Digital Literacy \u2014 UPSC Principal & Vice-Principal | Bilingual Study Notes<\/title>\n<style>\n *, *::before, *::after { box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0; padding: 0; }\n :root {\n --navy: #14243f;\n --blue: #1f5fa9;\n --sky: #2f92d1;\n --teal: #0d8f79;\n --amber: #c9760f;\n --red: #c0392b;\n --gold: #c2a010;\n --purple: #6b3a8f;\n --plum: #8e2f5a;\n --text: #1c2b3a;\n --muted: #5a6d80;\n --border: #e1e8f0;\n }\n html { scroll-behavior: smooth; }\n body {\n font-family: 'DM Sans', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', sans-serif;\n background: #ffffff;\n color: var(--text);\n font-size: 15px;\n line-height: 1.85;\n }\n a { text-decoration: none; color: inherit; }\n\n \/* \u2500\u2500 LANGUAGE TOGGLE \u2500\u2500 *\/\n .lang-toggle-bar { margin-left: auto; flex-shrink: 0; }\n .lang-toggle-btn {\n display: flex; align-items: center;\n background: #fff; border: 2px solid var(--navy);\n border-radius: 50px; padding: 3px;\n box-shadow: 0 2px 10px rgba(20,36,63,0.13);\n cursor: pointer; transition: box-shadow 0.18s;\n }\n .lang-toggle-btn:hover { box-shadow: 0 4px 18px rgba(20,36,63,0.22); }\n .lang-option {\n padding: 5px 16px; border-radius: 40px;\n font-size: 12.5px; font-weight: 700;\n letter-spacing: 0.04em; transition: all 0.22s ease;\n color: var(--muted); user-select: none; white-space: nowrap;\n }\n .lang-option.active {\n background: var(--navy); color: #fff;\n box-shadow: 0 2px 6px rgba(20,36,63,0.22);\n }\n\n \/* \u2500\u2500 LANGUAGE VISIBILITY \u2500\u2500 *\/\n .hi { display: none; }\n body.hindi-mode .en { display: none; }\n body.hindi-mode .hi { display: inline; }\n body.hindi-mode .hi-block { display: block !important; }\n body.hindi-mode .en-block { display: none !important; }\n .hi-block { display: none; }\n body.hindi-mode { font-family: 'Noto Sans Devanagari', 'DM Sans', sans-serif; }\n\n \/* \u2500\u2500 HERO \u2500\u2500 *\/\n .hero {\n width: 100%;\n background: linear-gradient(135deg, #e6bf45 0%, #cf9a1e 38%, #9a6d0f 72%, #6d4b09 100%);\n padding: 58px 48px 52px;\n color: #fff; position: relative; overflow: hidden;\n text-align: center;\n }\n .hero::before {\n content: ''; position: absolute; inset: 0;\n background-image:\n linear-gradient(rgba(255,255,255,0.055) 1px, transparent 1px),\n linear-gradient(90deg, rgba(255,255,255,0.055) 1px, transparent 1px);\n background-size: 34px 34px;\n pointer-events: none;\n }\n .hero::after {\n content: ''; position: absolute; left: 50%; bottom: -240px;\n transform: translateX(-50%);\n width: 720px; height: 380px;\n background: radial-gradient(ellipse at center, rgba(255,255,255,0.20) 0%, transparent 70%);\n pointer-events: none;\n }\n .hero h1 {\n font-family: 'Crimson Pro', Georgia, serif;\n font-size: clamp(27px, 4.4vw, 42px);\n font-weight: 700; line-height: 1.2;\n margin: 0 auto 14px; position: relative; z-index: 1;\n color: #fff;\n text-shadow: 0 2px 10px rgba(0,0,0,0.28);\n }\n .hero-code {\n display: inline-block;\n font-family: 'JetBrains Mono', monospace;\n font-size: 11.5px; font-weight: 700;\n letter-spacing: 0.18em;\n background: rgba(255,255,255,0.20);\n border: 1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.55);\n padding: 5px 16px; border-radius: 4px;\n margin-bottom: 16px; position: relative; z-index: 1;\n }\n .hero-sub {\n font-size: 14.5px; opacity: 0.95; margin: 0 auto 16px;\n max-width: 760px; position: relative; z-index: 1; color: #fff;\n text-shadow: 0 1px 4px rgba(0,0,0,0.25);\n }\n .hero-meta {\n display: inline-flex; gap: 8px; align-items: center;\n background: rgba(255,255,255,0.94); padding: 5px 14px;\n border-radius: 50px; position: relative; z-index: 1;\n font-size: 12px; font-weight: 600; color: var(--navy);\n box-shadow: 0 2px 6px rgba(0,0,0,0.15);\n }\n\n \/* \u2500\u2500 BREADCRUMB \u2500\u2500 *\/\n .breadcrumb-bar { background: #fff; border-bottom: 1px solid var(--border); padding: 10px 48px; }\n .breadcrumb-inner {\n max-width: 1120px; margin: 0 auto;\n font-size: 12.5px; color: #aaa;\n display: flex; align-items: center; gap: 6px;\n }\n .breadcrumb-inner a { color: var(--blue); }\n .breadcrumb-inner a:hover { text-decoration: underline; }\n .breadcrumb-inner .sep { color: #ddd; }\n\n \/* \u2500\u2500 LAYOUT \u2500\u2500 *\/\n .layout {\n max-width: 1120px; margin: 0 auto;\n padding: 44px 48px 88px;\n display: grid;\n grid-template-columns: 285px 1fr;\n gap: 54px;\n align-items: start;\n }\n\n \/* \u2500\u2500 CHAPTER HEADING \u2500\u2500 *\/\n .chapter-heading-block {\n display: flex; align-items: center; gap: 14px;\n margin: 8px 0 22px; padding-bottom: 14px;\n border-bottom: 2.5px solid var(--navy);\n flex-wrap: wrap;\n }\n .chapter-badge {\n background: var(--navy); color: #fff;\n font-size: 10px; font-weight: 700;\n padding: 5px 16px; border-radius: 4px;\n letter-spacing: 0.1em; text-transform: uppercase;\n white-space: nowrap; flex-shrink: 0;\n }\n .chapter-heading-block h2 {\n font-family: 'Crimson Pro', Georgia, serif;\n font-size: 23px; font-weight: 700; color: var(--navy); margin: 0;\n }\n\n \/* \u2500\u2500 SECTION HEADING \u2500\u2500 *\/\n .section-heading-block {\n display: flex; align-items: center; gap: 12px;\n margin: 38px 0 14px; scroll-margin-top: 20px;\n }\n .section-badge {\n background: var(--blue); color: #fff;\n font-size: 10.5px; font-weight: 700;\n padding: 4px 12px; border-radius: 3px;\n letter-spacing: 0.04em; white-space: nowrap; flex-shrink: 0;\n font-family: 'JetBrains Mono', monospace;\n }\n .section-heading-block h3 { font-size: 17.5px; font-weight: 700; color: var(--navy); margin: 0; }\n\n \/* \u2500\u2500 PROSE \u2500\u2500 *\/\n .article h4 { font-size: 14.5px; font-weight: 700; color: var(--navy); margin: 24px 0 10px; }\n .article h5.sub { font-size: 13px; font-weight: 700; color: var(--purple); margin: 16px 0 8px; text-transform: uppercase; letter-spacing: 0.05em; }\n .article p { color: #2c3e50; margin-bottom: 12px; text-align: justify; hyphens: auto; }\n .article strong { color: #111; }\n\n \/* \u2500\u2500 ICON LIST \u2500\u2500 *\/\n .icon-list { list-style: none; margin: 0 0 14px; display: flex; flex-direction: column; gap: 8px; }\n .icon-list li { display: flex; align-items: flex-start; gap: 10px; font-size: 14.5px; color: #2c3e50; line-height: 1.78; }\n .icon-list li .ico { font-size: 14px; flex-shrink: 0; margin-top: 4px; width: 22px; text-align: center; font-weight: 700; color: var(--blue); }\n .icon-list li > span:not(.ico) { text-align: justify; hyphens: auto; flex: 1; }\n\n \/* \u2500\u2500 CALLOUT \u2500\u2500 *\/\n .callout {\n border-left: 3px solid var(--blue);\n padding: 12px 18px; margin: 16px 0 20px;\n background: #f7fbff; text-align: justify; hyphens: auto;\n border-radius: 0 6px 6px 0;\n }\n .callout.amber { border-left-color: var(--amber); background: #fffbf4; }\n .callout.red { border-left-color: var(--red); background: #fff8f7; }\n .callout.teal { border-left-color: var(--teal); background: #f2fdfa; }\n .callout.purple{ border-left-color: var(--purple);background: #faf6ff; }\n .callout-label {\n font-size: 10px; font-weight: 700; text-transform: uppercase;\n letter-spacing: 0.12em; margin-bottom: 8px; color: var(--blue);\n }\n .callout.amber .callout-label { color: var(--amber); }\n .callout.red .callout-label { color: var(--red); }\n .callout.teal .callout-label { color: var(--teal); }\n .callout.purple .callout-label { color: var(--purple); }\n\n \/* \u2500\u2500 KEY-FACT CARDS \u2500\u2500 *\/\n .keyfact-grid { display: grid; grid-template-columns: repeat(auto-fit, minmax(240px, 1fr)); gap: 14px; margin: 20px 0 28px; }\n .keyfact-card { border: 1.5px solid var(--border); border-radius: 10px; padding: 18px 16px; text-align: center; background: #fff; }\n .keyfact-card.navy-hi { border-color: #93a8c2; background: #f3f6fb; }\n .keyfact-card.teal-hi { border-color: #7fd3c5; background: #f0fdf8; }\n .keyfact-card.amber-hi { border-color: #f0d58a; background: #fffbf0; }\n .keyfact-card .big-icon { font-size: 28px; margin-bottom: 8px; display: block; }\n .keyfact-card .kf-label { font-size: 10.5px; font-weight: 700; text-transform: uppercase; letter-spacing: 0.08em; color: var(--muted); margin-bottom: 6px; }\n .keyfact-card .kf-value { font-family: 'JetBrains Mono', monospace; font-size: 17px; font-weight: 700; color: var(--navy); line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 5px; }\n .keyfact-card.teal-hi .kf-value { color: var(--teal); }\n .keyfact-card.amber-hi .kf-value { color: var(--amber); }\n .keyfact-card .kf-sub { font-size: 11.5px; color: var(--muted); line-height: 1.5; }\n\n \/* \u2500\u2500 DEFINITION CARD (scholar quotes) \u2500\u2500 *\/\n .def-stack { display: flex; flex-direction: column; gap: 10px; margin: 16px 0 22px; }\n .def-card {\n background: linear-gradient(95deg, #f6f9fd 0%, #fff 60%);\n border: 1.5px solid var(--border);\n border-left: 4px solid var(--navy);\n border-radius: 8px; padding: 14px 18px;\n display: grid; grid-template-columns: 130px 1fr; gap: 16px; align-items: start;\n }\n .def-card:nth-child(2) { border-left-color: var(--blue); }\n .def-card:nth-child(3) { border-left-color: var(--teal); }\n .def-card:nth-child(4) { border-left-color: var(--amber); }\n .def-card:nth-child(5) { border-left-color: var(--purple); }\n .def-card .def-who {\n font-size: 12.5px; font-weight: 700; color: var(--navy); line-height: 1.4;\n }\n .def-card .def-who small { display: block; font-size: 10.5px; font-weight: 600; color: var(--muted); text-transform: uppercase; letter-spacing: 0.05em; margin-top: 2px; }\n .def-card .def-text { font-size: 13.5px; color: #2c3e50; line-height: 1.68; }\n @media (max-width: 620px) { .def-card { grid-template-columns: 1fr; gap: 6px; } }\n\n \/* \u2500\u2500 FORMULA CARD \u2500\u2500 *\/\n .formula-card {\n background: linear-gradient(130deg, var(--navy) 0%, #1c3a63 100%);\n border-radius: 12px; padding: 22px 26px; margin: 18px 0 24px;\n color: #fff; text-align: center;\n }\n .formula-card .fx-eyebrow {\n font-size: 10px; font-weight: 700; letter-spacing: 0.16em;\n text-transform: uppercase; color: #ffd970; margin-bottom: 12px;\n }\n .formula-card .fx-body {\n font-family: 'JetBrains Mono', monospace;\n font-size: clamp(13px, 2vw, 16px); font-weight: 700;\n line-height: 1.9; color: #fff;\n }\n .formula-card .fx-body em { color: #ffd970; font-style: normal; }\n .formula-card .fx-note {\n margin-top: 12px; padding-top: 12px;\n border-top: 1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.2);\n font-size: 12.5px; color: rgba(255,255,255,0.9); line-height: 1.6;\n }\n .formula-card .fc-label {\n font-size: 10px; font-weight: 700; letter-spacing: 0.16em;\n text-transform: uppercase; color: #ffd970; margin-bottom: 12px;\n }\n .formula-card .fc-formula {\n font-family: 'JetBrains Mono', monospace;\n font-size: clamp(13px, 2vw, 16px); font-weight: 700;\n line-height: 1.9; color: #fff;\n }\n .formula-card .fc-note {\n margin-top: 12px; padding-top: 12px;\n border-top: 1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.2);\n font-size: 12.5px; color: rgba(255,255,255,0.9); line-height: 1.6;\n }\n\n \/* \u2500\u2500 VS COMPARE \u2500\u2500 *\/\n .vs-compare { display: grid; grid-template-columns: 1fr auto 1fr; gap: 0; margin: 18px 0 24px; align-items: stretch; }\n .vs-side { background: #fff; border: 2px solid var(--border); border-radius: 12px; padding: 18px 20px; }\n .vs-side.left { border-color: var(--blue); background: linear-gradient(180deg, #eef4fc 0%, #fff 65%); }\n .vs-side.right { border-color: var(--teal); background: linear-gradient(180deg, #eefbf7 0%, #fff 65%); }\n .vs-side h5 { font-size: 14.5px; font-weight: 700; color: var(--navy); margin-bottom: 4px; }\n .vs-side .vs-tag {\n display: inline-block; font-family: 'JetBrains Mono', monospace;\n font-size: 9.5px; font-weight: 800; letter-spacing: 0.12em; text-transform: uppercase;\n padding: 3px 10px; border-radius: 12px; margin-bottom: 10px; color: #fff;\n background: var(--navy);\n }\n .vs-side.left .vs-tag { background: var(--blue); }\n .vs-side.right .vs-tag { background: var(--teal); }\n .vs-side ul { list-style: none; margin: 0; font-size: 12.5px; color: #2c3e50; line-height: 1.65; }\n .vs-side ul li { padding: 4px 0 4px 16px; position: relative; }\n .vs-side ul li::before { content: '\u25b8'; position: absolute; left: 0; top: 4px; color: var(--blue); font-size: 10px; }\n .vs-side.right ul li::before { color: var(--teal); }\n .vs-mid, .vs-divider {\n display: flex; align-items: center; justify-content: center;\n padding: 0 12px; font-family: 'JetBrains Mono', monospace;\n font-weight: 800; font-size: 13px; color: var(--muted);\n }\n @media (max-width: 720px) {\n .vs-compare { grid-template-columns: 1fr; gap: 10px; }\n .vs-mid, .vs-divider { padding: 2px 0; }\n }\n\n \/* \u2500\u2500 TABLES \u2500\u2500 *\/\n .data-table { width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse; margin: 16px 0 24px; border-radius: 8px; overflow: hidden; border: 1px solid var(--border); font-size: 13.5px; }\n .data-table thead tr { background: var(--navy); color: #fff; }\n .data-table th { padding: 11px 14px; text-align: left; font-size: 12px; font-weight: 700; text-transform: uppercase; letter-spacing: 0.04em; }\n .data-table th.narrow, .data-table td.narrow { width: 52px; text-align: center; }\n .data-table td { padding: 11px 14px; vertical-align: top; border-bottom: 1px solid var(--border); color: #2c3e50; line-height: 1.6; }\n .data-table td.narrow { font-family: 'JetBrains Mono', monospace; font-size: 12px; font-weight: 700; color: var(--blue); }\n .data-table tr:nth-child(even) td { background: #f9fbfd; }\n .data-table td strong { color: var(--navy); }\n\n \/* \u2500\u2500 NUMBERED STACK \u2500\u2500 *\/\n .num-stack { counter-reset: ns; list-style: none; margin: 16px 0 24px; }\n .num-stack li {\n counter-increment: ns; position: relative;\n padding: 12px 16px 12px 56px; margin-bottom: 7px;\n background: #fff; border: 1.5px solid var(--border);\n border-left: 4px solid var(--blue);\n border-radius: 6px; font-size: 13.5px; line-height: 1.65;\n }\n .num-stack li::before {\n content: counter(ns);\n position: absolute; left: 12px; top: 50%; transform: translateY(-50%);\n width: 30px; height: 30px; border-radius: 50%;\n background: var(--navy); color: #fff;\n display: flex; align-items: center; justify-content: center;\n font-family: 'JetBrains Mono', monospace; font-weight: 700; font-size: 12px;\n }\n .num-stack.roman li::before { content: counter(ns, upper-roman); font-size: 10.5px; }\n .num-stack.alpha li::before { content: counter(ns, lower-alpha); }\n .num-stack li strong { color: var(--navy); }\n\n \/* \u2500\u2500 FEATURE GRID \u2500\u2500 *\/\n .feat-grid { display: grid; grid-template-columns: repeat(auto-fit, minmax(230px, 1fr)); gap: 12px; margin: 16px 0 24px; }\n .feat-card {\n background: #fff; border: 1.5px solid var(--border);\n border-radius: 10px; padding: 14px 16px 14px 46px;\n position: relative; font-size: 12.5px; color: #2c3e50; line-height: 1.6;\n border-left: 4px solid var(--teal);\n }\n .feat-card .fc-num {\n position: absolute; left: 10px; top: 14px;\n width: 26px; height: 26px; border-radius: 50%;\n background: var(--teal); color: #fff;\n display: flex; align-items: center; justify-content: center;\n font-family: 'JetBrains Mono', monospace; font-weight: 700; font-size: 11px;\n }\n .feat-card strong { color: var(--navy); display: block; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 13px; }\n\n \/* \u2500\u2500 LADDER \u2500\u2500 *\/\n .ladder { margin: 18px 0 26px; }\n .rung {\n display: grid; grid-template-columns: 54px 1fr; gap: 16px;\n background: #fff; border: 1.5px solid var(--border);\n border-radius: 10px; padding: 16px 18px; margin-bottom: 8px;\n align-items: start; transition: transform 0.15s, border-color 0.15s;\n }\n .rung:hover { transform: translateX(3px); border-color: var(--blue); }\n .rung .rung-step { width: 54px; text-align: center; }\n .rung .rung-num {\n display: flex; width: 40px; height: 40px; margin: 0 auto 4px;\n border-radius: 10px; color: #fff;\n font-family: 'JetBrains Mono', monospace; font-weight: 700; font-size: 15px;\n align-items: center; justify-content: center;\n }\n .rung .rung-tier { font-size: 8.5px; font-weight: 700; letter-spacing: 0.08em; text-transform: uppercase; color: var(--muted); }\n .rung h5 { font-size: 14.5px; font-weight: 700; color: var(--navy); margin-bottom: 5px; }\n .rung h5 .revised { font-size: 11px; font-weight: 600; color: var(--purple); font-style: italic; }\n .rung p { font-size: 13px; color: #2c3e50; line-height: 1.65; margin: 0 0 6px; text-align: justify; }\n .rung .rung-eg {\n margin-top: 8px; padding: 8px 12px;\n background: #f7fbff; border-left: 3px solid var(--sky);\n border-radius: 0 5px 5px 0; font-size: 12px; color: #2c3e50; line-height: 1.6;\n }\n .rung .rung-eg b { color: var(--blue); text-transform: uppercase; font-size: 10px; letter-spacing: 0.08em; display: block; margin-bottom: 3px; }\n .rung:nth-child(1) .rung-num { background: var(--teal); }\n .rung:nth-child(2) .rung-num { background: var(--sky); }\n .rung:nth-child(3) .rung-num { background: var(--blue); }\n .rung:nth-child(4) .rung-num { background: var(--gold); }\n .rung:nth-child(5) .rung-num { background: var(--amber); }\n .rung:nth-child(6) .rung-num { background: var(--plum); }\n .rung:nth-child(7) .rung-num { background: var(--purple); }\n .rung:nth-child(8) .rung-num { background: var(--navy); }\n .rung:nth-child(1) { border-left: 4px solid var(--teal); }\n .rung:nth-child(2) { border-left: 4px solid var(--sky); }\n .rung:nth-child(3) { border-left: 4px solid var(--blue); }\n .rung:nth-child(4) { border-left: 4px solid var(--gold); }\n .rung:nth-child(5) { border-left: 4px solid var(--amber); }\n .rung:nth-child(6) { border-left: 4px solid var(--plum); }\n .rung:nth-child(7) { border-left: 4px solid var(--purple); }\n .rung:nth-child(8) { border-left: 4px solid var(--navy); }\n @media (max-width: 560px) { .rung { grid-template-columns: 1fr; } .rung .rung-step { text-align: left; } .rung .rung-num { margin: 0 0 4px; } }\n\n \/* \u2500\u2500 DOMAIN CARDS \u2500\u2500 *\/\n .domain-grid { display: grid; grid-template-columns: repeat(3, 1fr); gap: 14px; margin: 18px 0 26px; }\n .domain-card {\n border: 2px solid var(--border); border-radius: 14px;\n padding: 20px 18px; text-align: center; background: #fff;\n position: relative; transition: transform 0.18s, box-shadow 0.18s;\n }\n .domain-card:hover { transform: translateY(-3px); box-shadow: 0 6px 18px rgba(20,36,63,0.10); }\n .domain-card.cog { border-color: var(--blue); background: linear-gradient(180deg, #eef4fc 0%, #fff 62%); }\n .domain-card.aff { border-color: var(--plum); background: linear-gradient(180deg, #fdf0f5 0%, #fff 62%); }\n .domain-card.psy { border-color: var(--teal); background: linear-gradient(180deg, #eefbf7 0%, #fff 62%); }\n .domain-card .dm-icon {\n width: 54px; height: 54px; border-radius: 50%;\n margin: 0 auto 10px; display: flex; align-items: center; justify-content: center;\n font-size: 25px; color: #fff;\n }\n .domain-card.cog .dm-icon { background: var(--blue); }\n .domain-card.aff .dm-icon { background: var(--plum); }\n .domain-card.psy .dm-icon { background: var(--teal); }\n .domain-card h5 { font-size: 15px; font-weight: 700; color: var(--navy); margin-bottom: 4px; }\n .domain-card .dm-gandhi {\n display: inline-block; font-size: 10px; font-weight: 700;\n letter-spacing: 0.1em; text-transform: uppercase;\n padding: 2px 10px; border-radius: 10px; margin-bottom: 8px; color: #fff;\n }\n .domain-card.cog .dm-gandhi { background: var(--blue); }\n .domain-card.aff .dm-gandhi { background: var(--plum); }\n .domain-card.psy .dm-gandhi { background: var(--teal); }\n .domain-card p { font-size: 12.5px; color: #2c3e50; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0; text-align: center; }\n .domain-card .dm-levels {\n margin-top: 10px; padding-top: 10px; border-top: 1px dashed var(--border);\n font-size: 11px; color: var(--muted); line-height: 1.5;\n }\n @media (max-width: 720px) { .domain-grid { grid-template-columns: 1fr; } }\n\n \/* \u2500\u2500 ENRICHMENT BOX \u2500\u2500 *\/\n .enrich-box {\n border: 2px dashed var(--purple); border-radius: 12px;\n padding: 22px 24px; margin: 22px 0 26px;\n background: linear-gradient(180deg, #faf6ff 0%, #fff 70%);\n position: relative;\n }\n .enrich-stamp {\n position: absolute; top: -11px; left: 20px;\n background: var(--purple); color: #fff;\n font-size: 9.5px; font-weight: 700; letter-spacing: 0.1em;\n text-transform: uppercase; padding: 3px 12px; border-radius: 4px;\n }\n .enrich-box h4 { margin-top: 6px !important; }\n\n \/* \u2500\u2500 SCALE STRIP \u2500\u2500 *\/\n .scale-strip { display: grid; grid-template-columns: repeat(4, 1fr); gap: 0; margin: 16px 0 18px; }\n .scale-step {\n position: relative; padding: 16px 14px; text-align: center;\n background: #fff; border: 2px solid var(--border); border-radius: 10px;\n margin: 0 5px;\n }\n .scale-step:nth-child(1) { border-color: var(--teal); background: linear-gradient(180deg,#eefbf7 0%,#fff 70%); }\n .scale-step:nth-child(2) { border-color: var(--sky); background: linear-gradient(180deg,#eaf6ff 0%,#fff 70%); }\n .scale-step:nth-child(3) { border-color: var(--amber); background: linear-gradient(180deg,#fffaef 0%,#fff 70%); }\n .scale-step:nth-child(4) { border-color: var(--plum); background: linear-gradient(180deg,#fdf0f5 0%,#fff 70%); }\n .scale-step .ss-num {\n display: inline-block; font-family: 'JetBrains Mono', monospace;\n font-size: 9.5px; font-weight: 700; color: #fff;\n padding: 2px 8px; border-radius: 3px; margin-bottom: 6px;\n }\n .scale-step:nth-child(1) .ss-num { background: var(--teal); }\n .scale-step:nth-child(2) .ss-num { background: var(--sky); }\n .scale-step:nth-child(3) .ss-num { background: var(--amber); }\n .scale-step:nth-child(4) .ss-num { background: var(--plum); }\n .scale-step h6 { font-size: 13px; font-weight: 700; color: var(--navy); margin-bottom: 4px; }\n .scale-step p { font-size: 11.5px; color: #2c3e50; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0; text-align: center; }\n .scale-step:not(:last-child)::after {\n content: '\u203a'; position: absolute; right: -10px; top: 50%;\n transform: translateY(-50%); font-size: 22px; color: #b8c8d8; font-weight: 700; z-index: 2;\n }\n @media (max-width: 780px) {\n .scale-strip { grid-template-columns: repeat(2, 1fr); row-gap: 12px; }\n .scale-step:nth-child(2)::after { display: none; }\n }\n @media (max-width: 460px) {\n .scale-strip { grid-template-columns: 1fr; }\n .scale-step::after { display: none; }\n }\n\n \/* \u2500\u2500 CHECK YOUR PROGRESS \u2500\u2500 *\/\n .cyp-box {\n background: linear-gradient(95deg, #fffaef 0%, #fff 70%);\n border: 1.5px solid #f0d58a; border-left: 4px solid var(--amber);\n border-radius: 0 10px 10px 0; padding: 18px 22px; margin: 22px 0;\n }\n .cyp-title {\n font-size: 10.5px; font-weight: 700; text-transform: uppercase;\n letter-spacing: 0.12em; color: var(--amber); margin-bottom: 12px;\n }\n .cyp-q { border-bottom: 1px dashed #f0d58a; padding: 8px 0; }\n .cyp-q:last-child { border-bottom: none; }\n .cyp-q summary {\n cursor: pointer; font-size: 13.5px; font-weight: 600; color: var(--navy);\n list-style: none; display: flex; gap: 10px; align-items: flex-start;\n }\n .cyp-q summary::-webkit-details-marker { display: none; }\n .cyp-q summary::before {\n content: 'Q'; flex-shrink: 0;\n font-family: 'JetBrains Mono', monospace; font-size: 10px; font-weight: 700;\n background: var(--amber); color: #fff; padding: 2px 7px; border-radius: 3px; margin-top: 3px;\n }\n .cyp-q[open] summary { color: var(--amber); }\n .cyp-q .cyp-a {\n margin: 8px 0 4px 34px; padding: 10px 14px;\n background: #fff; border-left: 3px solid var(--teal); border-radius: 0 5px 5px 0;\n font-size: 13px; color: #2c3e50; line-height: 1.7;\n }\n\n \/* \u2500\u2500 GLOSSARY \u2500\u2500 *\/\n .glossary { display: grid; grid-template-columns: repeat(auto-fit, minmax(280px, 1fr)); gap: 10px; margin: 16px 0 24px; }\n .gloss-item {\n background: #fff; border: 1.5px solid var(--border);\n border-left: 4px solid var(--sky); border-radius: 8px;\n padding: 12px 15px; font-size: 12.5px; color: #2c3e50; line-height: 1.6;\n }\n .gloss-item b { display: block; color: var(--navy); font-size: 13px; margin-bottom: 3px; }\n\n \/* \u2500\u2500 QUESTION BANK \u2500\u2500 *\/\n .qbank { margin: 16px 0 24px; }\n .qbank-head { display: flex; align-items: center; gap: 10px; margin: 18px 0 10px; }\n .qbank-head .qb-pill {\n font-family: 'JetBrains Mono', monospace;\n font-size: 10px; font-weight: 700; letter-spacing: 0.08em;\n padding: 4px 12px; border-radius: 12px; color: #fff; text-transform: uppercase;\n }\n .qbank-head .qb-pill.short { background: var(--teal); }\n .qbank-head .qb-pill.long { background: var(--plum); }\n .qbank-head h5 { font-size: 13.5px; font-weight: 700; color: var(--navy); margin: 0; }\n .qbank ol { margin: 0 0 0 24px; }\n .qbank ol li { font-size: 13.5px; color: #2c3e50; line-height: 1.75; padding: 4px 0; }\n .qbank ol li::marker { color: var(--blue); font-weight: 700; }\n\n \/* \u2500\u2500 EXAM TIP \u2500\u2500 *\/\n .exam-tip {\n background: linear-gradient(95deg, #f2fdfa 0%, #fff 70%);\n border: 1.5px solid #7fd3c5; border-radius: 10px;\n padding: 14px 18px; margin: 16px 0 22px;\n display: grid; grid-template-columns: 40px 1fr; gap: 14px; align-items: start;\n }\n .exam-tip .et-icon {\n width: 40px; height: 40px; border-radius: 10px;\n background: var(--teal); color: #fff;\n display: flex; align-items: center; justify-content: center; font-size: 19px;\n }\n .exam-tip .et-body { font-size: 13px; color: #1a4a3f; line-height: 1.68; }\n .exam-tip .et-body strong { color: var(--teal); }\n\n \/* \u2500\u2500 PROCESS FLOW \u2500\u2500 *\/\n .flow-wrap { margin: 18px 0 26px; }\n .flow-note {\n font-size: 12.5px; color: var(--muted); font-style: italic;\n background: #f7fbff; border-left: 3px solid var(--sky);\n padding: 8px 14px; border-radius: 0 6px 6px 0; margin-bottom: 14px;\n }\n .flow-steps { position: relative; padding-left: 4px; }\n .flow-steps::before {\n content: ''; position: absolute; left: 23px; top: 18px; bottom: 18px;\n width: 2px; border-radius: 2px;\n background: linear-gradient(180deg, var(--teal) 0%, var(--sky) 35%, var(--blue) 70%, var(--navy) 100%);\n }\n .flow-step {\n position: relative; display: grid; grid-template-columns: 48px 1fr;\n gap: 16px; align-items: start; margin-bottom: 9px;\n }\n .flow-step .fs-num {\n position: relative; z-index: 1;\n width: 38px; height: 38px; border-radius: 50%; margin-left: 5px;\n background: #fff; border: 2.5px solid var(--blue); color: var(--blue);\n display: flex; align-items: center; justify-content: center;\n font-family: 'JetBrains Mono', monospace; font-weight: 700; font-size: 13px;\n box-shadow: 0 0 0 5px #fff;\n }\n .flow-step .fs-body {\n background: #fff; border: 1.5px solid var(--border);\n border-left: 4px solid var(--blue); border-radius: 8px;\n padding: 11px 16px; font-size: 13.5px; color: #2c3e50; line-height: 1.65;\n transition: transform 0.15s, border-color 0.15s, box-shadow 0.15s;\n }\n .flow-step:hover .fs-body {\n transform: translateX(4px); border-color: var(--sky);\n box-shadow: 0 3px 12px rgba(20,36,63,0.07);\n }\n .flow-step .fs-body strong { color: var(--navy); }\n .flow-step .fs-body .fs-sub { display: block; margin-top: 3px; font-size: 12px; color: var(--muted); }\n .flow-step:nth-child(1) .fs-num { border-color: var(--teal); color: var(--teal); }\n .flow-step:nth-child(1) .fs-body { border-left-color: var(--teal); }\n .flow-step:nth-child(2) .fs-num { border-color: var(--sky); color: var(--sky); }\n .flow-step:nth-child(2) .fs-body { border-left-color: var(--sky); }\n .flow-step:last-child .fs-num { background: var(--navy); border-color: var(--navy); color: #fff; }\n .flow-step:last-child .fs-body {\n border-left-color: var(--navy);\n background: linear-gradient(95deg, #f3f6fb 0%, #fff 65%);\n }\n @media (max-width: 520px) {\n .flow-step { grid-template-columns: 40px 1fr; gap: 12px; }\n .flow-steps::before { left: 19px; }\n .flow-step .fs-num { width: 32px; height: 32px; font-size: 11.5px; margin-left: 3px; }\n }\n\n \/* \u2500\u2500 SPLIT LIST \u2500\u2500 *\/\n .split-list { list-style: none; margin: 9px 0 0; display: flex; flex-direction: column; gap: 6px; }\n .split-list li {\n display: grid; grid-template-columns: 22px 1fr; gap: 8px; align-items: start;\n font-size: 12.5px; line-height: 1.62; color: #2c3e50;\n padding: 7px 11px; background: rgba(255,255,255,0.85);\n border: 1px solid rgba(0,0,0,0.05); border-left: 2.5px solid var(--sky);\n border-radius: 0 5px 5px 0;\n }\n .split-list li .sl-tag {\n font-family: 'JetBrains Mono', monospace; font-size: 10px; font-weight: 700;\n color: var(--blue); text-align: center; padding-top: 1px;\n }\n .callout.amber .split-list li { border-left-color: var(--amber); }\n .callout.amber .split-list li .sl-tag { color: var(--amber); }\n .callout.red .split-list li { border-left-color: var(--red); }\n .callout.red .split-list li .sl-tag { color: var(--red); }\n .callout.teal .split-list li { border-left-color: var(--teal); }\n .callout.teal .split-list li .sl-tag { color: var(--teal); }\n .callout.purple .split-list li { border-left-color: var(--purple); }\n .callout.purple .split-list li .sl-tag { color: var(--purple); }\n .exam-tip .split-list li { border-left-color: var(--teal); background: #fff; }\n .exam-tip .split-list li .sl-tag { color: var(--teal); }\n .rung-eg .split-list { margin-top: 6px; }\n .rung-eg .split-list li { background: #fff; }\n\n \/* \u2500\u2500 KEY\u2013VALUE BLOCK \u2500\u2500 *\/\n .kv-block { display: flex; flex-direction: column; gap: 8px; margin-top: 9px; }\n .kv-row {\n display: grid; grid-template-columns: 92px 1fr; gap: 11px; align-items: start;\n font-size: 12.5px; line-height: 1.62; color: #2c3e50;\n }\n .kv-row .kv-key {\n font-family: 'JetBrains Mono', monospace;\n font-size: 9px; font-weight: 700; letter-spacing: 0.08em; text-transform: uppercase;\n color: #fff; background: var(--blue); padding: 4px 6px; border-radius: 10px;\n text-align: center; margin-top: 1px;\n }\n .kv-row:nth-child(2) .kv-key { background: var(--teal); }\n .kv-row:nth-child(3) .kv-key { background: var(--amber); }\n @media (max-width: 520px) {\n .kv-row { grid-template-columns: 1fr; gap: 4px; }\n .kv-row .kv-key { justify-self: start; padding: 3px 10px; }\n }\n\n \/* \u2500\u2500 SKILL MAP + UNIFORM SKILL HEADERS \u2500\u2500 *\/\n .skill-map { display: grid; grid-template-columns: repeat(5, 1fr); gap: 10px; margin: 18px 0 8px; }\n .skill-chip {\n display: block; text-align: center; padding: 14px 10px 13px;\n background: #fff; border: 1.5px solid var(--border); border-top: 3px solid var(--blue);\n border-radius: 10px; transition: transform 0.18s, box-shadow 0.18s, border-color 0.18s;\n }\n .skill-chip:hover { transform: translateY(-3px); box-shadow: 0 6px 16px rgba(20,36,63,0.10); }\n .skill-chip .sc-num {\n display: inline-block; font-family: 'JetBrains Mono', monospace;\n font-size: 9.5px; font-weight: 700; letter-spacing: 0.1em; text-transform: uppercase;\n color: #fff; background: var(--blue); padding: 2px 9px; border-radius: 10px; margin-bottom: 7px;\n }\n .skill-chip .sc-icon { display: block; font-size: 20px; margin-bottom: 5px; }\n .skill-chip h6 { font-size: 12.5px; font-weight: 700; color: var(--navy); line-height: 1.3; margin-bottom: 4px; }\n .skill-chip p { font-size: 10.5px; color: var(--muted); line-height: 1.45; margin: 0; text-align: center; }\n .skill-chip.s1 { border-top-color: var(--teal); } .skill-chip.s1 .sc-num { background: var(--teal); }\n .skill-chip.s2 { border-top-color: var(--sky); } .skill-chip.s2 .sc-num { background: var(--sky); }\n .skill-chip.s3 { border-top-color: var(--blue); } .skill-chip.s3 .sc-num { background: var(--blue); }\n .skill-chip.s4 { border-top-color: var(--amber); } .skill-chip.s4 .sc-num { background: var(--amber); }\n .skill-chip.s5 { border-top-color: var(--plum); } .skill-chip.s5 .sc-num { background: var(--plum); }\n @media (max-width: 820px) { .skill-map { grid-template-columns: repeat(2, 1fr); } }\n @media (max-width: 430px) { .skill-map { grid-template-columns: 1fr; } }\n\n .skill-head {\n display: grid; grid-template-columns: 46px 1fr; gap: 14px; align-items: center;\n margin: 34px 0 14px; padding-bottom: 10px;\n border-bottom: 2px solid var(--border); scroll-margin-top: 20px;\n }\n .skill-head .sh-num {\n width: 46px; height: 46px; border-radius: 12px;\n display: flex; align-items: center; justify-content: center;\n font-family: 'JetBrains Mono', monospace; font-weight: 700; font-size: 17px; color: #fff;\n background: var(--blue);\n }\n .skill-head h5 { font-size: 16px; font-weight: 700; color: var(--navy); margin: 0; }\n .skill-head .sh-tag { display: block; font-size: 12px; color: var(--muted); margin-top: 3px; line-height: 1.45; }\n .skill-head.s1 { border-bottom-color: #7fd3c5; } .skill-head.s1 .sh-num { background: var(--teal); }\n .skill-head.s2 { border-bottom-color: #a6d8f2; } .skill-head.s2 .sh-num { background: var(--sky); }\n .skill-head.s3 { border-bottom-color: #a8c4e4; } .skill-head.s3 .sh-num { background: var(--blue); }\n .skill-head.s4 { border-bottom-color: #f0d58a; } .skill-head.s4 .sh-num { background: var(--amber); }\n .skill-head.s5 { border-bottom-color: #e0aac4; } .skill-head.s5 .sh-num { background: var(--plum); }\n\n \/* \u2500\u2500 RECAP BOX \u2500\u2500 *\/\n .recap-box {\n border: 2px dotted var(--teal); border-radius: 12px;\n padding: 26px 24px 20px; margin: 34px 0 28px;\n background: linear-gradient(180deg, #f2fdfa 0%, #fff 55%);\n position: relative;\n }\n .recap-stamp {\n position: absolute; top: -11px; left: 20px;\n background: var(--teal); color: #fff;\n font-size: 9.5px; font-weight: 700; letter-spacing: 0.1em;\n text-transform: uppercase; padding: 3px 12px; border-radius: 4px;\n }\n .recap-box > h5.sub { margin-top: 2px !important; color: var(--teal); }\n .recap-box .data-table { margin-bottom: 6px; }\n .recap-box .recap-foot {\n font-size: 12px; color: var(--muted); font-style: italic;\n padding-top: 10px; border-top: 1px dashed #7fd3c5; margin-top: 4px;\n }\n\n \/* \u2500\u2500 DIAGRAM THUMBNAILS \u2500\u2500 *\/\n .graph-thumb {\n width: 100%; max-width: 150px; height: auto; display: block;\n background: #fbfdff; border: 1px solid var(--border); border-radius: 6px; padding: 4px;\n }\n .graph-thumb text { font-family: 'JetBrains Mono', monospace; font-size: 7px; fill: var(--muted); }\n td.thumb-cell { width: 160px; vertical-align: middle; }\n @media (max-width: 720px) { td.thumb-cell { width: 110px; } }\n .full-diagram {\n width: 100%; height: auto; display: block; margin: 18px auto 8px;\n background: #fbfdff; border: 1.5px solid var(--border); border-radius: 10px; padding: 10px;\n }\n .diagram-cap { font-size: 12px; color: var(--muted); font-style: italic; text-align: center; margin-bottom: 20px; }\n\n \/* \u2500\u2500 MCQ BOX \u2500\u2500 *\/\n .mcq-box {\n background: linear-gradient(180deg, #fff9ef 0%, #fff 60%);\n border: 1.5px solid #f0d58a; border-left: 4px solid var(--amber);\n border-radius: 10px; padding: 20px 22px 16px; margin: 26px 0 30px;\n }\n .mcq-title {\n display: flex; align-items: center; gap: 9px; flex-wrap: wrap;\n font-family: 'Crimson Pro', serif; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 700;\n color: var(--amber); margin-bottom: 4px;\n }\n .mcq-src {\n font-family: 'JetBrains Mono', monospace; font-size: 9px; font-weight: 700;\n letter-spacing: 0.06em; text-transform: uppercase; color: #fff;\n background: var(--amber); padding: 3px 9px; border-radius: 10px;\n }\n .mcq-note { font-size: 12px; color: var(--muted); font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 12px; }\n details.mcq-q {\n background: #fff; border: 1px solid var(--border); border-radius: 7px;\n margin-bottom: 9px; overflow: hidden;\n }\n details.mcq-q summary {\n cursor: pointer; padding: 11px 15px; font-size: 13.5px; font-weight: 600;\n color: var(--navy); list-style: none; line-height: 1.55;\n display: flex; gap: 9px; align-items: flex-start;\n }\n details.mcq-q summary::-webkit-details-marker { display: none; }\n details.mcq-q summary::before {\n content: '\u25b8'; color: var(--amber); font-size: 12px; flex-shrink: 0; padding-top: 2px;\n transition: transform 0.18s;\n }\n details.mcq-q[open] summary::before { transform: rotate(90deg); }\n details.mcq-q summary:hover { background: #fffaf2; }\n .mcq-num {\n font-family: 'JetBrains Mono', monospace; font-size: 10.5px; font-weight: 700;\n color: #fff; background: var(--navy); padding: 2px 7px; border-radius: 4px;\n flex-shrink: 0; margin-top: 1px;\n }\n .mcq-opts { padding: 0 15px 4px 38px; }\n .mcq-opts li { font-size: 12.5px; color: #2c3e50; line-height: 1.65; margin-bottom: 3px; list-style: none; }\n .mcq-ans {\n margin: 8px 15px 14px 38px; padding: 11px 14px;\n background: #f2fdfa; border-left: 3px solid var(--teal); border-radius: 0 6px 6px 0;\n font-size: 12.5px; line-height: 1.7; color: #1a4a3f;\n }\n .mcq-ans b { color: var(--teal); }\n .mcq-ans .mcq-ref {\n display: block; margin-top: 6px; padding-top: 6px; border-top: 1px dashed #7fd3c5;\n font-family: 'JetBrains Mono', monospace; font-size: 10.5px; color: var(--muted);\n }\n\n \/* \u2500\u2500 ABBREVIATION TABLE \u2500\u2500 *\/\n .abbr-grid { display: grid; grid-template-columns: 1fr 1fr; gap: 0 26px; margin: 18px 0 28px; }\n @media (max-width: 900px) { .abbr-grid { grid-template-columns: 1fr; } }\n .abbr-grid table { width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse; margin: 0 0 10px; font-size: 12.5px; }\n .abbr-grid thead th {\n background: var(--navy); color: #fff; text-align: left; padding: 8px 12px;\n font-family: 'JetBrains Mono', monospace; font-size: 9.5px; font-weight: 700;\n letter-spacing: 0.07em; text-transform: uppercase;\n }\n .abbr-grid tbody tr { border-bottom: 1px solid var(--border); }\n .abbr-grid tbody tr:nth-child(even) { background: #f8fbfe; }\n .abbr-grid tbody tr:hover { background: #eef5fd; }\n .abbr-grid td { padding: 7px 12px; vertical-align: top; line-height: 1.55; }\n .abbr-grid td.ab {\n font-family: 'JetBrains Mono', monospace; font-weight: 700; font-size: 11.5px;\n color: var(--blue); white-space: nowrap; width: 88px;\n }\n .abbr-grid td.ab sub { font-size: 9px; }\n\n \/* \u2500\u2500 PROS \/ CONS PANELS \u2500\u2500 *\/\n .pc-grid { display: grid; grid-template-columns: 1fr 1fr; gap: 20px; margin: 22px 0 30px; }\n @media (max-width: 860px) { .pc-grid { grid-template-columns: 1fr; } }\n .pc-panel { border-radius: 11px; padding: 17px 20px 15px; border: 1.5px solid; }\n .pc-panel.pro { background: linear-gradient(180deg, #f1fdf9 0%, #fff 55%); border-color: #a3dbcc; }\n .pc-panel.con { background: linear-gradient(180deg, #fff6f4 0%, #fff 55%); border-color: #f0bcb4; }\n .pc-panel.neu { background: linear-gradient(180deg, #f5f8fd 0%, #fff 55%); border-color: #b9cde6; }\n .pc-head {\n display: flex; align-items: center; gap: 8px;\n font-family: 'Crimson Pro', serif; font-size: 15.5px; font-weight: 700;\n padding-bottom: 9px; margin-bottom: 11px; border-bottom: 1px dashed;\n }\n .pc-panel.pro .pc-head { color: var(--teal); border-color: #b6e3d6; }\n .pc-panel.con .pc-head { color: var(--red); border-color: #f3ccc6; }\n .pc-panel.neu .pc-head { color: var(--blue); border-color: #cbdcef; }\n .pc-head .pc-ico {\n width: 21px; height: 21px; border-radius: 50%; flex-shrink: 0;\n display: inline-flex; align-items: center; justify-content: center;\n font-size: 11px; color: #fff; font-family: 'DM Sans', sans-serif;\n }\n .pc-panel.pro .pc-ico { background: var(--teal); }\n .pc-panel.con .pc-ico { background: var(--red); }\n .pc-panel.neu .pc-ico { background: var(--blue); }\n .pc-panel ul { list-style: none; margin: 0; padding: 0; }\n .pc-panel li {\n position: relative; padding-left: 21px; margin-bottom: 9px;\n font-size: 12.8px; line-height: 1.68; color: var(--text);\n }\n .pc-panel li:last-child { margin-bottom: 0; }\n .pc-panel li::before { position: absolute; left: 0; top: 0; font-weight: 700; font-size: 11.5px; }\n .pc-panel.pro li::before { content: '\u2713'; color: var(--teal); }\n .pc-panel.con li::before { content: '\u2717'; color: var(--red); }\n .pc-panel.neu li::before { content: '\u25b8'; color: var(--blue); }\n\n \/* \u2500\u2500 LIST INSIDE A TABLE CELL \u2500\u2500 *\/\n .cell-list { list-style: none; margin: 0; padding: 0; }\n .cell-list li { position: relative; padding-left: 15px; margin-bottom: 5px; line-height: 1.6; }\n .cell-list li:last-child { margin-bottom: 0; }\n .cell-list li::before { content: '\u25aa'; position: absolute; left: 0; color: var(--sky); font-size: 10px; top: 1px; }\n\n \/* \u2500\u2500 SHORTCUT KEYS \u2500\u2500 *\/\n kbd {\n font-family: 'JetBrains Mono', monospace; font-size: 11px; font-weight: 700;\n background: #f3f6fb; border: 1px solid #c3d2e2; border-bottom-width: 2px;\n border-radius: 4px; padding: 1px 6px; color: var(--navy); white-space: nowrap;\n }\n\n \/* \u2500\u2500 ROUTE CHIP \u2014 a menu navigation path, e.g. Home \u203a Paragraph \u203a Line Spacing \u2500\u2500 *\/\n .route {\n display: inline-flex; align-items: center; gap: 5px; flex-wrap: wrap;\n vertical-align: middle; background: #f3f6fb;\n border: 1px solid #c3d2e2; border-radius: 6px;\n padding: 2px 8px; margin: 0 2px;\n }\n .route b {\n font-family: 'JetBrains Mono', monospace;\n font-size: 10.5px; font-weight: 700; color: var(--navy); white-space: nowrap;\n }\n .route i { font-style: normal; color: var(--sky); font-size: 11px; font-weight: 700; }\n .route b.rt-key { background: var(--navy); color: #fff; border-radius: 3px; padding: 1px 6px; }\n .route.teal { background: #f0fdf8; border-color: #a3dbcc; }\n .route.teal b { color: #0a6d5c; }\n .route.teal i { color: var(--teal); }\n .route.amber { background: #fffaef; border-color: #f0d58a; }\n .route.amber b { color: #8f5409; }\n .route.amber i { color: var(--amber); }\n .data-table .route, .tab-card .route { margin: 1px 2px; }\n\n \/* \u2500\u2500 TAB MAP \u2014 what lives under each ribbon tab \u2500\u2500 *\/\n .tab-map {\n display: grid; grid-template-columns: repeat(auto-fit, minmax(196px, 1fr));\n gap: 10px; margin: 18px 0 26px;\n }\n .tab-card {\n background: #fff; border: 1.5px solid var(--border);\n border-top: 3px solid var(--blue); border-radius: 0 0 9px 9px;\n padding: 12px 14px 11px;\n }\n .tab-card h6 {\n font-family: 'JetBrains Mono', monospace;\n font-size: 11.5px; font-weight: 700; color: var(--navy);\n text-transform: uppercase; letter-spacing: 0.06em;\n margin-bottom: 7px; padding-bottom: 6px;\n border-bottom: 1px dashed var(--border);\n }\n .tab-card ul { list-style: none; margin: 0; padding: 0; }\n .tab-card li {\n font-size: 11.5px; color: #2c3e50; line-height: 1.55;\n padding-left: 13px; position: relative; margin-bottom: 3px;\n }\n .tab-card li::before {\n content: '\u25aa'; position: absolute; left: 1px; top: 0;\n color: var(--sky); font-size: 8px;\n }\n .tab-card li:last-child { margin-bottom: 0; }\n .tab-card li b { color: var(--navy); }\n .tab-card.t1 { border-top-color: var(--teal); } .tab-card.t1 li::before { color: var(--teal); }\n .tab-card.t2 { border-top-color: var(--sky); } .tab-card.t2 li::before { color: var(--sky); }\n .tab-card.t3 { border-top-color: var(--blue); } .tab-card.t3 li::before { color: var(--blue); }\n .tab-card.t4 { border-top-color: var(--gold); } .tab-card.t4 li::before { color: var(--gold); }\n .tab-card.t5 { border-top-color: var(--amber); } .tab-card.t5 li::before { color: var(--amber); }\n .tab-card.t6 { border-top-color: var(--plum); } .tab-card.t6 li::before { color: var(--plum); }\n .tab-card.t7 { border-top-color: var(--purple); } .tab-card.t7 li::before { color: var(--purple); }\n\n \/* \u2500\u2500 MARKUP DEMO \u2014 how tracked changes appear on screen \u2500\u2500 *\/\n .markup {\n background: #fff; border: 1.5px solid var(--border);\n border-left: 4px solid var(--plum); border-radius: 0 9px 9px 0;\n padding: 15px 18px 13px; margin: 16px 0 22px;\n }\n .markup .mk-head {\n font-size: 10px; font-weight: 700; text-transform: uppercase;\n letter-spacing: 0.12em; color: var(--plum); margin-bottom: 10px;\n }\n .markup p { font-size: 13.5px; line-height: 2.05; margin: 0 0 8px; text-align: left; }\n .markup ins {\n color: #0a6d5c; text-decoration: underline;\n text-decoration-thickness: 1.5px; text-underline-offset: 2px;\n }\n .markup del { color: var(--red); text-decoration: line-through; }\n .markup .mk-bubble {\n display: inline-block; background: #fffaef;\n border: 1px solid #f0d58a; border-radius: 5px;\n padding: 1px 8px; font-size: 11.5px; color: #8f5409;\n margin-left: 4px; vertical-align: baseline;\n }\n .markup .mk-legend {\n margin-top: 10px; padding-top: 9px;\n border-top: 1px dashed var(--border);\n font-size: 11.5px; color: var(--muted); line-height: 1.7;\n }\n .markup .mk-legend span.k { font-weight: 700; }\n\n \/* \u2500\u2500 DIVIDER \u2500\u2500 *\/\n .section-divider { border: none; border-top: 1.5px dashed var(--border); margin: 44px 0; }\n\n \/* \u2500\u2500 SIDEBAR \u2500\u2500 *\/\n .sidebar { position: sticky; top: 24px; max-height: calc(100vh - 48px); }\n .toc-card {\n background: #fff; border: 1px solid var(--border);\n border-radius: 8px; padding: 18px 20px;\n max-height: calc(100vh - 48px); overflow-y: auto;\n }\n .toc-card-title { font-size: 10px; font-weight: 700; text-transform: uppercase; letter-spacing: 0.14em; color: var(--muted); margin-bottom: 14px; }\n .toc-chapter {\n background: var(--navy); color: #fff;\n border-radius: 6px; padding: 10px 14px;\n cursor: pointer; user-select: none;\n display: flex; align-items: center; gap: 10px;\n transition: background 0.18s;\n }\n .toc-chapter:hover { background: #1c3a63; }\n .toc-chapter.active { background: linear-gradient(95deg, var(--navy) 0%, #1c3a63 100%); box-shadow: inset 3px 0 0 #ffd970; }\n .toc-chapter .chap-num {\n font-family: 'JetBrains Mono', monospace;\n background: #ffd970; color: var(--navy);\n font-size: 10.5px; font-weight: 700;\n padding: 2px 7px; border-radius: 3px; flex-shrink: 0;\n }\n .toc-chapter .chap-name { font-size: 12.5px; font-weight: 700; line-height: 1.35; flex: 1; }\n .toc-chapter .chevron { flex-shrink: 0; width: 14px; height: 14px; transition: transform 0.25s ease; }\n .toc-chapter.collapsed .chevron { transform: rotate(-90deg); }\n .toc-sub-wrapper { max-height: 2200px; overflow: hidden; transition: max-height 0.32s ease; }\n .toc-chapter.collapsed + .toc-sub-wrapper { max-height: 0; }\n .toc-sub { list-style: none; margin: 6px 0 4px 8px; padding-left: 6px; border-left: 1.5px solid var(--border); }\n .toc-sub li { margin-bottom: 1px; }\n .toc-sub li a {\n display: flex; align-items: flex-start; gap: 8px;\n font-size: 12.5px; color: #444;\n padding: 5px 8px; border-radius: 4px;\n border-left: 2px solid transparent;\n transition: all 0.15s; line-height: 1.45;\n }\n .toc-sub li a .sub-num {\n font-family: 'JetBrains Mono', monospace;\n font-size: 10.5px; color: var(--muted);\n flex-shrink: 0; min-width: 30px;\n }\n .toc-sub li a:hover { background: #f5f7fa; color: var(--blue); }\n .toc-sub li a.active { background: #eef4ff; border-left-color: var(--blue); color: var(--blue); font-weight: 600; }\n .toc-sub li.endmatter a { color: var(--purple); }\n .toc-sub li.endmatter a:hover { background: #faf6ff; }\n .toc-sub li.endmatter a.active { background: #faf6ff; border-left-color: var(--purple); color: var(--purple); }\n\n \/* \u2500\u2500 CHAPTER TABS \u2500\u2500 *\/\n .chapter-content { display: none; }\n .chapter-content.active { display: block; animation: fadeIn 0.25s ease; }\n @keyframes fadeIn { from { opacity: 0; transform: translateY(4px); } to { opacity: 1; transform: translateY(0); } }\n\n \/* \u2500\u2500 PLACEHOLDER \u2500\u2500 *\/\n .placeholder {\n border: 2px dashed var(--border); border-radius: 14px;\n padding: 48px 32px; text-align: center; background: #fcfdff; margin-top: 20px;\n }\n .placeholder .ph-icon { font-size: 40px; display: block; margin-bottom: 12px; opacity: 0.6; }\n .placeholder h4 { font-size: 16px; color: var(--navy); margin: 0 0 8px !important; }\n .placeholder p { font-size: 13.5px; color: var(--muted); text-align: center; max-width: 460px; margin: 0 auto 14px; }\n .placeholder .ph-list { display: inline-block; text-align: left; font-size: 12.5px; color: #2c3e50; line-height: 1.9; }\n\n \/* \u2500\u2500 BACK TO TOP \u2500\u2500 *\/\n .to-top {\n position: fixed; right: 22px; bottom: 22px; z-index: 50;\n width: 42px; height: 42px; border-radius: 50%;\n background: var(--navy); color: #fff; border: none;\n font-size: 17px; cursor: pointer; opacity: 0;\n pointer-events: none; transition: opacity 0.25s;\n box-shadow: 0 4px 14px rgba(20,36,63,0.3);\n }\n .to-top.show { opacity: 1; pointer-events: auto; }\n\n \/* \u2500\u2500 RESPONSIVE \u2500\u2500 *\/\n @media (max-width: 880px) {\n .layout { grid-template-columns: 1fr; gap: 32px; padding: 28px 22px 64px; }\n .sidebar { position: static; max-height: none; }\n .toc-card { max-height: none; }\n .keyfact-grid { grid-template-columns: 1fr; }\n .hero { padding: 46px 22px 42px; }\n .breadcrumb-bar { padding: 10px 22px; }\n }\n\n \/* \u2500\u2500 PRINT \u2500\u2500 *\/\n @media print {\n .pc-grid { grid-template-columns: 1fr 1fr; gap: 12px; }\n .tab-card, .markup, .route { page-break-inside: avoid; }\n .tab-map { grid-template-columns: 1fr 1fr 1fr; }\n .route { background: #fff !important; }\n .pc-panel, .pc-panel li, .cell-list li { page-break-inside: avoid; }\n .pc-panel { background: #fff !important; }\n .abbr-grid { grid-template-columns: 1fr 1fr; }\n .abbr-grid tr { page-break-inside: avoid; }\n .sidebar, .lang-toggle-bar, .to-top, .breadcrumb-bar { display: none !important; }\n .layout { display: block; max-width: 100%; padding: 0; }\n .hero { background: #14243f !important; -webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact; padding: 24px; }\n .chapter-content { display: block !important; }\n .cyp-q .cyp-a { display: block !important; }\n .rung:hover, .domain-card:hover { transform: none; }\n body { font-size: 11pt; line-height: 1.5; }\n 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}\n }\n @media (max-width: 500px) {\n .hero h1 { font-size: 26px; }\n .hero-illustration { display: none; }\n }\n<\/style>\n<\/head>\n<body>\n\n\n<div class=\"hero\">\n <div class=\"hero-inner hero-grid\">\n <div class=\"hero-text\">\n UPSC \u2022 Principal & Vice-Principal<\/span>\n <h1>\n Digital Literacy<\/span>\n \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u0938\u093e\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0930\u0924\u093e<\/span>\n <\/h1>\n \n Directorate of Education, GNCTD | Bilingual notes in syllabus order<\/span>\n \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0926\u0947\u0936\u093e\u0932\u092f, GNCTD | \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e-\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u0940 \u0928\u094b\u091f\u094d\u0938<\/span>\n <\/p>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"hero-illustration\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n <svg viewBox=\"0 0 320 280\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Laptop, cloud and connected devices\">\n 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height=\"34\" rx=\"4\" fill=\"#e8f3fb\" stroke=\"#1a5fa8\" stroke-width=\"1.8\"\/>\n <path d=\"M6 22 l10 -11 l8 8 l7 -6 l9 9\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#3fbf8f\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/>\n <circle cx=\"34\" cy=\"10\" r=\"3.4\" fill=\"#e6bf45\"\/>\n <\/g>\n <g fill=\"#fff\" opacity=\"0.85\">\n <circle cx=\"12\" cy=\"98\" r=\"2\"\/><circle cx=\"302\" cy=\"106\" r=\"1.6\"\/>\n <circle cx=\"94\" cy=\"16\" r=\"1.6\"\/><circle cx=\"288\" cy=\"240\" r=\"2\"\/>\n <\/g>\n <g stroke=\"#fff\" stroke-width=\"1\" opacity=\"0.8\" fill=\"none\">\n <path d=\"M124 246 l0 -8 M120 242 l8 0\"\/>\n <path d=\"M300 60 l0 -6 M297 57 l6 0\"\/>\n <\/g>\n <\/svg>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"breadcrumb-bar\">\n <div class=\"breadcrumb-inner\">\n <a href=\"#\">Home<\/span>\u092e\u0941\u0916\u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920<\/span><\/a>\n \u203a<\/span>\n <a href=\"#\">Notes<\/span>\u0928\u094b\u091f\u094d\u0938<\/span><\/a>\n \u203a<\/span>\n Digital Literacy<\/span>\n \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u0938\u093e\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0930\u0924\u093e<\/span>\n\n <div class=\"lang-toggle-bar\">\n <div class=\"lang-toggle-btn\" id=\"langToggle\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-label=\"Switch language\">\n <div class=\"lang-option active\" id=\"optEn\">English<\/div>\n <div class=\"lang-option\" id=\"optHi\">\u0939\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0940<\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"layout\">\n\n \n <aside class=\"sidebar\">\n <div class=\"toc-card\">\n <div class=\"toc-card-title\">\n Table of Contents<\/span>\n \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f-\u0938\u0942\u091a\u0940<\/span>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"toc-chapter active\" data-chap=\"1\">\n I<\/span>\n \n Computer Fundamentals<\/span>\n \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u092e\u0942\u0932 \u092c\u093e\u0924\u0947\u0902<\/span>\n <\/span>\n <svg class=\"chevron\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"3\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><polyline points=\"6 9 12 15 18 9\"><\/polyline><\/svg>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"toc-sub-wrapper\">\n <ul class=\"toc-sub\"> <li><a href=\"#d1-0\">1.0<\/span>Introduction<\/span>\u092a\u0930\u093f\u091a\u092f<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <li><a href=\"#d1-1\">1.1<\/span>Computer: Definition, Characteristics and Limitations<\/span>\u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930: \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e, \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937\u0924\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e\u090f\u0901<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <li><a href=\"#d1-2\">1.2<\/span>The Block Diagram of a Computer<\/span>\u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u092c\u094d\u0932\u0949\u0915 \u0906\u0930\u0947\u0916<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <li><a href=\"#d1-3\">1.3<\/span>Generations of Computers<\/span>\u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0940\u0922\u093c\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <li><a href=\"#d1-4\">1.4<\/span>Classification of Computers<\/span>\u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <li><a href=\"#d1-5\">1.5<\/span>The Central Processing Unit<\/span>\u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0907\u0915\u093e\u0908<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <li><a href=\"#d1-6\">1.6<\/span>Memory: Primary, Secondary and Cache<\/span>\u0938\u094d\u092e\u0943\u0924\u093f: \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0925\u092e\u093f\u0915, \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0924\u0940\u092f\u0915 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0915\u0948\u0936<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <li><a href=\"#d1-7\">1.7<\/span>Storage Devices and Units of Measurement<\/span>\u092d\u0902\u0921\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092e\u093e\u092a\u0928 \u0907\u0915\u093e\u0907\u092f\u093e\u0901<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <li><a href=\"#d1-8\">1.8<\/span>Input Devices<\/span>\u0928\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0936 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <li><a href=\"#d1-9\">1.9<\/span>Output Devices<\/span>\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0924 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <li><a href=\"#d1-10\">1.10<\/span>Ports, Connectors and Number Systems<\/span>\u092a\u094b\u0930\u094d\u091f, \u0915\u0928\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u0930 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e-\u092a\u0926\u094d\u0927\u0924\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <li><a href=\"#d1-11\">1.11<\/span>Software: System, Application and Utility<\/span>\u0938\u0949\u092b\u093c\u094d\u091f\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930: \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940, \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0924\u093e<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"toc-chapter collapsed\" data-chap=\"2\" style=\"margin-top: 10px;\">\n II<\/span>\n \n Operating Systems and File Management<\/span>\n \u092a\u094d\u0930\u091a\u093e\u0932\u0928 \u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092b\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0932 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0928<\/span>\n <\/span>\n <svg class=\"chevron\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"3\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><polyline points=\"6 9 12 15 18 9\"><\/polyline><\/svg>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"toc-sub-wrapper\">\n <ul class=\"toc-sub\"> <li><a href=\"#d2-0\">2.0<\/span>Introduction<\/span>\u092a\u0930\u093f\u091a\u092f<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <li><a href=\"#d2-1\">2.1<\/span>Operating System: Concept and Functions<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u091a\u093e\u0932\u0928 \u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930: \u0938\u0902\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u092f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <li><a href=\"#d2-2\">2.2<\/span>Types of Operating Systems<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u091a\u093e\u0932\u0928 \u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <li><a href=\"#d2-3\">2.3<\/span>Windows, Linux, macOS and Android<\/span>\u0935\u093f\u0902\u0921\u094b\u091c\u093c, \u0932\u093f\u0928\u0915\u094d\u0938, \u092e\u0948\u0915\u0913\u090f\u0938 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u090f\u0902\u0921\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0907\u0921<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <li><a href=\"#d2-4\">2.4<\/span>The Desktop and Its Elements<\/span>\u0921\u0947\u0938\u094d\u0915\u091f\u0949\u092a \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0924\u0924\u094d\u0935<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <li><a href=\"#d2-5\">2.5<\/span>File and Folder Management<\/span>\u092b\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0932 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092b\u093c\u094b\u0932\u094d\u0921\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0928<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <li><a href=\"#d2-6\">2.6<\/span>File Extensions and File Formats<\/span>\u092b\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0932 \u090f\u0915\u094d\u0938\u091f\u0947\u0902\u0936\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092b\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0932 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0930\u0942\u092a<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <li><a href=\"#d2-7\">2.7<\/span>Software Installation, Updates and Removal<\/span>\u0938\u0949\u092b\u093c\u094d\u091f\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u0928, \u0905\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0924\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0915\u093e\u0938\u0928<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <li><a href=\"#d2-8\">2.8<\/span>Backup, Restore and Disk Utilities<\/span>\u092c\u0948\u0915\u0905\u092a, \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u094d\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0921\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0915 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0924\u093e\u090f\u0901<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <li><a href=\"#d2-9\">2.9<\/span>Keyboard Shortcuts<\/span>\u0915\u0941\u0902\u091c\u0940\u092a\u091f\u0932 \u0936\u0949\u0930\u094d\u091f\u0915\u091f<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"toc-chapter collapsed\" data-chap=\"3\" style=\"margin-top: 10px;\">\n III<\/span>\n \n Word Processing<\/span>\n \u0936\u092c\u094d\u0926 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u093e\u0927\u0928<\/span>\n <\/span>\n <svg class=\"chevron\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"3\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><polyline points=\"6 9 12 15 18 9\"><\/polyline><\/svg>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"toc-sub-wrapper\">\n <ul class=\"toc-sub\"> <li><a href=\"#d3-0\">3.0<\/span>Introduction<\/span>\u092a\u0930\u093f\u091a\u092f<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <li><a href=\"#d3-1\">3.1<\/span>The Word Processor Interface<\/span>\u0936\u092c\u094d\u0926 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u093e\u0927\u0915 \u0915\u093e \u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u092b\u093c\u0947\u0938<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <li><a href=\"#d3-2\">3.2<\/span>Creating, Editing and Formatting Text<\/span>\u092a\u093e\u0920 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923, \u0938\u0902\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u0942\u092a\u0923<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <li><a href=\"#d3-3\">3.3<\/span>Paragraph Formatting and Page Setup<\/span>\u0905\u0928\u0941\u091a\u094d\u091b\u0947\u0926 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u0942\u092a\u0923 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920-\u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <li><a href=\"#d3-4\">3.4<\/span>Tables<\/span>\u0938\u093e\u0930\u0923\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <li><a href=\"#d3-5\">3.5<\/span>Headers, Footers, Page Numbers and Sections<\/span>\u0936\u0940\u0930\u094d\u0937\u0932\u0947\u0916, \u092a\u093e\u0926\u0932\u0947\u0916, \u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920-\u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0916\u0902\u0921<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <li><a href=\"#d3-6\">3.6<\/span>Styles, Table of Contents and References<\/span>\u0936\u0948\u0932\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901, \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f-\u0938\u0942\u091a\u0940 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0930\u094d\u092d<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <li><a href=\"#d3-7\">3.7<\/span>Mail Merge<\/span>\u092e\u0947\u0932 \u092e\u0930\u094d\u091c<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <li><a href=\"#d3-8\">3.8<\/span>Track Changes, Comments and Review<\/span>\u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928-\u0905\u0928\u0941\u0930\u0947\u0916\u0923, \u091f\u093f\u092a\u094d\u092a\u0923\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <li><a href=\"#d3-9\">3.9<\/span>Printing, PDF Conversion and Protection<\/span>\u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0923, PDF \u0930\u0942\u092a\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930\u0923 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <li><a href=\"#d3-10\">3.10<\/span>Word Processing Shortcut Keys<\/span>\u0936\u092c\u094d\u0926 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u093e\u0927\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u0936\u0949\u0930\u094d\u091f\u0915\u091f \u0915\u0941\u0902\u091c\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"toc-chapter collapsed\" data-chap=\"4\" style=\"margin-top: 10px;\">\n IV<\/span>\n \n Spreadsheets<\/span>\n \u0938\u094d\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0921\u0936\u0940\u091f<\/span>\n <\/span>\n <svg class=\"chevron\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"3\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><polyline points=\"6 9 12 15 18 9\"><\/polyline><\/svg>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"toc-sub-wrapper\">\n <ul class=\"toc-sub\"> <li><a href=\"#d4-0\">4.0<\/span>Introduction<\/span>\u092a\u0930\u093f\u091a\u092f<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <li><a href=\"#d4-1\">4.1<\/span>Workbook, Worksheet, Row, Column and Cell<\/span>\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u092a\u0941\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0915\u093e, \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0915, \u092a\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f, \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0902\u092d \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0915\u094b\u0937\u094d\u0920<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <li><a href=\"#d4-2\">4.2<\/span>Data Entry and Cell Formatting<\/span>\u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u093e-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0915\u094b\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u0942\u092a\u0923<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <li><a href=\"#d4-3\">4.3<\/span>Formulas, Operators and Cell Referencing<\/span>\u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930, \u0938\u0902\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0915 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0915\u094b\u0937\u094d\u0920-\u0938\u0902\u0926\u0930\u094d\u092d\u0928<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <li><a href=\"#d4-4\">4.4<\/span>Essential Functions<\/span>\u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915 \u092b\u0932\u0928<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <li><a href=\"#d4-5\">4.5<\/span>Logical and Lookup Functions<\/span>\u0924\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0915\u093f\u0915 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0916\u094b\u091c \u092b\u0932\u0928<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <li><a href=\"#d4-6\">4.6<\/span>Sorting, Filtering and Data Validation<\/span>\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u092c\u0926\u094d\u0927\u0924\u093e, \u091b\u093e\u0928\u0928\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u093e-\u0938\u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u0928<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <li><a href=\"#d4-7\">4.7<\/span>Charts and Graphs<\/span>\u091a\u093e\u0930\u094d\u091f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0906\u0932\u0947\u0916<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <li><a href=\"#d4-8\">4.8<\/span>Pivot Tables and Data Analysis<\/span>\u092a\u093f\u0935\u091f \u0938\u093e\u0930\u0923\u0940 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u093e-\u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0937\u0923<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <li><a href=\"#d4-9\">4.9<\/span>School Applications: Attendance and Result Analysis<\/span>\u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f\u0940 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917: \u0909\u092a\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e-\u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0937\u0923<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <li><a href=\"#d4-10\">4.10<\/span>Spreadsheet Shortcut Keys<\/span>\u0938\u094d\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0921\u0936\u0940\u091f \u0915\u0940 \u0936\u0949\u0930\u094d\u091f\u0915\u091f \u0915\u0941\u0902\u091c\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"toc-chapter collapsed\" data-chap=\"5\" style=\"margin-top: 10px;\">\n V<\/span>\n \n Presentations<\/span>\n \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923<\/span>\n <\/span>\n <svg class=\"chevron\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"3\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><polyline points=\"6 9 12 15 18 9\"><\/polyline><\/svg>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"toc-sub-wrapper\">\n <ul class=\"toc-sub\"> <li><a href=\"#d5-0\">5.0<\/span>Introduction<\/span>\u092a\u0930\u093f\u091a\u092f<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <li><a href=\"#d5-1\">5.1<\/span>The Presentation Interface and Views<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924\u093f \u0915\u093e \u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u092b\u093c\u0947\u0938 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0926\u0943\u0936\u094d\u092f<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <li><a href=\"#d5-2\">5.2<\/span>Slides, Layouts and Themes<\/span>\u0938\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0921, \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0925\u0940\u092e<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <li><a href=\"#d5-3\">5.3<\/span>The Slide Master<\/span>\u0938\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u092e\u093e\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0930<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <li><a href=\"#d5-4\">5.4<\/span>Multimedia Integration<\/span>\u092c\u0939\u0941\u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0938\u092e\u0947\u0915\u0928<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <li><a href=\"#d5-5\">5.5<\/span>Animations and Transitions<\/span>\u091a\u0947\u0924\u0928\u093e\u0902\u0915\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0923<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <li><a href=\"#d5-6\">5.6<\/span>Slide Show, Rehearsal and Presenter View<\/span>\u0938\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u0936\u094b, \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u092d\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0926\u0943\u0936\u094d\u092f<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <li><a href=\"#d5-7\">5.7<\/span>Principles of Effective Presentation Design<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924\u093f-\u0905\u092d\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <li><a href=\"#d5-8\">5.8<\/span>Presentation Shortcut Keys<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0940 \u0936\u0949\u0930\u094d\u091f\u0915\u091f \u0915\u0941\u0902\u091c\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"toc-chapter collapsed\" data-chap=\"6\" style=\"margin-top: 10px;\">\n VI<\/span>\n \n Internet and Networking<\/span>\n \u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u0928\u0947\u091f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915\u093f\u0902\u0917<\/span>\n <\/span>\n <svg class=\"chevron\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"3\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><polyline points=\"6 9 12 15 18 9\"><\/polyline><\/svg>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"toc-sub-wrapper\">\n <ul class=\"toc-sub\"> <li><a href=\"#d6-0\">6.0<\/span>Introduction<\/span>\u092a\u0930\u093f\u091a\u092f<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <li><a href=\"#d6-1\">6.1<\/span>Computer Networks: Concept and Components<\/span>\u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915: \u0938\u0902\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u092f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0918\u091f\u0915<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <li><a href=\"#d6-2\">6.2<\/span>Types of Networks: PAN, LAN, MAN, WAN<\/span>\u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930: PAN, LAN, MAN, WAN<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <li><a href=\"#d6-3\">6.3<\/span>Topologies and Transmission Media<\/span>\u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u0930\u0923 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <li><a href=\"#d6-4\">6.4<\/span>Networking Devices<\/span>\u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <li><a href=\"#d6-5\">6.5<\/span>Protocols, IP Addresses and Domain Names<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091f\u094b\u0915\u0949\u0932, IP \u092a\u0924\u0947 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0921\u094b\u092e\u0947\u0928 \u0928\u093e\u092e<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <li><a href=\"#d6-6\">6.6<\/span>The Internet and the World Wide Web<\/span>\u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u0928\u0947\u091f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0932\u094d\u0921 \u0935\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u0935\u0947\u092c<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <li><a href=\"#d6-7\">6.7<\/span>Browsers, URLs and Search Engines<\/span>\u092c\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0909\u091c\u093c\u0930, URL \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0916\u094b\u091c-\u0907\u0902\u091c\u0928<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <li><a href=\"#d6-8\">6.8<\/span>Wi-Fi, Mobile Networks and Broadband<\/span>\u0935\u093e\u0908-\u092b\u093c\u093e\u0908, \u092e\u094b\u092c\u093e\u0907\u0932 \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092c\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0921\u092c\u0948\u0902\u0921<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <li><a href=\"#d6-9\">6.9<\/span>Cloud Computing and Cloud Storage<\/span>\u0915\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0909\u0921 \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0915\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0909\u0921 \u092d\u0902\u0921\u093e\u0930\u0923<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"toc-chapter collapsed\" data-chap=\"7\" style=\"margin-top: 10px;\">\n VII<\/span>\n \n Email and Digital Communication<\/span>\n \u0908\u092e\u0947\u0932 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0937\u0923<\/span>\n <\/span>\n <svg class=\"chevron\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"3\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><polyline points=\"6 9 12 15 18 9\"><\/polyline><\/svg>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"toc-sub-wrapper\">\n <ul class=\"toc-sub\"> <li><a href=\"#d7-0\">7.0<\/span>Introduction<\/span>\u092a\u0930\u093f\u091a\u092f<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <li><a href=\"#d7-1\">7.1<\/span>Email: The Address and the Message<\/span>\u0908\u092e\u0947\u0932: \u092a\u0924\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0947\u0936<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <li><a href=\"#d7-2\">7.2<\/span>To, CC and BCC<\/span>To, CC \u090f\u0935\u0902 BCC<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <li><a href=\"#d7-3\">7.3<\/span>Attachments and Size Limits<\/span>\u0938\u0902\u0932\u0917\u094d\u0928\u0915 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0906\u0915\u093e\u0930-\u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e\u090f\u0901<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <li><a href=\"#d7-4\">7.4<\/span>Spam, Filters and Mailbox Management<\/span>\u0938\u094d\u092a\u0948\u092e, \u092b\u093c\u093f\u0932\u094d\u091f\u0930 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0932\u092c\u0949\u0915\u094d\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0928<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <li><a href=\"#d7-5\">7.5<\/span>Writing a Professional Email<\/span>\u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0935\u0938\u093e\u092f\u093f\u0915 \u0908\u092e\u0947\u0932 \u0932\u0947\u0916\u0928<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <li><a href=\"#d7-6\">7.6<\/span>Video Conferencing<\/span>\u0935\u0940\u0921\u093f\u092f\u094b \u0915\u0949\u0928\u094d\u092b\u093c\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0902\u0938\u093f\u0902\u0917<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <li><a href=\"#d7-7\">7.7<\/span>Online Collaboration Tools<\/span>\u0911\u0928\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u0938\u0939\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <li><a href=\"#d7-8\">7.8<\/span>Netiquette in Digital Communication<\/span>\u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0937\u0923 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u0947\u091f\u093f\u0915\u0947\u091f<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"toc-chapter collapsed\" data-chap=\"8\" style=\"margin-top: 10px;\">\n VIII<\/span>\n \n Cyber Security<\/span>\n \u0938\u093e\u0907\u092c\u0930 \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e<\/span>\n <\/span>\n <svg class=\"chevron\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"3\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><polyline points=\"6 9 12 15 18 9\"><\/polyline><\/svg>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"toc-sub-wrapper\">\n <ul class=\"toc-sub\"> <li><a href=\"#d8-0\">8.0<\/span>Introduction<\/span>\u092a\u0930\u093f\u091a\u092f<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <li><a href=\"#d8-1\">8.1<\/span>The CIA Triad and the Threat Landscape<\/span>CIA \u0924\u094d\u0930\u092f\u0940 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u091f-\u092a\u0930\u093f\u0926\u0943\u0936\u094d\u092f<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <li><a href=\"#d8-2\">8.2<\/span>Malware: Virus, Worm, Trojan and Ransomware<\/span>\u092e\u093e\u0932\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930: \u0935\u093e\u092f\u0930\u0938, \u0935\u0930\u094d\u092e, \u091f\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0930\u0948\u0928\u0938\u092e\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <li><a href=\"#d8-3\">8.3<\/span>Social Engineering: Phishing and Its Variants<\/span>\u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u091c\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0915\u0940: \u092b\u093c\u093f\u0936\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <li><a href=\"#d8-4\">8.4<\/span>Passwords, OTP and Multi-Factor Authentication<\/span>\u092a\u093e\u0938\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0921, OTP \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092c\u0939\u0941-\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u0928<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <li><a href=\"#d8-5\">8.5<\/span>Firewalls, Antivirus and Encryption<\/span>\u092b\u093c\u093e\u092f\u0930\u0935\u0949\u0932, \u090f\u0902\u091f\u0940\u0935\u093e\u092f\u0930\u0938 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0915\u0942\u091f\u0932\u0947\u0916\u0928<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <li><a href=\"#d8-6\">8.6<\/span>Safe Browsing and Wi-Fi Safety<\/span>\u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u092c\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0909\u091c\u093c\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0935\u093e\u0908-\u092b\u093c\u093e\u0908 \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <li><a href=\"#d8-7\">8.7<\/span>Backup Strategy and Data Recovery<\/span>\u092c\u0948\u0915\u0905\u092a \u0930\u0923\u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u093e-\u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u094d\u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924\u093f<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <li><a href=\"#d8-8\">8.8<\/span>Data Privacy and the Legal Framework<\/span>\u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u093e-\u0928\u093f\u091c\u0924\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0922\u093e\u0901\u091a\u093e<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <li><a href=\"#d8-9\">8.9<\/span>Cyber Safety for Students and Reporting<\/span>\u091b\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0938\u093e\u0907\u092c\u0930 \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e\u092f\u0924-\u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"toc-chapter collapsed\" data-chap=\"9\" style=\"margin-top: 10px;\">\n IX<\/span>\n \n Digital Education<\/span>\n \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e<\/span>\n <\/span>\n <svg class=\"chevron\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"3\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><polyline points=\"6 9 12 15 18 9\"><\/polyline><\/svg>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"toc-sub-wrapper\">\n <ul