\u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923<\/em> \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092d\u0940\u0924\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0938\u093e\u0927\u0928 \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930, \u091c\u093e\u0901\u091a-\u0938\u0942\u091a\u0940, \u092e\u093e\u092a\u0928\u0940, \u0930\u0942\u092c\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0915, \u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0902\u0924 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0932\u0947\u0916, \u0938\u0902\u091a\u092f\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u092d\u0947\u0926 \u0930\u0916\u0928\u0947 \u092f\u094b\u0917\u094d\u092f \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u090f\u0915 \u0939\u0940 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0905\u0928\u0947\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u091c\u094b \u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928\u093e \u0907\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0940\u092c\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0909\u0938\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092f\u0903 \u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0923\u092f \u0915\u094b \u0915\u093e\u0917\u091c\u093c\u0940 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0923\u092f \u0938\u0947 \u092d\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930 \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n <svg class=\"full-diagram\" viewBox=\"0 0 560 274\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"One row of an analytic rubric with its parts named\">\r\n<g font-family=\"DM Sans, Noto Sans Devanagari, sans-serif\" font-size=\"10.5\">\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"20\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"11\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#5a6d80\">ONE ROW OF AN ANALYTIC RUBRIC<\/text>\r\n <rect x=\"10\" y=\"60\" width=\"110\" height=\"104\" rx=\"6\" fill=\"#eef4fc\" stroke=\"#1f5fa9\" stroke-width=\"1.8\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"65\" y=\"104\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\">USE OF<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"65\" y=\"118\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\">EVIDENCE<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"65\" y=\"136\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7\" font-style=\"italic\" fill=\"#5a6d80\">the criterion<\/text>\r\n<rect x=\"128\" y=\"60\" width=\"102\" height=\"24\" rx=\"5\" fill=\"#0d8f79\"\/><text x=\"179\" y=\"76\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#ffffff\">4 · SECURE<\/text><rect x=\"128\" y=\"88\" width=\"102\" height=\"76\" rx=\"6\" fill=\"#ffffff\" stroke=\"#0d8f79\" stroke-width=\"1.6\"\/><text x=\"179\" y=\"106\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"6.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">every claim is<\/text><text x=\"179\" y=\"120\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"6.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">supported by<\/text><text x=\"179\" y=\"134\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"6.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">evidence named in<\/text><text x=\"179\" y=\"148\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"6.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">the text<\/text><rect x=\"234\" y=\"60\" width=\"102\" height=\"24\" rx=\"5\" fill=\"#2f92d1\"\/><text x=\"285\" y=\"76\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#ffffff\">3 · DEVELOPING<\/text><rect x=\"234\" y=\"88\" width=\"102\" height=\"76\" rx=\"6\" fill=\"#ffffff\" stroke=\"#2f92d1\" stroke-width=\"1.6\"\/><text x=\"285\" y=\"106\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"6.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">most claims<\/text><text x=\"285\" y=\"120\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"6.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">supported; one or<\/text><text x=\"285\" y=\"134\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"6.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">two asserted<\/text><rect x=\"340\" y=\"60\" width=\"102\" height=\"24\" rx=\"5\" fill=\"#c9760f\"\/><text x=\"391\" y=\"76\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#ffffff\">2 · EMERGING<\/text><rect x=\"340\" y=\"88\" width=\"102\" height=\"76\" rx=\"6\" fill=\"#ffffff\" stroke=\"#c9760f\" stroke-width=\"1.6\"\/><text x=\"391\" y=\"106\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"6.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">evidence present but<\/text><text x=\"391\" y=\"120\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"6.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">not linked to the<\/text><text x=\"391\" y=\"134\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"6.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">claim<\/text><rect x=\"446\" y=\"60\" width=\"102\" height=\"24\" rx=\"5\" fill=\"#8e2f5a\"\/><text x=\"497\" y=\"76\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#ffffff\">1 · BEGINNING<\/text><rect x=\"446\" y=\"88\" width=\"102\" height=\"76\" rx=\"6\" fill=\"#ffffff\" stroke=\"#8e2f5a\" stroke-width=\"1.6\"\/><text x=\"497\" y=\"106\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"6.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">claims are asserted<\/text><text x=\"497\" y=\"120\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"6.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">without evidence<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"340\" y=\"50\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#5a6d80\">THE LEVELS · ordered, and named rather than numbered alone<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"340\" y=\"180\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" font-style=\"italic\" fill=\"#5a6d80\">the descriptors · one per level, and each distinguishable from its neighbours<\/text>\r\n\r\n <rect x=\"10\" y=\"192\" width=\"536\" height=\"70\" rx=\"8\" fill=\"#f5f8fd\" stroke=\"#14243f\" stroke-width=\"1.6\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"210\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#14243f\">Two tests a descriptor must pass<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"228\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">It describes the work and not the learner — never careless, weak or hardworking.<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"244\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">Two markers reading it independently place the same piece at the same level.<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"258\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" font-style=\"italic\" fill=\"#5a6d80\">a descriptor that says good, better, best has named nothing that could be looked for<\/text>\r\n<\/g><\/svg>\r\n <div class=\"diagram-cap\"><span class=\"en\">A descriptor names what is on the page, and two markers reading it agree<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u093f\u0935\u0930\u0923 \u0935\u0939 \u092c\u0924\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u092a\u0930 \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0922\u093c\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0926\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0901\u091a\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0938\u0939\u092e\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902<\/span><\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"table-scroll\">\r\n <table class=\"data-table\">\r\n <thead><tr>\r\n <th style=\"width:22%\"><span class=\"en\">Quality<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0917\u0941\u0923<\/span><\/th>\r\n <th style=\"width:34%\"><span class=\"en\">The question it asks<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092f\u0939 \u091c\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u092a\u0942\u091b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/th>\r\n <th style=\"width:44%\"><span class=\"en\">How it fails, and what it does to the claim<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092f\u0939 \u0915\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u092b\u0932 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0926\u093e\u0935\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/th>\r\n <\/tr><\/thead>\r\n <tbody>\r\n <tr><td><strong><span class=\"en\">Validity<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u0948\u0927\u0924\u093e<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Does the instrument measure what it claims to measure, for this purpose?<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0907\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u092a\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u0939 \u0926\u093e\u0935\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948?<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">A science paper written in dense language partly measures reading. The score is then a reliable measurement of the wrong thing, which no amount of consistency can repair.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u091c\u091f\u093f\u0932 \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0932\u093f\u0916\u093e \u0935\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0906\u0902\u0936\u093f\u0915 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0920\u0928 \u092e\u093e\u092a\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0924\u092c \u0905\u0902\u0915 \u0917\u0932\u0924 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0935\u0938\u0928\u0940\u092f \u092e\u093e\u092a\u0928 \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u093f\u0924\u0928\u0940 \u092d\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0917\u0924\u093f \u0920\u0940\u0915 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td><strong><span class=\"en\">Reliability<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0935\u0938\u0928\u0940\u092f\u0924\u093e<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Would the instrument say the same thing on a second occasion, or in another marker's hands?<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u0947 \u0905\u0935\u0938\u0930 \u092a\u0930, \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f \u091c\u093e\u0901\u091a\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0939\u093e\u0925\u094b\u0902, \u0935\u0939\u0940 \u0915\u0939\u0947\u0917\u093e?<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">An essay marked by two teachers to different standards. The measurement is unstable, so nothing can be inferred from a difference between two learners.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0926\u094b \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u091c\u093e\u0901\u091a\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0928\u093f\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0964 \u092e\u093e\u092a\u0928 \u0905\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0930 \u0939\u0948, \u0905\u0924\u0903 \u0926\u094b \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0941\u091b \u092d\u0940 \u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td><strong><span class=\"en\">Objectivity<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0920\u0924\u093e<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Is the score independent of who awards it?<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0905\u0902\u0915 \u0907\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u094c\u0928 \u0926\u0947 \u0930\u0939\u093e \u0939\u0948?<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">The chief reason a rubric exists. Without agreed descriptors, marking drifts towards the marker's expectation of the particular learner.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0930\u0942\u092c\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0941\u0916 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923\u0964 \u0938\u0939\u092e\u0924 \u0935\u093f\u0935\u0930\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0901\u091a \u0909\u0938 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0901\u091a\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u0913\u0930 \u0938\u0930\u0915 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td><strong><span class=\"en\">Practicability<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0915\u0924\u093e<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Can it actually be administered and marked in the time and conditions available?<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0909\u092a\u0932\u092c\u094d\u0927 \u0938\u092e\u092f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0932\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u091c\u093e\u0901\u091a \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924\u0903 \u0938\u0902\u092d\u0935 \u0939\u0948?<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">A scheme requiring six separate records per learner per week will be completed retrospectively from memory, at which point it has none of the other three qualities.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u091c\u093f\u0938 \u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f \u0938\u092a\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0939 \u091b\u0939 \u092a\u0943\u0925\u0915\u094d \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0932\u0947\u0916 \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f \u0935\u0939 \u0938\u094d\u092e\u0943\u0924\u093f \u0938\u0947 \u092d\u0942\u0924\u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0940 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u092d\u0930\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u090f\u0917\u0940, \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0938 \u092c\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0941 \u092a\u0930 \u0909\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0936\u0947\u0937 \u0924\u0940\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0917\u0941\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <\/tbody>\r\n <\/table>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <svg class=\"full-diagram\" viewBox=\"0 0 560 322\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"A blueprint distributing eighty marks across four units and four cognitive processes\">\r\n<g font-family=\"DM Sans, Noto Sans Devanagari, sans-serif\" font-size=\"10.5\">\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"20\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"11\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#5a6d80\">A BLUEPRINT · EIGHTY MARKS, DISTRIBUTED BEFORE ANY QUESTION IS WRITTEN<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"66\" y=\"36\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#5a6d80\">CONTENT<\/text>\r\n<rect x=\"124\" y=\"44\" width=\"82\" height=\"26\" rx=\"5\" fill=\"#14243f\"\/><text x=\"165\" y=\"61\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#ffffff\">Remember<\/text><rect x=\"208\" y=\"44\" width=\"82\" height=\"26\" rx=\"5\" fill=\"#14243f\"\/><text x=\"249\" y=\"61\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#ffffff\">Understand<\/text><rect x=\"292\" y=\"44\" width=\"82\" height=\"26\" rx=\"5\" fill=\"#14243f\"\/><text x=\"333\" y=\"61\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#ffffff\">Apply<\/text><rect x=\"376\" y=\"44\" width=\"82\" height=\"26\" rx=\"5\" fill=\"#14243f\"\/><text x=\"417\" y=\"61\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#ffffff\">Analyse +<\/text><rect x=\"460\" y=\"44\" width=\"82\" height=\"26\" rx=\"5\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\"\/><text x=\"501\" y=\"61\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#ffffff\">TOTAL<\/text><rect x=\"12\" y=\"74\" width=\"108\" height=\"36\" rx=\"5\" fill=\"#eef4fc\" stroke=\"#1f5fa9\" stroke-width=\"1.4\"\/><text x=\"66\" y=\"97\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\">Unit 1<\/text><rect x=\"124\" y=\"74\" width=\"82\" height=\"36\" rx=\"5\" fill=\"#ffffff\" stroke=\"#dde5ee\" stroke-width=\"1.1\"\/><text x=\"165\" y=\"97\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">4<\/text><rect x=\"208\" y=\"74\" width=\"82\" height=\"36\" rx=\"5\" fill=\"#ffffff\" stroke=\"#dde5ee\" stroke-width=\"1.1\"\/><text x=\"249\" y=\"97\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">6<\/text><rect x=\"292\" y=\"74\" width=\"82\" height=\"36\" rx=\"5\" fill=\"#ffffff\" stroke=\"#dde5ee\" stroke-width=\"1.1\"\/><text x=\"333\" y=\"97\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">4<\/text><rect x=\"376\" y=\"74\" width=\"82\" height=\"36\" rx=\"5\" fill=\"#ffffff\" stroke=\"#dde5ee\" stroke-width=\"1.1\"\/><text x=\"417\" y=\"97\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">2<\/text><rect x=\"460\" y=\"74\" width=\"82\" height=\"36\" rx=\"5\" fill=\"#eef4fc\" stroke=\"#1f5fa9\" stroke-width=\"1.6\"\/><text x=\"501\" y=\"97\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\">16<\/text><rect x=\"12\" y=\"114\" width=\"108\" height=\"36\" rx=\"5\" fill=\"#eef4fc\" stroke=\"#1f5fa9\" stroke-width=\"1.4\"\/><text x=\"66\" y=\"137\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\">Unit 2<\/text><rect x=\"124\" y=\"114\" width=\"82\" height=\"36\" rx=\"5\" fill=\"#ffffff\" stroke=\"#dde5ee\" stroke-width=\"1.1\"\/><text x=\"165\" y=\"137\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">3<\/text><rect x=\"208\" y=\"114\" width=\"82\" height=\"36\" rx=\"5\" fill=\"#ffffff\" stroke=\"#dde5ee\" stroke-width=\"1.1\"\/><text x=\"249\" y=\"137\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">7<\/text><rect x=\"292\" y=\"114\" width=\"82\" height=\"36\" rx=\"5\" fill=\"#ffffff\" stroke=\"#dde5ee\" stroke-width=\"1.1\"\/><text x=\"333\" y=\"137\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">6<\/text><rect x=\"376\" y=\"114\" width=\"82\" height=\"36\" rx=\"5\" fill=\"#ffffff\" stroke=\"#dde5ee\" stroke-width=\"1.1\"\/><text x=\"417\" y=\"137\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">4<\/text><rect x=\"460\" y=\"114\" width=\"82\" height=\"36\" rx=\"5\" fill=\"#eef4fc\" stroke=\"#1f5fa9\" stroke-width=\"1.6\"\/><text x=\"501\" y=\"137\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\">20<\/text><rect x=\"12\" y=\"154\" width=\"108\" height=\"36\" rx=\"5\" fill=\"#eef4fc\" stroke=\"#1f5fa9\" stroke-width=\"1.4\"\/><text x=\"66\" y=\"177\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\">Unit 3<\/text><rect x=\"124\" y=\"154\" width=\"82\" height=\"36\" rx=\"5\" fill=\"#ffffff\" stroke=\"#dde5ee\" stroke-width=\"1.1\"\/><text x=\"165\" y=\"177\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">2<\/text><rect x=\"208\" y=\"154\" width=\"82\" height=\"36\" rx=\"5\" fill=\"#ffffff\" stroke=\"#dde5ee\" stroke-width=\"1.1\"\/><text x=\"249\" y=\"177\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">6<\/text><rect x=\"292\" y=\"154\" width=\"82\" height=\"36\" rx=\"5\" fill=\"#ffffff\" stroke=\"#dde5ee\" stroke-width=\"1.1\"\/><text x=\"333\" y=\"177\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">8<\/text><rect x=\"376\" y=\"154\" width=\"82\" height=\"36\" rx=\"5\" fill=\"#ffffff\" stroke=\"#dde5ee\" stroke-width=\"1.1\"\/><text x=\"417\" y=\"177\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">6<\/text><rect x=\"460\" y=\"154\" width=\"82\" height=\"36\" rx=\"5\" fill=\"#eef4fc\" stroke=\"#1f5fa9\" stroke-width=\"1.6\"\/><text x=\"501\" y=\"177\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\">22<\/text><rect x=\"12\" y=\"194\" width=\"108\" height=\"36\" rx=\"5\" fill=\"#eef4fc\" stroke=\"#1f5fa9\" stroke-width=\"1.4\"\/><text x=\"66\" y=\"217\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\">Unit 4<\/text><rect x=\"124\" y=\"194\" width=\"82\" height=\"36\" rx=\"5\" fill=\"#ffffff\" stroke=\"#dde5ee\" stroke-width=\"1.1\"\/><text x=\"165\" y=\"217\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">1<\/text><rect x=\"208\" y=\"194\" width=\"82\" height=\"36\" rx=\"5\" fill=\"#ffffff\" stroke=\"#dde5ee\" stroke-width=\"1.1\"\/><text x=\"249\" y=\"217\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">5<\/text><rect x=\"292\" y=\"194\" width=\"82\" height=\"36\" rx=\"5\" fill=\"#ffffff\" stroke=\"#dde5ee\" stroke-width=\"1.1\"\/><text x=\"333\" y=\"217\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">8<\/text><rect x=\"376\" y=\"194\" width=\"82\" height=\"36\" rx=\"5\" fill=\"#ffffff\" stroke=\"#dde5ee\" stroke-width=\"1.1\"\/><text x=\"417\" y=\"217\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">8<\/text><rect x=\"460\" y=\"194\" width=\"82\" height=\"36\" rx=\"5\" fill=\"#eef4fc\" stroke=\"#1f5fa9\" stroke-width=\"1.6\"\/><text x=\"501\" y=\"217\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\">22<\/text><rect x=\"12\" y=\"234\" width=\"108\" height=\"36\" rx=\"5\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\" stroke=\"#1f5fa9\" stroke-width=\"1.4\"\/><text x=\"66\" y=\"257\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#ffffff\">TOTAL<\/text><rect x=\"124\" y=\"234\" width=\"82\" height=\"36\" rx=\"5\" fill=\"#eef4fc\" stroke=\"#1f5fa9\" stroke-width=\"1.6\"\/><text x=\"165\" y=\"257\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\">10<\/text><rect x=\"208\" y=\"234\" width=\"82\" height=\"36\" rx=\"5\" fill=\"#eef4fc\" stroke=\"#1f5fa9\" stroke-width=\"1.6\"\/><text x=\"249\" y=\"257\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\">24<\/text><rect x=\"292\" y=\"234\" width=\"82\" height=\"36\" rx=\"5\" fill=\"#eef4fc\" stroke=\"#1f5fa9\" stroke-width=\"1.6\"\/><text x=\"333\" y=\"257\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\">26<\/text><rect x=\"376\" y=\"234\" width=\"82\" height=\"36\" rx=\"5\" fill=\"#eef4fc\" stroke=\"#1f5fa9\" stroke-width=\"1.6\"\/><text x=\"417\" y=\"257\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\">20<\/text><rect x=\"460\" y=\"234\" width=\"82\" height=\"36\" rx=\"5\" fill=\"#eef4fc\" stroke=\"#1f5fa9\" stroke-width=\"1.6\"\/><text x=\"501\" y=\"257\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\">80<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"298\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" fill=\"#5a6d80\">the marginal totals are the decisions; the individual cells follow from them<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"314\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" font-style=\"italic\" fill=\"#5a6d80\">written after the paper, a blueprint is a description; written before it, it is a design<\/text>\r\n<\/g><\/svg>\r\n <div class=\"diagram-cap\"><span class=\"en\">The marginal totals are the decisions; the cells follow from them<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e\u0902\u0924 \u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0939\u0940 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0923\u092f \u0939\u0948\u0902; \u0915\u094b\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u0909\u0928\u0938\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u0932\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902<\/span><\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"exam-tip\">\r\n <div class=\"et-icon\">●<\/div>\r\n <div class=\"et-body\">\r\n <strong><span class=\"en\">Reading a blueprint.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092c\u094d\u0932\u0942\u092a\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0902\u091f \u092a\u0922\u093c\u0928\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/strong>\r\n <span class=\"en\"> A blueprint or table of specifications distributes the total marks across content on one axis and cognitive processes on the other, before any question is drafted. Three things can be read off it directly:<\/span>\r\n <span class=\"hi\"> \u092c\u094d\u0932\u0942\u092a\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0902\u091f \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936-\u0938\u093e\u0930\u0923\u0940 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u092e\u0938\u094c\u0926\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u0915\u0941\u0932 \u0905\u0902\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u090f\u0915 \u0905\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u092a\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0924\u0940\u0928 \u092c\u093e\u0924\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0940\u0927\u0947 \u092a\u0922\u093c\u0940 \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902:<\/span>\r\n <ul class=\"split-list\">\r\n <li><span class=\"sl-tag\">1<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">the weight given to each unit, which should follow the periods spent on it<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0907\u0915\u093e\u0908 \u0915\u093e \u092d\u093e\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0915, \u091c\u094b \u0909\u0938 \u092a\u0930 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u092f \u0915\u093e\u0932\u093e\u0902\u0936\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0930\u0942\u092a \u0939\u094b\u0928\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f<\/span><\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"sl-tag\">2<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">the balance of processes, and whether the paper lives in the two leftmost columns<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0902\u0924\u0941\u0932\u0928, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092c\u093e\u0908\u0902 \u0913\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u094b \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0902\u092d\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u0940 \u092c\u0938\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"sl-tag\">3<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">whether the demand rises across the year, or every unit is tested the same way<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937 \u092d\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u093e\u0901\u0917 \u092c\u0922\u093c\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0907\u0915\u093e\u0908 \u090f\u0915 \u0939\u0940 \u0922\u0902\u0917 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u0916\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"p14-4\">\r\n <span class=\"section-badge\">14.4<\/span>\r\n <h3><span class=\"en\">Holistic Progress Card and PARAKH<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0917\u0924\u093f \u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u0930\u0916<\/span><\/h3>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <p><span class=\"en\">The National Education Policy of 2020 proposed that assessment shift from a summative examination that tests rote memory towards regular, formative and competency-based work, and that the report a learner carries become a 360-degree holistic progress card rather than a statement of marks. It also proposed a national assessment centre, and PARAKH \u2014 Performance Assessment, Review, and Analysis of Knowledge for Holistic Development \u2014 was established under NCERT to serve that function.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">2020 \u0915\u0940 \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f \u0928\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u093f \u0906\u0915\u0932\u0928 \u0930\u091f\u0902\u0924 \u0938\u094d\u092e\u0943\u0924\u093f \u092a\u0930\u0916\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0932\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u0939\u091f\u0915\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e\u093f\u0924, \u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0926\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0924\u093e-\u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0940 \u0913\u0930 \u092c\u0922\u093c\u0947, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u091c\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0926\u0928 \u0932\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u090f \u0935\u0939 \u0905\u0902\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0915\u0925\u0928 \u0928 \u0939\u094b\u0915\u0930 360-\u0905\u0902\u0936 \u0938\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0917\u0924\u093f \u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092c\u0928\u0947\u0964 \u0909\u0938\u0928\u0947 \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0906\u0915\u0932\u0928 \u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930 \u092d\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e, \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u0930\u0916 \u2014 \u092a\u0930\u092b\u0949\u0930\u094d\u092e\u0947\u0902\u0938 \u0905\u0938\u0947\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902\u091f, \u0930\u093f\u0935\u094d\u092f\u0942, \u090f\u0902\u0921 \u090f\u0928\u093e\u0932\u093f\u0938\u093f\u0938 \u0911\u092b \u0928\u0949\u0932\u0947\u091c \u092b\u0949\u0930 \u0939\u094b\u0932\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u093f\u0915 \u0921\u0947\u0935\u0932\u092a\u092e\u0947\u0902\u091f \u2014 \u0909\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u090f\u0928\u0938\u0940\u0908\u0906\u0930\u091f\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u0940\u0928 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0941\u0906\u0964<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"feat-grid\">\r\n <div class=\"feat-card\"><span class=\"fc-num\">1<\/span><strong><span class=\"en\">Standard-setting<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092e\u093e\u0928\u0915-\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"en\">Norms and guidelines for student assessment, so that a result from one board can be read against a result from another.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u091b\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0906\u0915\u0932\u0928 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0926\u0902\u0921 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0926\u093f\u0936\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936, \u0924\u093e\u0915\u093f \u090f\u0915 \u092c\u094b\u0930\u094d\u0921 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u092a\u0922\u093c\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0947\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"feat-card\"><span class=\"fc-num\">2<\/span><strong><span class=\"en\">Large-scale assessment<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u0943\u0939\u0924\u094d-\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0906\u0915\u0932\u0928<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"en\">Sample-based surveys of attainment across the system, which report on the health of a stage rather than on any learner.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u092d\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u092a\u0932\u092c\u094d\u0927\u093f \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936-\u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923, \u091c\u094b \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u092a\u0930 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0905\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0925\u094d\u092f \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0926\u0928 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"feat-card\"><span class=\"fc-num\">3<\/span><strong><span class=\"en\">Equivalence across boards<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092c\u094b\u0930\u094d\u0921\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u092e\u0924\u0941\u0932\u094d\u092f\u0924\u093e<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"en\">Benchmarking, so that a comparison between school boards rests on something other than the pass percentage each reports.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092e\u093e\u0928\u0915-\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923, \u0924\u093e\u0915\u093f \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f\u0940 \u092c\u094b\u0930\u094d\u0921\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0924\u0941\u0932\u0928\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u092c\u0924\u093e\u090f \u0917\u090f \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0940\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0936\u0924 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0924\u093f\u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u092a\u0930 \u091f\u093f\u0915\u0947\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"feat-card\"><span class=\"fc-num\">4<\/span><strong><span class=\"en\">The Holistic Progress Card<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0917\u0924\u093f \u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"en\">A reporting format built around competencies and descriptors, in which the learner's own assessment and that of peers sit beside the teacher's.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0926\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0924\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0935\u0930\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0907\u0930\u094d\u0926-\u0917\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0926 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0926\u0928-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0930\u0942\u092a, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u092a\u0928\u093e \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0938\u0939\u092a\u093e\u0920\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0906\u0915\u0932\u0928 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u0906\u0915\u0932\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0917\u0932 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0930\u0939\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"callout teal\">\r\n <div class=\"callout-label\"><span class=\"en\">What the three-way structure is for<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f-\u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0932\u093f\u090f \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/div>\r\n <span class=\"en\">Putting self-assessment and peer assessment beside the teacher's is not a gesture towards participation. It is the reporting form of the fifth formative strategy: a learner who has judged a piece of work against the criteria has had to hold the criteria in mind, which is the operation that makes assessment <em>as<\/em> learning possible at all. The card is therefore an instrument of teaching and not only of reporting, and a school that fills in the learner's column on the learner's behalf has kept the format and removed the thing it was for.<\/span>\r\n <span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u094d\u0935-\u0906\u0915\u0932\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0939\u092a\u093e\u0920\u0940 \u0906\u0915\u0932\u0928 \u0915\u094b \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u0906\u0915\u0932\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0917\u0932 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0930\u0916\u0928\u093e \u0938\u0939\u092d\u093e\u0917\u093f\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u0913\u0930 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0947\u0924 \u092e\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u092a\u093e\u0901\u091a\u0935\u0940\u0902 \u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0926\u0928-\u0930\u0942\u092a \u0939\u0948: \u091c\u093f\u0938 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0928\u0947 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u094b \u0915\u0938\u094c\u091f\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0906\u0901\u0915\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0938\u094c\u091f\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u092e\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0940 \u092a\u0921\u093c\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0914\u0930 \u092f\u0939\u0940 \u0935\u0939 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e <em>\u0930\u0942\u092a\u0940<\/em> \u0906\u0915\u0932\u0928 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0902\u092d\u0935 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0905\u0924\u0903 \u092f\u0939 \u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0926\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u093e \u092d\u0940 \u0938\u093e\u0927\u0928 \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u091c\u094b \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u0913\u0930 \u0938\u0947 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0902\u092d \u092d\u0930 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0909\u0938\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0930\u0942\u092a \u0930\u0916 \u0932\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u0939 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u0939\u091f\u093e \u0926\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0935\u0939 \u0925\u093e\u0964<\/span>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"cyp-box\">\r\n <div class=\"cyp-title\"><span class=\"en\">Progress check<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0917\u0924\u093f \u091c\u093e\u0901\u091a<\/span><\/div>\r\n <details class=\"cyp-q\"><summary><span class=\"en\">A teacher writes a full paragraph of comment on each script and a mark out of twenty beside it. What does the evidence predict?<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930-\u092a\u0941\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0915\u093e \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u093e \u091f\u093f\u092a\u094d\u092a\u0923\u0940-\u0905\u0928\u0941\u091a\u094d\u091b\u0947\u0926 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092c\u0917\u0932 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0940\u0938 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0902\u0915 \u0932\u093f\u0916\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0928\u0941\u092e\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902?<\/span><\/summary>\r\n <div class=\"cyp-a\"><span class=\"en\">That the class will perform as though only the mark had been given. Butler's comparison found that comments alone improved subsequent work, grades alone did not, and comments accompanied by grades behaved like grades alone. The comment is read and makes no difference, because a mark is a judgement of standing and the learner attends to it first. The repair is to return work for improvement with comments only and to record the mark separately.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u093f \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0910\u0938\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0917\u0940 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u094b \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0905\u0902\u0915 \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0964 \u092c\u091f\u0932\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0924\u0941\u0932\u0928\u093e \u0928\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u092f\u093e \u0915\u093f \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u091f\u093f\u092a\u094d\u092a\u0923\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0940 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0938\u0941\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093e, \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0936\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0923\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0928\u0947 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0936\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0923\u0940-\u0938\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u091f\u093f\u092a\u094d\u092a\u0923\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932-\u0936\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0923\u0940 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u093e \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0964 \u091f\u093f\u092a\u094d\u092a\u0923\u0940 \u092a\u0922\u093c\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u092a\u0921\u093c\u0924\u093e, \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u0905\u0902\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0923\u092f \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0909\u0938\u0940 \u092a\u0930 \u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0928 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0909\u092a\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u092f\u0939 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0938\u0941\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u091f\u093f\u092a\u094d\u092a\u0923\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0932\u094c\u091f\u093e\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u090f \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u0902\u0915 \u092a\u0943\u0925\u0915\u094d \u0926\u0930\u094d\u091c \u0939\u094b\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n <details class=\"cyp-q\"><summary><span class=\"en\">A well-marked science paper is written in dense English for a class taught in Hindi. Which quality has failed?<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0939\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0922\u093c\u093e\u0908 \u0917\u0908 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u091c\u091f\u093f\u0932 \u0905\u0902\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0947\u091c\u093c\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0932\u093f\u0916\u093e \u0938\u0941\u091c\u093e\u0901\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0935\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0964 \u0915\u094c\u0928-\u0938\u093e \u0917\u0941\u0923 \u0935\u093f\u092b\u0932 \u0939\u0941\u0906?<\/span><\/summary>\r\n <div class=\"cyp-a\"><span class=\"en\">Validity, and reliability is untouched \u2014 which is the point. The marking may be perfectly consistent and two markers may agree exactly, so the instrument is a reliable measurement of something that includes reading proficiency in a second language. Consistency in measuring the wrong thing is not a defence, and this is the case that shows why validity is asked about first.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u0948\u0927\u0924\u093e, \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0935\u0938\u0928\u0940\u092f\u0924\u093e \u0905\u091b\u0942\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u0914\u0930 \u092f\u0939\u0940 \u092c\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0941 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u091c\u093e\u0901\u091a \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923\u0924\u0903 \u0938\u0902\u0917\u0924 \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0926\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0901\u091a\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e \u092f\u0925\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0924\u0903 \u0938\u0939\u092e\u0924 \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0905\u0924\u0903 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0910\u0938\u0940 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0935\u0938\u0928\u0940\u092f \u092e\u093e\u092a\u0928 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u0940 \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0920\u0928-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0940\u0923\u0924\u093e \u0938\u092e\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0932\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0917\u0932\u0924 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u092a\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u0917\u0924\u093f \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u092c\u091a\u093e\u0935 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0914\u0930 \u092f\u0939\u0940 \u0935\u0939 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0926\u093f\u0916\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0935\u0948\u0927\u0924\u093e \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0942\u091b\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n <details class=\"cyp-q\"><summary><span class=\"en\">A rubric level reads: shows a careless attitude to evidence. What is wrong with it?<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0930\u0942\u092c\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0939\u0948: \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f \u0932\u093e\u092a\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0939 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0926\u094b\u0937 \u0939\u0948?<\/span><\/summary>\r\n <div class=\"cyp-a\"><span class=\"en\">It describes the learner rather than the work, so it is feedback at the level of the self wearing the clothes of a criterion. It also fails the second test: two markers would not reliably place the same piece at the same level, because carelessness is inferred rather than observed. A usable descriptor names what is present or absent on the page \u2014 claims are asserted without evidence.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092f\u0939 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0923\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0905\u0924\u0903 \u092f\u0939 \u0915\u0938\u094c\u091f\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092a\u0939\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0935-\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920\u092a\u094b\u0937\u0923 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u0938\u094c\u091f\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092d\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u092b\u0932 \u0939\u0948: \u0926\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0901\u091a\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e \u090f\u0915 \u0939\u0940 \u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0935\u0938\u0928\u0940\u092f \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u090f\u0915 \u0939\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0930\u0916\u0947\u0902\u0917\u0947, \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u0932\u093e\u092a\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0939\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092e\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u091c\u094d\u092f \u0935\u093f\u0935\u0930\u0923 \u0935\u0939 \u092c\u0924\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u092a\u0930 \u0909\u092a\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u092f\u093e \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u0926\u093e\u0935\u0947 \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u0939\u0947 \u0917\u090f \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"p14-5\">\r\n <span class=\"section-badge\">14.5<\/span>\r\n <h3><span class=\"en\">Practice Set<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u092d\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938 \u0938\u0947\u091f<\/span><\/h3>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"mcq-box\">\r\n <div class=\"mcq-title\"><span class=\"en\">Practice \u2014 Assessment as Pedagogy<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u092d\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938 \u2014 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0906\u0915\u0932\u0928<\/span> <span class=\"mcq-src\">10 items<\/span><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"mcq-note\"><span class=\"en\">Where a practice is described, ask what decision the evidence informs and who takes it.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0923\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b, \u092a\u0942\u091b\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u093f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u0915\u093f\u0938 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0923\u092f \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0942\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u094c\u0928 \u0932\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n\r\n <details class=\"mcq-q\"><summary><span class=\"mcq-num\">1<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">What distinguishes assessment for learning from assessment of learning?<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0906\u0915\u0932\u0928 \u0915\u094b \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e \u0915\u0947 \u0906\u0915\u0932\u0928 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u092a\u0943\u0925\u0915\u094d \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948?<\/span><\/span><\/summary>\r\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\r\n <li>(a) <span class=\"en\">The instrument used<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(b) <span class=\"en\">The use to which the evidence is put<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u0915\u093e \u091c\u094b \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(c) <span class=\"en\">Whether marks are awarded<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u0902\u0915 \u0926\u093f\u090f \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u092f\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(d) <span class=\"en\">The length of the paper<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0932\u0902\u092c\u093e\u0908<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\"><b>(b).<\/b> <span class=\"en\">The same unit test is of learning if the marks are recorded and the class proceeds, and for learning if the pattern of errors changes what is taught next. The difference is made entirely after the paper is collected, which is why the useful question about any assessment is not what kind it is but what changed because of it.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u0939\u0940 \u0907\u0915\u093e\u0908 \u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e \u0915\u093e \u0906\u0915\u0932\u0928 \u0939\u0948 \u092f\u0926\u093f \u0905\u0902\u0915 \u0926\u0930\u094d\u091c \u0939\u094b\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0906\u0917\u0947 \u092c\u0922\u093c \u091c\u093e\u090f, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0906\u0915\u0932\u0928 \u092f\u0926\u093f \u0924\u094d\u0930\u0941\u091f\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u0942\u092a \u092c\u0926\u0932 \u0926\u0947 \u0915\u093f \u0906\u0917\u0947 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u092a\u0922\u093c\u093e\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u090f\u0964 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923\u0924\u0903 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u090f\u0915\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u092c\u0928\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0907\u0938\u0940\u0932\u093f\u090f \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092d\u0940 \u0906\u0915\u0932\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u092f\u0939 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u093f \u0935\u0939 \u0915\u093f\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0905\u092a\u093f\u0924\u0941 \u092f\u0939 \u0915\u093f \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u092c\u0926\u0932\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n\r\n <details class=\"mcq-q\"><summary><span class=\"mcq-num\">2<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">On Hattie and Timperley's account, feedback is least effective when directed at<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0939\u0948\u091f\u0940 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u091f\u093f\u092e\u094d\u092a\u0930\u0932\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0935\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920\u092a\u094b\u0937\u0923 \u0924\u092c \u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u092e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u092c \u0935\u0939 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u094b\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b<\/span><\/span><\/summary>\r\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\r\n <li>(a) <span class=\"en\">the task<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(b) <span class=\"en\">the process<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(c) <span class=\"en\">self-regulation<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u094d\u0935-\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e\u0928<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(d) <span class=\"en\">the self<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u094d\u0935<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\"><b>(d).<\/b> <span class=\"en\">Praise of the person carries almost no information about the work and directs attention away from the task. The other three levels are effective, and process and self-regulation feedback are the most powerful for durable improvement, since they name a strategy rather than a verdict.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u0902\u0938\u093e \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0932\u0917\u092d\u0917 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0935\u0939\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0914\u0930 \u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u094b \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0938\u0947 \u0939\u091f\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0936\u0947\u0937 \u0924\u0940\u0928 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u0935-\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e\u0928 \u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920\u092a\u094b\u0937\u0923 \u091f\u093f\u0915\u093e\u090a \u0938\u0941\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0936\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0936\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u0935\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0923\u092f \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u092c\u0924\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n\r\n <details class=\"mcq-q\"><summary><span class=\"mcq-num\">3<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">Butler's comparison found that work returned with comments and a grade together produced results resembling<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092c\u091f\u0932\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0924\u0941\u0932\u0928\u093e \u0928\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u092f\u093e \u0915\u093f \u091f\u093f\u092a\u094d\u092a\u0923\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0936\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0923\u0940 \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0932\u094c\u091f\u093e\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u093f\u0938 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u093e \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/span><\/summary>\r\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\r\n <li>(a) <span class=\"en\">the comments-only group<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932-\u091f\u093f\u092a\u094d\u092a\u0923\u0940 \u0938\u092e\u0942\u0939<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(b) <span class=\"en\">the grades-only group<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932-\u0936\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0923\u0940 \u0938\u092e\u0942\u0939<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(c) <span class=\"en\">a group receiving neither<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u091c\u093f\u0938 \u0938\u092e\u0942\u0939 \u0915\u094b \u0915\u0941\u091b \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u093e<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(d) <span class=\"en\">better results than either alone<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0905\u0915\u0947\u0932\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0947\u0939\u0924\u0930 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\"><b>(b).<\/b> <span class=\"en\">The comment was read and made no difference once a grade stood beside it, because a grade is a judgement of standing and the learner attends to it first. Option (d) states the intuition most schools act on, and it is the one the finding contradicts. The practical repair is to return work for improvement with comments only and record the mark separately.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0923\u0940 \u092c\u0917\u0932 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0916\u0921\u093c\u0940 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0940 \u091f\u093f\u092a\u094d\u092a\u0923\u0940 \u092a\u0922\u093c\u0940 \u0917\u0908 \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u092a\u0921\u093c\u093e, \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u0936\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0923\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0923\u092f \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0909\u0938\u0940 \u092a\u0930 \u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0928 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a (d) \u0935\u0939\u0940 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u094d\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0939\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938 \u092a\u0930 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0902\u0936 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u091a\u0932\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0914\u0930 \u092f\u0939\u0940 \u0935\u0939 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u093e \u092f\u0939 \u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0937 \u0916\u0902\u0921\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0909\u092a\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u092f\u0939 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0938\u0941\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u091f\u093f\u092a\u094d\u092a\u0923\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0932\u094c\u091f\u093e\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u090f \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u0902\u0915 \u092a\u0943\u0925\u0915\u094d \u0926\u0930\u094d\u091c \u0939\u094b\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n\r\n <details class=\"mcq-q\"><summary><span class=\"mcq-num\">4<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">A science paper in dense language yields consistent marks from two independent markers, but partly measures reading ability. Which is true?<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u091c\u091f\u093f\u0932 \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0926\u094b \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u091c\u093e\u0901\u091a\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u0917\u0924 \u0905\u0902\u0915 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0915\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0941 \u0906\u0902\u0936\u093f\u0915 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0920\u0928-\u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e\u0924\u093e \u092e\u093e\u092a\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0915\u094c\u0928-\u0938\u093e \u0938\u0924\u094d\u092f \u0939\u0948?<\/span><\/span><\/summary>\r\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\r\n <li>(a) <span class=\"en\">It is valid but not reliable<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092f\u0939 \u0935\u0948\u0927 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0941 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0935\u0938\u0928\u0940\u092f \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(b) <span class=\"en\">It is reliable but not valid<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092f\u0939 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0935\u0938\u0928\u0940\u092f \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0941 \u0935\u0948\u0927 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(c) <span class=\"en\">It is neither<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092f\u0939 \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(d) <span class=\"en\">Reliability guarantees validity<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0935\u0938\u0928\u0940\u092f\u0924\u093e \u0935\u0948\u0927\u0924\u093e \u0938\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0936\u094d\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\"><b>(b).<\/b> <span class=\"en\">Consistency in measuring the wrong thing is not a defence, and this is the standard case for showing that the two qualities are independent in one direction only: an instrument cannot be valid without being reliable, but it can be perfectly reliable and measure something other than what is claimed.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0917\u0932\u0924 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u092a\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u0917\u0924\u093f \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u092c\u091a\u093e\u0935 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0914\u0930 \u092f\u0939\u0940 \u0935\u0939 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0926\u093f\u0916\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0917\u0941\u0923 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u090f\u0915 \u0926\u093f\u0936\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0939\u0948\u0902: \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0935\u0938\u0928\u0940\u092f \u0939\u0941\u090f \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0935\u0948\u0927 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e, \u0915\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0941 \u0935\u0939 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923\u0924\u0903 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0935\u0938\u0928\u0940\u092f \u0939\u094b\u0915\u0930 \u092d\u0940 \u0926\u093e\u0935\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u0941\u091b \u092e\u093e\u092a \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n\r\n <details class=\"mcq-q\"><summary><span class=\"mcq-num\">5<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">Black and Wiliam reported that formative assessment raises attainment and does so most for<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092c\u094d\u0932\u0948\u0915 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0932\u093f\u092f\u092e \u0928\u0947 \u092c\u0924\u093e\u092f\u093e \u0915\u093f \u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0906\u0915\u0932\u0928 \u0909\u092a\u0932\u092c\u094d\u0927\u093f \u092c\u0922\u093c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u093f\u0928\u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f<\/span><\/span><\/summary>\r\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\r\n <li>(a) <span class=\"en\">the highest attainers<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a\u0924\u092e \u0909\u092a\u0932\u092c\u094d\u0927\u093f \u0935\u093e\u0932\u094b\u0902<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(b) <span class=\"en\">the lowest attainers<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0928\u093f\u092e\u094d\u0928\u0924\u092e \u0909\u092a\u0932\u092c\u094d\u0927\u093f \u0935\u093e\u0932\u094b\u0902<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(c) <span class=\"en\">learners in the middle of the range<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u0930\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u0927\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(d) <span class=\"en\">all learners equally<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u092d\u0940 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\"><b>(b).<\/b> <span class=\"en\">This is what makes the finding unusual: the intervention lifts the average while narrowing the spread, which few others do. Most measures that raise mean attainment raise it fastest for those already doing well, so an intervention with the opposite profile is worth stating precisely rather than in general terms.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092f\u0939\u0940 \u0907\u0938 \u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0937 \u0915\u094b \u0905\u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948: \u092f\u0939 \u0939\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u092a \u0935\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0941\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0941\u090f \u0914\u0938\u0924 \u0909\u0920\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u094b \u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f \u092c\u0939\u0941\u0924 \u0915\u092e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u091c\u094b \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0902\u0936 \u0909\u092a\u093e\u092f \u0914\u0938\u0924 \u0909\u092a\u0932\u092c\u094d\u0927\u093f \u092c\u0922\u093c\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0935\u0947 \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u0924\u0947\u091c\u093c\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0922\u093c\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u091c\u094b \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u091a\u094d\u091b\u093e \u0915\u0930 \u0930\u0939\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0905\u0924\u0903 \u0935\u093f\u092a\u0930\u0940\u0924 \u091b\u0935\u093f \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0939\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u092a \u0915\u094b \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0936\u092c\u094d\u0926\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u092f\u0925\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0924\u0903 \u0915\u0939\u0928\u093e \u0909\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n\r\n <details class=\"mcq-q\"><summary><span class=\"mcq-num\">6<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">A rubric descriptor reads: shows a lazy attitude to the task. It fails chiefly because<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0930\u0942\u092c\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0935\u0930\u0923 \u0939\u0948: \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f \u0906\u0932\u0938\u0940 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f\u0924\u0903 \u0907\u0938\u0932\u093f\u090f \u0935\u093f\u092b\u0932 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f<\/span><\/span><\/summary>\r\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\r\n <li>(a) <span class=\"en\">it is too long for a rubric cell<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092f\u0939 \u0930\u0942\u092c\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u094b\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u092c\u0939\u0941\u0924 \u0932\u0902\u092c\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(b) <span class=\"en\">it describes the learner rather than the work<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092f\u0939 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0923\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(c) <span class=\"en\">rubrics should have five levels rather than four<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0930\u0942\u092c\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u091c\u093e\u092f \u092a\u093e\u0901\u091a \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(d) <span class=\"en\">it uses a negative rather than a positive form<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092f\u0939 \u0938\u0915\u093e\u0930\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u091c\u093e\u092f \u0928\u0915\u093e\u0930\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\"><b>(b).<\/b> <span class=\"en\">It is self-level feedback wearing the clothes of a criterion, and it also fails the second test a descriptor must pass, since laziness is inferred rather than observed and two markers would not place the same piece at the same level. A usable descriptor names what is present or absent on the page.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092f\u0939 \u0915\u0938\u094c\u091f\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092a\u0939\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0935-\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920\u092a\u094b\u0937\u0923 \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u092f\u0939 \u0909\u0938 \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u0938\u094c\u091f\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092d\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u092b\u0932 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0935\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f, \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u0906\u0932\u0938\u094d\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092e\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0926\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0901\u091a\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e \u090f\u0915 \u0939\u0940 \u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0915\u094b \u090f\u0915 \u0939\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0930\u0916\u0947\u0902\u0917\u0947\u0964 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u091c\u094d\u092f \u0935\u093f\u0935\u0930\u0923 \u0935\u0939 \u092c\u0924\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u092a\u0930 \u0909\u092a\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u092f\u093e \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n\r\n <details class=\"mcq-q\"><summary><span class=\"mcq-num\">7<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">Extending wait time after a question from about one second to three or more chiefly produces<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e-\u0938\u092e\u092f \u0932\u0917\u092d\u0917 \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u0947\u0915\u0902\u0921 \u0938\u0947 \u0924\u0940\u0928 \u092f\u093e \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0924\u0915 \u092c\u0922\u093c\u093e\u0928\u093e \u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f\u0924\u0903 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/span><\/summary>\r\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\r\n <li>(a) <span class=\"en\">shorter answers from fewer learners<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u092e \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u091b\u094b\u091f\u0947 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(b) <span class=\"en\">longer answers, more volunteers and fewer failures to respond<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0932\u0902\u092c\u0947 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930, \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0947\u091a\u094d\u091b\u0941\u0915 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0928 \u0926\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u092e \u0918\u091f\u0928\u093e\u090f\u0901<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(c) <span class=\"en\">no measurable change in classroom talk<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e-\u0935\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0932\u093e\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u092e\u093e\u092a\u0928\u0940\u092f \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(d) <span class=\"en\">a fall in the quality of the teacher's questions<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0917\u0941\u0923\u0935\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0917\u093f\u0930\u093e\u0935\u091f<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\"><b>(b).<\/b> <span class=\"en\">Rowe also reported that learners began to support answers with evidence unprompted and that the teacher's own questioning became more varied. It is the least expensive intervention in the area and the hardest to sustain, because a second of silence is experienced by the person at the front as considerably longer than it is.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0930\u094b \u0928\u0947 \u092f\u0939 \u092d\u0940 \u092c\u0924\u093e\u092f\u093e \u0915\u093f \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0915\u0939\u0947 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0939\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0928\u0947 \u0932\u0917\u0947 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u092a\u0928\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928\u0928 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0935\u093f\u0927 \u0939\u0941\u0906\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0907\u0938 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u092e \u0916\u0930\u094d\u091a\u0940\u0932\u093e \u0939\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u092a \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u090f \u0930\u0916\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0920\u093f\u0928, \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u092e\u094c\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u0947\u0915\u0902\u0921 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0928\u0947 \u0916\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0915\u094b \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0940 \u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u0935\u0927\u093f \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u092b\u0940 \u0932\u0902\u092c\u093e \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092d\u0935 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n\r\n <details class=\"mcq-q\"><summary><span class=\"mcq-num\">8<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">A blueprint is most useful when it is prepared<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092c\u094d\u0932\u0942\u092a\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0902\u091f \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0940 \u0924\u092c \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u092c \u0935\u0939 \u0924\u0948\u092f\u093e\u0930 \u0939\u094b<\/span><\/span><\/summary>\r\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\r\n <li>(a) <span class=\"en\">after the paper has been set, as a record<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092c\u0928 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0926, \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0932\u0947\u0916 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(b) <span class=\"en\">before any question is drafted, as a design<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u094b\u0908 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u092e\u0938\u094c\u0926\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935, \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(c) <span class=\"en\">after the results are declared, for analysis<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e \u0918\u094b\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0926, \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0937\u0923 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(d) <span class=\"en\">only for board examinations<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u092c\u094b\u0930\u094d\u0921 \u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\"><b>(b).<\/b> <span class=\"en\">Written first, the marginal totals are decisions about weight and about the balance of cognitive demand, and the questions are then drafted to fill the cells. Written afterwards it can only describe what was already done, and a paper that lives in the two leftmost columns will be recorded faithfully as such without anything being altered.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u0916\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e\u0902\u0924 \u092f\u094b\u0917 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0915 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u092e\u093e\u0901\u0917 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u0924\u0941\u0932\u0928 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0940 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0923\u092f \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0914\u0930 \u092b\u093f\u0930 \u0915\u094b\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u092d\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u092e\u0938\u094c\u0926\u093e \u0915\u093f\u090f \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0932\u093f\u0916\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u0935\u0939 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u092f\u0939 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0923\u0928 \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0939\u0940 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0939\u094b \u091a\u0941\u0915\u093e, \u0914\u0930 \u091c\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092c\u093e\u0908\u0902 \u0913\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u094b \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0902\u092d\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0938\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0935\u0939 \u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0920\u093e\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0915 \u0935\u0948\u0938\u093e \u0939\u0940 \u0926\u0930\u094d\u091c \u0939\u094b\u0917\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u0941\u091b \u092c\u0926\u0932\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u091c\u093e\u090f\u0917\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n\r\n <details class=\"mcq-q\"><summary><span class=\"mcq-num\">9<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">PARAKH was established to serve as<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u0930\u0916 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u0928\u093e \u0915\u093f\u0938 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0939\u0941\u0908<\/span><\/span><\/summary>\r\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\r\n <li>(a) <span class=\"en\">an examination board conducting Class X and XII examinations<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0926\u0938 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092c\u093e\u0930\u0939 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u0915\u0930\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e \u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u092c\u094b\u0930\u094d\u0921<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(b) <span class=\"en\">a national assessment centre setting norms and benchmarking across boards<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092e\u093e\u0928\u0926\u0902\u0921 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092c\u094b\u0930\u094d\u0921\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0915-\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0906\u0915\u0932\u0928 \u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(c) <span class=\"en\">a teacher recruitment agency<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u092d\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0940 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0915\u0930\u0923<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(d) <span class=\"en\">a textbook publishing body<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u092a\u0941\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0936\u0928 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u093e\u092f<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\"><b>(b).<\/b> <span class=\"en\">Its functions are standard-setting for student assessment, large-scale sample-based survey of attainment, and benchmarking so that results from different boards can be read against one another. It does not itself certify individual learners, which is what makes option (a) the natural but incorrect reading of a body with assessment in its name.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0907\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u091b\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0906\u0915\u0932\u0928 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0915-\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923, \u0909\u092a\u0932\u092c\u094d\u0927\u093f \u0915\u093e \u0935\u0943\u0939\u0924\u094d \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936-\u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0915-\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0924\u093e\u0915\u093f \u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u092c\u094b\u0930\u094d\u0921\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e \u090f\u0915-\u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u092a\u0922\u093c\u0947 \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0947\u0902\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0917\u0924 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u093f\u0924 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e, \u0914\u0930 \u092f\u0939\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a (a) \u0915\u094b \u0910\u0938\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u093e\u092f \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u093e\u092d\u093e\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0941 \u0917\u0932\u0924 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0928\u093e\u092e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0906\u0915\u0932\u0928 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n\r\n <details class=\"mcq-q\"><summary><span class=\"mcq-num\">10<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">The learner's own column in a Holistic Progress Card exists chiefly in order to<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0917\u0924\u093f \u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u092a\u0928\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0902\u092d \u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f\u0924\u0903 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0932\u093f\u090f \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/span><\/summary>\r\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\r\n <li>(a) <span class=\"en\">reduce the recording work of the teacher<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0932\u0947\u0916\u0928-\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0918\u091f\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(b) <span class=\"en\">require the learner to hold the criteria in mind and judge work against them<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0938\u094c\u091f\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u092e\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0930\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0935\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(c) <span class=\"en\">provide a second opinion in case the teacher's is disputed<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u0924 \u092a\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0926 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u093e \u092e\u0924 \u0926\u0947\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(d) <span class=\"en\">satisfy a documentation requirement<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0926\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0947\u091c\u093c\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0905\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\"><b>(b).<\/b> <span class=\"en\">It is the reporting form of assessment as learning, and the operation of judging one's own work against stated criteria is the thing that produces the benefit. A school that fills in the learner's column on the learner's behalf has kept the format and removed what it was for, which is exactly the failure options (a) and (d) describe.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092f\u0939 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e \u0930\u0942\u092a\u0940 \u0906\u0915\u0932\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0926\u0928-\u0930\u0942\u092a \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0938\u094c\u091f\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u094b \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0940 \u0932\u093e\u092d \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u091c\u094b \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u0913\u0930 \u0938\u0947 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0902\u092d \u092d\u0930 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0909\u0938\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0930\u0942\u092a \u0930\u0916 \u0932\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u0939 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u0939\u091f\u093e \u0926\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0935\u0939 \u0925\u093e, \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a (a) \u090f\u0935\u0902 (d) \u0920\u0940\u0915 \u0909\u0938\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u092b\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0923\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <\/section>\r\n<!--\/CH14-->\r\n<!--CH15--><section class=\"chapter-content\" data-chap=\"15\" id=\"c15\">\r\n <div class=\"chapter-heading-block\">\r\n <span class=\"chapter-badge\"><span class=\"en\">CHAPTER 15<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f 15<\/span><\/span>\r\n <h2><span class=\"en\">Inclusive, Differentiated and Multilingual Pedagogy<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u092e\u093e\u0935\u0947\u0936\u0940, \u0935\u093f\u092d\u0947\u0926\u0940\u0915\u0943\u0924 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092c\u0939\u0941\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093f\u0915 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930<\/span><\/h2>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"keyfact-grid\">\r\n <div class=\"keyfact-card navy-hi\">\r\n <span class=\"big-icon\">🌐<\/span>\r\n <div class=\"kf-label\"><span class=\"en\">The international statement<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0918\u094b\u0937\u0923\u093e<\/span><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"kf-value\">Salamanca \u00b7 1994<\/div>\r\n <div class=\"kf-sub\"><span class=\"en\">Ordinary schools should accommodate all children<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0938\u092e\u0938\u094d\u0924 \u092c\u093e\u0932\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u092e\u093e\u092f\u094b\u091c\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div class=\"keyfact-card amber-hi\">\r\n <span class=\"big-icon\">⚖<\/span>\r\n <div class=\"kf-label\"><span class=\"en\">The Indian statute<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e<\/span><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"kf-value\">RPwD Act \u00b7 2016<\/div>\r\n <div class=\"kf-sub\"><span class=\"en\">Defines inclusive education and reasonable accommodation<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u092e\u093e\u0935\u0947\u0936\u0940 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0909\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div class=\"keyfact-card teal-hi\">\r\n <span class=\"big-icon\">🛠<\/span>\r\n <div class=\"kf-label\"><span class=\"en\">Universal design<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0935\u092d\u094c\u092e \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a<\/span><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"kf-value\">Three principles<\/div>\r\n <div class=\"kf-sub\"><span class=\"en\">Engagement, representation, action and expression<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u0902\u0932\u0917\u094d\u0928\u0924\u093e, \u0928\u093f\u0930\u0942\u092a\u0923, \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div class=\"keyfact-card\">\r\n <span class=\"big-icon\">🌐<\/span>\r\n <div class=\"kf-label\"><span class=\"en\">Common underlying proficiency<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u094d\u0928\u093f\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0940\u0923\u0924\u093e<\/span><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"kf-value\">Cummins<\/div>\r\n <div class=\"kf-sub\"><span class=\"en\">What is built in one language serves the other<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u090f\u0915 \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <p><span class=\"en\">Every classroom is mixed. It is mixed in attainment, in language, in what the learners arrive already able to do, and in what they will need in order to show what they know. This chapter takes that fact as the starting point rather than as an unfortunate departure from a norm, and asks what follows for the design of a lesson.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u092e\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0935\u0939 \u0909\u092a\u0932\u092c\u094d\u0927\u093f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948, \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902, \u0907\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u093f \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u092e\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u0906\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0907\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u093f \u091c\u094b \u0935\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0926\u093f\u0916\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f \u0939\u094b\u0917\u093e\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f \u0907\u0938 \u0924\u0925\u094d\u092f \u0915\u094b \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0915 \u0938\u0947 \u0926\u0941\u0930\u094d\u092d\u093e\u0917\u094d\u092f\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0935\u093f\u091a\u0932\u0928 \u0928 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0915\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928-\u092c\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0941 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u0942\u091b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u092a\u093e\u0920 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0907\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0915\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"feat-grid\">\r\n <div class=\"feat-card\"><span class=\"fc-num\">1<\/span><strong><span class=\"en\">Which side is expected to change?<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u093f\u0938 \u092a\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u0905\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948?<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"en\">Integration asks the child to adapt to the school. Inclusion asks the school to adapt to the child, and that is the whole of the difference between the two words.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u090f\u0915\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u092c\u093e\u0932\u0915 \u0938\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0930\u0942\u092a \u0922\u0932\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u094b \u0915\u0939\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0935\u0947\u0936\u0928 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0932\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0930\u0942\u092a \u0922\u0932\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u094b \u0915\u0939\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0936\u092c\u094d\u0926\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092f\u0939\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"feat-card\"><span class=\"fc-num\">2<\/span><strong><span class=\"en\">Designed in, or fitted afterwards?<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0906\u0930\u0902\u092d \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a\u093f\u0924, \u092f\u093e \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e?<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"en\">An accommodation repairs a plan for one learner; a universal design was built for the range from the start and needs no repair.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u092e\u093e\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u090f\u0915 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u092e\u0930\u092e\u094d\u092e\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948; \u0938\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0935\u092d\u094c\u092e \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a \u0906\u0930\u0902\u092d \u0938\u0947 \u0939\u0940 \u092a\u0930\u093e\u0938 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u092c\u0928\u093e \u0925\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u092e\u0930\u092e\u094d\u092e\u0924 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"feat-card\"><span class=\"fc-num\">3<\/span><strong><span class=\"en\">How many routes, not how many plans?<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u093f\u0924\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0917, \u0915\u093f\u0924\u0928\u0940 \u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902?<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"en\">Differentiation is a small number of routes through one lesson. One plan per learner is individualisation, and it does not survive a class of fifty.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u093f\u092d\u0947\u0926\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u090f\u0915 \u0939\u0940 \u092a\u093e\u0920 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0941\u091b \u0925\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0917 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u090f\u0915 \u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928\u093e \u0935\u0948\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0915\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u0939 \u092a\u091a\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u091f\u093f\u0915\u0924\u0940\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"feat-card\"><span class=\"fc-num\">4<\/span><strong><span class=\"en\">Which language is doing the work?<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u094c\u0928-\u0938\u0940 \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0930 \u0930\u0939\u0940 \u0939\u0948?<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"en\">Time given to the home language is not taken away from the school language, because what is built beneath the surface serves both.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0917\u0943\u0939-\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0938\u092e\u092f \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f\u0940 \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u091b\u0940\u0928\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e, \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u0938\u0924\u0939 \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u0940\u091a\u0947 \u091c\u094b \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0935\u0939 \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"p15-0\">\r\n <span class=\"section-badge\">15.0<\/span>\r\n <h3><span class=\"en\">Introduction<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u0930\u093f\u091a\u092f<\/span><\/h3>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <p><span class=\"en\">The three strands of this chapter answer the same question about different kinds of difference. Inclusion addresses difference of body, mind and circumstance; differentiation addresses difference of readiness, interest and profile; multilingual pedagogy addresses difference of language. All three arrive at the same structural answer \u2014 that the variation should be planned for in the design rather than managed as an exception \u2014 and all three fail in the same way, by being adopted as a label while the lesson stays exactly as it was.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0907\u0938 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f \u0915\u0940 \u0924\u0940\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928\u0924\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u090f\u0915 \u0939\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0935\u0947\u0936\u0928 \u0926\u0947\u0939, \u092e\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0940 \u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928\u0924\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0902\u092c\u094b\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948; \u0935\u093f\u092d\u0947\u0926\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0924\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0930\u0924\u093e, \u0930\u0941\u091a\u093f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u092b\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0932 \u0915\u0940 \u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928\u0924\u093e \u0915\u094b; \u092c\u0939\u0941\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093f\u0915 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928\u0924\u093e \u0915\u094b\u0964 \u0924\u0940\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u090f\u0915 \u0939\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u2014 \u0915\u093f \u0935\u093f\u0935\u093f\u0927\u0924\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0905\u092a\u0935\u093e\u0926 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0901\u092d\u093e\u0932\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u091c\u093e\u092f \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u0940 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091c\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u090f \u2014 \u0914\u0930 \u0924\u0940\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u090f\u0915 \u0939\u0940 \u0922\u0902\u0917 \u0938\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u092b\u0932 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0924\u094d \u0932\u0947\u092c\u0932 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u093e \u0932\u093f\u090f \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u091c\u092c\u0915\u093f \u092a\u093e\u0920 \u0920\u0940\u0915 \u0935\u0948\u0938\u093e \u0939\u0940 \u092c\u0928\u093e \u0930\u0939\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"p15-1\">\r\n <span class=\"section-badge\">15.1<\/span>\r\n <h3><span class=\"en\">Inclusion: Concept and Legal Basis<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u092e\u093e\u0935\u0947\u0936\u0928: \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a\u0928\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930<\/span><\/h3>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <svg class=\"full-diagram\" viewBox=\"0 0 560 254\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Exclusion, segregation, integration and inclusion compared\">\r\n<g font-family=\"DM Sans, Noto Sans Devanagari, sans-serif\" font-size=\"10.5\">\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"20\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"11\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#5a6d80\">FOUR POSITIONS, AND ONLY THE LAST CHANGES THE SYSTEM<\/text>\r\n\r\n <rect x=\"10\" y=\"34\" width=\"128\" height=\"128\" rx=\"10\" fill=\"#fbfdff\" stroke=\"#8e2f5a\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <circle cx=\"74\" cy=\"96\" r=\"34\" fill=\"#ffffff\" stroke=\"#8e2f5a\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/><circle cx=\"62\" cy=\"88\" r=\"6\" fill=\"#8e2f5a\"\/><circle cx=\"84\" cy=\"86\" r=\"6\" fill=\"#8e2f5a\"\/><circle cx=\"70\" cy=\"106\" r=\"6\" fill=\"#8e2f5a\"\/><circle cx=\"88\" cy=\"104\" r=\"6\" fill=\"#8e2f5a\"\/><circle cx=\"22\" cy=\"74\" r=\"6\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#8e2f5a\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/><circle cx=\"122\" cy=\"122\" r=\"6\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#8e2f5a\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/><circle cx=\"26\" cy=\"124\" r=\"6\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#8e2f5a\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"74\" y=\"180\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#8e2f5a\">EXCLUSION<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"74\" y=\"194\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">kept out of the system<\/text>\r\n <rect x=\"148\" y=\"34\" width=\"128\" height=\"128\" rx=\"10\" fill=\"#fbfdff\" stroke=\"#6b3a8f\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <circle cx=\"188\" cy=\"96\" r=\"28\" fill=\"#ffffff\" stroke=\"#6b3a8f\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/><circle cx=\"176\" cy=\"88\" r=\"6\" fill=\"#6b3a8f\"\/><circle cx=\"196\" cy=\"90\" r=\"6\" fill=\"#6b3a8f\"\/><circle cx=\"186\" cy=\"106\" r=\"6\" fill=\"#6b3a8f\"\/><circle cx=\"250\" cy=\"96\" r=\"20\" fill=\"#ffffff\" stroke=\"#8e2f5a\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-dasharray=\"4 3\"\/><circle cx=\"243\" cy=\"98\" r=\"6\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#8e2f5a\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/><circle cx=\"257\" cy=\"92\" r=\"6\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#8e2f5a\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"212\" y=\"180\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#6b3a8f\">SEGREGATION<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"212\" y=\"194\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">taught in a separate place<\/text>\r\n <rect x=\"286\" y=\"34\" width=\"128\" height=\"128\" rx=\"10\" fill=\"#fbfdff\" stroke=\"#c9760f\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <circle cx=\"350\" cy=\"96\" r=\"42\" fill=\"#ffffff\" stroke=\"#c9760f\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/><circle cx=\"328\" cy=\"82\" r=\"6\" fill=\"#c9760f\"\/><circle cx=\"348\" cy=\"76\" r=\"6\" fill=\"#c9760f\"\/><circle cx=\"326\" cy=\"108\" r=\"6\" fill=\"#c9760f\"\/><circle cx=\"346\" cy=\"116\" r=\"6\" fill=\"#c9760f\"\/><circle cx=\"370\" cy=\"96\" r=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#8e2f5a\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-dasharray=\"4 3\"\/><circle cx=\"364\" cy=\"96\" r=\"6\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#8e2f5a\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/><circle cx=\"376\" cy=\"94\" r=\"6\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#8e2f5a\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"350\" y=\"180\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#c9760f\">INTEGRATION<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"350\" y=\"194\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">present, but kept apart<\/text>\r\n <rect x=\"424\" y=\"34\" width=\"128\" height=\"128\" rx=\"10\" fill=\"#fbfdff\" stroke=\"#0d8f79\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <circle cx=\"488\" cy=\"96\" r=\"42\" fill=\"#ffffff\" stroke=\"#0d8f79\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/><circle cx=\"466\" cy=\"82\" r=\"6\" fill=\"#0d8f79\"\/><circle cx=\"488\" cy=\"74\" r=\"6\" fill=\"#0d8f79\"\/><circle cx=\"510\" cy=\"84\" r=\"6\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#8e2f5a\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/><circle cx=\"464\" cy=\"106\" r=\"6\" fill=\"#0d8f79\"\/><circle cx=\"486\" cy=\"100\" r=\"6\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#8e2f5a\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/><circle cx=\"512\" cy=\"108\" r=\"6\" fill=\"#0d8f79\"\/><circle cx=\"488\" cy=\"120\" r=\"6\" fill=\"#0d8f79\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"488\" y=\"180\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#0d8f79\">INCLUSION<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"488\" y=\"194\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">the system itself adapts<\/text>\r\n <rect x=\"10\" y=\"208\" width=\"536\" height=\"36\" rx=\"8\" fill=\"#eefbf7\" stroke=\"#0d8f79\" stroke-width=\"1.8\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"224\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#0d8f79\">Integration asks the child to adapt to the school<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"238\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">Inclusion asks the school to adapt to the child · the difference is which side is expected to change<\/text>\r\n<\/g><\/svg>\r\n <div class=\"diagram-cap\"><span class=\"en\">Presence in the room is what integration secures; participation is what inclusion requires<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u092a\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u090f\u0915\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0938\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0936\u094d\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948; \u0938\u0939\u092d\u093e\u0917\u093f\u0924\u093e \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0935\u0947\u0936\u0928 \u0905\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"table-scroll\">\r\n <table class=\"data-table\">\r\n <thead><tr>\r\n <th style=\"width:24%\"><span class=\"en\">Instrument<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0926\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0947\u091c\u093c<\/span><\/th>\r\n <th style=\"width:38%\"><span class=\"en\">What it establishes<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092f\u0939 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/th>\r\n <th style=\"width:38%\"><span class=\"en\">The point most often missed<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u091b\u0942\u091f\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e \u092c\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0941<\/span><\/th>\r\n <\/tr><\/thead>\r\n <tbody>\r\n <tr><td><strong><span class=\"en\">Salamanca Statement<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u0932\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0902\u0915\u093e \u0918\u094b\u0937\u0923\u093e<\/span><\/strong><br><span class=\"en\">UNESCO, 1994<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092f\u0942\u0928\u0947\u0938\u094d\u0915\u094b, 1994<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">That ordinary schools with an inclusive orientation should accommodate all children whatever their physical, intellectual, social, emotional or linguistic condition.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u093f \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0935\u0947\u0936\u0940 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0935\u093f\u0928\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0938\u092e\u0938\u094d\u0924 \u092c\u093e\u0932\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u092e\u093e\u092f\u094b\u091c\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902, \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0940 \u0936\u093e\u0930\u0940\u0930\u093f\u0915, \u092c\u094c\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093f\u0915, \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u091c\u093f\u0915, \u0938\u0902\u0935\u0947\u0917\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u091a\u093e\u0939\u0947 \u091c\u094b \u0939\u094b\u0964<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Its argument is not only about children with disability. Inclusion is presented as the most effective means of combating discriminatory attitudes for the whole school.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0907\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0924\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0926\u093f\u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0917 \u092c\u093e\u0932\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0935\u0947\u0936\u0928 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u092d\u0947\u0926\u092d\u093e\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0932\u0921\u093c\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0940 \u0938\u093e\u0927\u0928 \u092c\u0924\u093e\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td><strong><span class=\"en\">Article 21A and RTE 2009<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u0928\u0941\u091a\u094d\u091b\u0947\u0926 21\u0915 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0906\u0930\u091f\u0940\u0908 2009<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Free and compulsory education as a fundamental right for the age group six to fourteen, with duties on the State and on schools.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u091b\u0939 \u0938\u0947 \u091a\u094c\u0926\u0939 \u0906\u092f\u0941-\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0917 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u092e\u094c\u0932\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u093f\u0903\u0936\u0941\u0932\u094d\u0915 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0905\u0928\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e, \u0930\u093e\u091c\u094d\u092f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0935\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0939\u093f\u0924\u0964<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">A right of admission is not by itself a right of participation, which is why the later statute had to speak about how teaching is conducted.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0947\u0936 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0939\u092d\u093e\u0917\u093f\u0924\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u0948, \u0907\u0938\u0940\u0932\u093f\u090f \u092a\u0930\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0940 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e \u0915\u094b \u092f\u0939 \u0915\u0939\u0928\u093e \u092a\u0921\u093c\u093e \u0915\u093f \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0932\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td><strong><span class=\"en\">RPwD Act 2016<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0906\u0930\u092a\u0940\u0921\u092c\u094d\u0932\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0921\u0940 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e 2016<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Inclusive education defined as a system in which learners with and without disability learn together, with teaching and learning suitably adapted to meet different needs. Reasonable accommodation is a legal obligation, and twenty-one conditions are specified.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u092e\u093e\u0935\u0947\u0936\u0940 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0910\u0938\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0926\u093f\u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0917 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0905\u0926\u093f\u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0917 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0938\u0940\u0916\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923-\u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e \u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0924\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0915\u0942\u0932\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0909\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092c\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0907\u0915\u094d\u0915\u0940\u0938 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u0935\u093f\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0926\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">The definition places the adaptation on the system rather than on the learner, which converts inclusion from an aspiration into an obligation with a named duty-holder.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u0930\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0915\u0942\u0932\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u0926\u093e\u092f\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u092a\u0930 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u092a\u0930 \u0930\u0916\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u094b \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0935\u0947\u0936\u0928 \u0915\u094b \u0906\u0915\u093e\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0915\u0930 \u0928\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0935\u094d\u092f\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0938\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u092c\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u0924\u093e \u092c\u0928\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td><strong><span class=\"en\">NEP 2020<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u090f\u0928\u0908\u092a\u0940 2020<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Socio-economically disadvantaged groups treated together \u2014 categories of gender, socio-cultural identity, geography, disability and socio-economic condition.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u091c\u093f\u0915-\u0906\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0915 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0935\u0902\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u092e\u0942\u0939\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0935\u093f\u0935\u0947\u091a\u0928 \u2014 \u0932\u093f\u0902\u0917, \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u091c\u093f\u0915-\u0938\u093e\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u0939\u091a\u093e\u0928, \u092d\u0942\u0917\u094b\u0932, \u0926\u093f\u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0917\u0924\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u091c\u093f\u0915-\u0906\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0940 \u0936\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0923\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901\u0964<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">The categories overlap, and a learner who falls into two of them is not twice as far behind but differently placed, which a single scheme of concessions cannot address.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0923\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u0905\u0924\u093f\u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0914\u0930 \u091c\u094b \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0926\u094b \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0906\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0935\u0939 \u0926\u0941\u0917\u0941\u0928\u093e \u092a\u0940\u091b\u0947 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u092f\u0924\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u090f\u0915\u0932 \u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928\u093e \u0938\u0902\u092c\u094b\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <\/tbody>\r\n <\/table>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"callout red\">\r\n <div class=\"callout-label\"><span class=\"en\">Four kinds of barrier, and only one of them is physical<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u092c\u093e\u0927\u093e\u090f\u0901, \u091c\u093f\u0928\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u090f\u0915 \u092d\u094c\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/div>\r\n <span class=\"en\"><strong>Physical<\/strong> barriers are the ones most often addressed and the least often decisive \u2014 a ramp is necessary and does not by itself make a lesson accessible. <strong>Curricular<\/strong> barriers are content and assessment offering one route in and one route out. <strong>Communication<\/strong> barriers are material available in a single form, and instructions given only aloud or only in print. <strong>Attitudinal<\/strong> barriers are the expectation, held by teachers and by other learners, that a particular child is present rather than participating \u2014 and every survey of the field reports that these are the hardest of the four to shift, because unlike the others they are not visible on an inspection.<\/span>\r\n <span class=\"hi\"><strong>\u092d\u094c\u0924\u093f\u0915<\/strong> \u092c\u093e\u0927\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u094b\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u092e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0923\u093e\u092f\u0915 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u2014 \u0930\u0948\u0902\u092a \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915 \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u0939 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092a\u093e\u0920 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0941\u0932\u092d \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u093e\u0964 <strong>\u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u091a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0917\u0924<\/strong> \u092c\u093e\u0927\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u0935\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0906\u0915\u0932\u0928 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u091c\u094b \u092d\u0940\u0924\u0930 \u0906\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u090f\u0915 \u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0917 \u0914\u0930 \u092c\u093e\u0939\u0930 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u090f\u0915 \u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0917 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 <strong>\u0938\u0902\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0937\u0923<\/strong> \u092c\u093e\u0927\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u090f\u0915\u0932 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u092a\u0932\u092c\u094d\u0927 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u092e\u094c\u0916\u093f\u0915 \u092f\u093e \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0926\u093f\u090f \u0917\u090f \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 <strong>\u0905\u092d\u093f\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0917\u0924<\/strong> \u092c\u093e\u0927\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u0935\u0939 \u0905\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u091c\u094b \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0915\u093f \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937 \u092c\u093e\u0932\u0915 \u0938\u0939\u092d\u093e\u0917\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0909\u092a\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u092e\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u0914\u0930 \u0907\u0938 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u092c\u0924\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u091a\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0907\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0928\u093e \u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0920\u093f\u0928 \u0939\u0948, \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u0936\u0947\u0937 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u092a\u0930\u0940\u0924 \u092f\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0926\u093f\u0916\u0924\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964<\/span>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"p15-2\">\r\n <span class=\"section-badge\">15.2<\/span>\r\n <h3><span class=\"en\">Universal Design for Learning<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0938\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0935\u092d\u094c\u092e \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a<\/span><\/h3>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <p><span class=\"en\">The idea is borrowed from architecture, where universal design means building for the range of human bodies at the outset rather than adding adaptations later. The ramp designed into a building serves the wheelchair user, and also the parent with a pram, the porter with a trolley and the person carrying a heavy case \u2014 which is the point. Applied to teaching, it holds that variability among learners is the norm and not the exception, so a lesson planned for an average learner has been planned for nobody in particular.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092f\u0939 \u0935\u093f\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0915\u0932\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0938\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0935\u092d\u094c\u092e \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u0939\u0948 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0915\u0942\u0932\u0928 \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u091c\u093e\u092f \u0906\u0930\u0902\u092d \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u0940 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0935 \u0926\u0947\u0939\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0930\u093e\u0938 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923\u0964 \u092d\u0935\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0930\u0948\u0902\u092a \u0935\u094d\u0939\u0940\u0932\u091a\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0939\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0948\u092e \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0915, \u091f\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0932\u0940 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0915\u0941\u0932\u0940 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u092a\u0947\u091f\u0940 \u0909\u0920\u093e\u090f \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0940 \u092d\u0940 \u2014 \u0914\u0930 \u092f\u0939\u0940 \u092c\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0941 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u092a\u0930 \u0932\u093e\u0917\u0942 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u092f\u0939 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0935\u093f\u0927\u0924\u093e \u0905\u092a\u0935\u093e\u0926 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e \u0939\u0948, \u0905\u0924\u0903 \u0914\u0938\u0924 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091c\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u093e\u0920 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091c\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n <svg class=\"full-diagram\" viewBox=\"0 0 560 254\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"The three principles of Universal Design for Learning\">\r\n<g font-family=\"DM Sans, Noto Sans Devanagari, sans-serif\" font-size=\"10.5\">\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"20\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"11\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#5a6d80\">DESIGNED IN AT THE START, NOT FITTED AFTERWARDS<\/text>\r\n\r\n <rect x=\"8\" y=\"34\" width=\"176\" height=\"166\" rx=\"10\" fill=\"#fffaef\" stroke=\"#c9760f\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <circle cx=\"96\" cy=\"60\" r=\"21\" fill=\"#c9760f\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"96\" y=\"65\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#ffffff\">WHY<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"96\" y=\"92\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#c9760f\">ENGAGEMENT<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"96\" y=\"108\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" font-style=\"italic\" fill=\"#c9760f\">affective networks<\/text>\r\n <line x1=\"26\" y1=\"116\" x2=\"166\" y2=\"116\" stroke=\"#c9760f\" stroke-width=\"1\" stroke-dasharray=\"3 3\"\/>\r\n<text x=\"96\" y=\"132\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">choice of task and of context<\/text><text x=\"96\" y=\"147\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">relevance made explicit<\/text><text x=\"96\" y=\"162\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">challenge that can be adjusted<\/text><text x=\"96\" y=\"177\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">support for persistence<\/text>\r\n\r\n <rect x=\"192\" y=\"34\" width=\"176\" height=\"166\" rx=\"10\" fill=\"#eef4fc\" stroke=\"#1f5fa9\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <circle cx=\"280\" cy=\"60\" r=\"21\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"65\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#ffffff\">WHAT<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"92\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\">REPRESENTATION<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"108\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" font-style=\"italic\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\">recognition networks<\/text>\r\n <line x1=\"210\" y1=\"116\" x2=\"350\" y2=\"116\" stroke=\"#1f5fa9\" stroke-width=\"1\" stroke-dasharray=\"3 3\"\/>\r\n<text x=\"280\" y=\"132\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">the same idea in several forms<\/text><text x=\"280\" y=\"147\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">text, image, sound, object<\/text><text x=\"280\" y=\"162\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">vocabulary made explicit<\/text><text x=\"280\" y=\"177\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">structure signalled in advance<\/text>\r\n\r\n <rect x=\"376\" y=\"34\" width=\"176\" height=\"166\" rx=\"10\" fill=\"#eefbf7\" stroke=\"#0d8f79\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <circle cx=\"464\" cy=\"60\" r=\"21\" fill=\"#0d8f79\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"464\" y=\"65\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#ffffff\">HOW<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"464\" y=\"92\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#0d8f79\">ACTION AND EXPRESSION<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"464\" y=\"108\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" font-style=\"italic\" fill=\"#0d8f79\">strategic networks<\/text>\r\n <line x1=\"394\" y1=\"116\" x2=\"534\" y2=\"116\" stroke=\"#0d8f79\" stroke-width=\"1\" stroke-dasharray=\"3 3\"\/>\r\n<text x=\"464\" y=\"132\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">more than one way to answer<\/text><text x=\"464\" y=\"147\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">speak, write, build, draw<\/text><text x=\"464\" y=\"162\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">tools and scaffolds available<\/text><text x=\"464\" y=\"177\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">goal-setting and monitoring<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"222\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" fill=\"#5a6d80\">an accommodation is a repair for one learner; a universal design is a plan for the range<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"240\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" font-style=\"italic\" fill=\"#5a6d80\">the ramp built into the design serves the parent with the pram as well as the wheelchair user<\/text>\r\n<\/g><\/svg>\r\n <div class=\"diagram-cap\"><span class=\"en\">Three principles, each answering a different question about the lesson<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0924\u0940\u0928 \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u092a\u093e\u0920 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0940 \u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0941\u0906<\/span><\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"exam-tip\">\r\n <div class=\"et-icon\">●<\/div>\r\n <div class=\"et-body\">\r\n <strong><span class=\"en\">Separating the three terms that get used interchangeably.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f\u0935\u093e\u091a\u0940 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0924\u0940\u0928 \u092a\u0926\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0905\u0932\u0917 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/strong>\r\n <ul class=\"split-list\">\r\n <li><span class=\"sl-tag\">UDL<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">the plan was built for the range from the start, so nothing has to be added for anyone<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928\u093e \u0906\u0930\u0902\u092d \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u093e\u0938 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u092c\u0928\u0940, \u0905\u0924\u0903 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u0941\u091b \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0928\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u092a\u0921\u093c\u0924\u093e<\/span><\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"sl-tag\">Acc<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">the plan stands and something is changed in how one learner accesses or answers it \u2014 a scribe, extra time, a larger font<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928\u093e \u092f\u0925\u093e\u0935\u0924\u094d \u0930\u0939\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u092f\u0939 \u092c\u0926\u0932\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u090f\u0915 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0909\u0938 \u0924\u0915 \u0915\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a\u0947 \u092f\u093e \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0926\u0947 \u2014 \u0932\u0947\u0916\u0915, \u0905\u0924\u093f\u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0938\u092e\u092f, \u092c\u0921\u093c\u093e \u092b\u093c\u0949\u0928\u094d\u091f<\/span><\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"sl-tag\">Mod<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">the expectation itself is altered for one learner, so the standard being met is a different standard<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u090f\u0915 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u0905\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0905\u0924\u0903 \u091c\u094b \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0915 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u093e \u0939\u094b \u0930\u0939\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0935\u0939 \u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0915 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"p15-3\">\r\n <span class=\"section-badge\">15.3<\/span>\r\n <h3><span class=\"en\">Differentiated Instruction<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u093f\u092d\u0947\u0926\u0940\u0915\u0943\u0924 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0926\u0947\u0936\u0928<\/span><\/h3>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <p><span class=\"en\">Carol Ann Tomlinson's account is the most usable in a large classroom because it is finite. A teacher differentiates four elements \u2014 content, process, product and the learning environment \u2014 in response to three characteristics of the learner: readiness, interest and learning profile. That is twelve possible moves, not fifty individual plans, and the difference between those two statements is the difference between a practice that survives a term and one that is abandoned in the third week.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u0948\u0930\u0932 \u0910\u0928 \u091f\u0949\u092e\u0932\u093f\u0902\u0938\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0935\u0930\u0923 \u092c\u0921\u093c\u0940 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u091c\u094d\u092f \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u0935\u0939 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0924\u0924\u094d\u0935\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u092d\u0947\u0926\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e, \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e \u0935\u093e\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0930\u0923 \u2014 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0924\u0940\u0928 \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902: \u0924\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0930\u0924\u093e, \u0930\u0941\u091a\u093f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u092b\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0932\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u092c\u093e\u0930\u0939 \u0938\u0902\u092d\u0935 \u091a\u093e\u0932\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u092a\u091a\u093e\u0938 \u0935\u0948\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0914\u0930 \u0907\u0928 \u0926\u094b \u0915\u0925\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930 \u0909\u0938 \u0905\u092d\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0938\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092d\u0930 \u091f\u093f\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u091c\u094b \u0924\u0940\u0938\u0930\u0947 \u0938\u092a\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0939 \u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0917 \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n <svg class=\"full-diagram\" viewBox=\"0 0 560 314\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Four elements differentiated in response to three learner characteristics\">\r\n<g font-family=\"DM Sans, Noto Sans Devanagari, sans-serif\" font-size=\"10.5\">\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"20\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"11\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#5a6d80\">FOUR ELEMENTS, DIFFERENTIATED IN RESPONSE TO THREE CHARACTERISTICS<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"99\" y=\"62\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#5a6d80\">DIFFERENTIATE<\/text>\r\n<rect x=\"196\" y=\"46\" width=\"114\" height=\"26\" rx=\"5\" fill=\"#14243f\"\/><text x=\"253\" y=\"63\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#ffffff\">READINESS<\/text><rect x=\"314\" y=\"46\" width=\"114\" height=\"26\" rx=\"5\" fill=\"#14243f\"\/><text x=\"371\" y=\"63\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#ffffff\">INTEREST<\/text><rect x=\"432\" y=\"46\" width=\"114\" height=\"26\" rx=\"5\" fill=\"#14243f\"\/><text x=\"489\" y=\"63\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#ffffff\">LEARNING PROFILE<\/text><rect x=\"10\" y=\"78\" width=\"178\" height=\"42\" rx=\"6\" fill=\"#eef4fc\" stroke=\"#1f5fa9\" stroke-width=\"1.5\"\/><text x=\"22\" y=\"96\" font-size=\"9\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\">CONTENT<\/text><text x=\"22\" y=\"110\" font-size=\"6.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">what is to be learned, and how it is met<\/text><rect x=\"196\" y=\"78\" width=\"114\" height=\"42\" rx=\"5\" fill=\"#ffffff\" stroke=\"#dde5ee\" stroke-width=\"1.2\"\/><circle cx=\"253\" cy=\"99\" r=\"7\" fill=\"#eefbf7\" stroke=\"#0d8f79\" stroke-width=\"1.6\"\/><rect x=\"314\" y=\"78\" width=\"114\" height=\"42\" rx=\"5\" fill=\"#ffffff\" stroke=\"#dde5ee\" stroke-width=\"1.2\"\/><circle cx=\"371\" cy=\"99\" r=\"7\" fill=\"#eefbf7\" stroke=\"#0d8f79\" stroke-width=\"1.6\"\/><rect x=\"432\" y=\"78\" width=\"114\" height=\"42\" rx=\"5\" fill=\"#ffffff\" stroke=\"#dde5ee\" stroke-width=\"1.2\"\/><circle cx=\"489\" cy=\"99\" r=\"7\" fill=\"#eefbf7\" stroke=\"#0d8f79\" stroke-width=\"1.6\"\/><rect x=\"10\" y=\"124\" width=\"178\" height=\"42\" rx=\"6\" fill=\"#eef4fc\" stroke=\"#1f5fa9\" stroke-width=\"1.5\"\/><text x=\"22\" y=\"142\" font-size=\"9\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\">PROCESS<\/text><text x=\"22\" y=\"156\" font-size=\"6.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">the activity through which sense is made<\/text><rect x=\"196\" y=\"124\" width=\"114\" height=\"42\" rx=\"5\" fill=\"#ffffff\" stroke=\"#dde5ee\" stroke-width=\"1.2\"\/><circle cx=\"253\" cy=\"145\" r=\"7\" fill=\"#eefbf7\" stroke=\"#0d8f79\" stroke-width=\"1.6\"\/><rect x=\"314\" y=\"124\" width=\"114\" height=\"42\" rx=\"5\" fill=\"#ffffff\" stroke=\"#dde5ee\" stroke-width=\"1.2\"\/><circle cx=\"371\" cy=\"145\" r=\"7\" fill=\"#eefbf7\" stroke=\"#0d8f79\" stroke-width=\"1.6\"\/><rect x=\"432\" y=\"124\" width=\"114\" height=\"42\" rx=\"5\" fill=\"#ffffff\" stroke=\"#dde5ee\" stroke-width=\"1.2\"\/><circle cx=\"489\" cy=\"145\" r=\"7\" fill=\"#eefbf7\" stroke=\"#0d8f79\" stroke-width=\"1.6\"\/><rect x=\"10\" y=\"170\" width=\"178\" height=\"42\" rx=\"6\" fill=\"#eef4fc\" stroke=\"#1f5fa9\" stroke-width=\"1.5\"\/><text x=\"22\" y=\"188\" font-size=\"9\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\">PRODUCT<\/text><text x=\"22\" y=\"202\" font-size=\"6.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">how the learner shows what is now held<\/text><rect x=\"196\" y=\"170\" width=\"114\" height=\"42\" rx=\"5\" fill=\"#ffffff\" stroke=\"#dde5ee\" stroke-width=\"1.2\"\/><circle cx=\"253\" cy=\"191\" r=\"7\" fill=\"#eefbf7\" stroke=\"#0d8f79\" stroke-width=\"1.6\"\/><rect x=\"314\" y=\"170\" width=\"114\" height=\"42\" rx=\"5\" fill=\"#ffffff\" stroke=\"#dde5ee\" stroke-width=\"1.2\"\/><circle cx=\"371\" cy=\"191\" r=\"7\" fill=\"#eefbf7\" stroke=\"#0d8f79\" stroke-width=\"1.6\"\/><rect x=\"432\" y=\"170\" width=\"114\" height=\"42\" rx=\"5\" fill=\"#ffffff\" stroke=\"#dde5ee\" stroke-width=\"1.2\"\/><circle cx=\"489\" cy=\"191\" r=\"7\" fill=\"#eefbf7\" stroke=\"#0d8f79\" stroke-width=\"1.6\"\/><rect x=\"10\" y=\"216\" width=\"178\" height=\"42\" rx=\"6\" fill=\"#eef4fc\" stroke=\"#1f5fa9\" stroke-width=\"1.5\"\/><text x=\"22\" y=\"234\" font-size=\"9\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\">ENVIRONMENT<\/text><text x=\"22\" y=\"248\" font-size=\"6.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">how the room works, and how it feels<\/text><rect x=\"196\" y=\"216\" width=\"114\" height=\"42\" rx=\"5\" fill=\"#ffffff\" stroke=\"#dde5ee\" stroke-width=\"1.2\"\/><circle cx=\"253\" cy=\"237\" r=\"7\" fill=\"#eefbf7\" stroke=\"#0d8f79\" stroke-width=\"1.6\"\/><rect x=\"314\" y=\"216\" width=\"114\" height=\"42\" rx=\"5\" fill=\"#ffffff\" stroke=\"#dde5ee\" stroke-width=\"1.2\"\/><circle cx=\"371\" cy=\"237\" r=\"7\" fill=\"#eefbf7\" stroke=\"#0d8f79\" stroke-width=\"1.6\"\/><rect x=\"432\" y=\"216\" width=\"114\" height=\"42\" rx=\"5\" fill=\"#ffffff\" stroke=\"#dde5ee\" stroke-width=\"1.2\"\/><circle cx=\"489\" cy=\"237\" r=\"7\" fill=\"#eefbf7\" stroke=\"#0d8f79\" stroke-width=\"1.6\"\/>\r\n <rect x=\"10\" y=\"270\" width=\"536\" height=\"36\" rx=\"8\" fill=\"#fffaef\" stroke=\"#c9760f\" stroke-width=\"1.8\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"286\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#c9760f\">Twelve cells, not twelve plans<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"300\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">differentiation is a small number of routes through one lesson, not one lesson for each learner<\/text>\r\n<\/g><\/svg>\r\n <div class=\"diagram-cap\"><span class=\"en\">Four elements against three characteristics \u2014 a finite set of moves, which is why it is sustainable<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0924\u0940\u0928 \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0924\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u2014 \u091a\u093e\u0932\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u092e\u0941\u091a\u094d\u091a\u092f, \u0907\u0938\u0940\u0932\u093f\u090f \u092f\u0939 \u091f\u093f\u0915\u093e\u090a \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/div>\r\n\r\n <ul class=\"num-stack\">\r\n <li><strong><span class=\"en\">Readiness is not ability.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0924\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0930\u0924\u093e \u092f\u094b\u0917\u094d\u092f\u0924\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/strong> <span class=\"en\">Readiness is where a learner stands on this content today, and it moves. Treating it as a fixed property produces permanent groups, which is precisely what the practice was designed to avoid \u2014 flexible grouping means the composition changes with the task.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0924\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0930\u0924\u093e \u092f\u0939 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0907\u0938 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u092a\u0930 \u0906\u091c \u0915\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0916\u0921\u093c\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u0939 \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0930 \u0917\u0941\u0923 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092f\u0940 \u0938\u092e\u0942\u0939 \u092c\u0928\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0914\u0930 \u0920\u0940\u0915 \u0907\u0938\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u091a\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u092f\u0939 \u0905\u092d\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938 \u092c\u0928\u093e \u0925\u093e \u2014 \u0932\u091a\u0940\u0932\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u0942\u0939\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0938\u0902\u0918\u091f\u0928 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><strong><span class=\"en\">Respectful tasks.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u092e\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0928\u091c\u0928\u0915 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u0964<\/span><\/strong> <span class=\"en\">Every version of a task must be equally engaging and equally worth doing. Where one group colours a diagram while another argues a case, the differentiation has become a ranking that every learner in the room can read.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0906\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u092f\u094b\u0917\u094d\u092f \u0939\u094b\u0928\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f\u0964 \u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u092e\u0942\u0939 \u0906\u0930\u0947\u0916 \u0930\u0902\u0917\u0947 \u0914\u0930 \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u093e \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092a\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u092a\u0930 \u0924\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0915\u0930\u0947, \u0935\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u0947\u0926\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0910\u0938\u093e \u0936\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0923\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u092c\u0928 \u091a\u0941\u0915\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u092a\u0922\u093c \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><strong><span class=\"en\">The objective does not vary.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0924\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/strong> <span class=\"en\">What varies is the route to it, the support along the way and the form in which arrival is shown. A version of the task that reaches a lesser objective is a modification, and calling it differentiation conceals a decision that should have been taken deliberately.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u091c\u094b \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0935\u0939 \u0909\u0938 \u0924\u0915 \u0915\u093e \u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0917, \u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0917 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0939\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0935\u0939 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0926\u093f\u0916\u093e\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u093e \u091c\u094b \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0928\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0928 \u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f \u0924\u0915 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a\u0947 \u0935\u0939 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0927\u0928 \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u0947\u0926\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0939\u0928\u093e \u0910\u0938\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0923\u092f \u0915\u094b \u091b\u093f\u092a\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0938\u0941\u0935\u093f\u091a\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0928\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f \u0925\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"p15-4\">\r\n <span class=\"section-badge\">15.4<\/span>\r\n <h3><span class=\"en\">Multigrade and Multilevel Classrooms<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092c\u0939\u0941\u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0940\u092f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092c\u0939\u0941\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u090f\u0901<\/span><\/h3>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <p><span class=\"en\">The two words describe different things and are constantly exchanged. <em>Multigrade<\/em> is an administrative fact: one teacher is responsible for more than one grade in one room, usually because enrolment or staffing made it so. <em>Multilevel<\/em> is a pedagogical description: the learners in front of the teacher are at different points on the same content. Every monograde classroom is multilevel, which is why the strategies developed for multigrade schools are of use to teachers who have never taught one.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092f\u0947 \u0926\u094b \u0936\u092c\u094d\u0926 \u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0923\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u0902\u0924\u0930 \u0905\u0926\u0932-\u092c\u0926\u0932 \u0915\u093f\u090f \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 <em>\u092c\u0939\u0941\u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0940\u092f<\/em> \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u093e\u0938\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0924\u0925\u094d\u092f \u0939\u0948: \u090f\u0915 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u090f\u0915 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930\u0926\u093e\u092f\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092f\u0903 \u0907\u0938\u0932\u093f\u090f \u0915\u093f \u0928\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0902\u0915\u0928 \u092f\u093e \u0938\u094d\u091f\u093e\u092b\u093c \u0928\u0947 \u0910\u0938\u093e \u0915\u0930 \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0964 <em>\u092c\u0939\u0941\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930\u0940\u092f<\/em> \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0923\u0928 \u0939\u0948: \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u090f\u0915 \u0939\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u092a\u0930 \u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u092c\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0941\u0913\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u090f\u0915\u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0940\u092f \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u092c\u0939\u0941\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0939\u0948, \u0907\u0938\u0940\u0932\u093f\u090f \u092c\u0939\u0941\u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0940\u092f \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0938\u093f\u0924 \u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u0909\u0928 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092d\u0940 \u0915\u093e\u092e \u0906\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u091c\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0939\u094b\u0902\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u092d\u0940 \u092c\u0939\u0941\u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0940\u092f \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u092a\u0922\u093c\u093e\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"pc-grid\">\r\n <div class=\"pc-panel pro\">\r\n <div class=\"pc-head\"><span class=\"pc-ico\">\u2713<\/span><span class=\"en\">Strategies that make the arrangement work<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u091c\u094b \u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u0907\u0938 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u0936\u0940\u0932 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902<\/span><\/div>\r\n <ul>\r\n <li><span class=\"en\">Self-instructional material graded by milestone, so a learner can proceed while the teacher is elsewhere<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092e\u0940\u0932-\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0925\u0930 \u0938\u0947 \u0936\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0923\u0940\u092c\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0938\u094d\u0935-\u0905\u0928\u0941\u0926\u0947\u0936\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940, \u0924\u093e\u0915\u093f \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u092d\u0940 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0906\u0917\u0947 \u092c\u0922\u093c\u0947<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"en\">A common whole-class opening on a shared theme, with the follow-up work differentiated by level<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u093e\u091d\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u092a\u0930 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923-\u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0906\u0930\u0902\u092d, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0906\u0917\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u093e\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u0947\u0926\u0940\u0915\u0943\u0924 \u0939\u094b<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"en\">Peer and near-peer tutoring, in which the tutor gains at least as much as the tutee<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u0939\u092a\u093e\u0920\u0940 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u091f-\u0938\u0939\u092a\u093e\u0920\u0940 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u092e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u092a\u093e\u0924\u093e<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"en\">Rotation, so the teacher's direct attention is timetabled rather than given to whoever asks loudest<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0906\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928, \u0924\u093e\u0915\u093f \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0928 \u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u090a\u0901\u091a\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u093e\u0901\u0917\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0915\u094b \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0938\u092e\u092f-\u0938\u093e\u0930\u0923\u0940\u092c\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0947<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div class=\"pc-panel con\">\r\n <div class=\"pc-head\"><span class=\"pc-ico\">\u2717<\/span><span class=\"en\">How it is usually mishandled<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0907\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092f\u0903 \u0915\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u092c\u093f\u0917\u093e\u0921\u093c\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/div>\r\n <ul>\r\n <li><span class=\"en\">One grade is taught while the others are given written work to keep them occupied<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u090f\u0915 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u094b \u092a\u0922\u093c\u093e\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u092c\u0915\u093f \u0936\u0947\u0937 \u0915\u094b \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0938\u094d\u0924 \u0930\u0916\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0932\u093f\u0916\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0926\u0947 \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"en\">The arrangement is treated as a temporary deficiency rather than as something to be planned for<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0907\u0938 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0928\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u092f\u094b\u0917\u094d\u092f \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u0928 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0915\u0930 \u0905\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092f\u0940 \u0905\u092d\u093e\u0935 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"en\">Materials exist for the lower rungs and run out at the higher ones<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0928\u093f\u091a\u0932\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u092f\u0926\u093e\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u090a\u092a\u0930\u0940 \u092a\u0930 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"en\">Whole-class discussion disappears, so nothing is ever argued out between learners<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u0902\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923-\u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u092a\u0930\u093f\u091a\u0930\u094d\u091a\u093e \u0932\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0905\u0924\u0903 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u0915\u0941\u091b \u092d\u0940 \u0924\u0930\u094d\u0915\u093f\u0924 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"p15-5\">\r\n <span class=\"section-badge\">15.5<\/span>\r\n <h3><span class=\"en\">Multilingual and Mother-Tongue Pedagogy<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092c\u0939\u0941\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093f\u0915 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092e\u093e\u0924\u0943\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930<\/span><\/h3>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <p><span class=\"en\">The National Education Policy of 2020 states that wherever possible the medium of instruction until at least Grade 5, and preferably till Grade 8 and beyond, should be the home language, mother tongue, local language or regional language. The argument behind that sentence is the one set out in Chapter 4 and completed here: a learner who cannot follow the language of instruction is not failing at the subject.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">2020 \u0915\u0940 \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0939\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u092d\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u092d\u0935 \u0939\u094b, \u0915\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u092e \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e 5 \u0924\u0915 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0905\u0927\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0928\u0924\u0903 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e 8 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0909\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0906\u0917\u0947 \u0924\u0915 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u093e \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0917\u0943\u0939-\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e, \u092e\u093e\u0924\u0943\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e, \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u0940\u092f \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0928\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f\u0964 \u0909\u0938 \u0935\u093e\u0915\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0940\u091b\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u0924\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0935\u0939\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f 4 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092a\u093e\u0926\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0941\u0906 \u0914\u0930 \u092f\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948: \u091c\u094b \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0938\u092e\u091d \u092a\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0935\u0939 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u092b\u0932 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u094b \u0930\u0939\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n <svg class=\"full-diagram\" viewBox=\"0 0 560 306\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Two surface languages resting on one common underlying proficiency\">\r\n<g font-family=\"DM Sans, Noto Sans Devanagari, sans-serif\" font-size=\"10.5\">\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"20\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"11\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#5a6d80\">TWO SURFACES, ONE FOUNDATION<\/text>\r\n <rect x=\"8\" y=\"118\" width=\"544\" height=\"150\" rx=\"8\" fill=\"#eaf6ff\"\/>\r\n <line x1=\"8\" y1=\"118\" x2=\"552\" y2=\"118\" stroke=\"#2f92d1\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n\r\n <polygon points=\"130,116 190,40 250,116\" fill=\"#ffffff\" stroke=\"#14243f\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"190\" y=\"84\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"11\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#14243f\">L1<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"190\" y=\"100\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#5a6d80\">home language<\/text>\r\n\r\n <polygon points=\"310,116 370,40 430,116\" fill=\"#ffffff\" stroke=\"#14243f\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"370\" y=\"84\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"11\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#14243f\">L2<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"370\" y=\"100\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#5a6d80\">school language<\/text>\r\n\r\n <polygon points=\"106,120 454,120 414,204 356,248 204,248 146,204\" fill=\"#dbe8f7\" stroke=\"#14243f\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"156\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"11.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#14243f\">COMMON UNDERLYING PROFICIENCY<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"178\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">concepts, reasoning, literacy skills, knowledge of how texts work<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"200\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">built once, and available to whichever language calls on it<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"226\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" font-style=\"italic\" fill=\"#5a6d80\">the surface differs; the foundation is shared<\/text>\r\n\r\n <text x=\"544\" y=\"112\" text-anchor=\"end\" font-size=\"8\" font-style=\"italic\" fill=\"#2f92d1\">what is visible and audible<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"288\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" fill=\"#5a6d80\">strengthening the home language is therefore not time taken away from the school language<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"302\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" font-style=\"italic\" fill=\"#5a6d80\">the transfer runs both ways, which is why subtractive programmes lose on both sides<\/text>\r\n<\/g><\/svg>\r\n <div class=\"diagram-cap\"><span class=\"en\">Only the surface is separate; what lies beneath was built once and serves both<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0938\u0924\u0939 \u092a\u0943\u0925\u0915\u094d \u0939\u0948; \u0928\u0940\u091a\u0947 \u091c\u094b \u0939\u0948 \u0935\u0939 \u090f\u0915 \u092c\u093e\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0941\u0906 \u0914\u0930 \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"enrich-box\">\r\n <span class=\"enrich-stamp\"><span class=\"en\">Why the choice is not zero-sum<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092f\u0939 \u091a\u092f\u0928 \u0936\u0942\u0928\u094d\u092f-\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/span>\r\n <h4><span class=\"en\">Additive and subtractive bilingualism<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0918\u091f\u093e\u0935\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093f\u0915\u0924\u093e<\/span><\/h4>\r\n <p><span class=\"en\">The objection heard most often against mother-tongue instruction is that time spent on the home language is time taken from the language the learner will need. The common underlying proficiency answers it. Concepts, reasoning, and knowledge of how a written text works are built once and are available to whichever language calls on them; only the surface features \u2014 the sounds, the script, the vocabulary \u2014 are separate. A learner who has understood what a fraction is does not have to understand it again in the second language, but a learner who never understood it in either has nothing to transfer.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092e\u093e\u0924\u0943\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0930\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0941\u0928\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0906\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f \u092f\u0939 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0917\u0943\u0939-\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e \u092a\u0930 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u092f \u0938\u092e\u092f \u0909\u0938 \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u091b\u0940\u0928\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0915\u094b \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f \u0939\u094b\u0917\u0940\u0964 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u094d\u0928\u093f\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0940\u0923\u0924\u093e \u0907\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u092f, \u0924\u0930\u094d\u0915\u0923 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092f\u0939 \u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u093f \u0932\u093f\u0916\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u093e\u0920 \u0915\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u092f\u0947 \u090f\u0915 \u092c\u093e\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u091c\u094b \u092d\u0940 \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0941\u0932\u093e\u090f \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0909\u092a\u0932\u092c\u094d\u0927 \u0930\u0939\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902; \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0938\u0924\u0939\u0940 \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u2014 \u0927\u094d\u0935\u0928\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901, \u0932\u093f\u092a\u093f, \u0936\u092c\u094d\u0926\u093e\u0935\u0932\u0940 \u2014 \u092a\u0943\u0925\u0915\u094d \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u091c\u093f\u0938 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0928\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u091d \u0932\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u093f \u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u0940 \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u092b\u093f\u0930 \u0938\u092e\u091d\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0915\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0941 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0928\u0947 \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092d\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0938\u092e\u091d\u093e \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u0938 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u094b \u0915\u0941\u091b \u0939\u0948 \u0939\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/p>\r\n <p><span class=\"en\">This is what separates two designs that look similar from outside. An <em>additive<\/em> programme develops the second language while the first continues to be built, and the learner ends holding both. A <em>subtractive<\/em> programme replaces the first with the second before the first is secure, and the learner ends holding neither well \u2014 the foundation was interrupted before it could support anything, and the transfer that would have carried it across never had material to carry. The design question is therefore not which language but whether the first is still being developed while the second is being added.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092f\u0939\u0940 \u0909\u0928 \u0926\u094b \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u0943\u0925\u0915\u094d \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u092c\u093e\u0939\u0930 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0926\u093f\u0916\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 <em>\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915<\/em> \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u0940 \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0938\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u092c\u0915\u093f \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u091a\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0930\u0939\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0930\u0915\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 <em>\u0918\u091f\u093e\u0935\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915<\/em> \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0941\u0926\u0943\u0922\u093c \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u0930 \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u0940 \u0930\u0916 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0915\u094b \u092d\u0940 \u092d\u0932\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u093f\u090f \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0915\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u0928\u0940\u0902\u0935 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0939\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0926\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u0939\u0940 \u092c\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b \u0917\u0908, \u0914\u0930 \u091c\u094b \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930\u0923 \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u0930 \u0932\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u0938 \u0932\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0939\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0925\u0940\u0964 \u0905\u0924\u0903 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u092f\u0939 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u093f \u0915\u094c\u0928-\u0938\u0940 \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e, \u0905\u092a\u093f\u0924\u0941 \u092f\u0939 \u0915\u093f \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u0940 \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u092f \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938 \u091a\u0932 \u0930\u0939\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u092f\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/p>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"callout teal\">\r\n <div class=\"callout-label\"><span class=\"en\">Translanguaging, and how it differs from code-switching<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u093e\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0937\u0923, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0935\u0939 \u0915\u0942\u091f-\u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/div>\r\n <span class=\"en\">Code-switching describes a speaker moving between two languages that are treated as separate systems, and it is often corrected in classrooms as a lapse. Translanguaging starts from a different premise: that a multilingual learner has one linguistic repertoire rather than two or three partial ones, and draws on the whole of it to make meaning. In practice it licenses a lesson in which a text is read in one language, discussed in another and written up in a third, on the ground that the thinking is continuous even where the surface changes. In an Indian classroom, where most learners arrive already using more than one language daily, the practical gain is that a learner is not required to stop thinking in order to change languages.<\/span>\r\n <span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u0942\u091f-\u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u0910\u0938\u0947 \u0935\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0923\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0926\u094b \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0943\u0925\u0915\u094d \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0907\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092f\u0903 \u0924\u094d\u0930\u0941\u091f\u093f \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0941\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092a\u093e\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0937\u0923 \u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0924\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u0906\u0930\u0902\u092d \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948: \u0915\u093f \u092c\u0939\u0941\u092d\u093e\u0937\u0940 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u0938 \u0926\u094b-\u0924\u0940\u0928 \u0906\u0902\u0936\u093f\u0915 \u092d\u0902\u0921\u093e\u0930 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u090f\u0915 \u0939\u0940 \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093f\u0915 \u092d\u0902\u0921\u093e\u0930 \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u0939 \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925-\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u092d\u093e\u0917 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092f\u0939 \u0910\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u0920 \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092e\u0924\u093f \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f \u090f\u0915 \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0922\u093c\u093e \u091c\u093e\u090f, \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091a\u0930\u094d\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b \u0914\u0930 \u0924\u0940\u0938\u0930\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0932\u093f\u0916\u093e \u091c\u093e\u090f, \u0907\u0938 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u093f \u0938\u0924\u0939 \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u092d\u0940 \u091a\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0928 \u0938\u0924\u0924 \u0930\u0939\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902, \u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0902\u0936 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0926\u093f\u0928 \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0941\u090f \u0906\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0932\u093e\u092d \u092f\u0939 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u091a\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0928 \u0930\u094b\u0915\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940\u0964<\/span>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"cyp-box\">\r\n <div class=\"cyp-title\"><span class=\"en\">Progress check<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0917\u0924\u093f \u091c\u093e\u0901\u091a<\/span><\/div>\r\n <details class=\"cyp-q\"><summary><span class=\"en\">A school admits children with disability to ordinary classes and seats them together at the back with a separate worksheet. Which of the four positions is this?<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0926\u093f\u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0917 \u092c\u093e\u0932\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0947\u0936 \u0926\u0947\u0915\u0930 \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0940\u091b\u0947 \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u092c\u093f\u0920\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0905\u0932\u0917 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0915 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u094c\u0928-\u0938\u0940 \u0939\u0948?<\/span><\/summary>\r\n <div class=\"cyp-a\"><span class=\"en\">Integration, not inclusion. The children are present in the room, which is what integration secures, but the teaching has not been altered to include them, so the adaptation is still expected from the child's side. The test to apply is the one the RPwD definition uses: has the system of teaching and learning been suitably adapted, or has only the seating changed?<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u090f\u0915\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923, \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0935\u0947\u0936\u0928 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964 \u092c\u093e\u0932\u0915 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u092a\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0914\u0930 \u090f\u0915\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u092f\u0939\u0940 \u0938\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0936\u094d\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0915\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0941 \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u092e\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0932\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u092c\u0926\u0932\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0917\u092f\u093e, \u0905\u0924\u0903 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0915\u0942\u0932\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0905\u092d\u0940 \u092d\u0940 \u092c\u093e\u0932\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0938\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0932\u093e\u0917\u0942 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u092f\u094b\u0917\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0938\u094c\u091f\u0940 \u0935\u0939\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0906\u0930\u092a\u0940\u0921\u092c\u094d\u0932\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0921\u0940 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948: \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923-\u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0915\u0942\u0932\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0941\u0908, \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u092c\u0948\u0920\u0915 \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0940?<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n <details class=\"cyp-q\"><summary><span class=\"en\">A teacher gives the stronger group an essay and the weaker group a colouring task on the same topic. What has gone wrong?<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0938\u0936\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0938\u092e\u0942\u0939 \u0915\u094b \u0928\u093f\u092c\u0902\u0927 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0926\u0941\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0932 \u0938\u092e\u0942\u0939 \u0915\u094b \u0909\u0938\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u092a\u0930 \u0930\u0902\u0917 \u092d\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0917\u0932\u0924 \u0939\u0941\u0906?<\/span><\/summary>\r\n <div class=\"cyp-a\"><span class=\"en\">The tasks are not respectful. Differentiation varies the route, the support and the form of the demonstration while the objective holds; here the second task reaches a lesser objective, which makes it a modification presented as differentiation. The other cost is social: a ranking of this kind is legible to every learner in the room, and it is read as a statement about persons rather than about tasks.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0938\u092e\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0928\u091c\u0928\u0915 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u0947\u0926\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0917, \u0938\u0939\u093e\u0930\u0947 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0915\u094b \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u092c\u0915\u093f \u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0930 \u0930\u0939\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948; \u092f\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u093e \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0928\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0928 \u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f \u0924\u0915 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u094b \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u0947\u0926\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0927\u0928 \u092c\u0928\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u0940 \u0932\u093e\u0917\u0924 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u091c\u093f\u0915 \u0939\u0948: \u0907\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u0936\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0923\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u0920\u0928\u0940\u092f \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u0925\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0922\u093c\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n <details class=\"cyp-q\"><summary><span class=\"en\">A parent objects that time given to the home language is time lost from English. What does the evidence say?<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0915 \u0906\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0917\u0943\u0939-\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0938\u092e\u092f \u0905\u0902\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0947\u091c\u093c\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u0916\u094b\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0938\u092e\u092f \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0939\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902?<\/span><\/summary>\r\n <div class=\"cyp-a\"><span class=\"en\">That the two are not in competition beneath the surface. Concepts, reasoning and knowledge of how written texts work are built once and serve whichever language calls on them, so a learner who understands a thing in the first language does not have to understand it again in the second. What is genuinely separate is the surface \u2014 sounds, script, vocabulary. The design that does harm is the subtractive one, which withdraws the first language before it is secure and leaves the learner with neither well established.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u093f \u0938\u0924\u0939 \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u0940\u091a\u0947 \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0938\u094d\u092a\u0930\u094d\u0927\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u092f, \u0924\u0930\u094d\u0915\u0923 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092f\u0939 \u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u093f \u0932\u093f\u0916\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u2014 \u092f\u0947 \u090f\u0915 \u092c\u093e\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0915\u0930 \u091c\u094b \u092d\u0940 \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0941\u0932\u093e\u090f \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0905\u0924\u0903 \u091c\u094b \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0940 \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u0941\u091b \u0938\u092e\u091d \u0932\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u092b\u093f\u0930 \u0938\u092e\u091d\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924\u0903 \u092a\u0943\u0925\u0915\u094d \u0935\u0939 \u0938\u0924\u0939 \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u0927\u094d\u0935\u0928\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901, \u0932\u093f\u092a\u093f, \u0936\u092c\u094d\u0926\u093e\u0935\u0932\u0940\u0964 \u091c\u094b \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a \u0939\u093e\u0928\u093f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0935\u0939 \u0918\u091f\u093e\u0935\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u094b \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0940 \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0941\u0926\u0943\u0922\u093c \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u0939\u091f\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0915\u094b \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092d\u0940 \u092d\u0932\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0941\u090f \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u091b\u094b\u0921\u093c \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"p15-6\">\r\n <span class=\"section-badge\">15.6<\/span>\r\n <h3><span class=\"en\">Practice Set<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u092d\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938 \u0938\u0947\u091f<\/span><\/h3>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"mcq-box\">\r\n <div class=\"mcq-title\"><span class=\"en\">Practice \u2014 Inclusive and Multilingual Pedagogy<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u092d\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938 \u2014 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0935\u0947\u0936\u0940 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092c\u0939\u0941\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093f\u0915 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930<\/span> <span class=\"mcq-src\">10 items<\/span><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"mcq-note\"><span class=\"en\">For inclusion items, ask which side is being expected to change.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u092e\u093e\u0935\u0947\u0936\u0928 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0942\u091b\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u093f \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u0915\u093f\u0938 \u092a\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n\r\n <details class=\"mcq-q\"><summary><span class=\"mcq-num\">1<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">The distinction between integration and inclusion lies in<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u090f\u0915\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0935\u0947\u0936\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u092d\u0947\u0926 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/span><\/summary>\r\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\r\n <li>(a) <span class=\"en\">the number of children with disability admitted<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0947\u0936\u093f\u0924 \u0926\u093f\u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0917 \u092c\u093e\u0932\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(b) <span class=\"en\">which side is expected to adapt<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u0928\u0941\u0915\u0942\u0932\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u093f\u0938 \u092a\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0938\u0947 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(c) <span class=\"en\">whether the school is government or private<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0938\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u092f\u093e \u0928\u093f\u091c\u0940<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(d) <span class=\"en\">the age at which admission is granted<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0947\u0936 \u0915\u0940 \u0906\u092f\u0941<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\"><b>(b).<\/b> <span class=\"en\">Integration places the child in an ordinary classroom and expects the child to manage there. Inclusion alters the system of teaching and learning so that the child can participate, which is the formulation the RPwD definition uses. Admission is common to both, so option (a) cannot distinguish them.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u090f\u0915\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u092c\u093e\u0932\u0915 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0930\u0916\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u092c\u093e\u0932\u0915 \u0935\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0928\u093f\u092d\u093e \u0932\u0947\u0964 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0935\u0947\u0936\u0928 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923-\u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0924\u093e\u0915\u093f \u092c\u093e\u0932\u0915 \u0938\u0939\u092d\u093e\u0917\u0940 \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0947, \u0914\u0930 \u0906\u0930\u092a\u0940\u0921\u092c\u094d\u0932\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0921\u0940 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e \u092f\u0939\u0940 \u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0947\u0936 \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0939\u0948, \u0905\u0924\u0903 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a (a) \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0943\u0925\u0915\u094d \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n\r\n <details class=\"mcq-q\"><summary><span class=\"mcq-num\">2<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">The Salamanca Statement was adopted in<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u0932\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0902\u0915\u093e \u0918\u094b\u0937\u0923\u093e \u0915\u093f\u0938 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937 \u0905\u0902\u0917\u0940\u0915\u0943\u0924 \u0939\u0941\u0908<\/span><\/span><\/summary>\r\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\r\n <li>(a) <span class=\"en\">1990<\/span><span class=\"hi\">1990<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(b) <span class=\"en\">1994<\/span><span class=\"hi\">1994<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(c) <span class=\"en\">2005<\/span><span class=\"hi\">2005<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(d) <span class=\"en\">2016<\/span><span class=\"hi\">2016<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\"><b>(b).<\/b> <span class=\"en\">Its central proposition is that ordinary schools with an inclusive orientation should accommodate all children whatever their condition, and that such an orientation is the most effective means of combating discriminatory attitudes. Option (d) is the year of the RPwD Act, which is the Indian statutory instrument rather than the international statement.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0907\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u092a\u094d\u0924\u093f \u092f\u0939 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0935\u0947\u0936\u0940 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0935\u093f\u0928\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0938\u092e\u0938\u094d\u0924 \u092c\u093e\u0932\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u092e\u093e\u092f\u094b\u091c\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902, \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u091a\u093e\u0939\u0947 \u091c\u094b \u0939\u094b, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0910\u0938\u093e \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0935\u093f\u0928\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938 \u092d\u0947\u0926\u092d\u093e\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0932\u0921\u093c\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0940 \u0938\u093e\u0927\u0928 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a (d) \u0906\u0930\u092a\u0940\u0921\u092c\u094d\u0932\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0921\u0940 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e \u0915\u093e \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937 \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u094b \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0918\u094b\u0937\u0923\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0935\u0948\u0927\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0926\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0947\u091c\u093c \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n\r\n <details class=\"mcq-q\"><summary><span class=\"mcq-num\">3<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">The three principles of Universal Design for Learning concern multiple means of<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0938\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0935\u092d\u094c\u092e \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a \u0915\u0947 \u0924\u0940\u0928 \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0947\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u0927\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948\u0902<\/span><\/span><\/summary>\r\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\r\n <li>(a) <span class=\"en\">assessment, reporting and remediation<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0906\u0915\u0932\u0928, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0926\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0909\u092a\u091a\u093e\u0930<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(b) <span class=\"en\">engagement, representation, and action and expression<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u0902\u0932\u0917\u094d\u0928\u0924\u093e, \u0928\u093f\u0930\u0942\u092a\u0923, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(c) <span class=\"en\">content, process and product<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(d) <span class=\"en\">readiness, interest and profile<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0924\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0930\u0924\u093e, \u0930\u0941\u091a\u093f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u092b\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0932<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\"><b>(b).<\/b> <span class=\"en\">They answer the why, the what and the how of learning respectively. Options (c) and (d) belong to Tomlinson's account of differentiation \u2014 the four elements differentiated and the three characteristics they respond to \u2014 and mixing the two frameworks is the commonest error in this area.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092f\u0947 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0936\u0903 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902, \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0915\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a (c) \u090f\u0935\u0902 (d) \u0935\u093f\u092d\u0947\u0926\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u091f\u0949\u092e\u0932\u093f\u0902\u0938\u0928 \u0935\u093f\u0935\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u2014 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u0947\u0926\u0940\u0915\u0943\u0924 \u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0924\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0935\u0947 \u0924\u0940\u0928 \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u091c\u093f\u0928\u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u2014 \u0914\u0930 \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0922\u093e\u0901\u091a\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u092e\u093f\u0932\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0928\u093e \u0907\u0938 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0924\u092e \u0924\u094d\u0930\u0941\u091f\u093f \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n\r\n <details class=\"mcq-q\"><summary><span class=\"mcq-num\">4<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">Providing a scribe for one learner while the task and the standard stay the same is best described as<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0915 \u0905\u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0924 \u0930\u0916\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0941\u090f \u090f\u0915 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0915\u094b \u0932\u0947\u0916\u0915 \u0926\u0947\u0928\u093e \u2014 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u094b\u0924\u094d\u0924\u092e \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0923\u0928 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/span><\/summary>\r\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\r\n <li>(a) <span class=\"en\">a modification<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0927\u0928<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(b) <span class=\"en\">an accommodation<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u092e\u093e\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(c) <span class=\"en\">universal design<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0935\u092d\u094c\u092e \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(d) <span class=\"en\">segregation<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u0943\u0925\u0915\u094d\u0915\u0930\u0923<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\"><b>(b).<\/b> <span class=\"en\">An accommodation changes how a learner accesses the task or shows the answer while the expectation itself holds. A modification alters the expectation, so the standard being met is a different standard. Universal design would mean the task had offered more than one route from the outset, so that nothing had to be added for anyone.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u092e\u093e\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u092f\u0939 \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0924\u0915 \u0915\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a\u0947 \u092f\u093e \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0915\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0926\u093f\u0916\u093e\u090f, \u091c\u092c\u0915\u093f \u0905\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0930 \u0930\u0939\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0927\u0928 \u0905\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u092c\u0926\u0932 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0905\u0924\u0903 \u091c\u094b \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0915 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u093e \u0939\u094b \u0930\u0939\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0935\u0939 \u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0915 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0938\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0935\u092d\u094c\u092e \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0915\u093f \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0928\u0947 \u0906\u0930\u0902\u092d \u0938\u0947 \u0939\u0940 \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0917 \u0926\u093f\u090f, \u0924\u093e\u0915\u093f \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u0941\u091b \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0928\u093e \u0939\u0940 \u0928 \u092a\u0921\u093c\u0947\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n\r\n <details class=\"mcq-q\"><summary><span class=\"mcq-num\">5<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">In Tomlinson's account, a teacher differentiates content, process, product and environment in response to<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u091f\u0949\u092e\u0932\u093f\u0902\u0938\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0935\u0930\u0923 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e, \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0935\u093e\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u092d\u0947\u0926\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/span><\/summary>\r\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\r\n <li>(a) <span class=\"en\">age, gender and language<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0906\u092f\u0941, \u0932\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(b) <span class=\"en\">readiness, interest and learning profile<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0924\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0930\u0924\u093e, \u0930\u0941\u091a\u093f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u092b\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0932<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(c) <span class=\"en\">attendance, behaviour and marks<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0909\u092a\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f, \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0905\u0902\u0915<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(d) <span class=\"en\">the syllabus, the timetable and the examination<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e, \u0938\u092e\u092f-\u0938\u093e\u0930\u0923\u0940 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\"><b>(b).<\/b> <span class=\"en\">Four elements against three characteristics gives twelve possible moves rather than one plan per learner, which is what makes the practice sustainable in a large class. Readiness in particular is not ability: it is where a learner stands on this content today, and treating it as fixed produces the permanent groups the practice exists to avoid.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0924\u0940\u0928 \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0924\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u090f\u0915 \u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u092c\u093e\u0930\u0939 \u0938\u0902\u092d\u0935 \u091a\u093e\u0932\u0947\u0902 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0914\u0930 \u092f\u0939\u0940 \u0907\u0938 \u0905\u092d\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u094b \u092c\u0921\u093c\u0940 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091f\u093f\u0915\u093e\u090a \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0924\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0930\u0924\u093e \u092f\u094b\u0917\u094d\u092f\u0924\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u0948: \u0935\u0939 \u092f\u0939 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0907\u0938 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u092a\u0930 \u0906\u091c \u0915\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0916\u0921\u093c\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0930 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u0935\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092f\u0940 \u0938\u092e\u0942\u0939 \u092c\u0928\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u091c\u093f\u0928\u0938\u0947 \u092c\u091a\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u092f\u0939 \u0905\u092d\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n\r\n <details class=\"mcq-q\"><summary><span class=\"mcq-num\">6<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">Which statement correctly distinguishes multigrade from multilevel?<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u094c\u0928-\u0938\u093e \u0915\u0925\u0928 \u092c\u0939\u0941\u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0940\u092f \u0915\u094b \u092c\u0939\u0941\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0939\u0940 \u0922\u0902\u0917 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0943\u0925\u0915\u094d \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948?<\/span><\/span><\/summary>\r\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\r\n <li>(a) <span class=\"en\">They are two names for the same arrangement<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092f\u0947 \u090f\u0915 \u0939\u0940 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u094b \u0928\u093e\u092e \u0939\u0948\u0902<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(b) <span class=\"en\">Multigrade is an administrative fact; multilevel describes the range of attainment present<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092c\u0939\u0941\u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0940\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u093e\u0938\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0924\u0925\u094d\u092f \u0939\u0948; \u092c\u0939\u0941\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0909\u092a\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u0909\u092a\u0932\u092c\u094d\u0927\u093f-\u092a\u0930\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0923\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(c) <span class=\"en\">Multilevel occurs only in rural schools<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092c\u0939\u0941\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e\u0940\u0923 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(d) <span class=\"en\">Multigrade classes are always smaller than monograde ones<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092c\u0939\u0941\u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0940\u092f \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u0938\u0926\u0948\u0935 \u090f\u0915\u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0940\u092f \u0938\u0947 \u091b\u094b\u091f\u0940 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\"><b>(b).<\/b> <span class=\"en\">Every monograde classroom is also multilevel, which is precisely why the strategies developed for multigrade schools \u2014 self-instructional material, rotation, peer tutoring, a common opening with differentiated follow-up \u2014 are of use to teachers who have never taught more than one grade at a time.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u090f\u0915\u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0940\u092f \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u092d\u0940 \u092c\u0939\u0941\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0920\u0940\u0915 \u0907\u0938\u0940\u0932\u093f\u090f \u092c\u0939\u0941\u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0940\u092f \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0938\u093f\u0924 \u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u2014 \u0938\u094d\u0935-\u0905\u0928\u0941\u0926\u0947\u0936\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940, \u0906\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928, \u0938\u0939\u092a\u093e\u0920\u0940 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923, \u0935\u093f\u092d\u0947\u0926\u0940\u0915\u0943\u0924 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u0938\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0906\u0930\u0902\u092d \u2014 \u0909\u0928 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092d\u0940 \u0915\u093e\u092e \u0906\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u091c\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0939\u094b\u0902\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u092d\u0940 \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u092e\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u092a\u0922\u093c\u093e\u0908\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n\r\n <details class=\"mcq-q\"><summary><span class=\"mcq-num\">7<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">Cummins's common underlying proficiency implies that<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u092e\u093f\u0902\u0938 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u094d\u0928\u093f\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0940\u0923\u0924\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0939\u093f\u0924\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f<\/span><\/span><\/summary>\r\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\r\n <li>(a) <span class=\"en\">the two languages compete for a fixed capacity<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0924 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0938\u094d\u092a\u0930\u094d\u0927\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(b) <span class=\"en\">concepts and literacy skills built in one language are available to the other<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u090f\u0915 \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u092f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u093e\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0915\u094c\u0936\u0932 \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u094b \u0909\u092a\u0932\u092c\u094d\u0927 \u0939\u0948\u0902<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(c) <span class=\"en\">a second language should not be introduced before Grade 8<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e 8 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u0940 \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(d) <span class=\"en\">surface features transfer more readily than concepts<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u0924\u0939\u0940 \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0939\u091c\u0924\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\"><b>(b).<\/b> <span class=\"en\">Only the surface features \u2014 sounds, script, vocabulary \u2014 are separate, so option (d) inverts the model. Option (a) is the assumption the model was proposed against, and it is the one behind the objection that mother-tongue time is taken from the second language. The harm comes from subtractive designs that withdraw the first language before it is secure.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0938\u0924\u0939\u0940 \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u2014 \u0927\u094d\u0935\u0928\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901, \u0932\u093f\u092a\u093f, \u0936\u092c\u094d\u0926\u093e\u0935\u0932\u0940 \u2014 \u092a\u0943\u0925\u0915\u094d \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0905\u0924\u0903 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a (d) \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u094b \u0909\u0932\u091f \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a (a) \u0935\u0939\u0940 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0930\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u092f\u0939 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0941\u0906, \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u0939\u0940 \u0909\u0938 \u0906\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0940\u091b\u0947 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u092e\u093e\u0924\u0943\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0938\u092e\u092f \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u0940 \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u091b\u0940\u0928\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e\u0964 \u0939\u093e\u0928\u093f \u0909\u0928 \u0918\u091f\u093e\u0935\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0906\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0940 \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0941\u0926\u0943\u0922\u093c \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u0939\u091f\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n\r\n <details class=\"mcq-q\"><summary><span class=\"mcq-num\">8<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">Translanguaging differs from code-switching in that it<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u093e\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u0942\u091f-\u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u0938\u0947 \u0907\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0935\u0939<\/span><\/span><\/summary>\r\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\r\n <li>(a) <span class=\"en\">treats the learner's languages as one repertoire rather than separate systems<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u0943\u0925\u0915\u094d \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u0928 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0915\u0930 \u090f\u0915 \u092d\u0902\u0921\u093e\u0930 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(b) <span class=\"en\">permits only one language in a single lesson<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u090f\u0915 \u0939\u0940 \u092a\u093e\u0920 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u090f\u0915 \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092e\u0924\u093f \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(c) <span class=\"en\">applies only to written work<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0932\u093f\u0916\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u092a\u0930 \u0932\u093e\u0917\u0942 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(d) <span class=\"en\">is a stage that learners are expected to grow out of<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u090f\u0915 \u0910\u0938\u0940 \u0905\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0906\u0917\u0947 \u092c\u0922\u093c \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\"><b>(a).<\/b> <span class=\"en\">Code-switching assumes two separate systems and is frequently corrected in classrooms as a lapse; translanguaging holds that the thinking is continuous even where the surface changes, and licenses a lesson read in one language, discussed in another and written in a third. In an Indian classroom the practical gain is that a learner need not stop thinking in order to change languages.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u0942\u091f-\u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u0926\u094b \u092a\u0943\u0925\u0915\u094d \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092f\u0903 \u0924\u094d\u0930\u0941\u091f\u093f \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0941\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948; \u092a\u093e\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0937\u0923 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0938\u0924\u0939 \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u092d\u0940 \u091a\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0928 \u0938\u0924\u0924 \u0930\u0939\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0910\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u0920 \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092e\u0924\u093f \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u090f\u0915 \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0922\u093c\u093e \u091c\u093e\u090f, \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091a\u0930\u094d\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b \u0914\u0930 \u0924\u0940\u0938\u0930\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0932\u093f\u0916\u093e \u091c\u093e\u090f\u0964 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0932\u093e\u092d \u092f\u0939 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0915\u094b \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u091a\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0928 \u0930\u094b\u0915\u0928\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u092a\u0921\u093c\u0924\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n\r\n <details class=\"mcq-q\"><summary><span class=\"mcq-num\">9<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">Which barrier to inclusion is generally reported as the hardest to remove?<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u092e\u093e\u0935\u0947\u0936\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u094c\u0928-\u0938\u0940 \u092c\u093e\u0927\u093e \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0924\u0903 \u0939\u091f\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0920\u093f\u0928 \u092c\u0924\u093e\u0908 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948?<\/span><\/span><\/summary>\r\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\r\n <li>(a) <span class=\"en\">Physical<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092d\u094c\u0924\u093f\u0915<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(b) <span class=\"en\">Communication<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u0902\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0937\u0923<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(c) <span class=\"en\">Curricular<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u091a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0917\u0924<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(d) <span class=\"en\">Attitudinal<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u092d\u093f\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0917\u0924<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\"><b>(d).<\/b> <span class=\"en\">The expectation that a particular child is present rather than participating is held by teachers and by other learners, and unlike a missing ramp or a single-format worksheet it is not visible on an inspection. Physical barriers are the most often addressed and the least often decisive, since a ramp is necessary and does not by itself make a lesson accessible.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092f\u0939 \u0905\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u093f \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937 \u092c\u093e\u0932\u0915 \u0938\u0939\u092d\u093e\u0917\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0909\u092a\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u092e\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0939\u0948, \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u0930\u0948\u0902\u092a \u092f\u093e \u090f\u0915\u0932-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0930\u0942\u092a \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u092a\u0930\u0940\u0924 \u0935\u0939 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0926\u093f\u0916\u0924\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964 \u092d\u094c\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u092c\u093e\u0927\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u094b\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u092e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0923\u093e\u092f\u0915 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u0930\u0948\u0902\u092a \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915 \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u0939 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092a\u093e\u0920 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0941\u0932\u092d \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n\r\n <details class=\"mcq-q\"><summary><span class=\"mcq-num\">10<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">Consider: 1. Differentiation requires a separate plan for each learner. 2. Respectful tasks must be equally worth doing. 3. The objective may be lowered for some learners as part of differentiation. Which are correct?<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u093f\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0940\u091c\u093f\u090f: 1. \u0935\u093f\u092d\u0947\u0926\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0943\u0925\u0915\u094d \u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f\u0964 2. \u0938\u092e\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0928\u091c\u0928\u0915 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u092f\u094b\u0917\u094d\u092f \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f\u0964 3. \u0935\u093f\u092d\u0947\u0926\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0902\u0917 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u0941\u091b \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f \u0918\u091f\u093e\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0915\u094c\u0928-\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0939\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902?<\/span><\/span><\/summary>\r\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\r\n <li>(a) <span class=\"en\">1 and 2 only<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 1 \u0914\u0930 2<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(b) <span class=\"en\">2 only<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 2<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(c) <span class=\"en\">2 and 3 only<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 2 \u0914\u0930 3<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(d) <span class=\"en\">1, 2 and 3<\/span><span class=\"hi\">1, 2 \u0914\u0930 3<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\"><b>(b).<\/b> <span class=\"en\">Statement 1 describes individualisation, which does not survive a class of fifty and is what makes differentiation appear impossible when it is not. Statement 3 describes a modification: what varies in differentiation is the route, the support and the form of demonstration, while the objective holds \u2014 and calling a lowered objective differentiation conceals a decision that should have been taken deliberately.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u0925\u0928 1 \u0935\u0948\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0915\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0923\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u094b \u092a\u091a\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u091f\u093f\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u0939\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u0947\u0926\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u094b \u0905\u0938\u0902\u092d\u0935 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u0940\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u092c\u0915\u093f \u0935\u0939 \u0905\u0938\u0902\u092d\u0935 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964 \u0915\u0925\u0928 3 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0927\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0923\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948: \u0935\u093f\u092d\u0947\u0926\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0917, \u0938\u0939\u093e\u0930\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u092c\u0915\u093f \u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0930 \u0930\u0939\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u0914\u0930 \u0918\u091f\u093e\u090f \u0917\u090f \u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f \u0915\u094b \u0935\u093f\u092d\u0947\u0926\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0939\u0928\u093e \u0910\u0938\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0923\u092f \u0915\u094b \u091b\u093f\u092a\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0938\u0941\u0935\u093f\u091a\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0928\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f \u0925\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <\/section>\r\n<!--\/CH15-->\r\n<!--CH16--><section class=\"chapter-content\" data-chap=\"16\" id=\"c16\">\r\n <div class=\"chapter-heading-block\">\r\n <span class=\"chapter-badge\"><span class=\"en\">CHAPTER 16<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f 16<\/span><\/span>\r\n <h2><span class=\"en\">Critical Pedagogy and Responsive Teaching<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0906\u0932\u094b\u091a\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0936\u0940\u0932 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923<\/span><\/h2>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"keyfact-grid\">\r\n <div class=\"keyfact-card navy-hi\">\r\n <span class=\"big-icon\">📚<\/span>\r\n <div class=\"kf-label\"><span class=\"en\">The founding text<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930-\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0902\u0925<\/span><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"kf-value\">Freire \u00b7 1968<\/div>\r\n <div class=\"kf-sub\"><span class=\"en\">Pedagogy of the Oppressed, written in exile<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u0947\u0921\u093e\u0917\u0949\u091c\u0940 \u0911\u092b \u0926 \u0911\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0938\u094d\u0921, \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0938\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0932\u093f\u0916\u093f\u0924<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div class=\"keyfact-card amber-hi\">\r\n <span class=\"big-icon\">💭<\/span>\r\n <div class=\"kf-label\"><span class=\"en\">The central term<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u092a\u0926<\/span><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"kf-value\">Conscientiza\u00e7\u00e3o<\/div>\r\n <div class=\"kf-sub\"><span class=\"en\">Perceiving the contradictions, and acting on them<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0930\u094b\u0927\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u092e\u091d\u0928\u093e, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0909\u0928 \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div class=\"keyfact-card teal-hi\">\r\n <span class=\"big-icon\">🌍<\/span>\r\n <div class=\"kf-label\"><span class=\"en\">Culturally relevant pedagogy<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f-\u0938\u0941\u0938\u0902\u0917\u0924 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930<\/span><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"kf-value\">Ladson-Billings \u00b7 1994<\/div>\r\n <div class=\"kf-sub\"><span class=\"en\">Three propositions, and all three are required<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0924\u0940\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u092a\u094d\u0924\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901, \u0914\u0930 \u0924\u0940\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div class=\"keyfact-card\">\r\n <span class=\"big-icon\">⚖<\/span>\r\n <div class=\"kf-label\"><span class=\"en\">The gender distinction<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u091c\u0947\u0902\u0921\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0940 \u092d\u0947\u0926<\/span><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"kf-value\">Neutral \u2260 responsive<\/div>\r\n <div class=\"kf-sub\"><span class=\"en\">Identical treatment preserves an unequal start<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930 \u0905\u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0930\u0902\u092d \u0915\u094b \u092c\u0928\u093e\u090f \u0930\u0916\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <p><span class=\"en\">Every chapter so far has asked how teaching can be made to work. This one asks a prior question: work towards what, and decided by whom. Critical pedagogy holds that education is never neutral \u2014 that a curriculum, a method and an examination each embody a view of what is worth knowing and whose knowledge counts \u2014 and that a teacher who has not examined that view is nonetheless transmitting it.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u092c \u0924\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f \u0928\u0947 \u092f\u0939 \u092a\u0942\u091b\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u094b \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u0936\u0940\u0932 \u0915\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u090f\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f \u0909\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u092a\u0942\u091b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948: \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u0913\u0930 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u0936\u0940\u0932, \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924\u0964 \u0906\u0932\u094b\u091a\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u092d\u0940 \u0924\u091f\u0938\u094d\u0925 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u2014 \u0915\u093f \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u091a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e, \u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0907\u0938 \u0926\u0943\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093f \u0915\u094b \u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u093f\u090f \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0915\u093f \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0928\u0947 \u092f\u094b\u0917\u094d\u092f \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0915\u093e \u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u0917\u093f\u0928\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u091c\u093f\u0938 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0928\u0947 \u0909\u0938 \u0926\u0943\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093f \u0915\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0901\u091a \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0935\u0939 \u092b\u093f\u0930 \u092d\u0940 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0938\u0902\u091a\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0930 \u0930\u0939\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"feat-grid\">\r\n <div class=\"feat-card\"><span class=\"fc-num\">1<\/span><strong><span class=\"en\">Who is the subject of the process?<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0915\u094c\u0928 \u0939\u0948?<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"en\">In the banking arrangement the teacher acts and the learner is acted upon; in problem-posing education both act, on a shared object of inquiry.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092c\u0948\u0902\u0915\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948; \u0938\u092e\u0938\u094d\u092f\u093e-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u093e\u091d\u093e \u0905\u0928\u094d\u0935\u0947\u0937\u0923-\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"feat-card\"><span class=\"fc-num\">2<\/span><strong><span class=\"en\">What is held to cause the situation?<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u0915\u093e \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u092e\u093e\u0928\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948?<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"en\">Fate, individual fault, or a structure that was made and can therefore be changed \u2014 three levels of consciousness, and dialogue is what moves between them.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092d\u093e\u0917\u094d\u092f, \u0935\u0948\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0926\u094b\u0937, \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0910\u0938\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e \u091c\u094b \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0908 \u0917\u0908 \u0914\u0930 \u0907\u0938\u0940\u0932\u093f\u090f \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0940 \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u091a\u0947\u0924\u0928\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0924\u0940\u0928 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930, \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u0935\u093e\u0926 \u0939\u0940 \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u0917\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0930\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"feat-card\"><span class=\"fc-num\">3<\/span><strong><span class=\"en\">Whose culture is the classroom conducted in?<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0932\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948?<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"en\">Culturally relevant teaching requires academic success, cultural competence and critical consciousness together \u2014 not a festival.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f-\u0938\u0941\u0938\u0902\u0917\u0924 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0936\u0948\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u092b\u0932\u0924\u093e, \u0938\u093e\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e\u0924\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0906\u0932\u094b\u091a\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u091a\u0947\u0924\u0928\u093e \u2014 \u0924\u0940\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f, \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0938\u0935 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"feat-card\"><span class=\"fc-num\">4<\/span><strong><span class=\"en\">Does even-handed mean equal?<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u092a\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0939\u0948?<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"en\">Treating every learner identically where the starting points differ preserves the difference and supplies it with a defence.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928-\u092c\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0941 \u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0939\u094b\u0902 \u0935\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930 \u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928\u0924\u093e \u0915\u094b \u092c\u0928\u093e\u090f \u0930\u0916\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u092c\u091a\u093e\u0935 \u092d\u0940 \u0926\u0947 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"p16-0\">\r\n <span class=\"section-badge\">16.0<\/span>\r\n <h3><span class=\"en\">Introduction<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u0930\u093f\u091a\u092f<\/span><\/h3>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <p><span class=\"en\">Paulo Freire developed his account while running adult literacy work in north-eastern Brazil, was imprisoned and then exiled after the coup of 1964, and wrote <em>Pedagogy of the Oppressed<\/em> in exile. The circumstance matters to the reading: the book is not a proposal for improving school lessons but an argument that literacy work which teaches people to read words without also teaching them to read their situation has left the situation exactly as it was.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u093e\u0909\u0932\u094b \u092b\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0930\u0947 \u0928\u0947 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0935\u0930\u0923 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930-\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0940 \u092c\u094d\u0930\u093e\u091c\u093c\u0940\u0932 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0922\u093c \u0938\u093e\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u091a\u0932\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0941\u090f \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0938\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e, 1964 \u0915\u0947 \u0924\u0916\u094d\u0924\u093e\u092a\u0932\u091f \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u093e\u0935\u093e\u0938 \u0914\u0930 \u092b\u093f\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0938\u0928 \u091d\u0947\u0932\u093e, \u0924\u0925\u093e <em>\u092a\u0947\u0921\u093e\u0917\u0949\u091c\u0940 \u0911\u092b \u0926 \u0911\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0938\u094d\u0921<\/em> \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0938\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0932\u093f\u0916\u0940\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u092a\u0920\u0928 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0939\u0948: \u092f\u0939 \u092a\u0941\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f\u0940 \u092a\u093e\u0920 \u0938\u0941\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0905\u092a\u093f\u0924\u0941 \u092f\u0939 \u0924\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u091c\u094b \u0938\u093e\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0932\u094b\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0936\u092c\u094d\u0926 \u092a\u0922\u093c\u0928\u093e \u0938\u093f\u0916\u093e\u090f \u0915\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0941 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u092a\u0922\u093c\u0928\u093e \u0928 \u0938\u093f\u0916\u093e\u090f \u0909\u0938\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u0915\u094b \u0920\u0940\u0915 \u0935\u0948\u0938\u093e \u0939\u0940 \u091b\u094b\u0921\u093c \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"p16-1\">\r\n <span class=\"section-badge\">16.1<\/span>\r\n <h3><span class=\"en\">Freire and the Banking Concept<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092b\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0930\u0947 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092c\u0948\u0902\u0915\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a\u0928\u093e<\/span><\/h3>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <p><span class=\"en\">Freire described the prevailing arrangement as an act of depositing, in which the learners are the depositories and the teacher the depositor. What is deposited is treated as a quantity to be received, filed and stored; the learner's part is to hold it patiently until it is called for. He called the accompanying habit of speech <em>narration sickness<\/em> \u2014 the teacher's voice filling the room with content detached from the situation of the people listening to it.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092b\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0930\u0947 \u0928\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u091a\u0932\u093f\u0924 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u0915\u094b \u091c\u092e\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0939\u093e, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u091c\u092e\u093e-\u092a\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u091c\u092e\u093e\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0964 \u091c\u094b \u091c\u092e\u093e \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0910\u0938\u0940 \u092e\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093e \u092e\u093e\u0928\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924, \u092b\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0932 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u0939\u0948; \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u092d\u093e\u0917 \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0927\u0948\u0930\u094d\u092f\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0915 \u0924\u092c \u0924\u0915 \u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u092c \u0924\u0915 \u092e\u093e\u0901\u0917\u093e \u0928 \u091c\u093e\u090f\u0964 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u091a\u0932\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0935\u093e\u0915\u094d-\u0906\u0926\u0924 \u0915\u094b \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0939\u094b\u0902\u0928\u0947 <em>\u0915\u0925\u0928-\u0930\u094b\u0917<\/em> \u0915\u0939\u093e \u2014 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0930 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0915\u094b \u0910\u0938\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u0938\u0947 \u092d\u0930 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0941\u0928\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u091f\u0940 \u0939\u0941\u0908 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n <svg class=\"full-diagram\" viewBox=\"0 0 560 382\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"The banking concept contrasted with problem-posing education\">\r\n<g font-family=\"DM Sans, Noto Sans Devanagari, sans-serif\" font-size=\"10.5\">\r\n <text x=\"138\" y=\"26\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"11\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#8e2f5a\">THE BANKING CONCEPT<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"138\" y=\"42\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#5a6d80\">education as an act of depositing<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"422\" y=\"26\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"11\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#0d8f79\">PROBLEM-POSING EDUCATION<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"422\" y=\"42\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#5a6d80\">education as an act of joint inquiry<\/text>\r\n\r\n <rect x=\"14\" y=\"60\" width=\"248\" height=\"38\" rx=\"7\" fill=\"#fdf0f5\" stroke=\"#8e2f5a\" stroke-width=\"1.6\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"26\" y=\"76\" font-size=\"8\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#8e2f5a\">The teacher teaches;<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"26\" y=\"89\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">the learners are taught<\/text>\r\n <line x1=\"266\" y1=\"79\" x2=\"286\" y2=\"79\" stroke=\"#c8d5e3\" stroke-width=\"1.8\"\/>\r\n <polygon points=\"292,79 282,74 282,84\" fill=\"#c8d5e3\"\/>\r\n <rect x=\"298\" y=\"60\" width=\"248\" height=\"38\" rx=\"7\" fill=\"#eefbf7\" stroke=\"#0d8f79\" stroke-width=\"1.6\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"310\" y=\"76\" font-size=\"8\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#0d8f79\">Both teach and both learn,<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"310\" y=\"89\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">each through the other<\/text>\r\n <rect x=\"14\" y=\"106\" width=\"248\" height=\"38\" rx=\"7\" fill=\"#fdf0f5\" stroke=\"#8e2f5a\" stroke-width=\"1.6\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"26\" y=\"122\" font-size=\"8\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#8e2f5a\">The teacher knows;<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"26\" y=\"135\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">the learners know nothing<\/text>\r\n <line x1=\"266\" y1=\"125\" x2=\"286\" y2=\"125\" stroke=\"#c8d5e3\" stroke-width=\"1.8\"\/>\r\n <polygon points=\"292,125 282,120 282,130\" fill=\"#c8d5e3\"\/>\r\n <rect x=\"298\" y=\"106\" width=\"248\" height=\"38\" rx=\"7\" fill=\"#eefbf7\" stroke=\"#0d8f79\" stroke-width=\"1.6\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"310\" y=\"122\" font-size=\"8\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#0d8f79\">Knowledge is investigated<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"310\" y=\"135\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">jointly, by both<\/text>\r\n <rect x=\"14\" y=\"152\" width=\"248\" height=\"38\" rx=\"7\" fill=\"#fdf0f5\" stroke=\"#8e2f5a\" stroke-width=\"1.6\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"26\" y=\"168\" font-size=\"8\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#8e2f5a\">The teacher talks;<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"26\" y=\"181\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">the learners listen<\/text>\r\n <line x1=\"266\" y1=\"171\" x2=\"286\" y2=\"171\" stroke=\"#c8d5e3\" stroke-width=\"1.8\"\/>\r\n <polygon points=\"292,171 282,166 282,176\" fill=\"#c8d5e3\"\/>\r\n <rect x=\"298\" y=\"152\" width=\"248\" height=\"38\" rx=\"7\" fill=\"#eefbf7\" stroke=\"#0d8f79\" stroke-width=\"1.6\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"310\" y=\"168\" font-size=\"8\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#0d8f79\">Dialogue, in which both<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"310\" y=\"181\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">speak and both are heard<\/text>\r\n <rect x=\"14\" y=\"198\" width=\"248\" height=\"38\" rx=\"7\" fill=\"#fdf0f5\" stroke=\"#8e2f5a\" stroke-width=\"1.6\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"26\" y=\"214\" font-size=\"8\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#8e2f5a\">The teacher fixes the content;<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"26\" y=\"227\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">the learners adapt to it<\/text>\r\n <line x1=\"266\" y1=\"217\" x2=\"286\" y2=\"217\" stroke=\"#c8d5e3\" stroke-width=\"1.8\"\/>\r\n <polygon points=\"292,217 282,212 282,222\" fill=\"#c8d5e3\"\/>\r\n <rect x=\"298\" y=\"198\" width=\"248\" height=\"38\" rx=\"7\" fill=\"#eefbf7\" stroke=\"#0d8f79\" stroke-width=\"1.6\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"310\" y=\"214\" font-size=\"8\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#0d8f79\">Content is drawn from the<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"310\" y=\"227\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">situation the learners live in<\/text>\r\n <rect x=\"14\" y=\"244\" width=\"248\" height=\"38\" rx=\"7\" fill=\"#fdf0f5\" stroke=\"#8e2f5a\" stroke-width=\"1.6\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"26\" y=\"260\" font-size=\"8\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#8e2f5a\">The learner is an object<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"26\" y=\"273\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">the process is done to<\/text>\r\n <line x1=\"266\" y1=\"263\" x2=\"286\" y2=\"263\" stroke=\"#c8d5e3\" stroke-width=\"1.8\"\/>\r\n <polygon points=\"292,263 282,258 282,268\" fill=\"#c8d5e3\"\/>\r\n <rect x=\"298\" y=\"244\" width=\"248\" height=\"38\" rx=\"7\" fill=\"#eefbf7\" stroke=\"#0d8f79\" stroke-width=\"1.6\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"310\" y=\"260\" font-size=\"8\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#0d8f79\">The learner is a subject<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"310\" y=\"273\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">acting within the process<\/text>\r\n <rect x=\"14\" y=\"290\" width=\"248\" height=\"38\" rx=\"7\" fill=\"#fdf0f5\" stroke=\"#8e2f5a\" stroke-width=\"1.6\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"26\" y=\"306\" font-size=\"8\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#8e2f5a\">Reality is described<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"26\" y=\"319\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">as fixed and finished<\/text>\r\n <line x1=\"266\" y1=\"309\" x2=\"286\" y2=\"309\" stroke=\"#c8d5e3\" stroke-width=\"1.8\"\/>\r\n <polygon points=\"292,309 282,304 282,314\" fill=\"#c8d5e3\"\/>\r\n <rect x=\"298\" y=\"290\" width=\"248\" height=\"38\" rx=\"7\" fill=\"#eefbf7\" stroke=\"#0d8f79\" stroke-width=\"1.6\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"310\" y=\"306\" font-size=\"8\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#0d8f79\">Reality is posed as a problem<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"310\" y=\"319\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">to be acted upon<\/text>\r\n <rect x=\"14\" y=\"336\" width=\"532\" height=\"38\" rx=\"7\" fill=\"#f5f8fd\" stroke=\"#14243f\" stroke-width=\"1.4\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"352\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#14243f\">Freire, 1968<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"366\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">the objection is not that the teacher knows more, but that the arrangement requires the learner to know nothing<\/text>\r\n<\/g><\/svg>\r\n <div class=\"diagram-cap\"><span class=\"en\">Six reversals, and each concerns who is acting rather than who knows more<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u091b\u0939 \u0909\u0932\u091f\u093e\u0935, \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0907\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u094c\u0928 \u0915\u0930 \u0930\u0939\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0928 \u0915\u093f \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u094c\u0928 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"callout red\">\r\n <div class=\"callout-label\"><span class=\"en\">What the objection is not<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0906\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/div>\r\n <span class=\"en\">Freire is regularly read as holding that a teacher should not know more than the learners, or should not teach. He held neither. His problem-posing teacher is emphatically a teacher, brings knowledge to the encounter, and organises it deliberately. The objection is to an arrangement in which the learner is required to know nothing \u2014 where the teacher's knowledge is presented as complete, the learner's experience is treated as irrelevant, and the content is fixed before anybody in the room has been consulted about the situation it is supposed to be about. The alternative is not a teacher who withholds but one who investigates jointly.<\/span>\r\n <span class=\"hi\">\u092b\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0930\u0947 \u0915\u094b \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u092f\u0939 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e \u092a\u0922\u093c\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0915\u094b \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0928\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f, \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u092a\u0922\u093c\u093e\u0928\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f\u0964 \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0939\u094b\u0902\u0928\u0947 \u0907\u0928\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0941\u091b \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0964 \u0909\u0928\u0915\u093e \u0938\u092e\u0938\u094d\u092f\u093e-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0928\u093f\u0936\u094d\u091a\u092f \u0939\u0940 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0939\u0948, \u092d\u0947\u0902\u091f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u0932\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0941\u0935\u093f\u091a\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u0917\u0920\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0906\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0909\u0938 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u092a\u0930 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0941\u091b \u0928 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0915\u093e \u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u092c\u0924\u093e\u0915\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092d\u0935 \u0905\u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0938\u0902\u0917\u093f\u0915 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u0909\u0938 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u093e\u092e\u0930\u094d\u0936 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u0939\u0940 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0924 \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u0939 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a \u0935\u0939 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u091c\u094b \u0930\u094b\u0915 \u0932\u0947, \u0905\u092a\u093f\u0924\u0941 \u0935\u0939 \u091c\u094b \u0938\u0902\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u094d\u0935\u0947\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0964<\/span>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"p16-2\">\r\n <span class=\"section-badge\">16.2<\/span>\r\n <h3><span class=\"en\">Conscientisation and Dialogue<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u091a\u0947\u0924\u0928\u093e\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u0935\u093e\u0926<\/span><\/h3>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <svg class=\"full-diagram\" viewBox=\"0 0 560 292\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Three levels of consciousness in Freire's account\">\r\n<g font-family=\"DM Sans, Noto Sans Devanagari, sans-serif\" font-size=\"10.5\">\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"20\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"11\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#5a6d80\">THREE LEVELS, DISTINGUISHED BY WHAT IS HELD TO CAUSE THE SITUATION<\/text>\r\n\r\n <rect x=\"12\" y=\"182\" width=\"170\" height=\"88\" rx=\"9\" fill=\"#fdf0f5\" stroke=\"#8e2f5a\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"97\" y=\"206\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#8e2f5a\">MAGICAL<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"97\" y=\"226\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">the situation is fate,<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"97\" y=\"238\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">or the will of others<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"97\" y=\"258\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" font-style=\"italic\" fill=\"#8e2f5a\">nothing could be otherwise<\/text>\r\n\r\n <rect x=\"194\" y=\"116\" width=\"170\" height=\"88\" rx=\"9\" fill=\"#fffaef\" stroke=\"#c9760f\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"279\" y=\"140\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#c9760f\">NAIVE<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"279\" y=\"160\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">the cause is located in<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"279\" y=\"172\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">individuals and their faults<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"279\" y=\"192\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" font-style=\"italic\" fill=\"#c9760f\">someone is to blame<\/text>\r\n\r\n <rect x=\"376\" y=\"50\" width=\"170\" height=\"88\" rx=\"9\" fill=\"#eefbf7\" stroke=\"#0d8f79\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"461\" y=\"74\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#0d8f79\">CRITICAL<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"461\" y=\"94\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">the structure producing it<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"461\" y=\"106\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">is perceived, and can be acted on<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"461\" y=\"126\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" font-style=\"italic\" fill=\"#0d8f79\">it was made, so it can be changed<\/text>\r\n\r\n <path d=\"M182 206 L194 206 L194 160\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#b8c8d8\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <polygon points=\"194,152 188,164 200,164\" fill=\"#b8c8d8\"\/>\r\n <path d=\"M364 140 L376 140 L376 94\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#b8c8d8\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <polygon points=\"376,86 370,98 382,98\" fill=\"#b8c8d8\"\/>\r\n\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"286\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" fill=\"#5a6d80\">conscientisation is the movement between these, and it is produced by dialogue rather than by being told<\/text>\r\n<\/g><\/svg>\r\n <div class=\"diagram-cap\"><span class=\"en\">The levels differ in what is held to cause the situation, and therefore in what can be done<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0907\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0915\u093f \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u0915\u093e \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u092e\u093e\u0928\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u0924\u0903 \u0907\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u093f \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/div>\r\n\r\n <p><span class=\"en\">The literacy method Freire built around this account is worth knowing in outline, because it shows what dialogue meant in practice rather than as a slogan. A team first investigated the vocabulary and preoccupations of the community and drew from them a small set of <em>generative words<\/em> \u2014 words carrying both phonemic richness and social weight. Each was then presented as a <em>codification<\/em>: a picture or situation representing something the group already lived. The group <em>decoded<\/em> it \u2014 described what was happening, why, and whether it had to be so \u2014 and only then was the word itself broken into syllables and recombined. Reading and the examination of the situation advanced together, which was the entire point of the design.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0907\u0938 \u0935\u093f\u0935\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0907\u0930\u094d\u0926-\u0917\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0926 \u092b\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0930\u0947 \u0928\u0947 \u091c\u094b \u0938\u093e\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0908 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u0930\u0942\u092a\u0930\u0947\u0916\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0928\u0947 \u092f\u094b\u0917\u094d\u092f \u0939\u0948, \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u0935\u0939 \u0926\u093f\u0916\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0938\u0902\u0935\u093e\u0926 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u0925\u093e, \u0928\u093e\u0930\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964 \u090f\u0915 \u0926\u0932 \u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u0941\u0926\u093e\u092f \u0915\u0940 \u0936\u092c\u094d\u0926\u093e\u0935\u0932\u0940 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u091a\u093f\u0902\u0924\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0928\u094d\u0935\u0947\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0928\u0938\u0947 <em>\u091c\u0928\u0915 \u0936\u092c\u094d\u0926\u094b\u0902<\/em> \u0915\u093e \u091b\u094b\u091f\u093e \u0938\u092e\u0941\u091a\u094d\u091a\u092f \u0928\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0932\u093e \u2014 \u0910\u0938\u0947 \u0936\u092c\u094d\u0926 \u091c\u094b \u0927\u094d\u0935\u0928\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0938\u092e\u0943\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u091c\u093f\u0915 \u092d\u093e\u0930 \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0935\u0939\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0925\u0947\u0964 \u092b\u093f\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0915\u094b <em>\u0915\u0942\u091f\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923<\/em> \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e: \u0910\u0938\u093e \u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092f\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u091c\u094b \u0938\u092e\u0942\u0939 \u0915\u0947 \u091c\u093f\u090f \u0939\u0941\u090f \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0905\u0902\u0936 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0928\u093f\u0927\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0964 \u0938\u092e\u0942\u0939 \u0928\u0947 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u093e <em>\u0935\u093f\u0915\u0942\u091f\u0928<\/em> \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u2014 \u092c\u0924\u093e\u092f\u093e \u0915\u093f \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0939\u094b \u0930\u0939\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0910\u0938\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0928\u093e \u0939\u0940 \u0925\u093e \u2014 \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u0939\u0940 \u0936\u092c\u094d\u0926 \u0915\u094b \u0905\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0924\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0915\u0930 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0903\u0938\u0902\u092f\u094b\u091c\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e\u0964 \u092a\u0920\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0901\u091a \u0938\u093e\u0925-\u0938\u093e\u0925 \u092c\u0922\u093c\u0947, \u0914\u0930 \u092f\u0939\u0940 \u0907\u0938 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u0925\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n <ul class=\"num-stack\">\r\n <li><strong><span class=\"en\">Dialogue is not conversation.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u0902\u0935\u093e\u0926 \u092c\u093e\u0924\u091a\u0940\u0924 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/strong> <span class=\"en\">Freire set conditions for it: love for the world and for people, humility, faith in the capacity of others to make and remake, hope, and critical thinking. A discussion in which the outcome is already settled by one party fails the list at more than one point.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092b\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0930\u0947 \u0928\u0947 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u0936\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0947\u0902 \u0930\u0916\u0940\u0902: \u091c\u0917\u0924\u094d \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0932\u094b\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u092e, \u0935\u093f\u0928\u092e\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093e, \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0928\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e\u0924\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0906\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e, \u0906\u0936\u093e, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0906\u0932\u094b\u091a\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u091a\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0928\u0964 \u091c\u093f\u0938 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u091a\u0930\u094d\u091a\u093e \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092b\u0932 \u090f\u0915 \u092a\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0939\u0940 \u0924\u092f \u0939\u094b \u0935\u0939 \u0907\u0938 \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u092b\u0932 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><strong><span class=\"en\">Praxis is reflection and action together.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0915\u094d\u0938\u093f\u0938 \u091a\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/strong> <span class=\"en\">Reflection without action Freire called verbalism; action without reflection he called activism. Neither transforms anything, and a classroom can produce both \u2014 the seminar that changes no practice, and the campaign nobody has thought about.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e-\u0930\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u091a\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0928 \u0915\u094b \u092b\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0930\u0947 \u0928\u0947 \u0936\u092c\u094d\u0926\u093e\u0921\u0902\u092c\u0930 \u0915\u0939\u093e; \u091a\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0928-\u0930\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0915\u0930\u094d\u092e\u0935\u093e\u0926\u0964 \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0915\u0941\u091b \u0930\u0942\u092a\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e, \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u0935\u0939 \u0938\u0902\u0917\u094b\u0937\u094d\u0920\u0940 \u091c\u094b \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u094b \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0924\u0940, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0935\u0939 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0928 \u091c\u093f\u0938 \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><strong><span class=\"en\">The standing criticism.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092f\u0940 \u0906\u0932\u094b\u091a\u0928\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/strong> <span class=\"en\">A pedagogy that sets out to raise consciousness has decided in advance what a raised consciousness looks like, and can therefore be as directive as the banking model it opposes. bell hooks, who wrote at length in Freire's defence, also pressed him on the near-absence of gender from the account, and the honest position is to hold both the debt and the criticism.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u091c\u094b \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u091a\u0947\u0924\u0928\u093e \u091c\u0917\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u091a\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0935\u0939 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0939\u0940 \u0924\u092f \u0915\u0930 \u091a\u0941\u0915\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u091c\u0917\u0940 \u0939\u0941\u0908 \u091a\u0947\u0924\u0928\u093e \u0915\u0948\u0938\u0940 \u0926\u093f\u0916\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0907\u0938\u0940\u0932\u093f\u090f \u0935\u0939 \u0909\u0938 \u092c\u0948\u0902\u0915\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u091c\u093f\u0924\u0928\u093e \u0939\u0940 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0935\u0939 \u0935\u093f\u0930\u094b\u0927 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092c\u0947\u0932 \u0939\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0938 \u0928\u0947, \u091c\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0939\u094b\u0902\u0928\u0947 \u092b\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0930\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u091a\u093e\u0935 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u0916\u093e, \u0909\u0928 \u092a\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0935\u0930\u0923 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091c\u0947\u0902\u0921\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0932\u0917\u092d\u0917 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u0915\u094b \u0932\u0947\u0915\u0930 \u0926\u092c\u093e\u0935 \u092d\u0940 \u0921\u093e\u0932\u093e, \u0914\u0930 \u0908\u092e\u093e\u0928\u0926\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u090b\u0923 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0906\u0932\u094b\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"p16-3\">\r\n <span class=\"section-badge\">16.3<\/span>\r\n <h3><span class=\"en\">Culturally Responsive Teaching<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f-\u0905\u0928\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0936\u0940\u0932 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923<\/span><\/h3>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <p><span class=\"en\">Gloria Ladson-Billings studied teachers whose learners from a marginalised community were achieving well, and reported that what they had in common was not method but a set of commitments. Her account of culturally relevant pedagogy rests on three propositions, and the argument is that none of them is sufficient on its own.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0917\u094d\u0932\u094b\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0932\u0948\u0921\u0938\u0928-\u092c\u093f\u0932\u093f\u0902\u0917\u094d\u0938 \u0928\u0947 \u0909\u0928 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092f\u0928 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093f\u0928\u0915\u0947 \u0939\u093e\u0936\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0915\u0943\u0924 \u0938\u092e\u0941\u0926\u093e\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0905\u091a\u094d\u091b\u093e \u0915\u0930 \u0930\u0939\u0947 \u0925\u0947, \u0914\u0930 \u092c\u0924\u093e\u092f\u093e \u0915\u093f \u0909\u0928\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u093e\u091d\u093e \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092c\u0926\u094d\u0927\u0924\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u092e\u0941\u091a\u094d\u091a\u092f \u0925\u0940\u0964 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f-\u0938\u0941\u0938\u0902\u0917\u0924 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u0928\u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0935\u0930\u0923 \u0924\u0940\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u092a\u094d\u0924\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u091f\u093f\u0915\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0924\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u092f\u0939 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0907\u0928\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u092d\u0940 \u0905\u0915\u0947\u0932\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n <svg class=\"full-diagram\" viewBox=\"0 0 560 274\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"The three propositions of culturally relevant pedagogy\">\r\n<g font-family=\"DM Sans, Noto Sans Devanagari, sans-serif\" font-size=\"10.5\">\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"24\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"11\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#5a6d80\">THREE PROPOSITIONS, AND THE ACCOUNT REQUIRES ALL THREE<\/text>\r\n <rect x=\"14\" y=\"46\" width=\"40\" height=\"176\" rx=\"9\" fill=\"#14243f\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"34\" y=\"134\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#ffd970\" transform=\"rotate(-90 34 134)\">ALL THREE<\/text>\r\n\r\n <rect x=\"66\" y=\"46\" width=\"480\" height=\"52\" rx=\"9\" fill=\"#eef4fc\" stroke=\"#1f5fa9\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <circle cx=\"96\" cy=\"72\" r=\"16\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"96\" y=\"78\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"14\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#ffffff\">1<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"126\" y=\"68\" font-size=\"10\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\">ACADEMIC SUCCESS<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"126\" y=\"84\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">learners must experience real intellectual growth; warmth is not a substitute for it<\/text>\r\n <rect x=\"66\" y=\"108\" width=\"480\" height=\"52\" rx=\"9\" fill=\"#fffaef\" stroke=\"#c9760f\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <circle cx=\"96\" cy=\"134\" r=\"16\" fill=\"#c9760f\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"96\" y=\"140\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"14\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#ffffff\">2<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"126\" y=\"130\" font-size=\"10\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#c9760f\">CULTURAL COMPETENCE<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"126\" y=\"146\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">learners keep and develop their own culture rather than trading it for school success<\/text>\r\n <rect x=\"66\" y=\"170\" width=\"480\" height=\"52\" rx=\"9\" fill=\"#eefbf7\" stroke=\"#0d8f79\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <circle cx=\"96\" cy=\"196\" r=\"16\" fill=\"#0d8f79\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"96\" y=\"202\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"14\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#ffffff\">3<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"126\" y=\"192\" font-size=\"10\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#0d8f79\">CRITICAL CONSCIOUSNESS<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"126\" y=\"208\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">learners acquire the means to question the arrangements that produced their situation<\/text>\r\n <rect x=\"14\" y=\"234\" width=\"532\" height=\"32\" rx=\"8\" fill=\"#fdf0f5\" stroke=\"#8e2f5a\" stroke-width=\"1.6\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"248\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#8e2f5a\">The common failure keeps only the second, and keeps it decoratively<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"261\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">a festival, a costume and a food stall, with the curriculum and the expectations exactly as they were<\/text>\r\n<\/g><\/svg>\r\n <div class=\"diagram-cap\"><span class=\"en\">Keeping only the second, and keeping it decoratively, is the standard failure<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u094b \u0930\u0916\u0928\u093e, \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u091c\u094d\u091c\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0930\u0916\u0928\u093e, \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u092b\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"table-scroll\">\r\n <table class=\"data-table\">\r\n <thead><tr>\r\n <th style=\"width:24%\"><span class=\"en\">Term<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u0926<\/span><\/th>\r\n <th style=\"width:38%\"><span class=\"en\">What it asks of the school<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092f\u0939 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u092e\u093e\u0901\u0917\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/th>\r\n <th style=\"width:38%\"><span class=\"en\">How it advances on the one before<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092f\u0939 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u0906\u0917\u0947 \u0915\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0922\u093c\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/th>\r\n <\/tr><\/thead>\r\n <tbody>\r\n <tr><td><strong><span class=\"en\">Culturally relevant<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f-\u0938\u0941\u0938\u0902\u0917\u0924<\/span><\/strong><br><span class=\"en\">Ladson-Billings<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0932\u0948\u0921\u0938\u0928-\u092c\u093f\u0932\u093f\u0902\u0917\u094d\u0938<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Academic success, cultural competence and critical consciousness held together as commitments of the teacher.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u0948\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u092b\u0932\u0924\u093e, \u0938\u093e\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e\u0924\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0906\u0932\u094b\u091a\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u091a\u0947\u0924\u0928\u093e \u2014 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092c\u0926\u094d\u0927\u0924\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924\u0964<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Sets the standard: culture is not an aid to achievement but something the learner is entitled to keep while achieving.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092e\u093e\u0928\u0915 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948: \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f \u0909\u092a\u0932\u092c\u094d\u0927\u093f \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0939\u093e\u092f\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0935\u0939 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0909\u092a\u0932\u092c\u094d\u0927\u093f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0941\u090f \u092d\u0940 \u0930\u0916\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td><strong><span class=\"en\">Culturally responsive<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f-\u0905\u0928\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0936\u0940\u0932<\/span><\/strong><br><span class=\"en\">Geneva Gay<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u091c\u0947\u0928\u0947\u0935\u093e \u0917\u0947<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">The cultural knowledge, prior experience and ways of performing that learners bring are used as the material of instruction rather than worked around.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u091c\u094b \u0938\u093e\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928, \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092d\u0935 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0928-\u0936\u0948\u0932\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u0932\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u091a\u093e\u0915\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u0932\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u091c\u093e\u092f \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0926\u0947\u0936\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u090f\u0964<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Moves from commitment to method \u2014 it names what a teacher does in the room, not only what a teacher believes.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092c\u0926\u094d\u0927\u0924\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f \u0915\u0940 \u0913\u0930 \u092c\u0922\u093c\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u092f\u0939 \u092c\u0924\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u092f\u0939 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u093f \u0935\u0939 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td><strong><span class=\"en\">Culturally sustaining<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f-\u092a\u094b\u0937\u0915<\/span><\/strong><br><span class=\"en\">Django Paris<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u091c\u093e\u0902\u0917\u094b \u092a\u0947\u0930\u093f\u0938<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Schooling should sustain linguistic and cultural pluralism as part of its purpose, rather than treating it as a bridge to a single dominant form.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f\u0940 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093f\u0915 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u093e\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u092c\u0939\u0941\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u090f\u0915\u0932 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u0941\u0924\u094d\u0935\u0936\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0924\u0915 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u0941\u0932 \u0928 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0915\u0930 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0902\u0917 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094b\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0964<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Changes the destination. Responsiveness can still treat the home culture as a means to an end fixed elsewhere; sustaining makes its continuation part of the end.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0917\u0902\u0924\u0935\u094d\u092f \u092c\u0926\u0932 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0936\u0940\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0917\u0943\u0939-\u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f \u0915\u094b \u0915\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0924\u092f \u0915\u093f\u090f \u0917\u090f \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u092f \u0915\u093e \u0938\u093e\u0927\u0928 \u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948; \u092a\u094b\u0937\u0923 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0928\u0947 \u0930\u0939\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u092f \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0902\u0917 \u092c\u0928\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <\/tbody>\r\n <\/table>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"p16-4\">\r\n <span class=\"section-badge\">16.4<\/span>\r\n <h3><span class=\"en\">Gender-Responsive Pedagogy<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u091c\u0947\u0902\u0921\u0930-\u0905\u0928\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0936\u0940\u0932 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930<\/span><\/h3>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <svg class=\"full-diagram\" viewBox=\"0 0 560 244\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Gender-blind, gender-neutral and gender-responsive positions compared\">\r\n<g font-family=\"DM Sans, Noto Sans Devanagari, sans-serif\" font-size=\"10.5\">\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"22\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"11\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#5a6d80\">IDENTICAL TREATMENT IS NOT THE SAME AS EQUAL TREATMENT<\/text>\r\n\r\n <rect x=\"8\" y=\"36\" width=\"176\" height=\"152\" rx=\"10\" fill=\"#fdf0f5\" stroke=\"#8e2f5a\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <rect x=\"8\" y=\"36\" width=\"176\" height=\"26\" rx=\"10\" fill=\"#8e2f5a\"\/>\r\n <rect x=\"8\" y=\"54\" width=\"176\" height=\"8\" fill=\"#8e2f5a\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"96\" y=\"54\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#ffffff\">GENDER-BLIND<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"20\" y=\"80\" font-size=\"7\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#5a6d80\">WHAT IT DOES<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"96\" y=\"98\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">the difference is not<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"96\" y=\"110\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">noticed at all<\/text>\r\n <line x1=\"24\" y1=\"122\" x2=\"168\" y2=\"122\" stroke=\"#8e2f5a\" stroke-width=\"1\" stroke-dasharray=\"3 3\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"20\" y=\"138\" font-size=\"7\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#5a6d80\">WHAT FOLLOWS<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"96\" y=\"156\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">existing patterns<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"96\" y=\"168\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">continue unexamined<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"96\" y=\"182\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" font-style=\"italic\" fill=\"#8e2f5a\">unequal, and unrecorded<\/text>\r\n\r\n <rect x=\"192\" y=\"36\" width=\"176\" height=\"152\" rx=\"10\" fill=\"#fffaef\" stroke=\"#c9760f\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <rect x=\"192\" y=\"36\" width=\"176\" height=\"26\" rx=\"10\" fill=\"#c9760f\"\/>\r\n <rect x=\"192\" y=\"54\" width=\"176\" height=\"8\" fill=\"#c9760f\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"54\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#ffffff\">GENDER-NEUTRAL<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"204\" y=\"80\" font-size=\"7\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#5a6d80\">WHAT IT DOES<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"98\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">everyone is treated<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"110\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">in exactly the same way<\/text>\r\n <line x1=\"208\" y1=\"122\" x2=\"352\" y2=\"122\" stroke=\"#c9760f\" stroke-width=\"1\" stroke-dasharray=\"3 3\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"204\" y=\"138\" font-size=\"7\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#5a6d80\">WHAT FOLLOWS<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"156\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">the starting points<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"168\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">differed, so the gap holds<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"182\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" font-style=\"italic\" fill=\"#c9760f\">unequal, and now defended<\/text>\r\n\r\n <rect x=\"376\" y=\"36\" width=\"176\" height=\"152\" rx=\"10\" fill=\"#eefbf7\" stroke=\"#0d8f79\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <rect x=\"376\" y=\"36\" width=\"176\" height=\"26\" rx=\"10\" fill=\"#0d8f79\"\/>\r\n <rect x=\"376\" y=\"54\" width=\"176\" height=\"8\" fill=\"#0d8f79\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"464\" y=\"54\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#ffffff\">GENDER-RESPONSIVE<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"388\" y=\"80\" font-size=\"7\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#5a6d80\">WHAT IT DOES<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"464\" y=\"98\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">the difference is examined<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"464\" y=\"110\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">and planned for<\/text>\r\n <line x1=\"392\" y1=\"122\" x2=\"536\" y2=\"122\" stroke=\"#0d8f79\" stroke-width=\"1\" stroke-dasharray=\"3 3\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"388\" y=\"138\" font-size=\"7\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#5a6d80\">WHAT FOLLOWS<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"464\" y=\"156\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">participation is arranged<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"464\" y=\"168\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">rather than assumed<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"464\" y=\"182\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" font-style=\"italic\" fill=\"#0d8f79\">the practice this chapter asks for<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"212\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" fill=\"#5a6d80\">the middle position is the one most often mistaken for fairness, because it is visibly even-handed<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"230\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" font-style=\"italic\" fill=\"#5a6d80\">calling on hands raised treats every learner alike, and hands are not raised alike<\/text>\r\n<\/g><\/svg>\r\n <div class=\"diagram-cap\"><span class=\"en\">The middle position is the hardest to argue against, because it is visibly even-handed<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092e\u0927\u094d\u092f \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0930\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0924\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0920\u093f\u0928 \u0939\u0948, \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u0935\u0939 \u0926\u0943\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0924\u0903 \u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u092a\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/div>\r\n\r\n <p><span class=\"en\">Gender-responsive pedagogy is a design applied across the whole of a teacher's practice rather than an addition to it, and the domains below are the ones a review normally covers. Most of them concern things a teacher already does daily and has never had occasion to count.