class=\"toc-sub\"> <li><a href=\"#d9-0\">9.0<\/span>Introduction<\/span>\u092a\u0930\u093f\u091a\u092f<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <li><a href=\"#d9-1\">9.1<\/span>ICT in Education: Concept and Rationale<\/span>\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 ICT: \u0938\u0902\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u092f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0914\u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u092f<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <li><a href=\"#d9-2\">9.2<\/span>DIKSHA<\/span>\u0926\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <li><a href=\"#d9-3\">9.3<\/span>SWAYAM, SWAYAM PRABHA and NPTEL<\/span>\u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902, \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 NPTEL<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <li><a href=\"#d9-4\">9.4<\/span>PM e-VIDYA and the Multi-Modal Approach<\/span>\u092a\u0940\u090f\u092e \u0908-\u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092c\u0939\u0941-\u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0909\u092a\u093e\u0917\u092e<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <li><a href=\"#d9-5\">9.5<\/span>e-Pathshala, NROER, NDEAR and Repositories<\/span>\u0908-\u092a\u093e\u0920\u0936\u093e\u0932\u093e, NROER, NDEAR \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092d\u0902\u0921\u093e\u0930<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <li><a href=\"#d9-6\">9.6<\/span>Learning Management Systems<\/span>\u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <li><a href=\"#d9-7\">9.7<\/span>Smart Classrooms and ICT Infrastructure<\/span>\u0938\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u091f \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u090f\u0935\u0902 ICT \u0905\u0935\u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <li><a href=\"#d9-8\">9.8<\/span>Blended, Online and Flipped Learning<\/span>\u0938\u092e\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924, \u0911\u0928\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924\u094d\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <li><a href=\"#d9-9\">9.9<\/span>Teacher Capacity Building: NISHTHA<\/span>\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e\u0924\u093e-\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923: \u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0920\u093e<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <li><a href=\"#d9-10\">9.10<\/span>NEP 2020, NETF and Digital Education Policy<\/span>NEP 2020, NETF \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"toc-chapter collapsed\" data-chap=\"10\" style=\"margin-top: 10px;\">\n X<\/span>\n \n Digital School Administration<\/span>\n \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u093e\u0938\u0928<\/span>\n <\/span>\n <svg class=\"chevron\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"3\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><polyline points=\"6 9 12 15 18 9\"><\/polyline><\/svg>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"toc-sub-wrapper\">\n <ul class=\"toc-sub\"> <li><a href=\"#d10-0\">10.0<\/span>Introduction<\/span>\u092a\u0930\u093f\u091a\u092f<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <li><a href=\"#d10-1\">10.1<\/span>UDISE+<\/span>\u092f\u0942-\u0921\u093e\u0907\u0938+<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <li><a href=\"#d10-2\">10.2<\/span>Digital Attendance and Biometric Systems<\/span>\u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u0909\u092a\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092c\u093e\u092f\u094b\u092e\u0947\u091f\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <li><a href=\"#d10-3\">10.3<\/span>Student Records, APAAR and Digital Credentials<\/span>\u091b\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930-\u0905\u092d\u093f\u0932\u0947\u0916, APAAR \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923-\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <li><a href=\"#d10-4\">10.4<\/span>Online Admissions<\/span>\u0911\u0928\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0947\u0936<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <li><a href=\"#d10-5\">10.5<\/span>Examination Portals and Result Processing<\/span>\u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u092a\u094b\u0930\u094d\u091f\u0932 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0930\u0923<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <li><a href=\"#d10-6\">10.6<\/span>Data Dashboards and Decision Support<\/span>\u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u093e-\u0921\u0948\u0936\u092c\u094b\u0930\u094d\u0921 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0923\u092f-\u0938\u0939\u093e\u092f\u0924\u093e<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <li><a href=\"#d10-7\">10.7<\/span>Financial and Office Automation in Schools<\/span>\u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0940\u092f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0938\u094d\u0935\u091a\u093e\u0932\u0928<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <li><a href=\"#d10-8\">10.8<\/span>Data Quality, Governance and Retention<\/span>\u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u093e-\u0917\u0941\u0923\u0935\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093e, \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0936\u093e\u0938\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"toc-chapter collapsed\" data-chap=\"11\" style=\"margin-top: 10px;\">\n XI<\/span>\n \n Digital Ethics and Citizenship<\/span>\n \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u0928\u0948\u0924\u093f\u0915\u0924\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0928\u093e\u0917\u0930\u093f\u0915\u0924\u093e<\/span>\n <\/span>\n <svg class=\"chevron\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"3\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><polyline points=\"6 9 12 15 18 9\"><\/polyline><\/svg>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"toc-sub-wrapper\">\n <ul class=\"toc-sub\"> <li><a href=\"#d11-0\">11.0<\/span>Introduction<\/span>\u092a\u0930\u093f\u091a\u092f<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <li><a href=\"#d11-1\">11.1<\/span>Digital Citizenship: The Nine Elements<\/span>\u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u0928\u093e\u0917\u0930\u093f\u0915\u0924\u093e: \u0928\u094c \u0924\u0924\u094d\u0935<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <li><a href=\"#d11-2\">11.2<\/span>Digital Footprint and Online Reputation<\/span>\u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u092a\u0926\u091a\u093f\u0939\u094d\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0911\u0928\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0920\u093e<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <li><a href=\"#d11-3\">11.3<\/span>Online Privacy and Personal Data<\/span>\u0911\u0928\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u0928\u093f\u091c\u0924\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0935\u0948\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u0947<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <li><a href=\"#d11-4\">11.4<\/span>Cyberbullying<\/span>\u0938\u093e\u0907\u092c\u0930 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0940\u0921\u093c\u0928<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <li><a href=\"#d11-5\">11.5<\/span>Copyright, Fair Dealing and Creative Commons<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0932\u093f\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930, \u0909\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u090f\u091f\u093f\u0935 \u0915\u0949\u092e\u0928\u094d\u0938<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <li><a href=\"#d11-6\">11.6<\/span>Plagiarism and Academic Integrity<\/span>\u0938\u093e\u0939\u093f\u0924\u094d\u092f\u093f\u0915 \u091a\u094b\u0930\u0940 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0936\u0948\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0920\u093e<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <li><a href=\"#d11-7\">11.7<\/span>Fake News, Misinformation and Verification<\/span>\u092b\u093c\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093c\u0940 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u091a\u093e\u0930, \u0926\u0941\u0937\u094d\u092a\u094d\u0930\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u0928<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <li><a href=\"#d11-8\">11.8<\/span>Responsible Social Media Use<\/span>\u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930\u0926\u093e\u092f\u0940 \u0938\u094b\u0936\u0932 \u092e\u0940\u0921\u093f\u092f\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <li><a href=\"#d11-9\">11.9<\/span>Digital Divide and Digital Well-being<\/span>\u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093e\u091c\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u0915\u0932\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0923<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"toc-chapter collapsed\" data-chap=\"12\" style=\"margin-top: 10px;\">\n XII<\/span>\n \n Emerging Technologies<\/span>\n \u0909\u092d\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901<\/span>\n <\/span>\n <svg class=\"chevron\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"3\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><polyline points=\"6 9 12 15 18 9\"><\/polyline><\/svg>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"toc-sub-wrapper\">\n <ul class=\"toc-sub\"> <li><a href=\"#d12-0\">12.0<\/span>Introduction<\/span>\u092a\u0930\u093f\u091a\u092f<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <li><a href=\"#d12-1\">12.1<\/span>Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning<\/span>\u0915\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092e \u092c\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093f\u092e\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092e\u0936\u0940\u0928 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <li><a href=\"#d12-2\">12.2<\/span>Cloud Computing: Service and Deployment Models<\/span>\u0915\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0909\u0921 \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u093f\u0902\u0917: \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u0942\u092a<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <li><a href=\"#d12-3\">12.3<\/span>The Internet of Things<\/span>\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u0928\u0947\u091f<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <li><a href=\"#d12-4\">12.4<\/span>Blockchain<\/span>\u092c\u094d\u0932\u0949\u0915\u091a\u0947\u0928<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <li><a href=\"#d12-5\">12.5<\/span>Augmented and Virtual Reality<\/span>\u0938\u0902\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0906\u092d\u093e\u0938\u0940 \u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0935\u093f\u0915\u0924\u093e<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <li><a href=\"#d12-6\">12.6<\/span>Robotics, Drones and 3D Printing<\/span>\u0930\u094b\u092c\u094b\u091f\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0938, \u0921\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0935\u093f\u092e \u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0923<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <li><a href=\"#d12-7\">12.7<\/span>Big Data, Analytics and 5G<\/span>\u092c\u093f\u0917 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e, \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0937\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u090f\u0935\u0902 5G<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <li><a href=\"#d12-8\">12.8<\/span>Emerging Technologies in the Indian Context<\/span>\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0930\u094d\u092d \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u092d\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <li><a href=\"#d12-9\">12.9<\/span>The Digital Economy and Sectoral Initiatives<\/span>\u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0917\u0924 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947\u0902<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"toc-chapter collapsed\" data-chap=\"13\" style=\"margin-top: 10px;\">\n XIII<\/span>\n \n Digital Services and e-Governance<\/span>\n \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0908-\u0905\u092d\u093f\u0936\u093e\u0938\u0928<\/span>\n <\/span>\n <svg class=\"chevron\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"3\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><polyline points=\"6 9 12 15 18 9\"><\/polyline><\/svg>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"toc-sub-wrapper\">\n <ul class=\"toc-sub\"> <li><a href=\"#d13-0\">13.0<\/span>Introduction<\/span>\u092a\u0930\u093f\u091a\u092f<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <li><a href=\"#d13-1\">13.1<\/span>Digital India: Vision and Pillars<\/span>\u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u0907\u0902\u0921\u093f\u092f\u093e: \u0926\u0943\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0902\u092d<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <li><a href=\"#d13-2\">13.2<\/span>Aadhaar, e-KYC and e-Sign<\/span>\u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930, \u0908-\u0915\u0947\u0935\u093e\u0908\u0938\u0940 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0908-\u0938\u093e\u0907\u0928<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <li><a href=\"#d13-3\">13.3<\/span>Digital Signature Certificate<\/span>\u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u0939\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <li><a href=\"#d13-4\">13.4<\/span>DigiLocker<\/span>\u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u0932\u0949\u0915\u0930<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <li><a href=\"#d13-5\">13.5<\/span>UMANG and Common Service Centres<\/span>\u0909\u092e\u0902\u0917 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e \u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <li><a href=\"#d13-6\">13.6<\/span>UPI and Digital Payment Systems<\/span>UPI \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u092d\u0941\u0917\u0924\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <li><a href=\"#d13-7\">13.7<\/span>NEFT, RTGS and IMPS<\/span>NEFT, RTGS \u090f\u0935\u0902 IMPS<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <li><a href=\"#d13-8\">13.8<\/span>Safe Online Payment Practices<\/span>\u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0911\u0928\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u092d\u0941\u0917\u0924\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0925\u093e\u090f\u0901<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <li><a href=\"#d13-9\">13.9<\/span>Other Citizen and School Services<\/span>\u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0928\u093e\u0917\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f\u0940 \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e\u090f\u0901<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"toc-chapter collapsed\" data-chap=\"14\" style=\"margin-top: 10px;\">\n XIV<\/span>\n \n Digital Accessibility<\/span>\n \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u0938\u0941\u0917\u092e\u094d\u092f\u0924\u093e<\/span>\n <\/span>\n <svg class=\"chevron\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"3\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><polyline points=\"6 9 12 15 18 9\"><\/polyline><\/svg>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"toc-sub-wrapper\">\n <ul class=\"toc-sub\"> <li><a href=\"#d14-0\">14.0<\/span>Introduction<\/span>\u092a\u0930\u093f\u091a\u092f<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <li><a href=\"#d14-1\">14.1<\/span>Accessibility: Concept and Legal Basis<\/span>\u0938\u0941\u0917\u092e\u094d\u092f\u0924\u093e: \u0938\u0902\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u092f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <li><a href=\"#d14-2\">14.2<\/span>Universal Design and the POUR Principles<\/span>\u0938\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0935\u092d\u094c\u092e\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a \u090f\u0935\u0902 POUR \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <li><a href=\"#d14-3\">14.3<\/span>Screen Readers and Braille Technology<\/span>\u0938\u094d\u0915\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0928 \u0930\u0940\u0921\u0930 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092c\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0932 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u0940<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <li><a href=\"#d14-4\">14.4<\/span>Text-to-Speech and Speech-to-Text<\/span>\u092a\u093e\u0920-\u0938\u0947-\u0935\u093e\u0923\u0940 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0935\u093e\u0923\u0940-\u0938\u0947-\u092a\u093e\u0920<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <li><a href=\"#d14-5\">14.5<\/span>Alternative Text and Accessible Documents<\/span>\u0935\u0948\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u093e\u0920 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0941\u0917\u092e\u094d\u092f \u0926\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0947\u091c\u093c<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <li><a href=\"#d14-6\">14.6<\/span>Captions, Subtitles and Sign Language<\/span>\u0915\u0948\u092a\u094d\u0936\u0928, \u0909\u092a\u0936\u0940\u0930\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u093e\u0902\u0915\u0947\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <li><a href=\"#d14-7\">14.7<\/span>Assistive Technology by Disability Type<\/span>\u0926\u093f\u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0917\u0924\u093e-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u0939\u093e\u092f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u0940<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <li><a href=\"#d14-8\">14.8<\/span>Accessible Assessment and Indian Initiatives<\/span>\u0938\u0941\u0917\u092e\u094d\u092f \u0906\u0915\u0932\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947\u0902<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"toc-chapter collapsed\" data-chap=\"15\" style=\"margin-top: 10px;\">\n REV<\/span>\n \n Revision and Reference<\/span>\n \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u093e\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0930\u094d\u092d<\/span>\n <\/span>\n <svg class=\"chevron\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"3\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><polyline points=\"6 9 12 15 18 9\"><\/polyline><\/svg>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"toc-sub-wrapper\">\n <ul class=\"toc-sub\"> <li class=\"endmatter\"><a href=\"#d15-1\">R.1<\/span>Objectives Across the Fourteen Items<\/span>\u091a\u094c\u0926\u0939 \u092e\u0926\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <li class=\"endmatter\"><a href=\"#d15-2\">R.2<\/span>Chapter Summaries<\/span>\u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f-\u0938\u093e\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0936<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <li class=\"endmatter\"><a href=\"#d15-3\">R.3<\/span>Master Glossary<\/span>\u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f \u0936\u092c\u094d\u0926\u093e\u0935\u0932\u0940<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <li class=\"endmatter\"><a href=\"#d15-4\">R.4<\/span>Full-Form Directory<\/span>\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923-\u0930\u0942\u092a \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <li class=\"endmatter\"><a href=\"#d15-5\">R.5<\/span>Shortcut Key Master Sheet<\/span>\u0936\u0949\u0930\u094d\u091f\u0915\u091f \u0915\u0941\u0902\u091c\u0940 \u092e\u093e\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0930 \u0936\u0940\u091f<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <li class=\"endmatter\"><a href=\"#d15-6\">R.6<\/span>Landmark Dates, Firsts and Numbers<\/span>\u092e\u0940\u0932-\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0925\u0930 \u0924\u093f\u0925\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0925\u092e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e\u090f\u0901<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <li class=\"endmatter\"><a href=\"#d15-7\">R.7<\/span>Practice Question Bank<\/span>\u0905\u092d\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928-\u092c\u0948\u0902\u0915<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <li class=\"endmatter\"><a href=\"#d15-8\">R.8<\/span>Digital Literacy Syllabus Map<\/span>\u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u0938\u093e\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0930\u0924\u093e \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u092e\u093e\u0928\u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <li class=\"endmatter\"><a href=\"#d15-9\">R.9<\/span>Further Reading<\/span>\u0905\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092e \u092a\u0920\u0928<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/aside>\n\n <main class=\"article\">\n\n \n <section class=\"chapter-content active\" data-chap=\"1\" id=\"c1\">\n <div class=\"chapter-heading-block\">\n SYLLABUS ITEM 1<\/span>\u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u092e\u0926 1<\/span><\/span>\n <h2>Computer Fundamentals<\/span>\u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u092e\u0942\u0932 \u092c\u093e\u0924\u0947\u0902<\/span><\/h2>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"callout amber\">\n <div class=\"callout-label\">\ud83d\udccc What this chapter covers<\/span>\ud83d\udccc \u0907\u0938 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/div>\n Hardware, software, CPU, memory, storage devices, input devices, output devices, and the different types of computers<\/span>\n \u0939\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0921\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930, \u0938\u0949\u092b\u093c\u094d\u091f\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930, CPU, \u0938\u094d\u092e\u0943\u0924\u093f, \u092d\u0902\u0921\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923, \u0928\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0936 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923, \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0924 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0935\u093f\u0927 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930<\/span>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"keyfact-grid\">\n <div class=\"keyfact-card navy-hi\">\n \ud83e\uddee<\/span>\n <div class=\"kf-label\">The Core Sequence<\/span>\u092e\u0942\u0932 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"kf-value\" style=\"font-size:13px;\">Input \u2192 Process \u2192 Output \u2192 Storage<\/span>\u0928\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0936 \u2192 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u2192 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0924 \u2192 \u092d\u0902\u0921\u093e\u0930\u0923<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"kf-sub\">Every computer, from a smartphone to a supercomputer, does only this<\/span>\u0938\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u091f\u092b\u093c\u094b\u0928 \u0938\u0947 \u092e\u0939\u093e\u0938\u0902\u0917\u0923\u0915 \u0924\u0915, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u092f\u0939\u0940 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"keyfact-card teal-hi\">\n \u2699\ufe0f<\/span>\n <div class=\"kf-label\">Generations<\/span>\u092a\u0940\u0922\u093c\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"kf-value\">5<\/div>\n <div class=\"kf-sub\">Vacuum tube \u00b7 Transistor \u00b7 IC \u00b7 Microprocessor \u00b7 AI and ULSI<\/span>\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0924 \u0928\u0932\u093f\u0915\u093e \u00b7 \u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0902\u091c\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0930 \u00b7 IC \u00b7 \u092e\u093e\u0907\u0915\u094d\u0930\u094b\u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0938\u0947\u0938\u0930 \u00b7 AI \u090f\u0935\u0902 ULSI<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"keyfact-card amber-hi\">\n \ud83d\udcbe<\/span>\n <div class=\"kf-label\">The Basic Unit<\/span>\u092e\u0942\u0932 \u0907\u0915\u093e\u0908<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"kf-value\" style=\"font-size:14px;\">1 Byte = 8 Bits<\/div>\n <div class=\"kf-sub\">And 1 KB = 1024 bytes, not 1000 \u2014 the commonest trap<\/span>\u0924\u0925\u093e 1 KB = 1024 \u092c\u093e\u0907\u091f, 1000 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u2014 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u091a\u0932\u093f\u0924 \u091c\u093e\u0932<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d1-0\">\n 1.0<\/span>\n <h3>Introduction<\/span>\u092a\u0930\u093f\u091a\u092f<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n <ul class=\"icon-list\">\n <li>\u25b8<\/span>\n Digital literacy begins with the machine itself. Every later topic in this course \u2014 the operating system, the spreadsheet, the network, the cloud, the assistive device \u2014 is built on the same four-part sequence of input, processing, output and storage<\/strong>, and on the same division between hardware<\/strong> that can be touched and software<\/strong> that cannot.<\/span>\n \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u0938\u093e\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0906\u0930\u0902\u092d \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0938\u0947 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0907\u0938 \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0906\u0917\u093e\u092e\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f \u2014 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u091a\u093e\u0932\u0928 \u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930, \u0938\u094d\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0921\u0936\u0940\u091f, \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915, \u0915\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0909\u0921, \u0938\u0939\u093e\u092f\u0915 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u2014 \u0909\u0938\u0940 \u091a\u093e\u0930-\u092d\u093e\u0917\u0940\u092f \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u0928\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0936, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0930\u0923, \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0924 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092d\u0902\u0921\u093e\u0930\u0923<\/strong> \u092a\u0930 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0909\u0938\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093e\u091c\u0928 \u092a\u0930 \u091f\u093f\u0915\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0938\u094d\u092a\u0930\u094d\u0936-\u092f\u094b\u0917\u094d\u092f \u0939\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0921\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930<\/strong> \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0905\u0938\u094d\u092a\u0930\u094d\u0936\u094d\u092f \u0938\u0949\u092b\u093c\u094d\u091f\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930<\/strong> \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\n <\/span><\/li>\n <li>\u25b8<\/span>\n The word computer<\/strong> derives from the Latin computare<\/em>, meaning to calculate or to reckon<\/strong>. The name is now misleading: calculation is only one of the things a modern computer does, and for most school users it is not the main one.<\/span>\n \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930<\/strong> \u0936\u092c\u094d\u0926 \u0932\u0948\u091f\u093f\u0928 computare<\/em> \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0928\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u0939\u0948 \u0917\u0923\u0928\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0906\u0915\u0932\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e<\/strong>\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0928\u093e\u092e \u0905\u092c \u092d\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e\u0915 \u0939\u0948: \u0917\u0923\u0928\u093e \u0906\u0927\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0947\u0915 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u090f\u0915 \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0902\u0936 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964<\/span>\n <\/span><\/li>\n <li>\u25b8<\/span>\n For a school head the practical value of this chapter lies in procurement, maintenance and instruction<\/strong> \u2014 deciding what specification a computer laboratory needs, judging whether a quoted machine is adequate, and being able to explain the parts to a class or to a colleague.<\/span>\n \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0941\u0916 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0907\u0938 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f \u0915\u093e \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u092e\u0942\u0932\u094d\u092f \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092f, \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923<\/strong> \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u092f\u0939 \u0924\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u0915\u093f \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0936\u093e\u0932\u093e \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u094c\u0928-\u0938\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915 \u0939\u0948, \u092f\u0939 \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0928\u093e \u0915\u093f \u0909\u0926\u094d\u0927\u0943\u0924 \u092e\u0936\u0940\u0928 \u092a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u0948 \u092f\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0938\u0939\u0915\u0930\u094d\u092e\u0940 \u0915\u094b \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0902\u0917 \u0938\u092e\u091d\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0928\u093e\u0964<\/span>\n <\/span><\/li>\n <li>\u25b8<\/span>\n Questions from this item are almost always factual and single-line<\/strong>: which device is an input device, what a particular abbreviation expands to, which generation used a given technology, how many bytes make a kilobyte. Accuracy of small facts matters more here than argument.<\/span>\n \u0907\u0938 \u092e\u0926 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092f\u0903 \u0924\u0925\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u090f\u0915-\u092a\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0924\u0940\u092f<\/strong> \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902: \u0915\u094c\u0928-\u0938\u093e \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0928\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0936 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0939\u0948, \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u092a\u093e\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0915\u093f\u0938 \u092a\u0940\u0922\u093c\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u094c\u0928-\u0938\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u0925\u0940, \u090f\u0915 \u0915\u093f\u0932\u094b\u092c\u093e\u0907\u091f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u093f\u0924\u0928\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0907\u091f\u0964 \u092f\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0924\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u091b\u094b\u091f\u0947 \u0924\u0925\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0936\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927\u0924\u093e \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\n <\/span><\/li>\n <\/ul>\n\n <svg class=\"full-diagram\" viewBox=\"0 0 700 306\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Computer literacy, IT literacy and digital literacy compared, and the four components of digital literacy\">\n <text x=\"350\" y=\"18\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#14243f\" letter-spacing=\".6\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">THREE WORDS THAT ARE NOT SYNONYMS<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"24\" y=\"30\" width=\"208\" height=\"94\" rx=\"8\" fill=\"#f3f6fb\" stroke=\"#8a95a3\" stroke-width=\"1.8\"\/>\n <text x=\"128\" y=\"50\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#5a6d80\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">COMPUTER LITERACY<\/text>\n <text x=\"128\" y=\"68\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Can <tspan font-weight=\"700\">operate the machine<\/tspan> \u2014<\/text>\n <text x=\"128\" y=\"80\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">switch on, type, save, print.<\/text>\n <text x=\"128\" y=\"99\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#5a6d80\" font-style=\"italic\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">The narrowest of the three.<\/text>\n <text x=\"128\" y=\"114\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#8a95a3\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Skill with a device<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"246\" y=\"30\" width=\"208\" height=\"94\" rx=\"8\" fill=\"#eef4fc\" stroke=\"#1f5fa9\" stroke-width=\"1.8\"\/>\n <text x=\"350\" y=\"50\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">IT LITERACY<\/text>\n <text x=\"350\" y=\"68\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Understands <tspan font-weight=\"700\">systems<\/tspan> \u2014<\/text>\n <text x=\"350\" y=\"80\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">hardware, software, networks,<\/text>\n <text x=\"350\" y=\"92\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">and how data is processed.<\/text>\n <text x=\"350\" y=\"114\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Understanding of technology<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"468\" y=\"30\" width=\"208\" height=\"94\" rx=\"8\" fill=\"#eefbf7\" stroke=\"#0d8f79\" stroke-width=\"2.4\"\/>\n <text x=\"572\" y=\"50\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#0d8f79\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">DIGITAL LITERACY<\/text>\n <text x=\"572\" y=\"68\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Can <tspan font-weight=\"700\">find, evaluate, create<\/tspan><\/text>\n <text x=\"572\" y=\"80\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">and <tspan font-weight=\"700\">communicate<\/tspan> safely and<\/text>\n <text x=\"572\" y=\"92\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">responsibly using technology.<\/text>\n <text x=\"572\" y=\"114\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#0d8f79\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Judgement, not merely skill<\/text>\n\n <text x=\"350\" y=\"146\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#5a6d80\" font-style=\"italic\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Each contains the one before it. A person may be computer literate and not digitally literate \u2014 able to open a message, unable to tell whether it is a fraud.<\/text>\n\n <text x=\"350\" y=\"174\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#14243f\" letter-spacing=\".6\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">THE FOUR COMPONENTS<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"24\" y=\"186\" width=\"158\" height=\"76\" rx=\"7\" fill=\"#fffbf0\" stroke=\"#c9760f\" stroke-width=\"1.6\"\/>\n <text x=\"103\" y=\"206\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"17\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">\ud83d\udd0c<\/text>\n <text x=\"103\" y=\"226\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#c9760f\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">ACCESS<\/text>\n <text x=\"103\" y=\"241\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">A device, a connection<\/text>\n <text x=\"103\" y=\"252\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">and the means to use them<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"190\" y=\"186\" width=\"158\" height=\"76\" rx=\"7\" fill=\"#eef4fc\" stroke=\"#1f5fa9\" stroke-width=\"1.6\"\/>\n <text x=\"269\" y=\"206\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"17\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">\u2699\ufe0f<\/text>\n <text x=\"269\" y=\"226\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">SKILLS<\/text>\n <text x=\"269\" y=\"241\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Operating, searching,<\/text>\n <text x=\"269\" y=\"252\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">and judging what is found<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"356\" y=\"186\" width=\"158\" height=\"76\" rx=\"7\" fill=\"#fff6f4\" stroke=\"#c0392b\" stroke-width=\"1.6\"\/>\n <text x=\"435\" y=\"206\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"17\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">\ud83d\udee1\ufe0f<\/text>\n <text x=\"435\" y=\"226\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#c0392b\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">SAFETY<\/text>\n <text x=\"435\" y=\"241\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Security, privacy and<\/text>\n <text x=\"435\" y=\"252\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">lawful conduct<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"522\" y=\"186\" width=\"154\" height=\"76\" rx=\"7\" fill=\"#faf6ff\" stroke=\"#6b3a8f\" stroke-width=\"1.6\"\/>\n <text x=\"599\" y=\"206\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"17\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">\u270f\ufe0f<\/text>\n <text x=\"599\" y=\"226\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#6b3a8f\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">CONTENT CREATION<\/text>\n <text x=\"599\" y=\"241\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Making and sharing work<\/text>\n <text x=\"599\" y=\"252\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">of one's own<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"24\" y=\"272\" width=\"652\" height=\"28\" rx=\"6\" fill=\"#14243f\"\/>\n <text x=\"350\" y=\"290\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">A person with <tspan font-weight=\"700\">access but no skills<\/tspan> is excluded just as surely as one with no device \u2014 which is the three-layer divide of \u00a713.9.<\/text>\n <\/svg>\n The fourth component is the one most often left out of a syllabus and the one that distinguishes a participant from a consumer.<\/span>\u091a\u094c\u0925\u093e \u0918\u091f\u0915 \u0935\u0939\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092c\u093e\u0930 \u091b\u0942\u091f\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u091c\u094b \u0938\u0939\u092d\u093e\u0917\u0940 \u0915\u094b \u0909\u092a\u092d\u094b\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0943\u0925\u0915 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n\n <div class=\"callout purple\">\n <div class=\"callout-label\">\ud83d\udcd8 Definition<\/span>\ud83d\udcd8 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e<\/span><\/div>\n Digital literacy<\/strong> is the ability to find, evaluate, use, create and communicate information using digital technology, safely, lawfully and responsibly<\/strong>. The definition is worth reading twice for what it contains beyond operation: evaluate<\/strong> and responsibly<\/strong>. A person who can open a message but cannot judge whether it is genuine has the skill and not the literacy.<\/span>\n \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u0938\u093e\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0930\u0924\u093e<\/strong> \u0935\u0939 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0902\u0915\u0940\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0916\u094b\u091c\u093e, \u092a\u0930\u0916\u093e, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924, \u0938\u0943\u091c\u093f\u0924 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0947 \u2014 \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924, \u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f\u0938\u092e\u094d\u092e\u0924 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930\u0926\u093e\u092f\u0940 \u0922\u0902\u0917 \u0938\u0947<\/strong>\u0964 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0926\u094b \u092c\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u0922\u093c\u0928\u093e \u0909\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948, \u092f\u0939 \u0926\u0947\u0916\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u093f \u0909\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0932\u0928 \u0938\u0947 \u0906\u0917\u0947 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948: \u092a\u0930\u0916\u0928\u093e<\/strong> \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930\u0926\u093e\u092f\u0940 \u0922\u0902\u0917 \u0938\u0947<\/strong>\u0964 \u091c\u094b \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u0916\u094b\u0932 \u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0941 \u092f\u0939 \u0928 \u0906\u0901\u0915 \u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093f \u0935\u0939 \u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u0939\u0948 \u092f\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u094c\u0936\u0932 \u0939\u0948, \u0938\u093e\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964<\/span>\n <\/div>\n\n <table class=\"data-table\">\n <thead>\n <tr>\n <th>Why it matters<\/span>\u092f\u0939 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/th>\n <th>What turns on it<\/span>\u0907\u0938 \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u091f\u093f\u0915\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/th>\n <\/tr>\n <\/thead>\n <tbody>\n <tr><td>In education<\/span>\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>Content, assessment and teacher training now travel digitally \u2014 the platforms of Chapter 9. A teacher who cannot reach them cannot reach the material the department has provided, and NEP 2020 accordingly requires technology to be integrated into teacher preparation rather than taught beside it<\/strong>.<\/span>\u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940, \u0906\u0915\u0932\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0905\u092c \u0905\u0902\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u091a\u0932\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u2014 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f 9 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u0902\u091a\u0964 \u091c\u094b \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0909\u0928 \u0924\u0915 \u0928 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a \u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0935\u0939 \u0909\u0938 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0924\u0915 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u091c\u094b \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0917 \u0928\u0947 \u0926\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 NEP 2020 \u0924\u0926\u0928\u0941\u0938\u093e\u0930 \u0905\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915-\u0924\u0948\u092f\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0909\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u092e\u0947\u0915\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b<\/strong>\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>In employment<\/span>\u0928\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>Applications, examinations, salary, provident fund and service records are all handled through portals \u2014 the G2E dealings of \u00a713.1. Digital literacy has become a precondition of ordinary employment rather than a qualification added to it<\/strong>.<\/span>\u0906\u0935\u0947\u0926\u0928, \u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u090f\u0901, \u0935\u0947\u0924\u0928, \u092d\u0935\u093f\u0937\u094d\u092f \u0928\u093f\u0927\u093f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e-\u0905\u092d\u093f\u0932\u0947\u0916 \u0938\u092c \u092a\u094b\u0930\u094d\u091f\u0932\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u091a\u0932\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u2014 \u00a713.1 \u0915\u0947 G2E \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930\u0964 \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u0938\u093e\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0928\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0940 \u0917\u0908 \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0939\u0924\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0938\u093e\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0936\u0930\u094d\u0924<\/strong> \u092c\u0928 \u091a\u0941\u0915\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr style=\"background:#f3f8ff;\"><td>In governance<\/span>\u0905\u092d\u093f\u0936\u093e\u0938\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>A pension, a scholarship, a certificate and a subsidy now reach a citizen through the systems of Chapter 13. The consequence is that digital literacy has become a condition of receiving what one is already entitled to<\/strong> \u2014 which is why the Common Service Centre and PMGDISHA exist, and why \u00a713.9 treats the divide as a matter of entitlement rather than convenience.<\/span>\u092a\u0947\u0902\u0936\u0928, \u091b\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u092c\u094d\u0938\u093f\u0921\u0940 \u0905\u092c \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f 13 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0928\u093e\u0917\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0924\u0915 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e \u092f\u0939 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u0938\u093e\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0909\u0938 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0936\u0930\u094d\u0924 \u092c\u0928 \u0917\u0908 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0939\u0915\u093c \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u0948<\/strong> \u2014 \u0907\u0938\u0940\u0932\u093f\u090f \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e \u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930 \u090f\u0935\u0902 PMGDISHA \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0914\u0930 \u0907\u0938\u0940\u0932\u093f\u090f \u00a713.9 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093e\u091c\u0928 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0941\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0939\u0915\u093c \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <\/tbody>\n <\/table>\n\n <hr class=\"section-divider\">\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d1-1\">\n 1.1<\/span>\n <h3>Computer: Definition, Characteristics and Limitations<\/span>\u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930: \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e, \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937\u0924\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e\u090f\u0901<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"callout\">\n <div class=\"callout-label\">\ud83d\udcd8 Working definition<\/span>\ud83d\udcd8 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e<\/span><\/div>\n A computer<\/strong> is an electronic device that accepts data<\/strong> through an input unit, processes that data<\/strong> according to a set of stored instructions called a program, produces information<\/strong> through an output unit, and stores<\/strong> both the data and the result for future use. The four verbs in that sentence \u2014 accept, process, produce, store \u2014 are the four units of the block diagram in \u00a71.2.<\/span>\n \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930<\/strong> \u0935\u0939 \u0907\u0932\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0928\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0936 \u0907\u0915\u093e\u0908 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939\u0923<\/strong> \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e \u0928\u093e\u092e\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u0941\u091a\u094d\u091a\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u093e\u0930 \u0909\u0928 \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0930\u0923<\/strong> \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0924 \u0907\u0915\u093e\u0908 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928<\/strong> \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u092d\u093e\u0935\u0940 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093f\u0924<\/strong> \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0907\u0938 \u0935\u093e\u0915\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0940 \u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u2014 \u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939\u0923, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0930\u0923, \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0928, \u0938\u0902\u091a\u092f\u0928 \u2014 \u00a71.2 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u094d\u0932\u0949\u0915 \u0906\u0930\u0947\u0916 \u0915\u0940 \u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0907\u0915\u093e\u0907\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u0939\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span>\n <\/div>\n\n <h4>A. Data, information and knowledge<\/span>\u0915. \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u0947, \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928<\/span><\/h4>\n\n <div class=\"scale-strip\">\n <div class=\"scale-step\">\n 1<\/span>\n <h6>Data<\/span>\u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u0947<\/span><\/h6>\n Raw, unorganised facts that carry no meaning by themselves \u2014 78, 65, 91<\/em>.<\/span>\u0915\u091a\u094d\u091a\u0947, \u0905\u0938\u0902\u0917\u0920\u093f\u0924 \u0924\u0925\u094d\u092f \u091c\u094b \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0930\u0916\u0924\u0947 \u2014 78, 65, 91<\/em>\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"scale-step\">\n 2<\/span>\n <h6>Processing<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0930\u0923<\/span><\/h6>\n Sorting, calculating, comparing or arranging performed by the CPU under a program.<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u0940\u0928 CPU \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u092c\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e, \u0917\u0923\u0928\u093e, \u0924\u0941\u0932\u0928\u093e \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u0928\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"scale-step\">\n 3<\/span>\n <h6>Information<\/span>\u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e<\/span><\/h6>\n Processed data that carries meaning \u2014 \"the class average is 78\"<\/em>.<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0943\u0924 \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u091c\u094b \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u0930\u0916\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u2014 \"\u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0914\u0938\u0924 78 \u0939\u0948\"<\/em>\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"scale-step\">\n 4<\/span>\n <h6>Knowledge<\/span>\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928<\/span><\/h6>\n Information interpreted against experience so that a decision can be taken.<\/span>\u0905\u0928\u0941\u092d\u0935 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0923\u092f \u0932\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0947\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"exam-tip\">\n <div class=\"et-icon\">\ud83d\udca1<\/div>\n <div class=\"et-body\">\n GIGO \u2014 Garbage In, Garbage Out.<\/strong> A computer has no means of judging whether the data fed to it is correct. If a wrong roll number is entered, the machine will process it flawlessly and produce a wrong result at very high speed. This single principle explains why data verification at the point of entry<\/strong> is the most important control in any school record system, and it reappears in \u00a710.8 on data quality.<\/span>\n GIGO \u2014 \u0915\u091a\u0930\u093e \u092d\u0940\u0924\u0930, \u0915\u091a\u0930\u093e \u092c\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0964<\/strong> \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u0938 \u092f\u0939 \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0938\u093e\u0927\u0928 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u093f \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0926\u093f\u090f \u0917\u090f \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u0938\u0939\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u092f\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964 \u092f\u0926\u093f \u0917\u093c\u0932\u0924 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0902\u0915 \u092d\u0930\u093e \u091c\u093e\u090f \u0924\u094b \u092e\u0936\u0940\u0928 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0926\u094b\u0937 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0930 \u0905\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0902\u0924 \u0924\u0940\u0935\u094d\u0930 \u0917\u0924\u093f \u0938\u0947 \u0917\u093c\u0932\u0924 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e \u0926\u0947 \u0926\u0947\u0917\u0940\u0964 \u092f\u0939\u0940 \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924 \u092c\u0924\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093f \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0941 \u092a\u0930 \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u093e-\u0938\u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u0928<\/strong> \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092d\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f\u0940 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0932\u0947\u0916-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u092f\u0939 \u00a710.8 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0903 \u0906\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <h4>B. Characteristics of a computer<\/span>\u0916. \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937\u0924\u093e\u090f\u0901<\/span><\/h4>\n\n <div class=\"feat-grid\">\n <div class=\"feat-card\">1<\/span>Speed<\/span>\u0917\u0924\u093f<\/span><\/strong>Operations are measured in fractions of a second, and processing capacity is expressed in MIPS<\/strong> (millions of instructions per second) or, for supercomputers, in FLOPS<\/strong> (floating-point operations per second).<\/span>\u0938\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u0938\u0947\u0915\u0902\u0921 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0902\u0936\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u093e\u092a\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0930\u0923-\u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e\u0924\u093e MIPS<\/strong> (\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f \u0938\u0947\u0915\u0902\u0921 \u0932\u093e\u0916\u094b\u0902 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0926\u0947\u0936) \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u092e\u0939\u093e\u0938\u0902\u0917\u0923\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 FLOPS<\/strong> \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"feat-card\">2<\/span>Accuracy<\/span>\u092f\u0925\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0924\u093e<\/span><\/strong>The machine is consistently accurate. Errors that appear are almost always errors of data or of programming<\/strong>, not of the hardware.<\/span>\u092e\u0936\u0940\u0928 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u0902\u0924\u0930 \u092f\u0925\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u0930\u0939\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u091c\u094b \u0924\u094d\u0930\u0941\u091f\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u0926\u093f\u0916\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0935\u0947 \u0932\u0917\u092d\u0917 \u0938\u0926\u0948\u0935 \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u094b\u0902 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0915\u0940 \u0924\u094d\u0930\u0941\u091f\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901<\/strong> \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0939\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0921\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"feat-card\">3<\/span>Diligence<\/span>\u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u093e\u092f<\/span><\/strong>A computer performs the ten-millionth calculation exactly as it performed the first. It suffers no fatigue, no boredom and no loss of concentration<\/strong>.<\/span>\u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u090f\u0915 \u0915\u0930\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0935\u0940\u0902 \u0917\u0923\u0928\u093e \u0920\u0940\u0915 \u0935\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0939\u0940 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0909\u0938\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u0925\u0940\u0964 \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0928 \u0925\u0915\u093e\u0928 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0928 \u090a\u092c, \u0928 \u090f\u0915\u093e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u0939\u093e\u0928\u093f<\/strong>\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"feat-card\">4<\/span>Versatility<\/span>\u092c\u0939\u0941\u092e\u0941\u0916\u0924\u093e<\/span><\/strong>The same machine prepares a result sheet, plays a video, sends an email and runs an examination portal \u2014 the task changes with the software<\/strong>, not the hardware.<\/span>\u0935\u0939\u0940 \u092e\u0936\u0940\u0928 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e-\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0915 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0935\u0940\u0921\u093f\u092f\u094b \u091a\u0932\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0908\u092e\u0947\u0932 \u092d\u0947\u091c\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e-\u092a\u094b\u0930\u094d\u091f\u0932 \u091a\u0932\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0938\u0949\u092b\u093c\u094d\u091f\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930<\/strong> \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0939\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0921\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u0938\u0947 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"feat-card\">5<\/span>Storage capacity<\/span>\u092d\u0902\u0921\u093e\u0930\u0923-\u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e\u0924\u093e<\/span><\/strong>Very large volumes of data can be held and any item retrieved in a fraction of a second \u2014 the property that makes UDISE+ and DigiLocker possible at all.<\/span>\u0905\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092e\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u0930\u0916\u0947 \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u092d\u0940 \u092e\u0926 \u0938\u0947\u0915\u0902\u0921 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0902\u0936 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u092f\u0939\u0940 \u0917\u0941\u0923 UDISE+ \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u0932\u0949\u0915\u0930 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0902\u092d\u0935 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"feat-card\">6<\/span>Automation<\/span>\u0938\u094d\u0935\u091a\u093e\u0932\u0928<\/span><\/strong>Once a program is loaded, the machine carries the job through without step-by-step human intervention<\/strong>.<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e \u0932\u094b\u0921 \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u092e\u0936\u0940\u0928 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u094b \u091a\u0930\u0923-\u0926\u0930-\u091a\u0930\u0923 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0935\u0940\u092f \u0939\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u092a \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e<\/strong> \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"feat-card\">7<\/span>Reliability<\/span>\u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0935\u0938\u0928\u0940\u092f\u0924\u093e<\/span><\/strong>Consistent results over long periods, provided power supply and environment are stable.<\/span>\u0926\u0940\u0930\u094d\u0918 \u0905\u0935\u0927\u093f \u0924\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0917\u0924 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e, \u092c\u0936\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924 \u0906\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0936 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0930 \u0939\u094b\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"feat-card\">8<\/span>Multi-tasking<\/span>\u092c\u0939\u0941-\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u0923<\/span><\/strong>Several programs are held in memory and share processor time, so a document, a browser and an antivirus scan appear to run together.<\/span>\u0905\u0928\u0947\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e \u0938\u094d\u092e\u0943\u0924\u093f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0930\u0939\u0915\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0938\u0947\u0938\u0930-\u0938\u092e\u092f \u0938\u093e\u091d\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0905\u0924\u0903 \u0926\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0947\u091c\u093c, \u092c\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0909\u091c\u093c\u0930 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u090f\u0902\u091f\u0940\u0935\u093e\u092f\u0930\u0938 \u0938\u094d\u0915\u0948\u0928 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u091a\u0932\u0924\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u0940\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <h4>C. Units of speed<\/span>\u0917. \u0917\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0940 \u0907\u0915\u093e\u0907\u092f\u093e\u0901<\/span><\/h4>\n\n <table class=\"data-table\">\n <thead>\n <tr>\n <th>Unit<\/span>\u0907\u0915\u093e\u0908<\/span><\/th>\n <th class=\"narrow\">Value<\/span>\u092e\u093e\u0928<\/span><\/th>\n <th>Note<\/span>\u091f\u093f\u092a\u094d\u092a\u0923\u0940<\/span><\/th>\n <\/tr>\n <\/thead>\n <tbody>\n <tr><td>Millisecond (ms)<\/span>\u092e\u093f\u0932\u0940\u0938\u0947\u0915\u0902\u0921 (ms)<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td class=\"narrow\">10\u22123<\/sup> s<\/td><td>One-thousandth of a second.<\/span>\u0938\u0947\u0915\u0902\u0921 \u0915\u093e \u090f\u0915-\u0939\u091c\u093c\u093e\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0901 \u092d\u093e\u0917\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>Microsecond (\u00b5s)<\/span>\u092e\u093e\u0907\u0915\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0938\u0947\u0915\u0902\u0921 (\u00b5s)<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td class=\"narrow\">10\u22126<\/sup> s<\/td><td>One-millionth of a second.<\/span>\u0938\u0947\u0915\u0902\u0921 \u0915\u093e \u090f\u0915-\u0926\u0938-\u0932\u093e\u0916\u0935\u093e\u0901 \u092d\u093e\u0917\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>Nanosecond (ns)<\/span>\u0928\u0948\u0928\u094b\u0938\u0947\u0915\u0902\u0921 (ns)<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td class=\"narrow\">10\u22129<\/sup> s<\/td><td>One-billionth of a second; the usual scale of a modern instruction cycle.<\/span>\u0938\u0947\u0915\u0902\u0921 \u0915\u093e \u090f\u0915-\u0905\u0930\u092c\u0935\u093e\u0901 \u092d\u093e\u0917; \u0906\u0927\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0926\u0947\u0936-\u091a\u0915\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f \u092a\u0948\u092e\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>Picosecond (ps)<\/span>\u092a\u093f\u0915\u094b\u0938\u0947\u0915\u0902\u0921 (ps)<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td class=\"narrow\">10\u221212<\/sup> s<\/td><td>One-trillionth of a second.<\/span>\u0938\u0947\u0915\u0902\u0921 \u0915\u093e \u090f\u0915-\u0916\u0930\u092c\u0935\u093e\u0901 \u092d\u093e\u0917\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <\/tbody>\n <\/table>\n\n <h4>D. Limitations of a computer<\/span>\u0918. \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e\u090f\u0901<\/span><\/h4>\n\n <div class=\"pc-grid\">\n <div class=\"pc-panel pro\">\n <div class=\"pc-head\">\u2713<\/span>What it does supremely well<\/span>\u091c\u094b \u092f\u0939 \u0905\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924\u094d\u0924\u092e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n <ul>\n <li>Repetitive calculation at very high speed without error or fatigue<\/span>\u0905\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0902\u0924 \u0924\u0940\u0935\u094d\u0930 \u0917\u0924\u093f \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u093e\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0917\u0923\u0928\u093e, \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0924\u094d\u0930\u0941\u091f\u093f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0925\u0915\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0947<\/span><\/li>\n <li>Storage and instant retrieval of very large record sets<\/span>\u0905\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0902\u0924 \u092c\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0932\u0947\u0916-\u0938\u092e\u0941\u091a\u094d\u091a\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u092d\u0902\u0921\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0924\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0915\u093e\u0932\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u094d\u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924\u093f<\/span><\/li>\n <li>Exact reproduction of a stored file any number of times<\/span>\u0938\u0902\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u092b\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0932 \u0915\u093e \u0915\u093f\u0924\u0928\u0940 \u092d\u0940 \u092c\u093e\u0930 \u092f\u0925\u093e\u0935\u0924\u094d \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u0941\u0924\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0928<\/span><\/li>\n <li>Following a defined procedure with perfect consistency<\/span>\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u093e \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0938\u0902\u0917\u0924\u093f \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u0930\u0923<\/span><\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"pc-panel con\">\n <div class=\"pc-head\">\u2717<\/span>What it cannot do<\/span>\u091c\u094b \u092f\u0939 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n <ul>\n <li>No intelligence of its own.<\/strong> A computer has no IQ<\/strong> \u2014 it does only what the program directs, and cannot depart from it<\/span>\u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u092c\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093f \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964<\/strong> \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u092c\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093f-\u0932\u092c\u094d\u0927\u093f \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902<\/strong> \u2014 \u0935\u0939 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0935\u0939\u0940 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0947, \u0909\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u091a\u0932\u093f\u0924 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e<\/span><\/li>\n <li>No feelings or value judgement.<\/strong> It cannot show empathy, encourage a discouraged child, or judge the worth of an outcome<\/span>\u0928 \u092d\u093e\u0935\u0928\u093e, \u0928 \u092e\u0942\u0932\u094d\u092f-\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0923\u092f\u0964<\/strong> \u092f\u0939 \u0938\u0939\u093e\u0928\u0941\u092d\u0942\u0924\u093f \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0926\u093f\u0916\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e, \u0939\u0924\u094b\u0924\u094d\u0938\u093e\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u092c\u093e\u0932\u0915 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0924\u094d\u0938\u093e\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e, \u0928 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e \u0915\u093e \u092e\u0942\u0932\u094d\u092f \u0906\u0901\u0915 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/li>\n <li>Cannot correct a wrong input.<\/strong> It has no way of recognising that the data itself is mistaken \u2014 the GIGO principle<\/span>\u0917\u093c\u0932\u0924 \u0928\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0936 \u0938\u0941\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e\u0964<\/strong> \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u0938 \u092f\u0939 \u092a\u0939\u091a\u093e\u0928\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u093e\u092f \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u093f \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u0917\u093c\u0932\u0924 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u2014 GIGO \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924<\/span><\/li>\n <li>Cannot learn from experience<\/strong> in the ordinary sense; it must be reprogrammed or, in modern systems, retrained on fresh data<\/span>\u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092d\u0935 \u0938\u0947 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0938\u0940\u0916 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e<\/strong>; \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0903\u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u092a\u0921\u093c\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0906\u0927\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u090f \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0903\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924<\/span><\/li>\n <li>Dependent on power and on maintenance<\/strong>, and vulnerable to hardware failure and to cyber attack<\/span>\u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u092a\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092d\u0930<\/strong>, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0939\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0921\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930-\u0935\u093f\u092b\u0932\u0924\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u093e\u0907\u092c\u0930 \u0906\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f \u0938\u0902\u0935\u0947\u0926\u0928\u0936\u0940\u0932<\/span><\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <h4>E. Landmarks in the history of computing<\/span>\u0919. \u0938\u0902\u0917\u0923\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0907\u0924\u093f\u0939\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u0940\u0932-\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0925\u0930<\/span><\/h4>\n\n <table class=\"data-table\">\n <thead>\n <tr>\n <th>Person or machine<\/span>\u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930<\/span><\/th>\n <th class=\"narrow\">Year<\/span>\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937<\/span><\/th>\n <th>Contribution<\/span>\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0926\u093e\u0928<\/span><\/th>\n <\/tr>\n <\/thead>\n <tbody>\n <tr><td>Abacus<\/span>\u0905\u092c\u0947\u0915\u0938<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td class=\"narrow\">c. 3000 BC<\/span>\u0932\u0917\u092d\u0917 3000 \u0908\u0938\u093e \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935<\/span><\/td><td>The earliest known calculating device<\/strong>, of Chinese origin; beads on rods.<\/span>\u091a\u0940\u0928\u0940 \u092e\u0942\u0932 \u0915\u093e \u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u091a\u0940\u0928\u0924\u092e \u0917\u0923\u0928\u093e-\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930<\/strong>; \u091b\u0921\u093c\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u092e\u0928\u0915\u0947\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>John Napier<\/span>\u091c\u0949\u0928 \u0928\u0947\u092a\u093f\u092f\u0930<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td class=\"narrow\">1617<\/td><td>Napier's Bones<\/strong>, a rod-based multiplication aid; also the inventor of logarithms.<\/span>\u0928\u0947\u092a\u093f\u092f\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901<\/strong>, \u091b\u0921\u093c-\u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0917\u0941\u0923\u0928-\u0938\u0939\u093e\u092f\u0915; \u0932\u0918\u0941\u0917\u0923\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u0906\u0935\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0915 \u092d\u0940\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>Blaise Pascal<\/span>\u092c\u094d\u0932\u0947\u091c\u093c \u092a\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0932<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td class=\"narrow\">1642<\/td><td>The Pascaline<\/strong> \u2014 the first mechanical adding machine.<\/span>\u092a\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0928<\/strong> \u2014 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0925\u092e \u092f\u093e\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c-\u092e\u0936\u0940\u0928\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>Gottfried Leibniz<\/span>\u0917\u0949\u091f\u092b\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0921 \u0932\u093e\u0907\u092c\u0928\u093f\u091c\u093c<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td class=\"narrow\">1671<\/td><td>The Stepped Reckoner<\/strong>, which could also multiply and divide; also formalised the binary system.<\/span>\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0947\u092a\u094d\u0921 \u0930\u0947\u0915\u0928\u0930<\/strong>, \u091c\u094b \u0917\u0941\u0923\u093e-\u092d\u093e\u0917 \u092d\u0940 \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0925\u093e; \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u092a\u0926\u094d\u0927\u0924\u093f \u0915\u094b \u0914\u092a\u091a\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092d\u0940 \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr style=\"background:#f3f8ff;\"><td>Charles Babbage<\/span>\u091a\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0932\u094d\u0938 \u092c\u0948\u092c\u0947\u091c<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td class=\"narrow\">1822 \/ 1837<\/td><td>The Difference Engine<\/strong> and then the Analytical Engine<\/strong>, which anticipated the modern stored-program computer. He is called the Father of the Computer<\/strong>.<\/span>\u0921\u093f\u092b\u093c\u0930\u0947\u0902\u0938 \u0907\u0902\u091c\u0928<\/strong> \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092b\u093f\u0930 \u090f\u0928\u093e\u0932\u093f\u091f\u093f\u0915\u0932 \u0907\u0902\u091c\u0928<\/strong>, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0928\u0947 \u0906\u0927\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093f\u0924-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a\u0928\u093e \u0915\u0940\u0964 \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u091c\u0928\u0915<\/strong> \u0915\u0939\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>Ada Lovelace<\/span>\u090f\u0921\u093e \u0932\u0935\u0932\u0947\u0938<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td class=\"narrow\">1843<\/td><td>Wrote the first algorithm intended for a machine; regarded as the first computer programmer<\/strong>.<\/span>\u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0925\u092e \u0915\u0932\u0928\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f \u0932\u093f\u0916\u0940; \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0925\u092e \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e\u0930<\/strong> \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>Herman Hollerith<\/span>\u0939\u0930\u092e\u0928 \u0939\u094b\u0932\u0947\u0930\u093f\u0925<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td class=\"narrow\">1890<\/td><td>Punched-card tabulating machine<\/strong> used for the US census; his company later became IBM<\/strong>.<\/span>\u0905\u092e\u0947\u0930\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u091c\u0928\u0917\u0923\u0928\u093e \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u091b\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924-\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0921 \u0938\u093e\u0930\u0923\u0940\u092f\u0928 \u092e\u0936\u0940\u0928<\/strong>; \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0940 \u0915\u0902\u092a\u0928\u0940 \u0906\u0917\u0947 \u091a\u0932\u0915\u0930 IBM<\/strong> \u092c\u0928\u0940\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>Alan Turing<\/span>\u090f\u0932\u0928 \u091f\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0930\u093f\u0902\u0917<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td class=\"narrow\">1936<\/td><td>The Turing machine<\/strong>, the theoretical model of computation; also called the Father of Artificial Intelligence<\/strong>.<\/span>\u091f\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0930\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u092e\u0936\u0940\u0928<\/strong>, \u0938\u0902\u0917\u0923\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0948\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u0942\u092a; \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092e \u092c\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093f\u092e\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0915\u093e \u091c\u0928\u0915<\/strong> \u092d\u0940 \u0915\u0939\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>John von Neumann<\/span>\u091c\u0949\u0928 \u0935\u0949\u0928 \u0928\u094d\u092f\u0942\u092e\u0928<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td class=\"narrow\">1945<\/td><td>The stored-program concept<\/strong> \u2014 instructions and data held in the same memory. Nearly every computer today follows von Neumann architecture<\/strong>.<\/span>\u0938\u0902\u091a\u093f\u0924-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e \u0905\u0935\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923\u093e<\/strong> \u2014 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u090f\u0915 \u0939\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u092e\u0943\u0924\u093f \u092e\u0947\u0902\u0964 \u0906\u091c \u0932\u0917\u092d\u0917 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u0935\u0949\u0928 \u0928\u094d\u092f\u0942\u092e\u0928 \u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0936\u093f\u0932\u094d\u092a<\/strong> \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr style=\"background:#f3f8ff;\"><td>ENIAC<\/strong><\/td><td class=\"narrow\">1946<\/td><td>The first general-purpose electronic digital computer<\/strong>, built by Eckert and Mauchly<\/strong>. UNIVAC-I (1951) was the first commercial computer.