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u091c\u0947\u0902\u0921\u0930-\u0905\u0928\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0936\u0940\u0932 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u0932\u093e\u0917\u0942 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a \u0939\u0948, \u0909\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0914\u0930 \u0928\u0940\u091a\u0947 \u0926\u093f\u090f \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0935\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u091c\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0938\u092e\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0924\u0903 \u0938\u092e\u0947\u091f\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0907\u0928\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0902\u0936 \u0909\u0928 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0913\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u091c\u094b \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0926\u093f\u0928 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u091c\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u0917\u093f\u0928\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0935\u0938\u0930 \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u092d\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0906\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"feat-grid\">\r\n <div class=\"feat-card\"><span class=\"fc-num\">1<\/span><strong><span class=\"en\">Lesson planning<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u093e\u0920 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"en\">Examples, contexts and problems chosen so that the persons in them are not always of one sex doing one kind of work.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923, \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0930\u094d\u092d \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u092e\u0938\u094d\u092f\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u0910\u0938\u0940 \u091a\u0941\u0928\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u0915\u093f \u0909\u0928\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0906\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0938\u0926\u0948\u0935 \u090f\u0915 \u0939\u0940 \u0932\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0915\u0947 \u0914\u0930 \u090f\u0915 \u0939\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0941\u090f \u0928 \u0939\u094b\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"feat-card\"><span class=\"fc-num\">2<\/span><strong><span class=\"en\">Classroom interaction<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0903\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"en\">Who is called on, how long the wait is before the teacher supplies the answer, and who is asked to lead rather than to fetch.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0941\u0915\u093e\u0930\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0926\u0947\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u0915\u093f\u0924\u0928\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0932\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u094b \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0928\u0947\u0924\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u094b \u0915\u0939\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"feat-card\"><span class=\"fc-num\">3<\/span><strong><span class=\"en\">Language used<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"en\">Praise that names the work rather than the person, and the removal of the small remarks that carry an expectation without stating it.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0910\u0938\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u0902\u0938\u093e \u091c\u094b \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0915\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093e\u092e \u0932\u0947, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0909\u0928 \u091b\u094b\u091f\u0940 \u091f\u093f\u092a\u094d\u092a\u0923\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0932\u094b\u092a \u091c\u094b \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0915\u0939\u0947 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0905\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0935\u0939\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"feat-card\"><span class=\"fc-num\">4<\/span><strong><span class=\"en\">Teaching material<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"en\">Textbook and chart examined for who appears, in what role and how often \u2014 a count that can be done in an afternoon and rarely is.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u092a\u0941\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0915 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u091a\u093e\u0930\u094d\u091f \u0915\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0901\u091a \u0915\u093f \u0915\u094c\u0928 \u0906\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0915\u093f\u0938 \u092d\u0942\u092e\u093f\u0915\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u093f\u0924\u0928\u0940 \u092c\u093e\u0930 \u2014 \u0910\u0938\u0940 \u0917\u0923\u0928\u093e \u091c\u094b \u090f\u0915 \u0926\u094b\u092a\u0939\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0930\u0932\u0947 \u0939\u0940 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"feat-card\"><span class=\"fc-num\">5<\/span><strong><span class=\"en\">Classroom setup<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e-\u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"en\">Seating, grouping and access to equipment, since a single apparatus in a mixed group is generally handled by whoever reaches it first.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092c\u0948\u0920\u0915, \u0938\u092e\u0942\u0939\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0924\u0915 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a, \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u092e\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u092e\u0942\u0939 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u090f\u0915\u0932 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0924\u0903 \u0935\u0939\u0940 \u0938\u0901\u092d\u093e\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a \u091c\u093e\u090f\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"feat-card\"><span class=\"fc-num\">6<\/span><strong><span class=\"en\">School environment<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0936<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"en\">Facilities, safety and the handling of adolescence, which determine whether a learner attends at all in the years when attendance is most at risk.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u0941\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093e\u090f\u0901, \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0915\u093f\u0936\u094b\u0930\u093e\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0928, \u091c\u094b \u0924\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0915\u093f \u0909\u0928 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0909\u092a\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u0930\u0939\u0947\u0917\u093e \u092f\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u091c\u092c \u0909\u092a\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u091f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"callout amber\">\r\n <div class=\"callout-label\"><span class=\"en\">The finding that is hardest to act on<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u0939 \u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0937 \u091c\u093f\u0938 \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0920\u093f\u0928 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/div>\r\n <span class=\"en\">Studies of classroom interaction have repeatedly found that the distribution of a teacher's attention is uneven by sex, and that the teachers concerned were unaware of it and would have denied it. The pattern reported is not simple neglect: it typically involves more exchanges of every kind with boys, including more correction, while praise directed at girls attaches more often to neatness, effort and compliance and praise directed at boys more often to the content of the answer. The practical consequence is that this is one of the few areas where a teacher cannot rely on intention, and the standard remedy is counting \u2014 a colleague marking a seating plan for ten minutes will produce a record that no amount of reflection would have produced.<\/span>\r\n <span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e-\u0905\u0902\u0924\u0903\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092f\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0928\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0930-\u092c\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u093e\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0924\u0930\u0923 \u0932\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u093e\u0930 \u0905\u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0907\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u092d\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e \u0925\u0947 \u0914\u0930 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0916\u0902\u0921\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947\u0964 \u091c\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u0942\u092a \u092c\u0924\u093e\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0935\u0939 \u0938\u093e\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0909\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u0948: \u0909\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092f\u0903 \u092c\u093e\u0932\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0906\u0926\u093e\u0928-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0936\u094b\u0927\u0928 \u0938\u0939\u093f\u0924, \u091c\u092c\u0915\u093f \u092c\u093e\u0932\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0926\u0940 \u0917\u0908 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u0902\u0938\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092f\u0903 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u091a\u094d\u091b\u0924\u093e, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u093e\u0938 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0906\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u092a\u093e\u0932\u0928 \u0938\u0947 \u091c\u0941\u0921\u093c\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u092c\u093e\u0932\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0926\u0940 \u0917\u0908 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u0902\u0938\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092f\u0903 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u0938\u0947\u0964 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e \u092f\u0939 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u092f\u0939 \u0909\u0928 \u0925\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u090f\u0915 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0906\u0936\u092f \u092a\u0930 \u092d\u0930\u094b\u0938\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e, \u0914\u0930 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0915 \u0909\u092a\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0917\u0923\u0928\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0938\u0939\u0915\u0930\u094d\u092e\u0940 \u0926\u0938 \u092e\u093f\u0928\u091f \u0924\u0915 \u092c\u0948\u0920\u0915-\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928\u093e \u092a\u0930 \u091a\u093f\u0939\u094d\u0928 \u0932\u0917\u093e\u0915\u0930 \u0910\u0938\u093e \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0932\u0947\u0916 \u092c\u0928\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0917\u093e \u091c\u094b \u0915\u093f\u0924\u0928\u0947 \u092d\u0940 \u091a\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0928 \u0938\u0947 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u092c\u0928\u0924\u093e\u0964<\/span>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"cyp-box\">\r\n <div class=\"cyp-title\"><span class=\"en\">Progress check<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0917\u0924\u093f \u091c\u093e\u0901\u091a<\/span><\/div>\r\n <details class=\"cyp-q\"><summary><span class=\"en\">A teacher argues that treating all learners exactly alike is the fairest possible practice. What is the reply?<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0924\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0938\u092d\u0940 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0920\u0940\u0915 \u090f\u0915-\u0938\u093e \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0928\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0938\u0902\u092d\u0935 \u0905\u092d\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948?<\/span><\/summary>\r\n <div class=\"cyp-a\"><span class=\"en\">That identical treatment produces equal outcomes only where the starting points are equal. Calling on the hands that are raised treats every learner alike, and hands are not raised alike; a single apparatus in a mixed group goes to whoever reaches it first. The neutral position is the one most often mistaken for fairness precisely because it is visibly even-handed, and its effect is to preserve the existing difference and supply it with a justification.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u093f \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092b\u0932 \u0924\u092d\u0940 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u092c \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928-\u092c\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0941 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0939\u094b\u0902\u0964 \u0909\u0920\u0947 \u0939\u0941\u090f \u0939\u093e\u0925\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u0941\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0928\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u090f\u0915-\u0938\u093e \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930 \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0939\u093e\u0925 \u090f\u0915-\u0938\u0947 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0909\u0920\u0924\u0947; \u092e\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u092e\u0942\u0939 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u090f\u0915\u0932 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0909\u0938\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u0938 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a \u091c\u093e\u090f\u0964 \u0924\u091f\u0938\u094d\u0925 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092c\u093e\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u092a\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0924\u093e \u0938\u092e\u091d\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0920\u0940\u0915 \u0907\u0938\u0940\u0932\u093f\u090f \u0915\u093f \u0935\u0939 \u0926\u0943\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0924\u0903 \u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u092a\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928\u0924\u093e \u0915\u094b \u092c\u0928\u093e\u090f \u0930\u0916\u0928\u093e \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0914\u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u092f \u092d\u0940 \u0926\u0947 \u0926\u0947\u0928\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n <details class=\"cyp-q\"><summary><span class=\"en\">A school holds an annual cultural day with regional food, dress and dance, and reports its pedagogy as culturally relevant. What is missing?<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u092d\u094b\u091c\u0928, \u0935\u0947\u0936\u092d\u0942\u0937\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0928\u0943\u0924\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0935\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0926\u093f\u0935\u0938 \u092e\u0928\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f-\u0938\u0941\u0938\u0902\u0917\u0924 \u092c\u0924\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u091b\u0942\u091f \u0930\u0939\u093e \u0939\u0948?<\/span><\/summary>\r\n <div class=\"cyp-a\"><span class=\"en\">Two of the three propositions. What has been attempted is a version of cultural competence, and a decorative one, since nothing in the curriculum or in the expectations has changed on the other three hundred and sixty-four days. Academic success is untouched, and critical consciousness \u2014 the capacity to question the arrangements that produced the situation \u2014 has not been addressed at all. The account requires all three together.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0924\u0940\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0926\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u092a\u094d\u0924\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901\u0964 \u091c\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u093e\u0938 \u0939\u0941\u0906 \u0939\u0948 \u0935\u0939 \u0938\u093e\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e\u0924\u093e \u0915\u093e \u090f\u0915 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u091c\u094d\u091c\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0930\u0942\u092a, \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u0936\u0947\u0937 \u0924\u0940\u0928 \u0938\u094c \u091a\u094c\u0902\u0938\u0920 \u0926\u093f\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u091a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e \u092f\u093e \u0905\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u0941\u091b \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u092c\u0926\u0932\u093e\u0964 \u0936\u0948\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u092b\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0905\u091b\u0942\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0906\u0932\u094b\u091a\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u091a\u0947\u0924\u0928\u093e \u2014 \u0909\u0928 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e\u0924\u093e \u091c\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0939\u094b\u0902\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u0939 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u2014 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u094b\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u0941\u0908\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0935\u093f\u0935\u0930\u0923 \u0924\u0940\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0905\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n <details class=\"cyp-q\"><summary><span class=\"en\">Why does Freire distinguish verbalism from activism, when both look like engagement?<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092b\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0930\u0947 \u0936\u092c\u094d\u0926\u093e\u0921\u0902\u092c\u0930 \u0915\u094b \u0915\u0930\u094d\u092e\u0935\u093e\u0926 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0943\u0925\u0915\u094d \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u091c\u092c\u0915\u093f \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u0932\u0917\u094d\u0928\u0924\u093e \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0926\u093f\u0916\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902?<\/span><\/summary>\r\n <div class=\"cyp-a\"><span class=\"en\">Because praxis requires reflection and action together, and each term names the failure of one half. Verbalism is reflection that never issues in action \u2014 the discussion that changes no practice. Activism is action taken without reflection \u2014 the campaign nobody has thought through. A classroom can produce either while appearing lively, and neither transforms the situation that the reflection or the action was about.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0915\u094d\u0938\u093f\u0938 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u091a\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f, \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u092a\u0926 \u090f\u0915-\u090f\u0915 \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0927 \u0915\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u092b\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093e\u092e \u0932\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0936\u092c\u094d\u0926\u093e\u0921\u0902\u092c\u0930 \u0935\u0939 \u091a\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0928 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0915\u092d\u0940 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u0932\u0924\u093e \u2014 \u0935\u0939 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u091a\u0930\u094d\u091a\u093e \u091c\u094b \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u094b \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0924\u0940\u0964 \u0915\u0930\u094d\u092e\u0935\u093e\u0926 \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u091a\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u0917\u0908 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u0935\u0939 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0928 \u091c\u093f\u0938 \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0964 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u091c\u0940\u0935\u0902\u0924 \u0926\u093f\u0916\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0941\u090f \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u092d\u0940 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u092d\u0940 \u0909\u0938 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u0915\u094b \u0930\u0942\u092a\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u0939 \u091a\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0928 \u092f\u093e \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0925\u0940\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"p16-5\">\r\n <span class=\"section-badge\">16.5<\/span>\r\n <h3><span class=\"en\">Practice Set<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u092d\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938 \u0938\u0947\u091f<\/span><\/h3>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"mcq-box\">\r\n <div class=\"mcq-title\"><span class=\"en\">Practice \u2014 Critical and Responsive Pedagogy<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u092d\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938 \u2014 \u0906\u0932\u094b\u091a\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0936\u0940\u0932 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930<\/span> <span class=\"mcq-src\">10 items<\/span><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"mcq-note\"><span class=\"en\">Several items separate a commitment from its decorative version; ask what has actually changed in the room.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u0928\u0947\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092c\u0926\u094d\u0927\u0924\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0938\u091c\u094d\u091c\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0943\u0925\u0915\u094d \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902; \u092a\u0942\u091b\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u093f \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924\u0903 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u092c\u0926\u0932\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n\r\n <details class=\"mcq-q\"><summary><span class=\"mcq-num\">1<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">The banking concept of education is described in<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u092c\u0948\u0902\u0915\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a\u0928\u093e \u0915\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0923\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/span><\/summary>\r\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\r\n <li>(a) <span class=\"en\">Democracy and Education<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0921\u0947\u092e\u094b\u0915\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0938\u0940 \u090f\u0902\u0921 \u090f\u091c\u0941\u0915\u0947\u0936\u0928<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(b) <span class=\"en\">Pedagogy of the Oppressed<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u0947\u0921\u093e\u0917\u0949\u091c\u0940 \u0911\u092b \u0926 \u0911\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0938\u094d\u0921<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(c) <span class=\"en\">The Dreamkeepers<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0926 \u0921\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092e\u0915\u0940\u092a\u0930\u094d\u0938<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(d) <span class=\"en\">Deschooling Society<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0921\u0940\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0942\u0932\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0938\u094b\u0938\u093e\u0907\u091f\u0940<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\"><b>(b).<\/b> <span class=\"en\">Freire wrote it in exile after 1964. Option (a) is Dewey, option (c) is Ladson-Billings on culturally relevant pedagogy, and option (d) is Illich, whose argument is against institutionalised schooling as such rather than against a particular relation within it \u2014 a distinction worth keeping, since the two are often bracketed together as radical critiques.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092b\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0930\u0947 \u0928\u0947 \u0907\u0938\u0947 1964 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0938\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0932\u093f\u0916\u093e\u0964 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a (a) \u0921\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0908 \u0939\u0948, \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a (c) \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f-\u0938\u0941\u0938\u0902\u0917\u0924 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u0932\u0948\u0921\u0938\u0928-\u092c\u093f\u0932\u093f\u0902\u0917\u094d\u0938, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a (d) \u0907\u0932\u093f\u091a, \u091c\u093f\u0928\u0915\u093e \u0924\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092d\u0940\u0924\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0930\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0917\u0924 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f\u0940 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0930\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u092f\u0939 \u092d\u0947\u0926 \u0930\u0916\u0928\u0947 \u092f\u094b\u0917\u094d\u092f \u0939\u0948, \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092f\u0903 \u092e\u0942\u0932\u0917\u093e\u092e\u0940 \u0906\u0932\u094b\u091a\u0928\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0930\u0916 \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n\r\n <details class=\"mcq-q\"><summary><span class=\"mcq-num\">2<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">In problem-posing education, the relation between teacher and learner is best described as<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u092e\u0938\u094d\u092f\u093e-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u094b\u0924\u094d\u0924\u092e \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0923\u0928 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/span><\/summary>\r\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\r\n <li>(a) <span class=\"en\">the teacher withholds knowledge so that learners discover it<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u0930\u094b\u0915 \u0932\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0924\u093e\u0915\u093f \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0916\u094b\u091c\u0947\u0902<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(b) <span class=\"en\">both teach and both learn, through a shared object of inquiry<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0922\u093c\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0914\u0930 \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0940\u0916\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0938\u093e\u091d\u093e \u0905\u0928\u094d\u0935\u0947\u0937\u0923-\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0947<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(c) <span class=\"en\">the learner directs and the teacher observes<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(d) <span class=\"en\">the teacher and learner have equal knowledge of the content<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u092a\u0930 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\"><b>(b).<\/b> <span class=\"en\">Freire's teacher is emphatically a teacher who brings knowledge and organises it. Options (a) and (d) state the two misreadings the account attracts most often \u2014 that the objection is to the teacher knowing more, when it is to an arrangement requiring the learner to know nothing.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092b\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0930\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0928\u093f\u0936\u094d\u091a\u092f \u0939\u0940 \u0910\u0938\u093e \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u0932\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u0917\u0920\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a (a) \u090f\u0935\u0902 (d) \u0909\u0928 \u0926\u094b \u0917\u0932\u0924 \u092a\u0920\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0915\u0939\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u091c\u094b \u0907\u0938 \u0935\u093f\u0935\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u2014 \u0915\u093f \u0906\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u092c\u0915\u093f \u0935\u0939 \u0909\u0938 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u092a\u0930 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0941\u091b \u0928 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n\r\n <details class=\"mcq-q\"><summary><span class=\"mcq-num\">3<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">A group holds that its poverty is simply how things have always been and cannot be otherwise. In Freire's scheme this is<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0938\u092e\u0942\u0939 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0927\u0928\u0924\u093e \u092c\u0938 \u0935\u0948\u0938\u0940 \u0939\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0940 \u0938\u0926\u0948\u0935 \u0930\u0939\u0940 \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0925\u093e \u0939\u094b \u0939\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940\u0964 \u092b\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0930\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092f\u0939 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/span><\/summary>\r\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\r\n <li>(a) <span class=\"en\">magical consciousness<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u091c\u093e\u0926\u0941\u0908 \u091a\u0947\u0924\u0928\u093e<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(b) <span class=\"en\">naive consciousness<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092d\u094b\u0932\u0940 \u091a\u0947\u0924\u0928\u093e<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(c) <span class=\"en\">critical consciousness<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0906\u0932\u094b\u091a\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u091a\u0947\u0924\u0928\u093e<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(d) <span class=\"en\">praxis<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0915\u094d\u0938\u093f\u0938<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\"><b>(a).<\/b> <span class=\"en\">At the magical level the situation is attributed to fate or to forces that cannot be acted on. At the naive level a cause is identified but located in individuals and their faults. Only at the critical level is the structure producing the situation perceived as something that was made and can therefore be changed.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u091c\u093e\u0926\u0941\u0908 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u092d\u093e\u0917\u094d\u092f \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0910\u0938\u0940 \u0936\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u0906\u0930\u094b\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0928 \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940\u0964 \u092d\u094b\u0932\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u092a\u0939\u091a\u093e\u0928\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0941 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0947 \u0926\u094b\u0937\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0906\u0932\u094b\u091a\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0910\u0938\u0940 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0926\u093f\u0916\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0908 \u0917\u0908 \u0914\u0930 \u0907\u0938\u0940\u0932\u093f\u090f \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0940 \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n\r\n <details class=\"mcq-q\"><summary><span class=\"mcq-num\">4<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">Reflection that never issues in action was called by Freire<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u091c\u094b \u091a\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0928 \u0915\u092d\u0940 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u092b\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0930\u0947 \u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0939\u093e<\/span><\/span><\/summary>\r\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\r\n <li>(a) <span class=\"en\">activism<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u0930\u094d\u092e\u0935\u093e\u0926<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(b) <span class=\"en\">verbalism<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u092c\u094d\u0926\u093e\u0921\u0902\u092c\u0930<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(c) <span class=\"en\">conscientisation<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u091a\u0947\u0924\u0928\u093e\u0915\u0930\u0923<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(d) <span class=\"en\">codification<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u0942\u091f\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\"><b>(b).<\/b> <span class=\"en\">Activism is the opposite failure \u2014 action taken without reflection. Praxis requires both together, and a classroom can produce either while appearing entirely lively. Codification is a separate term from the literacy method, naming the picture or situation the group is asked to decode.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u0930\u094d\u092e\u0935\u093e\u0926 \u0935\u093f\u092a\u0930\u0940\u0924 \u0935\u093f\u092b\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u091a\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u0917\u0908 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0964 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0915\u094d\u0938\u093f\u0938 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f, \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923\u0924\u0903 \u091c\u0940\u0935\u0902\u0924 \u0926\u093f\u0916\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0941\u090f \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u092d\u0940 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0915\u0942\u091f\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0938\u093e\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f \u0915\u093e \u092a\u0943\u0925\u0915\u094d \u092a\u0926 \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u094b \u0909\u0938 \u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092f\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093e\u092e \u0932\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0942\u091f\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u092e\u0942\u0939 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0939\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n\r\n <details class=\"mcq-q\"><summary><span class=\"mcq-num\">5<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">The three propositions of culturally relevant pedagogy are<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f-\u0938\u0941\u0938\u0902\u0917\u0924 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0924\u0940\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u092a\u094d\u0924\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u0939\u0948\u0902<\/span><\/span><\/summary>\r\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\r\n <li>(a) <span class=\"en\">engagement, representation and expression<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u0902\u0932\u0917\u094d\u0928\u0924\u093e, \u0928\u093f\u0930\u0942\u092a\u0923 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(b) <span class=\"en\">academic success, cultural competence and critical consciousness<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u0948\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u092b\u0932\u0924\u093e, \u0938\u093e\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e\u0924\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0906\u0932\u094b\u091a\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u091a\u0947\u0924\u0928\u093e<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(c) <span class=\"en\">readiness, interest and learning profile<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0924\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0930\u0924\u093e, \u0930\u0941\u091a\u093f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u092b\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0932<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(d) <span class=\"en\">love, humility and hope<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u092e, \u0935\u093f\u0928\u092e\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0906\u0936\u093e<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\"><b>(b).<\/b> <span class=\"en\">Option (a) is UDL and option (c) is Tomlinson, both from the previous chapter. Option (d) names three of Freire's conditions for dialogue, which belong to this chapter but to a different part of it. The account requires all three propositions together, and a practice that keeps only cultural competence has kept the least demanding one.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a (a) \u092f\u0942\u0921\u0940\u090f\u0932 \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a (c) \u091f\u0949\u092e\u0932\u093f\u0902\u0938\u0928, \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u093f\u091b\u0932\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f \u0938\u0947\u0964 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a (d) \u0938\u0902\u0935\u093e\u0926 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u092b\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0930\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0924\u0940\u0928 \u0936\u0930\u094d\u0924\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093e\u092e \u0932\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u094b \u0907\u0938\u0940 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f \u0915\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0915\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0941 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u092d\u093e\u0917 \u0915\u0940\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0935\u093f\u0935\u0930\u0923 \u0924\u0940\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u092a\u094d\u0924\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0905\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u091c\u094b \u0905\u092d\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0938\u093e\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e\u0924\u093e \u0930\u0916\u0947 \u0909\u0938\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u092e \u092e\u093e\u0901\u0917 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0930\u0916\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n\r\n <details class=\"mcq-q\"><summary><span class=\"mcq-num\">6<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">Culturally sustaining pedagogy advances on culturally responsive pedagogy chiefly by<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f-\u092a\u094b\u0937\u0915 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f-\u0905\u0928\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0936\u0940\u0932 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0938\u0947 \u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f\u0924\u0903 \u0915\u093f\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0906\u0917\u0947 \u092c\u0922\u093c\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/span><\/summary>\r\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\r\n <li>(a) <span class=\"en\">requiring more festivals and cultural events<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0938\u0935 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u093e\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0906\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u0905\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0915\u0947<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(b) <span class=\"en\">making the continuation of cultural and linguistic pluralism part of the purpose of schooling<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u093e\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093f\u0915 \u092c\u0939\u0941\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0928\u0947 \u0930\u0939\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u094b \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f\u0940 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0902\u0917 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0915\u0930<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(c) <span class=\"en\">restricting instruction to the home language throughout<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0906\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0902\u0924 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0926\u0947\u0936\u0928 \u0915\u094b \u0917\u0943\u0939-\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e \u0924\u0915 \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0915\u0947<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(d) <span class=\"en\">removing academic standards for marginalised learners<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0939\u093e\u0936\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0915\u0943\u0924 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0936\u0948\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u093f\u0915 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0915 \u0939\u091f\u093e\u0915\u0930<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\"><b>(b).<\/b> <span class=\"en\">Responsiveness can still treat the home culture as a means towards an end fixed elsewhere; sustaining changes the destination by making its continuation part of the end. Option (d) inverts the first proposition, which insists that learners must experience real academic success and that warmth is no substitute for it.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u0928\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0936\u0940\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0917\u0943\u0939-\u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f \u0915\u094b \u0915\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0924\u092f \u0915\u093f\u090f \u0917\u090f \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u092f \u0915\u093e \u0938\u093e\u0927\u0928 \u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948; \u092a\u094b\u0937\u0923 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0928\u0947 \u0930\u0939\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u094b \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u092f \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0902\u0917 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0915\u0930 \u0917\u0902\u0924\u0935\u094d\u092f \u092c\u0926\u0932 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a (d) \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0925\u092e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u092a\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0915\u094b \u0909\u0932\u091f \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u094b \u0906\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u0936\u0948\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u092b\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092d\u0935 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a \u0938\u094d\u0928\u0947\u0939 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n\r\n <details class=\"mcq-q\"><summary><span class=\"mcq-num\">7<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">A gender-neutral practice differs from a gender-responsive one in that it<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u091c\u0947\u0902\u0921\u0930-\u0924\u091f\u0938\u094d\u0925 \u0905\u092d\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938 \u091c\u0947\u0902\u0921\u0930-\u0905\u0928\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0936\u0940\u0932 \u0905\u092d\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938 \u0938\u0947 \u0907\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0935\u0939<\/span><\/span><\/summary>\r\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\r\n <li>(a) <span class=\"en\">treats everyone identically without examining the differing starting points<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928-\u092c\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0941\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0901\u091a \u0915\u093f\u090f \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0938\u092c\u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(b) <span class=\"en\">favours girls in order to correct a historical imbalance<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0910\u0924\u093f\u0939\u093e\u0938\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u0938\u0902\u0924\u0941\u0932\u0928 \u0938\u0941\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u092c\u093e\u0932\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0932\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(c) <span class=\"en\">does not notice gender at all<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u091c\u0947\u0902\u0921\u0930 \u0915\u094b \u092c\u093f\u0932\u094d\u0915\u0941\u0932 \u092d\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0926\u0947\u0916\u0924\u093e<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(d) <span class=\"en\">applies only to co-educational schools<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0938\u0939-\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u0932\u093e\u0917\u0942 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\"><b>(a).<\/b> <span class=\"en\">Option (c) describes the gender-blind position, which is the one before it. The neutral position is the more difficult of the two to argue against, because it is visibly even-handed \u2014 but calling on the hands that are raised treats every learner alike, and hands are not raised alike, so the effect is to preserve the difference and supply it with a justification.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a (c) \u091c\u0947\u0902\u0921\u0930-\u0905\u0902\u0927 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u0915\u093e \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0923\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u094b \u0909\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u0915\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0924\u091f\u0938\u094d\u0925 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0930\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0924\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u0920\u093f\u0928\u0924\u0930 \u0939\u0948, \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u0935\u0939 \u0926\u0943\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0924\u0903 \u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u092a\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u0915\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0941 \u0909\u0920\u0947 \u0939\u0941\u090f \u0939\u093e\u0925\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u0941\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0928\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u090f\u0915-\u0938\u093e \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930 \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0939\u093e\u0925 \u090f\u0915-\u0938\u0947 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0909\u0920\u0924\u0947, \u0905\u0924\u0903 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935 \u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928\u0924\u093e \u0915\u094b \u092c\u0928\u093e\u090f \u0930\u0916\u0928\u093e \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0914\u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u092f \u0926\u0947\u0928\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n\r\n <details class=\"mcq-q\"><summary><span class=\"mcq-num\">8<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">In Freire's literacy method, a codification is<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092b\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0930\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u093e\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u0942\u091f\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/span><\/summary>\r\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\r\n <li>(a) <span class=\"en\">the breaking of a word into syllables<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0936\u092c\u094d\u0926 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093e\u091c\u0928<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(b) <span class=\"en\">a picture or situation representing a familiar reality, presented for the group to read<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u0930\u093f\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u092f\u0925\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0928\u093f\u0927\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092f\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f, \u091c\u094b \u0938\u092e\u0942\u0939 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0922\u093c\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924 \u0939\u094b<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(c) <span class=\"en\">the written record kept by the facilitator<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u0939\u093e\u092f\u0915 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0930\u0916\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0932\u093f\u0916\u093f\u0924 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0932\u0947\u0916<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(d) <span class=\"en\">the final test of reading ability<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u0920\u0928-\u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u093f\u092e \u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\"><b>(b).<\/b> <span class=\"en\">The group decodes it \u2014 describing what is happening, why, and whether it had to be so \u2014 and the word is broken into syllables only afterwards. The sequence is the design: reading and the examination of the situation advance together, and reversing the order would produce literacy detached from the circumstances it was meant to bear on.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u092e\u0942\u0939 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0942\u091f\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u092c\u0924\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0939\u094b \u0930\u0939\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0910\u0938\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0928\u093e \u0939\u0940 \u0925\u093e \u2014 \u0914\u0930 \u0936\u092c\u094d\u0926 \u0905\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u0939\u0940 \u0924\u094b\u0921\u093c\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u0939\u0940 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a \u0939\u0948: \u092a\u0920\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0901\u091a \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u092c\u0922\u093c\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u0909\u0932\u091f\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u0910\u0938\u0940 \u0938\u093e\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0930\u0924\u093e \u092c\u0928\u0924\u0940 \u091c\u094b \u0909\u0928 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u091f\u0940 \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093f\u0928 \u092a\u0930 \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935 \u0921\u093e\u0932\u0928\u093e \u0925\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n\r\n <details class=\"mcq-q\"><summary><span class=\"mcq-num\">9<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">Research on the distribution of teacher attention by sex has generally found that<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0932\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u093e\u0930 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915-\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0924\u0930\u0923 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0940 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u0902\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u0928\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0924\u0903 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u092a\u093e\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/span><\/summary>\r\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\r\n <li>(a) <span class=\"en\">teachers are accurate judges of how they distribute it<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0924\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u092f\u0925\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u0906\u0915\u0932\u0928\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0902<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(b) <span class=\"en\">the distribution is uneven and the teachers concerned were unaware of it<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u093f\u0924\u0930\u0923 \u0905\u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0907\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u092d\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e \u0925\u0947<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(c) <span class=\"en\">girls receive more exchanges of every kind<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092c\u093e\u0932\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0906\u0926\u093e\u0928-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(d) <span class=\"en\">the pattern disappears when the teacher is a woman<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u092f\u0939 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u0942\u092a \u0932\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\"><b>(b).<\/b> <span class=\"en\">This is why counting is the standard remedy rather than resolve: a colleague marking a seating plan for ten minutes produces a record that no amount of reflection would have produced. The reported pattern is also not simple neglect, since it typically involves more exchanges of every kind with boys, including more correction, alongside praise that attaches to different things for each group.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0907\u0938\u0940\u0932\u093f\u090f \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0915 \u0909\u092a\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0917\u0923\u0928\u093e \u0939\u0948: \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0938\u0939\u0915\u0930\u094d\u092e\u0940 \u0926\u0938 \u092e\u093f\u0928\u091f \u0924\u0915 \u092c\u0948\u0920\u0915-\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928\u093e \u092a\u0930 \u091a\u093f\u0939\u094d\u0928 \u0932\u0917\u093e\u0915\u0930 \u0910\u0938\u093e \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0932\u0947\u0916 \u092c\u0928\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0915\u093f\u0924\u0928\u0947 \u092d\u0940 \u091a\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0928 \u0938\u0947 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u092c\u0928\u0924\u093e\u0964 \u092c\u0924\u093e\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u093e\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0909\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u092d\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u0948, \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u0909\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092f\u0903 \u092c\u093e\u0932\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0906\u0926\u093e\u0928-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0936\u094b\u0927\u0928 \u0938\u0939\u093f\u0924, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0939\u0940 \u0910\u0938\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u0902\u0938\u093e \u091c\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0938\u092e\u0942\u0939 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0913\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u091c\u0941\u0921\u093c\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n\r\n <details class=\"mcq-q\"><summary><span class=\"mcq-num\">10<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">Consider: 1. Freire held that a teacher should not bring organised knowledge to the encounter. 2. Praxis requires reflection and action together. 3. Culturally relevant pedagogy requires all three of its propositions. Which are correct?<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u093f\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0940\u091c\u093f\u090f: 1. \u092b\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0930\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0924\u0947 \u0925\u0947 \u0915\u093f \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0915\u094b \u092d\u0947\u0902\u091f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u0917\u0920\u093f\u0924 \u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0932\u093e\u0928\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f\u0964 2. \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0915\u094d\u0938\u093f\u0938 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u091a\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f\u0964 3. \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f-\u0938\u0941\u0938\u0902\u0917\u0924 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u0924\u0940\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u092a\u094d\u0924\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f\u0964 \u0915\u094c\u0928-\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0939\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902?<\/span><\/span><\/summary>\r\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\r\n <li>(a) <span class=\"en\">1 and 2 only<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 1 \u0914\u0930 2<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(b) <span class=\"en\">2 and 3 only<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 2 \u0914\u0930 3<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(c) <span class=\"en\">1 and 3 only<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 1 \u0914\u0930 3<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(d) <span class=\"en\">1, 2 and 3<\/span><span class=\"hi\">1, 2 \u0914\u0930 3<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\"><b>(b).<\/b> <span class=\"en\">Statement 1 is the standard misreading. Freire's problem-posing teacher brings knowledge and organises it deliberately; the objection is to an arrangement in which the learner is required to know nothing and the content is fixed before anyone has been consulted about the situation it concerns.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u0925\u0928 1 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0915 \u0917\u0932\u0924 \u092a\u0920\u0928 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092b\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0930\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u092e\u0938\u094d\u092f\u093e-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u0932\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0941\u0935\u093f\u091a\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u0917\u0920\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948; \u0906\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0909\u0938 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u092a\u0930 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0941\u091b \u0928 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u0909\u0938 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u093e\u092e\u0930\u094d\u0936 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0924 \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0935\u0939 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <\/section>\r\n<!--\/CH16-->\r\n<!--CH17--><section class=\"chapter-content\" data-chap=\"17\" id=\"c17\">\r\n <div class=\"chapter-heading-block\">\r\n <span class=\"chapter-badge\"><span class=\"en\">CHAPTER 17<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f 17<\/span><\/span>\r\n <h2><span class=\"en\">ICT-Integrated, Blended and Online Pedagogy<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0906\u0908\u0938\u0940\u091f\u0940-\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0915\u093f\u0924, \u092e\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0911\u0928\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930<\/span><\/h2>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"keyfact-grid\">\r\n <div class=\"keyfact-card navy-hi\">\r\n <span class=\"big-icon\">🖥<\/span>\r\n <div class=\"kf-label\"><span class=\"en\">Planning heuristic<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0928\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f<\/span><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"kf-value\">SAMR<\/div>\r\n <div class=\"kf-sub\"><span class=\"en\">Substitution and augmentation enhance; modification and redefinition transform<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0927\u0928 \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0928\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902; \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0927\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u094d\u092a\u0930\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e \u0930\u0942\u092a\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0924<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div class=\"keyfact-card teal-hi\">\r\n <span class=\"big-icon\">🔄<\/span>\r\n <div class=\"kf-label\"><span class=\"en\">The blended criterion<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092e\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u0938\u094c\u091f\u0940<\/span><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"kf-value\">Time \u00b7 place \u00b7 path \u00b7 pace<\/div>\r\n <div class=\"kf-sub\"><span class=\"en\">Some learner control over at least one of the four<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u091a\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u092e \u090f\u0915 \u092a\u0930 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u0915\u0941\u091b \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0923<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div class=\"keyfact-card amber-hi\">\r\n <span class=\"big-icon\">🔓<\/span>\r\n <div class=\"kf-label\"><span class=\"en\">Open material<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092e\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940<\/span><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"kf-value\">The five Rs<\/div>\r\n <div class=\"kf-sub\"><span class=\"en\">Retain, reuse, revise, remix, redistribute<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923, \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0903\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917, \u0938\u0902\u0936\u094b\u0927\u0928, \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0930\u0923, \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0924\u0930\u0923<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div class=\"keyfact-card\">\r\n <span class=\"big-icon\">🔒<\/span>\r\n <div class=\"kf-label\"><span class=\"en\">Children's data<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092c\u093e\u0932\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e<\/span><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"kf-value\">DPDP Act \u00b7 2023<\/div>\r\n <div class=\"kf-sub\"><span class=\"en\">Verifiable parental consent, and no behavioural tracking of children<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u0928 \u092f\u094b\u0917\u094d\u092f \u0905\u092d\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0915 \u0938\u0939\u092e\u0924\u093f, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092c\u093e\u0932\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930\u0917\u0924 \u0928\u093f\u0917\u0930\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <p><span class=\"en\">Chapter 10 established the frame this chapter works inside: a device is pedagogically useful only where what it can do, what the content requires and how the class is to be taught coincide. What follows is the practical extension of that claim \u2014 the models used to plan such decisions, the platforms available in India for making them, and the two areas where the decisions are hardest, which are motivation and safety.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f 10 \u0928\u0947 \u0935\u0939 \u0922\u093e\u0901\u091a\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092d\u0940\u0924\u0930 \u092f\u0939 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948: \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0926\u0943\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093f \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0935\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0935\u0939 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u092e\u093e\u0901\u0917\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0915\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0922\u093c\u093e\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0928\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u092f\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u094b\u0902\u0964 \u0906\u0917\u0947 \u0909\u0938\u0940 \u0926\u093e\u0935\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0930 \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u0910\u0938\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0923\u092f \u0928\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091c\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0928, \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u092a\u0932\u092c\u094d\u0927 \u092e\u0902\u091a, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0935\u0947 \u0926\u094b \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u092f\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0923\u092f \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u0920\u093f\u0928 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0924\u094d \u0905\u092d\u093f\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0930\u0923\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"feat-grid\">\r\n <div class=\"feat-card\"><span class=\"fc-num\">1<\/span><strong><span class=\"en\">Does the tool change the task?<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u094b \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948?<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"en\">Substituting the medium leaves the task as it was. The question worth asking is whether learners can now do something they could not otherwise have done.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0935\u0948\u0938\u093e \u0939\u0940 \u0930\u0939\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092a\u0942\u091b\u0928\u0947 \u092f\u094b\u0917\u094d\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u092f\u0939 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0905\u092c \u0935\u0939 \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u091c\u094b \u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0925\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0947 \u0925\u0947\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"feat-card\"><span class=\"fc-num\">2<\/span><strong><span class=\"en\">Who controls time, place, path and pace?<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u092e\u092f, \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928, \u092a\u0925 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0917\u0924\u093f \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0923 \u092e\u0947\u0902?<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"en\">A programme is blended only where the learner has some control over at least one of the four. Otherwise it is ordinary teaching with a screen in it.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u0924\u092d\u0940 \u092e\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u092c \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u092e \u090f\u0915 \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u0941\u091b \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0923 \u0939\u094b\u0964 \u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0925\u093e \u0935\u0939 \u0938\u094d\u0915\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0928-\u0938\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"feat-card\"><span class=\"fc-num\">3<\/span><strong><span class=\"en\">What is the material licensed for?<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u093f\u0938 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u091c\u094d\u091e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u0948?<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"en\">Free to view is not open. Openness is a set of permissions, and a licence forbidding adaptation withholds two of the five.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0928\u093f\u0903\u0936\u0941\u0932\u094d\u0915 \u0926\u0947\u0916\u0928\u093e \u092e\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092e\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924\u0924\u093e \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092e\u0924\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u092e\u0941\u091a\u094d\u091a\u092f \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u091c\u094b \u0905\u0928\u0941\u091c\u094d\u091e\u092a\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0915\u0942\u0932\u0928 \u0928\u093f\u0937\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0915\u0930\u0947 \u0935\u0939 \u092a\u093e\u0901\u091a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0926\u094b \u0930\u094b\u0915 \u0932\u0947\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"feat-card\"><span class=\"fc-num\">4<\/span><strong><span class=\"en\">What does the tool remove?<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0939\u091f\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948?<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"en\">A tool that supplies the answer removes the work that produced the learning, so deciding when to withhold one is itself a pedagogical judgement.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u091c\u094b \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0926\u0947 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0935\u0939 \u0909\u0938 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u094b \u0939\u091f\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0928\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e, \u0905\u0924\u0903 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0915\u094b \u0915\u092c \u0930\u094b\u0915\u0928\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u092f\u0939 \u0924\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0935\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0915 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"p17-0\">\r\n <span class=\"section-badge\">17.0<\/span>\r\n <h3><span class=\"en\">Introduction<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u0930\u093f\u091a\u092f<\/span><\/h3>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <p><span class=\"en\">Two mistakes recur in this area and they pull in opposite directions. The first treats a technology as pedagogically valuable in itself, so that its adoption is reported as a reform and its use is measured by how often it is switched on. The second treats it as an intrusion to be resisted, which leaves the decisions about it to be made by whoever supplies the equipment. Both avoid the only question worth asking, which is what a particular tool lets a particular class do that it could not do otherwise.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0907\u0938 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0926\u094b \u0924\u094d\u0930\u0941\u091f\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u092c\u093e\u0930-\u092c\u093e\u0930 \u0906\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u092a\u0930\u0940\u0924 \u0926\u093f\u0936\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0916\u0940\u0902\u091a\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0940 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0926\u0943\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093f \u0938\u0947 \u092e\u0942\u0932\u094d\u092f\u0935\u093e\u0928 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0905\u092a\u0928\u093e\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0928\u093e \u0938\u0941\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u092c\u0924\u093e\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0907\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u092a\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0935\u0939 \u0915\u093f\u0924\u0928\u0940 \u092c\u093e\u0930 \u091a\u093e\u0932\u0942 \u0939\u0941\u0908\u0964 \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u0940 \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0930\u094b\u0927 \u092f\u094b\u0917\u094d\u092f \u0918\u0941\u0938\u092a\u0948\u0920 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0923\u092f \u0909\u0938\u0940 \u092a\u0930 \u091b\u094b\u0921\u093c \u0926\u093f\u090f \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u091c\u094b \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0909\u0938 \u090f\u0915\u092e\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u091a\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u091c\u094b \u092a\u0942\u091b\u0928\u0947 \u092f\u094b\u0917\u094d\u092f \u0939\u0948, \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0924\u094d \u092f\u0939 \u0915\u093f \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0935\u0939 \u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0925\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940 \u0925\u0940\u0964<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"p17-1\">\r\n <span class=\"section-badge\">17.1<\/span>\r\n <h3><span class=\"en\">ICT in the Classroom<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0906\u0908\u0938\u0940\u091f\u0940<\/span><\/h3>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <svg class=\"full-diagram\" viewBox=\"0 0 560 344\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"The four levels of the SAMR model, split into enhancement and transformation\">\r\n<g font-family=\"DM Sans, Noto Sans Devanagari, sans-serif\" font-size=\"10.5\">\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"24\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"11\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#5a6d80\">FOUR LEVELS, AND THE LINE THAT MATTERS RUNS THROUGH THE MIDDLE<\/text>\r\n <rect x=\"12\" y=\"42\" width=\"52\" height=\"116\" rx=\"9\" fill=\"#0d8f79\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"38\" y=\"100\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#ffffff\" transform=\"rotate(-90 38 100)\">TRANSFORM<\/text>\r\n <rect x=\"12\" y=\"166\" width=\"52\" height=\"116\" rx=\"9\" fill=\"#8e2f5a\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"38\" y=\"224\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#ffffff\" transform=\"rotate(-90 38 224)\">ENHANCE<\/text>\r\n\r\n <rect x=\"74\" y=\"42\" width=\"472\" height=\"54\" rx=\"9\" fill=\"#eefbf7\" stroke=\"#0d8f79\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <circle cx=\"100\" cy=\"69\" r=\"16\" fill=\"#0d8f79\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"100\" y=\"75\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"15\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#ffffff\">R<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"126\" y=\"62\" font-size=\"10\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#0d8f79\">REDEFINITION<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"126\" y=\"76\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">a task is set that was not possible before<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"126\" y=\"89\" font-size=\"7.5\" font-style=\"italic\" fill=\"#5a6d80\">learners collect river data and pool it with three other districts<\/text>\r\n <rect x=\"74\" y=\"104\" width=\"472\" height=\"54\" rx=\"9\" fill=\"#eaf6ff\" stroke=\"#2f92d1\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <circle cx=\"100\" cy=\"131\" r=\"16\" fill=\"#2f92d1\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"100\" y=\"137\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"15\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#ffffff\">M<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"126\" y=\"124\" font-size=\"10\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#2f92d1\">MODIFICATION<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"126\" y=\"138\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">the task itself is significantly redesigned<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"126\" y=\"151\" font-size=\"7.5\" font-style=\"italic\" fill=\"#5a6d80\">the essay becomes a document three learners draft and revise together<\/text>\r\n <rect x=\"74\" y=\"166\" width=\"472\" height=\"54\" rx=\"9\" fill=\"#fffaef\" stroke=\"#c9760f\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <circle cx=\"100\" cy=\"193\" r=\"16\" fill=\"#c9760f\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"100\" y=\"199\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"15\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#ffffff\">A<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"126\" y=\"186\" font-size=\"10\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#c9760f\">AUGMENTATION<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"126\" y=\"200\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">a direct substitute, with some functional gain<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"126\" y=\"213\" font-size=\"7.5\" font-style=\"italic\" fill=\"#5a6d80\">the same quiz, but it marks itself and reports the error pattern<\/text>\r\n <rect x=\"74\" y=\"228\" width=\"472\" height=\"54\" rx=\"9\" fill=\"#fdf0f5\" stroke=\"#8e2f5a\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <circle cx=\"100\" cy=\"255\" r=\"16\" fill=\"#8e2f5a\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"100\" y=\"261\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"15\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#ffffff\">S<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"126\" y=\"248\" font-size=\"10\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#8e2f5a\">SUBSTITUTION<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"126\" y=\"262\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">a direct substitute, with no functional change<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"126\" y=\"275\" font-size=\"7.5\" font-style=\"italic\" fill=\"#5a6d80\">the worksheet is read on a screen instead of on paper<\/text>\r\n <rect x=\"12\" y=\"292\" width=\"534\" height=\"42\" rx=\"8\" fill=\"#f5f8fd\" stroke=\"#14243f\" stroke-width=\"1.6\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"309\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#14243f\">The model is a planning prompt, not a measure of quality<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"324\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">a well-judged substitution can be the right decision, and a redefinition that serves no objective is still a waste of the period<\/text>\r\n<\/g><\/svg>\r\n <div class=\"diagram-cap\"><span class=\"en\">The first two enhance an existing task; the second two alter what the task is<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0926\u094b \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u094b \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0928\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902; \u0905\u0917\u0932\u0947 \u0926\u094b \u092c\u0926\u0932 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0915\u093f \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"callout amber\">\r\n <div class=\"callout-label\"><span class=\"en\">How to use the model honestly<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0907\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u0908\u092e\u093e\u0928\u0926\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0939\u094b<\/span><\/div>\r\n <span class=\"en\">SAMR is widely taught and worth knowing, and it should be presented as what it is: a prompt that makes a teacher ask what a tool has actually altered, rather than a scale on which higher is better. It has attracted the reasonable criticism that it has little peer-reviewed evidence behind it and that its levels are not sharply separable in practice. Both objections leave its usefulness intact, provided two things are held: a well-judged substitution can be exactly the right decision when it saves time for something else, and a redefinition that serves no stated objective is still a period spent on the tool rather than on the learning.<\/span>\r\n <span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u0948\u092e\u0906\u0930 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u0915 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0922\u093c\u093e\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0928\u0947 \u092f\u094b\u0917\u094d\u092f \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0935\u0939\u0940 \u092c\u0924\u093e\u0915\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0928\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f \u091c\u094b \u0935\u0939 \u0939\u0948: \u0910\u0938\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0930\u0923\u093e \u091c\u094b \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0938\u0947 \u092f\u0939 \u092a\u0942\u091b\u0935\u093e\u090f \u0915\u093f \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0928\u0947 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924\u0903 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u092c\u0926\u0932\u093e, \u0928 \u0915\u093f \u0910\u0938\u093e \u092e\u093e\u092a\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u091c\u093f\u0938 \u092a\u0930 \u090a\u0901\u091a\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0928\u093e \u092c\u0947\u0939\u0924\u0930 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0909\u0938 \u092a\u0930 \u092f\u0939 \u0909\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0906\u0932\u094b\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0939\u0941\u0908 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0940\u091b\u0947 \u0938\u0939\u0915\u0930\u094d\u092e\u0940-\u0938\u092e\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u0905\u0932\u094d\u092a \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0924\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u0923\u0924\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0943\u0925\u0915\u094d \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0906\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0924\u093e \u0905\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0941\u0923\u094d\u0923 \u091b\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u092c\u0936\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0947 \u0926\u094b \u092c\u093e\u0924\u0947\u0902 \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0902: \u0938\u0941\u0935\u093f\u091a\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u0928 \u0920\u0940\u0915 \u0909\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0923\u092f \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u092c \u0935\u0939 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0938\u092e\u092f \u092c\u091a\u093e\u090f, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u091c\u094b \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u094d\u092a\u0930\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0915\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e \u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0947 \u0935\u0939 \u092b\u093f\u0930 \u092d\u0940 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e \u092a\u0930 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u092a\u0930 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u092f \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0915\u093e\u0932\u093e\u0902\u0936 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"p17-2\">\r\n <span class=\"section-badge\">17.2<\/span>\r\n <h3><span class=\"en\">Blended and Flipped Learning<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092e\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924\u094d\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e<\/span><\/h3>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <p><span class=\"en\">Blended learning has a definition precise enough to exclude most of what is called by the name. It is a formal programme in which a learner works partly through online material with some element of control over time, place, path or pace, and partly in a supervised physical location, with the two connected so that they form one course. A class shown a video by the teacher has none of the four controls, so the arrangement is ordinary teaching conducted through a screen.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092e\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e \u0907\u0924\u0928\u0940 \u092f\u0925\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0907\u0938 \u0928\u093e\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0941\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0902\u0936 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u090f\u0901 \u0909\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0939\u0930 \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0910\u0938\u093e \u0914\u092a\u091a\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0906\u0902\u0936\u093f\u0915 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0911\u0928\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u092e\u092f, \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928, \u092a\u0925 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0917\u0924\u093f \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u0941\u091b \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0923 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0906\u0902\u0936\u093f\u0915 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u092d\u094c\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u0930, \u0914\u0930 \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0907\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u091c\u0941\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0915\u093f \u090f\u0915 \u0939\u0940 \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u092c\u0928\u0947\u0902\u0964 \u091c\u093f\u0938 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0935\u0940\u0921\u093f\u092f\u094b \u0926\u093f\u0916\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u0938 \u091a\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0923 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0905\u0924\u0903 \u0935\u0939 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0915\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0932\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"table-scroll\">\r\n <table class=\"data-table\">\r\n <thead><tr>\r\n <th style=\"width:22%\"><span class=\"en\">Model<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0928<\/span><\/th>\r\n <th style=\"width:40%\"><span class=\"en\">How it is arranged<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092f\u0939 \u0915\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/th>\r\n <th style=\"width:38%\"><span class=\"en\">What it presupposes<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092f\u0939 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/th>\r\n <\/tr><\/thead>\r\n <tbody>\r\n <tr><td><strong><span class=\"en\">Station rotation<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0947\u0936\u0928 \u0906\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Learners move on a fixed schedule between stations within one room, one of which is online and one of which is small-group teaching.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u090f\u0915 \u0939\u0940 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0915\u0947 \u092d\u0940\u0924\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0924 \u0938\u092e\u092f-\u0938\u093e\u0930\u0923\u0940 \u092a\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u091f\u0947\u0936\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u091c\u093f\u0928\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u090f\u0915 \u0911\u0928\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u090f\u0915 \u0932\u0918\u0941-\u0938\u092e\u0942\u0939 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u0964<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Only as many devices as one station needs, which is what makes it workable where a class cannot have one each.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0909\u0924\u0928\u0947 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u091c\u093f\u0924\u0928\u0947 \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u091f\u0947\u0936\u0928 \u0915\u094b \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f, \u0914\u0930 \u092f\u0939\u0940 \u0907\u0938\u0947 \u0935\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u094b \u090f\u0915-\u090f\u0915 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u092e\u093f\u0932 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0947\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td><strong><span class=\"en\">Lab rotation<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0932\u0948\u092c \u0906\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">The same rotation, but the online station is a separate computer room the class travels to.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u0939\u0940 \u0906\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928, \u0915\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0941 \u0911\u0928\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u0938\u094d\u091f\u0947\u0936\u0928 \u092a\u0943\u0925\u0915\u094d \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">A functioning laboratory and time in the timetable for the movement, which is usually underestimated.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u0936\u0940\u0932 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0936\u093e\u0932\u093e \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0906\u0935\u093e\u0917\u092e\u0928 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0938\u092e\u092f-\u0938\u093e\u0930\u0923\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u092e\u092f, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0906\u0915\u0932\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092f\u0903 \u0915\u092e \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td><strong><span class=\"en\">Flipped classroom<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924\u094d\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">First exposure to content happens in individual space; the period is used for application with the teacher present.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0925\u092e \u092d\u0947\u0902\u091f \u0935\u0948\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948; \u0915\u093e\u0932\u093e\u0902\u0936 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0915\u0940 \u0909\u092a\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Reliable access outside school, which is where its equity problem sits and is not solved by goodwill.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0939\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0935\u0938\u0928\u0940\u092f \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a, \u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u0938\u092e\u0924\u093e-\u0938\u092e\u0938\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u091c\u094b \u0938\u0926\u093e\u0936\u092f\u0924\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u0939\u0932 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td><strong><span class=\"en\">Flex<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092b\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0938<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Online material is the backbone; the learner moves through it on a customised schedule, with the teacher available on the premises for support as required.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0911\u0928\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0930\u0940\u0922\u093c \u0939\u0948; \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0915\u0942\u0932\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u092e\u092f-\u0938\u093e\u0930\u0923\u0940 \u092a\u0930 \u0909\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0917\u0941\u091c\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0924\u093e\u0928\u0941\u0938\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u0939\u093e\u092f\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0938\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u092a\u0932\u092c\u094d\u0927 \u0930\u0939\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">A learner who can already manage time, which is the capacity the arrangement is often expected to build.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0910\u0938\u093e \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u091c\u094b \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u092f \u0938\u0901\u092d\u093e\u0932 \u0938\u0915\u0947, \u0914\u0930 \u092f\u0939\u0940 \u0935\u0939 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092f\u0903 \u0907\u0938\u0940 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <\/tbody>\r\n <\/table>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <svg class=\"full-diagram\" viewBox=\"0 0 560 288\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Traditional and flipped arrangements compared by what happens in individual and group space\">\r\n<g font-family=\"DM Sans, Noto Sans Devanagari, sans-serif\" font-size=\"10.5\">\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"20\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"11\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#5a6d80\">THE SAME TWO ACTIVITIES, EXCHANGED BETWEEN TWO SPACES<\/text>\r\n <rect x=\"180\" y=\"34\" width=\"180\" height=\"24\" rx=\"6\" fill=\"#14243f\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"270\" y=\"50\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#ffd970\">INDIVIDUAL SPACE<\/text>\r\n <rect x=\"368\" y=\"34\" width=\"180\" height=\"24\" rx=\"6\" fill=\"#14243f\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"458\" y=\"50\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#ffd970\">GROUP SPACE<\/text>\r\n\r\n <rect x=\"12\" y=\"66\" width=\"156\" height=\"58\" rx=\"9\" fill=\"#fdf0f5\" stroke=\"#8e2f5a\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"90\" y=\"90\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#8e2f5a\">TRADITIONAL<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"90\" y=\"108\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">the harder work is done alone<\/text>\r\n\r\n <rect x=\"180\" y=\"66\" width=\"180\" height=\"58\" rx=\"9\" fill=\"#fdf0f5\" stroke=\"#8e2f5a\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"270.0\" y=\"90\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#8e2f5a\">Practice and application<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"270.0\" y=\"108\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">unsupported, at home<\/text>\r\n\r\n <rect x=\"368\" y=\"66\" width=\"180\" height=\"58\" rx=\"9\" fill=\"#fdf0f5\" stroke=\"#8e2f5a\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"458.0\" y=\"90\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#8e2f5a\">First exposure to content<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"458.0\" y=\"108\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">the teacher explains<\/text>\r\n\r\n <rect x=\"12\" y=\"138\" width=\"156\" height=\"58\" rx=\"9\" fill=\"#eefbf7\" stroke=\"#0d8f79\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"90\" y=\"162\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#0d8f79\">FLIPPED<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"90\" y=\"180\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">the harder work is done together<\/text>\r\n\r\n <rect x=\"180\" y=\"138\" width=\"180\" height=\"58\" rx=\"9\" fill=\"#eefbf7\" stroke=\"#0d8f79\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"270.0\" y=\"162\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#0d8f79\">First exposure to content<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"270.0\" y=\"180\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">at the learner's own pace<\/text>\r\n\r\n <rect x=\"368\" y=\"138\" width=\"180\" height=\"58\" rx=\"9\" fill=\"#eefbf7\" stroke=\"#0d8f79\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"458.0\" y=\"162\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#0d8f79\">Practice and application<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"458.0\" y=\"180\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">with the teacher present<\/text>\r\n\r\n <rect x=\"12\" y=\"210\" width=\"534\" height=\"42\" rx=\"8\" fill=\"#fffaef\" stroke=\"#c9760f\" stroke-width=\"1.8\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"227\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#c9760f\">The video is not the reform; what the freed period is used for is the reform<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"242\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">a flipped class that spends the period going over the video has moved the lecture and changed nothing else<\/text>\r\n\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"276\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#5a6d80\">the arrangement also presumes access outside school, which is where its equity problem sits<\/text>\r\n<\/g><\/svg>\r\n <div class=\"diagram-cap\"><span class=\"en\">The two activities are exchanged, so the harder work is done where the teacher is<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0917\u0924\u093f\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u0905\u0926\u0932-\u092c\u0926\u0932 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0920\u093f\u0928\u0924\u0930 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0935\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"exam-tip\">\r\n <div class=\"et-icon\">●<\/div>\r\n <div class=\"et-body\">\r\n <strong><span class=\"en\">The four pillars of flipped learning.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924\u094d\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e \u0915\u0947 \u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0902\u092d\u0964<\/span><\/strong>\r\n <span class=\"en\"> They spell the word, and each rules out a version of the practice that keeps the video and drops the point.<\/span>\r\n <span class=\"hi\"> \u092f\u0947 \u0909\u0938 \u0936\u092c\u094d\u0926 \u0915\u0940 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928\u0940 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0909\u0938 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0915\u094b \u0905\u092a\u0935\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0935\u0940\u0921\u093f\u092f\u094b \u0930\u0916 \u0932\u0947 \u0914\u0930 \u092e\u0942\u0932 \u092c\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0941 \u091b\u094b\u0921\u093c \u0926\u0947\u0964<\/span>\r\n <ul class=\"split-list\">\r\n <li><span class=\"sl-tag\">F<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">Flexible environment \u2014 the room is rearranged for the work the period now does<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0932\u091a\u0940\u0932\u093e \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0936 \u2014 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0909\u0938 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0938\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u094b \u091c\u094b \u0915\u093e\u0932\u093e\u0902\u0936 \u0905\u092c \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"sl-tag\">L<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">Learning culture \u2014 the period is learner-centred, not a second pass over the video<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f \u2014 \u0915\u093e\u0932\u093e\u0902\u0936 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940-\u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b, \u0935\u0940\u0921\u093f\u092f\u094b \u092a\u0930 \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u093e \u0926\u094c\u0930 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902<\/span><\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"sl-tag\">I<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">Intentional content \u2014 what is moved out is chosen deliberately, not everything<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0906\u0936\u092f\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u2014 \u091c\u094b \u092c\u093e\u0939\u0930 \u092d\u0947\u091c\u093e \u091c\u093e\u090f \u0935\u0939 \u0938\u0941\u0935\u093f\u091a\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u091a\u0941\u0928\u093e \u091c\u093e\u090f, \u0938\u092c \u0915\u0941\u091b \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902<\/span><\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"sl-tag\">P<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">Professional educator \u2014 the teacher observes and intervenes more, not less<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0935\u0938\u093e\u092f\u093f\u0915 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u2014 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0939\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u092a \u0915\u0930\u0947, \u0915\u092e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902<\/span><\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"callout teal\">\r\n <div class=\"callout-label\"><span class=\"en\">Three presences in an online course<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0911\u0928\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0924\u0940\u0928 \u0909\u092a\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901<\/span><\/div>\r\n <span class=\"en\">The community of inquiry framework, set out by Garrison, Anderson and Archer, holds that a worthwhile online educational experience requires three things to be present together. <strong>Social presence<\/strong> is the extent to which participants are able to project themselves as real people, without which discussion stays formal and thin. <strong>Cognitive presence<\/strong> is the extent to which they can construct meaning through sustained reflection and exchange rather than posting in parallel. <strong>Teaching presence<\/strong> covers design, facilitation and direct instruction, and is the one most often assumed to be unnecessary once material is uploaded. The framework's use is diagnostic: a course that is failing is usually failing on one of the three, and each has a different remedy.<\/span>\r\n <span class=\"hi\">\u0917\u0948\u0930\u093f\u0938\u0928, \u090f\u0902\u0921\u0930\u0938\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0906\u0930\u094d\u091a\u0930 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092a\u093e\u0926\u093f\u0924 \u0905\u0928\u094d\u0935\u0947\u0937\u0923-\u0938\u092e\u0941\u0926\u093e\u092f \u0922\u093e\u0901\u091a\u093e \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0938\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0915 \u0911\u0928\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u0936\u0948\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092d\u0935 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0924\u0940\u0928 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0909\u092a\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u093e \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915 \u0939\u0948\u0964 <strong>\u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u091c\u093f\u0915 \u0909\u092a\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f<\/strong> \u0935\u0939 \u092e\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938 \u0924\u0915 \u0938\u0939\u092d\u093e\u0917\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930 \u092a\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u092a\u0930\u093f\u091a\u0930\u094d\u091a\u093e \u0914\u092a\u091a\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0940\u0923 \u0930\u0939\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 <strong>\u0938\u0902\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0909\u092a\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f<\/strong> \u0935\u0939 \u092e\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938 \u0924\u0915 \u0935\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930 \u092a\u094b\u0938\u094d\u091f \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u091c\u093e\u092f \u0938\u0924\u0924 \u091a\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0906\u0926\u093e\u0928-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925-\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u0915\u0930 \u092a\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 <strong>\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0909\u092a\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f<\/strong> \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a, \u0938\u0941\u0917\u092e\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0926\u0947\u0936\u0928 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u092e\u0947\u091f\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0905\u092a\u0932\u094b\u0921 \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092c\u093e\u0930 \u092f\u0939\u0940 \u0905\u0928\u093e\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915 \u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0932\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0907\u0938 \u0922\u093e\u0901\u091a\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0928\u093f\u0926\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0939\u0948: \u091c\u094b \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u0935\u093f\u092b\u0932 \u0939\u094b \u0930\u0939\u093e \u0939\u094b \u0935\u0939 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092f\u0903 \u0907\u0928 \u0924\u0940\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u090f\u0915 \u092a\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u092b\u0932 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"p17-3\">\r\n <span class=\"section-badge\">17.3<\/span>\r\n <h3><span class=\"en\">OER, MOOCs and National Platforms<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0913\u0908\u0906\u0930, \u092e\u0942\u0915\u094d\u0938 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u092e\u0902\u091a<\/span><\/h3>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <p><span class=\"en\">An open educational resource is material that resides in the public domain or has been released under a licence permitting free access and re-use. The distinction that matters in practice is between free and open: a video that can be watched without payment but not downloaded, translated or edited into a worksheet is free, and a teacher who needs it in another language cannot lawfully make one.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092e\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0936\u0948\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u093e\u0927\u0928 \u0935\u0939 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0938\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0935\u091c\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930-\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u094b \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0910\u0938\u0940 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u091c\u094d\u091e\u092a\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0924 \u091c\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0939\u0941\u0908 \u0939\u094b \u091c\u094b \u0928\u093f\u0903\u0936\u0941\u0932\u094d\u0915 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0903\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092e\u0924\u093f \u0926\u0947\u0964 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091c\u094b \u092d\u0947\u0926 \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0939\u0948 \u0935\u0939 \u0928\u093f\u0903\u0936\u0941\u0932\u094d\u0915 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092e\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u0939\u0948: \u091c\u094b \u0935\u0940\u0921\u093f\u092f\u094b \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u092d\u0941\u0917\u0924\u093e\u0928 \u0926\u0947\u0916\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0941 \u0921\u093e\u0909\u0928\u0932\u094b\u0921, \u0905\u0928\u0942\u0926\u093f\u0924 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0915 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u093e\u0926\u093f\u0924 \u0928 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0935\u0939 \u0928\u093f\u0903\u0936\u0941\u0932\u094d\u0915 \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u091c\u093f\u0938 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0915\u094b \u0935\u0939 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f \u0935\u0939 \u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0915 \u092c\u0928\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n <svg class=\"full-diagram\" viewBox=\"0 0 560 268\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"The five permissions of open material and a ladder of licences from most to least open\">\r\n<g font-family=\"DM Sans, Noto Sans Devanagari, sans-serif\" font-size=\"10.5\">\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"24\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#0d8f79\">THE FIVE PERMISSIONS THAT MAKE MATERIAL OPEN<\/text>\r\n\r\n <rect x=\"10\" y=\"40\" width=\"100\" height=\"48\" rx=\"9\" fill=\"#eefbf7\" stroke=\"#0d8f79\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"60\" y=\"60\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#0d8f79\">RETAIN<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"60\" y=\"76\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"6.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">keep a copy<\/text>\r\n <rect x=\"120\" y=\"40\" width=\"100\" height=\"48\" rx=\"9\" fill=\"#eefbf7\" stroke=\"#0d8f79\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"170\" y=\"60\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#0d8f79\">REUSE<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"170\" y=\"76\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"6.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">use it as it is<\/text>\r\n <rect x=\"230\" y=\"40\" width=\"100\" height=\"48\" rx=\"9\" fill=\"#eefbf7\" stroke=\"#0d8f79\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"60\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#0d8f79\">REVISE<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"76\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"6.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">alter or translate<\/text>\r\n <rect x=\"340\" y=\"40\" width=\"100\" height=\"48\" rx=\"9\" fill=\"#eefbf7\" stroke=\"#0d8f79\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"390\" y=\"60\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#0d8f79\">REMIX<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"390\" y=\"76\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"6.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">combine with other material<\/text>\r\n <rect x=\"450\" y=\"40\" width=\"100\" height=\"48\" rx=\"9\" fill=\"#eefbf7\" stroke=\"#0d8f79\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"500\" y=\"60\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#0d8f79\">REDISTRIBUTE<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"500\" y=\"76\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"6.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">share the result<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"134\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#5a6d80\">LICENCES, FROM MOST OPEN TO MOST RESTRICTED<\/text>\r\n\r\n <rect x=\"10\" y=\"150\" width=\"100\" height=\"48\" rx=\"9\" fill=\"#ffffff\" stroke=\"#0d8f79\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"60\" y=\"170\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#0d8f79\">CC0<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"60\" y=\"186\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"6.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">no conditions at all<\/text>\r\n <rect x=\"120\" y=\"150\" width=\"100\" height=\"48\" rx=\"9\" fill=\"#ffffff\" stroke=\"#2f92d1\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"170\" y=\"170\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#2f92d1\">CC BY<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"170\" y=\"186\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"6.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">credit the author<\/text>\r\n <rect x=\"230\" y=\"150\" width=\"100\" height=\"48\" rx=\"9\" fill=\"#ffffff\" stroke=\"#1f5fa9\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"170\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\">CC BY-SA<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"186\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"6.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">credit, and share alike<\/text>\r\n <rect x=\"340\" y=\"150\" width=\"100\" height=\"48\" rx=\"9\" fill=\"#ffffff\" stroke=\"#c9760f\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"390\" y=\"170\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#c9760f\">CC BY-NC<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"390\" y=\"186\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"6.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">credit, non-commercial<\/text>\r\n <rect x=\"450\" y=\"150\" width=\"100\" height=\"48\" rx=\"9\" fill=\"#ffffff\" stroke=\"#8e2f5a\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"500\" y=\"170\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#8e2f5a\">CC BY-ND<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"500\" y=\"186\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"6.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">credit, no derivatives<\/text>\r\n <line x1=\"10\" y1=\"212\" x2=\"540\" y2=\"212\" stroke=\"#c8d5e3\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <polygon points=\"550,212 536,206 536,218\" fill=\"#c8d5e3\"\/>\r\n <rect x=\"10\" y=\"224\" width=\"536\" height=\"36\" rx=\"8\" fill=\"#fdf0f5\" stroke=\"#8e2f5a\" stroke-width=\"1.6\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"240\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#8e2f5a\">A no-derivatives licence removes revise and remix<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"254\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">material under it can be shared but not adapted, so it fails two of the five and is open in a weaker sense<\/text>\r\n<\/g><\/svg>\r\n <div class=\"diagram-cap\"><span class=\"en\">Free to view is not open; openness is the set of permissions granted<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0928\u093f\u0903\u0936\u0941\u0932\u094d\u0915 \u0926\u0947\u0916\u0928\u093e \u092e\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902; \u092e\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924\u0924\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0924\u094d\u0924 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092e\u0924\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u092e\u0941\u091a\u094d\u091a\u092f \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/div>\r\n\r\n <svg class=\"full-diagram\" viewBox=\"0 0 560 296\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"National digital platforms and what each is for\">\r\n<g font-family=\"DM Sans, Noto Sans Devanagari, sans-serif\" font-size=\"10.5\">\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"24\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"11\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#5a6d80\">WHAT EACH PLATFORM IS FOR<\/text>\r\n\r\n <rect x=\"10\" y=\"40\" width=\"176\" height=\"86\" rx=\"10\" fill=\"#eef4fc\" stroke=\"#1f5fa9\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <rect x=\"10\" y=\"40\" width=\"176\" height=\"24\" rx=\"10\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\"\/>\r\n <rect x=\"10\" y=\"56\" width=\"176\" height=\"8\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"98\" y=\"57\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#ffffff\">DIKSHA<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"98\" y=\"82\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" font-style=\"italic\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\">school education<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"98\" y=\"102\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">QR-coded textbooks<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"98\" y=\"114\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">teacher courses, state content<\/text>\r\n <rect x=\"194\" y=\"40\" width=\"176\" height=\"86\" rx=\"10\" fill=\"#eefbf7\" stroke=\"#0d8f79\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <rect x=\"194\" y=\"40\" width=\"176\" height=\"24\" rx=\"10\" fill=\"#0d8f79\"\/>\r\n <rect x=\"194\" y=\"56\" width=\"176\" height=\"8\" fill=\"#0d8f79\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"282\" y=\"57\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#ffffff\">SWAYAM<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"282\" y=\"82\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" font-style=\"italic\" fill=\"#0d8f79\">higher and school MOOCs<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"282\" y=\"102\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">courses built on four quadrants<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"282\" y=\"114\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\"><\/text>\r\n <rect x=\"378\" y=\"40\" width=\"176\" height=\"86\" rx=\"10\" fill=\"#fffaef\" stroke=\"#c9760f\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <rect x=\"378\" y=\"40\" width=\"176\" height=\"24\" rx=\"10\" fill=\"#c9760f\"\/>\r\n <rect x=\"378\" y=\"56\" width=\"176\" height=\"8\" fill=\"#c9760f\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"466\" y=\"57\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#ffffff\">SWAYAM PRABHA<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"466\" y=\"82\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" font-style=\"italic\" fill=\"#c9760f\">television<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"466\" y=\"102\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">channels for learners without connectivity<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"466\" y=\"114\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\"><\/text>\r\n <rect x=\"10\" y=\"136\" width=\"176\" height=\"86\" rx=\"10\" fill=\"#faf6ff\" stroke=\"#6b3a8f\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <rect x=\"10\" y=\"136\" width=\"176\" height=\"24\" rx=\"10\" fill=\"#6b3a8f\"\/>\r\n <rect x=\"10\" y=\"152\" width=\"176\" height=\"8\" fill=\"#6b3a8f\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"98\" y=\"153\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#ffffff\">NROER<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"98\" y=\"178\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" font-style=\"italic\" fill=\"#6b3a8f\">open repository<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"98\" y=\"198\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">curriculum-linked resources for reuse<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"98\" y=\"210\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\"><\/text>\r\n <rect x=\"194\" y=\"136\" width=\"176\" height=\"86\" rx=\"10\" fill=\"#eaf6ff\" stroke=\"#2f92d1\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <rect x=\"194\" y=\"136\" width=\"176\" height=\"24\" rx=\"10\" fill=\"#2f92d1\"\/>\r\n <rect x=\"194\" y=\"152\" width=\"176\" height=\"8\" fill=\"#2f92d1\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"282\" y=\"153\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#ffffff\">ePATHSHALA<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"282\" y=\"178\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" font-style=\"italic\" fill=\"#2f92d1\">textbooks and periodicals<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"282\" y=\"198\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">NCERT material for offline reading<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"282\" y=\"210\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\"><\/text>\r\n <rect x=\"378\" y=\"136\" width=\"176\" height=\"86\" rx=\"10\" fill=\"#fdf0f5\" stroke=\"#8e2f5a\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <rect x=\"378\" y=\"136\" width=\"176\" height=\"24\" rx=\"10\" fill=\"#8e2f5a\"\/>\r\n <rect x=\"378\" y=\"152\" width=\"176\" height=\"8\" fill=\"#8e2f5a\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"466\" y=\"153\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#ffffff\">NDLI<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"466\" y=\"178\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" font-style=\"italic\" fill=\"#8e2f5a\">digital library<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"466\" y=\"198\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">a single window on many collections<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"466\" y=\"210\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\"><\/text>\r\n <rect x=\"10\" y=\"238\" width=\"536\" height=\"44\" rx=\"8\" fill=\"#f5f8fd\" stroke=\"#14243f\" stroke-width=\"1.6\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"256\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#14243f\">The television channel is the one to remember in an equity question<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"272\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">a platform reachable only by those already connected cannot be the answer to the problem of those who are not<\/text>\r\n<\/g><\/svg>\r\n <div class=\"diagram-cap\"><span class=\"en\">Each exists for a different reach, and the television channel exists for the unconnected<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u091f\u0947\u0932\u0940\u0935\u093f\u091c\u093c\u0928 \u091a\u0948\u0928\u0932 \u0905\u0938\u0902\u092a\u0930\u094d\u0915\u093f\u0924 \u0932\u094b\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941<\/span><\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"table-scroll\">\r\n <table class=\"data-table\">\r\n <thead><tr>\r\n <th style=\"width:26%\"><span class=\"en\">Term<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u0926<\/span><\/th>\r\n <th style=\"width:36%\"><span class=\"en\">What it means<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0907\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925<\/span><\/th>\r\n <th style=\"width:38%\"><span class=\"en\">The point examiners look for<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u091c\u093f\u0938 \u092c\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0941 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0916\u094b\u091c\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902<\/span><\/th>\r\n <\/tr><\/thead>\r\n <tbody>\r\n <tr><td><strong><span class=\"en\">SWAYAM's four quadrants<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u091a\u093e\u0930 \u091a\u0924\u0941\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0902\u0936<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Every course is built from video tutorial, reading material, a discussion forum and self-assessment.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u0935\u0940\u0921\u093f\u092f\u094b \u091f\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u094b\u0930\u093f\u092f\u0932, \u092a\u0920\u0928 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940, \u092a\u0930\u093f\u091a\u0930\u094d\u091a\u093e \u092e\u0902\u091a \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u0935-\u0906\u0915\u0932\u0928 \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0928\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">The forum and the self-assessment are the two most often omitted, and they are the two that make the course more than a broadcast.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092e\u0902\u091a \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u0935-\u0906\u0915\u0932\u0928 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092c\u093e\u0930 \u091b\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u0939\u0940 \u0926\u094b \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u0915\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td><strong><span class=\"en\">xMOOC and cMOOC<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u090f\u0915\u094d\u0938-\u092e\u0942\u0915 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0940-\u092e\u0942\u0915<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">The first is a course delivered to many; the second is a connectivist arrangement in which participants generate the content among themselves.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u0939\u0932\u093e \u0905\u0928\u0947\u0915 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0924\u094d\u0924 \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u0939\u0948; \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u093e \u0938\u0902\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928\u0935\u093e\u0926\u0940 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0939\u092d\u093e\u0917\u0940 \u0906\u092a\u0938 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Most platforms, including the Indian ones, run the first kind, and completion rates across the field are low.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0938\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0902\u0936 \u092e\u0902\u091a \u092a\u0939\u0932\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u091a\u0932\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0907\u0938 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923\u0924\u093e-\u0926\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u092e\u094d\u0928 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td><strong><span class=\"en\">Energised textbook<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u090a\u0930\u094d\u091c\u0940\u0915\u0943\u0924 \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u092a\u0941\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0915<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">A printed textbook carrying codes that link each chapter to supplementary material on a platform.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u094b\u0921 \u0935\u0939\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u092a\u0941\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0915 \u091c\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f \u0915\u094b \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092e\u0902\u091a \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">The design keeps the book usable without a device, so the addition does not become a precondition.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092f\u0939 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a \u092a\u0941\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0915 \u0915\u094b \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u092d\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u091c\u094d\u092f \u0930\u0916\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0935\u0939 \u0935\u0943\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093f \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0936\u0930\u094d\u0924 \u0928 \u092c\u0928 \u091c\u093e\u090f\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <\/tbody>\r\n <\/table>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"p17-4\">\r\n <span class=\"section-badge\">17.4<\/span>\r\n <h3><span class=\"en\">Gamification and Artificial Intelligence<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0921\u093c\u093e\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0915\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092e \u092c\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093f\u092e\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093e<\/span><\/h3>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <p><span class=\"en\">Gamification is the addition of game elements \u2014 points, badges, levels, leaderboards \u2014 to an activity that is not a game. It is distinct from game-based learning, in which the game itself carries the content and playing it is the learning. The distinction decides where the motivation comes from, and therefore what happens when the points stop.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0921\u093c\u093e\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0910\u0938\u0940 \u0917\u0924\u093f\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0916\u0947\u0932-\u0924\u0924\u094d\u0935\u094b\u0902 \u2014 \u0905\u0902\u0915, \u092c\u0948\u091c, \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930, \u0935\u0930\u0940\u092f\u0924\u093e-\u0938\u0942\u091a\u0940 \u2014 \u0915\u093e \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0916\u0947\u0932 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0916\u0947\u0932-\u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0916\u0947\u0932 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u0935\u0939\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0916\u0947\u0932\u0928\u093e \u0939\u0940 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u092d\u0947\u0926 \u0924\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0905\u092d\u093f\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0930\u0923\u093e \u0915\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0938\u0947 \u0906\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u0924\u0903 \u092f\u0939 \u092d\u0940 \u0915\u093f \u0905\u0902\u0915 \u0930\u0941\u0915 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"pc-grid\">\r\n <div class=\"pc-panel pro\">\r\n <div class=\"pc-head\"><span class=\"pc-ico\">\u2713<\/span><span class=\"en\">When game elements help<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0916\u0947\u0932-\u0924\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u0915\u092c \u0938\u0939\u093e\u092f\u0915 \u0939\u0948\u0902<\/span><\/div>\r\n <ul>\r\n <li><span class=\"en\">Where the underlying task is worth doing and the elements make progress on it visible<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u094d\u0928\u093f\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u092f\u094b\u0917\u094d\u092f \u0939\u094b \u0914\u0930 \u0924\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u0909\u0938 \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0917\u0924\u093f \u0926\u0943\u0936\u094d\u092f \u092c\u0928\u093e\u090f\u0901<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"en\">Where they supply immediate feedback that the task itself cannot give quickly<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0935\u0947 \u0910\u0938\u093e \u0924\u0924\u094d\u0915\u093e\u0932 \u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920\u092a\u094b\u0937\u0923 \u0926\u0947\u0902 \u091c\u094b \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u0936\u0940\u0918\u094d\u0930 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0926\u0947 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"en\">Where progress is measured against the learner's own previous work rather than against others<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0917\u0924\u093f \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u092e\u093e\u092a\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u090f<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"en\">Where the learner retains a genuine choice about which challenge to take next<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u0938 \u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u091a\u092f\u0928 \u0930\u0939\u0947 \u0915\u093f \u0905\u0917\u0932\u0940 \u091a\u0941\u0928\u094c\u0924\u0940 \u0915\u094c\u0928-\u0938\u0940 \u0932\u0947\u0928\u0940 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div class=\"pc-panel con\">\r\n <div class=\"pc-head\"><span class=\"pc-ico\">\u2717<\/span><span class=\"en\">When they do harm<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u0947 \u0915\u092c \u0939\u093e\u0928\u093f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902<\/span><\/div>\r\n <ul>\r\n <li><span class=\"en\">Where a reward is attached to work the learner was already willing to do, which is the overjustification case of Chapter 3<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0910\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0941\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u091c\u0941\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u094b \u0924\u0948\u092f\u093e\u0930 \u0925\u093e, \u0914\u0930 \u092f\u0939\u0940 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f 3 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0924\u093f-\u0914\u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"en\">Where a public leaderboard makes the bottom places permanent and visible<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0938\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0935\u091c\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u0930\u0940\u092f\u0924\u093e-\u0938\u0942\u091a\u0940 \u0928\u093f\u091a\u0932\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092f\u0940 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0926\u0943\u0936\u094d\u092f \u092c\u0928\u093e \u0926\u0947<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"en\">Where the points measure activity rather than learning, so the fastest clicking wins<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0905\u0902\u0915 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0917\u0924\u093f\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f \u092e\u093e\u092a\u0947\u0902, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u0924\u0947\u091c\u093c \u0915\u094d\u0932\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e \u091c\u0940\u0924 \u091c\u093e\u090f<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"en\">Where the elements are removed and the willingness to do the task goes with them<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0924\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u0939\u091f\u093e\u090f \u091c\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0907\u091a\u094d\u091b\u093e \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u091a\u0932\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u090f<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"enrich-box\">\r\n <span class=\"enrich-stamp\"><span class=\"en\">The question a teacher has to answer about any capable tool<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092d\u0940 \u0938\u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0915\u094b \u091c\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/span>\r\n <h4><span class=\"en\">What does the tool remove, and was that the part that produced the learning?