<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0925\u092e \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u0907\u0932\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u0902\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930<\/strong>, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u090f\u0915\u0930\u094d\u091f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092e\u093e\u0909\u0915\u094d\u0932\u0940<\/strong> \u0928\u0947 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u092f\u093e\u0964 UNIVAC-I (1951) \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0925\u092e \u0935\u093e\u0923\u093f\u091c\u094d\u092f\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u0925\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <\/tbody>\n <\/table>\n\n <div class=\"enrich-box\">\n India Focus \u2014 Firsts to memorise<\/span>\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924-\u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u2014 \u0915\u0902\u0920\u0938\u094d\u0925 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u092f\u094b\u0917\u094d\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0925\u092e<\/span><\/span>\n <ul class=\"split-list\">\n <li>1<\/span>HEC-2M<\/strong>, installed at the Indian Statistical Institute, Kolkata, in 1955<\/strong>, was the first computer in India.<\/span>HEC-2M<\/strong>, \u091c\u094b 1955 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0938\u093e\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928, \u0915\u094b\u0932\u0915\u093e\u0924\u093e<\/strong> \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0941\u0906, \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0925\u092e \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u0925\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n <li>2<\/span>TIFRAC<\/strong> \u2014 Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Automatic Calculator, 1960<\/strong> \u2014 was the first computer designed and built in India. The name was given by Jawaharlal Nehru.<\/span>TIFRAC<\/strong> \u2014 \u091f\u093e\u091f\u093e \u092e\u0942\u0932\u092d\u0942\u0924 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u0902\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u091a\u093e\u0932\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0915\u0932\u0915, 1960<\/strong> \u2014 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0925\u092e \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u0925\u093e\u0964 \u0928\u093e\u092e \u091c\u0935\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0932\u093e\u0932 \u0928\u0947\u0939\u0930\u0942 \u0928\u0947 \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n <li>3<\/span>PARAM 8000<\/strong>, released in 1991<\/strong> by C-DAC<\/strong> under Dr Vijay Bhatkar<\/strong>, was India's first indigenous supercomputer. Dr Bhatkar is called the Father of the Indian Supercomputer<\/strong>.<\/span>PARAM 8000<\/strong>, \u091c\u094b 1991<\/strong> \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0921\u0949. \u0935\u093f\u091c\u092f \u092d\u091f\u0915\u0930<\/strong> \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u0947\u0924\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u092e\u0947\u0902 C-DAC<\/strong> \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0939\u0941\u0906, \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0925\u092e \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0926\u0947\u0936\u0940 \u092e\u0939\u093e\u0938\u0902\u0917\u0923\u0915 \u0925\u093e\u0964 \u0921\u0949. \u092d\u091f\u0915\u0930 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u092e\u0939\u093e\u0938\u0902\u0917\u0923\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u091c\u0928\u0915<\/strong> \u0915\u0939\u0932\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n <li>4<\/span>The National Supercomputing Mission<\/strong> (2015) has since produced the PARAM<\/strong> series, and India's most powerful civilian systems include Pratyush<\/strong> and Mihir<\/strong>, used for weather and climate forecasting.<\/span>\u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u092e\u0939\u093e\u0938\u0902\u0917\u0923\u0928 \u092e\u093f\u0936\u0928<\/strong> (2015) \u0928\u0947 \u0924\u092c \u0938\u0947 PARAM<\/strong> \u0936\u0943\u0902\u0916\u0932\u093e \u0926\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0936\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0936\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0928\u093e\u0917\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0937<\/strong> \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092e\u093f\u0939\u093f\u0930<\/strong> \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u091c\u094b \u092e\u094c\u0938\u092e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u091c\u0932\u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0928\u0941\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n\n <hr class=\"section-divider\">\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d1-2\">\n 1.2<\/span>\n <h3>The Block Diagram of a Computer<\/span>\u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u092c\u094d\u0932\u0949\u0915 \u0906\u0930\u0947\u0916<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n \n The block diagram is the single most examinable picture in this chapter. It shows five functional units<\/strong> and, crucially, distinguishes the path along which data<\/strong> travels from the path along which control signals<\/strong> travel.<\/span>\n \u092c\u094d\u0932\u0949\u0915 \u0906\u0930\u0947\u0916 \u0907\u0938 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e-\u092f\u094b\u0917\u094d\u092f \u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u092a\u093e\u0901\u091a \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0907\u0915\u093e\u0907\u092f\u093e\u0901<\/strong> \u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930, \u091c\u094b \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0923\u093e\u092f\u0915 \u0939\u0948, \u0909\u0938 \u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0917 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u0943\u0925\u0915 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u0947<\/strong> \u091a\u0932\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0909\u0938 \u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0917 \u0938\u0947 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0923-\u0938\u0902\u0915\u0947\u0924<\/strong> \u091a\u0932\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span>\n <\/p>\n\n <svg class=\"full-diagram\" viewBox=\"0 0 700 300\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Block diagram of a computer\">\n <rect x=\"18\" y=\"120\" width=\"112\" height=\"58\" rx=\"8\" fill=\"#eefbf7\" stroke=\"#0d8f79\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\n <text x=\"74\" y=\"145\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"13\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#0d8f79\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">INPUT<\/text>\n <text x=\"74\" y=\"163\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10\" fill=\"#5a6d80\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">UNIT<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"192\" y=\"34\" width=\"316\" height=\"230\" rx=\"12\" fill=\"#f7fbff\" stroke=\"#1f5fa9\" stroke-width=\"2.5\" stroke-dasharray=\"6 4\"\/>\n <text x=\"350\" y=\"56\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"11.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\" letter-spacing=\"1.5\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"212\" y=\"70\" width=\"128\" height=\"52\" rx=\"8\" fill=\"#eef4fc\" stroke=\"#1f5fa9\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\n <text x=\"276\" y=\"92\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"12\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#14243f\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">CONTROL<\/text>\n <text x=\"276\" y=\"109\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10\" fill=\"#5a6d80\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">UNIT (CU)<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"360\" y=\"70\" width=\"128\" height=\"52\" rx=\"8\" fill=\"#eef4fc\" stroke=\"#1f5fa9\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\n <text x=\"424\" y=\"92\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"12\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#14243f\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">ALU<\/text>\n <text x=\"424\" y=\"109\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9.5\" fill=\"#5a6d80\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">ARITHMETIC & LOGIC<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"212\" y=\"176\" width=\"276\" height=\"60\" rx=\"8\" fill=\"#fffbf0\" stroke=\"#c9760f\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\n <text x=\"350\" y=\"200\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"12\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#c9760f\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">MEMORY UNIT<\/text>\n <text x=\"350\" y=\"219\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9.5\" fill=\"#5a6d80\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Registers \u00b7 Cache \u00b7 Primary Memory (RAM \/ ROM)<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"570\" y=\"120\" width=\"112\" height=\"58\" rx=\"8\" fill=\"#fdf0f5\" stroke=\"#8e2f5a\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\n <text x=\"626\" y=\"145\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"13\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#8e2f5a\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">OUTPUT<\/text>\n <text x=\"626\" y=\"163\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10\" fill=\"#5a6d80\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">UNIT<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"252\" y=\"264\" width=\"196\" height=\"30\" rx=\"7\" fill=\"#f3f6fb\" stroke=\"#14243f\" stroke-width=\"1.8\"\/>\n <text x=\"350\" y=\"284\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"11\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#14243f\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">SECONDARY STORAGE<\/text>\n\n <defs>\n <marker id=\"ah\" markerWidth=\"9\" markerHeight=\"9\" refX=\"8\" refY=\"3.2\" orient=\"auto\">\n <path d=\"M0,0 L0,6.4 L8,3.2 z\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\"\/>\n <\/marker>\n <marker id=\"ahg\" markerWidth=\"9\" markerHeight=\"9\" refX=\"8\" refY=\"3.2\" orient=\"auto\">\n <path d=\"M0,0 L0,6.4 L8,3.2 z\" fill=\"#8e2f5a\"\/>\n <\/marker>\n <\/defs>\n\n <line x1=\"130\" y1=\"149\" x2=\"205\" y2=\"149\" stroke=\"#1f5fa9\" stroke-width=\"2.4\" marker-end=\"url(#ah)\"\/>\n <line x1=\"495\" y1=\"149\" x2=\"566\" y2=\"149\" stroke=\"#8e2f5a\" stroke-width=\"2.4\" marker-end=\"url(#ahg)\"\/>\n <line x1=\"350\" y1=\"236\" x2=\"350\" y2=\"260\" stroke=\"#14243f\" stroke-width=\"2\" marker-end=\"url(#ah)\"\/>\n <line x1=\"340\" y1=\"96\" x2=\"356\" y2=\"96\" stroke=\"#1f5fa9\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" marker-end=\"url(#ah)\"\/>\n <line x1=\"276\" y1=\"122\" x2=\"276\" y2=\"172\" stroke=\"#c9760f\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-dasharray=\"5 4\" marker-end=\"url(#ah)\"\/>\n <line x1=\"424\" y1=\"122\" x2=\"424\" y2=\"172\" stroke=\"#c9760f\" stroke-width=\"2\" marker-end=\"url(#ah)\"\/>\n\n <line x1=\"530\" y1=\"40\" x2=\"556\" y2=\"40\" stroke=\"#1f5fa9\" stroke-width=\"2.4\"\/>\n <text x=\"562\" y=\"44\" font-size=\"9.5\" fill=\"#5a6d80\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Data flow<\/text>\n <line x1=\"530\" y1=\"58\" x2=\"556\" y2=\"58\" stroke=\"#c9760f\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-dasharray=\"5 4\"\/>\n <text x=\"562\" y=\"62\" font-size=\"9.5\" fill=\"#5a6d80\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Control flow<\/text>\n <\/svg>\n The five functional units. Everything inside the dashed boundary is the CPU.<\/span>\u092a\u093e\u0901\u091a \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0907\u0915\u093e\u0907\u092f\u093e\u0901\u0964 \u092c\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0941\u0930\u0947\u0916\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u092d\u0940\u0924\u0930 \u091c\u094b \u0915\u0941\u091b \u0939\u0948 \u0935\u0939 CPU \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n\n <div class=\"ladder\">\n <div class=\"rung\">\n <div class=\"rung-step\">1<\/span>In<\/span>\u092d\u0940\u0924\u0930<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n <div>\n <h5>Input Unit<\/span>\u0928\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0936 \u0907\u0915\u093e\u0908<\/span><\/h5>\n Accepts data and instructions from the outside world and converts them into the binary form<\/strong> the machine can process. Without this conversion the CPU could make no use of a keystroke or a scanned page.<\/span>\u092c\u093e\u0939\u094d\u092f \u091c\u0917\u0924\u094d \u0938\u0947 \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939\u0923 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u0938 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0924<\/strong> \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u092e\u0936\u0940\u0928 \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0947\u0964 \u0907\u0938 \u0930\u0942\u092a\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e CPU \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0915\u0941\u0902\u091c\u0940-\u0926\u093e\u092c \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0915\u0948\u0928 \u0915\u093f\u090f \u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"rung\">\n <div class=\"rung-step\">2<\/span>Direct<\/span>\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u0928<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n <div>\n <h5>Control Unit (CU)<\/span>\u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0923 \u0907\u0915\u093e\u0908 (CU)<\/span><\/h5>\n Directs and coordinates every other unit by issuing timing and control signals. It does not itself process any data<\/strong> \u2014 it is the traffic officer, not the vehicle. It fetches an instruction, decodes it, and tells the appropriate unit to act.<\/span>\u0938\u092e\u092f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0923 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0947\u0924 \u091c\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u0930\u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0907\u0915\u093e\u0908 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u092e\u0928\u094d\u0935\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940<\/strong> \u2014 \u092f\u0939 \u092f\u093e\u0924\u093e\u092f\u093e\u0924-\u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0935\u093e\u0939\u0928 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u0932\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u094b\u0921\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0907\u0915\u093e\u0908 \u0915\u094b \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"rung\">\n <div class=\"rung-step\">3<\/span>Compute<\/span>\u0938\u0902\u0917\u0923\u0928<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n <div>\n <h5>Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU)<\/span>\u0905\u0902\u0915\u0917\u0923\u093f\u0924 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0924\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0907\u0915\u093e\u0908 (ALU)<\/span><\/h5>\n Performs all arithmetic operations<\/strong> \u2014 addition, subtraction, multiplication, division \u2014 and all logical operations<\/strong> \u2014 comparison for greater than, less than or equal to, and the Boolean operations AND, OR and NOT. This is where the actual processing happens.<\/span>\u0938\u092e\u0938\u094d\u0924 \u0905\u0902\u0915\u0917\u0923\u093f\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0938\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u090f\u0901<\/strong> \u2014 \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c, \u0918\u091f\u093e\u0935, \u0917\u0941\u0923\u093e, \u092d\u093e\u0917 \u2014 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0938\u092e\u0938\u094d\u0924 \u0924\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0915\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u090f\u0901<\/strong> \u2014 \u092c\u0921\u093c\u093e, \u091b\u094b\u091f\u093e \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u092c\u0930\u093e\u092c\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0924\u0941\u0932\u0928\u093e, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092c\u0942\u0932\u0940\u092f \u0938\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u090f\u0901 AND, OR \u090f\u0935\u0902 NOT \u2014 \u092f\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u092f\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0918\u091f\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"rung\">\n <div class=\"rung-step\">4<\/span>Hold<\/span>\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n <div>\n <h5>Memory Unit<\/span>\u0938\u094d\u092e\u0943\u0924\u093f \u0907\u0915\u093e\u0908<\/span><\/h5>\n Holds the data awaiting processing, the instructions of the running program, and the intermediate and final results. Because instructions and data sit in the same<\/strong> memory, the machine is a stored-program computer<\/strong> \u2014 von Neumann's contribution.<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u0947, \u091a\u0932 \u0930\u0939\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0926\u0947\u0936, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0940 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u093f\u092e \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e \u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u091a\u0942\u0901\u0915\u093f \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u090f\u0915 \u0939\u0940<\/strong> \u0938\u094d\u092e\u0943\u0924\u093f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0930\u0939\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0905\u0924\u0903 \u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093f\u0924-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930<\/strong> \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u092f\u0939\u0940 \u0935\u0949\u0928 \u0928\u094d\u092f\u0942\u092e\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u092f\u094b\u0917\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"rung\">\n <div class=\"rung-step\">5<\/span>Out<\/span>\u092c\u093e\u0939\u0930<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n <div>\n <h5>Output Unit<\/span>\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0924 \u0907\u0915\u093e\u0908<\/span><\/h5>\n Converts the binary result back into a form a person can understand \u2014 characters on a screen, ink on paper, sound through a speaker. It performs the exact reverse of the input unit's conversion.<\/span>\u0926\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e \u0915\u094b \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0903 \u0910\u0938\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0938\u092e\u091d \u0938\u0915\u0947 \u2014 \u092a\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u0905\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0930, \u0915\u093e\u0917\u091c\u093c \u092a\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0939\u0940, \u0935\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u0927\u094d\u0935\u0928\u093f\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0928\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0936 \u0907\u0915\u093e\u0908 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u093e \u0920\u0940\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u092a\u0930\u0940\u0924 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"exam-tip\">\n <div class=\"et-icon\">\ud83c\udfaf<\/div>\n <div class=\"et-body\">\n Three statements the examiner tests.<\/strong> (1)<\/strong> The CPU consists of the CU, the ALU and the registers<\/strong> \u2014 the memory unit shown in the diagram includes the registers, which are inside the CPU, while RAM sits outside it on the motherboard. (2)<\/strong> The ALU processes, the CU controls<\/strong>; a question asking \"which unit performs comparison\" is answered by ALU, and \"which unit coordinates\" by CU. (3)<\/strong> Input and output units together are called peripheral devices<\/strong>, and the combination of the CU and the ALU is sometimes called the processor proper<\/strong>.<\/span>\n \u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0924\u0940\u0928 \u0915\u0925\u0928 \u092a\u0930\u0916\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/strong> (1)<\/strong> CPU \u092e\u0947\u0902 CU, ALU \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0930\u091c\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0930<\/strong> \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u2014 \u0906\u0930\u0947\u0916 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u092e\u0943\u0924\u093f \u0907\u0915\u093e\u0908 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u0947 \u0930\u091c\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0930 \u0938\u092e\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0932\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u091c\u094b CPU \u0915\u0947 \u092d\u0940\u0924\u0930 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u091c\u092c\u0915\u093f RAM \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0939\u0930 \u092e\u0926\u0930\u092c\u094b\u0930\u094d\u0921 \u092a\u0930 \u0930\u0939\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 (2)<\/strong> ALU \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, CU \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0923<\/strong>; \"\u0915\u094c\u0928-\u0938\u0940 \u0907\u0915\u093e\u0908 \u0924\u0941\u0932\u0928\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\" \u0915\u093e \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 ALU \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u0925\u093e \"\u0915\u094c\u0928-\u0938\u0940 \u0907\u0915\u093e\u0908 \u0938\u092e\u0928\u094d\u0935\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\" \u0915\u093e CU\u0964 (3)<\/strong> \u0928\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0936 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0924 \u0907\u0915\u093e\u0907\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0915\u0930 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0927\u0940\u092f \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923<\/strong> \u0915\u0939\u0932\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0924\u0925\u093e CU \u090f\u0935\u0902 ALU \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u0915\u094b \u0915\u092d\u0940-\u0915\u092d\u0940 \u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0938\u0947\u0938\u0930<\/strong> \u0915\u0939\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <hr class=\"section-divider\">\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d1-3\">\n 1.3<\/span>\n <h3>Generations of Computers<\/span>\u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0940\u0922\u093c\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n \n A generation<\/strong> of computers is defined by the switching technology<\/strong> used to build the processor. Each change of switching device brought a sharp fall in size, cost and power consumption and a sharp rise in speed and reliability.<\/span>\n \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0940\u0922\u093c\u0940<\/strong> \u0909\u0938 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u093f\u091a\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u0940<\/strong> \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0938\u0947\u0938\u0930 \u092c\u0928\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0964 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u093f\u091a\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u0928\u0947 \u0906\u0915\u093e\u0930, \u0932\u093e\u0917\u0924 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924-\u0916\u092a\u0924 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0924\u0940\u0935\u094d\u0930 \u0917\u093f\u0930\u093e\u0935\u091f \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0917\u0924\u093f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0935\u0938\u0928\u0940\u092f\u0924\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0924\u0940\u0935\u094d\u0930 \u0935\u0943\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093f \u0926\u0940\u0964<\/span>\n <\/p>\n\n <table class=\"data-table\">\n <thead>\n <tr>\n <th class=\"narrow\">Gen<\/span>\u092a\u0940\u0922\u093c\u0940<\/span><\/th>\n <th class=\"narrow\">Period<\/span>\u0915\u093e\u0932<\/span><\/th>\n <th>Switching technology<\/span>\u0938\u094d\u0935\u093f\u091a\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u0940<\/span><\/th>\n <th>Language and features<\/span>\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937\u0924\u093e\u090f\u0901<\/span><\/th>\n <th>Examples<\/span>\u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923<\/span><\/th>\n <\/tr>\n <\/thead>\n <tbody>\n <tr>\n <td class=\"narrow\">1<\/strong><\/td>\n <td class=\"narrow\">1940\u20131956<\/td>\n <td>Vacuum tube<\/span>\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0924 \u0928\u0932\u093f\u0915\u093e<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n <td>Machine language<\/strong> only. Huge, generated great heat, very unreliable; used punched cards and magnetic drums.<\/span>\u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u092e\u0936\u0940\u0928\u0940 \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e<\/strong>\u0964 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u093e\u0932\u0915\u093e\u092f, \u0905\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e, \u0905\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0902\u0924 \u0905\u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0935\u0938\u0928\u0940\u092f; \u091b\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0921 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u091a\u0941\u0902\u092c\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0921\u094d\u0930\u092e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <td>ENIAC, EDVAC, EDSAC, UNIVAC-I, IBM 701<\/span>ENIAC, EDVAC, EDSAC, UNIVAC-I, IBM 701<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td class=\"narrow\">2<\/strong><\/td>\n <td class=\"narrow\">1956\u20131963<\/td>\n <td>Transistor<\/span>\u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0902\u091c\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0930<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n <td>Assembly language<\/strong> and the first high-level languages, FORTRAN and COBOL<\/strong>. Smaller, faster, cheaper; magnetic core memory and magnetic tape.<\/span>\u0905\u0938\u0947\u0902\u092c\u0932\u0940 \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e<\/strong> \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0925\u092e \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a-\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930\u0940\u092f \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u2014 \u092b\u093c\u094b\u0930\u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0915\u094b\u092c\u094b\u0932<\/strong>\u0964 \u091b\u094b\u091f\u0947, \u0924\u0940\u0935\u094d\u0930, \u0938\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0947; \u091a\u0941\u0902\u092c\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0915\u094b\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u092e\u0943\u0924\u093f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u091a\u0941\u0902\u092c\u0915\u0940\u092f \u091f\u0947\u092a\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <td>IBM 1401, IBM 7094, CDC 3600, Honeywell 400<\/span>IBM 1401, IBM 7094, CDC 3600, Honeywell 400<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td class=\"narrow\">3<\/strong><\/td>\n <td class=\"narrow\">1964\u20131971<\/td>\n <td>Integrated Circuit (IC)<\/span>\u090f\u0915\u0940\u0915\u0943\u0924 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092a\u0925 (IC)<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n <td>High-level languages such as BASIC and PASCAL<\/strong>. Keyboard and monitor<\/strong> replaced punched cards; operating systems and multiprogramming appeared.<\/span>\u092c\u0947\u0938\u093f\u0915 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0932<\/strong> \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0940 \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a-\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930\u0940\u092f \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e\u090f\u0901\u0964 \u091b\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0921\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u0941\u0902\u091c\u0940\u092a\u091f\u0932 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092e\u0949\u0928\u093f\u091f\u0930<\/strong>; \u092a\u094d\u0930\u091a\u093e\u0932\u0928 \u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092c\u0939\u0941-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e\u0928 \u0906\u090f\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <td>IBM System\/360, IBM 370, PDP-8, ICL 2900<\/span>IBM System\/360, IBM 370, PDP-8, ICL 2900<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td class=\"narrow\">4<\/strong><\/td>\n <td class=\"narrow\">1971\u2013present<\/span>1971\u2013\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u092e\u093e\u0928<\/span><\/td>\n <td>Microprocessor (LSI \/ VLSI)<\/span>\u092e\u093e\u0907\u0915\u094d\u0930\u094b\u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0938\u0947\u0938\u0930 (LSI \/ VLSI)<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n <td>C, C++, Java<\/strong>; the graphical user interface<\/strong>, the personal computer, networks and the internet. An entire CPU on a single chip.<\/span>C, C++, \u091c\u093e\u0935\u093e<\/strong>; \u0906\u0932\u0947\u0916\u0940\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u092b\u093c\u0947\u0938<\/strong>, \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0917\u0924 \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930, \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u0928\u0947\u091f\u0964 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 CPU \u090f\u0915 \u0939\u0940 \u091a\u093f\u092a \u092a\u0930\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <td>IBM PC, Apple Macintosh, CRAY-1, PARAM<\/span>IBM PC, \u090f\u092a\u094d\u092a\u0932 \u092e\u0948\u0915\u093f\u0928\u091f\u0949\u0936, CRAY-1, \u092a\u0930\u092e<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr style=\"background:#f3f8ff;\">\n <td class=\"narrow\">5<\/strong><\/td>\n <td class=\"narrow\">Present onward<\/span>\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0906\u0917\u0947<\/span><\/td>\n <td>ULSI, parallel processing, AI<\/span>ULSI, \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0930\u0923, AI<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n <td>Artificial intelligence<\/strong>, natural-language processing, expert systems, robotics; languages such as Prolog, LISP and Python<\/strong>. Quantum computing is the emerging frontier.<\/span>\u0915\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092e \u092c\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093f\u092e\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093e<\/strong>, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f\u0915-\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0930\u0923, \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937\u091c\u094d\u091e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901, \u0930\u094b\u092c\u094b\u091f\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0938; \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0932\u0949\u0917, \u0932\u093f\u0938\u094d\u092a \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u093e\u092f\u0925\u0928<\/strong> \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0940 \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e\u090f\u0901\u0964 \u0915\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0902\u091f\u092e \u0938\u0902\u0917\u0923\u0928 \u0909\u092d\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <td>IBM Watson, PARAM Siddhi-AI, modern AI systems<\/span>IBM \u0935\u0949\u091f\u0938\u0928, \u092a\u0930\u092e \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093f-AI, \u0906\u0927\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0915 AI \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <\/tbody>\n <\/table>\n\n <div class=\"callout teal\">\n <div class=\"callout-label\">\ud83d\udd2c The three inventions behind the generations<\/span>\ud83d\udd2c \u092a\u0940\u0922\u093c\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0940\u091b\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0924\u0940\u0928 \u0906\u0935\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0915\u093e\u0930<\/span><\/div>\n <ul class=\"split-list\" style=\"margin-top:4px;\">\n <li>1<\/span>The transistor<\/strong> was invented at Bell Laboratories in 1947<\/strong> by Bardeen, Brattain and Shockley<\/strong>, for which they received the Nobel Prize in Physics.<\/span>\u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0902\u091c\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0930<\/strong> \u0915\u093e \u0906\u0935\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0915\u093e\u0930 1947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0947\u0932 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0936\u093e\u0932\u093e<\/strong> \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0921\u0940\u0928, \u092c\u094d\u0930\u0948\u091f\u0947\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0936\u0949\u0915\u094d\u0932\u0947<\/strong> \u0928\u0947 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u092d\u094c\u0924\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u094b\u092c\u0947\u0932 \u092a\u0941\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n <li>2<\/span>The integrated circuit<\/strong> was invented in 1958 by Jack Kilby<\/strong> of Texas Instruments, with Robert Noyce developing it independently. An IC packs many transistors on one silicon chip.<\/span>\u090f\u0915\u0940\u0915\u0943\u0924 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092a\u0925<\/strong> \u0915\u093e \u0906\u0935\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0915\u093e\u0930 1958 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091f\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0938\u093e\u0938 \u0907\u0902\u0938\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0942\u092e\u0947\u0902\u091f\u094d\u0938 \u0915\u0947 \u091c\u0948\u0915 \u0915\u093f\u0932\u094d\u092c\u0940<\/strong> \u0928\u0947 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0930\u0949\u092c\u0930\u094d\u091f \u0928\u0949\u092f\u0938 \u0928\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0964 IC \u090f\u0915 \u0939\u0940 \u0938\u093f\u0932\u093f\u0915\u0949\u0928 \u091a\u093f\u092a \u092a\u0930 \u0905\u0928\u0947\u0915 \u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0902\u091c\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0930 \u0930\u0916\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n <li>3<\/span>The microprocessor<\/strong> arrived in 1971<\/strong> with the Intel 4004<\/strong>, designed by Ted Hoff<\/strong> \u2014 a 4-bit chip that put an entire CPU on one piece of silicon and began the fourth generation.<\/span>\u092e\u093e\u0907\u0915\u094d\u0930\u094b\u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0938\u0947\u0938\u0930<\/strong> 1971<\/strong> \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0907\u0902\u091f\u0947\u0932 4004<\/strong> \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0906\u092f\u093e, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u091f\u0947\u0921 \u0939\u0949\u092b\u093c<\/strong> \u0928\u0947 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u2014 4-\u092c\u093f\u091f \u091a\u093f\u092a \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 CPU \u0915\u094b \u0938\u093f\u0932\u093f\u0915\u0949\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u090f\u0915 \u091f\u0941\u0915\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u0930\u0916\u0915\u0930 \u091a\u094c\u0925\u0940 \u092a\u0940\u0922\u093c\u0940 \u0906\u0930\u0902\u092d \u0915\u0940\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n <li>4<\/span>Integration scales, in order: SSI<\/strong> (small-scale, tens of transistors) \u2192 MSI<\/strong> (medium, hundreds) \u2192 LSI<\/strong> (large, thousands) \u2192 VLSI<\/strong> (very large, lakhs) \u2192 ULSI<\/strong> (ultra large, crores).<\/span>\u090f\u0915\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930, \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u092e\u0947\u0902: SSI<\/strong> (\u0932\u0918\u0941, \u0926\u0938\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0902\u091c\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0930) \u2192 MSI<\/strong> (\u092e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e, \u0938\u0948\u0915\u0921\u093c\u094b\u0902) \u2192 LSI<\/strong> (\u0935\u0943\u0939\u0924\u094d, \u0939\u091c\u093c\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902) \u2192 VLSI<\/strong> (\u0905\u0924\u093f \u0935\u0943\u0939\u0924\u094d, \u0932\u093e\u0916\u094b\u0902) \u2192 ULSI<\/strong> (\u0905\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0902\u0924 \u0935\u0943\u0939\u0924\u094d, \u0915\u0930\u094b\u0921\u093c\u094b\u0902)\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"mcq-box\">\n <div class=\"mcq-title\">\n Practice<\/span>\u0905\u092d\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938<\/span><\/span>\n Questions on history and generations<\/span>\u0907\u0924\u093f\u0939\u093e\u0938 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u0940\u0922\u093c\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928<\/span><\/span>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"mcq-note\">Objective questions in the pattern of the examination. Click to reveal the answer and its explanation.<\/span>\u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u0930 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928\u0964 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0916\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u094d\u0932\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u0940\u091c\u093f\u090f\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <details class=\"mcq-q\">\n <summary>1<\/span>Which one of the following technologies characterises the third generation of computers?<\/span><\/summary>\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\n <li>(a) Vacuum tube<\/li>\n <li>(b) Transistor<\/li>\n <li>(c) Integrated Circuit<\/li>\n <li>(d) Microprocessor<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\">(c) Integrated Circuit<\/b> The sequence is fixed and must be memorised in order: vacuum tube (first), transistor (second), IC (third), microprocessor (fourth), ULSI with artificial intelligence (fifth).<\/span>\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u0928\u093f\u0936\u094d\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0938\u0940 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u0902\u0920\u0938\u094d\u0925 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f: \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0924 \u0928\u0932\u093f\u0915\u093e (\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0925\u092e), \u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0902\u091c\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0930 (\u0926\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0924\u0940\u092f), IC (\u0924\u0943\u0924\u0940\u092f), \u092e\u093e\u0907\u0915\u094d\u0930\u094b\u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0938\u0947\u0938\u0930 (\u091a\u0924\u0941\u0930\u094d\u0925), \u0915\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092e \u092c\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093f\u092e\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0938\u0939\u093f\u0924 ULSI (\u092a\u0902\u091a\u092e)\u0964<\/span>\u00a71.3<\/span><\/div>\n <\/details>\n <details class=\"mcq-q\">\n <summary>2<\/span>Charles Babbage is known as the Father of the Computer chiefly because of which machine?