<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0939\u091f\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0935\u0939\u0940 \u092d\u093e\u0917 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0925\u093e?<\/span><\/h4>\r\n <p><span class=\"en\">Artificial intelligence in education raises the same question as a calculator did, and raises it about a great deal more of the work. An adaptive system that sequences practice and reports an error pattern removes clerical labour and leaves the reasoning where it was. A generative system that produces a finished paragraph removes the drafting, and the drafting is where the thinking about structure was happening. Neither is a verdict on the technology: they are different decisions about different tasks, and the judgement about which is which is exactly the pedagogical content knowledge of Chapter 10 \u2014 the teacher who knows where this topic resists being learned also knows which part of it must not be automated away.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092e \u092c\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093f\u092e\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0935\u0939\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u0909\u0920\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0915\u0948\u0932\u0915\u0941\u0932\u0947\u091f\u0930 \u0928\u0947 \u0909\u0920\u093e\u092f\u093e \u0925\u093e, \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u0920\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u091c\u094b \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0915\u0942\u0932\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0905\u092d\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u094b \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u092c\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0915\u0930\u0915\u0947 \u0924\u094d\u0930\u0941\u091f\u093f-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u0942\u092a \u092c\u0924\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0935\u0939 \u0932\u093f\u092a\u093f\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0936\u094d\u0930\u092e \u0939\u091f\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0924\u0930\u094d\u0915\u0923 \u0915\u094b \u092f\u0925\u093e\u0935\u0924\u094d \u091b\u094b\u0921\u093c \u0926\u0947\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u091c\u094b \u091c\u0928\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0924\u0948\u092f\u093e\u0930 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u091a\u094d\u091b\u0947\u0926 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u0930 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0935\u0939 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0930\u0942\u092a\u0923 \u0939\u091f\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0940 \u091a\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0930\u0942\u092a\u0923 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u0940 \u0939\u094b \u0930\u0939\u093e \u0925\u093e\u0964 \u0907\u0928\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0923\u092f \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u0948: \u092f\u0947 \u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0923\u092f \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u094c\u0928-\u0938\u093e \u0915\u094c\u0928 \u0939\u0948 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0915 \u0920\u0940\u0915 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f 10 \u0915\u093e \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u091c\u094b \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u092f\u0939 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0938\u0940\u0916\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u094b\u0927 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0935\u0939 \u092f\u0939 \u092d\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0909\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0915\u094c\u0928-\u0938\u093e \u092d\u093e\u0917 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u091a\u093e\u0932\u093f\u0924 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u0926\u0947\u0928\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/p>\r\n <p><span class=\"en\">Three further cautions belong with any use of such tools with school learners. Generative systems produce fluent text that may be factually wrong, and fluency is precisely what makes an error hard for a novice to detect. They reproduce whatever biases sit in the material they were built from, which is not visible in the output. And they operate on data supplied to them, so a system used with children raises questions of consent and retention that a textbook does not. UNESCO's guidance on the subject accordingly emphasises human oversight, capacity building for teachers, and age-appropriate limits rather than an unrestricted classroom rollout.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f\u0940 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0910\u0938\u0947 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092d\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0924\u0940\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u093e\u0935\u0927\u093e\u0928\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u091c\u0941\u0921\u093c\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u091c\u0928\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0939\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u092a\u093e\u0920 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u091c\u094b \u0924\u0925\u094d\u092f\u0924\u0903 \u0917\u0932\u0924 \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0939\u0936\u0940\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0940 \u0935\u0939 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0928\u094c\u0938\u093f\u0916\u093f\u090f \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0924\u094d\u0930\u0941\u091f\u093f \u092a\u0915\u0921\u093c\u0928\u093e \u0915\u0920\u093f\u0928 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0935\u0947 \u0909\u0928 \u0938\u092d\u0940 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0928\u0924\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u0941\u0924\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u091c\u094b \u0909\u0938 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0935\u0947 \u092c\u0928\u0940\u0902, \u0914\u0930 \u092f\u0939 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0924 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0926\u093f\u0916\u0924\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0935\u0947 \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u0926\u093f\u090f \u0917\u090f \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0905\u0924\u0903 \u092c\u093e\u0932\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0938\u0939\u092e\u0924\u093f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0910\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u0909\u0920\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u092a\u0941\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0915 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0909\u0920\u093e\u0924\u0940\u0964 \u0907\u0938 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f \u092a\u0930 \u092f\u0942\u0928\u0947\u0938\u094d\u0915\u094b \u0915\u093e \u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u0928 \u0924\u0926\u0928\u0941\u0938\u093e\u0930 \u0905\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092c\u0902\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u091c\u093e\u092f \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0935\u0940\u092f \u092a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923, \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e\u0924\u093e-\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0906\u092f\u0941-\u0909\u092a\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u092c\u0932 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/p>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"p17-5\">\r\n <span class=\"section-badge\">17.5<\/span>\r\n <h3><span class=\"en\">Digital Safety and Ethics<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0928\u0948\u0924\u093f\u0915\u0924\u093e<\/span><\/h3>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <p><span class=\"en\">A school that brings learners online has taken on a duty of care that extends beyond the period. The teacher's part in it is chiefly preventive and educative rather than technical, and the three headings below cover what a teacher is actually in a position to do.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u091c\u094b \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0911\u0928\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u0932\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0909\u0938\u0928\u0947 \u0910\u0938\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0916\u092d\u093e\u0932-\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0935\u094d\u092f \u0932\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0915\u093e\u0932\u093e\u0902\u0936 \u0938\u0947 \u0906\u0917\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0909\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0915\u093e \u092d\u093e\u0917 \u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f\u0924\u0903 \u0924\u0915\u0928\u0940\u0915\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0928\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0930\u0915 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0936\u0948\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0915 \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0928\u0940\u091a\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0924\u0940\u0928 \u0936\u0940\u0930\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0935\u0939 \u0938\u092e\u0947\u091f\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u091c\u094b \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924\u0903 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n <ul class=\"num-stack\">\r\n <li><strong><span class=\"en\">A climate in which a learner will report.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0910\u0938\u093e \u0935\u093e\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0930\u0923 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u092c\u0924\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0947\u0964<\/span><\/strong> <span class=\"en\">The single most protective condition is that a child who meets something distressing online expects to be believed and not blamed, and knows which adult to go to. Where the anticipated response is confiscation or punishment, incidents are concealed, and concealment is what allows them to continue. This is a matter of what the school has said in advance, not of what it does afterwards.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0936\u0930\u094d\u0924 \u092f\u0939\u0940 \u090f\u0915 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u091c\u094b \u092c\u093e\u0932\u0915 \u0911\u0928\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u0915\u0941\u091b \u0915\u0937\u094d\u091f\u0915\u0930 \u092a\u093e\u090f \u0935\u0939 \u0905\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0947 \u0915\u093f \u0909\u0938 \u092a\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u090f\u0917\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0926\u094b\u0937 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u090f\u0917\u093e, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0924\u093e \u0939\u094b \u0915\u093f \u0915\u093f\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0922\u093c \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u0938 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0905\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093c\u092c\u094d\u0924\u0940 \u092f\u093e \u0926\u0902\u0921 \u0939\u094b \u0935\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0918\u091f\u0928\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u091b\u093f\u092a\u093e\u0908 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0914\u0930 \u091b\u093f\u092a\u093e\u0935 \u0939\u0940 \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u091c\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0930\u0939\u0928\u0947 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0907\u0938 \u092c\u093e\u0924 \u0915\u093e \u092e\u093e\u092e\u0932\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0939\u093e, \u0928 \u0915\u093f \u0907\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0915\u093f \u0935\u0939 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><strong><span class=\"en\">A durable habit of checking.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u091c\u093e\u0901\u091a \u0915\u0940 \u091f\u093f\u0915\u093e\u090a \u0906\u0926\u0924\u0964<\/span><\/strong> <span class=\"en\">The checklists commonly taught for judging a source ask a learner to examine the page itself \u2014 its author, its date, its appearance. Research on how professional fact-checkers actually work found that they do something different: they leave the page almost at once and look for what other sources say about it, reading across rather than down. Teaching that habit is more useful than teaching the checklist, because a well-made page satisfies most checklists.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0924 \u0915\u094b \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0924\u0903 \u092a\u0922\u093c\u093e\u0908 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0901\u091a-\u0938\u0942\u091a\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u0909\u0938 \u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u0915\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0901\u091a \u0915\u0930\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u2014 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0932\u0947\u0916\u0915, \u0924\u093f\u0925\u093f, \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0930\u0942\u092a\u0964 \u092a\u0947\u0936\u0947\u0935\u0930 \u0924\u0925\u094d\u092f-\u091c\u093e\u0901\u091a\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924\u0903 \u0915\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0907\u0938 \u092a\u0930 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u0902\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u0928\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u092f\u093e \u0915\u093f \u0935\u0947 \u0915\u0941\u091b \u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902: \u0935\u0947 \u0932\u0917\u092d\u0917 \u0924\u0941\u0930\u0902\u0924 \u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u091b\u094b\u0921\u093c \u0926\u0947\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0916\u094b\u091c\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0915\u093f \u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0938\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0924 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0939\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0928\u0940\u091a\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0913\u0930 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0906\u0930-\u092a\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u0922\u093c\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0941\u090f\u0964 \u0909\u0938 \u0906\u0926\u0924 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u0922\u093c\u093e\u0928\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0901\u091a-\u0938\u0942\u091a\u0940 \u092a\u0922\u093c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u0938\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0902\u0936 \u091c\u093e\u0901\u091a-\u0938\u0942\u091a\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0902\u0924\u0941\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0915\u0930 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><strong><span class=\"en\">An understanding of what is being collected.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092f\u0939 \u092c\u094b\u0927 \u0915\u093f \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u090f\u0915\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0930\u0939\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/strong> <span class=\"en\">Indian law now treats the personal data of children as a distinct category. The Digital Personal Data Protection Act of 2023 requires verifiable consent from a parent or guardian before a child's data is processed, and prohibits tracking, behavioural monitoring and advertising directed at children. A school selecting a platform is making a decision under that framework whether or not it realises it, and the practical implication is that the choice of application is not only a pedagogical decision.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f \u0905\u092c \u092c\u093e\u0932\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0917\u0924 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u0915\u094b \u092a\u0943\u0925\u0915\u094d \u0936\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0923\u0940 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0917\u0924 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u0938\u0902\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e, 2023 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092c\u093e\u0932\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u093e\u0927\u0928 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u092e\u093e\u0924\u093e-\u092a\u093f\u0924\u093e \u092f\u093e \u0938\u0902\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u0928 \u092f\u094b\u0917\u094d\u092f \u0938\u0939\u092e\u0924\u093f \u0905\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092c\u093e\u0932\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0928\u093f\u0917\u0930\u093e\u0928\u0940, \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930\u0917\u0924 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0935\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0935\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u092a\u0928 \u0928\u093f\u0937\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092e\u0902\u091a \u091a\u0941\u0928\u0924\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0909\u0938 \u0922\u093e\u0901\u091a\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0924 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0923\u092f \u0932\u0947 \u0930\u0939\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091a\u093e\u0939\u0947 \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u093e \u092c\u094b\u0927 \u0939\u094b \u092f\u093e \u0928 \u0939\u094b, \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0928\u093f\u0939\u093f\u0924\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u092f\u0939 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u093e \u091a\u092f\u0928 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0923\u092f \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"callout red\">\r\n <div class=\"callout-label\"><span class=\"en\">Two legal points frequently asked and frequently got wrong<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0926\u094b \u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092c\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0941 \u091c\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092f\u0903 \u092a\u0942\u091b\u0947 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092f\u0903 \u0917\u0932\u0924 \u092c\u0924\u093e\u090f \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902<\/span><\/div>\r\n <span class=\"en\">Section 66A of the Information Technology Act, which penalised sending offensive messages through a communication service, was struck down as unconstitutional by the Supreme Court in <em>Shreya Singhal v. Union of India<\/em> in 2015. It is still cited in some textbooks and in some police practice, and a question expecting it to be in force is testing whether the judgment is known. Separately, the Protection of Children from Sexual Offences Act of 2012 is the statute that governs offences against children including those committed through electronic means, and it places a positive obligation to report on any person who has apprehension that such an offence is likely to be committed or knowledge that one has been committed \u2014 an obligation that falls on a teacher personally and not only on the institution.<\/span>\r\n <span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e \u0915\u0940 \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093e 66\u0915, \u091c\u094b \u0938\u0902\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0937\u0923 \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u0906\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f\u091c\u0928\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u092d\u0947\u091c\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u094b \u0926\u0902\u0921\u0928\u0940\u092f \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0925\u0940, \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a\u0924\u092e \u0928\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0928\u0947 2015 \u092e\u0947\u0902 <em>\u0936\u094d\u0930\u0947\u092f\u093e \u0938\u093f\u0902\u0918\u0932 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u092e \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u0938\u0902\u0918<\/em> \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0938\u0902\u0935\u0948\u0927\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0918\u094b\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0930 \u0926\u0940\u0964 \u0935\u0939 \u0905\u092c \u092d\u0940 \u0915\u0941\u091b \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u092a\u0941\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0915\u0941\u091b \u092a\u0941\u0932\u093f\u0938-\u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u0926\u094d\u0927\u0943\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u091c\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0915\u0930 \u091a\u0932\u0947 \u0935\u0939 \u092f\u0939 \u092a\u0930\u0916 \u0930\u0939\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0923\u092f \u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0924 \u0939\u0948 \u092f\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964 \u092a\u0943\u0925\u0915\u094d \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947, \u0932\u0948\u0902\u0917\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u092a\u0930\u093e\u0927\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0932\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0902\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e, 2012 \u0935\u0939 \u0938\u0902\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u092c\u093e\u0932\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0930\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0905\u092a\u0930\u093e\u0927\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b, \u0907\u0932\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u0927\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u093f\u090f \u0917\u090f \u0905\u092a\u0930\u093e\u0927\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0939\u093f\u0924, \u0936\u093e\u0938\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0935\u0939 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092d\u0940 \u0910\u0938\u0947 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u092a\u0930 \u0938\u0942\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0915\u093e\u0930\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0926\u093e\u092f\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u0930\u0916\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u0906\u0936\u0902\u0915\u093e \u0939\u094b \u0915\u093f \u0910\u0938\u093e \u0905\u092a\u0930\u093e\u0927 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0928\u093e \u0938\u0902\u092d\u093e\u0935\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u0939\u094b \u0915\u093f \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e \u091a\u0941\u0915\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u0910\u0938\u093e \u0926\u093e\u092f\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u091c\u094b \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u092a\u0930 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u092a\u0930 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0917\u0924 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0906\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"cyp-box\">\r\n <div class=\"cyp-title\"><span class=\"en\">Progress check<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0917\u0924\u093f \u091c\u093e\u0901\u091a<\/span><\/div>\r\n <details class=\"cyp-q\"><summary><span class=\"en\">A teacher records the lecture, sends it as homework, and spends the period going through the same material again. Is this flipped learning?<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0928 \u0930\u093f\u0915\u0949\u0930\u094d\u0921 \u0915\u0930\u0915\u0947 \u0917\u0943\u0939\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092d\u0947\u091c\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0915\u093e\u0932\u093e\u0902\u0936 \u0909\u0938\u0940 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0903 \u0926\u094b\u0939\u0930\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u093f\u0924\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u092f\u0939 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924\u094d\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e \u0939\u0948?<\/span><\/summary>\r\n <div class=\"cyp-a\"><span class=\"en\">No. The video has been added and the group space has not changed, so the lecture has simply been given twice. The pillar of intentional content requires that what is moved out be chosen deliberately, and the pillar of learning culture requires the period to be used for application with the teacher present. The reform is what the freed period does, and here nothing was freed.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964 \u0935\u0940\u0921\u093f\u092f\u094b \u091c\u0941\u0921\u093c\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0942\u0939\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u092c\u0926\u0932\u093e, \u0905\u0924\u0903 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0928 \u092c\u0938 \u0926\u094b \u092c\u093e\u0930 \u0926\u0947 \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e\u0964 \u0906\u0936\u092f\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0902\u092d \u0905\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u091c\u094b \u092c\u093e\u0939\u0930 \u092d\u0947\u091c\u093e \u091c\u093e\u090f \u0935\u0939 \u0938\u0941\u0935\u093f\u091a\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u091a\u0941\u0928\u093e \u091c\u093e\u090f, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f \u0915\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0902\u092d \u0905\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0915\u093e\u0932\u093e\u0902\u0936 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0915\u0940 \u0909\u092a\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0964 \u0938\u0941\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u0935\u0939 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u092e\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u0941\u0906 \u0915\u093e\u0932\u093e\u0902\u0936 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u092f\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0915\u0941\u091b \u092e\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u0941\u0906 \u0939\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n <details class=\"cyp-q\"><summary><span class=\"en\">A resource may be viewed free of charge but not downloaded, translated or edited. Is it an open educational resource?<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u093e\u0927\u0928 \u0928\u093f\u0903\u0936\u0941\u0932\u094d\u0915 \u0926\u0947\u0916\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0941 \u0921\u093e\u0909\u0928\u0932\u094b\u0921, \u0905\u0928\u0942\u0926\u093f\u0924 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0938\u0902\u092a\u093e\u0926\u093f\u0924 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0935\u0939 \u092e\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0936\u0948\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u093e\u0927\u0928 \u0939\u0948?<\/span><\/summary>\r\n <div class=\"cyp-a\"><span class=\"en\">No. Openness is a set of permissions rather than an absence of price, and this one grants none of retain, revise, remix or redistribute \u2014 only a limited form of reuse. The practical consequence is exactly the one that matters in a multilingual system: a teacher who needs the material in another language cannot lawfully produce it, so the resource is unusable for the learners who most need an adaptation.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964 \u092e\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924\u0924\u093e \u092e\u0942\u0932\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092e\u0924\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u092e\u0941\u091a\u094d\u091a\u092f \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u092f\u0939 \u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923, \u0938\u0902\u0936\u094b\u0927\u0928, \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0930\u0923 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0924\u0930\u0923 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u2014 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0903\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0930\u0942\u092a\u0964 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e \u0920\u0940\u0915 \u0935\u0939\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u092c\u0939\u0941\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0939\u0948: \u091c\u093f\u0938 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f \u0935\u0939 \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0915 \u092c\u0928\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e, \u0905\u0924\u0903 \u0935\u0939 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u093e\u0927\u0928 \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0905\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u091c\u094d\u092f \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0915\u0942\u0932\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n <details class=\"cyp-q\"><summary><span class=\"en\">A class that was already enjoying a reading activity is given points and a leaderboard for it. What does the evidence predict?<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u091c\u094b \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092a\u0920\u0928-\u0917\u0924\u093f\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f \u0915\u093e \u0906\u0928\u0902\u0926 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u0932\u0947 \u0930\u0939\u0940 \u0925\u0940 \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0905\u0902\u0915 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0935\u0930\u0940\u092f\u0924\u093e-\u0938\u0942\u091a\u0940 \u0926\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0928\u0941\u092e\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902?<\/span><\/summary>\r\n <div class=\"cyp-a\"><span class=\"en\">A risk of overjustification. Attaching an extrinsic reward to work that was already being done willingly can shift the learner's account of why it is being done, and the willingness may go when the reward does. Game elements help where they make progress visible on a task worth doing, where the comparison is with the learner's own earlier work, and where a real choice remains \u2014 a public leaderboard on an already-liked activity satisfies none of the three.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u0924\u093f-\u0914\u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u092f \u0915\u093e \u091c\u094b\u0916\u093f\u092e\u0964 \u091c\u094b \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0947\u091a\u094d\u091b\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u0939\u094b \u0930\u0939\u093e \u0925\u093e \u0909\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0939\u094d\u092f \u092a\u0941\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0928\u093e \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u092f\u0939 \u0935\u093f\u0935\u0930\u0923 \u092c\u0926\u0932 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0935\u0939 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0930\u0939\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u0941\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u0907\u091a\u094d\u091b\u093e \u092d\u0940 \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0916\u0947\u0932-\u0924\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u0935\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0938\u0939\u093e\u092f\u0915 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0935\u0947 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u092f\u094b\u0917\u094d\u092f \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0917\u0924\u093f \u0926\u0943\u0936\u094d\u092f \u092c\u0928\u093e\u090f\u0901, \u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0924\u0941\u0932\u0928\u093e \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0938\u0947 \u0939\u094b, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u091a\u092f\u0928 \u0936\u0947\u0937 \u0930\u0939\u0947 \u2014 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0938\u0902\u0926 \u0915\u0940 \u0917\u0908 \u0917\u0924\u093f\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f \u092a\u0930 \u0938\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0935\u091c\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u0930\u0940\u092f\u0924\u093e-\u0938\u0942\u091a\u0940 \u0907\u0928 \u0924\u0940\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0902\u0924\u0941\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"p17-6\">\r\n <span class=\"section-badge\">17.6<\/span>\r\n <h3><span class=\"en\">Practice Set<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u092d\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938 \u0938\u0947\u091f<\/span><\/h3>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"mcq-box\">\r\n <div class=\"mcq-title\"><span class=\"en\">Practice \u2014 ICT, Blended and Online Pedagogy<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u092d\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938 \u2014 \u0906\u0908\u0938\u0940\u091f\u0940, \u092e\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0911\u0928\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930<\/span> <span class=\"mcq-src\">10 items<\/span><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"mcq-note\"><span class=\"en\">Where a tool is described, ask what it altered and what it removed.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0923\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b, \u092a\u0942\u091b\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u093f \u0909\u0938\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u092c\u0926\u0932\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0939\u091f\u093e\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n\r\n <details class=\"mcq-q\"><summary><span class=\"mcq-num\">1<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">Reading the same worksheet on a screen instead of on paper is, in SAMR terms<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u0939\u0940 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0915 \u0915\u093e\u0917\u093c\u091c\u093c \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u091c\u093e\u092f \u0938\u094d\u0915\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0928 \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u0922\u093c\u0928\u093e, \u0938\u0948\u092e\u0906\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0936\u092c\u094d\u0926\u093e\u0935\u0932\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/span><\/summary>\r\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\r\n <li>(a) <span class=\"en\">substitution<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u0928<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(b) <span class=\"en\">augmentation<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u0902\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0927\u0928<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(c) <span class=\"en\">modification<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0927\u0928<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(d) <span class=\"en\">redefinition<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u094d\u092a\u0930\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\"><b>(a).<\/b> <span class=\"en\">A direct substitute with no functional change. Augmentation would require some functional gain \u2014 the same quiz marking itself and reporting the error pattern. The line that matters in the model runs between augmentation and modification, since the first two enhance an existing task and the second two alter what the task is.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u0928, \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u0915\u0947\u0964 \u0938\u0902\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0927\u0928 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0932\u093e\u092d \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f \u2014 \u0935\u0939\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928\u094b\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930\u0940 \u091c\u094b \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u091c\u093e\u0901\u091a \u0915\u0930 \u0924\u094d\u0930\u0941\u091f\u093f-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u0942\u092a \u092c\u0924\u093e\u090f\u0964 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091c\u094b \u0930\u0947\u0916\u093e \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0939\u0948 \u0935\u0939 \u0938\u0902\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0927\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0927\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u091a\u0932\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0926\u094b \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u094b \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0928\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u0917\u0932\u0947 \u0926\u094b \u092c\u0926\u0932 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0915\u093f \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n\r\n <details class=\"mcq-q\"><summary><span class=\"mcq-num\">2<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">In the standard definition, an arrangement counts as blended learning only if the learner has some control over<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092e\u093e\u0928\u0915 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u0924\u092d\u0940 \u092e\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u092c \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0923 \u0939\u094b<\/span><\/span><\/summary>\r\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\r\n <li>(a) <span class=\"en\">the syllabus and the examination<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u092a\u0930<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(b) <span class=\"en\">at least one of time, place, path or pace<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u092e\u092f, \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928, \u092a\u0925 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0917\u0924\u093f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u092e \u090f\u0915 \u092a\u0930<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(c) <span class=\"en\">the choice of teacher<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u091a\u092f\u0928 \u092a\u0930<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(d) <span class=\"en\">the device being used<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u092a\u0930<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\"><b>(b).<\/b> <span class=\"en\">The phrase is the operative part of the definition, and it excludes most of what is loosely called blended. A class shown a video by the teacher during the period has none of the four controls, so the arrangement is ordinary teaching conducted through a screen.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092f\u0939 \u0935\u093e\u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0936 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0936\u0940\u0932 \u092d\u093e\u0917 \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u092f\u0939 \u0909\u0938 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0902\u0936 \u0915\u094b \u0905\u092a\u0935\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u0936\u093f\u0925\u093f\u0932 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u092e\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0939\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u091c\u093f\u0938 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0915\u093e\u0932\u093e\u0902\u0936 \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u094c\u0930\u093e\u0928 \u0935\u0940\u0921\u093f\u092f\u094b \u0926\u093f\u0916\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u0938 \u091a\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0923 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0905\u0924\u0903 \u0935\u0939 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0915\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0932\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n\r\n <details class=\"mcq-q\"><summary><span class=\"mcq-num\">3<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">The four pillars of flipped learning are<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924\u094d\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e \u0915\u0947 \u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0902\u092d \u0939\u0948\u0902<\/span><\/span><\/summary>\r\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\r\n <li>(a) <span class=\"en\">flexible environment, learning culture, intentional content, professional educator<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0932\u091a\u0940\u0932\u093e \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0936, \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f, \u0906\u0936\u092f\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941, \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0935\u0938\u093e\u092f\u093f\u0915 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(b) <span class=\"en\">film, lecture, internet, practice<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092b\u093c\u093f\u0932\u094d\u092e, \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0928, \u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u0928\u0947\u091f, \u0905\u092d\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(c) <span class=\"en\">substitution, augmentation, modification, redefinition<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u0928, \u0938\u0902\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0927\u0928, \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0927\u0928, \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u094d\u092a\u0930\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(d) <span class=\"en\">social, cognitive, teaching and assessment presence<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u091c\u093f\u0915, \u0938\u0902\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915, \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0906\u0915\u0932\u0928 \u0909\u092a\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\"><b>(a).<\/b> <span class=\"en\">They spell the word, and each rules out a version that keeps the video and drops the point \u2014 most usefully the pillar of professional educator, which requires the teacher to observe and intervene more during the freed period rather than less. Option (d) names the community of inquiry framework, which has three presences and not four.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092f\u0947 \u0909\u0938 \u0936\u092c\u094d\u0926 \u0915\u0940 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928\u0940 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0909\u0938 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0915\u094b \u0905\u092a\u0935\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0935\u0940\u0921\u093f\u092f\u094b \u0930\u0916 \u0932\u0947 \u0914\u0930 \u092e\u0942\u0932 \u092c\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0941 \u091b\u094b\u0921\u093c \u0926\u0947 \u2014 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0940 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0935\u0938\u093e\u092f\u093f\u0915 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0902\u092d, \u091c\u094b \u0905\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u092e\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u0941\u090f \u0915\u093e\u0932\u093e\u0902\u0936 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0915\u092e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0939\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u092a \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0964 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a (d) \u0905\u0928\u094d\u0935\u0947\u0937\u0923-\u0938\u092e\u0941\u0926\u093e\u092f \u0922\u093e\u0901\u091a\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093e\u092e \u0932\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0924\u0940\u0928 \u0909\u092a\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n\r\n <details class=\"mcq-q\"><summary><span class=\"mcq-num\">4<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">Which is NOT one of the five permissions that define open material?<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092e\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u092a\u093e\u0901\u091a \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092e\u0924\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u094c\u0928-\u0938\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u0948?<\/span><\/span><\/summary>\r\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\r\n <li>(a) <span class=\"en\">Revise<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u0902\u0936\u094b\u0927\u0928<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(b) <span class=\"en\">Remix<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0930\u0923<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(c) <span class=\"en\">Resell at a profit<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0932\u093e\u092d \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092f<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(d) <span class=\"en\">Redistribute<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0924\u0930\u0923<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\"><b>(c).<\/b> <span class=\"en\">The five are retain, reuse, revise, remix and redistribute. Commercial use is governed separately by the licence chosen: a non-commercial condition restricts it while leaving the five otherwise intact, whereas a no-derivatives condition removes revise and remix and therefore makes the material open only in a weaker sense.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u093e\u0901\u091a \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u2014 \u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923, \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0903\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917, \u0938\u0902\u0936\u094b\u0927\u0928, \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0930\u0923 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0924\u0930\u0923\u0964 \u0935\u093e\u0923\u093f\u091c\u094d\u092f\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u091a\u0941\u0928\u0940 \u0917\u0908 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u091c\u094d\u091e\u092a\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u092a\u0943\u0925\u0915\u094d \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0936\u093e\u0938\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948: \u0917\u093c\u0948\u0930-\u0935\u093e\u0923\u093f\u091c\u094d\u092f\u093f\u0915 \u0936\u0930\u094d\u0924 \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092c\u0902\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0936\u0947\u0937 \u092a\u093e\u0901\u091a \u0915\u094b \u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0925\u093e \u0905\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0941\u0923\u094d\u0923 \u091b\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u092c\u0915\u093f \u0917\u093c\u0948\u0930-\u0935\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0936\u0930\u094d\u0924 \u0938\u0902\u0936\u094b\u0927\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0930\u0923 \u0939\u091f\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0907\u0938\u0940\u0932\u093f\u090f \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u094b \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0926\u0941\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0932 \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n\r\n <details class=\"mcq-q\"><summary><span class=\"mcq-num\">5<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">The four quadrants on which SWAYAM courses are built are<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u091c\u093f\u0928 \u091a\u093e\u0930 \u091a\u0924\u0941\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0902\u0936\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u092c\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0935\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902<\/span><\/span><\/summary>\r\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\r\n <li>(a) <span class=\"en\">lecture, laboratory, library and examination<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0928, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0936\u093e\u0932\u093e, \u092a\u0941\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0915\u093e\u0932\u092f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(b) <span class=\"en\">video tutorial, reading material, discussion forum and self-assessment<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u0940\u0921\u093f\u092f\u094b \u091f\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u094b\u0930\u093f\u092f\u0932, \u092a\u0920\u0928 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940, \u092a\u0930\u093f\u091a\u0930\u094d\u091a\u093e \u092e\u0902\u091a \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u0935-\u0906\u0915\u0932\u0928<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(c) <span class=\"en\">content, process, product and environment<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e, \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0935\u093e\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0930\u0923<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(d) <span class=\"en\">engage, explore, explain and evaluate<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u090f\u0902\u0917\u0947\u091c, \u090f\u0915\u094d\u0938\u092a\u094d\u0932\u094b\u0930, \u090f\u0915\u094d\u0938\u092a\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0907\u0935\u0948\u0932\u094d\u092f\u0942\u090f\u091f<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\"><b>(b).<\/b> <span class=\"en\">The forum and the self-assessment are the two most often omitted in practice, and they are precisely the two that make a course something other than a broadcast. Option (c) is Tomlinson and option (d) is part of the 5E sequence, both from earlier chapters.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092e\u0902\u091a \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u0935-\u0906\u0915\u0932\u0928 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092c\u093e\u0930 \u091b\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0914\u0930 \u0920\u0940\u0915 \u0935\u0939\u0940 \u0926\u094b \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u0915\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0938\u0947 \u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u0941\u091b \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a (c) \u091f\u0949\u092e\u0932\u093f\u0902\u0938\u0928 \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a (d) 5E \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0902\u0936, \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0940 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n\r\n <details class=\"mcq-q\"><summary><span class=\"mcq-num\">6<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">Which platform is designed to reach learners who do not have internet connectivity?<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u094c\u0928-\u0938\u093e \u092e\u0902\u091a \u0909\u0928 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0924\u0915 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0928\u0915\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u0938 \u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u0928\u0947\u091f \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902?<\/span><\/span><\/summary>\r\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\r\n <li>(a) <span class=\"en\">SWAYAM<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(b) <span class=\"en\">SWAYAM PRABHA<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(c) <span class=\"en\">NROER<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u090f\u0928\u0906\u0930\u0913\u0908\u0906\u0930<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(d) <span class=\"en\">NDLI<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u090f\u0928\u0921\u0940\u090f\u0932\u0906\u0908<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\"><b>(b).<\/b> <span class=\"en\">It is a set of television channels, and that is the whole reason it exists alongside the others. The general point is worth carrying into an equity answer: a platform reachable only by those already connected cannot be the remedy for the problem of those who are not, which is why the broadcast channel and the printed energised textbook both remain part of the design.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092f\u0939 \u091f\u0947\u0932\u0940\u0935\u093f\u091c\u093c\u0928 \u091a\u0948\u0928\u0932\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u092e\u0941\u091a\u094d\u091a\u092f \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0936\u0947\u0937 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925-\u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u092f\u0939\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f \u092c\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0941 \u0938\u092e\u0924\u093e \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0940 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0932\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u092f\u094b\u0917\u094d\u092f \u0939\u0948: \u091c\u094b \u092e\u0902\u091a \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u091c\u0941\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u0932\u094b\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u0924\u0915 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a\u0947 \u0935\u0939 \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0940 \u0938\u092e\u0938\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u091c\u094b \u091c\u0941\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0907\u0938\u0940\u0932\u093f\u090f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u091a\u0948\u0928\u0932 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u090a\u0930\u094d\u091c\u0940\u0915\u0943\u0924 \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u092a\u0941\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0915 \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0902\u0917 \u092c\u0928\u0947 \u0930\u0939\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n\r\n <details class=\"mcq-q\"><summary><span class=\"mcq-num\">7<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">Attaching points and a public leaderboard to an activity learners already enjoy risks<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u091c\u093f\u0938 \u0917\u0924\u093f\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f \u0915\u093e \u0906\u0928\u0902\u0926 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u0932\u0947 \u0930\u0939\u0947 \u0939\u094b\u0902 \u0909\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0902\u0915 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0935\u091c\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u0930\u0940\u092f\u0924\u093e-\u0938\u0942\u091a\u0940 \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u091c\u094b\u0916\u093f\u092e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/span><\/summary>\r\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\r\n <li>(a) <span class=\"en\">the expertise reversal effect<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937\u091c\u094d\u091e\u0924\u093e \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924\u094d\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0923 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(b) <span class=\"en\">the overjustification effect<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u0924\u093f-\u0914\u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(c) <span class=\"en\">the spacing effect<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093e\u0932 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(d) <span class=\"en\">the testing effect<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\"><b>(b).<\/b> <span class=\"en\">An extrinsic reward attached to willingly undertaken work can change the learner's own account of why it is being done, and the willingness may go when the reward does. Game elements help where they make progress visible on a task worth doing and the comparison is with the learner's own earlier work; a public ranking on an already-liked activity meets neither condition.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u094d\u0935\u0947\u091a\u094d\u091b\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u093f\u090f \u091c\u093e \u0930\u0939\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0938\u0947 \u091c\u0941\u0921\u093c\u093e \u092c\u093e\u0939\u094d\u092f \u092a\u0941\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u092f\u0939 \u0935\u093f\u0935\u0930\u0923 \u092c\u0926\u0932 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0935\u0939 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0930\u0939\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u0941\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u0907\u091a\u094d\u091b\u093e \u092d\u0940 \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0916\u0947\u0932-\u0924\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u0935\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0938\u0939\u093e\u092f\u0915 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0935\u0947 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u092f\u094b\u0917\u094d\u092f \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0917\u0924\u093f \u0926\u0943\u0936\u094d\u092f \u092c\u0928\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u0914\u0930 \u0924\u0941\u0932\u0928\u093e \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0938\u0947 \u0939\u094b; \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0938\u0902\u0926 \u0915\u0940 \u0917\u0908 \u0917\u0924\u093f\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f \u092a\u0930 \u0938\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0935\u091c\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0936\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0923\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0936\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n\r\n <details class=\"mcq-q\"><summary><span class=\"mcq-num\">8<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">Section 66A of the Information Technology Act is currently<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e \u0915\u0940 \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093e 66\u0915 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/span><\/summary>\r\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\r\n <li>(a) <span class=\"en\">in force and widely used<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u0915 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(b) <span class=\"en\">struck down as unconstitutional by the Supreme Court<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a\u0924\u092e \u0928\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0905\u0938\u0902\u0935\u0948\u0927\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0918\u094b\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(c) <span class=\"en\">applicable only to persons above eighteen<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0905\u0920\u093e\u0930\u0939 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937 \u0938\u0947 \u090a\u092a\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u0932\u093e\u0917\u0942<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(d) <span class=\"en\">replaced by a provision of the POCSO Act<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u0949\u0915\u094d\u0938\u094b \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0909\u092a\u092c\u0902\u0927 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u093f\u0924<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\"><b>(b).<\/b> <span class=\"en\">The judgment in <em>Shreya Singhal v. Union of India<\/em> was delivered in 2015. The provision is nonetheless still cited in some textbooks and in some police practice, which is why the point continues to be examined. POCSO is a separate statute governing sexual offences against children and does not replace it.<\/span><span class=\"hi\"><em>\u0936\u094d\u0930\u0947\u092f\u093e \u0938\u093f\u0902\u0918\u0932 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u092e \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u0938\u0902\u0918<\/em> \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0923\u092f 2015 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e\u0964 \u092b\u093f\u0930 \u092d\u0940 \u0935\u0939 \u0909\u092a\u092c\u0902\u0927 \u0915\u0941\u091b \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u092a\u0941\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0915\u0941\u091b \u092a\u0941\u0932\u093f\u0938-\u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u0926\u094d\u0927\u0943\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0930\u0939\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0907\u0938\u0940\u0932\u093f\u090f \u092f\u0939 \u092c\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0941 \u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0930\u0939\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092a\u0949\u0915\u094d\u0938\u094b \u092a\u0943\u0925\u0915\u094d \u0938\u0902\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u092c\u093e\u0932\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0930\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0932\u0948\u0902\u0917\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u092a\u0930\u093e\u0927\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0936\u093e\u0938\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n\r\n <details class=\"mcq-q\"><summary><span class=\"mcq-num\">9<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">Research on how professional fact-checkers evaluate an unfamiliar website found that they<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u0947\u0936\u0947\u0935\u0930 \u0924\u0925\u094d\u092f-\u091c\u093e\u0901\u091a\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0905\u092a\u0930\u093f\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0935\u0947\u092c\u0938\u093e\u0907\u091f \u0915\u093e \u092e\u0942\u0932\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0915\u0928 \u0915\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0907\u0938 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u0902\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u0928\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u092f\u093e \u0915\u093f \u0935\u0947<\/span><\/span><\/summary>\r\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\r\n <li>(a) <span class=\"en\">read the page carefully from top to bottom before judging it<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0923\u092f \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u0915\u094b \u090a\u092a\u0930 \u0938\u0947 \u0928\u0940\u091a\u0947 \u0924\u0915 \u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0928 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0922\u093c\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(b) <span class=\"en\">leave the page quickly and check what other sources say about it<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u0936\u0940\u0918\u094d\u0930 \u091b\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0915\u0930 \u091c\u093e\u0901\u091a\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0915\u093f \u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0938\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0924 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0939\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(c) <span class=\"en\">rely mainly on the appearance and design of the site<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f\u0924\u0903 \u0938\u093e\u0907\u091f \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0930\u0942\u092a \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a \u092a\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092d\u0930 \u0930\u0939\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(d) <span class=\"en\">apply a fixed checklist to the page itself<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u0909\u0938 \u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u092a\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0924 \u091c\u093e\u0901\u091a-\u0938\u0942\u091a\u0940 \u0932\u0917\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\"><b>(b).<\/b> <span class=\"en\">Reading across rather than down is what distinguishes their practice, and it is more teachable than a checklist because a well-made page satisfies most checklists. Options (a) and (d) describe the method commonly taught in schools, which is precisely the one the research found to be less effective.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0928\u0940\u091a\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0913\u0930 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0906\u0930-\u092a\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u0922\u093c\u0928\u093e \u0939\u0940 \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0947 \u0905\u092d\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u0943\u0925\u0915\u094d \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u0939 \u091c\u093e\u0901\u091a-\u0938\u0942\u091a\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u093f\u0916\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u092f\u094b\u0917\u094d\u092f \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u0938\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0902\u0936 \u091c\u093e\u0901\u091a-\u0938\u0942\u091a\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u0938\u0902\u0924\u0941\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0915\u0930 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a (a) \u090f\u0935\u0902 (d) \u0909\u0938 \u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f \u0915\u093e \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0923\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u091c\u094b \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0924\u0903 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0922\u093c\u093e\u0908 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0920\u0940\u0915 \u0909\u0938\u0940 \u0915\u094b \u0907\u0938 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u0902\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u0928\u0947 \u0915\u092e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0940 \u092a\u093e\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n\r\n <details class=\"mcq-q\"><summary><span class=\"mcq-num\">10<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">Under the Digital Personal Data Protection Act 2023, processing the personal data of a child requires<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0917\u0924 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u0938\u0902\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e, 2023 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092c\u093e\u0932\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0917\u0924 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u093e\u0927\u0928 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/span><\/summary>\r\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\r\n <li>(a) <span class=\"en\">no consent, if the purpose is educational<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0938\u0939\u092e\u0924\u093f \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u092f\u0926\u093f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u0936\u0948\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0915 \u0939\u094b<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(b) <span class=\"en\">verifiable consent of a parent or lawful guardian<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092e\u093e\u0924\u093e-\u092a\u093f\u0924\u093e \u092f\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u0928 \u092f\u094b\u0917\u094d\u092f \u0938\u0939\u092e\u0924\u093f<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(c) <span class=\"en\">the consent of the school principal alone<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0927\u093e\u0928\u093e\u091a\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0939\u092e\u0924\u093f<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(d) <span class=\"en\">the child's own consent from the age of twelve<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092c\u093e\u0930\u0939 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937 \u0915\u0940 \u0906\u092f\u0941 \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0932\u0915 \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0940 \u0938\u0939\u092e\u0924\u093f<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\"><b>(b).<\/b> <span class=\"en\">The Act also prohibits tracking, behavioural monitoring and advertising directed at children. The practical consequence for a school is that selecting a platform is a decision taken under that framework whether or not the school realises it, so the choice of application is not only a pedagogical decision.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092f\u0939 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e \u092c\u093e\u0932\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0928\u093f\u0917\u0930\u093e\u0928\u0940, \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930\u0917\u0924 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0935\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0935\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u092a\u0928 \u092d\u0940 \u0928\u093f\u0937\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e \u092f\u0939 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u092e\u0902\u091a \u091a\u0941\u0928\u0928\u093e \u0909\u0938 \u0922\u093e\u0901\u091a\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0924 \u0932\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0923\u092f \u0939\u0948, \u091a\u093e\u0939\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0915\u094b \u0907\u0938\u0915\u093e \u092c\u094b\u0927 \u0939\u094b \u092f\u093e \u0928 \u0939\u094b, \u0905\u0924\u0903 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u093e \u091a\u092f\u0928 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0923\u092f \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <\/section>\r\n<!--\/CH17-->\r\n<!--CH18--><section class=\"chapter-content\" data-chap=\"18\" id=\"c18\">\r\n <div class=\"chapter-heading-block\">\r\n <span class=\"chapter-badge\"><span class=\"en\">CHAPTER 18<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f 18<\/span><\/span>\r\n <h2><span class=\"en\">Classroom Management, Communication and Questioning<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0928, \u0938\u0902\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0937\u0923 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928\u0928<\/span><\/h2>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"keyfact-grid\">\r\n <div class=\"keyfact-card navy-hi\">\r\n <span class=\"big-icon\">👁<\/span>\r\n <div class=\"kf-label\"><span class=\"en\">The founding study<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930-\u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092f\u0928<\/span><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"kf-value\">Kounin \u00b7 1970<\/div>\r\n <div class=\"kf-sub\"><span class=\"en\">What separated managers was what they did beforehand<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u0943\u0925\u0915\u094d \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u0935\u0939 \u0925\u0940 \u091c\u094b \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0939\u094b\u0902\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div class=\"keyfact-card amber-hi\">\r\n <span class=\"big-icon\">🎯<\/span>\r\n <div class=\"kf-label\"><span class=\"en\">Mistaken goals<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092d\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0924 \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u092f<\/span><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"kf-value\">Dreikurs \u00b7 four<\/div>\r\n <div class=\"kf-sub\"><span class=\"en\">Attention, power, revenge, assumed inadequacy<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0928, \u0936\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0936\u094b\u0927, \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u0939\u0941\u0908 \u0905\u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e\u0924\u093e<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div class=\"keyfact-card teal-hi\">\r\n <span class=\"big-icon\">💬<\/span>\r\n <div class=\"kf-label\"><span class=\"en\">Dialogic teaching<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u0902\u0935\u093e\u0926\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923<\/span><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"kf-value\">Five principles<\/div>\r\n <div class=\"kf-sub\"><span class=\"en\">Collective, reciprocal, supportive, cumulative, purposeful<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u093e\u092e\u0942\u0939\u093f\u0915, \u092a\u093e\u0930\u0938\u094d\u092a\u0930\u093f\u0915, \u0938\u0939\u093e\u092f\u0915, \u0938\u0902\u091a\u092f\u0940, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div class=\"keyfact-card\">\r\n <span class=\"big-icon\">⚖<\/span>\r\n <div class=\"kf-label\"><span class=\"en\">The legal position<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f<\/span><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"kf-value\">RTE 2009 \u00b7 s.17<\/div>\r\n <div class=\"kf-sub\"><span class=\"en\">Physical punishment and mental harassment prohibited<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u093e\u0930\u0940\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0926\u0902\u0921 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0938\u093f\u0915 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0940\u0921\u093c\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0937\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <p><span class=\"en\">Management is what makes everything in the preceding chapters possible, and it is almost never a matter of what a teacher does after something has gone wrong. The research that established this is fifty years old and has not been overturned: successful and unsuccessful managers dealt with misbehaviour in much the same way once it had started, and what separated them was the whole of their conduct before it.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0928 \u0939\u0940 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0940 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0902\u092d\u0935 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u0939 \u0932\u0917\u092d\u0917 \u0915\u092d\u0940 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u093e \u092e\u093e\u092e\u0932\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0915\u093f \u0915\u0941\u091b \u092c\u093f\u0917\u0921\u093c \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u091c\u093f\u0938 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u0902\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u0928\u0947 \u092f\u0939 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0935\u0939 \u092a\u091a\u093e\u0938 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937 \u092a\u0941\u0930\u093e\u0928\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0932\u091f\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0917\u092f\u093e: \u0938\u092b\u0932 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0905\u0938\u092b\u0932 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0928\u0947 \u0926\u0941\u0930\u094d\u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0906\u0930\u0902\u092d \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u0909\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0932\u0917\u092d\u0917 \u090f\u0915 \u0939\u0940 \u0922\u0902\u0917 \u0938\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u092a\u091f\u093e, \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0943\u0925\u0915\u094d \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u0909\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u0928\u0915\u093e \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0906\u091a\u0930\u0923 \u0925\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"feat-grid\">\r\n <div class=\"feat-card\"><span class=\"fc-num\">1<\/span><strong><span class=\"en\">What was done before?<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e?<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"en\">Withitness, overlapping, momentum and group alerting are all preventive, and each is a habit rather than a response.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u091c\u0917\u0924\u093e, \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0930\u094b\u092a\u0923, \u0917\u0924\u093f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u092e\u0942\u0939-\u0938\u0924\u0930\u094d\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0938\u092d\u0940 \u0928\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0930\u0915 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0906\u0926\u0924 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"feat-card\"><span class=\"fc-num\">2<\/span><strong><span class=\"en\">What is the behaviour for?<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0932\u093f\u090f \u0939\u0948?<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"en\">The same act serves four different goals, and the most reliable indication of which is the teacher's own reaction to it.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u0939\u0940 \u0915\u0943\u0924\u094d\u092f \u091a\u093e\u0930 \u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u094c\u0928-\u0938\u093e \u2014 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0935\u0938\u0928\u0940\u092f \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0947\u0924 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0915\u0940 \u0909\u0938 \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"feat-card\"><span class=\"fc-num\">3<\/span><strong><span class=\"en\">What does the third move do?<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0924\u0940\u0938\u0930\u093e \u091a\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948?<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"en\">Every classroom exchange has three moves, and whether the third evaluates or extends decides whether anything further is said.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e-\u0906\u0926\u093e\u0928-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0924\u0940\u0928 \u091a\u0930\u0923 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0914\u0930 \u0924\u0940\u0938\u0930\u093e \u092e\u0942\u0932\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0915\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u092f\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0930, \u092f\u0939\u0940 \u0924\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0906\u0917\u0947 \u0915\u0941\u091b \u0915\u0939\u093e \u091c\u093e\u090f\u0917\u093e \u092f\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"feat-card\"><span class=\"fc-num\">4<\/span><strong><span class=\"en\">How long is the silence?<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092e\u094c\u0928 \u0915\u093f\u0924\u0928\u093e \u0932\u0902\u092c\u093e \u0939\u0948?<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"en\">There are two pauses in every exchange, and the second \u2014 after the answer \u2014 is the one that produces elaboration and is almost never left.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0906\u0926\u093e\u0928-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0926\u094b \u0920\u0939\u0930\u093e\u0935 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0914\u0930 \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u093e \u2014 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u2014 \u0935\u0939\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0932\u0917\u092d\u0917 \u0915\u092d\u0940 \u091b\u094b\u0921\u093c\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"p18-0\">\r\n <span class=\"section-badge\">18.0<\/span>\r\n <h3><span class=\"en\">Introduction<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u0930\u093f\u091a\u092f<\/span><\/h3>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <p><span class=\"en\">Discipline and management are not the same word. Management is the arrangement of time, space, materials, attention and talk so that the work of a period can be done; discipline is what happens when something in that arrangement fails. A chapter that begins at discipline has already conceded the point, which is why this one begins where the research does.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u0928\u0941\u0936\u093e\u0938\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0928 \u090f\u0915 \u0939\u0940 \u0936\u092c\u094d\u0926 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0928 \u0938\u092e\u092f, \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928, \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940, \u0905\u0935\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0935\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0932\u093e\u092a \u0915\u0940 \u0935\u0939 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0932\u093e\u0902\u0936 \u0915\u093e \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0947; \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0936\u093e\u0938\u0928 \u0935\u0939 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0924\u092c \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u092c \u0909\u0938 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u0941\u091b \u0935\u093f\u092b\u0932 \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u090f\u0964 \u091c\u094b \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0936\u093e\u0938\u0928 \u0938\u0947 \u0906\u0930\u0902\u092d \u0939\u094b \u0935\u0939 \u092c\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0941 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0939\u0940 \u091b\u094b\u0921\u093c \u091a\u0941\u0915\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0907\u0938\u0940\u0932\u093f\u090f \u092f\u0939 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f \u0935\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0906\u0930\u0902\u092d \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u0902\u0927\u093e\u0928\u0964<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"p18-1\">\r\n <span class=\"section-badge\">18.1<\/span>\r\n <h3><span class=\"en\">Classroom Climate and Discipline<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e-\u0935\u093e\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0930\u0923 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0936\u093e\u0938\u0928<\/span><\/h3>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <svg class=\"full-diagram\" viewBox=\"0 0 560 290\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Kounin's management concepts and the faults that break momentum\">\r\n<g font-family=\"DM Sans, Noto Sans Devanagari, sans-serif\" font-size=\"10.5\">\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"24\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#14243f\">WHAT THE SUCCESSFUL MANAGERS DID BEFORE ANYTHING WENT WRONG<\/text>\r\n\r\n <rect x=\"10\" y=\"40\" width=\"128\" height=\"76\" rx=\"9\" fill=\"#eef4fc\" stroke=\"#1f5fa9\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"74\" y=\"62\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\">WITHITNESS<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"74\" y=\"84\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">the class knows the teacher<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"74\" y=\"96\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">knows what is going on<\/text>\r\n <rect x=\"146\" y=\"40\" width=\"128\" height=\"76\" rx=\"9\" fill=\"#eaf6ff\" stroke=\"#2f92d1\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"210\" y=\"62\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#2f92d1\">OVERLAPPING<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"210\" y=\"84\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">two matters attended to<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"210\" y=\"96\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">at once, neither dropped<\/text>\r\n <rect x=\"282\" y=\"40\" width=\"128\" height=\"76\" rx=\"9\" fill=\"#eefbf7\" stroke=\"#0d8f79\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"346\" y=\"62\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#0d8f79\">MOMENTUM<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"346\" y=\"84\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">the lesson moves without<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"346\" y=\"96\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">stalling or backtracking<\/text>\r\n <rect x=\"418\" y=\"40\" width=\"128\" height=\"76\" rx=\"9\" fill=\"#fffaef\" stroke=\"#c9760f\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"482\" y=\"62\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#c9760f\">GROUP ALERTING<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"482\" y=\"84\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">those not reciting are<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"482\" y=\"96\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">kept in suspense<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"150\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#8e2f5a\">JERKINESS · THE FIVE WAYS MOMENTUM IS LOST<\/text>\r\n\r\n <rect x=\"10\" y=\"164\" width=\"100\" height=\"46\" rx=\"8\" fill=\"#fdf0f5\" stroke=\"#8e2f5a\" stroke-width=\"1.6\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"60\" y=\"182\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#8e2f5a\">DANGLE<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"60\" y=\"198\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"6\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">begun, then left hanging<\/text>\r\n <rect x=\"118\" y=\"164\" width=\"100\" height=\"46\" rx=\"8\" fill=\"#fdf0f5\" stroke=\"#8e2f5a\" stroke-width=\"1.6\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"168\" y=\"182\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#8e2f5a\">FLIP-FLOP<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"168\" y=\"198\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"6\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">returning to finished work<\/text>\r\n <rect x=\"226\" y=\"164\" width=\"100\" height=\"46\" rx=\"8\" fill=\"#fdf0f5\" stroke=\"#8e2f5a\" stroke-width=\"1.6\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"276\" y=\"182\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#8e2f5a\">THRUST<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"276\" y=\"198\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"6\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">bursting in on absorbed work<\/text>\r\n <rect x=\"334\" y=\"164\" width=\"100\" height=\"46\" rx=\"8\" fill=\"#fdf0f5\" stroke=\"#8e2f5a\" stroke-width=\"1.6\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"384\" y=\"182\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#8e2f5a\">OVERDWELLING<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"384\" y=\"198\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"6\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">labouring a settled point<\/text>\r\n <rect x=\"442\" y=\"164\" width=\"100\" height=\"46\" rx=\"8\" fill=\"#fdf0f5\" stroke=\"#8e2f5a\" stroke-width=\"1.6\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"492\" y=\"182\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#8e2f5a\">FRAGMENTATION<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"492\" y=\"198\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"6\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">broken into needless steps<\/text>\r\n <rect x=\"10\" y=\"226\" width=\"536\" height=\"50\" rx=\"8\" fill=\"#f5f8fd\" stroke=\"#14243f\" stroke-width=\"1.6\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"244\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#14243f\">Kounin's finding, 1970<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"260\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">successful and unsuccessful managers dealt with misbehaviour in much the same way once it had begun<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"272\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">what separated them was everything they did before it<\/text>\r\n<\/g><\/svg>\r\n <div class=\"diagram-cap\"><span class=\"en\">Four habits held before anything goes wrong, and five ways momentum is lost<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u0941\u091b \u092d\u0940 \u092c\u093f\u0917\u0921\u093c\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0906\u0926\u0924\u0947\u0902, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0917\u0924\u093f \u0916\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u0901\u091a \u0922\u0902\u0917<\/span><\/div>\r\n\r\n <ul class=\"num-stack\">\r\n <li><strong><span class=\"en\">Withitness has two characteristic failures.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u091c\u0917\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u0926\u094b \u0935\u093f\u0936\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0935\u093f\u092b\u0932\u0924\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/strong> <span class=\"en\">The <em>target error<\/em> is correcting the wrong learner, or the less serious of two; the <em>timing error<\/em> is intervening after the matter has spread. Either tells the class that the teacher is not in fact aware, and the class draws the conclusion immediately.<\/span><span class=\"hi\"><em>\u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u092f-\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0941\u091f\u093f<\/em> \u0917\u0932\u0924 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0915\u094b, \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0926\u094b \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u092e \u0917\u0902\u092d\u0940\u0930 \u0915\u094b \u091f\u094b\u0915\u0928\u093e \u0939\u0948; <em>\u0938\u092e\u092f-\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0941\u091f\u093f<\/em> \u092e\u093e\u092e\u0932\u093e \u092b\u0948\u0932 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u0939\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u092a \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u092d\u0940 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u094b \u092c\u0924\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924\u0903 \u0938\u091c\u0917 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0924\u0941\u0930\u0902\u0924 \u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0937 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0932 \u0932\u0947\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><strong><span class=\"en\">The ripple effect works both ways.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0924\u0930\u0902\u0917-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935 \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0913\u0930 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/strong> <span class=\"en\">A correction is received by everyone who witnesses it, not only by its target. A clear and unheated desist steadies the room; a public and personal one teaches the onlookers something about what the teacher is like when displeased, which they will remember longer than the rule.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u094b\u0908 \u092d\u0940 \u091f\u094b\u0915 \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0926\u0947\u0916\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0924\u0915 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u092f \u0924\u0915 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964 \u0938\u094d\u092a\u0937\u094d\u091f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0947\u091c\u093f\u0924 \u0928\u093f\u0937\u0947\u0927 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0930 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948; \u0938\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0935\u091c\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0935\u0948\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0928\u093f\u0937\u0947\u0927 \u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0907\u0938 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u0941\u091b \u0938\u093f\u0916\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0905\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0915\u0948\u0938\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u0947 \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0926\u0947\u0930 \u0924\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u092e\u0930\u0923 \u0930\u0916\u0947\u0902\u0917\u0947\u0964<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><strong><span class=\"en\">Satiation is a design problem, not a character problem.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0924\u0943\u092a\u094d\u0924\u093f \u091a\u0930\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u092e\u0938\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/strong> <span class=\"en\">Kounin found that attention falls away where a task lacks variety, visible progress or challenge, and that this shows up as misbehaviour. A class that has stopped attending to the fourth identical exercise is reporting something about the exercise.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u094b\u0909\u0928\u093f\u0928 \u0928\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u092f\u093e \u0915\u093f \u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0935\u093f\u0927\u0924\u093e, \u0926\u0943\u0936\u094d\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0917\u0924\u093f \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u091a\u0941\u0928\u094c\u0924\u0940 \u0928 \u0939\u094b \u0935\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0905\u0935\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0940\u0923 \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u092f\u0939 \u0926\u0941\u0930\u094d\u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u091f \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u091c\u094b \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u091a\u094c\u0925\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u0930\u0942\u092a \u0905\u092d\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938 \u092a\u0930 \u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0928 \u0926\u0947\u0928\u093e \u092c\u0902\u0926 \u0915\u0930 \u091a\u0941\u0915\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0935\u0939 \u0909\u0938 \u0905\u092d\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u0941\u091b \u092c\u0924\u093e \u0930\u0939\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n\r\n <svg class=\"full-diagram\" viewBox=\"0 0 560 316\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Four mistaken goals of misbehaviour, diagnosed by the teacher's own feeling\">\r\n<g font-family=\"DM Sans, Noto Sans Devanagari, sans-serif\" font-size=\"10.5\">\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"24\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#5a6d80\">THE DIAGNOSTIC IS THE TEACHER'S OWN REACTION<\/text>\r\n<rect x=\"10\" y=\"40\" width=\"110\" height=\"26\" rx=\"5\" fill=\"#14243f\"\/><text x=\"65.0\" y=\"57\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#ffffff\">MISTAKEN GOAL<\/text><rect x=\"126\" y=\"40\" width=\"130\" height=\"26\" rx=\"5\" fill=\"#14243f\"\/><text x=\"191.0\" y=\"57\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#ffffff\">HOW IT LOOKS<\/text><rect x=\"262\" y=\"40\" width=\"120\" height=\"26\" rx=\"5\" fill=\"#14243f\"\/><text x=\"322.0\" y=\"57\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#ffffff\">WHAT THE TEACHER FEELS<\/text><rect x=\"388\" y=\"40\" width=\"158\" height=\"26\" rx=\"5\" fill=\"#14243f\"\/><text x=\"467.0\" y=\"57\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#ffffff\">WHAT HELPS<\/text>\r\n <rect x=\"10\" y=\"72\" width=\"110\" height=\"42\" rx=\"6\" fill=\"#eaf6ff\" stroke=\"#2f92d1\" stroke-width=\"1.8\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"65\" y=\"98\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#2f92d1\">ATTENTION<\/text>\r\n <rect x=\"126\" y=\"72\" width=\"130\" height=\"42\" rx=\"6\" fill=\"#ffffff\" stroke=\"#dde5ee\" stroke-width=\"1.2\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"191\" y=\"97\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">keeps interrupting, seeks notice<\/text>\r\n <rect x=\"262\" y=\"72\" width=\"120\" height=\"42\" rx=\"6\" fill=\"#fffaef\" stroke=\"#c9760f\" stroke-width=\"1.4\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"322\" y=\"91\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#c9760f\">annoyed,<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"322\" y=\"103\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#c9760f\">irritated<\/text>\r\n <rect x=\"388\" y=\"72\" width=\"158\" height=\"42\" rx=\"6\" fill=\"#eefbf7\" stroke=\"#0d8f79\" stroke-width=\"1.4\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"467\" y=\"97\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">notice the child when not seeking it<\/text>\r\n <rect x=\"10\" y=\"118\" width=\"110\" height=\"42\" rx=\"6\" fill=\"#fffaef\" stroke=\"#c9760f\" stroke-width=\"1.8\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"65\" y=\"144\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#c9760f\">POWER<\/text>\r\n <rect x=\"126\" y=\"118\" width=\"130\" height=\"42\" rx=\"6\" fill=\"#ffffff\" stroke=\"#dde5ee\" stroke-width=\"1.2\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"191\" y=\"143\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">refuses, argues, will not comply<\/text>\r\n <rect x=\"262\" y=\"118\" width=\"120\" height=\"42\" rx=\"6\" fill=\"#fffaef\" stroke=\"#c9760f\" stroke-width=\"1.4\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"322\" y=\"137\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#c9760f\">threatened,<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"322\" y=\"149\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#c9760f\">defeated<\/text>\r\n <rect x=\"388\" y=\"118\" width=\"158\" height=\"42\" rx=\"6\" fill=\"#eefbf7\" stroke=\"#0d8f79\" stroke-width=\"1.4\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"467\" y=\"143\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">withdraw from the contest; offer choices<\/text>\r\n <rect x=\"10\" y=\"164\" width=\"110\" height=\"42\" rx=\"6\" fill=\"#fdf0f5\" stroke=\"#8e2f5a\" stroke-width=\"1.8\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"65\" y=\"190\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#8e2f5a\">REVENGE<\/text>\r\n <rect x=\"126\" y=\"164\" width=\"130\" height=\"42\" rx=\"6\" fill=\"#ffffff\" stroke=\"#dde5ee\" stroke-width=\"1.2\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"191\" y=\"189\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">hurts or damages, wants to wound<\/text>\r\n <rect x=\"262\" y=\"164\" width=\"120\" height=\"42\" rx=\"6\" fill=\"#fffaef\" stroke=\"#c9760f\" stroke-width=\"1.4\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"322\" y=\"183\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#c9760f\">hurt, and wanting<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"322\" y=\"195\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#c9760f\">to retaliate<\/text>\r\n <rect x=\"388\" y=\"164\" width=\"158\" height=\"42\" rx=\"6\" fill=\"#eefbf7\" stroke=\"#0d8f79\" stroke-width=\"1.4\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"467\" y=\"189\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">refuse to be hurt; rebuild the relation<\/text>\r\n <rect x=\"10\" y=\"210\" width=\"110\" height=\"42\" rx=\"6\" fill=\"#faf6ff\" stroke=\"#6b3a8f\" stroke-width=\"1.8\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"65\" y=\"236\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#6b3a8f\">INADEQUACY<\/text>\r\n <rect x=\"126\" y=\"210\" width=\"130\" height=\"42\" rx=\"6\" fill=\"#ffffff\" stroke=\"#dde5ee\" stroke-width=\"1.2\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"191\" y=\"235\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">gives up, will not attempt<\/text>\r\n <rect x=\"262\" y=\"210\" width=\"120\" height=\"42\" rx=\"6\" fill=\"#fffaef\" stroke=\"#c9760f\" stroke-width=\"1.4\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"322\" y=\"229\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#c9760f\">helpless, ready<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"322\" y=\"241\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#c9760f\">to give up too<\/text>\r\n <rect x=\"388\" y=\"210\" width=\"158\" height=\"42\" rx=\"6\" fill=\"#eefbf7\" stroke=\"#0d8f79\" stroke-width=\"1.4\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"467\" y=\"235\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">break the task down; stop all criticism<\/text>\r\n <rect x=\"10\" y=\"264\" width=\"536\" height=\"44\" rx=\"8\" fill=\"#f5f8fd\" stroke=\"#14243f\" stroke-width=\"1.6\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"282\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#14243f\">Read the third column first<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"297\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">the same behaviour serves different goals, and what the teacher feels is the most reliable indication of which<\/text>\r\n<\/g><\/svg>\r\n <div class=\"diagram-cap\"><span class=\"en\">The same behaviour serves four different goals; the teacher's own reaction says which<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u0939\u0940 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930 \u091a\u093e\u0930 \u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948; \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u092c\u0924\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0915\u094c\u0928-\u0938\u093e<\/span><\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"table-scroll\">\r\n <table class=\"data-table\">\r\n <thead><tr>\r\n <th style=\"width:24%\"><span class=\"en\">Model<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0928<\/span><\/th>\r\n <th style=\"width:38%\"><span class=\"en\">What it proposes<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092f\u0939 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/th>\r\n <th style=\"width:38%\"><span class=\"en\">What it is criticised for<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0907\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u0915\u093f\u0938 \u092a\u0930 \u0906\u0932\u094b\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/th>\r\n <\/tr><\/thead>\r\n <tbody>\r\n <tr><td><strong><span class=\"en\">Assertive discipline<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0926\u0943\u0922\u093c \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0936\u093e\u0938\u0928<\/span><\/strong><br><span class=\"en\">Canter<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u0948\u0902\u091f\u0930<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Clearly stated rules, consistent positive recognition, and a known hierarchy of consequences applied without negotiation.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u094d\u092a\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e, \u0938\u0902\u0917\u0924 \u0938\u0915\u093e\u0930\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0924\u093e, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0935\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0932\u093e\u0917\u0942 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e \u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0924 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e-\u0938\u094b\u092a\u093e\u0928\u0964<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">It aims at compliance rather than at understanding, and produces behaviour that depends on the enforcer being present.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092f\u0939 \u092c\u094b\u0927 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u093e\u0932\u0928 \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0910\u0938\u093e \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0915 \u0915\u0940 \u0909\u092a\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u092a\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092d\u0930 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td><strong><span class=\"en\">Logical consequences<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0924\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0915\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e<\/span><\/strong><br><span class=\"en\">Dreikurs<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0921\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0907\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0938<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Misbehaviour is purposive, serving one of four mistaken goals; the response is chosen to disconfirm the goal rather than to punish the act.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0926\u0941\u0930\u094d\u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u0939\u0948, \u091a\u093e\u0930 \u092d\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0924 \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u090f\u0915 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948; \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0943\u0924\u094d\u092f \u0915\u094b \u0926\u0902\u0921\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u092f \u0915\u094b \u0905\u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u091a\u0941\u0928\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">The diagnosis takes time the moment does not allow, and a consequence can be called logical while functioning as a punishment.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0928\u093f\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u0939 \u0938\u092e\u092f \u0932\u0917\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0935\u0939 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e \u0915\u094b \u0924\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0915\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u0939\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u092c\u0915\u093f \u0935\u0939 \u0926\u0902\u0921 \u0915\u0940 \u092d\u093e\u0901\u0924\u093f \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0930 \u0930\u0939\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td><strong><span class=\"en\">Congruent communication<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u0941\u0938\u0902\u0917\u0924 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0937\u0923<\/span><\/strong><br><span class=\"en\">Ginott<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0917\u093f\u0928\u094b\u091f<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">The teacher addresses the situation and never the character \u2014 describing what is happening and what is needed, without labelling the child.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0902\u092c\u094b\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091a\u0930\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u094b \u0915\u092d\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u2014 \u092f\u0939 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0923\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0941\u090f \u0915\u093f \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0939\u094b \u0930\u0939\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f, \u092c\u093e\u0932\u0915 \u092a\u0930 \u0932\u0947\u092c\u0932 \u0932\u0917\u093e\u090f \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">It is demanding to sustain under provocation, and offers less guidance about what to do when description alone does not suffice.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0909\u0915\u0938\u093e\u0935\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0907\u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u090f \u0930\u0916\u0928\u093e \u0915\u0920\u093f\u0928 \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092f\u0939 \u0915\u092e \u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u0928 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u091c\u092c \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0923\u0928 \u092a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0928 \u0939\u094b \u0924\u092c \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u090f\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td><strong><span class=\"en\">Restorative practice<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u094d\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">The questions asked are what happened, who was affected and what is needed to put it right, with the harmed party's needs central.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u0942\u091b\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0915\u093f \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0941\u0906, \u0915\u094c\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0941\u0906 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0920\u0940\u0915 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0906\u0939\u0924 \u092a\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0915\u0940 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0924\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">It requires time and skilled facilitation, and can be reduced to a scripted conversation with the same outcome as a punishment.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0907\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u092e\u092f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0915\u0941\u0936\u0932 \u0938\u0941\u0917\u092e\u0928 \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092f\u0939 \u0910\u0938\u0940 \u0932\u093f\u092a\u093f\u092c\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u092c\u093e\u0924\u091a\u0940\u0924 \u0924\u0915 \u0918\u091f\u093e\u0908 \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092b\u0932 \u0926\u0902\u0921 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u093e \u0939\u0940 \u0939\u094b\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <\/tbody>\r\n <\/table>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"callout red\">\r\n <div class=\"callout-label\"><span class=\"en\">The legal position in India, which is not a matter of preference<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u0915\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f, \u091c\u094b \u0935\u0930\u0940\u092f\u0924\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/div>\r\n <span class=\"en\">Section 17 of the Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act, 2009 prohibits physical punishment and mental harassment of a child, and provides that a person contravening it shall be liable to disciplinary action under the service rules applicable to that person. The prohibition covers mental harassment as well as physical punishment, which reaches sarcasm, humiliation before the class, labelling and the withholding of participation as a penalty. The National Commission for Protection of Child Rights has issued guidelines elaborating what falls within it and requiring schools to establish a mechanism for complaints. No account of classroom management in an Indian school is complete without this, and no model described above authorises anything it forbids.<\/span>\r\n <span class=\"hi\">\u092c\u093e\u0932\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0903\u0936\u0941\u0932\u094d\u0915 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0905\u0928\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e, 2009 \u0915\u0940 \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093e 17 \u092c\u093e\u0932\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u0936\u093e\u0930\u0940\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0926\u0902\u0921 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0938\u093f\u0915 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0940\u0921\u093c\u0928 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0937\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092c\u0902\u0927 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0907\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0909\u0932\u094d\u0932\u0902\u0918\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0909\u0938 \u092a\u0930 \u0932\u093e\u0917\u0942 \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u0940\u0928 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0936\u093e\u0938\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0908 \u0915\u093e \u092d\u093e\u0917\u0940 \u0939\u094b\u0917\u093e\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0937\u0947\u0927 \u0936\u093e\u0930\u0940\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0926\u0902\u0921 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925-\u0938\u093e\u0925 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0938\u093f\u0915 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0940\u0921\u093c\u0928 \u0915\u094b \u092d\u0940 \u0938\u092e\u0947\u091f\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0902\u0917\u094d\u092f, \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0905\u092a\u092e\u093e\u0928, \u0932\u0947\u092c\u0932 \u0932\u0917\u093e\u0928\u093e \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0926\u0902\u0921 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0939\u092d\u093e\u0917\u093f\u0924\u093e \u0930\u094b\u0915\u0928\u093e \u0906\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u092c\u093e\u0932 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0906\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0928\u0947 \u0910\u0938\u0947 \u0926\u093f\u0936\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u091c\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u093f\u090f \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u091c\u094b \u0935\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0924\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0915\u093f \u0907\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0906\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e\u092f\u0924-\u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u092d\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0935\u0930\u0923 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u090a\u092a\u0930 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0923\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u092d\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0910\u0938\u0940 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u094b \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u0943\u0924 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u092f\u0939 \u0928\u093f\u0937\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"p18-2\">\r\n <span class=\"section-badge\">18.2<\/span>\r\n <h3><span class=\"en\">Communication in the Classroom<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0937\u0923<\/span><\/h3>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <p><span class=\"en\">Berlo's model sets out four elements \u2014 source, message, channel and receiver \u2014 and its usefulness lies in the attributes it attaches to the first and the last. Both the sender and the receiver are described by communication skills, attitudes, knowledge, social system and culture, which is to say that the same message travels differently depending on what each party brings to it. A teacher who is puzzled that an instruction was not followed is usually looking at the message and not at the two ends of it.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092c\u0930\u094d\u0932\u094b \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0924\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092a\u093e\u0926\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u0938\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0924, \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0947\u0936, \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e \u2014 \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0924\u093e \u0909\u0928 \u0917\u0941\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0935\u0939 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u093f\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0937\u0915 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0923\u0928 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0937\u0923-\u0915\u094c\u0936\u0932, \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f, \u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928, \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u091c\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f \u0938\u0947 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0924\u094d \u0935\u0939\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u0907\u0938 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u093e\u0930 \u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0922\u0902\u0917 \u0938\u0947 \u092f\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u092a\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0909\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0932\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u091c\u094b \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0907\u0938 \u092a\u0930 \u091a\u0915\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b \u0915\u093f \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u093e\u0932\u0928 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u0941\u0906 \u0935\u0939 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092f\u0903 \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u0915\u094b \u0926\u0947\u0916 \u0930\u0939\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u091b\u094b\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"pc-grid\">\r\n <div class=\"pc-panel neu\">\r\n <div class=\"pc-head\"><span class=\"pc-ico\">▸<\/span><span class=\"en\">Non-verbal channels that carry most<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u091c\u094b \u0905\u0936\u093e\u092c\u094d\u0926\u093f\u0915 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u0939\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902<\/span><\/div>\r\n <ul>\r\n <li><span class=\"en\">Proxemics \u2014 where the teacher stands, and how the room is arranged to permit movement<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0928\u093f\u0915\u091f\u0924\u093e-\u0935\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u2014 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0915\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0916\u0921\u093c\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0917\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092e\u0924\u093f \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"en\">Oculesics \u2014 who is looked at, how often, and for how long<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0926\u0943\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093f-\u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930 \u2014 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u0926\u0947\u0916\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0915\u093f\u0924\u0928\u0940 \u092c\u093e\u0930, \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u093f\u0924\u0928\u0940 \u0926\u0947\u0930<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"en\">Paralanguage \u2014 pace, pitch, volume and the pause, which carry more than the words at the moment of a correction<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u0930\u093e\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e \u2014 \u0917\u0924\u093f, \u0924\u093e\u0928, \u0927\u094d\u0935\u0928\u093f-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092c\u0932\u0924\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0920\u0939\u0930\u093e\u0935, \u091c\u094b \u091f\u094b\u0915\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0936\u092c\u094d\u0926\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u0939\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"en\">Chronemics \u2014 how long a learner is given, which is read as a statement about what is expected of that learner<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u093e\u0932-\u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930 \u2014 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0915\u094b \u0915\u093f\u0924\u0928\u093e \u0938\u092e\u092f \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u0909\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0905\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948, \u0907\u0938 \u0915\u0925\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0922\u093c\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div class=\"pc-panel con\">\r\n <div class=\"pc-head\"><span class=\"pc-ico\">\u2717<\/span><span class=\"en\">Barriers, in the order they are usually missed<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092c\u093e\u0927\u093e\u090f\u0901, \u0909\u0938\u0940 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092f\u0903 \u091a\u0942\u0915 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902<\/span><\/div>\r\n <ul>\r\n <li><span class=\"en\">Semantic \u2014 a word the teacher uses technically and the class hears in its everyday sense<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0917\u0924 \u2014 \u091c\u093f\u0938 \u0936\u092c\u094d\u0926 \u0915\u094b \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0924\u0915\u0928\u0940\u0915\u0940 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0930\u0947 \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0930\u094b\u091c\u093c\u092e\u0930\u094d\u0930\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0941\u0928\u0947<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"en\">Linguistic \u2014 the medium of instruction is not the language in which the learner thinks<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093f\u0915 \u2014 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u093e \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0935\u0939 \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0938\u094b\u091a\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"en\">Psychological \u2014 a learner who expects to be wrong stops attending before the sentence ends<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092e\u0928\u094b\u0935\u0948\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u2014 \u091c\u094b \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0917\u0932\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0930\u0916\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0935\u0939 \u0935\u093e\u0915\u094d\u092f \u0938\u092e\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0928 \u0926\u0947\u0928\u093e \u092c\u0902\u0926 \u0915\u0930 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"en\">Physiological \u2014 undetected difficulty with hearing or vision, which is read as inattention<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u093e\u0930\u0940\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u2014 \u0936\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0923 \u092f\u093e \u0926\u0943\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093f \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u0928\u093f\u0926\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0920\u093f\u0928\u093e\u0908, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0935\u0927\u093e\u0928-\u0939\u0940\u0928\u0924\u093e \u0938\u092e\u091d\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <svg class=\"full-diagram\" viewBox=\"0 0 560 304\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"The three-move exchange, with an evaluating third move and an extending third move\">\r\n<g font-family=\"DM Sans, Noto Sans Devanagari, sans-serif\" font-size=\"10.5\">\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"22\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"11\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#5a6d80\">THE FIRST TWO MOVES ARE THE SAME; THE THIRD DECIDES EVERYTHING<\/text>\r\n\r\n <rect x=\"14\" y=\"40\" width=\"156\" height=\"52\" rx=\"9\" fill=\"#f5f8fd\" stroke=\"#5a6d80\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"92\" y=\"62\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#5a6d80\">I · TEACHER ASKS<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"92\" y=\"79\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">a question with an answer in mind<\/text>\r\n\r\n <rect x=\"200\" y=\"40\" width=\"156\" height=\"52\" rx=\"9\" fill=\"#f5f8fd\" stroke=\"#5a6d80\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"278\" y=\"62\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#5a6d80\">R · PUPIL ANSWERS<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"278\" y=\"79\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">one contribution, briefly<\/text>\r\n\r\n <rect x=\"386\" y=\"40\" width=\"156\" height=\"52\" rx=\"9\" fill=\"#fdf0f5\" stroke=\"#8e2f5a\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"464\" y=\"62\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#8e2f5a\">E · TEACHER EVALUATES<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"464\" y=\"79\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">right, or almost — and moves on<\/text>\r\n <line x1=\"172\" y1=\"66\" x2=\"192\" y2=\"66\" stroke=\"#c8d5e3\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <polygon points=\"198,66 188,61 188,71\" fill=\"#c8d5e3\"\/>\r\n <line x1=\"358\" y1=\"66\" x2=\"378\" y2=\"66\" stroke=\"#c8d5e3\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <polygon points=\"384,66 374,61 374,71\" fill=\"#c8d5e3\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"464\" y=\"112\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" font-style=\"italic\" fill=\"#8e2f5a\">the exchange closes here<\/text>\r\n\r\n <line x1=\"14\" y1=\"132\" x2=\"546\" y2=\"132\" stroke=\"#e1e8f0\" stroke-width=\"1.6\"\/>\r\n\r\n\r\n <rect x=\"14\" y=\"148\" width=\"156\" height=\"52\" rx=\"9\" fill=\"#f5f8fd\" stroke=\"#5a6d80\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"92\" y=\"170\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#5a6d80\">I · TEACHER ASKS<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"92\" y=\"187\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">a question with more than one answer<\/text>\r\n\r\n <rect x=\"200\" y=\"148\" width=\"156\" height=\"52\" rx=\"9\" fill=\"#f5f8fd\" stroke=\"#5a6d80\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"278\" y=\"170\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#5a6d80\">R · PUPIL ANSWERS<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"278\" y=\"187\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">one contribution, briefly<\/text>\r\n\r\n <rect x=\"386\" y=\"148\" width=\"156\" height=\"52\" rx=\"9\" fill=\"#eefbf7\" stroke=\"#0d8f79\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"464\" y=\"170\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#0d8f79\">F · TEACHER EXTENDS<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"464\" y=\"187\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">why? · who agrees? · say more<\/text>\r\n <line x1=\"172\" y1=\"174\" x2=\"192\" y2=\"174\" stroke=\"#c8d5e3\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <polygon points=\"198,174 188,169 188,179\" fill=\"#c8d5e3\"\/>\r\n <line x1=\"358\" y1=\"174\" x2=\"378\" y2=\"174\" stroke=\"#c8d5e3\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <polygon points=\"384,174 374,169 374,179\" fill=\"#c8d5e3\"\/>\r\n <path d=\"M464 202 L464 228 L92 228 L92 212\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#0d8f79\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-dasharray=\"6 4\"\/>\r\n <polygon points=\"92,204 86,216 98,216\" fill=\"#0d8f79\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"278\" y=\"245\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" font-style=\"italic\" fill=\"#0d8f79\">the exchange continues, and the class joins it<\/text>\r\n\r\n <rect x=\"14\" y=\"254\" width=\"532\" height=\"42\" rx=\"8\" fill=\"#f5f8fd\" stroke=\"#14243f\" stroke-width=\"1.6\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"271\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#14243f\">Talk is collective, reciprocal, supportive, cumulative and purposeful<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"287\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">cumulative is the demanding one: each contribution has to build on the last rather than sit beside it<\/text>\r\n<\/g><\/svg>\r\n <div class=\"diagram-cap\"><span class=\"en\">The third move either closes the exchange or returns it to the class<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0924\u0940\u0938\u0930\u093e \u091a\u0930\u0923 \u092f\u093e \u0924\u094b \u0906\u0926\u093e\u0928-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u092c\u0902\u0926 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u092f\u093e \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0932\u094c\u091f\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"callout teal\">\r\n <div class=\"callout-label\"><span class=\"en\">Three kinds of talk between learners<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u0924\u0940\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0932\u093e\u092a<\/span><\/div>\r\n <span class=\"en\">Group work produces talk of three kinds, and only one of them does the work the arrangement was chosen for. <strong>Disputational<\/strong> talk is disagreement without reasoning \u2014 assertion met by counter-assertion, with short exchanges and no shared decision. <strong>Cumulative<\/strong> talk is agreement without examination \u2014 contributions accepted and repeated, so the group builds on everything and questions nothing. <strong>Exploratory<\/strong> talk is the productive kind: proposals are offered for joint consideration, challenges are made and are expected, reasons appear in the talk itself, and the group reaches a position it can account for. The practical point is that exploratory talk does not occur spontaneously; it has to be taught, and it is usually taught by establishing ground rules with the class about what a contribution must contain.<\/span>\r\n <span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u093e\u092e\u0942\u0939\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0924\u0940\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0932\u093e\u092a \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0928\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u090f\u0915 \u0935\u0939 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u092f\u0939 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u091a\u0941\u0928\u0940 \u0917\u0908 \u0925\u0940\u0964 <strong>\u0935\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0926\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915<\/strong> \u0935\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0932\u093e\u092a \u0924\u0930\u094d\u0915-\u0930\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u0905\u0938\u0939\u092e\u0924\u093f \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u0915\u0925\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0928\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f-\u0915\u0925\u0928 \u0938\u0947, \u091b\u094b\u091f\u0947 \u0906\u0926\u093e\u0928-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0938\u093e\u091d\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0923\u092f \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964 <strong>\u0938\u0902\u091a\u092f\u0940<\/strong> \u0935\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0932\u093e\u092a \u091c\u093e\u0901\u091a-\u0930\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u0939\u092e\u0924\u093f \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u092f\u094b\u0917\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0940\u0915\u0943\u0924 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0926\u094b\u0939\u0930\u093e\u090f \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0905\u0924\u0903 \u0938\u092e\u0942\u0939 \u0939\u0930 \u092c\u093e\u0924 \u092a\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964 <strong>\u0905\u0928\u094d\u0935\u0947\u0937\u0940<\/strong> \u0935\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0932\u093e\u092a \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0939\u0948: \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935 \u0938\u0902\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0935\u093f\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0930\u0916\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u091a\u0941\u0928\u094c\u0924\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u0926\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u0935\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0932\u093e\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u091f \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0938\u092e\u0942\u0939 \u0910\u0938\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u0924\u0915 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0935\u0939 \u0939\u093f\u0938\u093e\u092c \u0926\u0947 \u0938\u0915\u0947\u0964 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u092c\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0941 \u092f\u0939 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0905\u0928\u094d\u0935\u0947\u0937\u0940 \u0935\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0932\u093e\u092a \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0924\u0903 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e; \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0922\u093c\u093e\u0928\u093e \u092a\u0921\u093c\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u0939 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092f\u0903 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u092f\u0939 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930-\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e \u0924\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0922\u093c\u093e\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092f\u094b\u0917\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0928\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f\u0964<\/span>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"p18-3\">\r\n <span class=\"section-badge\">18.3<\/span>\r\n <h3><span class=\"en\">The Art of Questioning<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u092a\u0942\u091b\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u0932\u093e<\/span><\/h3>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <p><span class=\"en\">Questioning is the most frequent thing a teacher does and the least often examined. A period contains a great many questions, most of them answerable in a word, most of them answered by the same few learners, and a fair proportion of them answered by the teacher. What follows separates the questions by what they are for, since a question is well or badly formed only against a purpose.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928\u0928 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092c\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u092e \u092a\u0930\u0916\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0915\u093e\u0932\u093e\u0902\u0936 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0939\u0941\u0924 \u0938\u093e\u0930\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0902\u0936 \u090f\u0915 \u0936\u092c\u094d\u0926 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0926\u0947\u0928\u0947 \u092f\u094b\u0917\u094d\u092f, \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0902\u0936 \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u0941\u091b \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0924, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0909\u0928\u0915\u093e \u0905\u091a\u094d\u091b\u093e-\u0916\u093e\u0938\u093e \u092d\u093e\u0917 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e\u0964 \u0906\u0917\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0907\u0938 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u0943\u0925\u0915\u094d \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0935\u0947 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0932\u093f\u090f \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0939\u0940 \u0938\u0941\u0917\u0920\u093f\u0924 \u092f\u093e \u0926\u094b\u0937\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"table-scroll\">\r\n <table class=\"data-table\">\r\n <thead><tr>\r\n <th style=\"width:22%\"><span class=\"en\">Purpose<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928<\/span><\/th>\r\n <th style=\"width:36%\"><span class=\"en\">The kind of question it needs<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0907\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u093f\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f<\/span><\/th>\r\n <th style=\"width:42%\"><span class=\"en\">The fault that defeats it<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u0939 \u0926\u094b\u0937 \u091c\u094b \u0907\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u093e\u091c\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/th>\r\n <\/tr><\/thead>\r\n <tbody>\r\n <tr><td><strong><span class=\"en\">To find out what is held<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092f\u0939 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u093f \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">One that every learner answers, and whose wrong answers are each diagnostic of a different misconception.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0910\u0938\u093e \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0926\u0947, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0917\u0932\u0924 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u092d\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0924\u093f \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0939\u094b\u0964<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Taking the first hand raised, which returns information about one learner and nothing about the class.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u0939\u0932\u093e \u0909\u0920\u093e \u0939\u093e\u0925 \u0932\u0947\u0928\u093e, \u091c\u094b \u090f\u0915 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u0941\u091b \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td><strong><span class=\"en\">To extend a thought<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">A probe on what has just been said \u2014 why, how is that known, what would follow, who takes a different view.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u091c\u094b \u0905\u092d\u0940 \u0915\u0939\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0909\u0938 \u092a\u0930 \u0917\u0939\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u2014 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902, \u092f\u0939 \u0915\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0924 \u0939\u0948, \u0907\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0915\u0932\u0947\u0917\u093e, \u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u092e\u0924 \u0915\u094c\u0928 \u0930\u0916\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Accepting the answer and moving to the next learner, which ends the thought at its first sentence.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0940\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0930 \u0905\u0917\u0932\u0947 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u092a\u0930 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u093e, \u091c\u094b \u0935\u093f\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u094b \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0915\u094d\u092f \u092a\u0930 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0930 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td><strong><span class=\"en\">To open a discussion<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u0930\u093f\u091a\u0930\u094d\u091a\u093e \u0906\u0930\u0902\u092d \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">A divergent question with more than one defensible answer, put to the whole class before any hand goes up.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u090f\u0915 \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0924\u0930\u094d\u0915\u0938\u0902\u0917\u0924 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e \u0905\u092a\u0938\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928, \u091c\u094b \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0939\u093e\u0925 \u0909\u0920\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0930\u0916\u093e \u091c\u093e\u090f\u0964<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">A question that has one answer the teacher already holds, which the class correctly reads as a guessing game.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0910\u0938\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u093e \u090f\u0915 \u0939\u0940 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u093f\u090f \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0938\u0939\u0940 \u0922\u0902\u0917 \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092e\u093e\u0928-\u0916\u0947\u0932 \u0938\u092e\u091d \u0932\u0947\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td><strong><span class=\"en\">To decide whether to proceed<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0906\u0917\u0947 \u092c\u0922\u093c\u0928\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u092f\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u092f\u0939 \u0924\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">A hinge question at the pivot of the lesson, answerable quickly by everyone, on which the next ten minutes depend.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u093e\u0920 \u0915\u0947 \u0927\u0941\u0930\u0940-\u092c\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0941 \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u092c\u094d\u091c\u093c\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0938\u092c \u0936\u0940\u0918\u094d\u0930 \u0926\u0947 \u0938\u0915\u0947\u0902, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u091c\u093f\u0938 \u092a\u0930 \u0905\u0917\u0932\u0947 \u0926\u0938 \u092e\u093f\u0928\u091f \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092d\u0930 \u0939\u094b\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Asking whether everyone has understood, which reliably returns silence and is not evidence of anything.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092f\u0939 \u092a\u0942\u091b\u0928\u093e \u0915\u093f \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0938\u092c \u0938\u092e\u091d \u0917\u090f, \u091c\u094b \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0935\u0938\u0928\u0940\u092f \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u092e\u094c\u0928 \u0932\u094c\u091f\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092c\u093e\u0924 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <\/tbody>\r\n <\/table>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"exam-tip\">\r\n <div class=\"et-icon\">●<\/div>\r\n <div class=\"et-body\">\r\n <strong><span class=\"en\">The five probing techniques.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u093e\u0901\u091a \u0917\u0939\u0928-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901\u0964<\/span><\/strong>\r\n <span class=\"en\"> These are the components of the probing skill as it is practised in micro-teaching, and each is a way of staying with an answer instead of moving to another learner.<\/span>\r\n <span class=\"hi\"> \u092f\u0947 \u0938\u0942\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u092e \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u092d\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u093f\u090f \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0917\u0939\u0928-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928\u0928 \u0915\u094c\u0936\u0932 \u0915\u0947 \u0918\u091f\u0915 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u091f\u093f\u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0939\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u0922\u0902\u0917 \u0939\u0948, \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u0947 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u092a\u0930 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964<\/span>\r\n <ul class=\"split-list\">\r\n <li><span class=\"sl-tag\">1<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">Prompting \u2014 a hint or a partial cue that lets a wrong or absent answer be reached<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u0902\u0915\u0947\u0924\u0928 \u2014 \u0910\u0938\u093e \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0947\u0924 \u092f\u093e \u0906\u0902\u0936\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u091c\u094b \u0917\u0932\u0924 \u092f\u093e \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0924\u0915 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a\u0928\u0947 \u0926\u0947<\/span><\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"sl-tag\">2<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">Seeking further information \u2014 asking for the reason behind an answer that was correct but bare<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e \u092e\u093e\u0901\u0917\u0928\u093e \u2014 \u0910\u0938\u0947 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0940\u091b\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u092a\u0942\u091b\u0928\u093e \u091c\u094b \u0938\u0939\u0940 \u0915\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0941 \u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0925\u093e<\/span><\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"sl-tag\">3<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">Refocusing \u2014 asking the learner to compare the answer with another case or principle<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u0941\u0928\u0903\u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u2014 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0924\u0941\u0932\u0928\u093e \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u092f\u093e \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0930\u093e\u0928\u093e<\/span><\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"sl-tag\">4<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">Redirection \u2014 putting the same question to several learners before commenting on any<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u094d\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u0928 \u2014 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092a\u0930 \u091f\u093f\u092a\u094d\u092a\u0923\u0940 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u0935\u0939\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u0905\u0928\u0947\u0915 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0930\u0916\u0928\u093e<\/span><\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"sl-tag\">5<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">Increasing critical awareness \u2014 asking why the answer holds, or what would show it to be wrong<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0906\u0932\u094b\u091a\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u091c\u093e\u0917\u0930\u0942\u0915\u0924\u093e \u092c\u0922\u093c\u093e\u0928\u093e \u2014 \u092f\u0939 \u092a\u0942\u091b\u0928\u093e \u0915\u093f \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u091f\u093f\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0917\u0932\u0924 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0917\u093e<\/span><\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"p18-4\">\r\n <span class=\"section-badge\">18.4<\/span>\r\n <h3><span class=\"en\">Wait Time, Feedback and Reinforcement<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0938\u092e\u092f, \u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920\u092a\u094b\u0937\u0923 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0932\u0928<\/span><\/h3>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <svg class=\"full-diagram\" viewBox=\"0 0 560 268\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Wait time one and wait time two on a single exchange\">\r\n<g font-family=\"DM Sans, Noto Sans Devanagari, sans-serif\" font-size=\"10.5\">\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"22\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"11\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#5a6d80\">TWO SILENCES, AND THE SECOND IS ALMOST NEVER LEFT<\/text>\r\n <line x1=\"30\" y1=\"96\" x2=\"530\" y2=\"96\" stroke=\"#c8d5e3\" stroke-width=\"3\"\/>\r\n\r\n <circle cx=\"60\" cy=\"96\" r=\"9\" fill=\"#14243f\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"60\" y=\"126\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#14243f\">question<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"60\" y=\"138\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#5a6d80\">is asked<\/text>\r\n\r\n <circle cx=\"270\" cy=\"96\" r=\"9\" fill=\"#14243f\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"270\" y=\"126\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#14243f\">a pupil answers<\/text>\r\n\r\n <circle cx=\"490\" cy=\"96\" r=\"9\" fill=\"#14243f\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"490\" y=\"126\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#14243f\">teacher responds<\/text>\r\n\r\n <rect x=\"78\" y=\"46\" width=\"174\" height=\"40\" rx=\"8\" fill=\"#eef4fc\" stroke=\"#1f5fa9\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"165\" y=\"62\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\">WAIT TIME I<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"165\" y=\"77\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">more learners are able to answer<\/text>\r\n\r\n <rect x=\"288\" y=\"46\" width=\"184\" height=\"40\" rx=\"8\" fill=\"#eefbf7\" stroke=\"#0d8f79\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"380\" y=\"62\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#0d8f79\">WAIT TIME II<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"380\" y=\"77\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">the answer given is elaborated<\/text>\r\n\r\n <rect x=\"30\" y=\"158\" width=\"248\" height=\"52\" rx=\"8\" fill=\"#fdf0f5\" stroke=\"#8e2f5a\" stroke-width=\"1.8\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"154\" y=\"176\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#8e2f5a\">Measured in ordinary classrooms<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"154\" y=\"192\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">about one second, for each of the two<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"154\" y=\"204\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" font-style=\"italic\" fill=\"#5a6d80\">and the second is usually zero<\/text>\r\n\r\n <rect x=\"290\" y=\"158\" width=\"240\" height=\"52\" rx=\"8\" fill=\"#eefbf7\" stroke=\"#0d8f79\" stroke-width=\"1.8\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"410\" y=\"176\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#0d8f79\">Extended to three seconds or more<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"410\" y=\"192\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">longer answers, more volunteers,<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"410\" y=\"204\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">and evidence offered unprompted<\/text>\r\n\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"238\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" fill=\"#5a6d80\">the second silence is the one that produces elaboration, and it costs nothing but nerve<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"256\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" font-style=\"italic\" fill=\"#5a6d80\">a second of classroom silence is experienced at the front as considerably longer than it is<\/text>\r\n<\/g><\/svg>\r\n <div class=\"diagram-cap\"><span class=\"en\">Two silences in one exchange, and the second is the one that produces elaboration<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u090f\u0915 \u0939\u0940 \u0906\u0926\u093e\u0928-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0926\u094b \u092e\u094c\u0928, \u0914\u0930 \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u093e \u0935\u0939\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0935\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/div>\r\n\r\n <p><span class=\"en\">Chapter 14 set out what feedback should address; what belongs here is the moment at which it is delivered and the form it takes when it is spoken rather than written. Two distinctions do most of the work.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f 14 \u0928\u0947 \u092f\u0939 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092a\u093e\u0926\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u093f \u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920\u092a\u094b\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u094b \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u094b\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f; \u092f\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u091c\u094b \u0906\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0935\u0939 \u0935\u0939 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938 \u092a\u0930 \u0935\u0939 \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0935\u0939 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u091c\u094b \u0935\u0939 \u0932\u093f\u0916\u093f\u0924 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0915\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0926\u094b \u092d\u0947\u0926 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0902\u0936 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"vs-compare\">\r\n <div class=\"vs-side left\">\r\n <span class=\"vs-tag\">Praise<\/span>\r\n <h5><span class=\"en\">Judges the person<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0915\u094b \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/h5>\r\n <ul>\r\n <li><span class=\"en\">Good girl \u00b7 clever \u00b7 the teacher is pleased<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u091a\u094d\u091b\u0940 \u092c\u091a\u094d\u091a\u0940 \u00b7 \u0939\u094b\u0936\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0930 \u00b7 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"en\">Places the judgement with the teacher, so the learner must return for more of it<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0923\u092f \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u0938 \u0930\u0916\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0905\u0924\u0903 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0915\u094b \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u092c\u093e\u0930-\u092c\u093e\u0930 \u0932\u094c\u091f\u0928\u093e \u092a\u0921\u093c\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"en\">Carries almost no information about the work, so it cannot be acted on<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0932\u0917\u092d\u0917 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0935\u0939\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e, \u0905\u0924\u0903 \u0909\u0938 \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"en\">Its withdrawal is read as a verdict on the person rather than on the piece<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0909\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0939\u091f\u0928\u093e \u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e \u092a\u0930 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u092a\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0923\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0922\u093c\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div class=\"vs-mid\">vs<\/div>\r\n <div class=\"vs-side right\">\r\n <span class=\"vs-tag\">Encouragement<\/span>\r\n <h5><span class=\"en\">Describes the work<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u093e \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0923\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/h5>\r\n <ul>\r\n <li><span class=\"en\">The second paragraph gives evidence for every claim in it<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u093e \u0905\u0928\u0941\u091a\u094d\u091b\u0947\u0926 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0926\u093e\u0935\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"en\">Returns the judgement to the learner, who can now see what was good about it<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0923\u092f \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0915\u094b \u0932\u094c\u091f\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u094b \u0905\u092c \u0926\u0947\u0916 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0909\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u091a\u094d\u091b\u093e \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0925\u093e<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"en\">Names something repeatable, so the next piece can be aimed at it<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u093e\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928\u0940\u092f \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093e\u092e \u0932\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0905\u0924\u0903 \u0905\u0917\u0932\u0940 \u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0909\u0938\u0940 \u0915\u094b \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"en\">Can be given for effort or method on work that did not succeed<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0910\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u092a\u0930 \u092d\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u093e\u0938 \u092f\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0938\u092b\u0932 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u0941\u0906<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <ul class=\"num-stack\">\r\n <li><strong><span class=\"en\">Continuous reinforcement establishes; intermittent maintains.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u0924\u0924 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0932\u0928 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948; \u0906\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093e\u092f\u093f\u0915 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u090f \u0930\u0916\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/strong> <span class=\"en\">A new routine needs acknowledgement every time it appears; an established one needs it occasionally and unpredictably, which is what makes it durable. A teacher who reinforces a settled routine continuously has made it dependent on the reinforcement.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0928\u0908 \u0926\u093f\u0928\u091a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u092c\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u091f \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0940\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f; \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0926\u093f\u0928\u091a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0915\u092d\u0940-\u0915\u092d\u093e\u0930 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0905\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0936\u093f\u0924 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947, \u0914\u0930 \u092f\u0939\u0940 \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u091f\u093f\u0915\u093e\u090a \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u091c\u094b \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0930 \u0926\u093f\u0928\u091a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0924\u0924 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0932\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0909\u0938\u0928\u0947 \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0932\u0928 \u092a\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092d\u0930 \u092c\u0928\u093e \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><strong><span class=\"en\">Expect the burst.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u093f\u0938\u094d\u092b\u094b\u091f \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0930\u0916\u0947\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/strong> <span class=\"en\">When reinforcement of an unwanted behaviour is withdrawn, the behaviour characteristically intensifies before it fades. A teacher who does not expect this reads the intensification as failure and restores the attention, which teaches that persistence works.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u091c\u092c \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0905\u0935\u093e\u0902\u091b\u093f\u0924 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0932\u0928 \u0939\u091f\u093e\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u092c \u0935\u0939 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0940\u0923 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0924\u0940\u0935\u094d\u0930 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u091c\u094b \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u0905\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0930\u0916\u0924\u093e \u0935\u0939 \u0909\u0938 \u0924\u0940\u0935\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0935\u093f\u092b\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0938\u092e\u091d\u0915\u0930 \u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0928 \u0932\u094c\u091f\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u094b \u092f\u0939 \u0938\u093f\u0916\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0939\u0920 \u0915\u093e\u092e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><strong><span class=\"en\">Catch the routine being kept.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0926\u093f\u0928\u091a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u093e \u092a\u093e\u0932\u0928 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0941\u090f \u092a\u0915\u0921\u093c\u0947\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/strong> <span class=\"en\">Most classroom attention is spent on the behaviour a teacher wants less of, so the learners who receive most of it are those producing it. Naming what is going right, specifically and to the class, redistributes the attention without adding to the total.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0902\u0936 \u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0928 \u0909\u0938 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u092f \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0915\u092e \u091a\u093e\u0939\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0905\u0924\u0903 \u091c\u093f\u0928 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0935\u0939 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0935\u0947 \u0935\u0939\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u091c\u094b \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u0930 \u0930\u0939\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u091c\u094b \u0920\u0940\u0915 \u091a\u0932 \u0930\u0939\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0928\u093e\u092e \u0935\u093f\u0936\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0932\u0947\u0928\u093e \u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u094b \u0915\u0941\u0932 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"cyp-box\">\r\n <div class=\"cyp-title\"><span class=\"en\">Progress check<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0917\u0924\u093f \u091c\u093e\u0901\u091a<\/span><\/div>\r\n <details class=\"cyp-q\"><summary><span class=\"en\">A teacher feels defeated and drawn into an argument with a learner who refuses to begin. On Dreikurs's account, what is the goal, and what is the wrong response?<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u0930\u093e\u091c\u093f\u0924 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092d\u0935 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0906\u0930\u0902\u092d \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u0907\u0928\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u092c\u0939\u0938 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0916\u093f\u0902\u091a \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0921\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0907\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0938 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0935\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u093e\u0930 \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u092f \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0917\u0932\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e?<\/span><\/summary>\r\n <div class=\"cyp-a\"><span class=\"en\">The feeling is the diagnostic: threatened or defeated indicates power. The wrong response is to win the contest, because a contest is what the behaviour was for and winning confirms that the arena is real. What helps is to withdraw from it \u2014 declining to make it a public matter, offering a limited choice, and returning to the learner when there is no audience.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u0928\u0941\u092d\u0942\u0924\u093f \u0939\u0940 \u0928\u093f\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0939\u0948: \u0938\u0902\u0915\u091f\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u092a\u0930\u093e\u091c\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u093e \u0936\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0947\u0924 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0917\u0932\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0924\u093e \u091c\u0940\u0924\u0928\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0940 \u0935\u0939 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u0925\u0940 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930 \u0939\u0941\u0906 \u0914\u0930 \u091c\u0940\u0924\u0928\u093e \u092f\u0939 \u092a\u0941\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0935\u0939 \u0905\u0916\u093e\u0921\u093c\u093e \u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u091c\u094b \u0938\u0939\u093e\u092f\u0915 \u0939\u0948 \u0935\u0939 \u0909\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0939\u091f \u091c\u093e\u0928\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0935\u091c\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u092e\u093e\u092e\u0932\u093e \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u0907\u0928\u0915\u093e\u0930, \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a \u0926\u0947\u0928\u093e, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u0915 \u0928 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u0938 \u0932\u094c\u091f\u0928\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n <details class=\"cyp-q\"><summary><span class=\"en\">A teacher asks a question, waits three seconds, takes an answer and immediately says \"good, and what about the next one?\" What has been gained and what has been lost?<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u092a\u0942\u091b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u0940\u0928 \u0938\u0947\u0915\u0902\u0921 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0932\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0924\u0941\u0930\u0902\u0924 \u0915\u0939\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \"\u0905\u091a\u094d\u091b\u093e, \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u0917\u0932\u093e?\" \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u0941\u0906 \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0916\u094b\u092f\u093e?<\/span><\/summary>\r\n <div class=\"cyp-a\"><span class=\"en\">The first wait time was used, so more learners were able to reach an answer. The second was not, so the answer given was never elaborated \u2014 and it is the second silence that produces reasons, qualifications and evidence offered unprompted. The response also evaluates rather than extends, which closes the exchange at its third move.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0925\u092e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e-\u0938\u092e\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u0941\u0906, \u0905\u0924\u0903 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0924\u0915 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a \u0938\u0915\u0947\u0964 \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0905\u0924\u0903 \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0915\u092d\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u0941\u0906 \u2014 \u0914\u0930 \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u093e \u092e\u094c\u0928 \u0939\u0940 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923, \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0938\u0940\u092e\u0928 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0915\u0939\u0947 \u0926\u093f\u090f \u0917\u090f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0930 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u092e\u0942\u0932\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0915\u0928 \u092d\u0940 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u094b \u0906\u0926\u093e\u0928-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u094b \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0924\u0940\u0938\u0930\u0947 \u091a\u0930\u0923 \u092a\u0930 \u092c\u0902\u0926 \u0915\u0930 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n <details class=\"cyp-q\"><summary><span class=\"en\">A group agrees readily with every suggestion and finishes early with a confident answer. Which kind of talk was this, and why is it a problem?<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0938\u092e\u0942\u0939 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0938\u0941\u091d\u093e\u0935 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0939\u091c\u0924\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0939\u092e\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0915\u0930 \u0906\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0938\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0936\u0940\u0918\u094d\u0930 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0930 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0915\u093f\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0932\u093e\u092a \u0925\u093e, \u0914\u0930 \u092f\u0939 \u0938\u092e\u0938\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0939\u0948?<\/span><\/summary>\r\n <div class=\"cyp-a\"><span class=\"en\">Cumulative talk \u2014 agreement without examination. It looks like the best-behaved kind of group work and produces the least, because contributions are accepted and repeated rather than tested, so nothing is ever challenged and no reason has to be given. Exploratory talk is the productive kind and does not arise on its own; it is established by agreeing ground rules with the class about what a contribution has to contain.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u0902\u091a\u092f\u0940 \u0935\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0932\u093e\u092a \u2014 \u091c\u093e\u0901\u091a-\u0930\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u0939\u092e\u0924\u093f\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0942\u0939\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0941\u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0926\u093f\u0916\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u092e \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u092f\u094b\u0917\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u0930\u0916\u0947 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0940\u0915\u0943\u0924 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0926\u094b\u0939\u0930\u093e\u090f \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0905\u0924\u0903 \u0915\u092d\u0940 \u0915\u0941\u091b \u091a\u0941\u0928\u094c\u0924\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u092a\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0926\u0947\u0928\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u092a\u0921\u093c\u0924\u093e\u0964 \u0905\u0928\u094d\u0935\u0947\u0937\u0940 \u0935\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0932\u093e\u092a \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0924\u0903 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0909\u0920\u0924\u093e; \u0935\u0939 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u092f\u0939 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930-\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e \u0924\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0915\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092f\u094b\u0917\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0928\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"p18-5\">\r\n <span class=\"section-badge\">18.5<\/span>\r\n <h3><span class=\"en\">Practice Set<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u092d\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938 \u0938\u0947\u091f<\/span><\/h3>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"mcq-box\">\r\n <div class=\"mcq-title\"><span class=\"en\">Practice \u2014 Management, Communication and Questioning<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u092d\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938 \u2014 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0928, \u0938\u0902\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0937\u0923 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928\u0928<\/span> <span class=\"mcq-src\">10 items<\/span><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"mcq-note\"><span class=\"en\">For management items, ask whether the option describes something done before or after the difficulty.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0928 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0942\u091b\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u093f \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a \u0915\u0920\u093f\u0928\u093e\u0908 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u0915\u0940 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0923\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u092f\u093e \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u0915\u0940\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n\r\n <details class=\"mcq-q\"><summary><span class=\"mcq-num\">1<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">Kounin's term for a teacher's demonstrated awareness of everything happening in the room is<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u094b \u0930\u0939\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u092c\u093e\u0924 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u091c\u0917\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u094b\u0909\u0928\u093f\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u0926 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/span><\/summary>\r\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\r\n <li>(a) <span class=\"en\">overlapping<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0930\u094b\u092a\u0923<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(b) <span class=\"en\">withitness<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u091c\u0917\u0924\u093e<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(c) <span class=\"en\">group alerting<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u092e\u0942\u0939-\u0938\u0924\u0930\u094d\u0915\u0924\u093e<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(d) <span class=\"en\">valence<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u0902\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0915\u0924\u093e<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\"><b>(b).<\/b> <span class=\"en\">Its two characteristic failures are the target error, which corrects the wrong learner or the less serious of two, and the timing error, which intervenes after the matter has spread. Overlapping is the separate ability to attend to two things at once without dropping either.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0907\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u0926\u094b \u0935\u093f\u0936\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0935\u093f\u092b\u0932\u0924\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u092f-\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0941\u091f\u093f, \u091c\u094b \u0917\u0932\u0924 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0915\u094b \u092f\u093e \u0926\u094b \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u092e \u0917\u0902\u092d\u0940\u0930 \u0915\u094b \u091f\u094b\u0915\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0938\u092e\u092f-\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0941\u091f\u093f, \u091c\u094b \u092e\u093e\u092e\u0932\u093e \u092b\u0948\u0932 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u0939\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u092a \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0930\u094b\u092a\u0923 \u0926\u094b \u092c\u093e\u0924\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u0925, \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0915\u094b \u091b\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0947, \u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0928 \u0926\u0947\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0943\u0925\u0915\u094d \u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n\r\n <details class=\"mcq-q\"><summary><span class=\"mcq-num\">2<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">A teacher begins an activity, breaks off to deal with something else, and never returns to it. Kounin called this<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0917\u0924\u093f\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f \u0906\u0930\u0902\u092d \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0914\u0930 \u092c\u093e\u0924 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0930\u0941\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0938 \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u092d\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0932\u094c\u091f\u0924\u093e\u0964 \u0915\u094b\u0909\u0928\u093f\u0928 \u0928\u0947 \u0907\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0939\u093e<\/span><\/span><\/summary>\r\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\r\n <li>(a) <span class=\"en\">a dangle<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0921\u0948\u0902\u0917\u0932<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(b) <span class=\"en\">a flip-flop<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092b\u094d\u0932\u093f\u092a-\u092b\u094d\u0932\u0949\u092a<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(c) <span class=\"en\">overdwelling<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u0924\u093f-\u0920\u0939\u0930\u093e\u0935<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(d) <span class=\"en\">satiation<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0924\u0943\u092a\u094d\u0924\u093f<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\"><b>(a).<\/b> <span class=\"en\">A dangle leaves an activity hanging. A flip-flop is returning to an activity that had already been closed, and overdwelling is labouring a point the class has settled. All three are forms of jerkiness, which is the loss of momentum \u2014 and momentum, on Kounin's finding, does more to prevent misbehaviour than any response to it.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0921\u0948\u0902\u0917\u0932 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0917\u0924\u093f\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f \u0915\u094b \u0905\u0927\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091b\u094b\u0921\u093c \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092b\u094d\u0932\u093f\u092a-\u092b\u094d\u0932\u0949\u092a \u0909\u0938 \u0917\u0924\u093f\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f \u092a\u0930 \u0932\u094c\u091f\u0928\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0939\u0940 \u092c\u0902\u0926 \u0939\u094b \u091a\u0941\u0915\u0940 \u0925\u0940, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0905\u0924\u093f-\u0920\u0939\u0930\u093e\u0935 \u0909\u0938 \u092c\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0941 \u0915\u094b \u0918\u0938\u0940\u091f\u0928\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0924\u092f \u0915\u0930 \u091a\u0941\u0915\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0924\u0940\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u091d\u091f\u0915\u0947\u0926\u093e\u0930\u092a\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0924\u094d \u0917\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0940 \u0939\u093e\u0928\u093f \u2014 \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u094b\u0909\u0928\u093f\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0937 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u093e\u0930 \u0917\u0924\u093f \u0926\u0941\u0930\u094d\u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u094b \u0909\u0938 \u092a\u0930 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092d\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0930\u094b\u0915\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n\r\n <details class=\"mcq-q\"><summary><span class=\"mcq-num\">3<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">On Dreikurs's account, a teacher who feels hurt and inclined to retaliate is most likely facing the goal of<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0921\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0907\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0938 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0935\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u093e\u0930, \u091c\u094b \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0906\u0939\u0924 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0936\u094b\u0927 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092d\u0935 \u0915\u0930\u0947 \u0935\u0939 \u0938\u0902\u092d\u0935\u0924\u0903 \u0915\u093f\u0938 \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u092f \u0915\u093e \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0928\u093e \u0915\u0930 \u0930\u0939\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/span><\/summary>\r\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\r\n <li>(a) <span class=\"en\">attention<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0928<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(b) <span class=\"en\">power<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(c) <span class=\"en\">revenge<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0936\u094b\u0927<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(d) <span class=\"en\">assumed inadequacy<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092e\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u0939\u0941\u0908 \u0905\u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e\u0924\u093e<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\"><b>(c).<\/b> <span class=\"en\">The teacher's own reaction is the diagnostic, and each goal produces a characteristic one \u2014 annoyance for attention, a sense of being defeated for power, hurt for revenge, and helplessness for assumed inadequacy. The same outward behaviour can serve any of the four, so the feeling is more reliable than the act.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0940 \u0928\u093f\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u092f \u090f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0928 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u091d\u0941\u0901\u091d\u0932\u093e\u0939\u091f, \u0936\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u092a\u0930\u093e\u091c\u092f \u0915\u093e \u092c\u094b\u0927, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0936\u094b\u0927 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0906\u0939\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u093e, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u0939\u0941\u0908 \u0905\u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0905\u0938\u0939\u093e\u092f\u0924\u093e\u0964 \u0935\u0939\u0940 \u092c\u093e\u0939\u094d\u092f \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930 \u091a\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0905\u0924\u0903 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092d\u0942\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0943\u0924\u094d\u092f \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0935\u0938\u0928\u0940\u092f \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n\r\n <details class=\"mcq-q\"><summary><span class=\"mcq-num\">4<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">Section 17 of the RTE Act 2009 prohibits<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0906\u0930\u091f\u0940\u0908 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e 2009 \u0915\u0940 \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093e 17 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0937\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/span><\/summary>\r\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\r\n <li>(a) <span class=\"en\">physical punishment only<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0936\u093e\u0930\u0940\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0926\u0902\u0921<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(b) <span class=\"en\">physical punishment and mental harassment<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u093e\u0930\u0940\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0926\u0902\u0921 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0938\u093f\u0915 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0940\u0921\u093c\u0928<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(c) <span class=\"en\">the detention of a child in any class<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092d\u0940 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u093e\u0932\u0915 \u0915\u094b \u0930\u094b\u0915\u0928\u093e<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(d) <span class=\"en\">the charging of any fee<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u094b\u0908 \u092d\u0940 \u0936\u0941\u0932\u094d\u0915 \u0932\u0947\u0928\u093e<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\"><b>(b).<\/b> <span class=\"en\">Mental harassment is included, which brings sarcasm, humiliation before the class, labelling and the withholding of participation as a penalty within the prohibition. Options (c) and (d) name provisions of the same Act found elsewhere in it, which is what makes them plausible; the section on punishment also makes contravention a matter for disciplinary action under the applicable service rules.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092e\u093e\u0928\u0938\u093f\u0915 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0940\u0921\u093c\u0928 \u0938\u092e\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0932\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u094b \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0902\u0917\u094d\u092f, \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0905\u092a\u092e\u093e\u0928, \u0932\u0947\u092c\u0932 \u0932\u0917\u093e\u0928\u093e \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0926\u0902\u0921 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0939\u092d\u093e\u0917\u093f\u0924\u093e \u0930\u094b\u0915\u0928\u093e \u2014 \u0907\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0937\u0947\u0927 \u0915\u0947 \u092d\u0940\u0924\u0930 \u0932\u0947 \u0906\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a (c) \u090f\u0935\u0902 (d) \u0909\u0938\u0940 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0909\u092a\u092c\u0902\u0927\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093e\u092e \u0932\u0947\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0914\u0930 \u092f\u0939\u0940 \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u0902\u0938\u0928\u0940\u092f \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948; \u0926\u0902\u0921 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0940 \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0909\u0932\u094d\u0932\u0902\u0918\u0928 \u0915\u094b \u0932\u093e\u0917\u0942 \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u0940\u0928 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0936\u093e\u0938\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0908 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f \u092d\u0940 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n\r\n <details class=\"mcq-q\"><summary><span class=\"mcq-num\">5<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">In the three-move classroom exchange, what distinguishes a dialogic third move from an evaluative one?<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f-\u091a\u0930\u0923\u0940\u092f \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e-\u0906\u0926\u093e\u0928-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u0935\u093e\u0926\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0924\u0940\u0938\u0930\u0947 \u091a\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u094b \u092e\u0942\u0932\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0915\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u092a\u0943\u0925\u0915\u094d \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948?<\/span><\/span><\/summary>\r\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\r\n <li>(a) <span class=\"en\">it is longer<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u0939 \u0932\u0902\u092c\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(b) <span class=\"en\">it extends the answer instead of closing the exchange<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u0939 \u0906\u0926\u093e\u0928-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u092c\u0902\u0926 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u091c\u093e\u092f \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(c) <span class=\"en\">it is addressed to a different learner<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u0939 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0902\u092c\u094b\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(d) <span class=\"en\">it always contains praise<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0909\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0926\u0948\u0935 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u0902\u0938\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\"><b>(b).<\/b> <span class=\"en\">The first two moves are identical in both; the third decides whether anything further is said. Why, how is that known, who takes a different view \u2014 each returns the exchange to the class instead of ending it. Alexander's five principles describe the talk that results, and cumulative is the demanding one, since each contribution must build on the last rather than sit beside it.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0926\u094b \u091a\u0930\u0923 \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0939\u0948\u0902; \u0924\u0940\u0938\u0930\u093e \u0924\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0906\u0917\u0947 \u0915\u0941\u091b \u0915\u0939\u093e \u091c\u093e\u090f\u0917\u093e \u092f\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902, \u092f\u0939 \u0915\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0924 \u0939\u0948, \u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u092e\u0924 \u0915\u094c\u0928 \u0930\u0916\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0906\u0926\u093e\u0928-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u092e\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u091c\u093e\u092f \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0932\u094c\u091f\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u090f\u0932\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091c\u093c\u0947\u0902\u0921\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u0901\u091a \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924 \u0909\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0928\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0932\u093e\u092a \u0915\u093e \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0923\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u092f\u0940 \u092e\u093e\u0901\u0917 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u092f\u094b\u0917\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0917\u0932 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0948\u0920\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u091c\u093e\u092f \u0909\u0938 \u092a\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n\r\n <details class=\"mcq-q\"><summary><span class=\"mcq-num\">6<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">A group in which members accept and repeat one another's suggestions without examining any of them is engaged in<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u091c\u093f\u0938 \u0938\u092e\u0942\u0939 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0926\u0938\u094d\u092f \u090f\u0915-\u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0941\u091d\u093e\u0935 \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0901\u091a \u0915\u093f\u090f \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0940\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0926\u094b\u0939\u0930\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0935\u0939 \u0938\u0902\u0932\u0917\u094d\u0928 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/span><\/summary>\r\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\r\n <li>(a) <span class=\"en\">disputational talk<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0926\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0935\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0932\u093e\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(b) <span class=\"en\">cumulative talk<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u0902\u091a\u092f\u0940 \u0935\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0932\u093e\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(c) <span class=\"en\">exploratory talk<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u0928\u094d\u0935\u0947\u0937\u0940 \u0935\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0932\u093e\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(d) <span class=\"en\">dialogic talk<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u0902\u0935\u093e\u0926\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0935\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0932\u093e\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\"><b>(b).<\/b> <span class=\"en\">It is agreement without examination, and it looks like the best-behaved kind of group work while producing the least. Disputational talk is the opposite failure \u2014 assertion met by counter-assertion with no shared decision. Exploratory talk, the productive kind, requires challenges to be made and expected and reasons to appear in the talk itself, and it has to be taught rather than assumed.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092f\u0939 \u091c\u093e\u0901\u091a-\u0930\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u0939\u092e\u0924\u093f \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u092f\u0939 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0942\u0939\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0941\u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0926\u093f\u0916\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0941\u090f \u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u092e \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0935\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0926\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0935\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0932\u093e\u092a \u0935\u093f\u092a\u0930\u0940\u0924 \u0935\u093f\u092b\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u0915\u0925\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0928\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f-\u0915\u0925\u0928 \u0938\u0947 \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0938\u093e\u091d\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0923\u092f \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964 \u0905\u0928\u094d\u0935\u0947\u0937\u0940 \u0935\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0932\u093e\u092a, \u091c\u094b \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0939\u0948, \u0905\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u091a\u0941\u0928\u094c\u0924\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u0926\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0905\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0902 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u0935\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0932\u093e\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u091f \u0939\u094b\u0902, \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u092a\u0922\u093c\u093e\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0928\u093e \u092a\u0921\u093c\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n\r\n <details class=\"mcq-q\"><summary><span class=\"mcq-num\">7<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">Wait time II refers to the pause<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e-\u0938\u092e\u092f II \u0909\u0938 \u0920\u0939\u0930\u093e\u0935 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0930\u094d\u092d\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/span><\/summary>\r\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\r\n <li>(a) <span class=\"en\">between the question and the first hand going up<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092a\u0939\u0932\u093e \u0939\u093e\u0925 \u0909\u0920\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(b) <span class=\"en\">between a learner's answer and the teacher's response<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(c) <span class=\"en\">between two consecutive questions<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0926\u094b \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0917\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(d) <span class=\"en\">at the end of the lesson before the summary<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u093e\u0920 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0902\u0924 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u093e\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0936 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\"><b>(b).<\/b> <span class=\"en\">Option (a) is wait time I, which lets more learners reach an answer. The second is the one that produces elaboration \u2014 reasons, qualifications and evidence offered unprompted \u2014 and it is the one almost never left, because a silence after an answer feels to the teacher like an implied judgement on it.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a (a) \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e-\u0938\u092e\u092f I \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u094b \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0924\u0915 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a\u0928\u0947 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u093e \u0935\u0939\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0935\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923, \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0938\u0940\u092e\u0928 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0915\u0939\u0947 \u0926\u093f\u090f \u0917\u090f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u2014 \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u0939\u0940 \u0932\u0917\u092d\u0917 \u0915\u092d\u0940 \u091b\u094b\u0921\u093c\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e, \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u0915\u093e \u092e\u094c\u0928 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0915\u094b \u0909\u0938 \u092a\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0923\u092f \u091c\u0948\u0938\u093e \u0932\u0917\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n\r\n <details class=\"mcq-q\"><summary><span class=\"mcq-num\">8<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">On the praise-and-encouragement distinction, which is an example of encouragement?<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u0902\u0938\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0924\u094d\u0938\u093e\u0939\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u092d\u0947\u0926 \u092a\u0930, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0924\u094d\u0938\u093e\u0939\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u094c\u0928-\u0938\u093e \u0939\u0948?<\/span><\/span><\/summary>\r\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\r\n <li>(a) <span class=\"en\">Telling a learner she is the cleverest in the class<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0939\u0928\u093e \u0915\u093f \u0935\u0939 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u0939\u094b\u0936\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0930 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(b) <span class=\"en\">Telling a learner the teacher is very pleased today<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0939\u0928\u093e \u0915\u093f \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0906\u091c \u092c\u0939\u0941\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(c) <span class=\"en\">The second paragraph gives evidence for every claim in it<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u093e \u0905\u0928\u0941\u091a\u094d\u091b\u0947\u0926 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0926\u093e\u0935\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(d) <span class=\"en\">Calling a learner a good girl<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0915\u094b \u0905\u091a\u094d\u091b\u0940 \u092c\u091a\u094d\u091a\u0940 \u0915\u0939\u0928\u093e<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\"><b>(c).<\/b> <span class=\"en\">It describes the work, names something repeatable and returns the judgement to the learner, who can now see what was good about it. The other three judge the person, place the judgement with the teacher, and carry almost no information that the next piece of work could be aimed at \u2014 which is the same objection as the self-level feedback of Chapter 14.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092f\u0939 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u093e \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0923\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u093e\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928\u0940\u092f \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093e\u092e \u0932\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0923\u092f \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0915\u094b \u0932\u094c\u091f\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u094b \u0905\u092c \u0926\u0947\u0916 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0909\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u091a\u094d\u091b\u093e \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0925\u093e\u0964 \u0936\u0947\u0937 \u0924\u0940\u0928 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0915\u094b \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0923\u092f \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u0938 \u0930\u0916\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0932\u0917\u092d\u0917 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0910\u0938\u0940 \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0935\u0939\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0917\u0932\u0940 \u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0947 \u2014 \u0914\u0930 \u092f\u0939 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f 14 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0935-\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930\u0940\u092f \u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920\u092a\u094b\u0937\u0923 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0940 \u0939\u0940 \u0906\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n\r\n <details class=\"mcq-q\"><summary><span class=\"mcq-num\">9<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">When reinforcement of an unwanted behaviour is withdrawn, the behaviour typically<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u091c\u092c \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0905\u0935\u093e\u0902\u091b\u093f\u0924 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0932\u0928 \u0939\u091f\u093e\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u092c \u0935\u0939 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092f\u0903<\/span><\/span><\/summary>\r\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\r\n <li>(a) <span class=\"en\">stops immediately<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0924\u0941\u0930\u0902\u0924 \u0930\u0941\u0915 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(b) <span class=\"en\">intensifies before it fades<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0940\u0923 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u0924\u0940\u0935\u094d\u0930 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(c) <span class=\"en\">is replaced by an identical behaviour in another learner<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u092e\u0930\u0942\u092a \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(d) <span class=\"en\">continues unchanged indefinitely<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u0928\u093f\u0936\u094d\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093e\u0932 \u0924\u0915 \u0905\u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0924 \u091a\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0930\u0939\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\"><b>(b).<\/b> <span class=\"en\">The practical consequence is the point: a teacher who does not expect the intensification reads it as failure and restores the attention, which teaches that persistence works and makes the behaviour harder to extinguish than before the attempt. Anticipating the burst is what allows the withdrawal to be seen through.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e \u0939\u0940 \u092c\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0941 \u0939\u0948: \u091c\u094b \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0907\u0938 \u0924\u0940\u0935\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0930\u0916\u0924\u093e \u0935\u0939 \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u092b\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0938\u092e\u091d\u0915\u0930 \u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0928 \u0932\u094c\u091f\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u094b \u092f\u0939 \u0938\u093f\u0916\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0939\u0920 \u0915\u093e\u092e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0938 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u093e\u0938 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u0920\u093f\u0928 \u092c\u0928\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0935\u093f\u0938\u094d\u092b\u094b\u091f \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935-\u0905\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0939\u0940 \u0909\u0938 \u0928\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u0942\u0930\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n\r\n <details class=\"mcq-q\"><summary><span class=\"mcq-num\">10<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">Consider: 1. Kounin found that effective managers responded to misbehaviour differently once it began. 2. A hinge question is placed where the decision to proceed depends on the answers. 3. Asking the class whether everyone has understood is a reliable check. Which are correct?<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u093f\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0940\u091c\u093f\u090f: 1. \u0915\u094b\u0909\u0928\u093f\u0928 \u0928\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u092f\u093e \u0915\u093f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0915 \u0926\u0941\u0930\u094d\u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0906\u0930\u0902\u092d \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u0909\u0938 \u092a\u0930 \u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0924\u0947 \u0925\u0947\u0964 2. \u0915\u092c\u094d\u091c\u093c\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u0935\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0930\u0916\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0906\u0917\u0947 \u092c\u0922\u093c\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0923\u092f \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092d\u0930 \u0939\u094b\u0964 3. \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u092f\u0939 \u092a\u0942\u091b\u0928\u093e \u0915\u093f \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0938\u092c \u0938\u092e\u091d \u0917\u090f, \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0935\u0938\u0928\u0940\u092f \u091c\u093e\u0901\u091a \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0915\u094c\u0928-\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0939\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902?<\/span><\/span><\/summary>\r\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\r\n <li>(a) <span class=\"en\">1 and 2 only<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 1 \u0914\u0930 2<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(b) <span class=\"en\">2 only<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 2<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(c) <span class=\"en\">2 and 3 only<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 2 \u0914\u0930 3<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(d) <span class=\"en\">1, 2 and 3<\/span><span class=\"hi\">1, 2 \u0914\u0930 3<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\"><b>(b).<\/b> <span class=\"en\">Statement 1 reverses the finding: the two groups dealt with misbehaviour in much the same way once it had begun, and what separated them was everything they did beforehand. Statement 3 describes the question that reliably returns silence, since a learner who has misunderstood is by definition not placed to know it.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u0925\u0928 1 \u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0937 \u0915\u094b \u0909\u0932\u091f \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948: \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u092e\u0942\u0939\u094b\u0902 \u0928\u0947 \u0926\u0941\u0930\u094d\u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0906\u0930\u0902\u092d \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u0909\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0932\u0917\u092d\u0917 \u090f\u0915 \u0939\u0940 \u0922\u0902\u0917 \u0938\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u092a\u091f\u093e, \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0943\u0925\u0915\u094d \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u0935\u0939 \u0938\u092c \u0925\u0940 \u091c\u094b \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0939\u094b\u0902\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0964 \u0915\u0925\u0928 3 \u0909\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0923\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0935\u0938\u0928\u0940\u092f \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u092e\u094c\u0928 \u0932\u094c\u091f\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u091c\u093f\u0938 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0928\u0947 \u0917\u0932\u0924 \u0938\u092e\u091d\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0935\u0939 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u0939\u0940 \u092f\u0939 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <\/section>\r\n<!--\/CH18-->\r\n<!--CH19--><section class=\"chapter-content\" data-chap=\"19\" id=\"c19\">\r\n <div class=\"chapter-heading-block\">\r\n <span class=\"chapter-badge\"><span class=\"en\">CHAPTER 19<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f 19<\/span><\/span>\r\n <h2><span class=\"en\">Pedagogy in Indian Policy<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930<\/span><\/h2>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"keyfact-grid\">\r\n <div class=\"keyfact-card navy-hi\">\r\n <span class=\"big-icon\">📜<\/span>\r\n <div class=\"kf-label\"><span class=\"en\">The policy<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f<\/span><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"kf-value\">NEP 2020<\/div>\r\n <div class=\"kf-sub\"><span class=\"en\">Kasturirangan committee; replaces the policy of 1986<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0942\u0930\u0940\u0930\u0902\u0917\u0928 \u0938\u092e\u093f\u0924\u093f; 1986 \u0915\u0940 \u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f \u0915\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928 \u0932\u0947\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div class=\"keyfact-card teal-hi\">\r\n <span class=\"big-icon\">📐<\/span>\r\n <div class=\"kf-label\"><span class=\"en\">The structure<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e<\/span><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"kf-value\">5 + 3 + 3 + 4<\/div>\r\n <div class=\"kf-sub\"><span class=\"en\">Foundational, preparatory, middle, secondary<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092c\u0941\u0928\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0926\u0940, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0930\u0902\u092d\u093f\u0915, \u092e\u0927\u094d\u092f, \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e\u093f\u0915<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div class=\"keyfact-card amber-hi\">\r\n <span class=\"big-icon\">📚<\/span>\r\n <div class=\"kf-label\"><span class=\"en\">The mission<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092e\u093f\u0936\u0928<\/span><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"kf-value\">NIPUN Bharat \u00b7 2021<\/div>\r\n <div class=\"kf-sub\"><span class=\"en\">Foundational literacy and numeracy by the end of Grade 3<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e 3 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0902\u0924 \u0924\u0915 \u092c\u0941\u0928\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0926\u0940 \u0938\u093e\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0930\u0924\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915\u0924\u093e<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div class=\"keyfact-card\">\r\n <span class=\"big-icon\">🎓<\/span>\r\n <div class=\"kf-label\"><span class=\"en\">Teacher development<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938<\/span><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"kf-value\">50 hours a year<\/div>\r\n <div class=\"kf-sub\"><span class=\"en\">Continuous professional development for every teacher<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0938\u0924\u0924 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0935\u0938\u093e\u092f\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <p><span class=\"en\">Almost everything in the preceding eighteen chapters appears somewhere in current Indian policy, which is why this chapter comes near the end rather than at the beginning. Read first, a policy document is a list of terms to be memorised. Read after the pedagogy, it becomes legible as a set of positions taken in arguments that have already been examined \u2014 and the useful question about each becomes what it commits a teacher to doing differently on Monday.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0940 \u0905\u0920\u093e\u0930\u0939 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0932\u0917\u092d\u0917 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0928 \u0915\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u091f \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0907\u0938\u0940\u0932\u093f\u090f \u092f\u0939 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f \u0906\u0930\u0902\u092d \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0905\u0902\u0924 \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u091f \u0906\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u092a\u0922\u093c\u093e \u091c\u093e\u090f \u0924\u094b \u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f-\u0926\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0947\u091c\u093c \u0915\u0902\u0920\u0938\u094d\u0925 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u092f\u094b\u0917\u094d\u092f \u092a\u0926\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u092a\u0922\u093c\u093e \u091c\u093e\u090f \u0924\u094b \u0935\u0939 \u0909\u0928 \u0924\u0930\u094d\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0932\u0940 \u0917\u0908 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u0941\u091a\u094d\u091a\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0920\u0928\u0940\u092f \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0928\u0915\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0901\u091a \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0939\u094b \u091a\u0941\u0915\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u092f\u0939 \u092c\u0928 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0935\u0939 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u094b\u092e\u0935\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u094b \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092c\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"feat-grid\">\r\n <div class=\"feat-card\"><span class=\"fc-num\">1<\/span><strong><span class=\"en\">What is each stage for?<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0905\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0932\u093f\u090f \u0939\u0948?<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"en\">The structure is curricular and pedagogical: each of the four stages carries a specified way of teaching, not merely a range of ages.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092f\u0939 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u091a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0917\u0924 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0939\u0948: \u091a\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0905\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0906\u092f\u0941-\u092a\u0930\u093e\u0938 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u090f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0926\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923-\u0922\u0902\u0917 \u0935\u0939\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"feat-card\"><span class=\"fc-num\">2<\/span><strong><span class=\"en\">What is the first priority?<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0925\u092e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0925\u092e\u093f\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948?<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"en\">Foundational literacy and numeracy, described in the policy as the most urgent matter and given a mission of its own.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092c\u0941\u0928\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0926\u0940 \u0938\u093e\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0930\u0924\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915\u0924\u093e, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0924\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0915\u093e\u0932\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f \u0915\u0939\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u093e \u092e\u093f\u0936\u0928 \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"feat-card\"><span class=\"fc-num\">3<\/span><strong><span class=\"en\">How is content organised?<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u0917\u0920\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948?<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"en\">By curricular goals, competencies and learning outcomes in that order, with content reduced to core essentials to make room for the method.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u091a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u092f, \u0926\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0924\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092b\u0932 \u2014 \u0907\u0938\u0940 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u092e\u0947\u0902, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u094b \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u092e\u0942\u0932 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915 \u0924\u0915 \u0918\u091f\u093e\u0908 \u0917\u0908\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"feat-card\"><span class=\"fc-num\">4<\/span><strong><span class=\"en\">Who is to teach it?<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0907\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0922\u093c\u093e\u090f\u0917\u093e \u0915\u094c\u0928?<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"en\">An architecture of qualification, entry, standards and continuing development, of which the annual requirement is the part that touches every serving teacher.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092f\u094b\u0917\u094d\u092f\u0924\u093e, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0947\u0936, \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0915 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0924\u0924 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u0940 \u090f\u0915 \u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0935\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e \u092d\u093e\u0917 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u0930\u0924 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u094d\u092a\u0930\u094d\u0936 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"p19-0\">\r\n <span class=\"section-badge\">19.0<\/span>\r\n <h3><span class=\"en\">Introduction<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u0930\u093f\u091a\u092f<\/span><\/h3>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <p><span class=\"en\">The National Education Policy of 2020 was approved by the Union Cabinet in July of that year, on the report of a committee chaired by K. Kasturirangan, and it is the first comprehensive policy since 1986. What distinguishes it from its predecessors for the purposes of this book is that it is unusually specific about pedagogy \u2014 it names methods, prescribes an approach for each stage, and ties assessment reform to the method rather than treating the two separately.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">2020 \u0915\u0940 \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f \u0909\u0938\u0940 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937 \u091c\u0941\u0932\u093e\u0908 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u092e\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092e\u0902\u0921\u0932 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e, \u0915\u0947. \u0915\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0942\u0930\u0940\u0930\u0902\u0917\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0924\u093e \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0938\u092e\u093f\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0940 \u0930\u093f\u092a\u094b\u0930\u094d\u091f \u092a\u0930, \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092e\u094b\u0926\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0941\u0908, \u0914\u0930 \u092f\u0939 1986 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0940 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u0915 \u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0907\u0938 \u092a\u0941\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0940 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u091c\u094b \u092a\u0943\u0925\u0915\u094d \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0935\u0939 \u092f\u0939 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0935\u0939 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u0935\u0939 \u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093e\u092e \u0932\u0947\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0905\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0909\u092a\u093e\u0917\u092e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0906\u0915\u0932\u0928-\u0938\u0941\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u094b \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u0943\u0925\u0915\u094d \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u091c\u093e\u092f \u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f \u0938\u0947 \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"p19-1\">\r\n <span class=\"section-badge\">19.1<\/span>\r\n <h3><span class=\"en\">NEP 2020: Pedagogical Directions<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u090f\u0928\u0908\u092a\u0940 2020: \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0926\u093f\u0936\u093e\u090f\u0901<\/span><\/h3>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <svg class=\"full-diagram\" viewBox=\"0 0 560 270\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"The five plus three plus three plus four curricular and pedagogical structure\">\r\n<g font-family=\"DM Sans, Noto Sans Devanagari, sans-serif\" font-size=\"10.5\">\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"24\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"11\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#5a6d80\">5 + 3 + 3 + 4 · THE WIDTHS ARE IN PROPORTION TO THE YEARS<\/text>\r\n\r\n <rect x=\"12\" y=\"40\" width=\"176\" height=\"150\" rx=\"10\" fill=\"#eefbf7\" stroke=\"#0d8f79\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <rect x=\"12\" y=\"40\" width=\"176\" height=\"26\" rx=\"10\" fill=\"#0d8f79\"\/>\r\n <rect x=\"12\" y=\"56\" width=\"176\" height=\"10\" fill=\"#0d8f79\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"100.0\" y=\"57\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#ffffff\">FOUNDATIONAL<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"100.0\" y=\"86\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"13\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#0d8f79\">5 years<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"100.0\" y=\"104\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">ages 3–8<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"100.0\" y=\"122\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">3 pre-school years + Grades 1–2<\/text>\r\n <line x1=\"24\" y1=\"134\" x2=\"176\" y2=\"134\" stroke=\"#0d8f79\" stroke-width=\"1\" stroke-dasharray=\"3 3\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"100.0\" y=\"152\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7\" font-style=\"italic\" fill=\"#0d8f79\">play-based, activity-based<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"100.0\" y=\"164\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7\" font-style=\"italic\" fill=\"#0d8f79\">and discovery-based<\/text>\r\n \r\n <rect x=\"192\" y=\"40\" width=\"106\" height=\"150\" rx=\"10\" fill=\"#eaf6ff\" stroke=\"#2f92d1\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <rect x=\"192\" y=\"40\" width=\"106\" height=\"26\" rx=\"10\" fill=\"#2f92d1\"\/>\r\n <rect x=\"192\" y=\"56\" width=\"106\" height=\"10\" fill=\"#2f92d1\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"245.0\" y=\"57\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#ffffff\">PREPARATORY<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"245.0\" y=\"86\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"13\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#2f92d1\">3 years<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"245.0\" y=\"104\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">ages 8–11<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"245.0\" y=\"122\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">Grades 3–5<\/text>\r\n <line x1=\"204\" y1=\"134\" x2=\"286\" y2=\"134\" stroke=\"#2f92d1\" stroke-width=\"1\" stroke-dasharray=\"3 3\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"245.0\" y=\"152\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7\" font-style=\"italic\" fill=\"#2f92d1\">play and discovery, with<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"245.0\" y=\"164\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7\" font-style=\"italic\" fill=\"#2f92d1\">interactive classroom work<\/text>\r\n \r\n <rect x=\"302\" y=\"40\" width=\"106\" height=\"150\" rx=\"10\" fill=\"#fffaef\" stroke=\"#c9760f\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <rect x=\"302\" y=\"40\" width=\"106\" height=\"26\" rx=\"10\" fill=\"#c9760f\"\/>\r\n <rect x=\"302\" y=\"56\" width=\"106\" height=\"10\" fill=\"#c9760f\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"355.0\" y=\"57\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#ffffff\">MIDDLE<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"355.0\" y=\"86\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"13\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#c9760f\">3 years<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"355.0\" y=\"104\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">ages 11–14<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"355.0\" y=\"122\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">Grades 6–8<\/text>\r\n <line x1=\"314\" y1=\"134\" x2=\"396\" y2=\"134\" stroke=\"#c9760f\" stroke-width=\"1\" stroke-dasharray=\"3 3\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"355.0\" y=\"152\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7\" font-style=\"italic\" fill=\"#c9760f\">experiential learning,<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"355.0\" y=\"164\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7\" font-style=\"italic\" fill=\"#c9760f\">subject teachers begin<\/text>\r\n \r\n <rect x=\"412\" y=\"40\" width=\"132\" height=\"150\" rx=\"10\" fill=\"#fdf0f5\" stroke=\"#8e2f5a\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <rect x=\"412\" y=\"40\" width=\"132\" height=\"26\" rx=\"10\" fill=\"#8e2f5a\"\/>\r\n <rect x=\"412\" y=\"56\" width=\"132\" height=\"10\" fill=\"#8e2f5a\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"478.0\" y=\"57\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#ffffff\">SECONDARY<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"478.0\" y=\"86\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"13\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#8e2f5a\">4 years<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"478.0\" y=\"104\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">ages 14–18<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"478.0\" y=\"122\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">Grades 9–12<\/text>\r\n <line x1=\"424\" y1=\"134\" x2=\"532\" y2=\"134\" stroke=\"#8e2f5a\" stroke-width=\"1\" stroke-dasharray=\"3 3\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"478.0\" y=\"152\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7\" font-style=\"italic\" fill=\"#8e2f5a\">multidisciplinary, with<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"478.0\" y=\"164\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7\" font-style=\"italic\" fill=\"#8e2f5a\">greater choice of subjects<\/text>\r\n \r\n <rect x=\"12\" y=\"202\" width=\"532\" height=\"56\" rx=\"8\" fill=\"#f5f8fd\" stroke=\"#14243f\" stroke-width=\"1.6\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"220\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#14243f\">The structure is curricular and pedagogical, not administrative<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"236\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">it describes what each stage is for and how it should be taught<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"250\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">it does not require schools to be reorganised into four separate institutions<\/text>\r\n<\/g><\/svg>\r\n <div class=\"diagram-cap\"><span class=\"en\">Each stage carries a specified way of teaching, not merely a range of ages<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0905\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0906\u092f\u0941-\u092a\u0930\u093e\u0938 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u090f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0926\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923-\u0922\u0902\u0917 \u0935\u0939\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"table-scroll\">\r\n <table class=\"data-table\">\r\n <thead><tr>\r\n <th style=\"width:26%\"><span class=\"en\">Direction<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0926\u093f\u0936\u093e<\/span><\/th>\r\n <th style=\"width:36%\"><span class=\"en\">What the policy asks for<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u092e\u093e\u0901\u0917\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/th>\r\n <th style=\"width:38%\"><span class=\"en\">Where it was argued in this book<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0907\u0938 \u092a\u0941\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0915 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0907\u0938 \u092a\u0930 \u0924\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0915\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0939\u0941\u0906<\/span><\/th>\r\n <\/tr><\/thead>\r\n <tbody>\r\n <tr><td><strong><span class=\"en\">Competency-based learning<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0926\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0924\u093e-\u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Objectives stated as competencies rather than as content covered, with assessment following the same form.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f \u092a\u0942\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u0917\u0908 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0926\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0924\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u0925\u093f\u0924, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0906\u0915\u0932\u0928 \u092d\u0940 \u0909\u0938\u0940 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Chapter 13 · a competency is what survives being asked for in another context, which is what distinguishes it from an outcome.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f 13 · \u0926\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0924\u093e \u0935\u0939 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0930\u094d\u092d \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u093e\u0901\u0917\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u092d\u0940 \u091f\u093f\u0915\u0947, \u0914\u0930 \u092f\u0939\u0940 \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092b\u0932 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0943\u0925\u0915\u094d \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td><strong><span class=\"en\">Experiential learning<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u0928\u0941\u092d\u0935\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Hands-on work, art-integrated and sports-integrated education, and storytelling-based pedagogy across the stages.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f, \u0915\u0932\u093e-\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0915\u093f\u0924 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0916\u0947\u0932-\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0915\u093f\u0924 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0905\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u092d\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u0925\u093e-\u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0964<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Chapter 9 · integration means the art or the game is the vehicle to a subject objective, not a decoration beside it.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f 9 · \u0938\u092e\u0947\u0915\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0915\u0932\u093e \u092f\u093e \u0916\u0947\u0932 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f-\u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f \u0924\u0915 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093e\u0939\u0928 \u0939\u094b, \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0917\u0932 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u091c\u094d\u091c\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td><strong><span class=\"en\">Reduction of content<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u091f\u094c\u0924\u0940<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Curriculum content reduced to its core essentials to make room for discussion, analysis and inquiry.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u0930\u093f\u091a\u0930\u094d\u091a\u093e, \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0937\u0923 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0905\u0928\u094d\u0935\u0947\u0937\u0923 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u091a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e-\u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092e\u0942\u0932 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915 \u0924\u0915 \u0918\u091f\u093e\u0908 \u091c\u093e\u090f\u0964<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Chapter 11 · coverage-oriented design treats finishing the book as the goal, and the reduction is what makes any other method affordable.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f 11 · \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093f-\u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a \u092a\u0941\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0915 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u094b \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u092f \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u092f\u0939 \u0915\u091f\u094c\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0940 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f \u0915\u094b \u0935\u0939\u0928\u0940\u092f \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td><strong><span class=\"en\">Mother tongue as medium<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u093e\u0924\u0943\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Wherever possible, the home or local language as medium at least to Grade 5 and preferably to Grade 8 and beyond.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u092d\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u092d\u0935 \u0939\u094b, \u0915\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u092e \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e 5 \u0924\u0915 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0905\u0927\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0928\u0924\u0903 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e 8 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0906\u0917\u0947 \u0924\u0915 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0917\u0943\u0939 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u0940\u092f \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Chapters 4 and 15 · the common underlying proficiency is why this is not time taken from the second language.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f 4 \u090f\u0935\u0902 15 · \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u094d\u0928\u093f\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0940\u0923\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0940 \u0935\u0939 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u092f\u0939 \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u0940 \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u091b\u0940\u0928\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0938\u092e\u092f \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td><strong><span class=\"en\">No hard separations<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u0920\u094b\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093e\u091c\u0928 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Between arts and sciences, curricular and extracurricular, and vocational and academic study.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u0932\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928, \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u091a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0917\u0924 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0924\u0930, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0935\u0938\u093e\u092f\u093f\u0915 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0936\u0948\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092f\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a\u0964<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Chapter 11 · the three degrees of integration, of which only the third dissolves the boundary rather than bridging it.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f 11 · \u0938\u092e\u0947\u0915\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u0924\u0940\u0928 \u092e\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093e\u090f\u0901, \u091c\u093f\u0928\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0924\u0940\u0938\u0930\u0940 \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e \u0915\u094b \u092a\u093e\u091f\u0924\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0935\u093f\u0932\u0940\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <\/tbody>\r\n <\/table>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"p19-2\">\r\n <span class=\"section-badge\">19.2<\/span>\r\n <h3><span class=\"en\">Foundational Stage and NIPUN Bharat<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092c\u0941\u0928\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0926\u0940 \u0905\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0928\u093f\u092a\u0941\u0923 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924<\/span><\/h3>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <p><span class=\"en\">The policy describes foundational literacy and numeracy as the most urgent matter in Indian school education and states that the rest of the policy will be irrelevant for a learner who has not acquired them. NIPUN Bharat, launched in 2021 under Samagra Shiksha, is the mission set up to deliver that one objective.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f \u092c\u0941\u0928\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0926\u0940 \u0938\u093e\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0930\u0924\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0915\u094b \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f\u0940 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0924\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0915\u093e\u0932\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f \u092c\u0924\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0915\u0939\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u091c\u093f\u0938 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0928\u0947 \u0907\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093f\u0924 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0936\u0947\u0937 \u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f \u0905\u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0938\u0902\u0917\u093f\u0915 \u0930\u0939\u0947\u0917\u0940\u0964 \u0928\u093f\u092a\u0941\u0923 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924, \u091c\u094b 2021 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0924 \u0906\u0930\u0902\u092d \u0939\u0941\u0906, \u0909\u0938\u0940 \u090f\u0915 \u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u092e\u093f\u0936\u0928 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n <svg class=\"full-diagram\" viewBox=\"0 0 560 268\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"The three developmental goals of NIPUN Bharat and the ladder of grade-wise targets\">\r\n<g font-family=\"DM Sans, Noto Sans Devanagari, sans-serif\" font-size=\"10.5\">\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"24\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#5a6d80\">THREE DEVELOPMENTAL GOALS<\/text>\r\n\r\n <rect x=\"12\" y=\"42\" width=\"172\" height=\"52\" rx=\"9\" fill=\"#ffffff\" stroke=\"#8e2f5a\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <circle cx=\"42\" cy=\"68\" r=\"16\" fill=\"#8e2f5a\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"42\" y=\"73\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#ffffff\">HW<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"66\" y=\"72\" font-size=\"8\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#8e2f5a\">Health and wellbeing<\/text>\r\n <rect x=\"192\" y=\"42\" width=\"172\" height=\"52\" rx=\"9\" fill=\"#ffffff\" stroke=\"#c9760f\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <circle cx=\"222\" cy=\"68\" r=\"16\" fill=\"#c9760f\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"222\" y=\"73\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#ffffff\">EC<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"246\" y=\"72\" font-size=\"8\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#c9760f\">Effective communicators<\/text>\r\n <rect x=\"372\" y=\"42\" width=\"172\" height=\"52\" rx=\"9\" fill=\"#ffffff\" stroke=\"#0d8f79\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <circle cx=\"402\" cy=\"68\" r=\"16\" fill=\"#0d8f79\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"402\" y=\"73\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#ffffff\">IL<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"426\" y=\"72\" font-size=\"8\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#0d8f79\">Involved learners<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"118\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\">LAKSHYA · TARGETS SET GRADE BY GRADE<\/text>\r\n\r\n <rect x=\"12\" y=\"132\" width=\"126\" height=\"46\" rx=\"8\" fill=\"#eef4fc\" stroke=\"#1f5fa9\" stroke-width=\"1.6\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"75\" y=\"152\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\">BALVATIKA<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"75\" y=\"167\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">the year before Grade 1<\/text><polygon points=\"146,155 136,150 136,160\" fill=\"#c8d5e3\"\/>\r\n <rect x=\"146\" y=\"132\" width=\"126\" height=\"46\" rx=\"8\" fill=\"#eef4fc\" stroke=\"#1f5fa9\" stroke-width=\"1.6\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"209\" y=\"152\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\">GRADE 1<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"209\" y=\"167\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">targets for each domain<\/text><polygon points=\"280,155 270,150 270,160\" fill=\"#c8d5e3\"\/>\r\n <rect x=\"280\" y=\"132\" width=\"126\" height=\"46\" rx=\"8\" fill=\"#eef4fc\" stroke=\"#1f5fa9\" stroke-width=\"1.6\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"343\" y=\"152\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\">GRADE 2<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"343\" y=\"167\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">targets for each domain<\/text><polygon points=\"414,155 404,150 404,160\" fill=\"#c8d5e3\"\/>\r\n <rect x=\"414\" y=\"132\" width=\"126\" height=\"46\" rx=\"8\" fill=\"#eef4fc\" stroke=\"#1f5fa9\" stroke-width=\"2.4\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"477\" y=\"152\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\">GRADE 3<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"477\" y=\"167\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">the goal is reached here<\/text>\r\n <rect x=\"12\" y=\"194\" width=\"532\" height=\"60\" rx=\"8\" fill=\"#eefbf7\" stroke=\"#0d8f79\" stroke-width=\"1.8\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"212\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#0d8f79\">National Initiative for Proficiency in Reading with Understanding and Numeracy<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"228\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">launched in 2021 under Samagra Shiksha, with the goal that every child attains foundational literacy<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"242\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">and numeracy by the end of Grade 3 · the operative phrase is reading with understanding<\/text>\r\n<\/g><\/svg>\r\n <div class=\"diagram-cap\"><span class=\"en\">Three goals above, and grade-by-grade targets beneath them<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u090a\u092a\u0930 \u0924\u0940\u0928 \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u092f, \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0947 \u0928\u0940\u091a\u0947 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e-\u0926\u0930-\u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0915<\/span><\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"callout amber\">\r\n <div class=\"callout-label\"><span class=\"en\">Reading with understanding is the operative phrase<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092c\u094b\u0927 \u0938\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u0920\u0928 \u0939\u0940 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0936\u0940\u0932 \u092a\u0926\u092c\u0902\u0927 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/div>\r\n <span class=\"en\">The name of the mission contains the qualification that makes it demanding. A child who can decode a printed line aloud without extracting its meaning has acquired part of a skill and none of its purpose, and a target stated as reading alone would be met by that child. The same qualification applies on the numeracy side: the operations are to be understood well enough to be selected for an unfamiliar situation, not only executed when named. This is the distinction of Chapter 13 between comprehension and application, arriving in a national target.<\/span>\r\n <span class=\"hi\">\u092e\u093f\u0936\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u093e\u092e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u0939\u0940 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0938\u0940\u092e\u0928 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0901\u0917 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u091c\u094b \u092c\u093e\u0932\u0915 \u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0909\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0909\u0938\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u094c\u0936\u0932 \u0915\u093e \u090f\u0915 \u092d\u093e\u0917 \u0905\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u0915\u0941\u091b \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u092a\u0920\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u092f \u0909\u0938 \u092c\u093e\u0932\u0915 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u092a\u0942\u0930\u093e \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e\u0964 \u0935\u0939\u0940 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0938\u0940\u092e\u0928 \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u0913\u0930 \u092d\u0940 \u0932\u093e\u0917\u0942 \u0939\u0948: \u0938\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u0907\u0924\u0928\u0940 \u0938\u092e\u091d\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0915\u093f \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0905\u092a\u0930\u093f\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u091a\u0941\u0928\u0940 \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0947\u0902, \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0928\u093e\u092e \u0932\u093f\u090f \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u093f\u0924 \u0928 \u0939\u094b\u0902\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f 13 \u0915\u093e \u092c\u094b\u0927 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u0915\u093e \u092d\u0947\u0926 \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u094b \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0906 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"feat-grid\">\r\n <div class=\"feat-card\"><span class=\"fc-num\">1<\/span><strong><span class=\"en\">Balvatika<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092c\u093e\u0932\u0935\u093e\u091f\u093f\u0915\u093e<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"en\">The preschool year immediately before Grade 1, brought within the school so that the first year of the foundational stage does not begin at Grade 1.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e 1 \u0938\u0947 \u0920\u0940\u0915 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0925\u092e\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u092d\u0940\u0924\u0930 \u0932\u093e\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0924\u093e\u0915\u093f \u092c\u0941\u0928\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0926\u0940 \u0905\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0925\u092e \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e 1 \u0938\u0947 \u0906\u0930\u0902\u092d \u0928 \u0939\u094b\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"feat-card\"><span class=\"fc-num\">2<\/span><strong><span class=\"en\">Vidya Pravesh<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0947\u0936<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"en\">A three-month play-based school preparation module for children entering Grade 1 without a preschool year behind them.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0909\u0928 \u092c\u093e\u0932\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0924\u0940\u0928 \u092e\u093e\u0939 \u0915\u093e \u0916\u0947\u0932-\u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f-\u0924\u0948\u092f\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u092e\u0949\u0921\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0932 \u091c\u094b \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0925\u092e\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e 1 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0947\u0936 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"feat-card\"><span class=\"fc-num\">3<\/span><strong><span class=\"en\">Jadui Pitara<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u091c\u093e\u0926\u0941\u0908 \u092a\u093f\u091f\u093e\u0930\u093e<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"en\">The learning and teaching material for the foundational stage \u2014 toys, puzzles, puppets, cards, story books and teacher handbooks in a single kit.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092c\u0941\u0928\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0926\u0940 \u0905\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923-\u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u2014 \u0916\u093f\u0932\u094c\u0928\u0947, \u092a\u0939\u0947\u0932\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901, \u0915\u0920\u092a\u0941\u0924\u0932\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901, \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0921, \u0915\u0939\u093e\u0928\u0940-\u092a\u0941\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0915\u0947\u0902 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u092a\u0941\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0915\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u090f\u0915 \u0939\u0940 \u0915\u093f\u091f \u092e\u0947\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"feat-card\"><span class=\"fc-num\">4<\/span><strong><span class=\"en\">NCF-FS 2022<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u090f\u0928\u0938\u0940\u090f\u092b-\u090f\u092b\u090f\u0938 2022<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"en\">The curriculum framework for the stage, which supplies the five domains of development and the panchakosha conception behind them.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0907\u0938 \u0905\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u091a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0930\u0942\u092a\u0930\u0947\u0916\u093e, \u091c\u094b \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u0901\u091a \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0940\u091b\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0902\u091a\u0915\u094b\u0936 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a\u0928\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <svg class=\"full-diagram\" viewBox=\"0 0 560 316\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"The five sheaths and the five domains of development for the foundational stage\">\r\n<g font-family=\"DM Sans, Noto Sans Devanagari, sans-serif\" font-size=\"10.5\">\r\n <text x=\"150\" y=\"20\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#5a6d80\">PANCHAKOSHA · FIVE SHEATHS<\/text>\r\n<rect x=\"20\" y=\"30\" width=\"260\" height=\"250\" rx=\"14\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#1f5fa9\" stroke-width=\"2.2\"\/><text x=\"150.0\" y=\"47\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\">SHARIRIK · PHYSICAL<\/text><rect x=\"42\" y=\"56\" width=\"216\" height=\"198\" rx=\"14\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#2f92d1\" stroke-width=\"2.2\"\/><text x=\"150.0\" y=\"73\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#2f92d1\">PRANIK · LIFE ENERGY<\/text><rect x=\"64\" y=\"82\" width=\"172\" height=\"146\" rx=\"14\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#0d8f79\" stroke-width=\"2.2\"\/><text x=\"150.0\" y=\"99\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#0d8f79\">MANASIK · MENTAL<\/text><rect x=\"86\" y=\"108\" width=\"128\" height=\"94\" rx=\"14\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#c9760f\" stroke-width=\"2.2\"\/><text x=\"150.0\" y=\"125\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#c9760f\">BAUDDHIK · INTELLECTUAL<\/text><rect x=\"108\" y=\"134\" width=\"84\" height=\"42\" rx=\"14\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#8e2f5a\" stroke-width=\"2.2\"\/><text x=\"150.0\" y=\"151\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#8e2f5a\">CHAITSIK<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"150\" y=\"162\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#8e2f5a\">SPIRITUAL<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"150\" y=\"300\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" font-style=\"italic\" fill=\"#5a6d80\">sheaths, not stages — all five are addressed together<\/text>\r\n\r\n <text x=\"428\" y=\"44\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#5a6d80\">FIVE DOMAINS OF DEVELOPMENT<\/text>\r\n\r\n <rect x=\"308\" y=\"62\" width=\"240\" height=\"32\" rx=\"7\" fill=\"#ffffff\" stroke=\"#1f5fa9\" stroke-width=\"1.8\"\/>\r\n <circle cx=\"326\" cy=\"78\" r=\"6\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"342\" y=\"82\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">Physical development<\/text>\r\n <rect x=\"308\" y=\"102\" width=\"240\" height=\"32\" rx=\"7\" fill=\"#ffffff\" stroke=\"#2f92d1\" stroke-width=\"1.8\"\/>\r\n <circle cx=\"326\" cy=\"118\" r=\"6\" fill=\"#2f92d1\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"342\" y=\"122\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">Socio-emotional and ethical<\/text>\r\n <rect x=\"308\" y=\"142\" width=\"240\" height=\"32\" rx=\"7\" fill=\"#ffffff\" stroke=\"#0d8f79\" stroke-width=\"1.8\"\/>\r\n <circle cx=\"326\" cy=\"158\" r=\"6\" fill=\"#0d8f79\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"342\" y=\"162\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">Cognitive development<\/text>\r\n <rect x=\"308\" y=\"182\" width=\"240\" height=\"32\" rx=\"7\" fill=\"#ffffff\" stroke=\"#c9760f\" stroke-width=\"1.8\"\/>\r\n <circle cx=\"326\" cy=\"198\" r=\"6\" fill=\"#c9760f\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"342\" y=\"202\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">Language and literacy<\/text>\r\n <rect x=\"308\" y=\"222\" width=\"240\" height=\"32\" rx=\"7\" fill=\"#ffffff\" stroke=\"#8e2f5a\" stroke-width=\"1.8\"\/>\r\n <circle cx=\"326\" cy=\"238\" r=\"6\" fill=\"#8e2f5a\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"342\" y=\"242\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">Aesthetic and cultural<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"428\" y=\"284\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#5a6d80\">the operational form in which the<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"428\" y=\"298\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#5a6d80\">framework states what is to be developed<\/text>\r\n<\/g><\/svg>\r\n <div class=\"diagram-cap\"><span class=\"en\">Sheaths on the left, and the operational domains the framework plans against on the right<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092c\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u0915\u094b\u0936, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0926\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u0935\u0947 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u091c\u093f\u0928\u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0930\u0942\u092a\u0930\u0947\u0916\u093e \u0928\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"p19-3\">\r\n <span class=\"section-badge\">19.3<\/span>\r\n <h3><span class=\"en\">NCF-SE 2023<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u090f\u0928\u0938\u0940\u090f\u092b-\u090f\u0938\u0908 2023<\/span><\/h3>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <p><span class=\"en\">A policy states what should be aimed at; a curriculum framework states how a curriculum is to be built so that the aim can be reached. The National Curriculum Framework for School Education of 2023 is the second in that chain, and the framework for the foundational stage of 2022 preceded it. Its most consequential structural contribution is the derivation set out in Chapter 13 \u2014 curricular goals, then competencies, then learning outcomes \u2014 because it makes every outcome answerable to something above it.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f \u092c\u0924\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u092f \u092c\u0928\u093e\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u090f; \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u091a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0930\u0942\u092a\u0930\u0947\u0916\u093e \u092c\u0924\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u091a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b \u0924\u093e\u0915\u093f \u0909\u0938 \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u092f \u0924\u0915 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0947\u0964 2023 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0915\u0942\u0932\u0940 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u091a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0930\u0942\u092a\u0930\u0947\u0916\u093e \u0909\u0938 \u0936\u0943\u0902\u0916\u0932\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u0925\u093e 2022 \u0915\u0940 \u092c\u0941\u0928\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0926\u0940 \u0905\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u0930\u0942\u092a\u0930\u0947\u0916\u093e \u0909\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u0906\u0908\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u092f\u094b\u0917\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f 13 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092a\u093e\u0926\u093f\u0924 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u091a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u092f, \u092b\u093f\u0930 \u0926\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0924\u093e\u090f\u0901, \u092b\u093f\u0930 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092b\u0932 \u2014 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u092f\u0939 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092b\u0932 \u0915\u094b \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u090a\u092a\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930\u0926\u093e\u092f\u0940 \u092c\u0928\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"pc-grid\">\r\n <div class=\"pc-panel neu\">\r\n <div class=\"pc-head\"><span class=\"pc-ico\">▸<\/span><span class=\"en\">What the framework changes in the classroom<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0930\u0942\u092a\u0930\u0947\u0916\u093e \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/div>\r\n <ul>\r\n <li><span class=\"en\">Curricular areas are stated for each stage, with art, physical and vocational education among them rather than beside them<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0905\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u091a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0925\u093f\u0924, \u091c\u093f\u0928\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u0932\u093e, \u0936\u093e\u0930\u0940\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0935\u0938\u093e\u092f\u093f\u0915 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u092c\u0917\u0932 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092d\u0940\u0924\u0930 \u0939\u0948\u0902<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"en\">Three languages are studied, of which at least two are native to India<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0924\u0940\u0928 \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u092a\u0922\u093c\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u091c\u093f\u0928\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u092e \u0926\u094b \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u0915\u0940 \u092e\u0942\u0932 \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u0939\u094b\u0902<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"en\">The separation into streams at the secondary stage is removed, and subjects are chosen individually<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u092a\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u093e\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093e\u091c\u0928 \u0939\u091f\u093e\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0917\u0924 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u091a\u0941\u0928\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"en\">Assessment is school-based at the earlier grades and board-based later, with an opportunity to sit a board examination more than once<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0906\u0915\u0932\u0928 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0940 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f-\u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u094b\u0930\u094d\u0921-\u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u094b\u0930\u094d\u0921 \u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092c\u093e\u0930 \u0926\u0947\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0935\u0938\u0930 \u0939\u094b<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div class=\"pc-panel con\">\r\n <div class=\"pc-head\"><span class=\"pc-ico\">\u2717<\/span><span class=\"en\">Where implementation characteristically stalls<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0928\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0928 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0905\u091f\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/div>\r\n <ul>\r\n <li><span class=\"en\">The framework is adopted and the examination is left as it was, and the examination decides what is taught<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0930\u0942\u092a\u0930\u0947\u0916\u093e \u0905\u092a\u0928\u093e\u0908 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0935\u0948\u0938\u0940 \u0939\u0940 \u091b\u094b\u0921\u093c \u0926\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0924\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u092a\u0922\u093c\u093e\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u090f<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"en\">Content is reduced on paper and the same quantity is restored through supplementary material<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u093e\u0917\u093c\u091c\u093c \u092a\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u0918\u091f\u093e\u0908 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u0939\u0940 \u092e\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093e \u092a\u0942\u0930\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u0932\u094c\u091f\u093e \u0926\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"en\">Competencies are split into outcome checklists until the integration that defined them is lost<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0926\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0924\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092b\u0932-\u0938\u0942\u091a\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u093e\u0901\u091f\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u091c\u092c \u0924\u0915 \u0935\u0939 \u0938\u092e\u0947\u0915\u0928 \u0939\u0940 \u0928 \u0916\u094b \u091c\u093e\u090f \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0928\u0947 \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0925\u093e<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"en\">Teachers are asked to teach in a way they were not themselves taught, and are given the framework rather than the practice<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0910\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0922\u093c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u094b \u0915\u0939\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u092a\u0922\u093c\u093e\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u092d\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0930\u0942\u092a\u0930\u0947\u0916\u093e \u0926\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"p19-4\">\r\n <span class=\"section-badge\">19.4<\/span>\r\n <h3><span class=\"en\">Teacher Preparation and NISHTHA<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0924\u0948\u092f\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0920\u093e<\/span><\/h3>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <svg class=\"full-diagram\" viewBox=\"0 0 560 314\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"The architecture of teacher preparation and development\">\r\n<g font-family=\"DM Sans, Noto Sans Devanagari, sans-serif\" font-size=\"10.5\">\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"24\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"11\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#5a6d80\">FIVE PARTS OF ONE ARCHITECTURE<\/text>\r\n\r\n <rect x=\"12\" y=\"40\" width=\"104\" height=\"40\" rx=\"8\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"64\" y=\"58\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#ffffff\">ITEP<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"64\" y=\"72\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7\" fill=\"#ffffff\">Qualification<\/text>\r\n <rect x=\"124\" y=\"40\" width=\"424\" height=\"40\" rx=\"8\" fill=\"#eef4fc\" stroke=\"#1f5fa9\" stroke-width=\"1.8\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"140\" y=\"65\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">a four-year integrated dual degree, to become the minimum<\/text>\r\n <rect x=\"12\" y=\"88\" width=\"104\" height=\"40\" rx=\"8\" fill=\"#2f92d1\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"64\" y=\"106\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#ffffff\">TET<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"64\" y=\"120\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7\" fill=\"#ffffff\">Entry<\/text>\r\n <rect x=\"124\" y=\"88\" width=\"424\" height=\"40\" rx=\"8\" fill=\"#eaf6ff\" stroke=\"#2f92d1\" stroke-width=\"1.8\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"140\" y=\"113\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">the eligibility test, extended across the stages of schooling<\/text>\r\n <rect x=\"12\" y=\"136\" width=\"104\" height=\"40\" rx=\"8\" fill=\"#6b3a8f\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"64\" y=\"154\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#ffffff\">NPST<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"64\" y=\"168\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7\" fill=\"#ffffff\">Standards<\/text>\r\n <rect x=\"124\" y=\"136\" width=\"424\" height=\"40\" rx=\"8\" fill=\"#faf6ff\" stroke=\"#6b3a8f\" stroke-width=\"1.8\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"140\" y=\"161\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">professional standards defining what a teacher at each level does<\/text>\r\n <rect x=\"12\" y=\"184\" width=\"104\" height=\"40\" rx=\"8\" fill=\"#0d8f79\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"64\" y=\"202\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#ffffff\">NISHTHA<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"64\" y=\"216\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7\" fill=\"#ffffff\">In-service<\/text>\r\n <rect x=\"124\" y=\"184\" width=\"424\" height=\"40\" rx=\"8\" fill=\"#eefbf7\" stroke=\"#0d8f79\" stroke-width=\"1.8\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"140\" y=\"209\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">national training delivered through the school-education platform<\/text>\r\n <rect x=\"12\" y=\"232\" width=\"104\" height=\"40\" rx=\"8\" fill=\"#c9760f\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"64\" y=\"250\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#ffffff\">50 HOURS<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"64\" y=\"264\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7\" fill=\"#ffffff\">Every year<\/text>\r\n <rect x=\"124\" y=\"232\" width=\"424\" height=\"40\" rx=\"8\" fill=\"#fffaef\" stroke=\"#c9760f\" stroke-width=\"1.8\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"140\" y=\"257\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">continuous professional development required of every teacher<\/text>\r\n <rect x=\"12\" y=\"286\" width=\"536\" height=\"24\" rx=\"7\" fill=\"#f5f8fd\" stroke=\"#14243f\" stroke-width=\"1.4\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"302\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">the first three govern who enters the profession; the last two govern what happens after entry<\/text>\r\n<\/g><\/svg>\r\n <div class=\"diagram-cap\"><span class=\"en\">The first three govern entry into the profession; the last two govern what follows it<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0924\u0940\u0928 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u093e\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0947\u0936 \u0936\u093e\u0938\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902; \u0905\u0902\u0924\u093f\u092e \u0926\u094b \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u0915\u093e<\/span><\/div>\r\n\r\n <ul class=\"num-stack\">\r\n <li><strong><span class=\"en\">The integrated programme changes when subject and method are learned.