<\/span><\/summary>\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\n <li>(a) Pascaline<\/li>\n <li>(b) Analytical Engine<\/li>\n <li>(c) Napier's Bones<\/li>\n <li>(d) Tabulating Machine<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\">(b) Analytical Engine<\/b> The Analytical Engine (1837) contained a mill, a store, a control unit and an input\u2013output arrangement, which correspond to the ALU, memory, control unit and peripherals of a modern computer. The Pascaline belongs to Pascal, Napier's Bones to Napier, and the Tabulating Machine to Hollerith.<\/span>\u090f\u0928\u093e\u0932\u093f\u091f\u093f\u0915\u0932 \u0907\u0902\u091c\u0928 (1837) \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u093f\u0932, \u0938\u094d\u091f\u094b\u0930, \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0923 \u0907\u0915\u093e\u0908 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0936-\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0924 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u0925\u0940, \u091c\u094b \u0906\u0927\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u0915\u0947 ALU, \u0938\u094d\u092e\u0943\u0924\u093f, \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0923 \u0907\u0915\u093e\u0908 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0927\u0940\u092f \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0924\u0941\u0932\u094d\u092f \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u092a\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u092a\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0932 \u0915\u0940, \u0928\u0947\u092a\u093f\u092f\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u0928\u0947\u092a\u093f\u092f\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0938\u093e\u0930\u0923\u0940\u092f\u0928 \u092e\u0936\u0940\u0928 \u0939\u094b\u0932\u0947\u0930\u093f\u0925 \u0915\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\u00a71.1 E<\/span><\/div>\n <\/details>\n <details class=\"mcq-q\">\n <summary>3<\/span>The principle that a computer cannot detect an error in the data supplied to it is best expressed as:<\/span><\/summary>\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\n <li>(a) GIGO<\/li>\n <li>(b) FIFO<\/li>\n <li>(c) LIFO<\/li>\n <li>(d) WYSIWYG<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\">(a) GIGO<\/b> Garbage In, Garbage Out. FIFO and LIFO describe queue and stack ordering; WYSIWYG \u2014 What You See Is What You Get \u2014 describes an editor in which the screen display matches the printed output.<\/span>\u0915\u091a\u0930\u093e \u092d\u0940\u0924\u0930, \u0915\u091a\u0930\u093e \u092c\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0964 FIFO \u090f\u0935\u0902 LIFO \u092a\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0922\u0947\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u092c\u0924\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902; WYSIWYG \u0910\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0915 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0923\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u0928 \u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0924 \u0938\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0932 \u0916\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\u00a71.1 A<\/span><\/div>\n <\/details>\n <details class=\"mcq-q\">\n <summary>4<\/span>India's first indigenously developed supercomputer was:<\/span><\/summary>\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\n <li>(a) TIFRAC<\/li>\n <li>(b) HEC-2M<\/li>\n <li>(c) PARAM 8000<\/li>\n <li>(d) Pratyush<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\">(c) PARAM 8000<\/b> Released in 1991 by C-DAC under Dr Vijay Bhatkar. HEC-2M (1955) was the first computer in India but was imported; TIFRAC (1960) was the first computer designed and built in India but was not a supercomputer; Pratyush is a much later weather-forecasting system.<\/span>1991 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0921\u0949. \u0935\u093f\u091c\u092f \u092d\u091f\u0915\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u0947\u0924\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u092e\u0947\u0902 C-DAC \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0930\u0940\u0964 HEC-2M (1955) \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0925\u092e \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u0925\u093e \u0915\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0941 \u0906\u092f\u093e\u0924\u093f\u0924; TIFRAC (1960) \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0925\u092e \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u0925\u093e \u0915\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0941 \u092e\u0939\u093e\u0938\u0902\u0917\u0923\u0915 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902; \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0937 \u092c\u0939\u0941\u0924 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u0915\u0940 \u092e\u094c\u0938\u092e-\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0928\u0941\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\u00a71.1 E<\/span><\/div>\n <\/details>\n <\/div>\n\n <hr class=\"section-divider\">\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d1-4\">\n 1.4<\/span>\n <h3>Classification of Computers<\/span>\u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n \n Computers are classified along three independent lines<\/strong>: by the kind of data handled, by the purpose served, and by size and processing capacity. A single machine carries one label from each line \u2014 a school laboratory desktop is a digital, general-purpose, microcomputer<\/em>.<\/span>\n \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0924\u0940\u0928 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902<\/strong> \u092a\u0930 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948: \u0938\u0902\u092d\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u0947, \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0915\u093f\u090f \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u0938\u0947, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0906\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0930\u0923-\u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e\u0924\u093e \u0938\u0947\u0964 \u090f\u0915 \u0939\u0940 \u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u0947 \u090f\u0915 \u0928\u093e\u092e \u0932\u0917\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0936\u093e\u0932\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0921\u0947\u0938\u094d\u0915\u091f\u0949\u092a \u0905\u0902\u0915\u0940\u092f, \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928, \u092e\u093e\u0907\u0915\u094d\u0930\u094b \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930<\/em> \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\n <\/p>\n\n <h4>A. By the type of data handled<\/span>\u0915. \u0938\u0902\u092d\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u0947<\/span><\/h4>\n\n <div class=\"domain-grid\">\n <div class=\"domain-card cog\">\n <div class=\"dm-icon\">\u3030\ufe0f<\/div>\n Continuous<\/span>\u0938\u0924\u0924<\/span><\/span>\n <h5>Analog Computer<\/span>\u090f\u0928\u093e\u0932\u0949\u0917 \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930<\/span><\/h5>\n Works on continuously varying physical quantities<\/strong> \u2014 voltage, pressure, temperature. It measures rather than counts, so it gives approximate results.<\/span>\u0938\u0924\u0924 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0924\u0940 \u092d\u094c\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0930\u093e\u0936\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902<\/strong> \u2014 \u0935\u094b\u0932\u094d\u091f\u0924\u093e, \u0926\u093e\u092c, \u0924\u093e\u092a \u2014 \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0917\u093f\u0928\u0924\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u092e\u093e\u092a\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0905\u0924\u0903 \u0938\u0928\u094d\u0928\u093f\u0915\u091f \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n <div class=\"dm-levels\">Speedometer \u00b7 thermometer \u00b7 analog voltmeter<\/span>\u0917\u0924\u093f-\u092e\u093e\u092a\u0940 \u00b7 \u0924\u093e\u092a\u092e\u093e\u092a\u0940 \u00b7 \u090f\u0928\u093e\u0932\u0949\u0917 \u0935\u094b\u0932\u094d\u091f\u092e\u093e\u092a\u0940<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"domain-card aff\">\n <div class=\"dm-icon\">0\ufe0f\u20e3<\/div>\n Discrete<\/span>\u0905\u0938\u0924\u0924<\/span><\/span>\n <h5>Digital Computer<\/span>\u0905\u0902\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930<\/span><\/h5>\n Works on discrete binary digits, 0 and 1<\/strong>. It counts rather than measures, so results are exact. Almost every computer in ordinary use is digital.<\/span>\u0905\u0938\u0924\u0924 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0905\u0902\u0915\u094b\u0902, 0 \u090f\u0935\u0902 1<\/strong> \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u092e\u093e\u092a\u0924\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0917\u093f\u0928\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0905\u0924\u0903 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e \u092f\u0925\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u093e \u0932\u0917\u092d\u0917 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u0905\u0902\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n <div class=\"dm-levels\">Desktop \u00b7 laptop \u00b7 smartphone \u00b7 server<\/span>\u0921\u0947\u0938\u094d\u0915\u091f\u0949\u092a \u00b7 \u0932\u0948\u092a\u091f\u0949\u092a \u00b7 \u0938\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u091f\u092b\u093c\u094b\u0928 \u00b7 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0930<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"domain-card psy\">\n <div class=\"dm-icon\">\ud83d\udd00<\/div>\n Both<\/span>\u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902<\/span><\/span>\n <h5>Hybrid Computer<\/span>\u0938\u0902\u0915\u0930 \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930<\/span><\/h5>\n Combines both: it measures an analog quantity and converts it to digital<\/strong> form for processing. Widely used in medicine and in process control.<\/span>\u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948: \u092f\u0939 \u090f\u0928\u093e\u0932\u0949\u0917 \u0930\u093e\u0936\u093f \u092e\u093e\u092a\u0915\u0930 \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0905\u0902\u0915\u0940\u092f<\/strong> \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u091a\u093f\u0915\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0938\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e-\u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0923 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n <div class=\"dm-levels\">ECG and ultrasound machines \u00b7 petrol pumps<\/span>ECG \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0905\u0932\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0938\u093e\u0909\u0902\u0921 \u092e\u0936\u0940\u0928\u0947\u0902 \u00b7 \u092a\u0947\u091f\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0932 \u092a\u0902\u092a<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <h4>B. By purpose<\/span>\u0916. \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u0938\u0947<\/span><\/h4>\n\n <div class=\"vs-compare\">\n <div class=\"vs-side left\">\n Type 1<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 1<\/span><\/span>\n <h5>General-purpose computer<\/span>\u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930<\/span><\/h5>\n <ul>\n <li>Designed to perform a wide variety of tasks<\/strong>, the task being fixed by the software loaded.<\/span>\u0935\u093f\u0935\u093f\u0927 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f<\/strong> \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a\u093f\u0924, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0932\u094b\u0921 \u0915\u093f\u090f \u0917\u090f \u0938\u0949\u092b\u093c\u094d\u091f\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u0938\u0947 \u0924\u092f \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n <li>Flexible, but less efficient<\/strong> at any single task than a machine built for it.<\/span>\u0932\u091a\u0940\u0932\u093e, \u0915\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u090f\u0915 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u0938 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u092c\u0928\u0947 \u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u092e \u0926\u0915\u094d\u0937<\/strong>\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n <li>Examples:<\/em> the school office desktop, a laptop, a tablet.<\/span>\u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923:<\/em> \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0915\u093e \u0921\u0947\u0938\u094d\u0915\u091f\u0949\u092a, \u0932\u0948\u092a\u091f\u0949\u092a, \u091f\u0948\u092c\u0932\u0947\u091f\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"vs-mid\">VS<\/div>\n <div class=\"vs-side right\">\n Type 2<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 2<\/span><\/span>\n <h5>Special-purpose computer<\/span>\u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930<\/span><\/h5>\n <ul>\n <li>Built for one defined task<\/strong>, with the program often permanently written into the hardware.<\/span>\u090f\u0915 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f<\/strong> \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0924, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092f\u0903 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092f\u0940 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0939\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0921\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0932\u093f\u0916\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n <li>Highly efficient at that task but cannot be turned to another<\/strong>.<\/span>\u0909\u0938 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0926\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0915\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0941 \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0932\u0917\u093e\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e<\/strong>\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n <li>Examples:<\/em> a washing-machine controller, a traffic-signal controller, an ATM, an aircraft autopilot. These are embedded systems<\/strong>.<\/span>\u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923:<\/em> \u0927\u0941\u0932\u093e\u0908-\u092e\u0936\u0940\u0928 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0915, \u092f\u093e\u0924\u093e\u092f\u093e\u0924-\u0938\u0902\u0915\u0947\u0924 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0915, ATM, \u0935\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0935\u091a\u093e\u0932\u093f\u0924 \u091a\u093e\u0932\u0915\u0964 \u092f\u0947 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0903\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901<\/strong> \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <h4>C. By size and processing capacity<\/span>\u0917. \u0906\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0930\u0923-\u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e\u0924\u093e \u0938\u0947<\/span><\/h4>\n\n <div class=\"ladder\">\n <div class=\"rung\">\n <div class=\"rung-step\">1<\/span>Largest<\/span>\u0935\u0943\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0924\u092e<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n <div>\n <h5>Supercomputer<\/span>\u092e\u0939\u093e\u0938\u0902\u0917\u0923\u0915<\/span><\/h5>\n The fastest and most expensive<\/strong> class, built for problems requiring enormous calculation. Uses parallel processing<\/strong> across thousands of processors and is rated in FLOPS<\/strong> \u2014 today in petaflops and exaflops.<\/span>\u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0924\u0940\u0935\u094d\u0930 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092e\u0939\u0901\u0917\u093e<\/strong> \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0917, \u091c\u094b \u0905\u092a\u093e\u0930 \u0917\u0923\u0928\u093e \u092e\u093e\u0901\u0917\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0938\u092e\u0938\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u092c\u0928\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0939\u091c\u093c\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0938\u0947\u0938\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0930\u0923<\/strong> \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0924\u0925\u093e FLOPS<\/strong> \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0906\u0901\u0915\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u0906\u091c \u092a\u0947\u091f\u093e\u092b\u093c\u094d\u0932\u0949\u092a \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u090f\u0915\u094d\u0938\u093e\u092b\u093c\u094d\u0932\u0949\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n <div class=\"rung-eg\">Uses and examples<\/span>\u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923<\/span><\/b>Weather and climate forecasting, nuclear and space research, molecular modelling, seismic analysis. Indian:<\/em> PARAM series, Pratyush, Mihir, AIRAWAT. Foreign:<\/em> Frontier, Fugaku.<\/span>\u092e\u094c\u0938\u092e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u091c\u0932\u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0928\u0941\u092e\u093e\u0928, \u0928\u093e\u092d\u093f\u0915\u0940\u092f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u0902\u0927\u093e\u0928, \u0906\u0923\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u0942\u092a\u0923, \u092d\u0942\u0915\u0902\u092a\u0940\u092f \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0937\u0923\u0964 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f:<\/em> \u092a\u0930\u092e \u0936\u0943\u0902\u0916\u0932\u093e, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0937, \u092e\u093f\u0939\u093f\u0930, \u0910\u0930\u093e\u0935\u0924\u0964 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u0947\u0936\u0940:<\/em> \u092b\u094d\u0930\u0902\u091f\u093f\u092f\u0930, \u092b\u0941\u0917\u093e\u0915\u0941\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"rung\">\n <div class=\"rung-step\">2<\/span>Large<\/span>\u0935\u0943\u0939\u0924\u094d<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n <div>\n <h5>Mainframe Computer<\/span>\u092e\u0947\u0928\u092b\u093c\u094d\u0930\u0947\u092e \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930<\/span><\/h5>\n A large machine supporting hundreds or thousands of simultaneous users<\/strong> through terminals. Its strength is not raw speed but reliability, security and the volume of transactions<\/strong> it can process without failure.<\/span>\u092c\u0921\u093c\u093e \u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u091c\u094b \u091f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0928\u0932\u094b\u0902 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0938\u0948\u0915\u0921\u093c\u094b\u0902 \u092f\u093e \u0939\u091c\u093c\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0913\u0902<\/strong> \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0939\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u0936\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0915\u091a\u094d\u091a\u0940 \u0917\u0924\u093f \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0905\u092a\u093f\u0924\u0941 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0935\u0938\u0928\u0940\u092f\u0924\u093e, \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0932\u0947\u0928-\u0926\u0947\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u0935\u0939 \u092e\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093e<\/strong> \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u092f\u0939 \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0935\u093f\u092b\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0938\u0902\u0938\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0947\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n <div class=\"rung-eg\">Uses and examples<\/span>\u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923<\/span><\/b>Banking, railway reservation, insurance, census, large public examination processing. Example:<\/em> the IBM z-series.<\/span>\u092c\u0948\u0902\u0915\u093f\u0902\u0917, \u0930\u0947\u0932\u0935\u0947 \u0906\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923, \u092c\u0940\u092e\u093e, \u091c\u0928\u0917\u0923\u0928\u093e, \u092c\u0921\u093c\u0940 \u0938\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0935\u091c\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0930\u0923\u0964 \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923:<\/em> IBM z-\u0936\u0943\u0902\u0916\u0932\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"rung\">\n <div class=\"rung-step\">3<\/span>Medium<\/span>\u092e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n <div>\n <h5>Minicomputer<\/span>\u092e\u093f\u0928\u0940 \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930<\/span><\/h5>\n A mid-range machine, smaller than a mainframe but serving several dozen users<\/strong>. Now largely displaced by powerful servers and often called a midrange system<\/strong>.<\/span>\u092e\u0927\u094d\u092f-\u0936\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0923\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930, \u092e\u0947\u0928\u092b\u093c\u094d\u0930\u0947\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u091b\u094b\u091f\u093e \u0915\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u0908 \u0926\u0930\u094d\u091c\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0913\u0902<\/strong> \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e\u0964 \u0905\u092c \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0902\u0936\u0924\u0903 \u0936\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0936\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0928\u0947 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928 \u0932\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0907\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092f\u0903 \u092e\u093f\u0921\u0930\u0947\u0902\u091c \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940<\/strong> \u0915\u0939\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n <div class=\"rung-eg\">Uses and examples<\/span>\u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923<\/span><\/b>Departmental processing in a factory, a university or a hospital. Example:<\/em> the PDP-11 series.<\/span>\u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0916\u093e\u0928\u0947, \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0935\u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u091a\u093f\u0915\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0938\u093e\u0932\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0917\u0940\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0930\u0923\u0964 \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923:<\/em> PDP-11 \u0936\u0943\u0902\u0916\u0932\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"rung\">\n <div class=\"rung-step\">4<\/span>Small<\/span>\u0932\u0918\u0941<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n <div>\n <h5>Microcomputer<\/span>\u092e\u093e\u0907\u0915\u094d\u0930\u094b \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930<\/span><\/h5>\n Any computer built round a single microprocessor<\/strong> and intended for one user at a time \u2014 hence the alternative name personal computer<\/strong>. This is the class found in every school.<\/span>\u0915\u094b\u0908 \u092d\u0940 \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u091c\u094b \u090f\u0915\u0932 \u092e\u093e\u0907\u0915\u094d\u0930\u094b\u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0938\u0947\u0938\u0930<\/strong> \u0915\u0947 \u091a\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0913\u0930 \u092c\u0928\u093e \u0939\u094b \u0914\u0930 \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u092e\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u090f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0905\u092d\u0940\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0939\u094b \u2014 \u0907\u0938\u0940\u0932\u093f\u090f \u0907\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u093e \u0928\u093e\u092e \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0917\u0924 \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930<\/strong> \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092f\u0939\u0940 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0917 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n <div class=\"rung-eg\">The family<\/span>\u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0930<\/span><\/b>\n <ul class=\"split-list\">\n <li>a<\/span>Desktop<\/strong> \u2014 a fixed machine with separate CPU cabinet, monitor, keyboard and mouse.<\/span>\u0921\u0947\u0938\u094d\u0915\u091f\u0949\u092a<\/strong> \u2014 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0930 \u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 CPU \u0915\u0948\u092c\u093f\u0928\u0947\u091f, \u092e\u0949\u0928\u093f\u091f\u0930, \u0915\u0941\u0902\u091c\u0940\u092a\u091f\u0932 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092e\u093e\u0909\u0938 \u092a\u0943\u0925\u0915 \u0939\u094b\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n <li>b<\/span>Laptop or notebook<\/strong> \u2014 portable, battery-operated, with all parts in one unit.<\/span>\u0932\u0948\u092a\u091f\u0949\u092a \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0928\u094b\u091f\u092c\u0941\u0915<\/strong> \u2014 \u0935\u0939\u0928\u0940\u092f, \u092c\u0948\u091f\u0930\u0940-\u091a\u093e\u0932\u093f\u0924, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0938\u092d\u0940 \u0905\u0902\u0917 \u090f\u0915 \u0939\u0940 \u0907\u0915\u093e\u0908 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u094b\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n <li>c<\/span>Tablet and smartphone<\/strong> \u2014 touch-operated, without a physical keyboard.<\/span>\u091f\u0948\u092c\u0932\u0947\u091f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u091f\u092b\u093c\u094b\u0928<\/strong> \u2014 \u0938\u094d\u092a\u0930\u094d\u0936-\u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0932\u093f\u0924, \u092d\u094c\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u0941\u0902\u091c\u0940\u092a\u091f\u0932 \u0930\u0939\u093f\u0924\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n <li>d<\/span>Workstation<\/strong> \u2014 a high-specification single-user machine for design, engineering or video work.<\/span>\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0947\u0936\u0928<\/strong> \u2014 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a, \u0905\u092d\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0935\u0940\u0921\u093f\u092f\u094b-\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a-\u0935\u093f\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u090f\u0915\u0932-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093e \u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n <li>e<\/span>Server<\/strong> \u2014 a machine dedicated to providing files, web pages, printing or database access to other computers on a network.<\/span>\u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0930<\/strong> \u2014 \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u092b\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0932, \u0935\u0947\u092c \u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920, \u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0923 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e\u092c\u0947\u0938-\u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a \u0926\u0947\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0938\u092e\u0930\u094d\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n <li>f<\/span>Palmtop or PDA<\/strong> \u2014 a hand-held device, now largely absorbed into the smartphone.<\/span>\u092a\u093e\u092e\u091f\u0949\u092a \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e PDA<\/strong> \u2014 \u0939\u0938\u094d\u0924-\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923, \u091c\u094b \u0905\u092c \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0902\u0936\u0924\u0903 \u0938\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u091f\u092b\u093c\u094b\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b \u091a\u0941\u0915\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"exam-tip\">\n <div class=\"et-icon\">\u2696\ufe0f<\/div>\n <div class=\"et-body\">\n The distinction most often confused.<\/strong> A supercomputer<\/strong> is fast at one enormous calculation<\/em>; a mainframe<\/strong> is reliable at an enormous number of small transactions<\/em>. Weather prediction needs a supercomputer; railway reservation needs a mainframe. Note also that a server is defined by its role, not its size<\/strong> \u2014 any computer that provides a service to others on a network is a server, and a school's file server may physically be an ordinary desktop.<\/span>\n \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092d\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e \u092d\u0947\u0926\u0964<\/strong> \u092e\u0939\u093e\u0938\u0902\u0917\u0923\u0915<\/strong> \u090f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u093e\u0932 \u0917\u0923\u0928\u093e<\/em> \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0924\u0940\u0935\u094d\u0930 \u0939\u0948; \u092e\u0947\u0928\u092b\u093c\u094d\u0930\u0947\u092e<\/strong> \u0905\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091b\u094b\u091f\u0947 \u0932\u0947\u0928-\u0926\u0947\u0928\u094b\u0902<\/em> \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0935\u0938\u0928\u0940\u092f \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092e\u094c\u0938\u092e-\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0928\u0941\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u092e\u0939\u093e\u0938\u0902\u0917\u0923\u0915 \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f; \u0930\u0947\u0932\u0935\u0947 \u0906\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u092e\u0947\u0928\u092b\u093c\u094d\u0930\u0947\u092e\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u092d\u0940 \u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0928 \u0926\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u093f \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0930 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u092d\u0942\u092e\u093f\u0915\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0906\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u0947 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902<\/strong> \u2014 \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u092a\u0930 \u091c\u094b \u092d\u0940 \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e \u0926\u0947 \u0935\u0939 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0930 \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0915\u093e \u092b\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0932 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0930 \u092d\u094c\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0921\u0947\u0938\u094d\u0915\u091f\u0949\u092a \u092d\u0940 \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <hr class=\"section-divider\">\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d1-5\">\n 1.5<\/span>\n <h3>The Central Processing Unit<\/span>\u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0907\u0915\u093e\u0908<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"callout purple\">\n <div class=\"callout-label\">\ud83d\udcd8 Concept<\/span>\ud83d\udcd8 \u0905\u0935\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923\u093e<\/span><\/div>\n The Central Processing Unit (CPU)<\/strong> is the component that executes the instructions of a program. It is called the brain of the computer<\/strong>. In a microcomputer the whole CPU sits on a single chip called the microprocessor<\/strong>, and the terms are used interchangeably. Its three parts are the Control Unit, the Arithmetic and Logic Unit, and the registers<\/strong>.<\/span>\n \u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0907\u0915\u093e\u0908 (CPU)<\/strong> \u0935\u0939 \u0918\u091f\u0915 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u092e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0915<\/strong> \u0915\u0939\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092e\u093e\u0907\u0915\u094d\u0930\u094b \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 CPU \u090f\u0915 \u0939\u0940 \u091a\u093f\u092a \u092a\u0930 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0907\u0915\u094d\u0930\u094b\u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0938\u0947\u0938\u0930<\/strong> \u0915\u0939\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0914\u0930 \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0926 \u092a\u0930\u0938\u094d\u092a\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0924\u0940\u0928 \u0905\u0902\u0917 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u2014 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0923 \u0907\u0915\u093e\u0908, \u0905\u0902\u0915\u0917\u0923\u093f\u0924 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0924\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0907\u0915\u093e\u0908, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0930\u091c\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0930<\/strong>\u0964<\/span>\n <\/div>\n\n <h4>A. Registers<\/span>\u0915. \u0930\u091c\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0930<\/span><\/h4>\n\n \n A register<\/strong> is a very small, extremely fast storage location inside the CPU itself<\/strong>. Registers hold the data and addresses on which the processor is working at that instant, and they are the fastest storage in the entire machine<\/strong>.<\/span>\n \u0930\u091c\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0930<\/strong> \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 CPU \u0915\u0947 \u092d\u0940\u0924\u0930<\/strong> \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u0905\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0902\u0924 \u091b\u094b\u091f\u093e, \u0905\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0902\u0924 \u0924\u0940\u0935\u094d\u0930 \u092d\u0902\u0921\u093e\u0930\u0923-\u0938\u094d\u0925\u0932 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0930\u091c\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0930 \u0935\u0947 \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u0924\u0947 \u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u091c\u093f\u0928 \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0938\u0947\u0938\u0930 \u0909\u0938\u0940 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0930 \u0930\u0939\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0924\u0940\u0935\u094d\u0930 \u092d\u0902\u0921\u093e\u0930\u0923<\/strong> \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span>\n <\/p>\n\n <table class=\"data-table\">\n <thead>\n <tr>\n <th>Register<\/span>\u0930\u091c\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0930<\/span><\/th>\n <th>What it holds<\/span>\u092f\u0939 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/th>\n <\/tr>\n <\/thead>\n <tbody>\n <tr><td>Program Counter (PC)<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e \u0915\u093e\u0909\u0902\u091f\u0930 (PC)<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>The address of the next instruction<\/strong> to be executed. Also called the Instruction Pointer.<\/span>\u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u090f \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0905\u0917\u0932\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u0924\u093e<\/strong>\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0926\u0947\u0936-\u0938\u0902\u0915\u0947\u0924\u0915 \u092d\u0940 \u0915\u0939\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>Instruction Register (IR)<\/span>\u0905\u0928\u0941\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u0930\u091c\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0930 (IR)<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>The instruction currently being decoded and executed<\/strong>.<\/span>\u0935\u0939 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u091c\u094b \u0907\u0938 \u0938\u092e\u092f \u0935\u093f\u0915\u094b\u0921\u093f\u0924 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b \u0930\u0939\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/strong>\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>Accumulator (AC)<\/span>\u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u092f\u0915 (AC)<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>The intermediate and final results<\/strong> of arithmetic and logic operations performed by the ALU.<\/span>ALU \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u0917\u0908 \u0905\u0902\u0915\u0917\u0923\u093f\u0924\u0940\u092f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0924\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0915\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0940 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u093f\u092e \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e<\/strong>\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>Memory Address Register (MAR)<\/span>\u0938\u094d\u092e\u0943\u0924\u093f \u092a\u0924\u093e \u0930\u091c\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0930 (MAR)<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>The memory location<\/strong> that is about to be read from or written to.<\/span>\u0935\u0939 \u0938\u094d\u092e\u0943\u0924\u093f-\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928<\/strong> \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0922\u093c\u093e \u092f\u093e \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0932\u093f\u0916\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>Memory Buffer \/ Data Register (MBR \/ MDR)<\/span>\u0938\u094d\u092e\u0943\u0924\u093f \u092c\u092b\u093c\u0930 \/ \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u093e \u0930\u091c\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0930 (MBR \/ MDR)<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>The data itself<\/strong> as it moves between memory and the CPU.<\/span>\u0938\u094d\u092e\u0943\u0924\u093f \u090f\u0935\u0902 CPU \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u091a\u0932\u0924\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u092f \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u0947<\/strong>\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>Flag \/ Status Register<\/span>\u092b\u093c\u094d\u0932\u0948\u0917 \/ \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u0930\u091c\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0930<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>Single-bit indicators recording the condition of the last operation<\/strong> \u2014 zero, carry, sign, overflow.<\/span>\u090f\u0915-\u092c\u093f\u091f \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0915 \u091c\u094b \u0905\u0902\u0924\u093f\u092e \u0938\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u0926\u0936\u093e<\/strong> \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0932\u093f\u0916\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u2014 \u0936\u0942\u0928\u094d\u092f, \u0939\u093e\u0938\u093f\u0932, \u091a\u093f\u0939\u094d\u0928, \u0905\u0924\u093f\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0939\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <\/tbody>\n <\/table>\n\n <h4>B. The machine cycle<\/span>\u0916. \u092e\u0936\u0940\u0928 \u091a\u0915\u094d\u0930<\/span><\/h4>\n\n <div class=\"flow-wrap\">\n <div class=\"flow-note\">\n \ud83d\udd01 Every instruction a computer executes passes through these four steps, and the cycle repeats millions of times a second. The first two steps are called the instruction cycle<\/strong> and the last two the execution cycle<\/strong>.<\/span>\n \ud83d\udd01 \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u0907\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u091a\u093e\u0930 \u091a\u0930\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0917\u0941\u091c\u093c\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u092f\u0939 \u091a\u0915\u094d\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f \u0938\u0947\u0915\u0902\u0921 \u0932\u093e\u0916\u094b\u0902 \u092c\u093e\u0930 \u0926\u094b\u0939\u0930\u093e\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0925\u092e \u0926\u094b \u091a\u0930\u0923 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u091a\u0915\u094d\u0930<\/strong> \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0905\u0902\u0924\u093f\u092e \u0926\u094b \u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0928 \u091a\u0915\u094d\u0930<\/strong> \u0915\u0939\u0932\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"flow-steps\">\n <div class=\"flow-step\">\n 1<\/span>\n <div class=\"fs-body\">\n Fetch<\/span>\u0932\u093e\u0928\u093e<\/span><\/strong>\n The Control Unit brings the next instruction from memory into the Instruction Register, using the address held in the Program Counter.<\/span>\u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0923 \u0907\u0915\u093e\u0908 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e \u0915\u093e\u0909\u0902\u091f\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0930\u0916\u0947 \u092a\u0924\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0930 \u0905\u0917\u0932\u093e \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u0938\u094d\u092e\u0943\u0924\u093f \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u0930\u091c\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0932\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/span>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"flow-step\">\n 2<\/span>\n <div class=\"fs-body\">\n Decode<\/span>\u0935\u093f\u0915\u094b\u0921\u0928<\/span><\/strong>\n The Control Unit interprets what the instruction means and determines which unit must act and on what data.<\/span>\u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0923 \u0907\u0915\u093e\u0908 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u0938\u092e\u091d\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0924\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0915\u094c\u0928-\u0938\u0940 \u0907\u0915\u093e\u0908 \u0915\u093f\u0928 \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0964<\/span><\/span>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"flow-step\">\n 3<\/span>\n <div class=\"fs-body\">\n Execute<\/span>\u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0928<\/span><\/strong>\n The ALU carries out the arithmetic or logical operation, or data is moved between registers and memory.<\/span>ALU \u0905\u0902\u0915\u0917\u0923\u093f\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0924\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0915\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u0930\u091c\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u092e\u0943\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/span>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"flow-step\">\n 4<\/span>\n <div class=\"fs-body\">\n Store<\/span>\u0938\u0902\u091a\u092f\u0928<\/span><\/strong>\n The result is written back to a register or to memory, the Program Counter advances, and the cycle begins again.<\/span>\u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e \u0930\u091c\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0930 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0938\u094d\u092e\u0943\u0924\u093f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0932\u093f\u0916\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e \u0915\u093e\u0909\u0902\u091f\u0930 \u0906\u0917\u0947 \u092c\u0922\u093c\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u091a\u0915\u094d\u0930 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0903 \u0906\u0930\u0902\u092d \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/span>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <h4>C. Clock speed, cores and buses<\/span>\u0917. \u0918\u0921\u093c\u0940-\u0917\u0924\u093f, \u0915\u094b\u0930 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092c\u0938<\/span><\/h4>\n\n <div class=\"feat-grid\">\n <div class=\"feat-card\">1<\/span>Clock speed<\/span>\u0918\u0921\u093c\u0940-\u0917\u0924\u093f<\/span><\/strong>The number of cycles the processor completes per second, measured in hertz<\/strong>: 1 MHz is a million cycles, 1 GHz a billion. A modern desktop processor runs at roughly 2 to 4 GHz<\/strong>.<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0938\u0947\u0938\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f \u0938\u0947\u0915\u0902\u0921 \u0915\u093f\u0924\u0928\u0947 \u091a\u0915\u094d\u0930 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u094b \u0939\u0930\u094d\u091f\u094d\u091c\u093c<\/strong> \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u093e\u092a\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948: 1 MHz \u0926\u0938 \u0932\u093e\u0916 \u091a\u0915\u094d\u0930, 1 GHz \u090f\u0915 \u0905\u0930\u092c\u0964 \u0906\u0927\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0921\u0947\u0938\u094d\u0915\u091f\u0949\u092a \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0938\u0947\u0938\u0930 \u0932\u0917\u092d\u0917 2 \u0938\u0947 4 GHz<\/strong> \u092a\u0930 \u091a\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"feat-card\">2<\/span>Word length<\/span>\u0936\u092c\u094d\u0926-\u0932\u0902\u092c\u093e\u0908<\/span><\/strong>The number of bits the CPU can handle in one operation \u2014 32-bit or 64-bit<\/strong> in current machines. A larger word length means more data handled per cycle and more memory addressable.<\/span>\u090f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 CPU \u0915\u093f\u0924\u0928\u0947 \u092c\u093f\u091f \u0938\u0902\u092d\u093e\u0932 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 32-\u092c\u093f\u091f \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e 64-\u092c\u093f\u091f<\/strong>\u0964 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0936\u092c\u094d\u0926-\u0932\u0902\u092c\u093e\u0908 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u0939\u0948 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f \u091a\u0915\u094d\u0930 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u094b\u0927\u0928\u0940\u092f \u0938\u094d\u092e\u0943\u0924\u093f\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"feat-card\">3<\/span>Cores<\/span>\u0915\u094b\u0930<\/span><\/strong>A core<\/strong> is a complete processing unit. Modern chips are dual-core, quad-core or octa-core<\/strong>, allowing genuinely simultaneous execution of several tasks.<\/span>\u0915\u094b\u0930<\/strong> \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0907\u0915\u093e\u0908 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0906\u0927\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u091a\u093f\u092a \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093f-\u0915\u094b\u0930, \u091a\u0924\u0941\u0937\u094d-\u0915\u094b\u0930 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0905\u0937\u094d\u091f-\u0915\u094b\u0930<\/strong> \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0947\u0915 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924\u0903 \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0928 \u0938\u0902\u092d\u0935 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"feat-card\">4<\/span>Buses<\/span>\u092c\u0938<\/span><\/strong>The wires carrying signals between units. The address bus is unidirectional<\/strong> (CPU to memory only); the data bus is bidirectional<\/strong>; the control bus<\/strong> carries timing and command signals.<\/span>\u0907\u0915\u093e\u0907\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0947\u0924 \u0932\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0924\u093e\u0930\u0964 \u092a\u0924\u093e \u092c\u0938 \u090f\u0915\u0926\u093f\u0936\u0940\u092f<\/strong> \u0939\u0948 (\u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 CPU \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u092e\u0943\u0924\u093f \u0924\u0915); \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u093e \u092c\u0938 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0926\u093f\u0936\u0940\u092f<\/strong> \u0939\u0948; \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0923 \u092c\u0938<\/strong> \u0938\u092e\u092f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0906\u0926\u0947\u0936-\u0938\u0902\u0915\u0947\u0924 \u0932\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"feat-card\">5<\/span>Motherboard<\/span>\u092e\u0926\u0930\u092c\u094b\u0930\u094d\u0921<\/span><\/strong>The main printed circuit board that carries the CPU socket, memory slots, expansion slots, chipset and ports, and connects every component. Also called the system board<\/strong>.<\/span>\u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f \u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092a\u0925 \u092a\u091f\u094d\u091f \u091c\u093f\u0938 \u092a\u0930 CPU \u0938\u0949\u0915\u0947\u091f, \u0938\u094d\u092e\u0943\u0924\u093f \u0938\u094d\u0932\u0949\u091f, \u0935\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u0932\u0949\u091f, \u091a\u093f\u092a\u0938\u0947\u091f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u094b\u0930\u094d\u091f \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u091c\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0918\u091f\u0915 \u0915\u094b \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u092e \u092c\u094b\u0930\u094d\u0921<\/strong> \u092d\u0940 \u0915\u0939\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"feat-card\">6<\/span>Common processors<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u091a\u0932\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0938\u0947\u0938\u0930<\/span><\/strong>Intel<\/strong> Core i3, i5, i7 and i9; AMD<\/strong> Ryzen; ARM<\/strong>-based chips in phones and tablets and in Apple's M-series.<\/span>\u0907\u0902\u091f\u0947\u0932<\/strong> \u0915\u094b\u0930 i3, i5, i7 \u090f\u0935\u0902 i9; AMD<\/strong> \u0930\u093e\u0907\u091c\u093c\u0947\u0928; \u092b\u093c\u094b\u0928, \u091f\u0948\u092c\u0932\u0947\u091f \u0924\u0925\u093e \u090f\u092a\u094d\u092a\u0932 \u0915\u0940 M-\u0936\u0943\u0902\u0916\u0932\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 ARM<\/strong>-\u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u091a\u093f\u092a\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"mcq-box\">\n <div class=\"mcq-title\">\n Practice<\/span>\u0905\u092d\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938<\/span><\/span>\n Questions on the CPU and the block diagram<\/span>CPU \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092c\u094d\u0932\u0949\u0915 \u0906\u0930\u0947\u0916 \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928<\/span><\/span>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"mcq-note\">Objective questions in the pattern of the examination. Click to reveal the answer and its explanation.<\/span>\u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u0930 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928\u0964 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0916\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u094d\u0932\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u0940\u091c\u093f\u090f\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <details class=\"mcq-q\">\n <summary>5<\/span>Which unit of the computer performs comparison operations?<\/span><\/summary>\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\n <li>(a) Control Unit<\/li>\n <li>(b) Arithmetic and Logic Unit<\/li>\n <li>(c) Memory Unit<\/li>\n <li>(d) Input Unit<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\">(b) Arithmetic and Logic Unit<\/b> Comparison \u2014 greater than, less than, equal to \u2014 is a logical operation and therefore belongs to the ALU. The Control Unit issues signals and coordinates but processes no data of its own.<\/span>\u0924\u0941\u0932\u0928\u093e \u2014 \u092c\u0921\u093c\u093e, \u091b\u094b\u091f\u093e, \u092c\u0930\u093e\u092c\u0930 \u2014 \u0924\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0915\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u0924\u0903 ALU \u0915\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0923 \u0907\u0915\u093e\u0908 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0947\u0924 \u091c\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u092e\u0928\u094d\u0935\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0941 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940\u0964<\/span>\u00a71.2, \u00a71.5<\/span><\/div>\n <\/details>\n <details class=\"mcq-q\">\n <summary>6<\/span>The register that holds the address of the next instruction to be executed is the:<\/span><\/summary>\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\n <li>(a) Accumulator<\/li>\n <li>(b) Instruction Register<\/li>\n <li>(c) Program Counter<\/li>\n <li>(d) Memory Buffer Register<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\">(c) Program Counter<\/b> Note the wording carefully. The Program Counter holds the address of the next<\/em> instruction; the Instruction Register holds the instruction currently<\/em> being executed; the Accumulator holds results.<\/span>\u0936\u092c\u094d\u0926\u093e\u0935\u0932\u0940 \u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0928 \u0938\u0947 \u0926\u0947\u0916\u0947\u0902\u0964 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e \u0915\u093e\u0909\u0902\u091f\u0930 \u0905\u0917\u0932\u0947<\/em> \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u0924\u093e<\/em> \u0930\u0916\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948; \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u0930\u091c\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0930 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u092e\u093e\u0928<\/em> \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b \u0930\u0939\u093e \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0926\u0947\u0936<\/em> \u0930\u0916\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948; \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u092f\u0915 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e \u0930\u0916\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\u00a71.5 A<\/span><\/div>\n <\/details>\n <details class=\"mcq-q\">\n <summary>7<\/span>Which bus is unidirectional?<\/span><\/summary>\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\n <li>(a) Data bus<\/li>\n <li>(b) Address bus<\/li>\n <li>(c) Control bus<\/li>\n <li>(d) All three are bidirectional<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\">(b) Address bus<\/b> An address travels only from the CPU to memory, never back, so the address bus is unidirectional. Data must travel both ways, so the data bus is bidirectional.<\/span>\u092a\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 CPU \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u092e\u0943\u0924\u093f \u0924\u0915 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0935\u093e\u092a\u0938 \u0915\u092d\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0905\u0924\u0903 \u092a\u0924\u093e \u092c\u0938 \u090f\u0915\u0926\u093f\u0936\u0940\u092f \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0926\u093f\u0936\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0905\u0924\u0903 \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u093e \u092c\u0938 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0926\u093f\u0936\u0940\u092f \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\u00a71.5 C<\/span><\/div>\n <\/details>\n <\/div>\n <hr class=\"section-divider\">\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d1-6\">\n 1.6<\/span>\n <h3>Memory: Primary, Secondary and Cache<\/span>\u0938\u094d\u092e\u0943\u0924\u093f: \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0925\u092e\u093f\u0915, \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0924\u0940\u092f\u0915 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0915\u0948\u0936<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n \n A computer does not have one memory but a hierarchy<\/strong> of them. As one moves down the hierarchy the storage becomes slower and cheaper per bit but far larger in capacity<\/strong>; as one moves up it becomes faster, costlier and smaller. The whole design exists to keep the processor supplied with data without paying for an impossibly expensive machine.<\/span>\n \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u092e\u0943\u0924\u093f \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0905\u092a\u093f\u0924\u0941 \u0938\u094d\u092e\u0943\u0924\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e<\/strong> \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u0940\u091a\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u092d\u0902\u0921\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0927\u0940\u092e\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f \u092c\u093f\u091f \u0938\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0915\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e\u0924\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u092c\u0921\u093c\u093e<\/strong> \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948; \u090a\u092a\u0930 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u0924\u0940\u0935\u094d\u0930, \u092e\u0939\u0901\u0917\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u091b\u094b\u091f\u093e\u0964 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a \u0907\u0938\u0940\u0932\u093f\u090f \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0938\u0947\u0938\u0930 \u0915\u094b \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0924\u0947 \u0930\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0905\u0938\u0902\u092d\u0935 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u092e\u0939\u0901\u0917\u093e \u092d\u0940 \u0928 \u0939\u094b\u0964<\/span>\n <\/p>\n\n <svg class=\"full-diagram\" viewBox=\"0 0 700 300\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Memory hierarchy pyramid\">\n <polygon points=\"350,20 415,72 285,72\" fill=\"#c0392b\" stroke=\"#8e2318\" stroke-width=\"1.5\"\/>\n <text x=\"350\" y=\"56\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"11\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">REGISTERS<\/text>\n\n <polygon points=\"285,74 415,74 452,132 248,132\" fill=\"#c9760f\" stroke=\"#96570a\" stroke-width=\"1.5\"\/>\n <text x=\"350\" y=\"100\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"11.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">CACHE MEMORY<\/text>\n <text x=\"350\" y=\"118\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9.5\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">L1 \u00b7 L2 \u00b7 L3 (SRAM)<\/text>\n\n <polygon points=\"248,134 452,134 492,196 208,196\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\" stroke=\"#153f72\" stroke-width=\"1.5\"\/>\n <text x=\"350\" y=\"160\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"11.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">PRIMARY MEMORY<\/text>\n <text x=\"350\" y=\"180\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9.5\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">RAM (volatile) \u00b7 ROM (non-volatile)<\/text>\n\n <polygon points=\"208,198 492,198 535,262 165,262\" fill=\"#0d8f79\" stroke=\"#096757\" stroke-width=\"1.5\"\/>\n <text x=\"350\" y=\"224\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"11.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">SECONDARY STORAGE<\/text>\n <text x=\"350\" y=\"245\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9.5\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">HDD \u00b7 SSD \u00b7 Optical disc \u00b7 Flash drive<\/text>\n\n <polygon points=\"165,264 535,264 560,292 140,292\" fill=\"#6b3a8f\" stroke=\"#4b2766\" stroke-width=\"1.5\"\/>\n <text x=\"350\" y=\"284\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">TERTIARY \/ CLOUD STORAGE<\/text>\n\n <defs>\n <marker id=\"up\" markerWidth=\"9\" markerHeight=\"9\" refX=\"4\" refY=\"8\" orient=\"auto\">\n <path d=\"M4,0 L0,8 L8,8 z\" fill=\"#5a6d80\"\/>\n <\/marker>\n <marker id=\"dn\" markerWidth=\"9\" markerHeight=\"9\" refX=\"4\" refY=\"0\" orient=\"auto\">\n <path d=\"M4,8 L0,0 L8,0 z\" fill=\"#5a6d80\"\/>\n <\/marker>\n <\/defs>\n <line x1=\"96\" y1=\"270\" x2=\"96\" y2=\"40\" stroke=\"#5a6d80\" stroke-width=\"2\" marker-end=\"url(#up)\"\/>\n <text x=\"88\" y=\"160\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#5a6d80\" transform=\"rotate(-90 88 160)\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">SPEED & COST PER BIT INCREASE<\/text>\n <line x1=\"608\" y1=\"40\" x2=\"608\" y2=\"270\" stroke=\"#5a6d80\" stroke-width=\"2\" marker-end=\"url(#dn)\"\/>\n <text x=\"618\" y=\"160\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#5a6d80\" transform=\"rotate(90 618 160)\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">CAPACITY INCREASES<\/text>\n <\/svg>\n The memory hierarchy. Registers are inside the CPU; secondary storage survives a power cut.<\/span>\u0938\u094d\u092e\u0943\u0924\u093f-\u0905\u0928\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0964 \u0930\u091c\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0930 CPU \u0915\u0947 \u092d\u0940\u0924\u0930 \u0939\u0948\u0902; \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0924\u0940\u092f\u0915 \u092d\u0902\u0921\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924-\u0915\u091f\u094c\u0924\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092d\u0940 \u092c\u0928\u093e \u0930\u0939\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n\n <h4>A. Primary memory \u2014 RAM<\/span>\u0915. \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0925\u092e\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u092e\u0943\u0924\u093f \u2014 RAM<\/span><\/h4>\n\n <div class=\"callout\">\n <div class=\"callout-label\">\ud83d\udcd8 Random Access Memory<\/span>\ud83d\udcd8 \u092f\u093e\u0926\u0943\u091a\u094d\u091b\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0917\u092e \u0938\u094d\u092e\u0943\u0924\u093f<\/span><\/div>\n RAM<\/strong> is the computer's working memory<\/strong>. It holds the operating system, the programs currently running and the data being worked on. It is read\u2013write<\/strong> and volatile<\/strong> \u2014 its entire contents are lost the moment power is cut, which is why unsaved work disappears in a power failure. It is called random access<\/em> because any location can be reached directly in the same time, without reading through the locations before it.<\/span>\n RAM<\/strong> \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u092e\u0943\u0924\u093f<\/strong> \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u091a\u093e\u0932\u0928 \u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930, \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091a\u0932 \u0930\u0939\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e \u0924\u0925\u093e \u091c\u093f\u0928 \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0939\u094b \u0930\u0939\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0935\u0947 \u0930\u0939\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u092a\u0920\u0928-\u0932\u0947\u0916\u0928<\/strong> \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0935\u093e\u0937\u094d\u092a\u0936\u0940\u0932<\/strong> \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924 \u0915\u091f\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0940 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u0932\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0907\u0938\u0940\u0932\u093f\u090f \u092c\u093f\u091c\u0932\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u0905\u0938\u0902\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0938\u092e\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0947 \u092f\u093e\u0926\u0943\u091a\u094d\u091b\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0917\u092e<\/em> \u0907\u0938\u0932\u093f\u090f \u0915\u0939\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0915\u093f \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092d\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928 \u0924\u0915 \u0909\u0924\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0940 \u0938\u092e\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0940\u0927\u0947 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0909\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u0922\u093c\u0947 \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e\u0964<\/span>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"vs-compare\">\n <div class=\"vs-side left\">\n SRAM<\/span>\n <h5>Static RAM<\/span>\u0938\u094d\u0925\u0948\u0924\u093f\u0915 RAM<\/span><\/h5>\n <ul>\n <li>Stores each bit in a flip-flop circuit<\/strong> of several transistors.<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u092c\u093f\u091f \u0915\u094b \u0905\u0928\u0947\u0915 \u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0902\u091c\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092b\u093c\u094d\u0932\u093f\u092a-\u092b\u093c\u094d\u0932\u0949\u092a \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092a\u0925<\/strong> \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n <li>Needs no refreshing<\/strong> \u2014 it holds its value as long as power is supplied.<\/span>\u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e\u091c\u093c\u0917\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902<\/strong> \u2014 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0924\u0940 \u0930\u0939\u0947 \u0924\u094b \u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092c\u0928\u093e \u0930\u0939\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n <li>Very fast, very costly, low density.<\/strong><\/span>\u0905\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0902\u0924 \u0924\u0940\u0935\u094d\u0930, \u0905\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0902\u0924 \u092e\u0939\u0901\u0917\u0940, \u0928\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0928 \u0918\u0928\u0924\u094d\u0935\u0964<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n <li>Used for cache memory<\/strong> inside and beside the CPU.<\/span>CPU \u0915\u0947 \u092d\u0940\u0924\u0930 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u091f \u0915\u0948\u0936 \u0938\u094d\u092e\u0943\u0924\u093f<\/strong> \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"vs-mid\">VS<\/div>\n <div class=\"vs-side right\">\n DRAM<\/span>\n <h5>Dynamic RAM<\/span>\u0917\u0924\u093f\u0915 RAM<\/span><\/h5>\n <ul>\n <li>Stores each bit as a charge in a capacitor<\/strong> with one transistor.<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u092c\u093f\u091f \u0915\u094b \u090f\u0915 \u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0902\u091c\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0930 \u0938\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u0902\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930<\/strong> \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0906\u0935\u0947\u0936 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n <li>The charge leaks, so it must be refreshed thousands of times a second<\/strong>.<\/span>\u0906\u0935\u0947\u0936 \u0930\u093f\u0938\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0905\u0924\u0903 \u0907\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f \u0938\u0947\u0915\u0902\u0921 \u0939\u091c\u093c\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u092c\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0903\u0924\u093e\u091c\u093c\u093e<\/strong> \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u092a\u0921\u093c\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n <li>Slower, much cheaper, high density.<\/strong><\/span>\u0927\u0940\u092e\u0940, \u0915\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0938\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0940, \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u0918\u0928\u0924\u094d\u0935\u0964<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n <li>Used for the main memory<\/strong> of the computer, in DDR3, DDR4 and DDR5 modules.<\/span>\u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f \u0938\u094d\u092e\u0943\u0924\u093f<\/strong> \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924, DDR3, DDR4 \u090f\u0935\u0902 DDR5 \u092e\u0949\u0921\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0932\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <h4>B. Primary memory \u2014 ROM<\/span>\u0916. \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0925\u092e\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u092e\u0943\u0924\u093f \u2014 ROM<\/span><\/h4>\n\n \n Read Only Memory<\/strong> holds instructions that must survive a power cut and must not be altered by ordinary use. It is non-volatile<\/strong>. Its classic content is the BIOS<\/strong> \u2014 the Basic Input Output System \u2014 which runs the POST<\/strong>, the Power-On Self Test, checks the hardware and then loads the operating system, a process called booting<\/strong>.<\/span>\n \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932-\u092a\u0920\u0928 \u0938\u094d\u092e\u0943\u0924\u093f<\/strong> \u0909\u0928 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924-\u0915\u091f\u094c\u0924\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092d\u0940 \u092c\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0928\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0905\u0935\u093e\u0937\u094d\u092a\u0936\u0940\u0932<\/strong> \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 BIOS<\/strong> \u2014 \u092c\u0947\u0938\u093f\u0915 \u0907\u0928\u092a\u0941\u091f \u0906\u0909\u091f\u092a\u0941\u091f \u0938\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u092e \u2014 \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u094b POST<\/strong> \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0924\u094d \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0930\u0902\u092d \u0938\u094d\u0935-\u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u091a\u0932\u093e\u0915\u0930 \u0939\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0921\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u091c\u093e\u0901\u091a\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u092b\u093f\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u091a\u093e\u0932\u0928 \u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0932\u094b\u0921 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u0907\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u094b \u092c\u0942\u091f\u093f\u0902\u0917<\/strong> \u0915\u0939\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span>\n <\/p>\n\n <table class=\"data-table\">\n <thead>\n <tr>\n <th>Type<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930<\/span><\/th>\n <th>Full form<\/span>\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0930\u0942\u092a<\/span><\/th>\n <th>How it is written and erased<\/span>\u0915\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u0916\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092e\u093f\u091f\u093e\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/th>\n <\/tr>\n <\/thead>\n <tbody>\n <tr><td>ROM<\/strong><\/td><td>Read Only Memory<\/span>\u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932-\u092a\u0920\u0928 \u0938\u094d\u092e\u0943\u0924\u093f<\/span><\/td><td>Written once at manufacture<\/strong>; can never be changed.<\/span>\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u092f \u090f\u0915 \u092c\u093e\u0930<\/strong> \u0932\u093f\u0916\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948; \u0915\u092d\u0940 \u092c\u0926\u0932\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>PROM<\/strong><\/td><td>Programmable ROM<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e-\u092f\u094b\u0917\u094d\u092f ROM<\/span><\/td><td>Blank when supplied; the user can write to it once<\/strong>, after which it is permanent.<\/span>\u0906\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u092f \u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0924; \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0909\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u090f\u0915 \u092c\u093e\u0930<\/strong> \u0932\u093f\u0916 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u0935\u0939 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092f\u0940 \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>EPROM<\/strong><\/td><td>Erasable Programmable ROM<\/span>\u092e\u093f\u091f\u093e\u0928\u0947-\u092f\u094b\u0917\u094d\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e-\u092f\u094b\u0917\u094d\u092f ROM<\/span><\/td><td>Erased by exposing the chip to ultraviolet light<\/strong> through a quartz window, then rewritten.<\/span>\u091a\u093f\u092a \u0915\u094b \u0915\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u094d\u091f\u094d\u091c\u093c \u0916\u093f\u0921\u093c\u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u093e\u092c\u0948\u0902\u0917\u0928\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0936<\/strong> \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0930\u0916\u0915\u0930 \u092e\u093f\u091f\u093e\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u092b\u093f\u0930 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0903 \u0932\u093f\u0916\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr style=\"background:#f3f8ff;\"><td>EEPROM<\/strong><\/td><td>Electrically Erasable Programmable ROM<\/span>\u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924\u094d \u0938\u0947 \u092e\u093f\u091f\u093e\u0928\u0947-\u092f\u094b\u0917\u094d\u092f ROM<\/span><\/td><td>Erased and rewritten electrically, byte by byte<\/strong>, without removing the chip. Flash memory is a form of EEPROM<\/strong> \u2014 which is why a pen drive is non-volatile yet rewritable.<\/span>\u091a\u093f\u092a \u0939\u091f\u093e\u090f \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924\u094d \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e, \u092c\u093e\u0907\u091f-\u0926\u0930-\u092c\u093e\u0907\u091f<\/strong> \u092e\u093f\u091f\u093e\u092f\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0903 \u0932\u093f\u0916\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092b\u093c\u094d\u0932\u0948\u0936 \u0938\u094d\u092e\u0943\u0924\u093f EEPROM \u0915\u093e \u0939\u0940 \u090f\u0915 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0939\u0948<\/strong> \u2014 \u0907\u0938\u0940\u0932\u093f\u090f \u092a\u0947\u0928 \u0921\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0907\u0935 \u0905\u0935\u093e\u0937\u094d\u092a\u0936\u0940\u0932 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0941\u090f \u092d\u0940 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0916\u0928\u0940\u092f \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <\/tbody>\n <\/table>\n\n <h4>C. Cache memory<\/span>\u0917. \u0915\u0948\u0936 \u0938\u094d\u092e\u0943\u0924\u093f<\/span><\/h4>\n\n <div class=\"callout teal\">\n <div class=\"callout-label\">\u26a1 Why cache exists<\/span>\u26a1 \u0915\u0948\u0936 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/div>\n The processor is far faster than the main memory, so it would spend most of its time waiting. Cache<\/strong> is a small quantity of very fast SRAM placed between the CPU and RAM, holding the instructions and data most recently or most frequently used. When the processor finds what it needs in cache the event is a cache hit<\/strong>; when it does not, a cache miss<\/strong>, and it must go to the slower RAM. A higher hit ratio means a faster machine.<\/span>\n \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0938\u0947\u0938\u0930 \u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f \u0938\u094d\u092e\u0943\u0924\u093f \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0924\u0940\u0935\u094d\u0930 \u0939\u0948, \u0905\u0924\u0903 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0902\u0936 \u0938\u092e\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0940\u0924\u0924\u093e\u0964 \u0915\u0948\u0936<\/strong> CPU \u090f\u0935\u0902 RAM \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u0930\u0916\u0940 \u0905\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0902\u0924 \u0924\u0940\u0935\u094d\u0930 SRAM \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u0932\u094d\u092a \u092e\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0939\u093e\u0932 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092c\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u0930\u0939\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u091c\u092c \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0938\u0947\u0938\u0930 \u0915\u094b \u0905\u092d\u0940\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u0948\u0936 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u093f\u0932 \u091c\u093e\u090f \u0924\u094b \u0935\u0939 \u0915\u0948\u0936 \u0939\u093f\u091f<\/strong> \u0939\u0948; \u0928 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0947 \u0924\u094b \u0915\u0948\u0936 \u092e\u093f\u0938<\/strong>, \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0927\u0940\u092e\u0940 RAM \u0924\u0915 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u093e \u092a\u0921\u093c\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0939\u093f\u091f-\u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u093e\u0924 \u091c\u093f\u0924\u0928\u093e \u090a\u0901\u091a\u093e, \u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0909\u0924\u0928\u093e \u0924\u0940\u0935\u094d\u0930\u0964<\/span>\n <ul class=\"split-list\" style=\"margin-top:10px;\">\n <li>L1<\/span>Level 1<\/strong> \u2014 the smallest and fastest, located inside each processor core<\/strong>, typically a few dozen kilobytes.<\/span>\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930 1<\/strong> \u2014 \u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u091b\u094b\u091f\u0940 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u0924\u0940\u0935\u094d\u0930, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0938\u0947\u0938\u0930 \u0915\u094b\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u092d\u0940\u0924\u0930<\/strong>, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092f\u0903 \u0915\u0941\u091b \u0926\u0930\u094d\u091c\u0928 \u0915\u093f\u0932\u094b\u092c\u093e\u0907\u091f\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n <li>L2<\/span>Level 2<\/strong> \u2014 larger and slightly slower, usually dedicated to one core, of the order of a few hundred kilobytes to a megabyte.