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0915\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u092c\u0926\u0932 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f \u0915\u092c \u0938\u0940\u0916\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/strong> <span class=\"en\">A four-year dual degree teaches the discipline and the teaching of it together over the same period, rather than a degree followed by a professional year. The pedagogical argument for it is exactly Shulman's: the amalgam of content and pedagogy is built topic by topic, and it cannot be built at all until both are present.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u091a\u093e\u0930-\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937\u0940\u092f \u0926\u094b\u0939\u0930\u0940 \u0909\u092a\u093e\u0927\u093f \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0936\u093e\u0938\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0909\u0938\u0940 \u0905\u0935\u0927\u093f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u092a\u0922\u093c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0928 \u0915\u093f \u0909\u092a\u093e\u0927\u093f \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0935\u0938\u093e\u092f\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0924\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0920\u0940\u0915 \u0936\u0941\u0932\u092e\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u0939\u0948: \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u092e\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0930\u0923 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u0930\u0923-\u0926\u0930-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u091c\u092c \u0924\u0915 \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0909\u092a\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u0928 \u0939\u094b\u0902 \u0924\u092c \u0924\u0915 \u0935\u0939 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b \u0939\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><strong><span class=\"en\">NISHTHA is delivered through the platform it teaches about.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0920\u093e \u0909\u0938\u0940 \u092e\u0902\u091a \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u0926\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u0939 \u092a\u0922\u093c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/strong> <span class=\"en\">The national in-service programme runs on the school-education platform of Chapter 17, in successive versions for the elementary stage, the secondary stage, foundational literacy and numeracy, and early childhood care and education. Its scale is its strength and its difficulty: a module reaches every teacher, and a module cannot know which topic any of them found hard last year.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e\u0915\u093e\u0932\u0940\u0928 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f 17 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0915\u0942\u0932\u0940-\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u092e\u0902\u091a \u092a\u0930 \u091a\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0930\u0902\u092d\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e, \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e, \u092c\u0941\u0928\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0926\u0940 \u0938\u093e\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0930\u0924\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915\u0924\u093e, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0930\u0902\u092d\u093f\u0915 \u092c\u093e\u0932\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0916\u092d\u093e\u0932 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u093e \u092a\u0948\u092e\u093e\u0928\u093e \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u0936\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u092d\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u0920\u093f\u0928\u093e\u0908 \u092d\u0940: \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u092e\u0949\u0921\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0932 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0924\u0915 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u092e\u0949\u0921\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0932 \u092f\u0939 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u091c\u093e\u0928 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0915\u093f \u0909\u0928\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u093f\u091b\u0932\u0947 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937 \u0915\u094c\u0928-\u0938\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0920\u093f\u0928 \u0932\u0917\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><strong><span class=\"en\">The annual requirement is the part that binds.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0939\u0940 \u0935\u0939 \u092d\u093e\u0917 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u092c\u093e\u0901\u0927\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/strong> <span class=\"en\">Fifty hours of continuous professional development a year is stated for every teacher, and it is the provision that reaches a serving teacher rather than a future one. What the hours are spent on is left open, which is where the argument of the next chapter begins.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u091a\u093e\u0938 \u0918\u0902\u091f\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0924\u0924 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0935\u0938\u093e\u092f\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u092f\u0939\u0940 \u0935\u0939 \u0909\u092a\u092c\u0902\u0927 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u092d\u093e\u0935\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u0930\u0924 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0924\u0915 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0935\u0947 \u0918\u0902\u091f\u0947 \u0915\u093f\u0938 \u092a\u0930 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u092f \u0939\u094b\u0902 \u092f\u0939 \u0916\u0941\u0932\u093e \u091b\u094b\u0921\u093c\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u0917\u0932\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f \u0915\u093e \u0924\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0935\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0906\u0930\u0902\u092d \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"cyp-box\">\r\n <div class=\"cyp-title\"><span class=\"en\">Progress check<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0917\u0924\u093f \u091c\u093e\u0901\u091a<\/span><\/div>\r\n <details class=\"cyp-q\"><summary><span class=\"en\">A school reorganises itself into four separate sections to match the 5+3+3+4 structure. Has the policy been implemented?<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f 5+3+3+4 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0932 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u091a\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u0943\u0925\u0915\u094d \u0916\u0902\u0921\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0920\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0928\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0941\u0908?<\/span><\/summary>\r\n <div class=\"cyp-a\"><span class=\"en\">Not by that alone. The structure is curricular and pedagogical: it states what each stage is for and how it is to be taught \u2014 play-based at the foundational stage, experiential at the middle, multidisciplinary with choice at the secondary. Reorganising the building satisfies the arithmetic and leaves the pedagogy untouched, which is the administrative reading of a document that was written to change the method.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0907\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u091a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0917\u0924 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0939\u0948: \u092f\u0939 \u092c\u0924\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0905\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0932\u093f\u090f \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0922\u093c\u093e\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0928\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u092c\u0941\u0928\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0926\u0940 \u0905\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u092a\u0930 \u0916\u0947\u0932-\u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924, \u092e\u0927\u094d\u092f \u092a\u0930 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092d\u0935\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915, \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u0930 \u091a\u092f\u0928-\u0938\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u092c\u0939\u0941-\u0905\u0928\u0941\u0936\u093e\u0938\u0928\u093f\u0915\u0964 \u092d\u0935\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0920\u0928 \u0905\u0902\u0915\u0917\u0923\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u0902\u0924\u0941\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u094b \u0905\u091b\u0942\u0924\u093e \u091b\u094b\u0921\u093c \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u092f\u0939 \u0909\u0938 \u0926\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0947\u091c\u093c \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u093e\u0938\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u0920\u0928 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0932\u093f\u0916\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0925\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n <details class=\"cyp-q\"><summary><span class=\"en\">A district reports that every child in Grade 3 can read the textbook aloud fluently. Does this meet the NIPUN target?<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u094b\u0908 \u091c\u093c\u093f\u0932\u093e \u092c\u0924\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e 3 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u092c\u093e\u0932\u0915 \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u092a\u0941\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0939\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0915 \u092a\u0922\u093c\u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0941\u0928\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u092f\u0939 \u0928\u093f\u092a\u0941\u0923 \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u092f \u092a\u0942\u0930\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948?<\/span><\/summary>\r\n <div class=\"cyp-a\"><span class=\"en\">Not as stated. The target is reading with understanding, and fluent decoding is consistent with extracting no meaning at all. The evidence that would meet the target is a child answering a question about the passage that the passage does not answer word for word \u2014 and the corresponding numeracy claim requires an operation to be selected for an unfamiliar situation rather than executed when named.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964 \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u092f \u092c\u094b\u0927 \u0938\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u0920\u0928 \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0939\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0935\u093e\u091a\u0928 \u0907\u0938 \u092c\u093e\u0924 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0930\u0942\u092a \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u0928 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u0932\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0964 \u091c\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u0907\u0938 \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u092f \u0915\u094b \u092a\u0942\u0930\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0935\u0939 \u092f\u0939 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u092c\u093e\u0932\u0915 \u0909\u0938 \u0905\u0902\u0936 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0910\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0926\u0947 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0905\u0902\u0936 \u0936\u092c\u094d\u0926\u0936\u0903 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u2014 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0924\u0926\u0928\u0941\u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0926\u093e\u0935\u093e \u0905\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0938\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0905\u092a\u0930\u093f\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u091a\u0941\u0928\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u090f, \u0928\u093e\u092e \u0932\u093f\u090f \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u093f\u0924 \u0928 \u0939\u094b\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n <details class=\"cyp-q\"><summary><span class=\"en\">Why does the framework state a chain from curricular goals to competencies to learning outcomes, rather than listing outcomes directly?<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0930\u0942\u092a\u0930\u0947\u0916\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092b\u0932 \u0938\u0940\u0927\u0947 \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0940\u092c\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u091c\u093e\u092f \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u091a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0926\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0924\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u092b\u093f\u0930 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092b\u0932\u094b\u0902 \u0924\u0915 \u0915\u0940 \u0936\u0943\u0902\u0916\u0932\u093e \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092c\u0924\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948?<\/span><\/summary>\r\n <div class=\"cyp-a\"><span class=\"en\">So that every outcome is answerable to something above it. An outcome derived from a competency, which is derived from a stated goal, can be checked for whether it is worth having; a list compiled directly cannot, and grows until recording it consumes the time the reform was meant to release. The chain is also what prevents competencies from being decomposed into checklists that lose the integration defining them.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0924\u093e\u0915\u093f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092b\u0932 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u090a\u092a\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930\u0926\u093e\u092f\u0940 \u0939\u094b\u0964 \u091c\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092b\u0932 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0926\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0924\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0939\u094b, \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u0939 \u0926\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0924\u093e \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0915\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u092f \u0938\u0947, \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0901\u091a \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0935\u0939 \u0930\u0916\u0928\u0947 \u092f\u094b\u0917\u094d\u092f \u0939\u0948 \u092f\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902; \u0938\u0940\u0927\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0932\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940, \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u0939 \u0924\u092c \u0924\u0915 \u092c\u0922\u093c\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u092c \u0924\u0915 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0932\u0947\u0916\u0928 \u0935\u0939\u0940 \u0938\u092e\u092f \u0928 \u0916\u093e \u0932\u0947 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0941\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u0947 \u092e\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u093e \u0925\u093e\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0936\u0943\u0902\u0916\u0932\u093e \u0926\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0924\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0909\u0928 \u0938\u0942\u091a\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0918\u091f\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u092d\u0940 \u0930\u094b\u0915\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e \u0938\u092e\u0947\u0915\u0928 \u0916\u094b \u0926\u0947\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"p19-5\">\r\n <span class=\"section-badge\">19.5<\/span>\r\n <h3><span class=\"en\">Practice Set<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u092d\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938 \u0938\u0947\u091f<\/span><\/h3>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"mcq-box\">\r\n <div class=\"mcq-title\"><span class=\"en\">Practice \u2014 Pedagogy in Indian Policy<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u092d\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938 \u2014 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930<\/span> <span class=\"mcq-src\">10 items<\/span><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"mcq-note\"><span class=\"en\">Where a provision is described, ask what it commits a teacher to doing differently.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0909\u092a\u092c\u0902\u0927 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0923\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b, \u092a\u0942\u091b\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u093f \u0935\u0939 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0915\u094b \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092c\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n\r\n <details class=\"mcq-q\"><summary><span class=\"mcq-num\">1<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">In the 5+3+3+4 structure, the foundational stage covers<\/span><span class=\"hi\">5+3+3+4 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0941\u0928\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0926\u0940 \u0905\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u0938\u092e\u0947\u091f\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/span><\/summary>\r\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\r\n <li>(a) <span class=\"en\">Grades 1 to 5, ages 6 to 11<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e 1 \u0938\u0947 5, \u0906\u092f\u0941 6 \u0938\u0947 11<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(b) <span class=\"en\">three pre-school years and Grades 1 to 2, ages 3 to 8<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0924\u0940\u0928 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0925\u092e\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e 1 \u0938\u0947 2, \u0906\u092f\u0941 3 \u0938\u0947 8<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(c) <span class=\"en\">Grades 1 to 3, ages 6 to 9<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e 1 \u0938\u0947 3, \u0906\u092f\u0941 6 \u0938\u0947 9<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(d) <span class=\"en\">Grades 3 to 5, ages 8 to 11<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e 3 \u0938\u0947 5, \u0906\u092f\u0941 8 \u0938\u0947 11<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\"><b>(b).<\/b> <span class=\"en\">Bringing three pre-school years inside the school stage is the structural change, since it places early childhood care and education within the formal system rather than beside it. Option (d) describes the preparatory stage, which follows it.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0924\u0940\u0928 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0925\u092e\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f\u0940 \u0905\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u092d\u0940\u0924\u0930 \u0932\u093e\u0928\u093e \u0939\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u0939\u0948, \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u092f\u0939 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0930\u0902\u092d\u093f\u0915 \u092c\u093e\u0932\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0916\u092d\u093e\u0932 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0914\u092a\u091a\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0917\u0932 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092d\u0940\u0924\u0930 \u0930\u0916\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a (d) \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0930\u0902\u092d\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0923\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u094b \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u0906\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n\r\n <details class=\"mcq-q\"><summary><span class=\"mcq-num\">2<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">NIPUN Bharat stands for a national initiative for proficiency in<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0928\u093f\u092a\u0941\u0923 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u0938 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0940\u0923\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u092a\u0939\u0932 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/span><\/summary>\r\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\r\n <li>(a) <span class=\"en\">reading with understanding and numeracy<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092c\u094b\u0927 \u0938\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u0920\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915\u0924\u093e<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(b) <span class=\"en\">nutrition and physical education<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u094b\u0937\u0923 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0936\u093e\u0930\u0940\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(c) <span class=\"en\">information technology and numeracy<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915\u0924\u093e<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(d) <span class=\"en\">reading, writing and arithmetic at all stages<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u092d\u0940 \u0905\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u0920\u0928, \u0932\u0947\u0916\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0905\u0902\u0915\u0917\u0923\u093f\u0924<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\"><b>(a).<\/b> <span class=\"en\">The qualification in the name is the demanding part: fluent decoding without extraction of meaning would satisfy a target stated as reading alone and does not satisfy this one. The mission is also confined to the foundational stage rather than covering all stages, which is what makes option (d) wrong on two counts.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0928\u093e\u092e \u0915\u093e \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0938\u0940\u092e\u0928 \u0939\u0940 \u092e\u093e\u0901\u0917 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e \u092d\u093e\u0917 \u0939\u0948: \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0939\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0935\u093e\u091a\u0928 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u092a\u0920\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u092f \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0902\u0924\u0941\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0915\u0930 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0907\u0938\u0947 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u092e\u093f\u0936\u0928 \u0938\u092d\u0940 \u0905\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u092e\u0947\u091f\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u091c\u093e\u092f \u092c\u0941\u0928\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0926\u0940 \u0905\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u0924\u0915 \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u092d\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u092f\u0939\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a (d) \u0915\u094b \u0926\u094b \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0917\u0932\u0924 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n\r\n <details class=\"mcq-q\"><summary><span class=\"mcq-num\">3<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">The three developmental goals of NIPUN Bharat are that children<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0928\u093f\u092a\u0941\u0923 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u0915\u0947 \u0924\u0940\u0928 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u092f \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0915\u093f \u092c\u093e\u0932\u0915<\/span><\/span><\/summary>\r\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\r\n <li>(a) <span class=\"en\">read, write and calculate<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u0922\u093c\u0947\u0902, \u0932\u093f\u0916\u0947\u0902 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0917\u0923\u0928\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(b) <span class=\"en\">maintain good health and wellbeing, become effective communicators, and become involved learners<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u092e \u0938\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0925\u094d\u092f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0915\u0932\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0923 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u090f \u0930\u0916\u0947\u0902, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0937\u0915 \u092c\u0928\u0947\u0902, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0938\u0902\u0932\u0917\u094d\u0928 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u092c\u0928\u0947\u0902<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(c) <span class=\"en\">attend regularly, complete homework and pass the annual examination<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0909\u092a\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u0930\u0939\u0947\u0902, \u0917\u0943\u0939\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u092a\u0942\u0930\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0935\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0940\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(d) <span class=\"en\">acquire physical, mental and spiritual development<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u093e\u0930\u0940\u0930\u093f\u0915, \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0938\u093f\u0915 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0906\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938 \u0905\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\"><b>(b).<\/b> <span class=\"en\">The three are usually abbreviated in the guidelines and are worth holding in that order. Option (d) points at the panchakosha conception underlying the foundational framework, which is a different scheme with five elements rather than three, and mixing the two is the standard error on this item.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0924\u0940\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0926\u093f\u0936\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092f\u0903 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u0938\u0940 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a (d) \u092c\u0941\u0928\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0926\u0940 \u0930\u0942\u092a\u0930\u0947\u0916\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u094d\u0928\u093f\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u0902\u091a\u0915\u094b\u0936 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a\u0928\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u0913\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0947\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u094b \u0924\u0940\u0928 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u092a\u093e\u0901\u091a \u0924\u0924\u094d\u0935\u094b\u0902 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u092e\u093f\u0932\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0928\u093e \u0907\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0915 \u0924\u094d\u0930\u0941\u091f\u093f \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n\r\n <details class=\"mcq-q\"><summary><span class=\"mcq-num\">4<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">Vidya Pravesh is<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0947\u0936 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/span><\/summary>\r\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\r\n <li>(a) <span class=\"en\">a three-month play-based school preparation module for children entering Grade 1<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e 1 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0947\u0936 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0932\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0924\u0940\u0928 \u092e\u093e\u0939 \u0915\u093e \u0916\u0947\u0932-\u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f-\u0924\u0948\u092f\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u092e\u0949\u0921\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0932<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(b) <span class=\"en\">the kit of learning material for the foundational stage<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092c\u0941\u0928\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0926\u0940 \u0905\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u093f\u091f<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(c) <span class=\"en\">the teacher training programme for early grades<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0930\u0902\u092d\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(d) <span class=\"en\">the assessment framework for Grade 3<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e 3 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0906\u0915\u0932\u0928 \u0930\u0942\u092a\u0930\u0947\u0916\u093e<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\"><b>(a).<\/b> <span class=\"en\">Its purpose is the child who arrives at Grade 1 without a pre-school year, so that the foundational stage is not effectively shortened for exactly those learners who can least afford it. Option (b) describes Jadui Pitara, the kit of toys, puzzles, puppets, cards and story books for the same stage.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0907\u0938\u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u0935\u0939 \u092c\u093e\u0932\u0915 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0925\u092e\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e 1 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0906\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u093e\u0915\u093f \u092c\u0941\u0928\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0926\u0940 \u0905\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u0920\u0940\u0915 \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0924\u0903 \u091b\u094b\u091f\u0940 \u0928 \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u090f \u091c\u094b \u0907\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u092e \u0935\u0939\u0928 \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a (b) \u091c\u093e\u0926\u0941\u0908 \u092a\u093f\u091f\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0923\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u094b \u0909\u0938\u0940 \u0905\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0916\u093f\u0932\u094c\u0928\u094b\u0902, \u092a\u0939\u0947\u0932\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902, \u0915\u0920\u092a\u0941\u0924\u0932\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902, \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0921\u094b\u0902 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0915\u0939\u093e\u0928\u0940-\u092a\u0941\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u093f\u091f \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n\r\n <details class=\"mcq-q\"><summary><span class=\"mcq-num\">5<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">On the medium of instruction, NEP 2020 states that wherever possible the home or local language should be used<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u092a\u0930 \u090f\u0928\u0908\u092a\u0940 2020 \u0915\u0939\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u092d\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u092d\u0935 \u0939\u094b \u0917\u0943\u0939 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u0940\u092f \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u094b<\/span><\/span><\/summary>\r\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\r\n <li>(a) <span class=\"en\">until Grade 2 only<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e 2 \u0924\u0915<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(b) <span class=\"en\">until at least Grade 5, and preferably till Grade 8 and beyond<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u092e \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e 5 \u0924\u0915, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0905\u0927\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0928\u0924\u0903 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e 8 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0909\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0906\u0917\u0947 \u0924\u0915<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(c) <span class=\"en\">throughout school and higher education without exception<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0905\u092a\u0935\u093e\u0926 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f\u0940 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u092d\u0930<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(d) <span class=\"en\">only where a state government so decides<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0935\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0930\u093e\u091c\u094d\u092f \u0938\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0910\u0938\u093e \u0924\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0947<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\"><b>(b).<\/b> <span class=\"en\">The qualification wherever possible is part of the provision and not a softening added later. The argument behind it is the common underlying proficiency: what is built beneath the surface serves whichever language calls on it, so the time is not taken from the second language \u2014 and the design that does harm is the subtractive one that withdraws the first before it is secure.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u092d\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u092d\u0935 \u0939\u094b \u2014 \u092f\u0939 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0938\u0940\u092e\u0928 \u0909\u092a\u092c\u0902\u0927 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0902\u0917 \u0939\u0948, \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0940 \u0917\u0908 \u0928\u0930\u092e\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0940\u091b\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u0924\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u094d\u0928\u093f\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0940\u0923\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948: \u0938\u0924\u0939 \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u0940\u091a\u0947 \u091c\u094b \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0935\u0939 \u091c\u094b \u092d\u0940 \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0941\u0932\u093e\u090f \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0905\u0924\u0903 \u0938\u092e\u092f \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u0940 \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u091b\u0940\u0928\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u2014 \u0914\u0930 \u091c\u094b \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a \u0939\u093e\u0928\u093f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0935\u0939 \u0918\u091f\u093e\u0935\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0940 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0941\u0926\u0943\u0922\u093c \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u0939\u091f\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n\r\n <details class=\"mcq-q\"><summary><span class=\"mcq-num\">6<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">The NCF-SE 2023 derives the elements of a curriculum in the order<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u090f\u0928\u0938\u0940\u090f\u092b-\u090f\u0938\u0908 2023 \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u091a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0924\u0924\u094d\u0935\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0915\u093f\u0938 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/span><\/summary>\r\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\r\n <li>(a) <span class=\"en\">learning outcomes, competencies, curricular goals<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092b\u0932, \u0926\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0924\u093e\u090f\u0901, \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u091a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u092f<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(b) <span class=\"en\">curricular goals, competencies, learning outcomes<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u091a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u092f, \u0926\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0924\u093e\u090f\u0901, \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092b\u0932<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(c) <span class=\"en\">competencies, learning outcomes, curricular goals<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0926\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0924\u093e\u090f\u0901, \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092b\u0932, \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u091a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u092f<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(d) <span class=\"en\">curricular goals, learning outcomes, competencies<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u091a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u092f, \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092b\u0932, \u0926\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0924\u093e\u090f\u0901<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\"><b>(b).<\/b> <span class=\"en\">Each level is derived from the one above it, so an outcome belonging to no competency has nothing to be evidence of. The derivation is also what prevents a list of outcomes from growing until recording it consumes the time the reform was meant to release.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u090a\u092a\u0930 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0939\u0948, \u0905\u0924\u0903 \u091c\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092b\u0932 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0926\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0924\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0928 \u0939\u094b \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u094b \u0915\u0941\u091b \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0939\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092b\u0932\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0940 \u0915\u094b \u0907\u0924\u0928\u093e \u092c\u0922\u093c\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u0930\u094b\u0915\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0909\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0932\u0947\u0916\u0928 \u0935\u0939\u0940 \u0938\u092e\u092f \u0916\u093e \u0932\u0947 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0941\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u0947 \u092e\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u093e \u0925\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n\r\n <details class=\"mcq-q\"><summary><span class=\"mcq-num\">7<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">The panchakosha conception in the foundational stage framework refers to<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092c\u0941\u0928\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0926\u0940 \u0905\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u0930\u0942\u092a\u0930\u0947\u0916\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0902\u091a\u0915\u094b\u0936 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a\u0928\u093e \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0930\u094d\u092d\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/span><\/summary>\r\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\r\n <li>(a) <span class=\"en\">five stages through which a child passes in order<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u093e\u0901\u091a \u0905\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u091c\u093f\u0928\u0938\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0932\u0915 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u0917\u0941\u091c\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(b) <span class=\"en\">five sheaths of development, addressed together rather than in sequence<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u0901\u091a \u0915\u094b\u0936, \u091c\u094b \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u094b\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(c) <span class=\"en\">five subjects to be taught at the foundational stage<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092c\u0941\u0928\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0926\u0940 \u0905\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u0922\u093c\u093e\u090f \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u0901\u091a \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(d) <span class=\"en\">five years of the foundational stage<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092c\u0941\u0928\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0926\u0940 \u0905\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u0901\u091a \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\"><b>(b).<\/b> <span class=\"en\">Sheaths rather than stages is the distinction the item turns on: a stage is left behind when the next is reached, whereas all five sheaths are present throughout and are developed at once. Their operational form in the framework is the set of five domains of development, which is what a teacher actually plans against.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u091c\u093e\u092f \u0915\u094b\u0936 \u2014 \u092f\u0939\u0940 \u0935\u0939 \u092d\u0947\u0926 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938 \u092a\u0930 \u092f\u0939 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u091f\u093f\u0915\u093e \u0939\u0948: \u0905\u0917\u0932\u0940 \u0905\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u0924\u0915 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u093f\u091b\u0932\u0940 \u092a\u0940\u091b\u0947 \u091b\u0942\u091f \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u092c\u0915\u093f \u092a\u093e\u0901\u091a\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b\u0936 \u0906\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0902\u0924 \u0909\u092a\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u0930\u0939\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0938\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0930\u0942\u092a\u0930\u0947\u0916\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u0928\u0915\u093e \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u0901\u091a \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u092e\u0941\u091a\u094d\u091a\u092f \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924\u0903 \u0909\u0938\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n\r\n <details class=\"mcq-q\"><summary><span class=\"mcq-num\">8<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">NISHTHA is<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0920\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/span><\/summary>\r\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\r\n <li>(a) <span class=\"en\">a national in-service training initiative for school heads and teachers<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0941\u0916\u094b\u0902 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e\u0915\u093e\u0932\u0940\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u092a\u0939\u0932<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(b) <span class=\"en\">the eligibility test for entry into teaching<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0947\u0936 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u092a\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093e \u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(c) <span class=\"en\">the four-year integrated teacher education degree<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u091a\u093e\u0930-\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937\u0940\u092f \u0938\u092e\u0947\u0915\u093f\u0924 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0909\u092a\u093e\u0927\u093f<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(d) <span class=\"en\">the national assessment centre<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0906\u0915\u0932\u0928 \u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\"><b>(a).<\/b> <span class=\"en\">It is delivered through the national school-education platform and has run in successive versions for the elementary stage, the secondary stage, foundational literacy and numeracy, and early childhood care and education. Option (c) is the integrated programme, option (b) the eligibility test, and option (d) the assessment body of Chapter 14.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092f\u0939 \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0938\u094d\u0915\u0942\u0932\u0940-\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u092e\u0902\u091a \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u0926\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0930\u0902\u092d\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e, \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e, \u092c\u0941\u0928\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0926\u0940 \u0938\u093e\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0930\u0924\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915\u0924\u093e, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0930\u0902\u092d\u093f\u0915 \u092c\u093e\u0932\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0916\u092d\u093e\u0932 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0930\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091a\u0932\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a (c) \u0938\u092e\u0947\u0915\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u0939\u0948, \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a (b) \u092a\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093e \u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a (d) \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f 14 \u0915\u093e \u0906\u0915\u0932\u0928 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u093e\u092f\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n\r\n <details class=\"mcq-q\"><summary><span class=\"mcq-num\">9<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">NEP 2020 states that every teacher should undertake continuous professional development of at least<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u090f\u0928\u0908\u092a\u0940 2020 \u0915\u0939\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0915\u094b \u0915\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u092e \u0915\u093f\u0924\u0928\u093e \u0938\u0924\u0924 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0935\u0938\u093e\u092f\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f<\/span><\/span><\/summary>\r\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\r\n <li>(a) <span class=\"en\">20 hours a year<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937 \u092e\u0947\u0902 20 \u0918\u0902\u091f\u0947<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(b) <span class=\"en\">50 hours a year<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937 \u092e\u0947\u0902 50 \u0918\u0902\u091f\u0947<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(c) <span class=\"en\">100 hours a year<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937 \u092e\u0947\u0902 100 \u0918\u0902\u091f\u0947<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(d) <span class=\"en\">one refresher course every five years<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u092a\u093e\u0901\u091a \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u090f\u0915 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0936\u094d\u091a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\"><b>(b).<\/b> <span class=\"en\">It is the provision that reaches a serving teacher rather than a future one, since the qualification and entry requirements govern who enters the profession while this governs what happens after entry. What the hours are spent on is left open by the policy, which is the question the next chapter takes up.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092f\u0939\u0940 \u0935\u0939 \u0909\u092a\u092c\u0902\u0927 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u092d\u093e\u0935\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u0930\u0924 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0924\u0915 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u092f\u094b\u0917\u094d\u092f\u0924\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0947\u0936 \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u092f\u0939 \u0936\u093e\u0938\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0915\u093f \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u093e\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u094c\u0928 \u0906\u090f \u091c\u092c\u0915\u093f \u092f\u0939 \u092f\u0939 \u0915\u093f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0947\u0936 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0964 \u0935\u0947 \u0918\u0902\u091f\u0947 \u0915\u093f\u0938 \u092a\u0930 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u092f \u0939\u094b\u0902 \u092f\u0939 \u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0916\u0941\u0932\u093e \u091b\u094b\u0921\u093c\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u0917\u0932\u093e \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f \u0909\u0938\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u094b \u0909\u0920\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n\r\n <details class=\"mcq-q\"><summary><span class=\"mcq-num\">10<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">Consider: 1. The 5+3+3+4 structure specifies a pedagogy for each stage. 2. A school satisfies the policy by reorganising into four sections. 3. Content reduction is intended to make room for discussion and analysis. Which are correct?<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u093f\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0940\u091c\u093f\u090f: 1. 5+3+3+4 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0905\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0926\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 2. \u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0916\u0902\u0921\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0920\u0928 \u0938\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0902\u0924\u0941\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0915\u0930 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 3. \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u091f\u094c\u0924\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u0906\u0936\u092f \u092a\u0930\u093f\u091a\u0930\u094d\u091a\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0937\u0923 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0928\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0915\u094c\u0928-\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0939\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902?<\/span><\/span><\/summary>\r\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\r\n <li>(a) <span class=\"en\">1 and 2 only<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 1 \u0914\u0930 2<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(b) <span class=\"en\">1 and 3 only<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 1 \u0914\u0930 3<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(c) <span class=\"en\">2 and 3 only<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 2 \u0914\u0930 3<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(d) <span class=\"en\">1, 2 and 3<\/span><span class=\"hi\">1, 2 \u0914\u0930 3<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\"><b>(b).<\/b> <span class=\"en\">Statement 2 is the administrative reading of a document written to change the method. The structure names play-based work at the foundational stage, experiential learning at the middle and multidisciplinary study with choice at the secondary, and none of that follows from rearranging the building \u2014 which is exactly why statement 1 and statement 3 belong together.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u0925\u0928 2 \u0909\u0938 \u0926\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0947\u091c\u093c \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u093e\u0938\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u0920\u0928 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0932\u093f\u0916\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0925\u093e\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e \u092c\u0941\u0928\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0926\u0940 \u0905\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u092a\u0930 \u0916\u0947\u0932-\u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f, \u092e\u0927\u094d\u092f \u092a\u0930 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092d\u0935\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u0930 \u091a\u092f\u0928-\u0938\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u092c\u0939\u0941-\u0905\u0928\u0941\u0936\u093e\u0938\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092f\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093e\u092e \u0932\u0947\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0907\u0928\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0941\u091b \u092d\u0940 \u092d\u0935\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0928\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938 \u0938\u0947 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u0932\u0924\u093e \u2014 \u0914\u0930 \u0920\u0940\u0915 \u0907\u0938\u0940\u0932\u093f\u090f \u0915\u0925\u0928 1 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0915\u0925\u0928 3 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <\/section>\r\n<!--\/CH19-->\r\n<!--CH20--><section class=\"chapter-content\" data-chap=\"20\" id=\"c20\">\r\n <div class=\"chapter-heading-block\">\r\n <span class=\"chapter-badge\"><span class=\"en\">CHAPTER 20<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f 20<\/span><\/span>\r\n <h2><span class=\"en\">Teacher Development and Action Research<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u0902\u0927\u093e\u0928<\/span><\/h2>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"keyfact-grid\">\r\n <div class=\"keyfact-card navy-hi\">\r\n <span class=\"big-icon\">🧠<\/span>\r\n <div class=\"kf-label\"><span class=\"en\">Reflective thought<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u091a\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0928\u0936\u0940\u0932 \u0935\u093f\u091a\u093e\u0930<\/span><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"kf-value\">Dewey \u00b7 1933<\/div>\r\n <div class=\"kf-sub\"><span class=\"en\">Open-mindedness, responsibility, wholeheartedness<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0916\u0941\u0932\u093e\u092a\u0928, \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930\u0926\u093e\u092f\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0935, \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923-\u0939\u0943\u0926\u092f\u0924\u093e<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div class=\"keyfact-card amber-hi\">\r\n <span class=\"big-icon\">⏱<\/span>\r\n <div class=\"kf-label\"><span class=\"en\">Two moments<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0926\u094b \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923<\/span><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"kf-value\">Sch\u00f6n \u00b7 1983<\/div>\r\n <div class=\"kf-sub\"><span class=\"en\">Reflection in action, and reflection on action<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091a\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0928, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u092a\u0930 \u091a\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0928<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div class=\"keyfact-card teal-hi\">\r\n <span class=\"big-icon\">🔄<\/span>\r\n <div class=\"kf-label\"><span class=\"en\">Action research<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u0902\u0927\u093e\u0928<\/span><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"kf-value\">Lewin \u00b7 1946<\/div>\r\n <div class=\"kf-sub\"><span class=\"en\">Plan, act, observe, reflect \u2014 and again, wider<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0928\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928, \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923, \u091a\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0928 \u2014 \u0914\u0930 \u092b\u093f\u0930, \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u0915<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div class=\"keyfact-card\">\r\n <span class=\"big-icon\">👀<\/span>\r\n <div class=\"kf-label\"><span class=\"en\">Four lenses<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0932\u0947\u0902\u0938<\/span><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"kf-value\">Brookfield \u00b7 1995<\/div>\r\n <div class=\"kf-sub\"><span class=\"en\">Own experience, learners, colleagues, literature<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u092a\u0928\u093e \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092d\u0935, \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940, \u0938\u0939\u0915\u0930\u094d\u092e\u0940, \u0938\u093e\u0939\u093f\u0924\u094d\u092f<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <p><span class=\"en\">The previous chapter ended with a provision that leaves its own content open: fifty hours a year, and no statement of what they are to be spent on. This chapter is about that question. Its claim is that the most useful professional development a teacher undertakes is conducted on that teacher's own classroom, on a difficulty that teacher actually has, and that the alternatives are worth having only where they serve it.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u093f\u091b\u0932\u093e \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f \u0910\u0938\u0947 \u0909\u092a\u092c\u0902\u0927 \u092a\u0930 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u0941\u0906 \u091c\u094b \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u0916\u0941\u0932\u0940 \u091b\u094b\u0921\u093c \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948: \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u091a\u093e\u0938 \u0918\u0902\u091f\u0947, \u0914\u0930 \u092f\u0939 \u0915\u0925\u0928 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u093f \u0935\u0947 \u0915\u093f\u0938 \u092a\u0930 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u092f \u0939\u094b\u0902\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f \u0909\u0938\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0926\u093e\u0935\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0940 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0935\u0938\u093e\u092f\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938 \u0909\u0938\u0940 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0940 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u092a\u0930, \u0909\u0938\u0940 \u0915\u0920\u093f\u0928\u093e\u0908 \u092a\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0932\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0909\u0938 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0915\u094b \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924\u0903 \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0936\u0947\u0937 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0935\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0930\u0916\u0928\u0947 \u092f\u094b\u0917\u094d\u092f \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0935\u0947 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"feat-grid\">\r\n <div class=\"feat-card\"><span class=\"fc-num\">1<\/span><strong><span class=\"en\">Reflection is not remembering.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u091a\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0928 \u0938\u094d\u092e\u0930\u0923 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"en\">Dewey distinguished it from routine action by three attitudes, and a teacher who recalls a lesson without examining the grounds for what was done has not reflected on it.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0921\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0908 \u0928\u0947 \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0924\u0940\u0928 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0924\u094d\u092f-\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0943\u0925\u0915\u094d \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e, \u0914\u0930 \u091c\u094b \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u091c\u094b \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0901\u091a \u0915\u093f\u090f \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u092a\u093e\u0920 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u094d\u092e\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0930\u0947 \u0909\u0938\u0928\u0947 \u0909\u0938 \u092a\u0930 \u091a\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0928 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"feat-card\"><span class=\"fc-num\">2<\/span><strong><span class=\"en\">A cycle needs evidence decided in advance.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u091a\u0915\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935-\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f\u0964<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"en\">Action research differs from trying something new chiefly in that what would count as it having worked was settled before it was tried.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u0902\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0941\u091b \u0928\u092f\u093e \u0906\u091c\u093c\u092e\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f\u0924\u0903 \u0907\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u092e \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u092e\u093e\u0928\u093e \u091c\u093e\u090f\u0917\u093e, \u092f\u0939 \u0906\u091c\u093c\u092e\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u0924\u092f \u0939\u094b \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0925\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"feat-card\"><span class=\"fc-num\">3<\/span><strong><span class=\"en\">No lens corrects itself.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0932\u0947\u0902\u0938 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0941\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"en\">The teacher's own view is blind exactly where habit has become common sense, which is why the other three lenses exist.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0940 \u0926\u0943\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093f \u0920\u0940\u0915 \u0935\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0905\u0902\u0927\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0906\u0926\u0924 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f-\u092c\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093f \u092c\u0928 \u091a\u0941\u0915\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0907\u0938\u0940\u0932\u093f\u090f \u0936\u0947\u0937 \u0924\u0940\u0928 \u0932\u0947\u0902\u0938 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"feat-card\"><span class=\"fc-num\">4<\/span><strong><span class=\"en\">Who holds the question?<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u0938 \u0939\u0948?<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"en\">Models of development differ chiefly in whether the question being worked on was set elsewhere or by the teacher, and that is what the spectrum measures.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f\u0924\u0903 \u0907\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0915\u093f \u091c\u093f\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0939\u094b \u0930\u0939\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0935\u0939 \u0915\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0924\u092f \u0939\u0941\u0906 \u0925\u093e \u092f\u093e \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e, \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u093e\u0924\u0924\u094d\u092f \u092f\u0939\u0940 \u092e\u093e\u092a\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"p20-0\">\r\n <span class=\"section-badge\">20.0<\/span>\r\n <h3><span class=\"en\">Introduction<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u0930\u093f\u091a\u092f<\/span><\/h3>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <p><span class=\"en\">Experience does not by itself produce expertise. A teacher may take the same lesson twenty times and improve at it in the first three years and not thereafter, because repetition without examination consolidates whatever is already being done. What converts experience into development is a deliberate procedure for looking at it, and the three sections that follow describe procedures of increasing formality \u2014 reflection, action research, and inquiry conducted with colleagues.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u0928\u0941\u092d\u0935 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937\u091c\u094d\u091e\u0924\u093e \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e\u0964 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0935\u0939\u0940 \u092a\u093e\u0920 \u092c\u0940\u0938 \u092c\u093e\u0930 \u0932\u0947 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0925\u092e \u0924\u0940\u0928 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0941\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0930\u0947 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u091c\u093e\u0901\u091a-\u0930\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u093e\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0909\u0938\u0940 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0941\u0926\u0943\u0922\u093c \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0930\u0939\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092d\u0935 \u0915\u094b \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091c\u094b \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0935\u0939 \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0926\u0947\u0916\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0941\u0935\u093f\u091a\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0906\u0917\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0924\u0940\u0928 \u0916\u0902\u0921 \u092c\u0922\u093c\u0924\u0940 \u0914\u092a\u091a\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0923\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u2014 \u091a\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0928, \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u0902\u0927\u093e\u0928, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0938\u0939\u0915\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0905\u0928\u094d\u0935\u0947\u0937\u0923\u0964<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"p20-1\">\r\n <span class=\"section-badge\">20.1<\/span>\r\n <h3><span class=\"en\">Reflective Teaching<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u091a\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0928\u0936\u0940\u0932 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923<\/span><\/h3>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <p><span class=\"en\">John Dewey defined reflective thought as the active, persistent and careful consideration of a belief in the light of the grounds that support it and the conclusions to which it tends. He set it against <em>routine action<\/em>, which is guided by tradition, authority and circumstance, and he held that three attitudes are required before reflection can occur at all.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u091c\u0949\u0928 \u0921\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0908 \u0928\u0947 \u091a\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0928\u0936\u0940\u0932 \u0935\u093f\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u094b \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0924\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0909\u0928 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0906\u0932\u094b\u0915 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091c\u094b \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0939\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0909\u0928 \u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0937\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0906\u0932\u094b\u0915 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091c\u093f\u0928\u0915\u0940 \u0913\u0930 \u0935\u0939 \u091d\u0941\u0915\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u0938\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f, \u0906\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939\u0940 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u093e\u0935\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u0935\u093f\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0939\u093e\u0964 \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0939\u094b\u0902\u0928\u0947 \u0909\u0938\u0947 <em>\u0928\u093f\u0924\u094d\u092f-\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e<\/em> \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0930\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0930\u0916\u093e, \u091c\u094b \u092a\u0930\u0902\u092a\u0930\u093e, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u0938\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0939\u094b\u0902\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u093e \u0915\u093f \u091a\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0918\u091f\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u0924\u0940\u0928 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n <ul class=\"icon-list\">\r\n <li><span class=\"ico\">1<\/span><span><strong><span class=\"en\">Open-mindedness.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0916\u0941\u0932\u093e\u092a\u0928\u0964<\/span><\/strong> <span class=\"en\">A willingness to attend to more than one possibility and to admit that a settled belief may be mistaken. Its absence is why an explanation that has worked for years continues to be used on the classes for which it does not.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u090f\u0915 \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0928\u093e \u092a\u0930 \u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0928 \u0926\u0947\u0928\u0947 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092f\u0939 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0924\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0915\u093f \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0930 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0924\u093e \u092d\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0924 \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0905\u092d\u093e\u0935 \u0939\u0940 \u0935\u0939 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u092e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0906\u0908 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0909\u0928 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u092d\u0940 \u091a\u0932\u0924\u0940 \u0930\u0939\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0928 \u092a\u0930 \u0935\u0939 \u0915\u093e\u092e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"ico\">2<\/span><span><strong><span class=\"en\">Responsibility.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930\u0926\u093e\u092f\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0935\u0964<\/span><\/strong> <span class=\"en\">A readiness to consider the consequences of a step, including the consequences that were not intended. In a classroom this is chiefly the willingness to ask what a practice teaches beyond its stated content.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0915\u0926\u092e \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930, \u0905\u0928\u093e\u0936\u092f\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0939\u093f\u0924, \u0935\u093f\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0924\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0930\u0924\u093e\u0964 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092f\u0939 \u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f\u0924\u0903 \u092f\u0939 \u092a\u0942\u091b\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0924\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0905\u092d\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0940 \u0915\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u0947 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0938\u093f\u0916\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"ico\">3<\/span><span><strong><span class=\"en\">Wholeheartedness.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923-\u0939\u0943\u0926\u092f\u0924\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/strong> <span class=\"en\">Genuine absorption in the question rather than compliance with a requirement to reflect. A journal written because it will be inspected records what an inspector wants and examines nothing.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u091a\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u093e\u0932\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u091c\u093e\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u0924\u0932\u094d\u0932\u0940\u0928\u0924\u093e\u0964 \u091c\u094b \u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0915\u093e \u0907\u0938\u0932\u093f\u090f \u0932\u093f\u0916\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u090f \u0915\u093f \u0909\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0939\u094b\u0917\u093e \u0935\u0939 \u0935\u0939\u0940 \u0926\u0930\u094d\u091c \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0928\u093f\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u091a\u093e\u0939\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0901\u091a \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n\r\n <svg class=\"full-diagram\" viewBox=\"0 0 560 268\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Reflection for, in and on action, placed relative to the lesson\">\r\n<g font-family=\"DM Sans, Noto Sans Devanagari, sans-serif\" font-size=\"10.5\">\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"22\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"11\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#5a6d80\">THREE POSITIONS RELATIVE TO THE ACT ITSELF<\/text>\r\n\r\n <rect x=\"196\" y=\"130\" width=\"168\" height=\"32\" rx=\"7\" fill=\"#14243f\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"151\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#ffd970\">THE LESSON<\/text>\r\n <line x1=\"20\" y1=\"146\" x2=\"192\" y2=\"146\" stroke=\"#c8d5e3\" stroke-width=\"2.4\"\/>\r\n <line x1=\"368\" y1=\"146\" x2=\"540\" y2=\"146\" stroke=\"#c8d5e3\" stroke-width=\"2.4\"\/>\r\n\r\n <rect x=\"14\" y=\"52\" width=\"176\" height=\"62\" rx=\"9\" fill=\"#eefbf7\" stroke=\"#0d8f79\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"102\" y=\"74\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#0d8f79\">FOR ACTION<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"102\" y=\"92\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">planning in the light of<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"102\" y=\"104\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">what happened last time<\/text>\r\n <line x1=\"102\" y1=\"116\" x2=\"102\" y2=\"132\" stroke=\"#0d8f79\" stroke-width=\"1.6\"\/>\r\n <polygon points=\"102,140 96,128 108,128\" fill=\"#0d8f79\"\/>\r\n\r\n <rect x=\"196\" y=\"52\" width=\"168\" height=\"62\" rx=\"9\" fill=\"#fffaef\" stroke=\"#c9760f\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"74\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#c9760f\">IN ACTION<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"92\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">reading the room and<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"104\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">altering course while teaching<\/text>\r\n <line x1=\"280\" y1=\"116\" x2=\"280\" y2=\"124\" stroke=\"#c9760f\" stroke-width=\"1.6\"\/>\r\n <polygon points=\"280,130 274,118 286,118\" fill=\"#c9760f\"\/>\r\n\r\n <rect x=\"370\" y=\"52\" width=\"176\" height=\"62\" rx=\"9\" fill=\"#eef4fc\" stroke=\"#1f5fa9\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"458\" y=\"74\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\">ON ACTION<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"458\" y=\"92\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">examining afterwards what<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"458\" y=\"104\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">was done and what followed<\/text>\r\n <line x1=\"458\" y1=\"140\" x2=\"458\" y2=\"124\" stroke=\"#1f5fa9\" stroke-width=\"1.6\"\/>\r\n <polygon points=\"458,116 452,128 464,128\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\"\/>\r\n\r\n <path d=\"M458 176 L458 200 L102 200 L102 178\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#0d8f79\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-dasharray=\"6 4\"\/>\r\n <polygon points=\"102,168 96,180 108,180\" fill=\"#0d8f79\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"196\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" font-style=\"italic\" fill=\"#0d8f79\">what is reflected on becomes what is reflected for<\/text>\r\n\r\n <rect x=\"14\" y=\"216\" width=\"532\" height=\"42\" rx=\"8\" fill=\"#f5f8fd\" stroke=\"#14243f\" stroke-width=\"1.6\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"234\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#14243f\">Only the middle one happens under time pressure<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"249\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">which is why the other two are what make it possible · Schön named the first two; the third was added later<\/text>\r\n<\/g><\/svg>\r\n <div class=\"diagram-cap\"><span class=\"en\">Only the middle one happens under time pressure, and the other two are what make it possible<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u092e\u0927\u094d\u092f \u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e \u0938\u092e\u092f-\u0926\u092c\u093e\u0935 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0936\u0947\u0937 \u0926\u094b \u0939\u0940 \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u092d\u0935 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902<\/span><\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"callout amber\">\r\n <div class=\"callout-label\"><span class=\"en\">Why the middle position is the hardest to develop<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092e\u0927\u094d\u092f \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0938\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0920\u093f\u0928 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/div>\r\n <span class=\"en\">Donald Sch\u00f6n's contribution was to notice that a skilled practitioner thinks during the act and not only afterwards, adjusting an explanation mid-sentence on evidence gathered in the same second. He also noticed that this cannot be taught directly, because it draws on knowledge the practitioner cannot fully state \u2014 knowing-in-action, which is displayed in the doing and is not available as a set of rules. What can be done is to build the material it draws on. A teacher who has examined last term's difficulty carefully has more to think with in the third minute of a lesson, which is why reflection on action and reflection for action are the practical route to reflection in action rather than lesser versions of it.<\/span>\r\n <span class=\"hi\">\u0921\u094b\u0928\u093e\u0932\u094d\u0921 \u0936\u0949\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u092f\u094b\u0917\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u092f\u0939 \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u0925\u093e \u0915\u093f \u0915\u0941\u0936\u0932 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u093e\u092f\u0940 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u094c\u0930\u093e\u0928 \u092d\u0940 \u0938\u094b\u091a\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0909\u0938\u0940 \u0938\u0947\u0915\u0902\u0921 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u090f\u0915\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u092a\u0930 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0935\u093e\u0915\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u0927\u094d\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u092f\u094b\u091c\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0939\u094b\u0902\u0928\u0947 \u092f\u0939 \u092d\u0940 \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u093f \u0907\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u093f\u0916\u093e\u092f\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e, \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u092f\u0939 \u0910\u0938\u0947 \u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u0930 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u093e\u092f\u0940 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u0940 \u0924\u0930\u0939 \u0915\u0939 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u2014 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e-\u092e\u0947\u0902-\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928, \u091c\u094b \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u0941\u091a\u094d\u091a\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u092a\u0932\u092c\u094d\u0927 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964 \u091c\u094b \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0935\u0939 \u0939\u0948 \u0909\u0938 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u091c\u093f\u0938 \u092a\u0930 \u0935\u0939 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u091c\u093f\u0938 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0928\u0947 \u092a\u093f\u091b\u0932\u0947 \u0938\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u0920\u093f\u0928\u093e\u0908 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u093e\u0935\u0927\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0901\u091a \u0915\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u0938 \u092a\u093e\u0920 \u0915\u0947 \u0924\u0940\u0938\u0930\u0947 \u092e\u093f\u0928\u091f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u094b\u091a\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u094b \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0939\u0948, \u0907\u0938\u0940\u0932\u093f\u090f \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u092a\u0930 \u091a\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u091a\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0928 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e-\u092e\u0947\u0902-\u091a\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0928 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0909\u0938 \u0924\u0915 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0917 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <svg class=\"full-diagram\" viewBox=\"0 0 560 296\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Four lenses on one teaching practice, each with its blind spot\">\r\n<g font-family=\"DM Sans, Noto Sans Devanagari, sans-serif\" font-size=\"10.5\">\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"24\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"11\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#5a6d80\">FOUR LENSES ON ONE PRACTICE, EACH WITH ITS OWN BLIND SPOT<\/text>\r\n\r\n <rect x=\"14\" y=\"40\" width=\"258\" height=\"94\" rx=\"10\" fill=\"#eef4fc\" stroke=\"#1f5fa9\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"143\" y=\"64\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\">THE TEACHER'S OWN EXPERIENCE<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"143\" y=\"82\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">as a learner and as a teacher<\/text>\r\n <line x1=\"38\" y1=\"94\" x2=\"248\" y2=\"94\" stroke=\"#1f5fa9\" stroke-width=\"1\" stroke-dasharray=\"3 3\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"143\" y=\"112\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" font-style=\"italic\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\">what it misses<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"143\" y=\"124\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">the habits that feel like common sense<\/text>\r\n <rect x=\"288\" y=\"40\" width=\"258\" height=\"94\" rx=\"10\" fill=\"#eefbf7\" stroke=\"#0d8f79\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"417\" y=\"64\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#0d8f79\">THE LEARNERS' EYES<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"417\" y=\"82\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">what the class reports experiencing<\/text>\r\n <line x1=\"312\" y1=\"94\" x2=\"522\" y2=\"94\" stroke=\"#0d8f79\" stroke-width=\"1\" stroke-dasharray=\"3 3\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"417\" y=\"112\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" font-style=\"italic\" fill=\"#0d8f79\">what it misses<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"417\" y=\"124\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">what learners cannot yet name<\/text>\r\n <rect x=\"14\" y=\"148\" width=\"258\" height=\"94\" rx=\"10\" fill=\"#fffaef\" stroke=\"#c9760f\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"143\" y=\"172\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#c9760f\">COLLEAGUES' PERCEPTIONS<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"143\" y=\"190\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">an observer in the room, or a shared problem<\/text>\r\n <line x1=\"38\" y1=\"202\" x2=\"248\" y2=\"202\" stroke=\"#c9760f\" stroke-width=\"1\" stroke-dasharray=\"3 3\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"143\" y=\"220\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" font-style=\"italic\" fill=\"#c9760f\">what it misses<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"143\" y=\"232\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">assumptions the whole staff shares<\/text>\r\n <rect x=\"288\" y=\"148\" width=\"258\" height=\"94\" rx=\"10\" fill=\"#fdf0f5\" stroke=\"#8e2f5a\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"417\" y=\"172\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#8e2f5a\">THE LITERATURE<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"417\" y=\"190\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">what has already been established<\/text>\r\n <line x1=\"312\" y1=\"202\" x2=\"522\" y2=\"202\" stroke=\"#8e2f5a\" stroke-width=\"1\" stroke-dasharray=\"3 3\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"417\" y=\"220\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" font-style=\"italic\" fill=\"#8e2f5a\">what it misses<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"417\" y=\"232\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">this class, this term, this topic<\/text>\r\n <rect x=\"14\" y=\"256\" width=\"532\" height=\"32\" rx=\"8\" fill=\"#f5f8fd\" stroke=\"#14243f\" stroke-width=\"1.4\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"277\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">no lens corrects itself, so the case for using four is that each is blind where another sees<\/text>\r\n<\/g><\/svg>\r\n <div class=\"diagram-cap\"><span class=\"en\">Each lens is blind where another sees, which is the case for using all four<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0932\u0947\u0902\u0938 \u0935\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0905\u0902\u0927\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0916\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u091a\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u093e \u0924\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u092f\u0939\u0940 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"p20-2\">\r\n <span class=\"section-badge\">20.2<\/span>\r\n <h3><span class=\"en\">Action Research<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u0902\u0927\u093e\u0928<\/span><\/h3>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <p><span class=\"en\">Kurt Lewin gave the practice its name in 1946 and its characteristic shape: a spiral of planning, action and fact-finding about the result of the action. Stephen Corey brought it into education in the following decade, and Lawrence Stenhouse gave it its most quoted formulation for teaching \u2014 that the teacher is properly a researcher of the teacher's own practice, and that a curriculum is a proposition to be tested in classrooms rather than a package to be delivered.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u0930\u094d\u091f \u0932\u0947\u0935\u093f\u0928 \u0928\u0947 1946 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0907\u0938 \u0905\u092d\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u094b \u0909\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0928\u093e\u092e \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0909\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0936\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0906\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e: \u0928\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928, \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0940 \u0924\u0925\u094d\u092f-\u0905\u0928\u094d\u0935\u0947\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0930\u094d\u092a\u093f\u0932\u0964 \u0938\u094d\u091f\u0940\u092b\u0928 \u0915\u094b\u0930\u0940 \u0928\u0947 \u0905\u0917\u0932\u0947 \u0926\u0936\u0915 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0932\u093e\u092f\u093e, \u0914\u0930 \u0932\u0949\u0930\u0947\u0902\u0938 \u0938\u094d\u091f\u0947\u0928\u0939\u093e\u0909\u0938 \u0928\u0947 \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0909\u0926\u094d\u0927\u0943\u0924 \u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e \u2014 \u0915\u093f \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0909\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u0902\u0927\u093e\u0928\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u091a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a\u093e\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e \u092a\u0948\u0915\u0947\u091f \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0930\u0916\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u092a\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n <svg class=\"full-diagram\" viewBox=\"0 0 560 356\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"The action research spiral of plan, act, observe and reflect, repeated in cycles\">\r\n<g font-family=\"DM Sans, Noto Sans Devanagari, sans-serif\" font-size=\"10.5\">\r\n <circle cx=\"280\" cy=\"150\" r=\"110\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#dde5ee\" stroke-width=\"2.4\"\/>\r\n\r\n <rect x=\"196\" y=\"16\" width=\"168\" height=\"48\" rx=\"9\" fill=\"#eefbf7\" stroke=\"#0d8f79\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"34\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#0d8f79\">PLAN<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"50\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">what to try, and what would show it worked<\/text>\r\n <rect x=\"336\" y=\"126\" width=\"168\" height=\"48\" rx=\"9\" fill=\"#eaf6ff\" stroke=\"#2f92d1\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"420\" y=\"144\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#2f92d1\">ACT<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"420\" y=\"160\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">carry it out, in the ordinary run of teaching<\/text>\r\n <rect x=\"196\" y=\"236\" width=\"168\" height=\"48\" rx=\"9\" fill=\"#fffaef\" stroke=\"#c9760f\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"254\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#c9760f\">OBSERVE<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"270\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">collect the evidence decided on in advance<\/text>\r\n <rect x=\"56\" y=\"126\" width=\"168\" height=\"48\" rx=\"9\" fill=\"#fdf0f5\" stroke=\"#8e2f5a\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"140\" y=\"144\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#8e2f5a\">REFLECT<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"140\" y=\"160\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">read the evidence, and re-plan from it<\/text>\r\n <path d=\"M92 128 C50 112, 32 86, 36 60\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#0d8f79\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-dasharray=\"6 4\"\/>\r\n <polygon points=\"36,48 30,60 42,60\" fill=\"#0d8f79\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"52\" y=\"40\" font-size=\"7.5\" font-style=\"italic\" fill=\"#0d8f79\">cycle 2 begins wider<\/text>\r\n <circle cx=\"280\" cy=\"150\" r=\"44\" fill=\"#f5f8fd\" stroke=\"#14243f\" stroke-width=\"1.8\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"146\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#14243f\">ONE CYCLE<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"162\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7\" fill=\"#5a6d80\">Kemmis and<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"172\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7\" fill=\"#5a6d80\">McTaggart<\/text>\r\n\r\n <rect x=\"14\" y=\"298\" width=\"532\" height=\"46\" rx=\"8\" fill=\"#f5f8fd\" stroke=\"#14243f\" stroke-width=\"1.6\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"316\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#14243f\">A spiral rather than a circle<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"332\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">the second cycle does not repeat the first — it begins from a question the first cycle made it possible to ask<\/text>\r\n<\/g><\/svg>\r\n <div class=\"diagram-cap\"><span class=\"en\">The second cycle begins from a question the first made it possible to ask<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u093e \u091a\u0915\u094d\u0930 \u0910\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u0938\u0947 \u0906\u0930\u0902\u092d \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u091b\u0928\u093e \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u092d\u0935 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u092f\u093e<\/span><\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"table-scroll\">\r\n <table class=\"data-table\">\r\n <thead><tr>\r\n <th style=\"width:22%\"><span class=\"en\">Aspect<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u0915\u094d\u0937<\/span><\/th>\r\n <th style=\"width:39%\"><span class=\"en\">Fundamental research<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092e\u0942\u0932\u092d\u0942\u0924 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u0902\u0927\u093e\u0928<\/span><\/th>\r\n <th style=\"width:39%\"><span class=\"en\">Action research<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u0902\u0927\u093e\u0928<\/span><\/th>\r\n <\/tr><\/thead>\r\n <tbody>\r\n <tr><td><strong><span class=\"en\">Purpose<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">To establish something that holds beyond the setting studied.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0910\u0938\u093e \u0915\u0941\u091b \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u091c\u094b \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092f\u0928 \u0915\u093f\u090f \u0917\u090f \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0936 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u0947 \u092d\u0940 \u091f\u093f\u0915\u0947\u0964<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">To improve practice in this setting, and the improvement is the result.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0907\u0938\u0940 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0936 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u0941\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0928\u093e, \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u0939 \u0938\u0941\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u0939\u0940 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td><strong><span class=\"en\">Who conducts it<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0907\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u094c\u0928 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0932\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">A researcher from outside the situation, whose distance from it is a methodological asset.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0939\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u0902\u0927\u093e\u0928\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u0909\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0926\u0942\u0930\u0940 \u092a\u0926\u094d\u0927\u0924\u093f\u0917\u0924 \u0938\u092e\u094d\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">The practitioner inside the situation, whose knowledge of it is the asset and whose closeness is the risk.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0947 \u092d\u0940\u0924\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u093e\u092f\u0940, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0909\u0938\u0915\u093e \u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u0938\u092e\u094d\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u091f\u0924\u093e \u091c\u094b\u0916\u093f\u092e\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td><strong><span class=\"en\">Sample<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Selected to represent a population, so that the finding can be extended to it.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u091c\u0928\u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0928\u093f\u0927\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u091a\u092f\u0928\u093f\u0924, \u0924\u093e\u0915\u093f \u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0937 \u0909\u0938 \u0924\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0947\u0964<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">The class the teacher already has, which is the whole point and also the limit.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u0939\u0940 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u091c\u094b \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u0938 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u092f\u0939\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u092d\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e \u092d\u0940\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td><strong><span class=\"en\">Generalisation<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Claimed, and the design exists to support the claim.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0926\u093e\u0935\u093e \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a \u0909\u0938 \u0926\u093e\u0935\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0928 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0939\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Not claimed. A finding is offered to others as something to test, not as something established for them.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0926\u093e\u0935\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e\u0964 \u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0937 \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u0930\u0916\u0928\u0947 \u092f\u094b\u0917\u094d\u092f \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td><strong><span class=\"en\">Rigour<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u0920\u094b\u0930\u0924\u093e<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Controls, comparison groups and statistical treatment.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0923, \u0924\u0941\u0932\u0928\u093e-\u0938\u092e\u0942\u0939 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u093e\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093f\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0909\u092a\u091a\u093e\u0930\u0964<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Triangulation of evidence, a critical friend, and checking the reading back with those it describes.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u0915\u093e \u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0915\u094b\u0923\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923, \u0906\u0932\u094b\u091a\u0915-\u092e\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u091c\u093f\u0928\u0915\u093e \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0923\u0928 \u0939\u0948 \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e\u0901\u091a\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <\/tbody>\r\n <\/table>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"exam-tip\">\r\n <div class=\"et-icon\">●<\/div>\r\n <div class=\"et-body\">\r\n <strong><span class=\"en\">What separates a cycle from simply trying something.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u091a\u0915\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u094b \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0915\u0941\u091b \u0906\u091c\u093c\u092e\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u092a\u0943\u0925\u0915\u094d \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/strong>\r\n <span class=\"en\"> Every teacher tries new things. Three decisions convert that into research, and all three are taken before the trying:<\/span>\r\n <span class=\"hi\"> \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0928\u0908 \u092c\u093e\u0924\u0947\u0902 \u0906\u091c\u093c\u092e\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0924\u0940\u0928 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0923\u092f \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u0902\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0914\u0930 \u0924\u0940\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0906\u091c\u093c\u092e\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902:<\/span>\r\n <ul class=\"split-list\">\r\n <li><span class=\"sl-tag\">1<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">the difficulty is stated precisely enough that somebody else could recognise it<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u0920\u093f\u0928\u093e\u0908 \u0907\u0924\u0928\u0940 \u092f\u0925\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0924\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b \u0915\u093f \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0939\u091a\u093e\u0928 \u0938\u0915\u0947<\/span><\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"sl-tag\">2<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">what would count as the change having worked is settled in advance<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u092e \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u092e\u093e\u0928\u093e \u091c\u093e\u090f\u0917\u093e, \u092f\u0939 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0924\u092f \u0939\u094b<\/span><\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"sl-tag\">3<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">the evidence is collected as it occurs rather than recalled at the end of the term<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u0938\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0902\u0924 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u092e\u0930\u0923 \u0928 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u090f, \u0918\u091f\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0940 \u090f\u0915\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0939\u094b<\/span><\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"p20-3\">\r\n <span class=\"section-badge\">20.3<\/span>\r\n <h3><span class=\"en\">Professional Learning Communities<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0935\u0938\u093e\u092f\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e \u0938\u092e\u0941\u0926\u093e\u092f<\/span><\/h3>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <p><span class=\"en\">A professional learning community is a staff that inquires collectively into its own results rather than a staff that meets. The distinction is not pedantic: most schools already hold meetings, and the characteristics below are what separate a group doing this work from a group discharging an administrative duty.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0935\u0938\u093e\u092f\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e \u0938\u092e\u0941\u0926\u093e\u092f \u0910\u0938\u093e \u0938\u094d\u091f\u093e\u092b\u093c \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0942\u0939\u093f\u0915 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0940 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0928\u094d\u0935\u0947\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0928 \u0915\u093f \u0910\u0938\u093e \u0938\u094d\u091f\u093e\u092b\u093c \u091c\u094b \u092c\u0948\u0920\u0915 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u092d\u0947\u0926 \u092a\u093e\u0902\u0921\u093f\u0924\u094d\u092f \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u0948: \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0902\u0936 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0948\u0920\u0915\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0914\u0930 \u0928\u0940\u091a\u0947 \u0926\u093f\u090f \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0939\u0940 \u0909\u0938 \u0938\u092e\u0942\u0939 \u0915\u094b, \u091c\u094b \u092f\u0939 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0930 \u0930\u0939\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0909\u0938 \u0938\u092e\u0942\u0939 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0943\u0925\u0915\u094d \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u091c\u094b \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u093e\u0938\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0935\u094d\u092f \u0928\u093f\u092d\u093e \u0930\u0939\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"pc-grid\">\r\n <div class=\"pc-panel pro\">\r\n <div class=\"pc-head\"><span class=\"pc-ico\">\u2713<\/span><span class=\"en\">The four questions a community keeps returning to<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u091c\u093f\u0928 \u091a\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u0938\u092e\u0941\u0926\u093e\u092f \u092c\u093e\u0930-\u092c\u093e\u0930 \u0932\u094c\u091f\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/div>\r\n <ul>\r\n <li><span class=\"en\">What is it that these learners are to know and be able to do?<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0907\u0928 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0928\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u092e\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u093e \u0939\u0948?<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"en\">How will it be known whether they have?<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092f\u0939 \u0915\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0917\u093e \u0915\u093f \u0935\u0947 \u0939\u0941\u090f \u092f\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902?<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"en\">What will be done for those who have not?<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u091c\u094b \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u0941\u090f \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u090f\u0917\u093e?<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"en\">What will be done for those who already have?<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u091c\u094b \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u0939\u094b \u091a\u0941\u0915\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u090f\u0917\u093e?<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div class=\"pc-panel con\">\r\n <div class=\"pc-head\"><span class=\"pc-ico\">\u2717<\/span><span class=\"en\">Why such groups characteristically fail<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0910\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u0942\u0939 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u092b\u0932 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902<\/span><\/div>\r\n <ul>\r\n <li><span class=\"en\">The time is not on the timetable, so the work is done in the residue of the day<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u092e\u092f \u0938\u092e\u092f-\u0938\u093e\u0930\u0923\u0940 \u092a\u0930 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u0948, \u0905\u0924\u0903 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0926\u093f\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0935\u0936\u0947\u0937 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"en\">There is no evidence in the room, so the discussion runs on impression<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0905\u0924\u0903 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u091a\u0930\u094d\u091a\u093e \u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923\u093e \u092a\u0930 \u091a\u0932\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"en\">No norms have been agreed for disagreement, so nothing is contradicted<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u0938\u0939\u092e\u0924\u093f \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0926\u0902\u0921 \u0938\u0939\u092e\u0924 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0905\u0924\u0903 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u0916\u0902\u0921\u0928 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"en\">The agenda drifts to administration, which is urgent in a way that inquiry never is<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u0938\u0942\u091a\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u093e\u0938\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u0913\u0930 \u0938\u0930\u0915 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u094b \u0910\u0938\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u093e \u0905\u0928\u094d\u0935\u0947\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u092d\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"enrich-box\">\r\n <span class=\"enrich-stamp\"><span class=\"en\">The most transferable practice in this chapter<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0907\u0938 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930\u0923\u0940\u092f \u0905\u092d\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938<\/span><\/span>\r\n <h4><span class=\"en\">Lesson study, and the one rule that makes it work<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u093e\u0920 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092f\u0928, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0935\u0939 \u090f\u0915 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e \u091c\u094b \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u0936\u0940\u0932 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/h4>\r\n <p><span class=\"en\">In lesson study, which developed in Japan and has since travelled widely, a small team of teachers plans a single lesson together in detail \u2014 not a scheme of work, one lesson, on a topic the team agrees is hard. One member teaches it while the others observe. The team then meets to examine what was observed and revises the lesson, and often teaches it again with a second class.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u093e\u0920 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092f\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902, \u091c\u094b \u091c\u093e\u092a\u093e\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0938\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0941\u0906 \u0914\u0930 \u0924\u092c \u0938\u0947 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u0915 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u092f\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093e \u0915\u0930 \u091a\u0941\u0915\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u091b\u094b\u091f\u093e \u0926\u0932 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0915\u0930 \u090f\u0915 \u0939\u0940 \u092a\u093e\u0920 \u0915\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0943\u0924 \u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928\u093e \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f-\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u090f\u0915 \u092a\u093e\u0920, \u0910\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u092a\u0930 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u0926\u0932 \u0915\u0920\u093f\u0928 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u0926\u0938\u094d\u092f \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0922\u093c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u092c\u0915\u093f \u0936\u0947\u0937 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u092b\u093f\u0930 \u0926\u0932 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0915\u0930 \u091c\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0941\u0906 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0901\u091a \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u093e\u0920 \u0938\u0902\u0936\u094b\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092f\u0903 \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0903 \u092a\u0922\u093c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/p>\r\n <p><span class=\"en\">The rule that makes the difference is that the observers watch the learners and not the teacher. They record what particular children did at particular moments \u2014 where a group stalled, which representation was used, what a wrong answer revealed \u2014 and the debrief is about the lesson rather than about the person who taught it. Where that rule is not held, the practice becomes appraisal wearing a collaborative name, the teacher who volunteers is exposed rather than supported, and nobody volunteers twice. It is the clearest case in this book of a design whose whole value sits in one procedural condition.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u091c\u094b \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0935\u0939 \u092f\u0939 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0926\u0947\u0916\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0915\u094b \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964 \u0935\u0947 \u0926\u0930\u094d\u091c \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0915\u093f \u0935\u093f\u0936\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f \u092c\u093e\u0932\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u2014 \u0915\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0938\u092e\u0942\u0939 \u0905\u091f\u0915\u093e, \u0915\u094c\u0928-\u0938\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u0942\u092a\u0923 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u0941\u0906, \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0917\u0932\u0924 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0928\u0947 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u091f \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u2014 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u092e\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0909\u0938 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0922\u093c\u093e\u092f\u093e, \u092a\u093e\u0920 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0935\u0939 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0930\u0916\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0935\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u092f\u0939 \u0905\u092d\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938 \u0938\u0939\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0940 \u0928\u093e\u092e \u092a\u0939\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0942\u0932\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0915\u0928 \u092c\u0928 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u094b \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0947\u091a\u094d\u091b\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u0906\u0917\u0947 \u0906\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0935\u0939 \u0938\u0939\u093e\u0930\u093e \u092a\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u091c\u093e\u092f \u0909\u091c\u093e\u0917\u0930 \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u0940 \u092c\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0947\u091a\u094d\u091b\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0906\u0924\u093e\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0907\u0938 \u092a\u0941\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0915 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u092a\u0937\u094d\u091f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0939\u0948 \u0910\u0938\u0947 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a \u0915\u093e \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u092e\u0942\u0932\u094d\u092f \u090f\u0915 \u0939\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0936\u0930\u094d\u0924 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u093f\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/p>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"p20-4\">\r\n <span class=\"section-badge\">20.4<\/span>\r\n <h3><span class=\"en\">Continuous Professional Development<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u0924\u0924 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0935\u0938\u093e\u092f\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938<\/span><\/h3>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <svg class=\"full-diagram\" viewBox=\"0 0 560 268\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Models of professional development on a spectrum from transmission to transformative\">\r\n<defs><linearGradient id=\"cpd\" x1=\"0\" y1=\"0\" x2=\"1\" y2=\"0\">\r\n<stop offset=\"0%\" stop-color=\"#8e2f5a\"\/><stop offset=\"50%\" stop-color=\"#1f5fa9\"\/><stop offset=\"100%\" stop-color=\"#0d8f79\"\/><\/linearGradient><\/defs>\r\n<g font-family=\"DM Sans, Noto Sans Devanagari, sans-serif\" font-size=\"10.5\">\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"22\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"11\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#5a6d80\">WHO HOLDS THE QUESTION BEING WORKED ON<\/text>\r\n <rect x=\"18\" y=\"122\" width=\"524\" height=\"12\" rx=\"6\" fill=\"url(#cpd)\"\/>\r\n\r\n <rect x=\"24\" y=\"44\" width=\"92\" height=\"44\" rx=\"8\" fill=\"#ffffff\" stroke=\"#8e2f5a\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"70\" y=\"62\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#8e2f5a\">TRAINING<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"70\" y=\"76\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"6.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">a course delivered<\/text>\r\n <line x1=\"70\" y1=\"88\" x2=\"70\" y2=\"122\" stroke=\"#8e2f5a\" stroke-width=\"1.4\"\/>\r\n <circle cx=\"70\" cy=\"128\" r=\"6\" fill=\"#ffffff\" stroke=\"#8e2f5a\" stroke-width=\"2.2\"\/>\r\n <rect x=\"122\" y=\"44\" width=\"92\" height=\"44\" rx=\"8\" fill=\"#ffffff\" stroke=\"#6b3a8f\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"168\" y=\"62\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#6b3a8f\">AWARD<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"168\" y=\"76\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"6.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">a qualification gained<\/text>\r\n <line x1=\"168\" y1=\"88\" x2=\"168\" y2=\"122\" stroke=\"#6b3a8f\" stroke-width=\"1.4\"\/>\r\n <circle cx=\"168\" cy=\"128\" r=\"6\" fill=\"#ffffff\" stroke=\"#6b3a8f\" stroke-width=\"2.2\"\/>\r\n <rect x=\"220\" y=\"44\" width=\"92\" height=\"44\" rx=\"8\" fill=\"#ffffff\" stroke=\"#1f5fa9\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"266\" y=\"62\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\">DEFICIT<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"266\" y=\"76\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"6.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">a weakness repaired<\/text>\r\n <line x1=\"266\" y1=\"88\" x2=\"266\" y2=\"122\" stroke=\"#1f5fa9\" stroke-width=\"1.4\"\/>\r\n <circle cx=\"266\" cy=\"128\" r=\"6\" fill=\"#ffffff\" stroke=\"#1f5fa9\" stroke-width=\"2.2\"\/>\r\n <rect x=\"318\" y=\"160\" width=\"92\" height=\"44\" rx=\"8\" fill=\"#ffffff\" stroke=\"#c9760f\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"364\" y=\"178\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#c9760f\">COACHING<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"364\" y=\"192\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"6.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">a colleague alongside<\/text>\r\n <line x1=\"364\" y1=\"158\" x2=\"364\" y2=\"134\" stroke=\"#c9760f\" stroke-width=\"1.4\"\/>\r\n <circle cx=\"364\" cy=\"128\" r=\"6\" fill=\"#ffffff\" stroke=\"#c9760f\" stroke-width=\"2.2\"\/>\r\n <rect x=\"416\" y=\"160\" width=\"92\" height=\"44\" rx=\"8\" fill=\"#ffffff\" stroke=\"#0d8f79\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"462\" y=\"178\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#0d8f79\">COMMUNITY<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"462\" y=\"192\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"6.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">a group inquiring<\/text>\r\n <line x1=\"462\" y1=\"158\" x2=\"462\" y2=\"134\" stroke=\"#0d8f79\" stroke-width=\"1.4\"\/>\r\n <circle cx=\"462\" cy=\"128\" r=\"6\" fill=\"#ffffff\" stroke=\"#0d8f79\" stroke-width=\"2.2\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"18\" y=\"226\" font-size=\"9\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#8e2f5a\">TRANSMISSION<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"18\" y=\"240\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">the question was set elsewhere<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"542\" y=\"226\" text-anchor=\"end\" font-size=\"9\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#0d8f79\">TRANSFORMATIVE<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"542\" y=\"240\" text-anchor=\"end\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">the teacher sets the question<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"262\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#5a6d80\">no position is worthless; a new statute has to be transmitted, and a stubborn classroom problem cannot be<\/text>\r\n<\/g><\/svg>\r\n <div class=\"diagram-cap\"><span class=\"en\">The models differ in one thing: whether the question was set elsewhere or by the teacher<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u090f\u0915 \u0939\u0940 \u092c\u093e\u0924 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0939\u0948\u0902: \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0924\u092f \u0939\u0941\u0906 \u092f\u093e \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e<\/span><\/div>\r\n\r\n <p><span class=\"en\">The models arrange themselves along a single dimension: who holds the question being worked on. At one end the question was framed elsewhere and the teacher receives an answer to it; at the other the teacher frames the question and the development consists in pursuing it. The spectrum is descriptive rather than evaluative, since a new statute has to be transmitted and a stubborn classroom problem cannot be.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092f\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u090f\u0915 \u0939\u0940 \u0906\u092f\u093e\u092e \u092a\u0930 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902: \u091c\u093f\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0939\u094b \u0930\u0939\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0935\u0939 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u0938 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u090f\u0915 \u091b\u094b\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0917\u0922\u093c\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0925\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948; \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u0917\u0922\u093c\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938 \u0909\u0938\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u0930\u0923 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u093f\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0938\u093e\u0924\u0924\u094d\u092f \u092e\u0942\u0932\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0915\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0923\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0939\u0948, \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u0928\u092f\u093e \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u0939\u0940 \u092a\u0921\u093c\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0939\u0920\u0940 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e-\u0938\u092e\u0938\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940\u0964<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n <ul class=\"num-stack\">\r\n <li><strong><span class=\"en\">The cascade loses something at every step.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u091d\u0930\u0928\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u091a\u0930\u0923 \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u0941\u091b \u0916\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/strong> <span class=\"en\">In a cascade a small group is trained, each member trains a larger group, and so on until the whole system is reached. It is the only design that scales to a national workforce, and what arrives at the fourth level is characteristically a summary of a summary \u2014 the procedures survive and the reasoning behind them does not, so the practice is adopted in a form that cannot be adapted.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u091d\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091b\u094b\u091f\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u0942\u0939 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0938\u0926\u0938\u094d\u092f \u092c\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u0942\u0939 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u092f\u0939 \u0924\u092c \u0924\u0915 \u091a\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u092c \u0924\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u0924\u0915 \u0928 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a\u093e \u091c\u093e\u090f\u0964 \u092f\u0939\u0940 \u090f\u0915\u092e\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u092c\u0932 \u0924\u0915 \u092b\u0948\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u091a\u094c\u0925\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u091c\u094b \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0935\u0939 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0936 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u093e\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0936 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u092c\u091a \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0940\u091b\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u0924\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0905\u0924\u0903 \u0905\u092d\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938 \u0910\u0938\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u093e\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0915\u0942\u0932\u093f\u0924 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><strong><span class=\"en\">One-off events do not survive the return.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u090f\u0915\u092c\u093e\u0930\u0917\u0940 \u0906\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u0935\u093e\u092a\u0938\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u091f\u093f\u0915\u0924\u0947\u0964<\/span><\/strong> <span class=\"en\">A workshop with no follow-up leaves a teacher who intends to change something and returns to a timetable, a syllabus and a class that are exactly as they were. What the research consistently associates with change is sustained work over months, on a specific subject, with an opportunity to try the practice and receive feedback on the attempt.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u0928\u0941\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928-\u0930\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u0936\u093e\u0932\u093e \u0910\u0938\u0947 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0915\u094b \u091b\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0915\u0941\u091b \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u0906\u0936\u092f \u0930\u0916\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0910\u0938\u0940 \u0938\u092e\u092f-\u0938\u093e\u0930\u0923\u0940, \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0932\u094c\u091f\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0920\u0940\u0915 \u0935\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0939\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u0902\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u0902\u0924\u0930 \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0935\u0939 \u0939\u0948 \u092e\u0939\u0940\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0924\u0915 \u091a\u0932\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e, \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u092d\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938 \u0906\u091c\u093c\u092e\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0909\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u093e\u0938 \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920\u092a\u094b\u0937\u0923 \u092a\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0935\u0938\u0930 \u0939\u094b\u0964<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><strong><span class=\"en\">The fifty hours are an opportunity, not a syllabus.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u0947 \u092a\u091a\u093e\u0938 \u0918\u0902\u091f\u0947 \u0905\u0935\u0938\u0930 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/strong> <span class=\"en\">The policy states the quantity and leaves the content open. A school that spends the hours on a series of unconnected lectures has complied; a school that spends them on one difficulty its own results identified, examined over a year with colleagues, has used them. The difference costs nothing and is entirely a matter of who framed the question.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f \u092e\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093e \u092c\u0924\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u0916\u0941\u0932\u0940 \u091b\u094b\u0921\u093c \u0926\u0947\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u091c\u094b \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0935\u0947 \u0918\u0902\u091f\u0947 \u0905\u0938\u0902\u092c\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0936\u0943\u0902\u0916\u0932\u093e \u092a\u0930 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0947 \u0909\u0938\u0928\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u093e\u0932\u0928 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948; \u091c\u094b \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u0938 \u090f\u0915 \u0915\u0920\u093f\u0928\u093e\u0908 \u092a\u0930 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0947 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e\u094b\u0902 \u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0939\u091a\u093e\u0928\u093e, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0938\u0939\u0915\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937 \u092d\u0930 \u092a\u0930\u0916\u093e, \u0909\u0938\u0928\u0947 \u0909\u0928\u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0907\u0938 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0932\u093e\u0917\u0924 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u0939 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923\u0924\u0903 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u093e \u092e\u093e\u092e\u0932\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0928\u0947 \u0917\u0922\u093c\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"cyp-box\">\r\n <div class=\"cyp-title\"><span class=\"en\">Progress check<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0917\u0924\u093f \u091c\u093e\u0901\u091a<\/span><\/div>\r\n <details class=\"cyp-q\"><summary><span class=\"en\">A teacher tries group work for a term, finds the class livelier, and reports it as successful action research. What is missing?<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0924\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0942\u0939\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0906\u091c\u093c\u092e\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u091c\u0940\u0935\u0902\u0924 \u092a\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u092b\u0932 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u0902\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u092c\u0924\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u091b\u0942\u091f \u0930\u0939\u093e \u0939\u0948?<\/span><\/summary>\r\n <div class=\"cyp-a\"><span class=\"en\">All three of the decisions that convert trying something into research, and they had to be taken beforehand. The difficulty was never stated precisely enough for anyone to recognise it, what would count as the change having worked was not settled in advance, and liveliness is an impression recalled at the end rather than evidence collected as it occurred. What has happened is a change of practice, which may well be a good one; what has not happened is any means of knowing.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u0947 \u0924\u0940\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0923\u092f \u091c\u094b \u0915\u0941\u091b \u0906\u091c\u093c\u092e\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u094b \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u0902\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0928\u093e \u0925\u093e\u0964 \u0915\u0920\u093f\u0928\u093e\u0908 \u0907\u0924\u0928\u0940 \u092f\u0925\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0924\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u092d\u0940 \u0915\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u0941\u0908 \u0915\u093f \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0939\u091a\u093e\u0928 \u0938\u0915\u0947, \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u092e \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u092e\u093e\u0928\u093e \u091c\u093e\u090f\u0917\u093e \u092f\u0939 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0924\u092f \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u0941\u0906, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u091c\u0940\u0935\u0902\u0924\u0924\u093e \u0905\u0902\u0924 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u092e\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0940 \u0917\u0908 \u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0918\u091f\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0940 \u090f\u0915\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964 \u091c\u094b \u0939\u0941\u0906 \u0939\u0948 \u0935\u0939 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930-\u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u094b \u0938\u0902\u092d\u0935\u0924\u0903 \u0905\u091a\u094d\u091b\u093e \u0939\u094b; \u091c\u094b \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u0941\u0906 \u0935\u0939 \u092f\u0939 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0938\u093e\u0927\u0928 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n <details class=\"cyp-q\"><summary><span class=\"en\">In a lesson study debrief the observers discuss how well the teacher explained. What has gone wrong?<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092a\u093e\u0920 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092f\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u092e\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0907\u0938 \u092a\u0930 \u091a\u0930\u094d\u091a\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0915\u093f \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0928\u0947 \u0915\u093f\u0924\u0928\u0940 \u0905\u091a\u094d\u091b\u0940 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0940\u0964 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0917\u0932\u0924 \u0939\u0941\u0906?<\/span><\/summary>\r\n <div class=\"cyp-a\"><span class=\"en\">The one rule that makes the practice work has been broken. Observers watch the learners and record what particular children did at particular moments, and the debrief is about the lesson rather than about the person who taught it. Once the discussion turns to the teacher, the practice has become appraisal wearing a collaborative name, and the teacher who volunteered has been exposed rather than supported \u2014 after which nobody volunteers again.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u0939 \u090f\u0915 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e \u091f\u0942\u091f \u0917\u092f\u093e \u091c\u094b \u0907\u0938 \u0905\u092d\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u094b \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u0936\u0940\u0932 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0926\u0947\u0916\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0926\u0930\u094d\u091c \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0915\u093f \u0935\u093f\u0936\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f \u092c\u093e\u0932\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0938\u092e\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0909\u0938 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u092a\u093e\u0920 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u091a\u0930\u094d\u091a\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0915\u0940 \u0913\u0930 \u092e\u0941\u0921\u093c\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0940 \u092f\u0939 \u0905\u092d\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938 \u0938\u0939\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0940 \u0928\u093e\u092e \u092a\u0939\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0942\u0932\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0915\u0928 \u092c\u0928 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u091c\u094b \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0947\u091a\u094d\u091b\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u0906\u0917\u0947 \u0906\u092f\u093e \u0935\u0939 \u0938\u0939\u093e\u0930\u093e \u092a\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u091c\u093e\u092f \u0909\u091c\u093e\u0917\u0930 \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u092b\u093f\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0947\u091a\u094d\u091b\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0906\u0924\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n <details class=\"cyp-q\"><summary><span class=\"en\">Why does a cascade model characteristically deliver procedures without their reasoning?<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u091d\u0930\u0928\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0947 \u0924\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948?<\/span><\/summary>\r\n <div class=\"cyp-a\"><span class=\"en\">Because each level summarises what it received before passing it on, and what survives summarising is the procedure rather than the argument for it. By the fourth transmission a teacher has a set of steps and no account of the difficulty they were designed to meet, so the practice cannot be adapted when the local difficulty turns out to be a different one. The design is nonetheless the only one that reaches a national workforce, which is why the remedy is follow-up rather than abandonment.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0906\u0917\u0947 \u092c\u0922\u093c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u091c\u094b \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u093e \u0909\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0938\u093e\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0936 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u093e\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0936\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091c\u094b \u092c\u091a\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0935\u0939 \u0924\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u091a\u094c\u0925\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u0930\u0923 \u0924\u0915 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u0938 \u091a\u0930\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u092e\u0941\u091a\u094d\u091a\u092f \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0938 \u0915\u0920\u093f\u0928\u093e\u0908 \u0915\u093e \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0935\u093f\u0935\u0930\u0923 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0935\u0947 \u092c\u0928\u0947 \u0925\u0947, \u0905\u0924\u0903 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u0940\u092f \u0915\u0920\u093f\u0928\u093e\u0908 \u0915\u0947 \u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u0932\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u0905\u092d\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0915\u0942\u0932\u093f\u0924 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e\u0964 \u092b\u093f\u0930 \u092d\u0940 \u092f\u0939\u0940 \u090f\u0915\u092e\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u092c\u0932 \u0924\u0915 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0907\u0938\u0940\u0932\u093f\u090f \u0909\u092a\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0917 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"p20-5\">\r\n <span class=\"section-badge\">20.5<\/span>\r\n <h3><span class=\"en\">Practice Set<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u092d\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938 \u0938\u0947\u091f<\/span><\/h3>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"mcq-box\">\r\n <div class=\"mcq-title\"><span class=\"en\">Practice \u2014 Teacher Development and Action Research<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u092d\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938 \u2014 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u0902\u0927\u093e\u0928<\/span> <span class=\"mcq-src\">10 items<\/span><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"mcq-note\"><span class=\"en\">Where a practice is described, ask who framed the question it works on.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0905\u092d\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0923\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b, \u092a\u0942\u091b\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u093f \u0935\u0939 \u091c\u093f\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0928\u0947 \u0917\u0922\u093c\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n\r\n <details class=\"mcq-q\"><summary><span class=\"mcq-num\">1<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">Dewey held that reflective action requires three attitudes, namely<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0921\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0908 \u0928\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u093e \u0915\u093f \u091a\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0928\u0936\u0940\u0932 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0924\u0940\u0928 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f, \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0924\u094d<\/span><\/span><\/summary>\r\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\r\n <li>(a) <span class=\"en\">patience, discipline and obedience<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0927\u0948\u0930\u094d\u092f, \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0936\u093e\u0938\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0906\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u092a\u093e\u0932\u0928<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(b) <span class=\"en\">open-mindedness, responsibility and wholeheartedness<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0916\u0941\u0932\u093e\u092a\u0928, \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930\u0926\u093e\u092f\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923-\u0939\u0943\u0926\u092f\u0924\u093e<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(c) <span class=\"en\">observation, analysis and evaluation<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923, \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0937\u0923 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092e\u0942\u0932\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0915\u0928<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(d) <span class=\"en\">planning, action and review<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0928\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928, \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u092e\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\"><b>(b).<\/b> <span class=\"en\">He set reflective action against routine action, which is guided by tradition, authority and circumstance. Wholeheartedness in particular rules out the reflection undertaken because it will be inspected, since a journal written for an inspector records what the inspector wants and examines nothing.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0909\u0928\u094d\u0939\u094b\u0902\u0928\u0947 \u091a\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0928\u0936\u0940\u0932 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0928\u093f\u0924\u094d\u092f-\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0930\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0930\u0916\u093e, \u091c\u094b \u092a\u0930\u0902\u092a\u0930\u093e, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u0938\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923-\u0939\u0943\u0926\u092f\u0924\u093e \u0909\u0938 \u091a\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0928 \u0915\u094b \u0905\u092a\u0935\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0907\u0938\u0932\u093f\u090f \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u090f \u0915\u093f \u0909\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0939\u094b\u0917\u093e, \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u0928\u093f\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0932\u093f\u0916\u0940 \u0917\u0908 \u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0915\u093e \u0935\u0939\u0940 \u0926\u0930\u094d\u091c \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0928\u093f\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u091a\u093e\u0939\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0901\u091a \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n\r\n <details class=\"mcq-q\"><summary><span class=\"mcq-num\">2<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">A teacher notices mid-explanation that the class is lost and changes the example on the spot. This is<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u0927\u094d\u092f \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u092d\u091f\u0915 \u0917\u0908 \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0924\u0941\u0930\u0902\u0924 \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923 \u092c\u0926\u0932 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/span><\/summary>\r\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\r\n <li>(a) <span class=\"en\">reflection on action<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u092a\u0930 \u091a\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0928<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(b) <span class=\"en\">reflection in action<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091a\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0928<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(c) <span class=\"en\">reflection for action<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u091a\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0928<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(d) <span class=\"en\">routine action<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0928\u093f\u0924\u094d\u092f-\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\"><b>(b).<\/b> <span class=\"en\">It is the only one of the three that happens under time pressure, and Sch\u00f6n's point is that it draws on knowing-in-action that the practitioner cannot fully state. It cannot therefore be taught directly, which is why reflection on and for action are the practical route to it rather than lesser versions of it.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0924\u0940\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u092f\u0939\u0940 \u0938\u092e\u092f-\u0926\u092c\u093e\u0935 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0918\u091f\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0936\u0949\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u092c\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0941 \u092f\u0939 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u092f\u0939 \u0910\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e-\u092e\u0947\u0902-\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u0930 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u093e\u092f\u0940 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u0940 \u0924\u0930\u0939 \u0915\u0939 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e\u0964 \u0905\u0924\u0903 \u0907\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u093f\u0916\u093e\u092f\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e, \u0907\u0938\u0940\u0932\u093f\u090f \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u092a\u0930 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u091a\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0928 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0928\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0928 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0907\u0938 \u0924\u0915 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0917 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n\r\n <details class=\"mcq-q\"><summary><span class=\"mcq-num\">3<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">The term action research and its spiral of planning, action and fact-finding are owed to<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u0902\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u0926 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0928\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928, \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0924\u0925\u094d\u092f-\u0905\u0928\u094d\u0935\u0947\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0938\u0930\u094d\u092a\u093f\u0932 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/span><\/summary>\r\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\r\n <li>(a) <span class=\"en\">Kurt Lewin<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u0930\u094d\u091f \u0932\u0947\u0935\u093f\u0928<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(b) <span class=\"en\">Donald Sch\u00f6n<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0921\u094b\u0928\u093e\u0932\u094d\u0921 \u0936\u0949\u0928<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(c) <span class=\"en\">Stephen Brookfield<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0940\u092b\u0928 \u092c\u094d\u0930\u0941\u0915\u092b\u0940\u0932\u094d\u0921<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(d) <span class=\"en\">Lawrence Stenhouse<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0932\u0949\u0930\u0947\u0902\u0938 \u0938\u094d\u091f\u0947\u0928\u0939\u093e\u0909\u0938<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\"><b>(a).<\/b> <span class=\"en\">Lewin named it in 1946; Corey brought it into education in the following decade; Stenhouse gave it its most quoted formulation for teaching, that the teacher is properly a researcher of the teacher's own practice. Sch\u00f6n and Brookfield belong to the reflection literature rather than to action research.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0932\u0947\u0935\u093f\u0928 \u0928\u0947 1946 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0928\u093e\u092e\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e; \u0915\u094b\u0930\u0940 \u0928\u0947 \u0905\u0917\u0932\u0947 \u0926\u0936\u0915 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0907\u0938\u0947 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0932\u093e\u092f\u093e; \u0938\u094d\u091f\u0947\u0928\u0939\u093e\u0909\u0938 \u0928\u0947 \u0907\u0938\u0947 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0909\u0926\u094d\u0927\u0943\u0924 \u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u093f \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0909\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u0902\u0927\u093e\u0928\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0936\u0949\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092c\u094d\u0930\u0941\u0915\u092b\u0940\u0932\u094d\u0921 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u0902\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u091a\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0928-\u0938\u093e\u0939\u093f\u0924\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n\r\n <details class=\"mcq-q\"><summary><span class=\"mcq-num\">4<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">The four phases of the Kemmis and McTaggart cycle are<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u0947\u092e\u093f\u0938 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092e\u0948\u0915\u091f\u0948\u0917\u093e\u0930\u094d\u091f \u091a\u0915\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u091a\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u0939\u0948\u0902<\/span><\/span><\/summary>\r\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\r\n <li>(a) <span class=\"en\">plan, act, observe, reflect<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0928\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928, \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923, \u091a\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0928<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(b) <span class=\"en\">describe, analyse, conclude, apply<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0923\u0928, \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0937\u0923, \u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0937, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(c) <span class=\"en\">context, input, process, product<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u0902\u0926\u0930\u094d\u092d, \u0928\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0936, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e, \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(d) <span class=\"en\">engage, explore, explain, evaluate<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u090f\u0902\u0917\u0947\u091c, \u090f\u0915\u094d\u0938\u092a\u094d\u0932\u094b\u0930, \u090f\u0915\u094d\u0938\u092a\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0928, \u0907\u0935\u0948\u0932\u094d\u092f\u0942\u090f\u091f<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\"><b>(a).<\/b> <span class=\"en\">The arrangement is called a spiral rather than a circle because the second cycle does not repeat the first \u2014 it begins from a question the first cycle made it possible to ask. Option (c) is the CIPP evaluation model of Chapter 11 and option (d) part of the 5E sequence of Chapter 8.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0907\u0938 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0938\u0930\u094d\u092a\u093f\u0932 \u0915\u0939\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u093e \u091a\u0915\u094d\u0930 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u093e\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u0935\u0939 \u0910\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u0938\u0947 \u0906\u0930\u0902\u092d \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u091b\u0928\u093e \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u091a\u0915\u094d\u0930 \u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u092d\u0935 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u092f\u093e\u0964 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a (c) \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f 11 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0940\u0906\u0908\u092a\u0940\u092a\u0940 \u092e\u0942\u0932\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0915\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0939\u0948 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a (d) \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f 8 \u0915\u0947 5E \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0902\u0936\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n\r\n <details class=\"mcq-q\"><summary><span class=\"mcq-num\">5<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">Which is NOT a characteristic of action research?<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u094c\u0928-\u0938\u093e \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u0902\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u0948?<\/span><\/span><\/summary>\r\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\r\n <li>(a) <span class=\"en\">It is conducted by the practitioner in the situation<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u0939 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0947 \u092d\u0940\u0924\u0930 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u093e\u092f\u0940 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0932\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(b) <span class=\"en\">It is cyclical and self-evaluative<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u0939 \u091a\u0915\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u0935-\u092e\u0942\u0932\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0915\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(c) <span class=\"en\">Its findings are claimed to generalise to a population<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0937\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u091c\u0928\u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0924\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u093e \u0926\u093e\u0935\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(d) <span class=\"en\">Its purpose is to improve practice in the setting studied<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0909\u0938\u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092f\u0928 \u0915\u093f\u090f \u0917\u090f \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0936 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u0941\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0928\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\"><b>(c).<\/b> <span class=\"en\">Generalisation is not claimed, and the sample is the class the teacher already has, which is both the point and the limit. A finding is offered to other teachers as something to test in their own setting rather than as something established on their behalf, and that is the distinction from fundamental research most often asked about.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u093e \u0926\u093e\u0935\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936 \u0935\u0939\u0940 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u0938 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u092f\u0939 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u092d\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e \u092d\u0940\u0964 \u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0937 \u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0940 \u0913\u0930 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0947 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0936 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0930\u0916\u0928\u0947 \u092f\u094b\u0917\u094d\u092f \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u092e\u0942\u0932\u092d\u0942\u0924 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u0902\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u0938\u0947 \u092f\u0939\u0940 \u092d\u0947\u0926 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u0942\u091b\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n\r\n <details class=\"mcq-q\"><summary><span class=\"mcq-num\">6<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">Brookfield's four lenses are the teacher's own experience, the literature, colleagues' perceptions and<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092c\u094d\u0930\u0941\u0915\u092b\u0940\u0932\u094d\u0921 \u0915\u0947 \u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0932\u0947\u0902\u0938 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u092a\u0928\u093e \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092d\u0935, \u0938\u093e\u0939\u093f\u0924\u094d\u092f, \u0938\u0939\u0915\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u0924\u0925\u093e<\/span><\/span><\/summary>\r\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\r\n <li>(a) <span class=\"en\">the inspector's report<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0928\u093f\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0915\u0940 \u0930\u093f\u092a\u094b\u0930\u094d\u091f<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(b) <span class=\"en\">the learners' eyes<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0906\u0901\u0916\u0947\u0902<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(c) <span class=\"en\">the examination results<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e-\u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(d) <span class=\"en\">the parents' expectations<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u092d\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u090f\u0901<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\"><b>(b).<\/b> <span class=\"en\">The case for using four is that each is blind where another sees. The teacher's own view is blind exactly where habit has become common sense; colleagues share the assumptions of the staffroom; the literature does not know this class; and learners cannot always name what they are experiencing.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u091a\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u093e \u0924\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u092f\u0939 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0935\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0905\u0902\u0927\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0916\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0940 \u0926\u0943\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093f \u0920\u0940\u0915 \u0935\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0905\u0902\u0927\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0906\u0926\u0924 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f-\u092c\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093f \u092c\u0928 \u091a\u0941\u0915\u0940 \u0939\u0948; \u0938\u0939\u0915\u0930\u094d\u092e\u0940 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915-\u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0915\u0940 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0924\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u0938\u093e\u091d\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902; \u0938\u093e\u0939\u093f\u0924\u094d\u092f \u0907\u0938 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0924\u093e; \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u091c\u094b \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092d\u0935 \u0915\u0930 \u0930\u0939\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0928\u093e\u092e \u0938\u0926\u0948\u0935 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0932\u0947 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0947\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n\r\n <details class=\"mcq-q\"><summary><span class=\"mcq-num\">7<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">In lesson study, the observers are expected to watch<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u093e\u0920 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092f\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u0926\u0947\u0916\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/span><\/summary>\r\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\r\n <li>(a) <span class=\"en\">the teacher's delivery and manner<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924\u093f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0936\u0948\u0932\u0940<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(b) <span class=\"en\">the learners, and what particular children did at particular moments<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092f\u0939 \u0915\u093f \u0935\u093f\u0936\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f \u092c\u093e\u0932\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(c) <span class=\"en\">the use of teaching aids only<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0938\u0939\u093e\u092f\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(d) <span class=\"en\">the time taken for each step of the plan<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u091a\u0930\u0923 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0932\u0917\u093e \u0938\u092e\u092f<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\"><b>(b).<\/b> <span class=\"en\">This is the single procedural condition on which the whole value of the design rests. Once the debrief turns to the teacher the practice becomes appraisal wearing a collaborative name, the volunteer is exposed rather than supported, and nobody volunteers a second time.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092f\u0939\u0940 \u0935\u0939 \u090f\u0915\u0932 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0936\u0930\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938 \u092a\u0930 \u0907\u0938 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u092e\u0942\u0932\u094d\u092f \u091f\u093f\u0915\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0938\u092e\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0915\u0940 \u0913\u0930 \u092e\u0941\u0921\u093c\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0940 \u092f\u0939 \u0905\u092d\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938 \u0938\u0939\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0940 \u0928\u093e\u092e \u092a\u0939\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0942\u0932\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0915\u0928 \u092c\u0928 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0947\u091a\u094d\u091b\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u0906\u0917\u0947 \u0906\u092f\u093e \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0938\u0939\u093e\u0930\u093e \u092a\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u091c\u093e\u092f \u0909\u091c\u093e\u0917\u0930 \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u0940 \u092c\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0947\u091a\u094d\u091b\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0906\u0924\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n\r\n <details class=\"mcq-q\"><summary><span class=\"mcq-num\">8<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">The chief weakness of the cascade model of training is that<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u091d\u0930\u0928\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0941\u0916 \u0926\u0941\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0932\u0924\u093e \u092f\u0939 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f<\/span><\/span><\/summary>\r\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\r\n <li>(a) <span class=\"en\">it cannot reach a large number of teachers<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u0939 \u092c\u0921\u093c\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0924\u0915 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(b) <span class=\"en\">the reasoning behind a practice is lost at each transmission while the procedure survives<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u0930\u0923 \u092a\u0930 \u0905\u092d\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0940\u091b\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u0924\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0916\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u092c\u0915\u093f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u092c\u091a \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(c) <span class=\"en\">it requires every teacher to conduct research<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u0939 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u0902\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(d) <span class=\"en\">it can only be used for subject knowledge<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u0939 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f-\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\"><b>(b).<\/b> <span class=\"en\">Option (a) states its principal strength: it is the only design that scales to a national workforce, which is why the remedy for the weakness is follow-up rather than abandonment. A teacher who receives steps without the account of the difficulty they were designed to meet cannot adapt them when the local difficulty turns out to be different.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a (a) \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0941\u0916 \u0936\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u092c\u0924\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948: \u092f\u0939\u0940 \u090f\u0915\u092e\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u092c\u0932 \u0924\u0915 \u092b\u0948\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0907\u0938\u0940\u0932\u093f\u090f \u0909\u0938 \u0926\u0941\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0917 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u091c\u093f\u0938 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0915\u094b \u0909\u0938 \u0915\u0920\u093f\u0928\u093e\u0908 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0935\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u091a\u0930\u0923 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0947\u0902 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0935\u0947 \u092c\u0928\u0947 \u0925\u0947, \u0935\u0939 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u0940\u092f \u0915\u0920\u093f\u0928\u093e\u0908 \u0915\u0947 \u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u0932\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0915\u0942\u0932\u093f\u0924 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n\r\n <details class=\"mcq-q\"><summary><span class=\"mcq-num\">9<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">Research on professional development consistently associates change in practice with<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0935\u0938\u093e\u092f\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0940 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u0902\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930-\u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u0915\u094b \u0928\u093f\u0930\u0902\u0924\u0930 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/span><\/summary>\r\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\r\n <li>(a) <span class=\"en\">a single intensive workshop with a distinguished speaker<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0935\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u090f\u0915 \u0939\u0940 \u0917\u0939\u0928 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u0936\u093e\u0932\u093e<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(b) <span class=\"en\">sustained subject-specific work with a chance to try the practice and get feedback<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f-\u0935\u093f\u0936\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0938\u0924\u0924 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u092d\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938 \u0906\u091c\u093c\u092e\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920\u092a\u094b\u0937\u0923 \u092a\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0935\u0938\u0930 \u0939\u094b<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(c) <span class=\"en\">an annual circular describing the expected method<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f \u0915\u093e \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0923\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0935\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(d) <span class=\"en\">an increase in the number of hours required<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0918\u0902\u091f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u0943\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093f<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\"><b>(b).<\/b> <span class=\"en\">A workshop with no follow-up leaves a teacher who intends to change something and returns to a timetable, a syllabus and a class that are exactly as they were. Option (d) is the trap in policy terms: the fifty hours state a quantity and leave the content open, and the difference between compliance and use lies entirely in who framed the question.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u0928\u0941\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928-\u0930\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u0936\u093e\u0932\u093e \u0910\u0938\u0947 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0915\u094b \u091b\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0915\u0941\u091b \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u0906\u0936\u092f \u0930\u0916\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0910\u0938\u0940 \u0938\u092e\u092f-\u0938\u093e\u0930\u0923\u0940, \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0932\u094c\u091f\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0920\u0940\u0915 \u0935\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0939\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a (d) \u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f\u0917\u0924 \u0926\u0943\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093f \u0938\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0932 \u0939\u0948: \u0935\u0947 \u092a\u091a\u093e\u0938 \u0918\u0902\u091f\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093e \u092c\u0924\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u0916\u0941\u0932\u0940 \u091b\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u093e\u0932\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923\u0924\u0903 \u0907\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0928\u0947 \u0917\u0922\u093c\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n\r\n <details class=\"mcq-q\"><summary><span class=\"mcq-num\">10<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">Consider: 1. Experience by itself produces expertise. 2. In action research, what would count as success is settled before the intervention. 3. A professional learning community is distinguished from a staff meeting by inquiry into its own results. Which are correct?<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u093f\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0940\u091c\u093f\u090f: 1. \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092d\u0935 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937\u091c\u094d\u091e\u0924\u093e \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 2. \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u0902\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u092b\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u090f\u0917\u0940 \u092f\u0939 \u0939\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u0924\u092f \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 3. \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0935\u0938\u093e\u092f\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e \u0938\u092e\u0941\u0926\u093e\u092f \u0938\u094d\u091f\u093e\u092b\u093c-\u092c\u0948\u0920\u0915 \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0940 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u094d\u0935\u0947\u0937\u0923 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u092a\u0943\u0925\u0915\u094d \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0915\u094c\u0928-\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0939\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902?<\/span><\/span><\/summary>\r\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\r\n <li>(a) <span class=\"en\">1 and 2 only<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 1 \u0914\u0930 2<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(b) <span class=\"en\">2 and 3 only<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 2 \u0914\u0930 3<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(c) <span class=\"en\">1 and 3 only<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 1 \u0914\u0930 3<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li>(d) <span class=\"en\">1, 2 and 3<\/span><span class=\"hi\">1, 2 \u0914\u0930 3<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\"><b>(b).<\/b> <span class=\"en\">Statement 1 is the assumption this chapter is written against: repetition without examination consolidates whatever is already being done, which is why a teacher may improve for three years and not thereafter. What converts experience into development is a deliberate procedure for looking at it, and the three sections of the chapter describe procedures of increasing formality.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u0925\u0928 1 \u0935\u0939\u0940 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0930\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u092f\u0939 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f \u0932\u093f\u0916\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948: \u091c\u093e\u0901\u091a-\u0930\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u093e\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0909\u0938\u0940 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0941\u0926\u0943\u0922\u093c \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0930\u0939\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0907\u0938\u0940\u0932\u093f\u090f \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0924\u0940\u0928 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937 \u0924\u0915 \u0938\u0941\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092d\u0935 \u0915\u094b \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091c\u094b \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0935\u0939 \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0926\u0947\u0916\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0941\u0935\u093f\u091a\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u0924\u0940\u0928 \u0916\u0902\u0921 \u092c\u0922\u093c\u0924\u0940 \u0914\u092a\u091a\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0923\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <\/section>\r\n<!--\/CH20-->\r\n<!--CH21--><section class=\"chapter-content\" data-chap=\"21\" id=\"c21\">\r\n <div class=\"chapter-heading-block\">\r\n <span class=\"chapter-badge\"><span class=\"en\">CHAPTER 21<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f 21<\/span><\/span>\r\n <h2><span class=\"en\">Revision and Reference<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u093e\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0930\u094d\u092d<\/span><\/h2>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"keyfact-grid\">\r\n <div class=\"keyfact-card navy-hi\">\r\n <span class=\"big-icon\">📚<\/span>\r\n <div class=\"kf-label\"><span class=\"en\">Chapters covered<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u092e\u093e\u0935\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f<\/span><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"kf-value\">Twenty<\/div>\r\n <div class=\"kf-sub\"><span class=\"en\">Arranged in five parts of argument<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0924\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u0901\u091a \u092d\u093e\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div class=\"keyfact-card amber-hi\">\r\n <span class=\"big-icon\">⚠<\/span>\r\n <div class=\"kf-label\"><span class=\"en\">The section that earns most<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0926\u0947\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e \u0916\u0902\u0921<\/span><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"kf-value\">Common confusions<\/div>\r\n <div class=\"kf-sub\"><span class=\"en\">Most items are decided by one discriminator<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0902\u0936 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u090f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u0947\u0926\u0915 \u0938\u0947 \u0924\u092f \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div class=\"keyfact-card teal-hi\">\r\n <span class=\"big-icon\">📝<\/span>\r\n <div class=\"kf-label\"><span class=\"en\">Question bank<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928-\u092c\u0948\u0902\u0915<\/span><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"kf-value\">Thirty mixed items<\/div>\r\n <div class=\"kf-sub\"><span class=\"en\">Drawn across all five parts, in three sets<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u093e\u0901\u091a\u094b\u0902 \u092d\u093e\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0917\u090f, \u0924\u0940\u0928 \u0938\u092e\u0941\u091a\u094d\u091a\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div class=\"keyfact-card\">\r\n <span class=\"big-icon\">🎯<\/span>\r\n <div class=\"kf-label\"><span class=\"en\">Strategy<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f<\/span><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"kf-value\">Four steps<\/div>\r\n <div class=\"kf-sub\"><span class=\"en\">The near miss is where the item is actually decided<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0928\u093f\u0915\u091f-\u092d\u094d\u0930\u092e \u0939\u0940 \u0935\u0939 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924\u0903 \u0924\u092f \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <p><span class=\"en\">This chapter contains nothing new. It arranges what the preceding twenty established in the forms most useful for recall \u2014 by concept, by thinker, by theory, by model, by date, and by the pairs that are most often confused with one another. The last of those is the one worth returning to most often, because a majority of items in this area are decided not by whether a concept is known but by whether it has been kept apart from its neighbour.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0907\u0938 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u0941\u091b \u092d\u0940 \u0928\u092f\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0940 \u092c\u0940\u0938 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u094d\u092e\u0930\u0923 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0940 \u0930\u0942\u092a\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a\u0928\u093e \u0938\u0947, \u091a\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0915 \u0938\u0947, \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924 \u0938\u0947, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0938\u0947, \u0924\u093f\u0925\u093f \u0938\u0947, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0909\u0928 \u092f\u0941\u0917\u094d\u092e\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u091c\u094b \u090f\u0915-\u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092d\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0907\u0928\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u093f\u092e \u092a\u0930 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092c\u093e\u0930 \u0932\u094c\u091f\u0928\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u0907\u0938 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0902\u0936 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u0907\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0924\u092f \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0915\u093f \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a\u0928\u093e \u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0924 \u0939\u0948 \u092f\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0905\u092a\u093f\u0924\u0941 \u0907\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u093f \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0921\u093c\u094b\u0938\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0943\u0925\u0915\u094d \u0930\u0916\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u092f\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n <svg class=\"full-diagram\" viewBox=\"0 0 560 306\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"The six parts of the document and the question each answers\">\r\n<g font-family=\"DM Sans, Noto Sans Devanagari, sans-serif\" font-size=\"10.5\">\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"24\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"11\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#5a6d80\">SIX PARTS, AND THE QUESTION EACH ONE ANSWERS<\/text>\r\n\r\n <rect x=\"12\" y=\"40\" width=\"40\" height=\"34\" rx=\"7\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"32\" y=\"62\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"14\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#ffffff\">A<\/text>\r\n <rect x=\"58\" y=\"40\" width=\"58\" height=\"34\" rx=\"7\" fill=\"#eef4fc\" stroke=\"#1f5fa9\" stroke-width=\"1.6\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"87\" y=\"62\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\">1–4<\/text>\r\n <rect x=\"122\" y=\"40\" width=\"426\" height=\"34\" rx=\"7\" fill=\"#eef4fc\" stroke=\"#1f5fa9\" stroke-width=\"1.6\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"136\" y=\"55\" font-size=\"9\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\">Foundations<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"136\" y=\"68\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">what pedagogy is, and what grounds it<\/text>\r\n <rect x=\"12\" y=\"82\" width=\"40\" height=\"34\" rx=\"7\" fill=\"#2f92d1\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"32\" y=\"104\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"14\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#ffffff\">B<\/text>\r\n <rect x=\"58\" y=\"82\" width=\"58\" height=\"34\" rx=\"7\" fill=\"#eaf6ff\" stroke=\"#2f92d1\" stroke-width=\"1.6\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"87\" y=\"104\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#2f92d1\">5–9<\/text>\r\n <rect x=\"122\" y=\"82\" width=\"426\" height=\"34\" rx=\"7\" fill=\"#eaf6ff\" stroke=\"#2f92d1\" stroke-width=\"1.6\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"136\" y=\"97\" font-size=\"9\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#2f92d1\">Teaching itself<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"136\" y=\"110\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">how teaching is organised and carried out<\/text>\r\n <rect x=\"12\" y=\"124\" width=\"40\" height=\"34\" rx=\"7\" fill=\"#0d8f79\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"32\" y=\"146\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"14\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#ffffff\">C<\/text>\r\n <rect x=\"58\" y=\"124\" width=\"58\" height=\"34\" rx=\"7\" fill=\"#eefbf7\" stroke=\"#0d8f79\" stroke-width=\"1.6\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"87\" y=\"146\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#0d8f79\">10–14<\/text>\r\n <rect x=\"122\" y=\"124\" width=\"426\" height=\"34\" rx=\"7\" fill=\"#eefbf7\" stroke=\"#0d8f79\" stroke-width=\"1.6\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"136\" y=\"139\" font-size=\"9\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#0d8f79\">Content and judgement<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"136\" y=\"152\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">what is taught, how it is planned and how it is judged<\/text>\r\n <rect x=\"12\" y=\"166\" width=\"40\" height=\"34\" rx=\"7\" fill=\"#c9760f\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"32\" y=\"188\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"14\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#ffffff\">D<\/text>\r\n <rect x=\"58\" y=\"166\" width=\"58\" height=\"34\" rx=\"7\" fill=\"#fffaef\" stroke=\"#c9760f\" stroke-width=\"1.6\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"87\" y=\"188\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#c9760f\">15–18<\/text>\r\n <rect x=\"122\" y=\"166\" width=\"426\" height=\"34\" rx=\"7\" fill=\"#fffaef\" stroke=\"#c9760f\" stroke-width=\"1.6\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"136\" y=\"181\" font-size=\"9\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#c9760f\">The learners and the room<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"136\" y=\"194\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">whom it is for, and how the room is run<\/text>\r\n <rect x=\"12\" y=\"208\" width=\"40\" height=\"34\" rx=\"7\" fill=\"#8e2f5a\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"32\" y=\"230\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"14\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#ffffff\">E<\/text>\r\n <rect x=\"58\" y=\"208\" width=\"58\" height=\"34\" rx=\"7\" fill=\"#fdf0f5\" stroke=\"#8e2f5a\" stroke-width=\"1.6\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"87\" y=\"230\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#8e2f5a\">19–20<\/text>\r\n <rect x=\"122\" y=\"208\" width=\"426\" height=\"34\" rx=\"7\" fill=\"#fdf0f5\" stroke=\"#8e2f5a\" stroke-width=\"1.6\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"136\" y=\"223\" font-size=\"9\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#8e2f5a\">Policy and the teacher<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"136\" y=\"236\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">what is required, and how a teacher keeps developing<\/text>\r\n <rect x=\"12\" y=\"250\" width=\"40\" height=\"34\" rx=\"7\" fill=\"#6b3a8f\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"32\" y=\"272\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"14\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#ffffff\">F<\/text>\r\n <rect x=\"58\" y=\"250\" width=\"58\" height=\"34\" rx=\"7\" fill=\"#faf6ff\" stroke=\"#6b3a8f\" stroke-width=\"1.6\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"87\" y=\"272\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#6b3a8f\">21<\/text>\r\n <rect x=\"122\" y=\"250\" width=\"426\" height=\"34\" rx=\"7\" fill=\"#faf6ff\" stroke=\"#6b3a8f\" stroke-width=\"1.6\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"136\" y=\"265\" font-size=\"9\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#6b3a8f\">Revision<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"136\" y=\"278\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">the whole of it, arranged for recall<\/text>\r\n<\/g><\/svg>\r\n <div class=\"diagram-cap\"><span class=\"en\">Each part answers one question, and the parts are cumulative<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u092d\u093e\u0917 \u090f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u092d\u093e\u0917 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u092f\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902<\/span><\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"p21-1\">\r\n <span class=\"section-badge\">R.1<\/span>\r\n <h3><span class=\"en\">Concept Master Sheet<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u0902\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a\u0928\u093e \u092e\u093e\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0930 \u0936\u0940\u091f<\/span><\/h3>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"table-scroll\">\r\n <table class=\"data-table\">\r\n <thead><tr>\r\n <th class=\"narrow\"><span class=\"en\">Ch<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905.<\/span><\/th>\r\n <th style=\"width:26%\"><span class=\"en\">Concept<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u0902\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a\u0928\u093e<\/span><\/th>\r\n <th style=\"width:22%\"><span class=\"en\">Attribution<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u094d\u0930\u0947\u092f<\/span><\/th>\r\n <th style=\"width:46%\"><span class=\"en\">The one line that answers a question on it<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u0939 \u090f\u0915 \u092a\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u091c\u094b \u0907\u0938 \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/th>\r\n <\/tr><\/thead>\r\n <tbody>\r\n <tr><td class=\"mono\">1<\/td><td><strong><span class=\"en\">Pedagogic triangle<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092d\u0941\u091c<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Houssaye, 1988<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0939\u0942\u0938\u0947, 1988<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Three processes join two vertices each; the third vertex is not absent but plays dead.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0924\u0940\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0926\u094b \u0936\u0940\u0930\u094d\u0937\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902; \u0924\u0940\u0938\u0930\u093e \u0936\u0940\u0930\u094d\u0937 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u092e\u0943\u0924\u0935\u0924\u094d \u0930\u0939\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td class=\"mono\">1<\/td><td><strong><span class=\"en\">Andragogy<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u090f\u0902\u0921\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0917\u094b\u0917\u0940<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Kapp 1833; Knowles<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u093e\u092a 1833; \u0928\u094b\u0932\u094d\u0938<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Knowles popularised it and credited the term to Alexander Kapp.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0928\u094b\u0932\u094d\u0938 \u0928\u0947 \u0907\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u091a\u0932\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u0926 \u0915\u093e \u0936\u094d\u0930\u0947\u092f \u0905\u0932\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091c\u093c\u0947\u0902\u0921\u0930 \u0915\u093e\u092a \u0915\u094b \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td class=\"mono\">3<\/td><td><strong><span class=\"en\">Scaffolding<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u093e\u0921\u093c<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Wood, Bruner & Ross, 1976<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u0941\u0921, \u092c\u094d\u0930\u0942\u0928\u0930 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0930\u0949\u0938, 1976<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Not Vygotsky's term, though it is applied to his zone.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u093e\u0907\u0917\u094b\u0924\u094d\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u0926 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u092f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u092a\u093f \u092f\u0939 \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0947 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u0932\u093e\u0917\u0942 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td class=\"mono\">3<\/td><td><strong><span class=\"en\">Latent learning<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u091a\u094d\u091b\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Tolman<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u091f\u0949\u0932\u092e\u0948\u0928<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Learning occurs without reinforcement and appears only when there is reason to show it.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0932\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0924\u092d\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u091f \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u092c \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0926\u093f\u0916\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0939\u094b\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td class=\"mono\">4<\/td><td><strong><span class=\"en\">Null curriculum<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u0942\u0928\u094d\u092f \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u091a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Eisner<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0906\u0907\u091c\u0928\u0930<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">What a school does not teach is itself a decision with consequences.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u091c\u094b \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u092a\u0922\u093c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0935\u0939 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e\u094b\u0902 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0923\u092f \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td class=\"mono\">4<\/td><td><strong><span class=\"en\">BICS and CALP<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092c\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0938 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0915\u0948\u0932\u094d\u092a<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Cummins<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u092e\u093f\u0902\u0938<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Conversational fluency arrives years before the language academic work requires.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0932\u093e\u092a \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0939\u0936\u0940\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0909\u0938 \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u0906 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0936\u0948\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u092e\u093e\u0901\u0917\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td class=\"mono\">5<\/td><td><strong><span class=\"en\">Phases of teaching<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u090f\u0901<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Jackson<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u091c\u0948\u0915\u094d\u0938\u0928<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Pre-active, interactive and post-active; every decision deferred to the second must be made in seconds.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935-\u0938\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f, \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0903\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930-\u0938\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f; \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u0940 \u0924\u0915 \u091f\u093e\u0932\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0923\u092f \u0938\u0947\u0915\u0902\u0921\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0932\u0947\u0928\u093e \u092a\u0921\u093c\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td class=\"mono\">6<\/td><td><strong><span class=\"en\">Nurturant effects<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u094b\u0937\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Joyce & Weil<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u091c\u0949\u092f\u0938 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0935\u0940\u0932<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Effects that follow from the environment a model creates, whether or not they were aimed at.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935 \u091c\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0930\u091a\u0947 \u0917\u090f \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0936 \u0938\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u0932\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u091a\u093e\u0939\u0947 \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0939\u094b \u092f\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td class=\"mono\">7<\/td><td><strong><span class=\"en\">Approach, method, technique<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0909\u092a\u093e\u0917\u092e, \u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Anthony, 1963<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u090f\u0902\u0925\u0928\u0940, 1963<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">The hierarchy runs downward only; a technique is no evidence of the approach above it.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092f\u0939 \u0938\u094b\u092a\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0928\u0940\u091a\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0913\u0930 \u091a\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948; \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u090a\u092a\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0909\u092a\u093e\u0917\u092e \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td class=\"mono\">8<\/td><td><strong><span class=\"en\">Levels of inquiry<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u0928\u094d\u0935\u0947\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Four, by what is supplied<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u091a\u093e\u0930, \u0926\u093f\u090f \u0917\u090f \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u093e\u0930<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Confirmation, structured, guided, open \u2014 decided by who supplies question, procedure and result.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u0941\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093f, \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u093f\u0924, \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u093f\u0924, \u092e\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u2014 \u0907\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0924\u092f \u0915\u093f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e \u0915\u094c\u0928 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td class=\"mono\">8<\/td><td><strong><span class=\"en\">Cognitive load objection<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u0902\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u092d\u093e\u0930 \u0906\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Kirschner, Sweller & Clark, 2006<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0936\u0928\u0930, \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0947\u0932\u0930 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0915\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0915, 2006<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">It challenges a teaching prescription drawn from constructivism, not the account of learning.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092f\u0939 \u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e\u0935\u093e\u0926 \u0938\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0917\u090f \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923-\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u0915\u094b \u091a\u0941\u0928\u094c\u0924\u0940 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0935\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u094b \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td class=\"mono\">9<\/td><td><strong><span class=\"en\">Experiential cycle<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u0928\u0941\u092d\u0935\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u091a\u0915\u094d\u0930<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Kolb, 1984<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u094b\u0932\u094d\u092c, 1984<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Experience, reflection, conceptualisation, experiment; the styles inventory is a separate claim.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u0928\u0941\u092d\u0935, \u091a\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0928, \u0938\u0902\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u092f\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917; \u0936\u0948\u0932\u0940-\u0938\u0942\u091a\u0940 \u092a\u0943\u0925\u0915\u094d \u0926\u093e\u0935\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td class=\"mono\">9<\/td><td><strong><span class=\"en\">Social stages of play<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0916\u0947\u0932 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u091c\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u090f\u0901<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Parten, 1932<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u093e\u0930\u094d\u091f\u0947\u0928, 1932<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Six stages of social form, independent of Piaget's classification by cognitive form.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u091c\u093f\u0915 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0915\u0940 \u091b\u0939 \u0905\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u090f\u0901, \u091c\u094b \u092a\u093f\u092f\u093e\u091c\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td class=\"mono\">10<\/td><td><strong><span class=\"en\">Pedagogical content knowledge<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Shulman, 1986\u201387<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u0941\u0932\u092e\u0928, 1986\u201387<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">The only one of seven categories that belongs to teachers, and it is held topic by topic.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u093e\u0924 \u0936\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0923\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u090f\u0915\u092e\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u091c\u094b \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u0939 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u0930\u0923-\u0926\u0930-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td class=\"mono\">11<\/td><td><strong><span class=\"en\">Tyler's screens<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u091f\u093e\u092f\u0932\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u091b\u0928\u0928\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Tyler, 1949<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u091f\u093e\u092f\u0932\u0930, 1949<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Philosophy of education and psychology of learning; the three sources are separate from these.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e-\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e-\u092e\u0928\u094b\u0935\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928; \u0924\u0940\u0928 \u0938\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0924 \u0907\u0928\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0943\u0925\u0915\u094d \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td class=\"mono\">11<\/td><td><strong><span class=\"en\">Formative and summative<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0932\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Scriven, 1967<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u094d\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0928, 1967<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Coined about curricula and programmes; the extension to student assessment came later.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u091a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0917\u0922\u093c\u0947 \u0917\u090f; \u091b\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930-\u0906\u0915\u0932\u0928 \u0924\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0930 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0906\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td class=\"mono\">12<\/td><td><strong><span class=\"en\">Backward design<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0917\u093e\u092e\u0940 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Wiggins & McTighe<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u093f\u0917\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0938 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092e\u0948\u0915\u091f\u093e\u0908<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Results, then evidence, then activities; both design faults begin at the third stage.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092b\u0932, \u092b\u093f\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923, \u092b\u093f\u0930 \u0917\u0924\u093f\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901; \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a-\u0926\u094b\u0937 \u0924\u0940\u0938\u0930\u0940 \u0905\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u0906\u0930\u0902\u092d \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td class=\"mono\">12<\/td><td><strong><span class=\"en\">Unit teaching steps<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0907\u0915\u093e\u0908 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u091a\u0930\u0923<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Morrison<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092e\u0949\u0930\u093f\u0938\u0928<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Exploration, presentation, assimilation, organisation, recitation \u2014 with a loop back to the second.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u0928\u094d\u0935\u0947\u0937\u0923, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923, \u0906\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0938\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0915\u0930\u0923, \u0938\u0902\u0917\u0920\u0928, \u0906\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f \u2014 \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u0932\u094c\u091f\u0924\u0947 \u091a\u0915\u094d\u0930 \u0938\u0939\u093f\u0924\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td class=\"mono\">13<\/td><td><strong><span class=\"en\">The 2001 revision<\/span><span class=\"hi\">2001 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0902\u0936\u094b\u0927\u0928<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Anderson & Krathwohl<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u090f\u0902\u0921\u0930\u0938\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u0948\u0925\u0935\u094b\u0932<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Nouns to verbs, a knowledge dimension added, and the top two exchanged as well as renamed.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u0902\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u090f\u0901, \u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928-\u0906\u092f\u093e\u092e \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u090a\u092a\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u094b \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093e\u092e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928 \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0947\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td class=\"mono\">13<\/td><td><strong><span class=\"en\">SOLO taxonomy<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u094b\u0932\u094b \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Biggs & Collis, 1982<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092c\u093f\u0917\u094d\u0938 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0915\u0949\u0932\u093f\u0938, 1982<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">It classifies the response given, so the level is read off the answer and not the question.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092f\u0939 \u0926\u093f\u090f \u0917\u090f \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0905\u0924\u0903 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u0938\u0947 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0922\u093c\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td class=\"mono\">14<\/td><td><strong><span class=\"en\">Levels of feedback<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920\u092a\u094b\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Hattie & Timperley, 2007<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0939\u0948\u091f\u0940 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u091f\u093f\u092e\u094d\u092a\u0930\u0932\u0940, 2007<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Task, process, self-regulation and self; the last carries least and is the most used.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e, \u0938\u094d\u0935-\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u0935; \u0905\u0902\u0924\u093f\u092e \u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u092e \u0935\u0939\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td class=\"mono\">14<\/td><td><strong><span class=\"en\">Comments against grades<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u091f\u093f\u092a\u094d\u092a\u0923\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u092e \u0936\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0923\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Butler<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092c\u091f\u0932\u0930<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Comments with a grade performed like grades alone; the comment was read and made no difference.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0923\u0940-\u0938\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u091f\u093f\u092a\u094d\u092a\u0923\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932-\u0936\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0923\u0940 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u093e \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e; \u091f\u093f\u092a\u094d\u092a\u0923\u0940 \u092a\u0922\u093c\u0940 \u0917\u0908 \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u092a\u0921\u093c\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td class=\"mono\">15<\/td><td><strong><span class=\"en\">Inclusive education, defined<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u092e\u093e\u0935\u0947\u0936\u0940 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e, \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093f\u0924<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">RPwD Act, 2016<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0906\u0930\u092a\u0940\u0921\u092c\u094d\u0932\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0921\u0940 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e, 2016<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">The system of teaching and learning is suitably adapted; the duty falls on the school.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923-\u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0915\u0942\u0932\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948; \u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0935\u094d\u092f \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u092a\u0930 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td class=\"mono\">15<\/td><td><strong><span class=\"en\">Common underlying proficiency<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u094d\u0928\u093f\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0940\u0923\u0924\u093e<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Cummins<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u092e\u093f\u0902\u0938<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Only surface features are separate; what is built beneath serves whichever language calls on it.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0938\u0924\u0939\u0940 \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u092a\u0943\u0925\u0915\u094d \u0939\u0948\u0902; \u0928\u0940\u091a\u0947 \u091c\u094b \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948 \u0935\u0939 \u091c\u094b \u092d\u0940 \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0941\u0932\u093e\u090f \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td class=\"mono\">16<\/td><td><strong><span class=\"en\">Banking concept<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092c\u0948\u0902\u0915\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a\u0928\u093e<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Freire, 1968<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092b\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0930\u0947, 1968<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">The objection is to an arrangement requiring the learner to know nothing, not to the teacher knowing more.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0906\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0909\u0938 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u092a\u0930 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0941\u091b \u0928 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0947, \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td class=\"mono\">16<\/td><td><strong><span class=\"en\">Three propositions<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0924\u0940\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u092a\u094d\u0924\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Ladson-Billings, 1994<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0932\u0948\u0921\u0938\u0928-\u092c\u093f\u0932\u093f\u0902\u0917\u094d\u0938, 1994<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Academic success, cultural competence and critical consciousness; the account requires all three.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u0948\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u092b\u0932\u0924\u093e, \u0938\u093e\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e\u0924\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0906\u0932\u094b\u091a\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u091a\u0947\u0924\u0928\u093e; \u0935\u093f\u0935\u0930\u0923 \u0924\u0940\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0905\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td class=\"mono\">18<\/td><td><strong><span class=\"en\">Withitness<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u091c\u0917\u0924\u093e<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Kounin, 1970<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u094b\u0909\u0928\u093f\u0928, 1970<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Management is decided before the difficulty; the two groups responded alike once it began.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0928 \u0915\u0920\u093f\u0928\u093e\u0908 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u0924\u092f \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948; \u0906\u0930\u0902\u092d \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u092e\u0942\u0939\u094b\u0902 \u0928\u0947 \u090f\u0915-\u0938\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0926\u0940\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td class=\"mono\">18<\/td><td><strong><span class=\"en\">Four mistaken goals<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u092d\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0924 \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u092f<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Dreikurs<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0921\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0907\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0938<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Attention, power, revenge, assumed inadequacy \u2014 diagnosed by the teacher's own reaction.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0928, \u0936\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0936\u094b\u0927, \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u0939\u0941\u0908 \u0905\u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e\u0924\u093e \u2014 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u0926\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0924\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td class=\"mono\">20<\/td><td><strong><span class=\"en\">Reflection in and on action<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u092a\u0930 \u091a\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0928<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Sch\u00f6n, 1983<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u0949\u0928, 1983<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Only the first happens under time pressure, and it cannot be taught directly.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u093e \u0938\u092e\u092f-\u0926\u092c\u093e\u0935 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u093f\u0916\u093e\u092f\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td class=\"mono\">20<\/td><td><strong><span class=\"en\">Action research spiral<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u0902\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u092a\u093f\u0932<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Lewin; Kemmis & McTaggart<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0932\u0947\u0935\u093f\u0928; \u0915\u0947\u092e\u093f\u0938 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092e\u0948\u0915\u091f\u0948\u0917\u093e\u0930\u094d\u091f<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Plan, act, observe, reflect; the second cycle begins from a question the first made possible.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0928\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928, \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923, \u091a\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0928; \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u093e \u091a\u0915\u094d\u0930 \u0909\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u0938\u0947 \u0906\u0930\u0902\u092d \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u092d\u0935 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <\/tbody>\r\n <\/table>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"p21-2\">\r\n <span class=\"section-badge\">R.2<\/span>\r\n <h3><span class=\"en\">Thinkers at a Glance<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u091a\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0915 \u090f\u0915 \u0926\u0943\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093f \u092e\u0947\u0902<\/span><\/h3>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"table-scroll\">\r\n <table class=\"data-table\">\r\n <thead><tr>\r\n <th style=\"width:18%\"><span class=\"en\">Thinker<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u091a\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0915<\/span><\/th>\r\n <th style=\"width:24%\"><span class=\"en\">Associated with<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0926\u094d\u0927<\/span><\/th>\r\n <th style=\"width:58%\"><span class=\"en\">The thing most often got wrong about them<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0907\u0928\u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092c\u093e\u0930 \u0917\u0932\u0924 \u092c\u0924\u093e\u0908 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u092c\u093e\u0924<\/span><\/th>\r\n <\/tr><\/thead>\r\n <tbody>\r\n <tr><td><strong><span class=\"en\">Piaget<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u093f\u092f\u093e\u091c\u0947<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Stages, equilibration, cognitive constructivism<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u090f\u0901, \u0938\u0902\u0924\u0941\u0932\u0928\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923, \u0938\u0902\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e\u0935\u093e\u0926<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">For him the social setting is an <em>occasion<\/em> for restructuring, not its origin; that is Vygotsky's position.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0909\u0928\u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u091c\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0936 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u094d\u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0915\u093e <em>\u0905\u0935\u0938\u0930<\/em> \u0939\u0948, \u0909\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0909\u0926\u094d\u0917\u092e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902; \u0935\u0939 \u0935\u093e\u0907\u0917\u094b\u0924\u094d\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td><strong><span class=\"en\">Vygotsky<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u093e\u0907\u0917\u094b\u0924\u094d\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0940<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Zone of proximal development, mediation, play<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0928\u093f\u0915\u091f\u0938\u094d\u0925 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930, \u092e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u0938\u094d\u0925\u0924\u093e, \u0916\u0947\u0932<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Scaffolding is not his term. He also held play to be the child's earliest <em>submission<\/em> to rules.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u093e\u0921\u093c \u0909\u0928\u0915\u093e \u092a\u0926 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0939\u094b\u0902\u0928\u0947 \u0916\u0947\u0932 \u0915\u094b \u092c\u093e\u0932\u0915 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u091a\u0940\u0928\u0924\u092e <em>\u0938\u092e\u0930\u094d\u092a\u0923<\/em> \u092d\u0940 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td><strong><span class=\"en\">Bruner<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092c\u094d\u0930\u0942\u0928\u0930<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Modes of representation, spiral curriculum, discovery<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0928\u093f\u0930\u0942\u092a\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a, \u0938\u0930\u094d\u092a\u093f\u0932 \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u091a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e, \u0916\u094b\u091c<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">He is a co-author of the scaffolding paper, and the concept attainment model draws on his work.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u0921\u093c \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0940 \u0936\u094b\u0927\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0939-\u0932\u0947\u0916\u0915 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0938\u0902\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u092f-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924\u093f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u092a\u0930 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td><strong><span class=\"en\">Dewey<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0921\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0908<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Experience, reflective thought, problem-solving<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u0928\u0941\u092d\u0935, \u091a\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0928\u0936\u0940\u0932 \u0935\u093f\u091a\u093e\u0930, \u0938\u092e\u0938\u094d\u092f\u093e-\u0938\u092e\u093e\u0927\u093e\u0928<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">He set two criteria on experience \u2014 continuity and interaction \u2014 so not every experience is educative.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0909\u0928\u094d\u0939\u094b\u0902\u0928\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092d\u0935 \u092a\u0930 \u0926\u094b \u0915\u0938\u094c\u091f\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u0930\u0916\u0940\u0902 \u2014 \u0938\u093e\u0924\u0924\u094d\u092f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0903\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u2014 \u0905\u0924\u0903 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092d\u0935 \u0936\u0948\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0915 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td><strong><span class=\"en\">Shulman<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u0941\u0932\u092e\u0928<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">The missing paradigm, seven categories, transformation<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0932\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0928, \u0938\u093e\u0924 \u0936\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0923\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901, \u0930\u0942\u092a\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930\u0923<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">The cycle ends at a <em>new<\/em> comprehension, because teaching a thing alters the teacher's grasp of it.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u091a\u0915\u094d\u0930 <em>\u0928\u090f<\/em> \u092c\u094b\u0927 \u092a\u0930 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u0922\u093c\u093e\u0928\u093e \u0909\u0938 \u092a\u0930 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0915\u0921\u093c \u092c\u0926\u0932 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td><strong><span class=\"en\">Bloom<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092c\u094d\u0932\u0942\u092e<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Cognitive taxonomy, mastery learning<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u0902\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u0941\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">His group published no psychomotor handbook; Dave, Simpson and Harrow supplied versions later.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0909\u0928\u0915\u0947 \u0926\u0932 \u0928\u0947 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u092e\u0928\u094b\u0917\u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u092a\u0941\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0936\u093f\u0924 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u0940; \u0921\u0947\u0935, \u0938\u093f\u092e\u094d\u092a\u0938\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0939\u0948\u0930\u094b \u0928\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0926\u093f\u090f\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td><strong><span class=\"en\">Taba<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u091f\u093e\u092c\u093e<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Grassroots curriculum development, inductive thinking<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u091c\u092e\u0940\u0928\u0940 \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u091a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938, \u0906\u0917\u092e\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u091a\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0928<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Her departure from Tyler is the direction of construction, not the questions; she begins from a diagnosis of needs.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u091f\u093e\u092f\u0932\u0930 \u0938\u0947 \u0909\u0928\u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u091a\u0932\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u0915\u0940 \u0926\u093f\u0936\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0939\u0948; \u0935\u0947 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0924\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0938\u0947 \u0906\u0930\u0902\u092d \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td><strong><span class=\"en\">Freire<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092b\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0930\u0947<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Banking concept, conscientisation, praxis<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092c\u0948\u0902\u0915\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a\u0928\u093e, \u091a\u0947\u0924\u0928\u093e\u0915\u0930\u0923, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0915\u094d\u0938\u093f\u0938<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">His problem-posing teacher brings organised knowledge; the objection is not to teaching.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0909\u0928\u0915\u093e \u0938\u092e\u0938\u094d\u092f\u093e-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0917\u0920\u093f\u0924 \u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u0932\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948; \u0906\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u092a\u0930 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td><strong><span class=\"en\">Kounin<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u094b\u0909\u0928\u093f\u0928<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Withitness, overlapping, momentum, ripple effect<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u091c\u0917\u0924\u093e, \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0930\u094b\u092a\u0923, \u0917\u0924\u093f, \u0924\u0930\u0902\u0917-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">His finding is that the two groups responded <em>alike<\/em> to misbehaviour; the difference was earlier.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0909\u0928\u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0937 \u092f\u0939 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u092e\u0942\u0939\u094b\u0902 \u0928\u0947 \u0926\u0941\u0930\u094d\u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u0930 <em>\u090f\u0915-\u0938\u0940<\/em> \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0926\u0940; \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0925\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td><strong><span class=\"en\">Eisner<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0906\u0907\u091c\u0928\u0930<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Null curriculum, expressive objectives, connoisseurship<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u0942\u0928\u094d\u092f \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u091a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e, \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u092a\u0930\u0915 \u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f, \u092a\u093e\u0930\u0916\u0940\u092a\u0928<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Expressive objectives complement behavioural ones; he did not propose abandoning them.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u092d\u093f\u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u092a\u0930\u0915 \u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930\u092a\u0930\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u0915 \u0939\u0948\u0902; \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0939\u094b\u0902\u0928\u0947 \u0909\u0928\u0915\u093e \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0917 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u093f\u0924 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <\/tbody>\r\n <\/table>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"p21-3\">\r\n <span class=\"section-badge\">R.3<\/span>\r\n <h3><span class=\"en\">Theories and Their Classroom Yield<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0909\u0928\u0915\u093e \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092b\u0932<\/span><\/h3>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"table-scroll\">\r\n <table class=\"data-table\">\r\n <thead><tr>\r\n <th style=\"width:20%\"><span class=\"en\">Theory<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924<\/span><\/th>\r\n <th style=\"width:26%\"><span class=\"en\">Central claim<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0926\u093e\u0935\u093e<\/span><\/th>\r\n <th style=\"width:27%\"><span class=\"en\">What it licenses<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092f\u0939 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092e\u0924\u093f \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/th>\r\n <th style=\"width:27%\"><span class=\"en\">What it does not license<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092f\u0939 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092e\u0924\u093f \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e<\/span><\/th>\r\n <\/tr><\/thead>\r\n <tbody>\r\n <tr><td><strong><span class=\"en\">Operant conditioning<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u0942\u0924 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0928<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Behaviour is shaped by its consequences, on a schedule.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947, \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u0942\u091a\u0940 \u092a\u0930, \u0906\u0915\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Continuous reinforcement to establish a routine, intermittent to maintain it.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0926\u093f\u0928\u091a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0938\u0924\u0924 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0932\u0928, \u092c\u0928\u093e\u090f \u0930\u0916\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0906\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093e\u092f\u093f\u0915\u0964<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Rewarding work already done willingly, which risks overjustification.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0947\u091a\u094d\u091b\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u093f\u090f \u091c\u093e \u0930\u0939\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u094b \u092a\u0941\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0943\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0924\u093f-\u0914\u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u092f \u0915\u093e \u091c\u094b\u0916\u093f\u092e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td><strong><span class=\"en\">Cognitive constructivism<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u0902\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e\u0935\u093e\u0926<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Knowledge is restructured by the individual when a conception fails.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u092b\u0932 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u094d\u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Arranging the experience that contradicts a prior conception before correcting it.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935-\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0941\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0916\u0902\u0921\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092d\u0935 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Withholding guidance from novices, which is a teaching prescription and not part of the theory.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0928\u094c\u0938\u093f\u0916\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u0928 \u0930\u094b\u0915\u0928\u093e, \u091c\u094b \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923-\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0902\u0917 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td><strong><span class=\"en\">Social constructivism<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u091c\u093f\u0915 \u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e\u0935\u093e\u0926<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">A function appears between people before it appears within one.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u090f\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u092d\u0940\u0924\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u091f \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u0932\u094b\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u091f \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Working inside the zone, and withdrawing support as it is earned.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u092d\u0940\u0924\u0930 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0905\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0940 \u0938\u0939\u093e\u0930\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u0939\u091f\u0928\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Group work without a structure that requires exploratory talk.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0910\u0938\u093e \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0942\u0939\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0928\u094d\u0935\u0947\u0937\u0940 \u0935\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0932\u093e\u092a \u0905\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0928 \u0939\u094b\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td><strong><span class=\"en\">Cognitive load theory<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u0902\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u092d\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Working memory is severely limited, and search consumes what schema-building needs.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u092e\u0943\u0924\u093f \u0905\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0902\u0924 \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0916\u094b\u091c \u0935\u0939\u0940 \u0916\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0938\u094d\u0915\u0940\u092e\u093e-\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u0915\u094b \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f\u0964<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Worked examples for novices, with support faded as expertise grows.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0928\u094c\u0938\u093f\u0916\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0939\u0932-\u0938\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923, \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937\u091c\u094d\u091e\u0924\u093e \u092c\u0922\u093c\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u0938\u0939\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0936\u0903 \u0939\u091f\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0941\u090f\u0964<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Holding support constant, which produces expertise reversal.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u0939\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0930 \u0930\u0916\u0928\u093e, \u091c\u094b \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937\u091c\u094d\u091e\u0924\u093e \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924\u094d\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0923 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td><strong><span class=\"en\">Critical pedagogy<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0906\u0932\u094b\u091a\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">No curriculum or method is neutral about whose knowledge counts.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u094b\u0908 \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u091a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e \u092f\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f \u0907\u0938 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0924\u091f\u0938\u094d\u0925 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u093f \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0915\u093e \u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u0917\u093f\u0928\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Drawing content from the situation the learners live in, and examining it with them.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u091c\u093f\u0938 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0930\u0939\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0909\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u0932\u0947\u0928\u093e, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0901\u091a\u0964<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Deciding in advance what a raised consciousness must conclude.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092f\u0939 \u0924\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u0915\u093f \u091c\u0917\u0940 \u0939\u0941\u0908 \u091a\u0947\u0924\u0928\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0937 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0932\u0928\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <\/tbody>\r\n <\/table>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"p21-4\">\r\n <span class=\"section-badge\">R.4<\/span>\r\n <h3><span class=\"en\">Models of Teaching Summary<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0938\u093e\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0936<\/span><\/h3>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"table-scroll\">\r\n <table class=\"data-table\">\r\n <thead><tr>\r\n <th style=\"width:22%\"><span class=\"en\">Model<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0928<\/span><\/th>\r\n <th style=\"width:18%\"><span class=\"en\">Family<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0930<\/span><\/th>\r\n <th style=\"width:18%\"><span class=\"en\">Associated with<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0926\u094d\u0927<\/span><\/th>\r\n <th style=\"width:42%\"><span class=\"en\">The feature that identifies it in a question<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u0939 \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u091c\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0907\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0939\u091a\u093e\u0928\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/th>\r\n <\/tr><\/thead>\r\n <tbody>\r\n <tr><td><strong><span class=\"en\">Concept attainment<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u0902\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924\u093f<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Information processing<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0938\u0902\u0938\u093e\u0927\u0928<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Bruner<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092c\u094d\u0930\u0942\u0928\u0930<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Examples are labelled yes and no; the negative ones eliminate hypotheses and are indispensable.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923 \u0939\u093e\u0901 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u091a\u093f\u0939\u094d\u0928\u093f\u0924; \u0928\u0915\u093e\u0930\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a\u0928\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u0928\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td><strong><span class=\"en\">Inquiry training<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u0928\u094d\u0935\u0947\u0937\u0923 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Information processing<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0938\u0902\u0938\u093e\u0927\u0928<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Suchman<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u091a\u092e\u0948\u0928<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">A puzzling event is presented and the class may ask only questions answerable yes or no.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0935\u093f\u0938\u094d\u092e\u092f\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0918\u091f\u0928\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0939\u093e\u0901 \u092f\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0926\u0947\u0928\u0947 \u092f\u094b\u0917\u094d\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u092a\u0942\u091b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td><strong><span class=\"en\">Advance organiser<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935-\u0938\u0902\u0917\u0920\u0915<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Information processing<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0938\u0902\u0938\u093e\u0927\u0928<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Ausubel<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0906\u0938\u0941\u092c\u0947\u0932<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Material at a higher level of generality is supplied <em>before<\/em> the content it will subsume.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a\u0924\u0930 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0924\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0909\u0938 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u0938\u0947 <em>\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935<\/em> \u0926\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u0935\u0939 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0917\u0940\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td><strong><span class=\"en\">Inductive thinking<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0906\u0917\u092e\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u091a\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0928<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Information processing<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0938\u0902\u0938\u093e\u0927\u0928<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Taba<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u091f\u093e\u092c\u093e<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Data are listed, grouped and labelled by the class before any category is supplied.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0936\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0923\u0940 \u0926\u093f\u090f \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0940\u092c\u0926\u094d\u0927, \u0938\u092e\u0942\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0928\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0902\u0915\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td><strong><span class=\"en\">Group investigation<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u092e\u0942\u0939 \u0905\u0928\u094d\u0935\u0947\u0937\u0923<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Social<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u091c\u093f\u0915<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Thelen; Dewey<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0925\u0947\u0932\u0928; \u0921\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0908<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">The class itself frames the problem and divides the inquiry, so the syntax begins with a puzzling situation.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u0938\u092e\u0938\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0917\u0922\u093c\u0924\u0940 \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u0928\u094d\u0935\u0947\u0937\u0923 \u092c\u093e\u0901\u091f\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0905\u0924\u0903 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0938\u094d\u092e\u092f\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u0938\u0947 \u0906\u0930\u0902\u092d \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td><strong><span class=\"en\">Role playing<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092d\u0942\u092e\u093f\u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0939<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Social<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u091c\u093f\u0915<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Shaftel<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u0948\u092b\u093c\u094d\u091f\u0947\u0932<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">The enactment is followed by discussion and re-enactment; a single performance is not the model.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u092d\u093f\u0928\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u091a\u0930\u094d\u091a\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0903 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0928\u092f \u0906\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948; \u090f\u0915\u0932 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td><strong><span class=\"en\">Jurisprudential inquiry<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0905\u0928\u094d\u0935\u0947\u0937\u0923<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Social<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u091c\u093f\u0915<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Oliver & Shaver<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0911\u0932\u093f\u0935\u0930 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0936\u0947\u0935\u0930<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">A public policy issue is analysed by taking and defending a position under Socratic questioning.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u0941\u0915\u0930\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0924 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u0932\u0947\u0915\u0930 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0938\u092e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0941\u090f \u0938\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0935\u091c\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f-\u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0937\u0923\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td><strong><span class=\"en\">Non-directive teaching<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Personal<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u0948\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0915<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Rogers<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0930\u094b\u091c\u0930\u094d\u0938<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">The teacher reflects feeling rather than giving direction, and the learner defines the problem.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0926\u093f\u0936\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u091c\u093e\u092f \u092d\u093e\u0935 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092c\u093f\u0902\u092c\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0938\u092e\u0938\u094d\u092f\u093e \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td><strong><span class=\"en\">Synectics<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u093f\u0928\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0938<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Personal<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u0948\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0915<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Gordon<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0917\u0949\u0930\u094d\u0921\u0928<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Direct, personal and compressed conflict analogies are used to make the familiar strange.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u0930\u093f\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u094b \u0905\u092a\u0930\u093f\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0937, \u0935\u0948\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0940\u0921\u093c\u093f\u0924 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0935 \u0938\u093e\u0926\u0943\u0936\u094d\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td><strong><span class=\"en\">Mastery learning<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u0941\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Behavioural<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0926\u0940<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Bloom; Carroll<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092c\u094d\u0932\u0942\u092e; \u0915\u0948\u0930\u0932<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">The standard is fixed and the time allowed to vary, with a corrective loop after the formative test.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092e\u093e\u0928\u0915 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0924 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u092e\u092f \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0940, \u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u0909\u092a\u091a\u093e\u0930\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u091a\u0915\u094d\u0930 \u0938\u0939\u093f\u0924\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <\/tbody>\r\n <\/table>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"p21-5\">\r\n <span class=\"section-badge\">R.5<\/span>\r\n <h3><span class=\"en\">Policy Timeline<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f \u0915\u093e\u0932\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e<\/span><\/h3>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <svg class=\"full-diagram\" viewBox=\"0 0 560 276\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"A timeline of Indian education policy milestones\">\r\n<g font-family=\"DM Sans, Noto Sans Devanagari, sans-serif\" font-size=\"10.5\">\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"24\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"11\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#5a6d80\">POLICY MILESTONES · EVENLY SPACED, NOT TO SCALE<\/text>\r\n <line x1=\"20\" y1=\"140\" x2=\"540\" y2=\"140\" stroke=\"#c8d5e3\" stroke-width=\"3\"\/>\r\n\r\n <rect x=\"8\" y=\"46\" width=\"92\" height=\"52\" rx=\"8\" fill=\"#ffffff\" stroke=\"#1f5fa9\" stroke-width=\"1.6\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"54\" y=\"63\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\">1966<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"54\" y=\"77\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#14243f\">Kothari<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"54\" y=\"90\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"6\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">Education Commission<\/text>\r\n <line x1=\"54\" y1=\"98\" x2=\"54\" y2=\"140\" stroke=\"#c8d5e3\" stroke-width=\"1.4\"\/>\r\n <circle cx=\"54\" cy=\"140\" r=\"6\" fill=\"#ffffff\" stroke=\"#1f5fa9\" stroke-width=\"2.2\"\/>\r\n <rect x=\"58\" y=\"176\" width=\"92\" height=\"52\" rx=\"8\" fill=\"#ffffff\" stroke=\"#1f5fa9\" stroke-width=\"1.6\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"104\" y=\"193\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\">1968<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"104\" y=\"207\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#14243f\">First NPE<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"104\" y=\"220\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"6\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">three-language formula<\/text>\r\n <line x1=\"104\" y1=\"176\" x2=\"104\" y2=\"140\" stroke=\"#c8d5e3\" stroke-width=\"1.4\"\/>\r\n <circle cx=\"104\" cy=\"140\" r=\"6\" fill=\"#ffffff\" stroke=\"#1f5fa9\" stroke-width=\"2.2\"\/>\r\n <rect x=\"108\" y=\"46\" width=\"92\" height=\"52\" rx=\"8\" fill=\"#ffffff\" stroke=\"#1f5fa9\" stroke-width=\"1.6\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"154\" y=\"63\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\">1986<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"154\" y=\"77\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#14243f\">Second NPE<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"154\" y=\"90\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"6\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">modified in 1992<\/text>\r\n <line x1=\"154\" y1=\"98\" x2=\"154\" y2=\"140\" stroke=\"#c8d5e3\" stroke-width=\"1.4\"\/>\r\n <circle cx=\"154\" cy=\"140\" r=\"6\" fill=\"#ffffff\" stroke=\"#1f5fa9\" stroke-width=\"2.2\"\/>\r\n <rect x=\"159\" y=\"176\" width=\"92\" height=\"52\" rx=\"8\" fill=\"#ffffff\" stroke=\"#1f5fa9\" stroke-width=\"1.6\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"205\" y=\"193\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\">1993<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"205\" y=\"207\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#14243f\">Yashpal<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"205\" y=\"220\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"6\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">Learning Without Burden<\/text>\r\n <line x1=\"205\" y1=\"176\" x2=\"205\" y2=\"140\" stroke=\"#c8d5e3\" stroke-width=\"1.4\"\/>\r\n <circle cx=\"205\" cy=\"140\" r=\"6\" fill=\"#ffffff\" stroke=\"#1f5fa9\" stroke-width=\"2.2\"\/>\r\n <rect x=\"209\" y=\"46\" width=\"92\" height=\"52\" rx=\"8\" fill=\"#ffffff\" stroke=\"#1f5fa9\" stroke-width=\"1.6\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"255\" y=\"63\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\">2005<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"255\" y=\"77\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#14243f\">NCF<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"255\" y=\"90\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"6\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">constructivist stance<\/text>\r\n <line x1=\"255\" y1=\"98\" x2=\"255\" y2=\"140\" stroke=\"#c8d5e3\" stroke-width=\"1.4\"\/>\r\n <circle cx=\"255\" cy=\"140\" r=\"6\" fill=\"#ffffff\" stroke=\"#1f5fa9\" stroke-width=\"2.2\"\/>\r\n <rect x=\"259\" y=\"176\" width=\"92\" height=\"52\" rx=\"8\" fill=\"#ffffff\" stroke=\"#1f5fa9\" stroke-width=\"1.6\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"305\" y=\"193\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\">2009<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"305\" y=\"207\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#14243f\">RTE Act<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"305\" y=\"220\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"6\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">in force April 2010<\/text>\r\n <line x1=\"305\" y1=\"176\" x2=\"305\" y2=\"140\" stroke=\"#c8d5e3\" stroke-width=\"1.4\"\/>\r\n <circle cx=\"305\" cy=\"140\" r=\"6\" fill=\"#ffffff\" stroke=\"#1f5fa9\" stroke-width=\"2.2\"\/>\r\n <rect x=\"309\" y=\"46\" width=\"92\" height=\"52\" rx=\"8\" fill=\"#ffffff\" stroke=\"#1f5fa9\" stroke-width=\"1.6\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"355\" y=\"63\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\">2020<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"355\" y=\"77\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#14243f\">NEP<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"355\" y=\"90\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"6\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">the 5+3+3+4 structure<\/text>\r\n <line x1=\"355\" y1=\"98\" x2=\"355\" y2=\"140\" stroke=\"#c8d5e3\" stroke-width=\"1.4\"\/>\r\n <circle cx=\"355\" cy=\"140\" r=\"6\" fill=\"#ffffff\" stroke=\"#1f5fa9\" stroke-width=\"2.2\"\/>\r\n <rect x=\"359\" y=\"176\" width=\"92\" height=\"52\" rx=\"8\" fill=\"#ffffff\" stroke=\"#1f5fa9\" stroke-width=\"1.6\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"405\" y=\"193\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\">2021<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"405\" y=\"207\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#14243f\">NIPUN<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"405\" y=\"220\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"6\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">foundational literacy<\/text>\r\n <line x1=\"405\" y1=\"176\" x2=\"405\" y2=\"140\" stroke=\"#c8d5e3\" stroke-width=\"1.4\"\/>\r\n <circle cx=\"405\" cy=\"140\" r=\"6\" fill=\"#ffffff\" stroke=\"#1f5fa9\" stroke-width=\"2.2\"\/>\r\n <rect x=\"410\" y=\"46\" width=\"92\" height=\"52\" rx=\"8\" fill=\"#ffffff\" stroke=\"#1f5fa9\" stroke-width=\"1.6\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"456\" y=\"63\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\">2022<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"456\" y=\"77\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#14243f\">NCF-FS<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"456\" y=\"90\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"6\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">the foundational stage<\/text>\r\n <line x1=\"456\" y1=\"98\" x2=\"456\" y2=\"140\" stroke=\"#c8d5e3\" stroke-width=\"1.4\"\/>\r\n <circle cx=\"456\" cy=\"140\" r=\"6\" fill=\"#ffffff\" stroke=\"#1f5fa9\" stroke-width=\"2.2\"\/>\r\n <rect x=\"460\" y=\"176\" width=\"92\" height=\"52\" rx=\"8\" fill=\"#ffffff\" stroke=\"#1f5fa9\" stroke-width=\"1.6\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"506\" y=\"193\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\">2023<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"506\" y=\"207\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#14243f\">NCF-SE<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"506\" y=\"220\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"6\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">school education<\/text>\r\n <line x1=\"506\" y1=\"176\" x2=\"506\" y2=\"140\" stroke=\"#c8d5e3\" stroke-width=\"1.4\"\/>\r\n <circle cx=\"506\" cy=\"140\" r=\"6\" fill=\"#ffffff\" stroke=\"#1f5fa9\" stroke-width=\"2.2\"\/>\r\n <rect x=\"12\" y=\"240\" width=\"536\" height=\"30\" rx=\"8\" fill=\"#f5f8fd\" stroke=\"#14243f\" stroke-width=\"1.4\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"259\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">a policy states the aim; a framework states how a curriculum reaching it is to be built · the two are separate documents<\/text>\r\n<\/g><\/svg>\r\n <div class=\"diagram-cap\"><span class=\"en\">A policy states the aim; a framework states how a curriculum reaching it is built<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u092f \u092c\u0924\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948; \u0930\u0942\u092a\u0930\u0947\u0916\u093e \u092c\u0924\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0909\u0938 \u0924\u0915 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u091a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0928\u0947<\/span><\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"table-scroll\">\r\n <table class=\"data-table\">\r\n <thead><tr>\r\n <th class=\"narrow\"><span class=\"en\">Year<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937<\/span><\/th>\r\n <th style=\"width:30%\"><span class=\"en\">Document or event<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0926\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0947\u091c\u093c \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0918\u091f\u0928\u093e<\/span><\/th>\r\n <th style=\"width:56%\"><span class=\"en\">The point it is asked about<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u091c\u093f\u0938 \u092c\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0941 \u092a\u0930 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0942\u091b\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/th>\r\n <\/tr><\/thead>\r\n <tbody>\r\n <tr><td class=\"mono\">1952\u201353<\/td><td><strong><span class=\"en\">Secondary Education Commission<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e\u093f\u0915 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0906\u092f\u094b\u0917<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Its definition of curriculum as the totality of experiences is the widest of the standard Indian ones.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u091a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e \u2014 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092d\u0935\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093e \u2014 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0915 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u0915 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td class=\"mono\">1964\u201366<\/td><td><strong><span class=\"en\">Education Commission<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0906\u092f\u094b\u0917<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Known by the name of its chairman; the source of the three-language formula in its familiar form.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u093e\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0924; \u092a\u0930\u093f\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e \u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0924\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td class=\"mono\">1968<\/td><td><strong><span class=\"en\">First National Policy on Education<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0925\u092e \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">The first policy of that name, adopting the commission's recommendations.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0909\u0938 \u0928\u093e\u092e \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0925\u092e \u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0928\u0947 \u0906\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u093e\u0908\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td class=\"mono\">1986<\/td><td><strong><span class=\"en\">Second National Policy on Education<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0926\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Modified in 1992 following a review; it remained in force until 2020.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u092e\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0926 1992 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u0936\u094b\u0927\u093f\u0924; \u092f\u0939 2020 \u0924\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924 \u0930\u0939\u0940\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td class=\"mono\">1993<\/td><td><strong><span class=\"en\">Learning Without Burden<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0932\u0930\u094d\u0928\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u093e\u0909\u091f \u092c\u0930\u094d\u0921\u0928<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">The Yashpal committee report on curriculum load, and the ancestor of the content reduction in later frameworks.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u091a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e \u092d\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u092f\u0936\u092a\u093e\u0932 \u0938\u092e\u093f\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0940 \u0930\u093f\u092a\u094b\u0930\u094d\u091f, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092a\u0930\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0940 \u0930\u0942\u092a\u0930\u0947\u0916\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941-\u0915\u091f\u094c\u0924\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935\u091c\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td class=\"mono\">2002<\/td><td><strong><span class=\"en\">Eighty-sixth Amendment<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u091b\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0938\u0940\u0935\u093e\u0901 \u0938\u0902\u0936\u094b\u0927\u0928<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Inserted Article 21A, making elementary education a fundamental right.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u0928\u0941\u091a\u094d\u091b\u0947\u0926 21\u0915 \u0938\u092e\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0932\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0930\u0902\u092d\u093f\u0915 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u094b \u092e\u094c\u0932\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td class=\"mono\">2005<\/td><td><strong><span class=\"en\">National Curriculum Framework<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u091a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0930\u0942\u092a\u0930\u0947\u0916\u093e<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Adopted the constructivist position and the aim of connecting school knowledge to life outside it.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e\u0935\u093e\u0926\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f\u0940 \u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u094b \u092c\u093e\u0939\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u091c\u0940\u0935\u0928 \u0938\u0947 \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f \u0905\u092a\u0928\u093e\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td class=\"mono\">2009<\/td><td><strong><span class=\"en\">Right to Education Act<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">In force from April 2010; section 17 prohibits physical punishment and mental harassment.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0948\u0932 2010 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924; \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093e 17 \u0936\u093e\u0930\u0940\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0926\u0902\u0921 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0938\u093f\u0915 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0940\u0921\u093c\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0937\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td class=\"mono\">2016<\/td><td><strong><span class=\"en\">Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0926\u093f\u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0917\u091c\u0928 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Defines inclusive education, places the adaptation on the system, and makes reasonable accommodation an obligation.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u092e\u093e\u0935\u0947\u0936\u0940 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0915\u0942\u0932\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u0926\u093e\u092f\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u092a\u0930 \u0930\u0916\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0909\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u0915\u094b \u092c\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u0924\u093e \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td class=\"mono\">2020<\/td><td><strong><span class=\"en\">National Education Policy<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">The 5+3+3+4 structure, competency-based learning and assessment, and fifty hours of development a year.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">5+3+3+4 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e, \u0926\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0924\u093e-\u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0906\u0915\u0932\u0928, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u091a\u093e\u0938 \u0918\u0902\u091f\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td class=\"mono\">2021<\/td><td><strong><span class=\"en\">NIPUN Bharat<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0928\u093f\u092a\u0941\u0923 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Foundational literacy and numeracy by the end of Grade 3, with three developmental goals and grade-wise targets.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e 3 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0902\u0924 \u0924\u0915 \u092c\u0941\u0928\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0926\u0940 \u0938\u093e\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0930\u0924\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915\u0924\u093e, \u0924\u0940\u0928 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0935\u093e\u0930 \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0939\u093f\u0924\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td class=\"mono\">2022<\/td><td><strong><span class=\"en\">NCF for the Foundational Stage<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092c\u0941\u0928\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0926\u0940 \u0905\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u090f\u0928\u0938\u0940\u090f\u092b<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Supplies the five domains of development and the panchakosha conception behind them.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u0901\u091a \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0940\u091b\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0902\u091a\u0915\u094b\u0936 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a\u0928\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td class=\"mono\">2023<\/td><td><strong><span class=\"en\">NCF for School Education<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0942\u0932\u0940 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u090f\u0928\u0938\u0940\u090f\u092b<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">States the derivation from curricular goals to competencies to learning outcomes.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u091a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0926\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0924\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u092b\u093f\u0930 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092b\u0932\u094b\u0902 \u0924\u0915 \u0915\u0940 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f \u092c\u0924\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <\/tbody>\r\n <\/table>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"p21-6\">\r\n <span class=\"section-badge\">R.6<\/span>\r\n <h3><span class=\"en\">Common Confusions<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f \u092d\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0924\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901<\/span><\/h3>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <p><span class=\"en\">Each row below is a pair that examiners rely on. The third column is the single test that separates them, and it is worth learning the test rather than the two definitions, because a definition recalled under pressure will fit both.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0928\u0940\u091a\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u092a\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0910\u0938\u093e \u092f\u0941\u0917\u094d\u092e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938 \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u092d\u0930\u094b\u0938\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0924\u0940\u0938\u0930\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0902\u092d \u0935\u0939 \u090f\u0915\u0932 \u0915\u0938\u094c\u091f\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0943\u0925\u0915\u094d \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0926\u094b \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u091c\u093e\u092f \u0915\u0938\u094c\u091f\u0940 \u0938\u0940\u0916\u0928\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u0926\u092c\u093e\u0935 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u092e\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0940 \u0917\u0908 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u092c\u0948\u0920 \u091c\u093e\u090f\u0917\u0940\u0964<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"table-scroll\">\r\n <table class=\"data-table\">\r\n <thead><tr>\r\n <th style=\"width:22%\"><span class=\"en\">This<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092f\u0939<\/span><\/th>\r\n <th style=\"width:22%\"><span class=\"en\">Against this<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0907\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u092e<\/span><\/th>\r\n <th style=\"width:56%\"><span class=\"en\">The single test that decides it<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u0939 \u090f\u0915\u0932 \u0915\u0938\u094c\u091f\u0940 \u091c\u094b \u0907\u0938\u0947 \u0924\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/th>\r\n <\/tr><\/thead>\r\n <tbody>\r\n <tr><td><strong><span class=\"en\">Integration<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u090f\u0915\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td><strong><span class=\"en\">Inclusion<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u092e\u093e\u0935\u0947\u0936\u0928<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Which side is expected to adapt. Integration asks it of the child; inclusion asks it of the school.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u0928\u0941\u0915\u0942\u0932\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u093f\u0938 \u092a\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0938\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u090f\u0915\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u092c\u093e\u0932\u0915 \u0938\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0901\u0917\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948; \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0935\u0947\u0936\u0928 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0938\u0947\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td><strong><span class=\"en\">Differentiation<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u093f\u092d\u0947\u0926\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td><strong><span class=\"en\">Individualisation<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u0948\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0915\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">How many plans. Differentiation is a few routes through one lesson; individualisation is one plan per learner.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u093f\u0924\u0928\u0940 \u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928\u093e\u090f\u0901\u0964 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u0947\u0926\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u090f\u0915 \u092a\u093e\u0920 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u0941\u091b \u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0917 \u0939\u0948\u0902; \u0935\u0948\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0915\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u090f\u0915 \u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td><strong><span class=\"en\">Accommodation<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u092e\u093e\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td><strong><span class=\"en\">Modification<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0927\u0928<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Whether the standard changed. An accommodation alters access; a modification alters the expectation itself.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0915 \u092c\u0926\u0932\u093e\u0964 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948; \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0927\u0928 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u0905\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u092c\u0926\u0932 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td><strong><span class=\"en\">Measurement<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092e\u093e\u092a\u0928<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td><strong><span class=\"en\">Evaluation<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092e\u0942\u0932\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0915\u0928<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Whether a judgement of worth is present. Thirty-two out of fifty is measurement; whether that is enough is evaluation.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u092e\u0942\u0932\u094d\u092f \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0923\u092f \u0909\u092a\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092a\u091a\u093e\u0938 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0940\u0938 \u092e\u093e\u092a\u0928 \u0939\u0948; \u0935\u0939 \u092a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u0948 \u092f\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u092f\u0939 \u092e\u0942\u0932\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0915\u0928\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td><strong><span class=\"en\">Validity<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u0948\u0927\u0924\u093e<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td><strong><span class=\"en\">Reliability<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0935\u0938\u0928\u0940\u092f\u0924\u093e<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Whether it measures the right thing or the same thing twice. Consistency in measuring the wrong thing is not a defence.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0935\u0939 \u0938\u0939\u0940 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u092e\u093e\u092a\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u092f\u093e \u0926\u094b \u092c\u093e\u0930 \u0935\u0939\u0940\u0964 \u0917\u0932\u0924 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u092a\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u0917\u0924\u093f \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u092c\u091a\u093e\u0935 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td><strong><span class=\"en\">Norm-referenced<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092e\u093e\u0928\u0915-\u0938\u0902\u0926\u0930\u094d\u092d\u093f\u0924<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td><strong><span class=\"en\">Criterion-referenced<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u0938\u094c\u091f\u0940-\u0938\u0902\u0926\u0930\u094d\u092d\u093f\u0924<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">What the learner is compared against \u2014 the rest of the group, or a stated standard.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u0924\u0941\u0932\u0928\u093e \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u2014 \u0936\u0947\u0937 \u0938\u092e\u0942\u0939 \u0938\u0947, \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0915\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0915 \u0938\u0947\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td><strong><span class=\"en\">Curriculum<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u091a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td><strong><span class=\"en\">Syllabus<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Scope. The curriculum is the whole plan including method and evaluation; the syllabus is one subject's content.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0930\u0964 \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u091a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092e\u0942\u0932\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0915\u0928 \u0938\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928\u093e \u0939\u0948; \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u090f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f \u0915\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td><strong><span class=\"en\">Learning outcome<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092b\u0932<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td><strong><span class=\"en\">Competency<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0926\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0924\u093e<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Whether it must survive a change of context. An outcome is granular evidence; a competency transfers.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0930\u094d\u092d-\u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091f\u093f\u0915\u0928\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092b\u0932 \u0938\u0942\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u092e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u0939\u0948; \u0926\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0924\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td><strong><span class=\"en\">Multidisciplinary<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092c\u0939\u0941-\u0905\u0928\u0941\u0936\u093e\u0938\u0928\u093f\u0915<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td><strong><span class=\"en\">Transdisciplinary<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u093e\u0930-\u0905\u0928\u0941\u0936\u093e\u0938\u0928\u093f\u0915<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Whether the subjects remain intact. The first points several at a theme; the third starts from a question belonging to none.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f \u0905\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0941\u0923\u094d\u0923 \u0930\u0939\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u093e \u0905\u0928\u0947\u0915 \u0915\u094b \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u0940 \u0913\u0930 \u092e\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948; \u0924\u0940\u0938\u0930\u093e \u0910\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u0938\u0947 \u0906\u0930\u0902\u092d \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td><strong><span class=\"en\">Multigrade<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092c\u0939\u0941\u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0940\u092f<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td><strong><span class=\"en\">Multilevel<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092c\u0939\u0941\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930\u0940\u092f<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Administrative fact or pedagogical description. Every monograde class is also multilevel.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u093e\u0938\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0924\u0925\u094d\u092f \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0923\u0928\u0964 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u090f\u0915\u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0940\u092f \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u092d\u0940 \u092c\u0939\u0941\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td><strong><span class=\"en\">Gender-neutral<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u091c\u0947\u0902\u0921\u0930-\u0924\u091f\u0938\u094d\u0925<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td><strong><span class=\"en\">Gender-responsive<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u091c\u0947\u0902\u0921\u0930-\u0905\u0928\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0936\u0940\u0932<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Whether the differing starting points were examined. Identical treatment preserves an unequal start.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928-\u092c\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0941\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0901\u091a \u0939\u0941\u0908\u0964 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930 \u0905\u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0930\u0902\u092d \u0915\u094b \u092c\u0928\u093e\u090f \u0930\u0916\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td><strong><span class=\"en\">Code-switching<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u0942\u091f-\u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td><strong><span class=\"en\">Translanguaging<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u093e\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0937\u0923<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Whether the languages are treated as separate systems or as one repertoire.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u0943\u0925\u0915\u094d \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u092f\u093e \u090f\u0915 \u0939\u0940 \u092d\u0902\u0921\u093e\u0930\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td><strong><span class=\"en\">Herbartian steps<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0939\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0930\u094d\u091f\u0940\u092f \u091a\u0930\u0923<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td><strong><span class=\"en\">Morrison's steps<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092e\u0949\u0930\u093f\u0938\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u091a\u0930\u0923<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Both have five. Herbart begins at preparation; Morrison begins at exploration, which is a pre-test.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u093e\u0901\u091a \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0939\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0930\u094d\u091f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0928\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u0906\u0930\u0902\u092d \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902; \u092e\u0949\u0930\u093f\u0938\u0928 \u0905\u0928\u094d\u0935\u0947\u0937\u0923 \u0938\u0947, \u091c\u094b \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935-\u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td><strong><span class=\"en\">Gamification<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0921\u093c\u093e\u0915\u0930\u0923<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td><strong><span class=\"en\">Game-based learning<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0916\u0947\u0932-\u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Whether the game carries the content. In gamification the elements are added to a task that is not a game.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0916\u0947\u0932 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u0935\u0939\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0921\u093c\u093e\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0924\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u0910\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u091c\u094b \u0916\u0947\u0932 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td><strong><span class=\"en\">Social constructivism<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u091c\u093f\u0915 \u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e\u0935\u093e\u0926<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td><strong><span class=\"en\">Social constructionism<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u091c\u093f\u0915 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923\u0935\u093e\u0926<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Whether the claim is about a person acquiring knowledge or about a society producing a category.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0926\u093e\u0935\u093e \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0947 \u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u0905\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u092f\u093e \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u091c \u0915\u0947 \u0936\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0923\u0940 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td><strong><span class=\"en\">Free to view<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0928\u093f\u0903\u0936\u0941\u0932\u094d\u0915 \u0926\u0947\u0916\u0928\u0947 \u092f\u094b\u0917\u094d\u092f<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td><strong><span class=\"en\">Open<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092e\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td><span class=\"en\">Whether the five permissions are granted. Absence of price is not openness.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u092a\u093e\u0901\u091a \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092e\u0924\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u0926\u0940 \u0917\u0908 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u092e\u0942\u0932\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u092e\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924\u0924\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <\/tbody>\r\n <\/table>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"callout red\">\r\n <div class=\"callout-label\"><span class=\"en\">Four attributions that are regularly stated incorrectly<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0936\u094d\u0930\u0947\u092f \u091c\u094b \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0917\u0932\u0924 \u092c\u0924\u093e\u090f \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902<\/span><\/div>\r\n <span class=\"en\">Scaffolding is <strong>Wood, Bruner and Ross<\/strong>, not Vygotsky, although it is applied to his zone. Bloom's group published <strong>no psychomotor taxonomy<\/strong>; Dave, Simpson and Harrow supplied later versions. Formative and summative evaluation were coined by <strong>Scriven about curricula<\/strong>, and extended to student assessment afterwards. The retention percentages attached to <strong>Dale's cone<\/strong> were not Dale's and appear in no study he conducted; the cone is an ordering by degree of abstraction and nothing more.<\/span>\r\n <span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u093e\u0921\u093c <strong>\u0935\u0941\u0921, \u092c\u094d\u0930\u0942\u0928\u0930 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0930\u0949\u0938<\/strong> \u0915\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0935\u093e\u0907\u0917\u094b\u0924\u094d\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u092f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u092a\u093f \u0935\u0939 \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0947 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u0932\u093e\u0917\u0942 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092c\u094d\u0932\u0942\u092e \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u0932 \u0928\u0947 <strong>\u0915\u094b\u0908 \u092e\u0928\u094b\u0917\u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923<\/strong> \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0936\u093f\u0924 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e; \u0921\u0947\u0935, \u0938\u093f\u092e\u094d\u092a\u0938\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0939\u0948\u0930\u094b \u0928\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0926\u093f\u090f\u0964 \u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0932\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u092e\u0942\u0932\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0915\u0928 <strong>\u0938\u094d\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0928 \u0928\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u091a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902<\/strong> \u0917\u0922\u093c\u0947, \u0914\u0930 \u091b\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930-\u0906\u0915\u0932\u0928 \u0924\u0915 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0941\u090f\u0964 <strong>\u0921\u0947\u0932 \u0915\u0947 \u0936\u0902\u0915\u0941<\/strong> \u0938\u0947 \u091c\u0941\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0936\u0924 \u0921\u0947\u0932 \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0925\u0947 \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092f\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0906\u0924\u0947; \u0935\u0939 \u0936\u0902\u0915\u0941 \u0905\u092e\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u092e\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u093e\u0930 \u090f\u0915 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u0939\u0948, \u0907\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u0941\u091b \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964<\/span>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"p21-7\">\r\n <span class=\"section-badge\">R.7<\/span>\r\n <h3><span class=\"en\">Glossary of Terms<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u092c\u094d\u0926\u093e\u0935\u0932\u0940<\/span><\/h3>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"abbr-grid\">\r\n <div class=\"abbr-item\"><span class=\"abbr-key\">Andragogy<\/span><span class=\"en\">The teaching of adults, treated as distinct from the teaching of children in its assumptions about the learner's self-direction and experience.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0922\u093c\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0935-\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092d\u0935 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0940 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0924\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u093e\u0932\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0943\u0925\u0915\u094d \u092e\u093e\u0928\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"abbr-item\"><span class=\"abbr-key\">Apperception<\/span><span class=\"en\">The Herbartian principle that a new idea is grasped through the mass of ideas already held, which is why the first formal step is preparation.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0939\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0930\u094d\u091f\u0940\u092f \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924 \u0915\u093f \u0928\u092f\u093e \u0935\u093f\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0935\u093f\u091a\u093e\u0930-\u0930\u093e\u0936\u093f \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939\u0923 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0907\u0938\u0940\u0932\u093f\u090f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0925\u092e \u0914\u092a\u091a\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u091a\u0930\u0923 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0928\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"abbr-item\"><span class=\"abbr-key\">Blueprint<\/span><span class=\"en\">A table distributing the marks of a paper across content on one axis and cognitive processes on the other, prepared before any question is drafted.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0910\u0938\u0940 \u0938\u093e\u0930\u0923\u0940 \u091c\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0902\u0915 \u090f\u0915 \u0905\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u092a\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0947, \u091c\u094b \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u092e\u0938\u094c\u0926\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u0924\u0948\u092f\u093e\u0930 \u0939\u094b\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"abbr-item\"><span class=\"abbr-key\">Competency<\/span><span class=\"en\">An observable capability integrating knowledge, skill and disposition, demonstrated across more than one context.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928, \u0915\u094c\u0936\u0932 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0915\u094b \u0938\u092e\u0947\u0915\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u0940\u092f \u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e\u0924\u093e, \u091c\u094b \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0930\u094d\u092d\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"abbr-item\"><span class=\"abbr-key\">Conscientisation<\/span><span class=\"en\">Learning to perceive the contradictions in a social situation and to act upon them, produced through dialogue rather than instruction.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u091c\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0930\u094b\u0927\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u092e\u091d\u0928\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0909\u0928 \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u0938\u0940\u0916\u0928\u093e, \u091c\u094b \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0926\u0947\u0936\u0928 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0938\u0902\u0935\u093e\u0926 \u0938\u0947 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"abbr-item\"><span class=\"abbr-key\">Correspondence principle<\/span><span class=\"en\">The claim that the social relations of schooling mirror those of the workplace the learner is destined for.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092f\u0939 \u0926\u093e\u0935\u093e \u0915\u093f \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f\u0940 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u091c\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927 \u0909\u0938 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u0938\u094d\u0925\u0932 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092c\u093f\u0902\u092c \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0924 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"abbr-item\"><span class=\"abbr-key\">Extinction burst<\/span><span class=\"en\">The intensification of a behaviour immediately after its reinforcement is withdrawn, before it fades.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0932\u0928 \u0939\u091f\u093e\u090f \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0924\u0941\u0930\u0902\u0924 \u092c\u093e\u0926, \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0940\u0923 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935, \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0924\u0940\u0935\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u0943\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093f\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"abbr-item\"><span class=\"abbr-key\">Funds of knowledge<\/span><span class=\"en\">The accumulated knowledge and skills held in a household and community, treated as a resource for teaching rather than a deficit.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0930 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u092e\u0941\u0926\u093e\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0915\u094c\u0936\u0932, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u0905\u092d\u093e\u0935 \u0928 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0915\u0930 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0902\u0938\u093e\u0927\u0928 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"abbr-item\"><span class=\"abbr-key\">Hinge question<\/span><span class=\"en\">A question placed at a pivot of the lesson, answerable quickly by everyone, on which the decision to proceed depends.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u093e\u0920 \u0915\u0947 \u0927\u0941\u0930\u0940-\u092c\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0941 \u092a\u0930 \u0930\u0916\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0938\u092c \u0936\u0940\u0918\u094d\u0930 \u0926\u0947 \u0938\u0915\u0947\u0902, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u091c\u093f\u0938 \u092a\u0930 \u0906\u0917\u0947 \u092c\u0922\u093c\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0923\u092f \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092d\u0930 \u0939\u094b\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"abbr-item\"><span class=\"abbr-key\">Jerkiness<\/span><span class=\"en\">Kounin's term for the loss of lesson momentum, covering dangles, flip-flops, thrusts, overdwelling and fragmentation.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u093e\u0920 \u0915\u0940 \u0917\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0940 \u0939\u093e\u0928\u093f \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u094b\u0909\u0928\u093f\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u0926, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0921\u0948\u0902\u0917\u0932, \u092b\u094d\u0932\u093f\u092a-\u092b\u094d\u0932\u0949\u092a, \u0925\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u091f, \u0905\u0924\u093f-\u0920\u0939\u0930\u093e\u0935 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0916\u0902\u0921\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0906\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"abbr-item\"><span class=\"abbr-key\">Lakshya<\/span><span class=\"en\">The grade-wise targets set under the foundational literacy and numeracy mission, from Balvatika to Grade 3.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092c\u0941\u0928\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0926\u0940 \u0938\u093e\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0930\u0924\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915\u0924\u093e \u092e\u093f\u0936\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0924 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0935\u093e\u0930 \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0915, \u092c\u093e\u0932\u0935\u093e\u091f\u093f\u0915\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e 3 \u0924\u0915\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"abbr-item\"><span class=\"abbr-key\">Lesson study<\/span><span class=\"en\">A team practice in which one lesson is planned jointly, taught by one member and observed by the rest, who watch the learners rather than the teacher.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0910\u0938\u093e \u0926\u0932-\u0905\u092d\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u090f\u0915 \u092a\u093e\u0920 \u0938\u0902\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091c\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u0926\u0938\u094d\u092f \u092a\u0922\u093c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0936\u0947\u0937 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u091c\u094b \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0915\u094b \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0926\u0947\u0916\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"abbr-item\"><span class=\"abbr-key\">Nurturant effect<\/span><span class=\"en\">An outcome following from the learning environment a model creates, as against the instructional effect it directly aims at.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0930\u091a\u0947 \u0917\u090f \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0936 \u0938\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u0932\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092b\u0932, \u0909\u0938 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0926\u0947\u0936\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0930\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u0935\u0939 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0924\u0903 \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"abbr-item\"><span class=\"abbr-key\">Overjustification<\/span><span class=\"en\">The weakening of intrinsic motivation when an extrinsic reward is attached to work that was already being done willingly.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u091c\u092c \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0947\u091a\u094d\u091b\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u093f\u090f \u091c\u093e \u0930\u0939\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0939\u094d\u092f \u092a\u0941\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u091c\u0941\u0921\u093c \u091c\u093e\u090f \u0924\u092c \u0906\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0930\u0923\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0926\u0941\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0932 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"abbr-item\"><span class=\"abbr-key\">Panchakosha<\/span><span class=\"en\">The conception of five sheaths of development underlying the foundational stage framework, addressed together rather than in sequence.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092c\u0941\u0928\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0926\u0940 \u0905\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u0930\u0942\u092a\u0930\u0947\u0916\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u094d\u0928\u093f\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u0901\u091a \u0915\u094b\u0936\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a\u0928\u093e, \u091c\u094b \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u094b\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"abbr-item\"><span class=\"abbr-key\">Praxis<\/span><span class=\"en\">Reflection and action held together; reflection without action is verbalism and action without reflection is activism.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u091a\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924; \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e-\u0930\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u091a\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0928 \u0936\u092c\u094d\u0926\u093e\u0921\u0902\u092c\u0930 \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u091a\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0928-\u0930\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0930\u094d\u092e\u0935\u093e\u0926\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"abbr-item\"><span class=\"abbr-key\">Reasonable accommodation<\/span><span class=\"en\">A necessary and appropriate modification that does not impose a disproportionate burden, required so that rights can be enjoyed equally.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u092e\u0941\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u091c\u094b \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u093e\u0924\u0939\u0940\u0928 \u092d\u093e\u0930 \u0928 \u0921\u093e\u0932\u0947, \u091c\u094b \u0907\u0938\u0932\u093f\u090f \u0905\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0909\u092a\u092d\u094b\u0917 \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0947\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"abbr-item\"><span class=\"abbr-key\">Ripple effect<\/span><span class=\"en\">The influence of a correction on the learners who witness it rather than on its target alone.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u091f\u094b\u0915 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0926\u0947\u0916\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935, \u0928 \u0915\u093f \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u092f \u092a\u0930\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"abbr-item\"><span class=\"abbr-key\">Satiation<\/span><span class=\"en\">The falling away of attention where a task lacks variety, visible progress or challenge, which presents as misbehaviour.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0935\u093f\u0927\u0924\u093e, \u0926\u0943\u0936\u094d\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0917\u0924\u093f \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u091a\u0941\u0928\u094c\u0924\u0940 \u0928 \u0939\u094b \u0935\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0905\u0935\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0940\u0923 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u093e, \u091c\u094b \u0926\u0941\u0930\u094d\u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u091f \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"abbr-item\"><span class=\"abbr-key\">Wait time II<\/span><span class=\"en\">The pause between a learner's answer and the teacher's response, which produces elaboration and is almost never left.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u0915\u093e \u0920\u0939\u0930\u093e\u0935, \u091c\u094b \u0935\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0932\u0917\u092d\u0917 \u0915\u092d\u0940 \u091b\u094b\u0921\u093c\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"abbr-item\"><span class=\"abbr-key\">Withitness<\/span><span class=\"en\">A teacher's demonstrated awareness of what is happening throughout the room, whose failures are the target error and the timing error.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u092d\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0939\u094b \u0930\u0939\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u091c\u0917\u0924\u093e, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u092b\u0932\u0924\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u092f-\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0941\u091f\u093f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u092e\u092f-\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0941\u091f\u093f \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"abbr-item\"><span class=\"abbr-key\">Zone of proximal development<\/span><span class=\"en\">The distance between what a learner can do unaided and what can be done with guidance from a more capable other.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0938\u0939\u093e\u092f\u0924\u093e \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e \u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u0928 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0907\u0928\u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u0915\u0940 \u0926\u0942\u0930\u0940\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"p21-8\">\r\n <span class=\"section-badge\">R.8<\/span>\r\n <h3><span class=\"en\">Mixed Practice Question Bank<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092e\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0905\u092d\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928-\u092c\u0948\u0902\u0915<\/span><\/h3>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"mcq-box\">\r\n <div class=\"mcq-title\"><span class=\"en\">Set I \u2014 Foundations and Teaching<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u092e\u0941\u091a\u094d\u091a\u092f I \u2014 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923<\/span> <span class=\"mcq-src\">Chapters 1\u20139<\/span><\/div>\r\n\r\n <details class=\"mcq-q\"><summary><span class=\"mcq-num\">1<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">In Houssaye's triangle, when the process of teaching is active, the third element is described as<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0939\u0942\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092d\u0941\u091c \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091c\u092c \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0938\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f \u0939\u094b, \u0924\u092c \u0924\u0940\u0938\u0930\u093e \u0924\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u0915\u0939\u0932\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/span><\/summary>\r\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\"><li>(a) <span class=\"en\">absent<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924<\/span><\/li><li>(b) <span class=\"en\">playing dead<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092e\u0943\u0924\u0935\u0924\u094d<\/span><\/li><li>(c) <span class=\"en\">dominant<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u0941\u0924\u094d\u0935\u0936\u093e\u0932\u0940<\/span><\/li><li>(d) <span class=\"en\">unchanged<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0924<\/span><\/li><\/ul>\r\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\"><b>(b).<\/b> <span class=\"en\">The excluded element remains in the room and is not removed from it; the metaphor is that it plays dead, and its behaviour when neglected is what a teacher has to manage.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u092a\u0935\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093f\u0924 \u0924\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0928\u093e \u0930\u0939\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0939\u091f\u093e\u092f\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e; \u0930\u0942\u092a\u0915 \u092f\u0939 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0935\u0939 \u092e\u0943\u0924\u0935\u0924\u094d \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930 \u0939\u0940 \u0935\u0939 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0901\u092d\u093e\u0932\u0928\u093e \u092a\u0921\u093c\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n\r\n <details class=\"mcq-q\"><summary><span class=\"mcq-num\">2<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">Koffka's formulation is that the whole is<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u0949\u092b\u093c\u094d\u0915\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u092f\u0939 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0938\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/span><\/summary>\r\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\"><li>(a) <span class=\"en\">greater than the sum of its parts<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u0905\u0902\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915<\/span><\/li><li>(b) <span class=\"en\">other than the sum of its parts<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u0905\u0902\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0938\u0947 \u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928<\/span><\/li><li>(c) <span class=\"en\">equal to the sum of its parts<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u0905\u0902\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0930\u093e\u092c\u0930<\/span><\/li><li>(d) <span class=\"en\">less than the sum of its parts<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u0905\u0902\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u092e<\/span><\/li><\/ul>\r\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\"><b>(b).<\/b> <span class=\"en\">Option (a) is the popular misquotation. Other than is the stronger claim, since it says the whole is a different kind of thing rather than a larger quantity of the same thing.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a (a) \u092a\u094d\u0930\u091a\u0932\u093f\u0924 \u0917\u0932\u0924 \u0909\u0926\u094d\u0927\u0930\u0923 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u093e \u0938\u0936\u0915\u094d\u0924\u0924\u0930 \u0926\u093e\u0935\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u0935\u0939 \u0915\u0939\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0938\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930 \u0909\u0938\u0940 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092e\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n\r\n <details class=\"mcq-q\"><summary><span class=\"mcq-num\">3<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">A teacher supplies the question but not the procedure. The level of inquiry is<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0941 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964 \u0905\u0928\u094d\u0935\u0947\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/span><\/summary>\r\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\"><li>(a) <span class=\"en\">confirmation<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u0941\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093f<\/span><\/li><li>(b) <span class=\"en\">structured<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u093f\u0924<\/span><\/li><li>(c) <span class=\"en\">guided<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u093f\u0924<\/span><\/li><li>(d) <span class=\"en\">open<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092e\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924<\/span><\/li><\/ul>\r\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\"><b>(c).<\/b> <span class=\"en\">Designing the procedure is where most of the scientific reasoning lies, which is why this rung yields the most for the effort it costs.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a \u0939\u0940 \u0935\u0939 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0902\u0936 \u0935\u0948\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0924\u0930\u094d\u0915\u0923 \u0928\u093f\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948, \u0907\u0938\u0940\u0932\u093f\u090f \u092f\u0939 \u092a\u093e\u092f\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0940 \u0932\u093e\u0917\u0924 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u093e\u0924 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n\r\n <details class=\"mcq-q\"><summary><span class=\"mcq-num\">4<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">Which pairing is correct?<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u094c\u0928-\u0938\u093e \u092f\u0941\u0917\u094d\u092e \u0938\u0939\u0940 \u0939\u0948?<\/span><\/span><\/summary>\r\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\"><li>(a) <span class=\"en\">Advance organiser \u2014 Bruner<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935-\u0938\u0902\u0917\u0920\u0915 \u2014 \u092c\u094d\u0930\u0942\u0928\u0930<\/span><\/li><li>(b) <span class=\"en\">Concept attainment \u2014 Ausubel<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u0902\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924\u093f \u2014 \u0906\u0938\u0941\u092c\u0947\u0932<\/span><\/li><li>(c) <span class=\"en\">Inquiry training \u2014 Suchman<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u0928\u094d\u0935\u0947\u0937\u0923 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u2014 \u0938\u091a\u092e\u0948\u0928<\/span><\/li><li>(d) <span class=\"en\">Synectics \u2014 Rogers<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u093f\u0928\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0938 \u2014 \u0930\u094b\u091c\u0930\u094d\u0938<\/span><\/li><\/ul>\r\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\"><b>(c).<\/b> <span class=\"en\">Options (a) and (b) are the same two names exchanged: the advance organiser is Ausubel and concept attainment draws on Bruner. Synectics is Gordon; Rogers is associated with non-directive teaching.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a (a) \u090f\u0935\u0902 (b) \u0935\u0939\u0940 \u0926\u094b \u0928\u093e\u092e \u0905\u0926\u0932-\u092c\u0926\u0932 \u0915\u0930 \u0939\u0948\u0902: \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935-\u0938\u0902\u0917\u0920\u0915 \u0906\u0938\u0941\u092c\u0947\u0932 \u0915\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924\u093f \u092c\u094d\u0930\u0942\u0928\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924\u0964 \u0938\u093f\u0928\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0938 \u0917\u0949\u0930\u094d\u0921\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u0939\u0948; \u0930\u094b\u091c\u0930\u094d\u0938 \u0905\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n\r\n <details class=\"mcq-q\"><summary><span class=\"mcq-num\">5<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">In Flanders's system, the two-thirds rule states that<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092b\u093c\u094d\u0932\u0948\u0902\u0921\u0930\u094d\u0938 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0926\u094b-\u0924\u093f\u0939\u093e\u0908 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e \u0915\u0939\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f<\/span><\/span><\/summary>\r\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\"><li>(a) <span class=\"en\">two-thirds of classroom time is talk, two-thirds of that is the teacher's, and two-thirds of that is direct influence<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e-\u0938\u092e\u092f \u0915\u093e \u0926\u094b-\u0924\u093f\u0939\u093e\u0908 \u0935\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0932\u093e\u092a \u0939\u0948, \u0909\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0926\u094b-\u0924\u093f\u0939\u093e\u0908 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0915\u093e, \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0926\u094b-\u0924\u093f\u0939\u093e\u0908 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935<\/span><\/li><li>(b) <span class=\"en\">two-thirds of a lesson should be pupil talk<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u093e\u0920 \u0915\u093e \u0926\u094b-\u0924\u093f\u0939\u093e\u0908 \u091b\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930-\u0935\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0932\u093e\u092a \u0939\u094b\u0928\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f<\/span><\/li><li>(c) <span class=\"en\">two-thirds of questions should be higher-order<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0926\u094b-\u0924\u093f\u0939\u093e\u0908 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a-\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f<\/span><\/li><li>(d) <span class=\"en\">two-thirds of the class should respond to each question<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u092a\u0930 \u0926\u094b-\u0924\u093f\u0939\u093e\u0908 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0926\u0947\u0928\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f<\/span><\/li><\/ul>\r\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\"><b>(a).<\/b> <span class=\"en\">It is a description of what was observed and not a prescription, which is what options (b) to (d) turn it into. The interaction analysis system was built to make such patterns visible rather than to set targets.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092f\u0939 \u091c\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0941\u0906 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0923\u0928 \u0939\u0948, \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a (b) \u0938\u0947 (d) \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0935\u0939\u0940 \u092c\u0928\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0903\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0937\u0923 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u092f \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0910\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u0942\u092a \u0926\u0943\u0936\u094d\u092f \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u092c\u0928\u0940 \u0925\u0940\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n\r\n <details class=\"mcq-q\"><summary><span class=\"mcq-num\">6<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">Cummins holds that conversational fluency in a second language is typically reached in<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u092e\u093f\u0902\u0938 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0915\u093f \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u0940 \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0932\u093e\u092a \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0939\u0936\u0940\u0932\u0924\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092f\u0903 \u0915\u093f\u0924\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0906\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/span><\/summary>\r\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\"><li>(a) <span class=\"en\">a few weeks<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u0941\u091b \u0938\u092a\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0939<\/span><\/li><li>(b) <span class=\"en\">one to two years, while academic language takes considerably longer<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u090f\u0915 \u0938\u0947 \u0926\u094b \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937, \u091c\u092c\u0915\u093f \u0936\u0948\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u093f\u0915 \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u093e\u092b\u0940 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u092e\u092f \u0932\u0917\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/li><li>(c) <span class=\"en\">five to seven years, while academic language is quicker<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u093e\u0901\u091a \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0924 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937, \u091c\u092c\u0915\u093f \u0936\u0948\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u093f\u0915 \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e \u0936\u0940\u0918\u094d\u0930 \u0906\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/li><li>(d) <span class=\"en\">the same time as academic language<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u0948\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u093f\u0915 \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e \u091c\u093f\u0924\u0928\u093e \u0939\u0940 \u0938\u092e\u092f<\/span><\/li><\/ul>\r\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\"><b>(b).<\/b> <span class=\"en\">The practical consequence is that a learner who converses easily may still be unable to follow the language a subject requires, and the fluency is regularly read as evidence that no support is needed.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e \u092f\u0939 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u091c\u094b \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0938\u0939\u091c\u0924\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0924\u091a\u0940\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0935\u0939 \u092b\u093f\u0930 \u092d\u0940 \u0909\u0938 \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0928 \u0938\u092e\u091d \u092a\u093e\u090f \u091c\u094b \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f \u092e\u093e\u0901\u0917\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0939\u0936\u0940\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0907\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0922\u093c\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0938\u0939\u093e\u0930\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n\r\n <details class=\"mcq-q\"><summary><span class=\"mcq-num\">7<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">Kilpatrick's project method is most closely associated with<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u093f\u0932\u092a\u0948\u091f\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u091f\u0924\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/span><\/summary>\r\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\"><li>(a) <span class=\"en\">behaviourism<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0926<\/span><\/li><li>(b) <span class=\"en\">pragmatism<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928\u0935\u093e\u0926<\/span><\/li><li>(c) <span class=\"en\">idealism<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0906\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u0935\u093e\u0926<\/span><\/li><li>(d) <span class=\"en\">realism<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092f\u0925\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0935\u093e\u0926<\/span><\/li><\/ul>\r\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\"><b>(b).<\/b> <span class=\"en\">He worked within Dewey's tradition, and the method's insistence on a purposeful act carried to completion in a social setting follows directly from it.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0909\u0928\u094d\u0939\u094b\u0902\u0928\u0947 \u0921\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0908 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0930\u0902\u092a\u0930\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e, \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u091c\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0936 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923\u0924\u093e \u0924\u0915 \u0932\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u090f \u0917\u090f \u0938\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u092a\u0930 \u0907\u0938 \u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f \u0915\u093e \u0906\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939 \u0938\u0940\u0927\u0947 \u0909\u0938\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n\r\n <details class=\"mcq-q\"><summary><span class=\"mcq-num\">8<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">In the 5E model the term for a concept is supplied at<\/span><span class=\"hi\">5E \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u092f \u0915\u093e \u092a\u0926 \u0915\u092c \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/span><\/summary>\r\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\"><li>(a) <span class=\"en\">Engage<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u090f\u0902\u0917\u0947\u091c<\/span><\/li><li>(b) <span class=\"en\">Explore<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u090f\u0915\u094d\u0938\u092a\u094d\u0932\u094b\u0930<\/span><\/li><li>(c) <span class=\"en\">Explain<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u090f\u0915\u094d\u0938\u092a\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0928<\/span><\/li><li>(d) <span class=\"en\">Evaluate<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0907\u0935\u0948\u0932\u094d\u092f\u0942\u090f\u091f<\/span><\/li><\/ul>\r\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\"><b>(c).<\/b> <span class=\"en\">The placement is the whole pedagogical claim of the model, and the 5E inherits it from the earlier three-phase learning cycle in which exploration precedes concept introduction.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092f\u0939 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928-\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0939\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0926\u093e\u0935\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 5E \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0940 \u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e \u091a\u0915\u094d\u0930 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0928\u094d\u0935\u0947\u0937\u0923 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u092f-\u092a\u0930\u093f\u091a\u092f \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u0906\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n\r\n <details class=\"mcq-q\"><summary><span class=\"mcq-num\">9<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">Two children build side by side with shared materials but do not address each other. This is<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0926\u094b \u092c\u093e\u0932\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u091d\u093e \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0917\u0932-\u092c\u0917\u0932 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0915\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0941 \u090f\u0915-\u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u0947 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0902\u092c\u094b\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/span><\/summary>\r\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\"><li>(a) <span class=\"en\">solitary play<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u090f\u0915\u093e\u0915\u0940 \u0916\u0947\u0932<\/span><\/li><li>(b) <span class=\"en\">parallel play<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930 \u0916\u0947\u0932<\/span><\/li><li>(c) <span class=\"en\">associative play<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u093e\u0939\u091a\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0916\u0947\u0932<\/span><\/li><li>(d) <span class=\"en\">cooperative play<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u0939\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0916\u0947\u0932<\/span><\/li><\/ul>\r\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\"><b>(b).<\/b> <span class=\"en\">The shared materials are exactly what separates it from solitary play, and the absence of address to each other is what keeps it below associative.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u093e\u091d\u093e \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0939\u0940 \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u090f\u0915\u093e\u0915\u0940 \u0916\u0947\u0932 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0943\u0925\u0915\u094d \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u090f\u0915-\u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u0947 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0902\u092c\u094b\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u0939\u0940 \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0939\u091a\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0938\u0947 \u0928\u0940\u091a\u0947 \u0930\u0916\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n\r\n <details class=\"mcq-q\"><summary><span class=\"mcq-num\">10<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">Anthony's hierarchy holds that<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u090f\u0902\u0925\u0928\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u094b\u092a\u093e\u0928 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f<\/span><\/span><\/summary>\r\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\"><li>(a) <span class=\"en\">a technique implies the method and approach above it<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u094b\u0908 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u090a\u092a\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0909\u092a\u093e\u0917\u092e \u0915\u094b \u0928\u093f\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/li><li>(b) <span class=\"en\">the hierarchy runs downward only, so a technique is no evidence of the approach<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u094b\u092a\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0928\u0940\u091a\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0913\u0930 \u091a\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0905\u0924\u0903 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f \u0909\u092a\u093e\u0917\u092e \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902<\/span><\/li><li>(c) <span class=\"en\">approach and method are interchangeable terms<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0909\u092a\u093e\u0917\u092e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f \u092a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f\u0935\u093e\u091a\u0940 \u092a\u0926 \u0939\u0948\u0902<\/span><\/li><li>(d) <span class=\"en\">technique is the widest of the three<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f \u0924\u0940\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u0915 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/li><\/ul>\r\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\"><b>(b).<\/b> <span class=\"en\">An approach yields methods and a method yields techniques, but the same technique can serve incompatible approaches \u2014 which is why a classroom cannot be classified from a list of activities observed in it.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0909\u092a\u093e\u0917\u092e \u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901, \u0915\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0941 \u0935\u0939\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f \u092a\u0930\u0938\u094d\u092a\u0930 \u0905\u0938\u0902\u0917\u0924 \u0909\u092a\u093e\u0917\u092e\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u0907\u0938\u0940\u0932\u093f\u090f \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0909\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0917\u0924\u093f\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"mcq-box\">\r\n <div class=\"mcq-title\"><span class=\"en\">Set II \u2014 Content, Planning and Judgement<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u092e\u0941\u091a\u094d\u091a\u092f II \u2014 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941, \u0928\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0923\u092f<\/span> <span class=\"mcq-src\">Chapters 10\u201314<\/span><\/div>\r\n\r\n <details class=\"mcq-q\"><summary><span class=\"mcq-num\">1<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">Knowing that learners predictably believe multiplication makes a number larger is<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092f\u0939 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0928\u093e \u0915\u093f \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0928\u0941\u092e\u0947\u092f \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0915\u093f \u0917\u0941\u0923\u0928 \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u094b \u092c\u0921\u093c\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/span><\/summary>\r\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\"><li>(a) <span class=\"en\">content knowledge<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928<\/span><\/li><li>(b) <span class=\"en\">general pedagogical knowledge<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928<\/span><\/li><li>(c) <span class=\"en\">pedagogical content knowledge<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928<\/span><\/li><li>(d) <span class=\"en\">curricular knowledge<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u091a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e \u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928<\/span><\/li><\/ul>\r\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\"><b>(c).<\/b> <span class=\"en\">A mathematician knows the belief is false, which is content knowledge; only someone who has taught the topic knows a class will reliably arrive at it and why the repeated-addition model produced it.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0917\u0923\u093f\u0924\u091c\u094d\u091e \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u092f\u0939 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0924\u093e \u0905\u0938\u0924\u094d\u092f \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u0939 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u0939\u0948; \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0935\u0939\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0935\u0938\u0928\u0940\u092f \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0909\u0938 \u0924\u0915 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a\u0947\u0917\u0940 \u0914\u0930 \u092c\u093e\u0930-\u092c\u093e\u0930 \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0928\u0947 \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0928\u0947 \u092f\u0939 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u092a\u0922\u093c\u093e\u092f\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n\r\n <details class=\"mcq-q\"><summary><span class=\"mcq-num\">2<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">In TPACK, the dashed boundary drawn around the diagram is labelled<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u091f\u0940\u092a\u0948\u0915 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0906\u0930\u0947\u0916 \u0915\u0947 \u091a\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0913\u0930 \u092c\u0928\u0940 \u092c\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0941\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0927\u093f \u0915\u0939\u0932\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/span><\/summary>\r\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\"><li>(a) <span class=\"en\">assessment<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0906\u0915\u0932\u0928<\/span><\/li><li>(b) <span class=\"en\">contexts<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u0902\u0926\u0930\u094d\u092d<\/span><\/li><li>(c) <span class=\"en\">curriculum<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u091a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e<\/span><\/li><li>(d) <span class=\"en\">infrastructure<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u0935\u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e<\/span><\/li><\/ul>\r\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\"><b>(b).<\/b> <span class=\"en\">It records that no single technological solution applies to every teacher, course or view of teaching, and it is the part of the framework most often dropped when the diagram is reproduced.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092f\u0939 \u0926\u0930\u094d\u091c \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u090f\u0915\u0932 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915, \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923-\u0926\u0943\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093f \u092a\u0930 \u0932\u093e\u0917\u0942 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e, \u0914\u0930 \u0906\u0930\u0947\u0916 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u0941\u0924\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0922\u093e\u0901\u091a\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u092f\u0939\u0940 \u092d\u093e\u0917 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u091b\u094b\u0921\u093c\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n\r\n <details class=\"mcq-q\"><summary><span class=\"mcq-num\">3<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">The step that distinguishes Taba's model from Tyler's is placed first, and it is<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u091f\u093e\u092c\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u094b \u091f\u093e\u092f\u0932\u0930 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0943\u0925\u0915\u094d \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e \u091a\u0930\u0923 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0925\u092e \u0930\u0916\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u0939 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/span><\/summary>\r\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\"><li>(a) <span class=\"en\">formulation of objectives<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923<\/span><\/li><li>(b) <span class=\"en\">diagnosis of needs<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0924\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0926\u093e\u0928<\/span><\/li><li>(c) <span class=\"en\">selection of content<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u093e \u091a\u092f\u0928<\/span><\/li><li>(d) <span class=\"en\">evaluation<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092e\u0942\u0932\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0915\u0928<\/span><\/li><\/ul>\r\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\"><b>(b).<\/b> <span class=\"en\">The seven steps otherwise overlap Tyler's four questions almost entirely; what differs is the direction of construction, from teaching-learning units upward rather than from a general design down.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0925\u093e \u0938\u093e\u0924\u094b\u0902 \u091a\u0930\u0923 \u091f\u093e\u092f\u0932\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u091a\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0932\u0917\u092d\u0917 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923\u0924\u0903 \u0905\u0924\u093f\u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902; \u091c\u094b \u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0939\u0948 \u0935\u0939 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u0915\u0940 \u0926\u093f\u0936\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u094b \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0928\u0940\u091a\u0947 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923-\u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e \u0907\u0915\u093e\u0907\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u090a\u092a\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0913\u0930 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n\r\n <details class=\"mcq-q\"><summary><span class=\"mcq-num\">4<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">A topic present in the syllabus was taught in only a third of schools. The gap is between<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u092a\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u090f\u0915-\u0924\u093f\u0939\u093e\u0908 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0922\u093c\u093e\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e\u0964 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093e\u0932 \u0915\u093f\u0928\u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/span><\/summary>\r\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\"><li>(a) <span class=\"en\">intended and implemented<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u092d\u0940\u0937\u094d\u091f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0928\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0924<\/span><\/li><li>(b) <span class=\"en\">implemented and attained<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0928\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0924 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924<\/span><\/li><li>(c) <span class=\"en\">hidden and null<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0917\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0936\u0942\u0928\u094d\u092f<\/span><\/li><li>(d) <span class=\"en\">formal and informal<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0914\u092a\u091a\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0905\u0928\u094c\u092a\u091a\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0915<\/span><\/li><\/ul>\r\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\"><b>(a).<\/b> <span class=\"en\">The loss falls on the teacher's side \u2014 time, materials or the teacher's own command of the content. A gap between implemented and attained would mean the topic was taught and the learners still do not hold it, which has different remedies.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0939\u093e\u0928\u093f \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915-\u092a\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u092a\u0930 \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u0938\u092e\u092f, \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f-\u092a\u0915\u0921\u093c\u0964 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0928\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0924 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093e\u0932 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0915\u093f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u092a\u0922\u093c\u093e\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u092b\u093f\u0930 \u092d\u0940 \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0909\u092a\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n\r\n <details class=\"mcq-q\"><summary><span class=\"mcq-num\">5<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">An objective reading \"using the formula below, find the area\" sits at which level of the revised taxonomy?<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\"\u0928\u0940\u091a\u0947 \u0926\u093f\u090f \u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930\u092b\u0932 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0932\u093f\u090f\" \u2014 \u092f\u0939 \u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f \u0938\u0902\u0936\u094b\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093f\u0938 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u0939\u0948?<\/span><\/span><\/summary>\r\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\"><li>(a) <span class=\"en\">Remember<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u094d\u092e\u0930\u0923<\/span><\/li><li>(b) <span class=\"en\">Understand<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092c\u094b\u0927<\/span><\/li><li>(c) <span class=\"en\">Apply<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917<\/span><\/li><li>(d) <span class=\"en\">Analyse<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0937\u0923<\/span><\/li><\/ul>\r\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\"><b>(b).<\/b> <span class=\"en\">The question has already selected the principle, so only the substitution remains. Application requires the learner to decide which abstraction fits a situation not supplied with it, and removing the opening phrase is what would raise the level.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0939\u0940 \u091a\u0941\u0928 \u091a\u0941\u0915\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0905\u0924\u0903 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u0928 \u0936\u0947\u0937 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0915\u094b \u0924\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u092a\u0921\u093c\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0915\u094c\u0928-\u0938\u093e \u0905\u092e\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u0910\u0938\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0948\u0920\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0926\u0940 \u0917\u0908, \u0914\u0930 \u0906\u0930\u0902\u092d\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u093e\u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0936 \u0939\u091f\u093e\u0928\u093e \u0939\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u090a\u092a\u0930 \u0909\u0920\u093e\u0924\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n\r\n <details class=\"mcq-q\"><summary><span class=\"mcq-num\">6<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">An answer listing several relevant but unconnected points is, in SOLO terms<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u0928\u0947\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0938\u0902\u0917\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0941 \u0905\u0938\u0902\u092c\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u092c\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0941 \u0917\u093f\u0928\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930, \u0938\u094b\u0932\u094b \u0915\u0940 \u0936\u092c\u094d\u0926\u093e\u0935\u0932\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/span><\/summary>\r\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\"><li>(a) <span class=\"en\">unistructural<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u090f\u0915\u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915<\/span><\/li><li>(b) <span class=\"en\">multistructural<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092c\u0939\u0941\u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915<\/span><\/li><li>(c) <span class=\"en\">relational<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915<\/span><\/li><li>(d) <span class=\"en\">extended abstract<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0905\u092e\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0924<\/span><\/li><\/ul>\r\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\"><b>(b).<\/b> <span class=\"en\">It is the top of the quantitative phase. The move to relational is a change of kind rather than of amount, and it is exactly what a mark scheme counting points cannot detect.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092f\u0939 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0923\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0936\u0940\u0930\u094d\u0937 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0915\u0940 \u0913\u0930 \u0917\u0924\u093f \u092e\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0920\u0940\u0915 \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u092c\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0941 \u0917\u093f\u0928\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0905\u0902\u0915-\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928\u093e \u092a\u0915\u0921\u093c \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n\r\n <details class=\"mcq-q\"><summary><span class=\"mcq-num\">7<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">Work returned with comments and a grade together tends to produce results resembling<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u091f\u093f\u092a\u094d\u092a\u0923\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0936\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0923\u0940 \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0932\u094c\u091f\u093e\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u093f\u0938 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u093e \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/span><\/summary>\r\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\"><li>(a) <span class=\"en\">comments alone<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u091f\u093f\u092a\u094d\u092a\u0923\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901<\/span><\/li><li>(b) <span class=\"en\">grades alone<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0936\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0923\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901<\/span><\/li><li>(c) <span class=\"en\">better than either<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0947\u0939\u0924\u0930<\/span><\/li><li>(d) <span class=\"en\">no feedback at all<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u094b\u0908 \u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920\u092a\u094b\u0937\u0923 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902<\/span><\/li><\/ul>\r\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\"><b>(b).<\/b> <span class=\"en\">A grade is a judgement of standing and the learner attends to it first, so the comment is read and makes no difference. The practical repair is to return work for improvement with comments only and record the mark separately.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0923\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0923\u092f \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0909\u0938\u0940 \u092a\u0930 \u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0928 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0905\u0924\u0903 \u091f\u093f\u092a\u094d\u092a\u0923\u0940 \u092a\u0922\u093c\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u092a\u0921\u093c\u0924\u093e\u0964 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0909\u092a\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u092f\u0939 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0938\u0941\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u091f\u093f\u092a\u094d\u092a\u0923\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0932\u094c\u091f\u093e\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u090f \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u0902\u0915 \u092a\u0943\u0925\u0915\u094d \u0926\u0930\u094d\u091c \u0939\u094b\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n\r\n <details class=\"mcq-q\"><summary><span class=\"mcq-num\">8<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">In the CIPP model, evaluation that serves the decision about whether to continue, revise or discontinue is<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u0940\u0906\u0908\u092a\u0940\u092a\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091c\u094b \u092e\u0942\u0932\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0915\u0928 \u091c\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0930\u0916\u0928\u0947, \u0938\u0902\u0936\u094b\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u092f\u093e \u092c\u0902\u0926 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0923\u092f \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0935\u0939 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/span><\/summary>\r\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\"><li>(a) <span class=\"en\">context<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u0902\u0926\u0930\u094d\u092d<\/span><\/li><li>(b) <span class=\"en\">input<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0928\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0936<\/span><\/li><li>(c) <span class=\"en\">process<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e<\/span><\/li><li>(d) <span class=\"en\">product<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926<\/span><\/li><\/ul>\r\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\"><b>(d).<\/b> <span class=\"en\">Context and input run before the programme and process during it, so a committee that evaluates only at the end has forfeited every decision except the last one.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u0902\u0926\u0930\u094d\u092d \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0928\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0936 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u091a\u0932\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0926\u094c\u0930\u093e\u0928, \u0905\u0924\u0903 \u091c\u094b \u0938\u092e\u093f\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0905\u0902\u0924 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u0942\u0932\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0915\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0947 \u0909\u0938\u0928\u0947 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u093f\u092e \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0924\u093f\u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0923\u092f \u0916\u094b \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n\r\n <details class=\"mcq-q\"><summary><span class=\"mcq-num\">9<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">A paper marked identically by two teachers nonetheless measures reading ability rather than science. It is<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0926\u094b \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0901\u091a\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092b\u093f\u0930 \u092d\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u092a\u0920\u0928-\u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e\u0924\u093e \u092e\u093e\u092a\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0935\u0939 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/span><\/summary>\r\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\"><li>(a) <span class=\"en\">valid but not reliable<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u0948\u0927 \u0915\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0941 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0935\u0938\u0928\u0940\u092f \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902<\/span><\/li><li>(b) <span class=\"en\">reliable but not valid<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0935\u0938\u0928\u0940\u092f \u0915\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0941 \u0935\u0948\u0927 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902<\/span><\/li><li>(c) <span class=\"en\">both valid and reliable<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u0948\u0927 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0935\u0938\u0928\u0940\u092f \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902<\/span><\/li><li>(d) <span class=\"en\">neither<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902<\/span><\/li><\/ul>\r\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\"><b>(b).<\/b> <span class=\"en\">An instrument cannot be valid without being reliable, but it can be perfectly reliable and measure something other than what is claimed. Consistency in measuring the wrong thing is not a defence.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0935\u0938\u0928\u0940\u092f \u0939\u0941\u090f \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0935\u0948\u0927 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e, \u0915\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0941 \u0935\u0939 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923\u0924\u0903 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0935\u0938\u0928\u0940\u092f \u0939\u094b\u0915\u0930 \u092d\u0940 \u0926\u093e\u0935\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u0941\u091b \u092e\u093e\u092a \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0917\u0932\u0924 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u092a\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u0917\u0924\u093f \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u092c\u091a\u093e\u0935 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n\r\n <details class=\"mcq-q\"><summary><span class=\"mcq-num\">10<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">The learner's own column in a Holistic Progress Card exists chiefly to<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0917\u0924\u093f \u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u092a\u0928\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0902\u092d \u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f\u0924\u0903 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0932\u093f\u090f \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/span><\/summary>\r\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\"><li>(a) <span class=\"en\">reduce the teacher's recording burden<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0932\u0947\u0916\u0928-\u092d\u093e\u0930 \u0918\u091f\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941<\/span><\/li><li>(b) <span class=\"en\">require the learner to judge work against stated criteria<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0938\u094c\u091f\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0935\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941<\/span><\/li><li>(c) <span class=\"en\">provide a check on the teacher's judgement<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0923\u092f \u092a\u0930 \u091c\u093e\u0901\u091a \u0930\u0916\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941<\/span><\/li><li>(d) <span class=\"en\">satisfy a documentation requirement<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0926\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0947\u091c\u093c\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0905\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u092a\u0942\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941<\/span><\/li><\/ul>\r\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\"><b>(b).<\/b> <span class=\"en\">It is the reporting form of assessment as learning, and holding the criteria in mind is the operation that produces the benefit. Filling the column in on the learner's behalf keeps the format and removes what it was for.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092f\u0939 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e \u0930\u0942\u092a\u0940 \u0906\u0915\u0932\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0926\u0928-\u0930\u0942\u092a \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u0938\u094c\u091f\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u092e\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u0939\u0940 \u0935\u0939 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0932\u093e\u092d \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u0913\u0930 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0902\u092d \u092d\u0930 \u0926\u0947\u0928\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0930\u0942\u092a \u0930\u0916 \u0932\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u0939 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u0939\u091f\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0935\u0939 \u0925\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"mcq-box\">\r\n <div class=\"mcq-title\"><span class=\"en\">Set III \u2014 Learners, Policy and the Teacher<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u092e\u0941\u091a\u094d\u091a\u092f III \u2014 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940, \u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915<\/span> <span class=\"mcq-src\">Chapters 15\u201320<\/span><\/div>\r\n\r\n <details class=\"mcq-q\"><summary><span class=\"mcq-num\">1<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">Children with disability are admitted, seated together at the back and given separate worksheets. This is<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0926\u093f\u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0917 \u092c\u093e\u0932\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0947\u0936 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u092a\u0940\u091b\u0947 \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u092c\u093f\u0920\u093e\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u0932\u0917 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0915 \u0926\u093f\u090f \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/span><\/summary>\r\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\"><li>(a) <span class=\"en\">inclusion<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u092e\u093e\u0935\u0947\u0936\u0928<\/span><\/li><li>(b) <span class=\"en\">integration<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u090f\u0915\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923<\/span><\/li><li>(c) <span class=\"en\">segregation<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u0943\u0925\u0915\u094d\u0915\u0930\u0923<\/span><\/li><li>(d) <span class=\"en\">universal design<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0935\u092d\u094c\u092e \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a<\/span><\/li><\/ul>\r\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\"><b>(b).<\/b> <span class=\"en\">Presence is what integration secures. The statutory test is whether the system of teaching and learning has been suitably adapted, and here only the seating has changed.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0909\u092a\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u0939\u0940 \u090f\u0915\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0938\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0936\u094d\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0935\u0948\u0927\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u0938\u094c\u091f\u0940 \u092f\u0939 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923-\u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0915\u0942\u0932\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0941\u0908, \u0914\u0930 \u092f\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u092c\u0948\u0920\u0915 \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n\r\n <details class=\"mcq-q\"><summary><span class=\"mcq-num\">2<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">The three principles of Universal Design for Learning concern multiple means of<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0938\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0935\u092d\u094c\u092e \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a \u0915\u0947 \u0924\u0940\u0928 \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0947\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u0927\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948\u0902<\/span><\/span><\/summary>\r\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\"><li>(a) <span class=\"en\">content, process and product<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926<\/span><\/li><li>(b) <span class=\"en\">engagement, representation, and action and expression<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u0902\u0932\u0917\u094d\u0928\u0924\u093e, \u0928\u093f\u0930\u0942\u092a\u0923, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f<\/span><\/li><li>(c) <span class=\"en\">readiness, interest and profile<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0924\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0930\u0924\u093e, \u0930\u0941\u091a\u093f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u092b\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0932<\/span><\/li><li>(d) <span class=\"en\">access, participation and progress<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a, \u0938\u0939\u092d\u093e\u0917\u093f\u0924\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0917\u0924\u093f<\/span><\/li><\/ul>\r\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\"><b>(b).<\/b> <span class=\"en\">Options (a) and (c) belong to Tomlinson's account of differentiation \u2014 the four elements differentiated and the three characteristics they answer to \u2014 and mixing the two frameworks is the standard error here.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a (a) \u090f\u0935\u0902 (c) \u0935\u093f\u092d\u0947\u0926\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u091f\u0949\u092e\u0932\u093f\u0902\u0938\u0928 \u0935\u093f\u0935\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u2014 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u0947\u0926\u0940\u0915\u0943\u0924 \u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0924\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0935\u0947 \u0924\u0940\u0928 \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u091c\u093f\u0928\u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u2014 \u0914\u0930 \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0922\u093e\u0901\u091a\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u092e\u093f\u0932\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0928\u093e \u092f\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0915\u0940 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0915 \u0924\u094d\u0930\u0941\u091f\u093f \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n\r\n <details class=\"mcq-q\"><summary><span class=\"mcq-num\">3<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">Freire's term for action taken without reflection is<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u091a\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u0917\u0908 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u092b\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0930\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u0926 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/span><\/summary>\r\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\"><li>(a) <span class=\"en\">verbalism<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u092c\u094d\u0926\u093e\u0921\u0902\u092c\u0930<\/span><\/li><li>(b) <span class=\"en\">activism<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u0930\u094d\u092e\u0935\u093e\u0926<\/span><\/li><li>(c) <span class=\"en\">praxis<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0915\u094d\u0938\u093f\u0938<\/span><\/li><li>(d) <span class=\"en\">codification<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u0942\u091f\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923<\/span><\/li><\/ul>\r\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\"><b>(b).<\/b> <span class=\"en\">Verbalism is the opposite failure \u2014 reflection that never issues in action. Praxis requires both together, and a classroom can produce either while appearing entirely lively.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u092c\u094d\u0926\u093e\u0921\u0902\u092c\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u092a\u0930\u0940\u0924 \u0935\u093f\u092b\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u0910\u0938\u093e \u091a\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0928 \u091c\u094b \u0915\u092d\u0940 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u0932\u0924\u093e\u0964 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0915\u094d\u0938\u093f\u0938 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f, \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923\u0924\u0903 \u091c\u0940\u0935\u0902\u0924 \u0926\u093f\u0916\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0941\u090f \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u092d\u0940 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n\r\n <details class=\"mcq-q\"><summary><span class=\"mcq-num\">4<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">Kounin's central finding was that effective and ineffective managers differed chiefly in<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u094b\u0909\u0928\u093f\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0937 \u092f\u0939 \u0925\u093e \u0915\u093f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0940 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0905\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0915 \u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f\u0924\u0903 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0925\u0947<\/span><\/span><\/summary>\r\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\"><li>(a) <span class=\"en\">how they responded once misbehaviour began<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0926\u0941\u0930\u094d\u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930 \u0906\u0930\u0902\u092d \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0939\u094b\u0902\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0948\u0938\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0926\u0940<\/span><\/li><li>(b) <span class=\"en\">everything they did before it began<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0906\u0930\u0902\u092d \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0939\u094b\u0902\u0928\u0947 \u091c\u094b \u0915\u0941\u091b \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e<\/span><\/li><li>(c) <span class=\"en\">the severity of the consequences applied<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0932\u093e\u0917\u0942 \u0915\u093f\u090f \u0917\u090f \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u0920\u094b\u0930\u0924\u093e<\/span><\/li><li>(d) <span class=\"en\">the number of rules displayed<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u093f\u0924 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e<\/span><\/li><\/ul>\r\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\"><b>(b).<\/b> <span class=\"en\">The two groups dealt with misbehaviour in much the same way once it had started, which is why the chapter treats management as preventive and discipline as what happens when prevention has failed.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u092e\u0942\u0939\u094b\u0902 \u0928\u0947 \u0926\u0941\u0930\u094d\u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0906\u0930\u0902\u092d \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u0909\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0932\u0917\u092d\u0917 \u090f\u0915 \u0939\u0940 \u0922\u0902\u0917 \u0938\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u092a\u091f\u093e, \u0907\u0938\u0940\u0932\u093f\u090f \u092f\u0939 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0928 \u0915\u094b \u0928\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0930\u0915 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0936\u093e\u0938\u0928 \u0915\u094b \u0935\u0939 \u091c\u094b \u0928\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0935\u093f\u092b\u0932 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n\r\n <details class=\"mcq-q\"><summary><span class=\"mcq-num\">5<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">A teacher who feels annoyed and repeatedly interrupted is, on Dreikurs's account, facing<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u091c\u094b \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u091d\u0941\u0901\u091d\u0932\u093e\u0939\u091f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092c\u093e\u0930-\u092c\u093e\u0930 \u092c\u093e\u0927\u093e \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092d\u0935 \u0915\u0930\u0947, \u0935\u0939 \u0921\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0907\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0938 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0935\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0928\u093e \u0915\u0930 \u0930\u0939\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/span><\/summary>\r\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\"><li>(a) <span class=\"en\">attention-seeking<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0928-\u0906\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0937\u0923<\/span><\/li><li>(b) <span class=\"en\">a power contest<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0924\u093e<\/span><\/li><li>(c) <span class=\"en\">revenge<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0936\u094b\u0927<\/span><\/li><li>(d) <span class=\"en\">assumed inadequacy<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092e\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u0939\u0941\u0908 \u0905\u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e\u0924\u093e<\/span><\/li><\/ul>\r\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\"><b>(a).<\/b> <span class=\"en\">The teacher's own reaction is the diagnostic, and each goal produces a characteristic one: annoyance for attention, a sense of defeat for power, hurt for revenge, helplessness for assumed inadequacy.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0940 \u0928\u093f\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u092f \u090f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948: \u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0928 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u091d\u0941\u0901\u091d\u0932\u093e\u0939\u091f, \u0936\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u092a\u0930\u093e\u091c\u092f-\u092c\u094b\u0927, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0936\u094b\u0927 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0906\u0939\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u093e, \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u0939\u0941\u0908 \u0905\u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0905\u0938\u0939\u093e\u092f\u0924\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n\r\n <details class=\"mcq-q\"><summary><span class=\"mcq-num\">6<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">The foundational stage of the 5+3+3+4 structure covers ages<\/span><span class=\"hi\">5+3+3+4 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u092c\u0941\u0928\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0926\u0940 \u0905\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u0915\u093f\u0938 \u0906\u092f\u0941 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u092e\u0947\u091f\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/span><\/summary>\r\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\"><li>(a) <span class=\"en\">3 to 8<\/span><span class=\"hi\">3 \u0938\u0947 8<\/span><\/li><li>(b) <span class=\"en\">6 to 11<\/span><span class=\"hi\">6 \u0938\u0947 11<\/span><\/li><li>(c) <span class=\"en\">8 to 11<\/span><span class=\"hi\">8 \u0938\u0947 11<\/span><\/li><li>(d) <span class=\"en\">6 to 14<\/span><span class=\"hi\">6 \u0938\u0947 14<\/span><\/li><\/ul>\r\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\"><b>(a).<\/b> <span class=\"en\">Three pre-school years followed by Grades 1 and 2. Bringing early childhood care and education inside the school stage rather than beside it is the structural change the figure is drawn to show.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0924\u0940\u0928 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0925\u092e\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e 1 \u090f\u0935\u0902 2\u0964 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0930\u0902\u092d\u093f\u0915 \u092c\u093e\u0932\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0916\u092d\u093e\u0932 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f\u0940 \u0905\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0917\u0932 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092d\u0940\u0924\u0930 \u0932\u093e\u0928\u093e \u0939\u0940 \u0935\u0939 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u0926\u093f\u0916\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0935\u0939 \u0906\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f \u092c\u0928\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n\r\n <details class=\"mcq-q\"><summary><span class=\"mcq-num\">7<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">A district reports fluent oral reading in Grade 3. Against the NIPUN target this is<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u094b\u0908 \u091c\u093c\u093f\u0932\u093e \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e 3 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0939\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u092e\u094c\u0916\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u0920\u0928 \u092c\u0924\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0928\u093f\u092a\u0941\u0923 \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u092f\u0939 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/span><\/summary>\r\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\"><li>(a) <span class=\"en\">sufficient evidence that the target has been met<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u0915\u093f \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u092f \u092a\u0942\u0930\u093e \u0939\u0941\u0906<\/span><\/li><li>(b) <span class=\"en\">insufficient, because the target is reading with understanding<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u092a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924, \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u092f \u092c\u094b\u0927 \u0938\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u0920\u0928 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/li><li>(c) <span class=\"en\">irrelevant, since the target concerns numeracy only<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0905\u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0938\u0902\u0917\u093f\u0915, \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/li><li>(d) <span class=\"en\">sufficient if the whole district is covered<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u092f\u0926\u093f \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u091c\u093c\u093f\u0932\u093e \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0935\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0939\u094b<\/span><\/li><\/ul>\r\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\"><b>(b).<\/b> <span class=\"en\">Fluent decoding is consistent with extracting no meaning at all. The evidence that would meet the target is a child answering a question the passage does not answer word for word.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0939\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0935\u093e\u091a\u0928 \u0907\u0938 \u092c\u093e\u0924 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0930\u0942\u092a \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u0928 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u0932\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0964 \u091c\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u092f \u092a\u0942\u0930\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0935\u0939 \u092f\u0939 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u092c\u093e\u0932\u0915 \u0910\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0926\u0947 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0935\u0939 \u0905\u0902\u0936 \u0936\u092c\u094d\u0926\u0936\u0903 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n\r\n <details class=\"mcq-q\"><summary><span class=\"mcq-num\">8<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">In lesson study, the observers are expected to watch<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u093e\u0920 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092f\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u0926\u0947\u0916\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/span><\/summary>\r\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\"><li>(a) <span class=\"en\">the teacher's delivery<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924\u093f<\/span><\/li><li>(b) <span class=\"en\">the learners<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b<\/span><\/li><li>(c) <span class=\"en\">the head of department's notes<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0917\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u094b\u091f\u094d\u0938<\/span><\/li><li>(d) <span class=\"en\">the clock against the plan<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0918\u0921\u093c\u0940<\/span><\/li><\/ul>\r\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\"><b>(b).<\/b> <span class=\"en\">This is the single procedural condition on which the practice depends. Once the debrief turns to the teacher it becomes appraisal wearing a collaborative name, and nobody volunteers a second time.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092f\u0939\u0940 \u0935\u0939 \u090f\u0915\u0932 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0936\u0930\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938 \u092a\u0930 \u092f\u0939 \u0905\u092d\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092d\u0930 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0938\u092e\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0915\u0940 \u0913\u0930 \u092e\u0941\u0921\u093c\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0940 \u0935\u0939 \u0938\u0939\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0940 \u0928\u093e\u092e \u092a\u0939\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0942\u0932\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0915\u0928 \u092c\u0928 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u0940 \u092c\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0947\u091a\u094d\u091b\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0906\u0924\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n\r\n <details class=\"mcq-q\"><summary><span class=\"mcq-num\">9<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">A resource may be viewed without payment but not downloaded, translated or edited. It is<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u093e\u0927\u0928 \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u092d\u0941\u0917\u0924\u093e\u0928 \u0926\u0947\u0916\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0941 \u0921\u093e\u0909\u0928\u0932\u094b\u0921, \u0905\u0928\u0942\u0926\u093f\u0924 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0938\u0902\u092a\u093e\u0926\u093f\u0924 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964 \u0935\u0939 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/span><\/summary>\r\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\"><li>(a) <span class=\"en\">an open educational resource<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092e\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0936\u0948\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u093e\u0927\u0928<\/span><\/li><li>(b) <span class=\"en\">free but not open<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0928\u093f\u0903\u0936\u0941\u0932\u094d\u0915 \u0915\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0941 \u092e\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902<\/span><\/li><li>(c) <span class=\"en\">open but not free<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092e\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0941 \u0928\u093f\u0903\u0936\u0941\u0932\u094d\u0915 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902<\/span><\/li><li>(d) <span class=\"en\">in the public domain<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0935\u091c\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930-\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902<\/span><\/li><\/ul>\r\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\"><b>(b).<\/b> <span class=\"en\">Openness is a set of permissions rather than an absence of price. The consequence that matters in a multilingual system is that a teacher needing the material in another language cannot lawfully produce it.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092e\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924\u0924\u093e \u092e\u0942\u0932\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092e\u0924\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u092e\u0941\u091a\u094d\u091a\u092f \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092c\u0939\u0941\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091c\u094b \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0939\u0948 \u0935\u0939 \u092f\u0939 \u0915\u093f \u091c\u093f\u0938 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f \u0935\u0939 \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0915 \u092c\u0928\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n\r\n <details class=\"mcq-q\"><summary><span class=\"mcq-num\">10<\/span><span><span class=\"en\">Consider: 1. Action research claims generalisation to a population. 2. Reflection-in-action occurs during the act. 3. RTE section 17 prohibits mental harassment as well as physical punishment. Which are correct?<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u093f\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0940\u091c\u093f\u090f: 1. \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u0902\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u091c\u0928\u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0924\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u093e \u0926\u093e\u0935\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 2. \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e-\u092e\u0947\u0902-\u091a\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0928 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u094c\u0930\u093e\u0928 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 3. \u0906\u0930\u091f\u0940\u0908 \u0915\u0940 \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093e 17 \u0936\u093e\u0930\u0940\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0926\u0902\u0921 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0938\u093f\u0915 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0940\u0921\u093c\u0928 \u092d\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0937\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0915\u094c\u0928-\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0939\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902?<\/span><\/span><\/summary>\r\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\"><li>(a) <span class=\"en\">1 and 2 only<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 1 \u0914\u0930 2<\/span><\/li><li>(b) <span class=\"en\">2 and 3 only<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 2 \u0914\u0930 3<\/span><\/li><li>(c) <span class=\"en\">1 and 3 only<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 1 \u0914\u0930 3<\/span><\/li><li>(d) <span class=\"en\">1, 2 and 3<\/span><span class=\"hi\">1, 2 \u0914\u0930 3<\/span><\/li><\/ul>\r\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\"><b>(b).<\/b> <span class=\"en\">Statement 1 reverses the defining feature: a finding is offered to other teachers as something to test in their own setting, not as something established on their behalf. The sample is the class the teacher already has, which is both the point and the limit.<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0915\u0925\u0928 1 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u0915 \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u094b \u0909\u0932\u091f \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948: \u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0937 \u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0940 \u0913\u0930 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0947 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0936 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0930\u0916\u0928\u0947 \u092f\u094b\u0917\u094d\u092f \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936 \u0935\u0939\u0940 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u0938 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u092f\u0939 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u092d\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e \u092d\u0940\u0964<\/span><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"p21-9\">\r\n <span class=\"section-badge\">R.9<\/span>\r\n <h3><span class=\"en\">Answering Strategy<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930-\u0932\u0947\u0916\u0928 \u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f<\/span><\/h3>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <svg class=\"full-diagram\" viewBox=\"0 0 560 296\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Four steps for working through a multiple-choice item\">\r\n<g font-family=\"DM Sans, Noto Sans Devanagari, sans-serif\" font-size=\"10.5\">\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"24\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"11\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#5a6d80\">FOUR STEPS, IN THIS ORDER<\/text>\r\n\r\n <rect x=\"12\" y=\"40\" width=\"536\" height=\"50\" rx=\"9\" fill=\"#eef4fc\" stroke=\"#1f5fa9\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <circle cx=\"42\" cy=\"65\" r=\"16\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"42\" y=\"71\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"14\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#ffffff\">1<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"72\" y=\"61\" font-size=\"10\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\">READ THE STEM TWICE<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"72\" y=\"77\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">find the one word that does the work<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"536\" y=\"70\" text-anchor=\"end\" font-size=\"7.5\" font-style=\"italic\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\">except · not · chiefly · least · only<\/text><polygon points=\"42,96 36,90 48,90\" fill=\"#c8d5e3\"\/>\r\n <rect x=\"12\" y=\"98\" width=\"536\" height=\"50\" rx=\"9\" fill=\"#eefbf7\" stroke=\"#0d8f79\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <circle cx=\"42\" cy=\"123\" r=\"16\" fill=\"#0d8f79\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"42\" y=\"129\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"14\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#ffffff\">2<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"72\" y=\"119\" font-size=\"10\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#0d8f79\">ANSWER BEFORE LOOKING<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"72\" y=\"135\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">form the answer from the stem alone<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"536\" y=\"128\" text-anchor=\"end\" font-size=\"7.5\" font-style=\"italic\" fill=\"#0d8f79\">an option that matches it is probably right<\/text><polygon points=\"42,154 36,148 48,148\" fill=\"#c8d5e3\"\/>\r\n <rect x=\"12\" y=\"156\" width=\"536\" height=\"50\" rx=\"9\" fill=\"#fffaef\" stroke=\"#c9760f\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <circle cx=\"42\" cy=\"181\" r=\"16\" fill=\"#c9760f\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"42\" y=\"187\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"14\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#ffffff\">3<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"72\" y=\"177\" font-size=\"10\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#c9760f\">ELIMINATE ON ONE GROUND<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"72\" y=\"193\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">reject each option for a stated reason<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"536\" y=\"186\" text-anchor=\"end\" font-size=\"7.5\" font-style=\"italic\" fill=\"#c9760f\">wrong attribution · wrong level · too absolute<\/text><polygon points=\"42,212 36,206 48,206\" fill=\"#c8d5e3\"\/>\r\n <rect x=\"12\" y=\"214\" width=\"536\" height=\"50\" rx=\"9\" fill=\"#fdf0f5\" stroke=\"#8e2f5a\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <circle cx=\"42\" cy=\"239\" r=\"16\" fill=\"#8e2f5a\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"42\" y=\"245\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"14\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#ffffff\">4<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"72\" y=\"235\" font-size=\"10\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#8e2f5a\">CHECK THE NEAR MISS<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"72\" y=\"251\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">the remaining distractor is the real test<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"536\" y=\"244\" text-anchor=\"end\" font-size=\"7.5\" font-style=\"italic\" fill=\"#8e2f5a\">it is usually true, but not of what was asked<\/text>\r\n <rect x=\"12\" y=\"268\" width=\"536\" height=\"24\" rx=\"7\" fill=\"#f5f8fd\" stroke=\"#14243f\" stroke-width=\"1.4\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"284\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">the third step is what makes a guess reviewable: an option rejected for a stated reason can be re-examined<\/text>\r\n<\/g><\/svg>\r\n <div class=\"diagram-cap\"><span class=\"en\">The near miss is where most items are actually decided<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0928\u093f\u0915\u091f-\u092d\u094d\u0930\u092e \u0939\u0940 \u0935\u0939 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0902\u0936 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924\u0903 \u0924\u092f \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902<\/span><\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"pc-grid\">\r\n <div class=\"pc-panel neu\">\r\n <div class=\"pc-head\"><span class=\"pc-ico\">▸<\/span><span class=\"en\">For a descriptive answer<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0923\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941<\/span><\/div>\r\n <ul>\r\n <li><span class=\"en\">Open with the attribution and the year where one exists; it costs a line and settles the marker's first question<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0936\u094d\u0930\u0947\u092f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937 \u0939\u094b\u0902 \u0935\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0906\u0930\u0902\u092d \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902; \u0907\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u090f\u0915 \u092a\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0932\u0917\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u091c\u093e\u0901\u091a\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0915\u093e \u092a\u0939\u0932\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u0924\u092f \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"en\">State the distinction the term rests on before elaborating it, since most marks sit on the distinction<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u0935\u0939 \u092d\u0947\u0926 \u092c\u0924\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u091c\u093f\u0938 \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u0926 \u091f\u093f\u0915\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0902\u0936 \u0905\u0902\u0915 \u092d\u0947\u0926 \u092a\u0930 \u0939\u0940 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"en\">Give one classroom instance; an abstract answer and an illustrated answer are not marked alike<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u090f\u0915 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e-\u0926\u0943\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093e\u0902\u0924 \u0926\u0947\u0902; \u0905\u092e\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0924 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0926\u0943\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093e\u0902\u0924-\u0938\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u091c\u093e\u0901\u091a\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0947<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"en\">Close with the limit or the standing objection, which is what separates a good answer from a complete one<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092f\u0940 \u0906\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902, \u0914\u0930 \u092f\u0939\u0940 \u0905\u091a\u094d\u091b\u0947 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0943\u0925\u0915\u094d \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div class=\"pc-panel con\">\r\n <div class=\"pc-head\"><span class=\"pc-ico\">\u2717<\/span><span class=\"en\">What loses marks that were available<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0909\u092a\u0932\u092c\u094d\u0927 \u0905\u0902\u0915 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0916\u094b\u090f \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902<\/span><\/div>\r\n <ul>\r\n <li><span class=\"en\">Naming a theorist without the claim, or the claim without the theorist<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0926\u093e\u0935\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093e\u092e, \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0926\u093e\u0935\u093e<\/span><\/li><li><span class=\"en\">Treating a description as a prescription, as with the two-thirds rule<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0923\u0928 \u0915\u094b \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0932\u0947\u0928\u093e, \u091c\u0948\u0938\u093e \u0926\u094b-\u0924\u093f\u0939\u093e\u0908 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"en\">Writing at length on the definition and omitting the pair it must be separated from<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u0930\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e \u092a\u0930 \u0932\u0902\u092c\u093e \u0932\u093f\u0916\u0928\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0938 \u092f\u0941\u0917\u094d\u092e \u0915\u094b \u091b\u094b\u0921\u093c \u0926\u0947\u0928\u093e \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0943\u0925\u0915\u094d \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0928\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"en\">Answering the topic rather than the question, which is what an unread qualifier produces<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0926\u0947\u0928\u093e, \u0914\u0930 \u092f\u0939\u0940 \u0905\u092a\u0920\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0938\u0940\u092e\u0915 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"callout teal\">\r\n <div class=\"callout-label\"><span class=\"en\">A last note on how this document is best used<\/span><span class=\"hi\">\u0907\u0938 \u0926\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0947\u091c\u093c \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u094b\u0924\u094d\u0924\u092e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u092a\u0930 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u093f\u092e \u091f\u093f\u092a\u094d\u092a\u0923\u0940<\/span><\/div>\r\n <span class=\"en\">The concept sheet and the glossary are for looking things up; the section on common confusions is for returning to. Most items in this subject are not decided by whether a concept is known \u2014 they are decided by whether it has been kept apart from the one it sits beside. Working through that table until the discriminator arrives before the definition does is worth more than a further pass over any chapter, and it is the shortest route from recognising a term to being able to place it.<\/span>\r\n <span class=\"hi\">\u0938\u0902\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a\u0928\u093e \u0936\u0940\u091f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0936\u092c\u094d\u0926\u093e\u0935\u0932\u0940 \u0916\u094b\u091c\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0939\u0948\u0902; \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f \u092d\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0924\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e \u0916\u0902\u0921 \u0932\u094c\u091f\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0907\u0938 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0902\u0936 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u0907\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0924\u092f \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0915\u093f \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a\u0928\u093e \u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0924 \u0939\u0948 \u092f\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u2014 \u0935\u0947 \u0907\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0924\u092f \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0915\u093f \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0909\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0943\u0925\u0915\u094d \u0930\u0916\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u092f\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u091c\u094b \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0917\u0932 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0948\u0920\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0909\u0938 \u0938\u093e\u0930\u0923\u0940 \u092a\u0930 \u0924\u092c \u0924\u0915 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u0915\u093f \u0935\u093f\u092d\u0947\u0926\u0915 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u0906 \u091c\u093e\u090f, \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092d\u0940 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u090f\u0915 \u0914\u0930 \u0926\u094c\u0930 \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092e\u0942\u0932\u094d\u092f\u0935\u093e\u0928 \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092a\u0926 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u0939\u091a\u093e\u0928\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930 \u092a\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0924\u0915 \u0915\u093e \u092f\u0939\u0940 \u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u091b\u094b\u091f\u093e \u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0917 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <\/section>\r\n<!--\/CH21-->\r\n<!--\/BODY-->\r\n <\/main>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<button class=\"to-top\" id=\"toTop\" aria-label=\"Back to top\">\u2191<\/button>\r\n\r\n<script>\r\n(function () {\r\n \/* \u2500\u2500 LANGUAGE TOGGLE \u2500\u2500 *\/\r\n var toggle = document.getElementById('langToggle');\r\n var optEn = document.getElementById('optEn');\r\n var optHi = document.getElementById('optHi');\r\n function setLang(hindi) {\r\n document.body.classList.toggle('hindi-mode', hindi);\r\n optHi.classList.toggle('active', hindi);\r\n 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[…]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"site-sidebar-layout":"no-sidebar","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"full-width-container","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"disabled","ast-banner-title-visibility":"disabled","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"disabled","footer-sml-layout":"disabled","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center 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