<\/span>\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930 2<\/strong> \u2014 \u092c\u0921\u093c\u0940 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0925\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0940 \u0927\u0940\u092e\u0940, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092f\u0903 \u090f\u0915 \u0915\u094b\u0930 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0938\u092e\u0930\u094d\u092a\u093f\u0924, \u0915\u0941\u091b \u0938\u094c \u0915\u093f\u0932\u094b\u092c\u093e\u0907\u091f \u0938\u0947 \u090f\u0915 \u092e\u0947\u0917\u093e\u092c\u093e\u0907\u091f \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u0915\u0940\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n <li>L3<\/span>Level 3<\/strong> \u2014 the largest and slowest cache, shared by all the cores<\/strong>, of the order of several megabytes.<\/span>\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930 3<\/strong> \u2014 \u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0921\u093c\u0940 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u0927\u0940\u092e\u0940 \u0915\u0948\u0936, \u0938\u092d\u0940 \u0915\u094b\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0938\u093e\u091d\u093e<\/strong>, \u0915\u0908 \u092e\u0947\u0917\u093e\u092c\u093e\u0907\u091f \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u0915\u0940\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n\n <h4>D. Virtual memory<\/span>\u0918. \u0906\u092d\u093e\u0938\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u092e\u0943\u0924\u093f<\/span><\/h4>\n\n \n When the programs running exceed the physical RAM, the operating system sets aside a portion of the hard disk and uses it as though it were RAM<\/strong>. This area is called virtual memory<\/strong>, and on a Windows machine the file that holds it is the page file<\/strong> or swap file. It allows more programs to run than the RAM would otherwise permit, but because a disk is far slower than RAM, heavy reliance on virtual memory makes a computer noticeably sluggish \u2014 the practical reason why adding RAM speeds up an old school machine more than almost any other upgrade.<\/span>\n \u091c\u092c \u091a\u0932 \u0930\u0939\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e \u092d\u094c\u0924\u093f\u0915 RAM \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u090f\u0901, \u0924\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u091a\u093e\u0932\u0928 \u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0939\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0921 \u0921\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0915 \u0915\u093e \u090f\u0915 \u092d\u093e\u0917 \u0905\u0932\u0917 \u0930\u0916\u0915\u0930 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0910\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u094b \u0935\u0939 RAM \u0939\u094b<\/strong>\u0964 \u0907\u0938 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u094b \u0906\u092d\u093e\u0938\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u092e\u0943\u0924\u093f<\/strong> \u0915\u0939\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0902\u0921\u094b\u091c\u093c \u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u092b\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0932 \u092a\u0947\u091c \u092b\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0932<\/strong> \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0948\u092a \u092b\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0932 \u0915\u0939\u0932\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0938\u0947 RAM \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092e\u0924\u093f \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e \u091a\u0932 \u092a\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0915\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0941 \u0921\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0915 RAM \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0927\u0940\u092e\u0940 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0906\u092d\u093e\u0938\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u092e\u0943\u0924\u093f \u092a\u0930 \u0905\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092d\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u094d\u092a\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0941\u0938\u094d\u0924 \u092c\u0928\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u092f\u0939\u0940 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u092a\u0941\u0930\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f\u0940 \u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 RAM \u092c\u0922\u093c\u093e\u0928\u093e \u0932\u0917\u092d\u0917 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092d\u0940 \u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0928\u092f\u0928 \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0917\u0924\u093f \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\n <\/p>\n\n <div class=\"exam-tip\">\n <div class=\"et-icon\">\ud83c\udfaf<\/div>\n <div class=\"et-body\">\n Three one-line facts the examiner returns to.<\/strong> (1) RAM is volatile, ROM is non-volatile<\/strong> \u2014 the single most asked contrast in this whole item. (2)<\/strong> The fastest memory in the computer is the register<\/strong>, not the cache and certainly not RAM; the order from fastest to slowest is register \u2192 cache \u2192 RAM \u2192 secondary storage<\/em>. (3)<\/strong> Cache uses SRAM, main memory uses DRAM<\/strong>, and the reason is cost: SRAM needs several transistors per bit while DRAM needs one.<\/span>\n \u0924\u0940\u0928 \u090f\u0915-\u092a\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0924\u0925\u094d\u092f \u091c\u093f\u0928 \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0932\u094c\u091f\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/strong> (1) RAM \u0935\u093e\u0937\u094d\u092a\u0936\u0940\u0932 \u0939\u0948, ROM \u0905\u0935\u093e\u0937\u094d\u092a\u0936\u0940\u0932<\/strong> \u2014 \u0907\u0938 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u092e\u0926 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u0942\u091b\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e \u092d\u0947\u0926\u0964 (2)<\/strong> \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0924\u0940\u0935\u094d\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u092e\u0943\u0924\u093f \u0930\u091c\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0930 \u0939\u0948<\/strong>, \u0915\u0948\u0936 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0914\u0930 RAM \u0924\u094b \u0928\u093f\u0936\u094d\u091a\u092f \u0939\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902; \u0924\u0940\u0935\u094d\u0930\u0924\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u0927\u0940\u092e\u0947 \u0924\u0915 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u0939\u0948 \u0930\u091c\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0930 \u2192 \u0915\u0948\u0936 \u2192 RAM \u2192 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0924\u0940\u092f\u0915 \u092d\u0902\u0921\u093e\u0930\u0923<\/em>\u0964 (3)<\/strong> \u0915\u0948\u0936 SRAM \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f \u0938\u094d\u092e\u0943\u0924\u093f DRAM<\/strong>, \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0939\u0948 \u0932\u093e\u0917\u0924: SRAM \u0915\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f \u092c\u093f\u091f \u0905\u0928\u0947\u0915 \u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0902\u091c\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0930 \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f \u091c\u092c\u0915\u093f DRAM \u0915\u094b \u090f\u0915\u0964<\/span>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <hr class=\"section-divider\">\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d1-7\">\n 1.7<\/span>\n <h3>Storage Devices and Units of Measurement<\/span>\u092d\u0902\u0921\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092e\u093e\u092a\u0928 \u0907\u0915\u093e\u0907\u092f\u093e\u0901<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n <h4>A. Units of storage<\/span>\u0915. \u092d\u0902\u0921\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0940 \u0907\u0915\u093e\u0907\u092f\u093e\u0901<\/span><\/h4>\n\n <div class=\"formula-card\">\n <div class=\"fx-eyebrow\">The ladder of storage units \u2014 memorise this exactly<\/span>\u092d\u0902\u0921\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0907\u0915\u093e\u0907\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0940\u0922\u093c\u0940 \u2014 \u0907\u0938\u0947 \u0920\u0940\u0915-\u0920\u0940\u0915 \u0915\u0902\u0920\u0938\u094d\u0925 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"fx-body\">\n 1 Nibble = 4 Bits \u00b7 1 Byte = 8 Bits<\/em> 1 KB = 210<\/sup> = 1024 Bytes<\/em> 1 MB = 1024 KB \u00b7 1 GB = 1024 MB \u00b7 1 TB = 1024 GB<\/span>\n 1 \u0928\u093f\u092c\u0932 = 4 \u092c\u093f\u091f \u00b7 1 \u092c\u093e\u0907\u091f = 8 \u092c\u093f\u091f<\/em> 1 KB = 210<\/sup> = 1024 \u092c\u093e\u0907\u091f<\/em> 1 MB = 1024 KB \u00b7 1 GB = 1024 MB \u00b7 1 TB = 1024 GB<\/span>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"fx-note\">\n A bit<\/b> \u2014 binary digit \u2014 is the smallest unit and holds only 0 or 1<\/b>. A byte<\/b> of 8 bits is the unit in which storage is counted, because one byte stores one character<\/b> in the ASCII scheme. The step is 1024, not 1000<\/b>, because 1024 is 210<\/sup> and computers count in powers of two. This is the single commonest trap in the whole item.<\/span>\n \u092c\u093f\u091f<\/b> \u2014 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0905\u0902\u0915 \u2014 \u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u091b\u094b\u091f\u0940 \u0907\u0915\u093e\u0908 \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 0 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e 1<\/b> \u0930\u0916\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 8 \u092c\u093f\u091f \u0915\u093e \u092c\u093e\u0907\u091f<\/b> \u0935\u0939 \u0907\u0915\u093e\u0908 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092d\u0902\u0921\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0917\u093f\u0928\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f ASCII \u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u090f\u0915 \u092c\u093e\u0907\u091f \u090f\u0915 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/b>\u0964 \u091a\u0930\u0923 1024 \u0939\u0948, 1000 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902<\/b>, \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f 1024 = 210<\/sup> \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u0926\u094b \u0915\u0940 \u0918\u093e\u0924\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0917\u093f\u0928\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u092e\u0926 \u0915\u093e \u092f\u0939\u0940 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u091a\u0932\u093f\u0924 \u091c\u093e\u0932 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <table class=\"data-table\">\n <thead>\n <tr>\n <th class=\"narrow\">#<\/th>\n <th>Unit<\/span>\u0907\u0915\u093e\u0908<\/span><\/th>\n <th class=\"narrow\">Equals<\/span>\u092c\u0930\u093e\u092c\u0930<\/span><\/th>\n <th class=\"narrow\">Power of 2<\/span>2 \u0915\u0940 \u0918\u093e\u0924<\/span><\/th>\n <th>Everyday scale<\/span>\u0926\u0948\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u0948\u092e\u093e\u0928\u093e<\/span><\/th>\n <\/tr>\n <\/thead>\n <tbody>\n <tr><td class=\"narrow\">1<\/td><td>Bit<\/span>\u092c\u093f\u091f<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td class=\"narrow\">0 or 1<\/td><td class=\"narrow\">20<\/sup><\/td><td>A single binary digit.<\/span>\u090f\u0915\u0932 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0905\u0902\u0915\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"narrow\">2<\/td><td>Nibble<\/span>\u0928\u093f\u092c\u0932<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td class=\"narrow\">4 bits<\/td><td class=\"narrow\">\u2014<\/td><td>Half a byte; one hexadecimal digit.<\/span>\u0906\u0927\u093e \u092c\u093e\u0907\u091f; \u090f\u0915 \u0937\u094b\u0921\u0936-\u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0905\u0902\u0915\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr style=\"background:#f3f8ff;\"><td class=\"narrow\">3<\/td><td>Byte (B)<\/span>\u092c\u093e\u0907\u091f (B)<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td class=\"narrow\">8 bits<\/td><td class=\"narrow\">23<\/sup> bits<\/td><td>One character<\/strong> \u2014 the letter A, the digit 7, a comma.<\/span>\u090f\u0915 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0923<\/strong> \u2014 \u0905\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0930 A, \u0905\u0902\u0915 7, \u0905\u0932\u094d\u092a\u0935\u093f\u0930\u093e\u092e\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"narrow\">4<\/td><td>Kilobyte (KB)<\/span>\u0915\u093f\u0932\u094b\u092c\u093e\u0907\u091f (KB)<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td class=\"narrow\">1024 B<\/td><td class=\"narrow\">210<\/sup><\/td><td>A short text document of about half a page.<\/span>\u0932\u0917\u092d\u0917 \u0906\u0927\u0947 \u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u0915\u093e \u0932\u0918\u0941 \u092a\u093e\u0920-\u0926\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0947\u091c\u093c\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"narrow\">5<\/td><td>Megabyte (MB)<\/span>\u092e\u0947\u0917\u093e\u092c\u093e\u0907\u091f (MB)<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td class=\"narrow\">1024 KB<\/td><td class=\"narrow\">220<\/sup><\/td><td>A photograph, or a few minutes of audio.<\/span>\u090f\u0915 \u091b\u093e\u092f\u093e\u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930, \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0915\u0941\u091b \u092e\u093f\u0928\u091f \u0915\u093e \u0936\u094d\u0930\u0935\u094d\u092f\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"narrow\">6<\/td><td>Gigabyte (GB)<\/span>\u0917\u0940\u0917\u093e\u092c\u093e\u0907\u091f (GB)<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td class=\"narrow\">1024 MB<\/td><td class=\"narrow\">230<\/sup><\/td><td>A full-length film; the usual unit for RAM size.<\/span>\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0932\u0902\u092c\u093e\u0908 \u0915\u0940 \u092b\u093c\u093f\u0932\u094d\u092e; RAM \u0906\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0907\u0915\u093e\u0908\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"narrow\">7<\/td><td>Terabyte (TB)<\/span>\u091f\u0947\u0930\u093e\u092c\u093e\u0907\u091f (TB)<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td class=\"narrow\">1024 GB<\/td><td class=\"narrow\">240<\/sup><\/td><td>The usual unit for a hard disk today.<\/span>\u0906\u091c \u0939\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0921 \u0921\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0915 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0907\u0915\u093e\u0908\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"narrow\">8<\/td><td>Petabyte (PB)<\/span>\u092a\u0947\u091f\u093e\u092c\u093e\u0907\u091f (PB)<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td class=\"narrow\">1024 TB<\/td><td class=\"narrow\">250<\/sup><\/td><td>The scale of a large national database.<\/span>\u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092c\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e\u092c\u0947\u0938 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u0948\u092e\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"narrow\">9<\/td><td>Exabyte (EB)<\/span>\u090f\u0915\u094d\u0938\u093e\u092c\u093e\u0907\u091f (EB)<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td class=\"narrow\">1024 PB<\/td><td class=\"narrow\">260<\/sup><\/td><td>Global data-traffic scale.<\/span>\u0935\u0948\u0936\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u093e-\u092f\u093e\u0924\u093e\u092f\u093e\u0924 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u0948\u092e\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"narrow\">10<\/td><td>Zettabyte (ZB) and Yottabyte (YB)<\/span>\u091c\u093c\u0947\u091f\u093e\u092c\u093e\u0907\u091f (ZB) \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092f\u094b\u091f\u093e\u092c\u093e\u0907\u091f (YB)<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td class=\"narrow\">1024 EB \/ 1024 ZB<\/td><td class=\"narrow\">270<\/sup> \/ 280<\/sup><\/td><td>Theoretical and planetary-scale quantities.<\/span>\u0938\u0948\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939-\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930\u0940\u092f \u092e\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093e\u090f\u0901\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <\/tbody>\n <\/table>\n\n <h4>B. Character coding schemes<\/span>\u0916. \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0923-\u0915\u094b\u0921\u0928 \u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928\u093e\u090f\u0901<\/span><\/h4>\n\n <div class=\"feat-grid\">\n <div class=\"feat-card\">1<\/span>ASCII<\/strong>American Standard Code for Information Interchange. A 7-bit<\/strong> code representing 128 characters<\/strong>. Extended ASCII uses 8 bits<\/strong> for 256 characters<\/strong>. In ASCII, capital A is 65<\/strong> and small a is 97<\/strong>.<\/span>\u0905\u092e\u0947\u0930\u093f\u0915\u0928 \u0938\u094d\u091f\u0948\u0902\u0921\u0930\u094d\u0921 \u0915\u094b\u0921 \u092b\u093c\u0949\u0930 \u0907\u0928\u094d\u092b\u093c\u0949\u0930\u094d\u092e\u0947\u0936\u0928 \u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u091a\u0947\u0902\u091c\u0964 7-\u092c\u093f\u091f<\/strong> \u0915\u094b\u0921 \u091c\u094b 128 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0923<\/strong> \u0928\u093f\u0930\u0942\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0935\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 ASCII 8 \u092c\u093f\u091f<\/strong> \u0938\u0947 256 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0923<\/strong> \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 ASCII \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0921\u093c\u093e A = 65<\/strong> \u0924\u0925\u093e \u091b\u094b\u091f\u093e a = 97<\/strong>\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"feat-card\">2<\/span>Unicode<\/strong>A universal scheme designed to represent every script in the world<\/strong>, including Devanagari and all Indian scripts. Encodings include UTF-8, UTF-16 and UTF-32<\/strong>. Bilingual documents such as these notes depend on Unicode.<\/span>\u0938\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0935\u092d\u094c\u092e\u093f\u0915 \u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928\u093e \u091c\u094b \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0935 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0932\u093f\u092a\u093f<\/strong> \u2014 \u0926\u0947\u0935\u0928\u093e\u0917\u0930\u0940 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u092e\u0938\u094d\u0924 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0932\u093f\u092a\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u0938\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u2014 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u0942\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0915\u094b\u0921\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 UTF-8, UTF-16 \u090f\u0935\u0902 UTF-32<\/strong>\u0964 \u0907\u0928 \u0928\u094b\u091f\u094d\u0938 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u0940 \u0926\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0947\u091c\u093c \u092f\u0942\u0928\u093f\u0915\u094b\u0921 \u092a\u0930 \u0939\u0940 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092d\u0930 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"feat-card\">3<\/span>ISCII<\/strong>Indian Script Code for Information Interchange \u2014 an 8-bit Indian standard<\/strong> for the Brahmi-derived scripts, developed before Unicode absorbed the same task.<\/span>\u0907\u0902\u0921\u093f\u092f\u0928 \u0938\u094d\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092a\u094d\u091f \u0915\u094b\u0921 \u092b\u093c\u0949\u0930 \u0907\u0928\u094d\u092b\u093c\u0949\u0930\u094d\u092e\u0947\u0936\u0928 \u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u091a\u0947\u0902\u091c \u2014 \u092c\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0939\u094d\u092e\u0940-\u0935\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0932\u093f\u092a\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 8-\u092c\u093f\u091f \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0915<\/strong>, \u091c\u094b \u092f\u0942\u0928\u093f\u0915\u094b\u0921 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u092f\u0939\u0940 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939\u0923 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0938\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0941\u0906\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"feat-card\">4<\/span>EBCDIC<\/strong>Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code \u2014 an 8-bit<\/strong> IBM scheme used chiefly on mainframe computers<\/strong>.<\/span>\u090f\u0915\u094d\u0938\u091f\u0947\u0902\u0921\u0947\u0921 \u092c\u093e\u0907\u0928\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u094b\u0921\u0947\u0921 \u0921\u0947\u0938\u093f\u092e\u0932 \u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u091a\u0947\u0902\u091c \u0915\u094b\u0921 \u2014 IBM \u0915\u0940 8-\u092c\u093f\u091f<\/strong> \u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928\u093e, \u091c\u094b \u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f\u0924\u0903 \u092e\u0947\u0928\u092b\u093c\u094d\u0930\u0947\u092e \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930\u094b\u0902<\/strong> \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <h4>C. Secondary storage devices<\/span>\u0917. \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0924\u0940\u092f\u0915 \u092d\u0902\u0921\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923<\/span><\/h4>\n\n <table class=\"data-table\">\n <thead>\n <tr>\n <th>Family<\/span>\u0915\u0941\u0932<\/span><\/th>\n <th>Device<\/span>\u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923<\/span><\/th>\n <th>Typical capacity and note<\/span>\u0935\u093f\u0936\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e\u0924\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u091f\u093f\u092a\u094d\u092a\u0923\u0940<\/span><\/th>\n <\/tr>\n <\/thead>\n <tbody>\n <tr>\n <td rowspan=\"3\">Magnetic<\/span>\u091a\u0941\u0902\u092c\u0915\u0940\u092f<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n <td>Hard Disk Drive (HDD)<\/span>\u0939\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0921 \u0921\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0915 \u0921\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0907\u0935 (HDD)<\/span><\/td>\n <td>500 GB to several TB.<\/strong> Rotating magnetic platters read by a moving head; the standard bulk store for decades.<\/span>500 GB \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0908 TB\u0964<\/strong> \u0918\u0942\u092e\u0924\u0940 \u091a\u0941\u0902\u092c\u0915\u0940\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0932\u0947\u091f\u0947\u0902, \u091c\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u091a\u0932\u093e\u092f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0939\u0947\u0921 \u092a\u0922\u093c\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948; \u0926\u0936\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0925\u094b\u0915 \u092d\u0902\u0921\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u093e \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0915\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td>Magnetic tape<\/span>\u091a\u0941\u0902\u092c\u0915\u0940\u092f \u091f\u0947\u092a<\/span><\/td>\n <td>Very high capacity but sequential access only<\/strong>, so it is used for archival backup rather than working storage.<\/span>\u0905\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e\u0924\u093e \u0915\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0917\u092e<\/strong>, \u0905\u0924\u0903 \u092f\u0939 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u092d\u0902\u0921\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0932\u0947\u0916\u0940\u092f \u092c\u0948\u0915\u0905\u092a \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td>Floppy disk<\/span>\u092b\u093c\u094d\u0932\u0949\u092a\u0940 \u0921\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0915<\/span><\/td>\n <td>Obsolete. The 3.5-inch floppy held 1.44 MB<\/strong>. Its icon survives as the \"save\" symbol.<\/span>\u0905\u092a\u094d\u0930\u091a\u0932\u093f\u0924\u0964 3.5-\u0907\u0902\u091a \u092b\u093c\u094d\u0932\u0949\u092a\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 1.44 MB<\/strong> \u0906\u0924\u093e \u0925\u093e\u0964 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u093e \u091a\u093f\u0939\u094d\u0928 \u0906\u091c \u092d\u0940 \"\u0938\u0902\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902\" \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u0940\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u091a\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td rowspan=\"3\">Optical<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0936\u0940\u092f<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n <td>CD \u2014 Compact Disc<\/span>CD \u2014 \u0915\u0949\u092e\u094d\u092a\u0948\u0915\u094d\u091f \u0921\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0915<\/span><\/td>\n <td>700 MB.<\/strong> Read by a laser. Variants: CD-ROM (read only), CD-R (write once), CD-RW (rewritable).<\/span>700 MB\u0964<\/strong> \u0932\u0947\u091c\u093c\u0930 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u092a\u0920\u093f\u0924\u0964 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930: CD-ROM (\u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u092a\u0920\u0928), CD-R (\u090f\u0915 \u092c\u093e\u0930 \u0932\u0947\u0916\u0928), CD-RW (\u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0916\u0928\u0940\u092f)\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td>DVD \u2014 Digital Versatile Disc<\/span>DVD \u2014 \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0938\u0947\u091f\u093e\u0907\u0932 \u0921\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0915<\/span><\/td>\n <td>4.7 GB<\/strong> single-layer, 8.5 GB<\/strong> dual-layer.<\/span>\u090f\u0915-\u092a\u0930\u0924 4.7 GB<\/strong>, \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093f-\u092a\u0930\u0924 8.5 GB<\/strong>\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td>Blu-ray Disc<\/span>\u092c\u094d\u0932\u0942-\u0930\u0947 \u0921\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0915<\/span><\/td>\n <td>25 GB<\/strong> single-layer, 50 GB<\/strong> dual-layer. Uses a blue-violet laser of shorter wavelength, hence the higher density.<\/span>\u090f\u0915-\u092a\u0930\u0924 25 GB<\/strong>, \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093f-\u092a\u0930\u0924 50 GB<\/strong>\u0964 \u0915\u092e \u0924\u0930\u0902\u0917\u0926\u0948\u0930\u094d\u0927\u094d\u092f \u0915\u093e \u0928\u0940\u0932-\u092c\u0948\u0902\u0917\u0928\u0940 \u0932\u0947\u091c\u093c\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924, \u0905\u0924\u0903 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0918\u0928\u0924\u094d\u0935\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td rowspan=\"3\">Solid state<\/span>\u0920\u094b\u0938-\u0905\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n <td>Solid State Drive (SSD)<\/span>\u0938\u0949\u0932\u093f\u0921 \u0938\u094d\u091f\u0947\u091f \u0921\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0907\u0935 (SSD)<\/span><\/td>\n <td>128 GB to several TB.<\/strong> Flash memory with no moving parts<\/strong>, therefore far faster, silent and shock-resistant.<\/span>128 GB \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0908 TB\u0964<\/strong> \u092b\u093c\u094d\u0932\u0948\u0936 \u0938\u094d\u092e\u0943\u0924\u093f, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u091a\u0932\u093e\u092f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0905\u0902\u0917 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902<\/strong>, \u0905\u0924\u0903 \u0915\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0924\u0940\u0935\u094d\u0930, \u0928\u093f:\u0936\u092c\u094d\u0926 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0906\u0918\u093e\u0924-\u0938\u0939\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td>USB flash drive \/ pen drive<\/span>USB \u092b\u093c\u094d\u0932\u0948\u0936 \u0921\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0907\u0935 \/ \u092a\u0947\u0928 \u0921\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0907\u0935<\/span><\/td>\n <td>8 GB to 1 TB.<\/strong> Portable flash storage; the commonest carrier of files \u2014 and of viruses \u2014 in a school.<\/span>8 GB \u0938\u0947 1 TB\u0964<\/strong> \u0935\u0939\u0928\u0940\u092f \u092b\u093c\u094d\u0932\u0948\u0936 \u092d\u0902\u0921\u093e\u0930\u0923; \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092b\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0932\u094b\u0902 \u2014 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0935\u093e\u092f\u0930\u0938\u094b\u0902 \u2014 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u091a\u0932\u093f\u0924 \u0935\u093e\u0939\u0915\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td>Memory card (SD, microSD)<\/span>\u092e\u0947\u092e\u094b\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0921 (SD, \u092e\u093e\u0907\u0915\u094d\u0930\u094bSD)<\/span><\/td>\n <td>Used in cameras, phones and tablets. Variants: SD, SDHC, SDXC.<\/span>\u0915\u0948\u092e\u0930\u094b\u0902, \u092b\u093c\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u091f\u0948\u092c\u0932\u0947\u091f\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924\u0964 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930: SD, SDHC, SDXC\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr style=\"background:#faf6ff;\">\n <td>Remote<\/span>\u0926\u0942\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0925<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n <td>Cloud storage<\/span>\u0915\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0909\u0921 \u092d\u0902\u0921\u093e\u0930\u0923<\/span><\/td>\n <td>Storage on servers reached over the internet \u2014 Google Drive, OneDrive, DigiLocker. Treated fully in \u00a76.9 and \u00a713.4.<\/span>\u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u0928\u0947\u091f \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u092d\u0902\u0921\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u2014 \u0917\u0942\u0917\u0932 \u0921\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0907\u0935, \u0935\u0928\u0921\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0907\u0935, \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u0932\u0949\u0915\u0930\u0964 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0935\u093f\u0935\u0947\u091a\u0928\u093e \u00a76.9 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u00a713.4 \u092e\u0947\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <\/tbody>\n <\/table>\n\n <h4>D. Inside a hard disk, and the SSD comparison<\/span>\u0918. \u0939\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0921 \u0921\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u092d\u0940\u0924\u0930, \u0924\u0925\u093e SSD \u0938\u0947 \u0924\u0941\u0932\u0928\u093e<\/span><\/h4>\n\n <div class=\"callout amber\">\n <div class=\"callout-label\">\ud83d\udcbd The vocabulary of a hard disk<\/span>\ud83d\udcbd \u0939\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0921 \u0921\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0915 \u0915\u0940 \u0936\u092c\u094d\u0926\u093e\u0935\u0932\u0940<\/span><\/div>\n <ul class=\"split-list\" style=\"margin-top:4px;\">\n <li>1<\/span>Platter<\/strong> \u2014 a rigid magnetic disc; several are stacked on a common spindle<\/strong> that rotates at 5400 or 7200 RPM<\/strong>.<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0932\u0947\u091f\u0930<\/strong> \u2014 \u0915\u0920\u094b\u0930 \u091a\u0941\u0902\u092c\u0915\u0940\u092f \u091a\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0915\u093e; \u0905\u0928\u0947\u0915 \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u091d\u093e \u0938\u094d\u092a\u093f\u0902\u0921\u0932<\/strong> \u092a\u0930 \u0932\u0917\u0940 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u091c\u094b 5400 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e 7200 RPM<\/strong> \u092a\u0930 \u0918\u0942\u092e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n <li>2<\/span>Track<\/strong> \u2014 a concentric circle on the surface of a platter. Sector<\/strong> \u2014 a wedge-shaped division of a track, and the smallest addressable unit. Cylinder<\/strong> \u2014 the same track number taken across all platters together.<\/span>\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0948\u0915<\/strong> \u2014 \u092a\u094d\u0932\u0947\u091f\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0924\u0939 \u092a\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0964 \u0938\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u0930<\/strong> \u2014 \u091f\u094d\u0930\u0948\u0915 \u0915\u093e \u092b\u093e\u0901\u0915-\u0906\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093e\u091c\u0928, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u091b\u094b\u091f\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u094b\u0927\u0928\u0940\u092f \u0907\u0915\u093e\u0908\u0964 \u0938\u093f\u0932\u093f\u0902\u0921\u0930<\/strong> \u2014 \u0938\u092d\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0932\u0947\u091f\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u090f\u0915 \u0939\u0940 \u091f\u094d\u0930\u0948\u0915-\u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0932\u0947\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n <li>3<\/span>Seek time<\/strong> \u2014 the time the head takes to move to the correct track. Rotational latency<\/strong> \u2014 the further time until the correct sector arrives under the head. Their sum plus transfer time is the access time<\/strong>.<\/span>\u0905\u0928\u094d\u0935\u0947\u0937\u0923-\u0915\u093e\u0932<\/strong> \u2014 \u0939\u0947\u0921 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0939\u0940 \u091f\u094d\u0930\u0948\u0915 \u0924\u0915 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0932\u0917\u093e \u0938\u092e\u092f\u0964 \u0918\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923\u0928-\u0935\u093f\u0932\u0902\u092c<\/strong> \u2014 \u0938\u0939\u0940 \u0938\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0921 \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u0940\u091a\u0947 \u0906\u0928\u0947 \u0924\u0915 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0924\u093f\u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0938\u092e\u092f\u0964 \u0907\u0928\u0915\u093e \u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930\u0923-\u0915\u093e\u0932 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0915\u0930 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0917\u092e-\u0915\u093e\u0932<\/strong> \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n <li>4<\/span>Formatting<\/strong> \u2014 preparing a disk by creating tracks and sectors and writing a file system to it, which erases existing data.<\/span>\u0938\u0902\u0930\u0942\u092a\u0923<\/strong> \u2014 \u091f\u094d\u0930\u0948\u0915 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u0930 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0915\u0930 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092b\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0932-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0932\u093f\u0916\u0915\u0930 \u0921\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0915 \u0915\u094b \u0924\u0948\u092f\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u092e\u093f\u091f \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"pc-grid\">\n <div class=\"pc-panel neu\">\n <div class=\"pc-head\">\u25b8<\/span>Hard Disk Drive (HDD)<\/span>\u0939\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0921 \u0921\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0915 \u0921\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0907\u0935 (HDD)<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n <ul>\n <li>Has moving mechanical parts<\/strong>, so it is slower and can be damaged by a fall<\/span>\u091a\u0932\u093e\u092f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092f\u093e\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u0902\u0917<\/strong> \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0905\u0924\u0903 \u0927\u0940\u092e\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0917\u093f\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0924\u093f\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/li>\n <li>Much cheaper per gigabyte<\/strong>, so still preferred for bulk storage<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f \u0917\u0940\u0917\u093e\u092c\u093e\u0907\u091f \u0915\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0938\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0940<\/strong>, \u0905\u0924\u0903 \u0925\u094b\u0915 \u092d\u0902\u0921\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0906\u091c \u092d\u0940 \u0935\u0930\u0940\u092f<\/span><\/li>\n <li>Audible, generates more heat, consumes more power<\/span>\u0936\u094d\u0930\u0935\u094d\u092f, \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924 \u0916\u092a\u0924<\/span><\/li>\n <li>Performance degrades with fragmentation<\/strong>, so defragmentation helps<\/span>\u0935\u093f\u0916\u0902\u0921\u0928<\/strong> \u0938\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0928 \u0918\u091f\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0905\u0924\u0903 \u0921\u0940\u092b\u093c\u094d\u0930\u0948\u0917\u092e\u0947\u0902\u091f\u0947\u0936\u0928 \u0938\u0939\u093e\u092f\u0915 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"pc-panel pro\">\n <div class=\"pc-head\">\u2713<\/span>Solid State Drive (SSD)<\/span>\u0938\u0949\u0932\u093f\u0921 \u0938\u094d\u091f\u0947\u091f \u0921\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0907\u0935 (SSD)<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n <ul>\n <li>No moving parts<\/strong>; several times faster to boot and to open files<\/span>\u0915\u094b\u0908 \u091a\u0932\u093e\u092f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0905\u0902\u0917 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902<\/strong>; \u092c\u0942\u091f \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092b\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0932 \u0916\u094b\u0932\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u0908 \u0917\u0941\u0928\u093e \u0924\u0940\u0935\u094d\u0930<\/span><\/li>\n <li>Costlier per gigabyte<\/strong>, though the gap narrows each year<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f \u0917\u0940\u0917\u093e\u092c\u093e\u0907\u091f \u092e\u0939\u0901\u0917\u0940<\/strong>, \u092f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u092a\u093f \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937 \u0918\u091f \u0930\u0939\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/li>\n <li>Silent, cooler, lower power draw \u2014 hence standard in laptops<\/span>\u0928\u093f:\u0936\u092c\u094d\u0926, \u0915\u092e \u0917\u0930\u094d\u092e, \u0915\u092e \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924 \u0916\u092a\u0924 \u2014 \u0905\u0924\u0903 \u0932\u0948\u092a\u091f\u0949\u092a\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0915<\/span><\/li>\n <li>Has a finite number of write cycles<\/strong>, and should never be defragmented<\/span>\u0932\u0947\u0916\u0928-\u091a\u0915\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e<\/strong> \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0907\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0921\u0940\u092b\u093c\u094d\u0930\u0948\u0917\u092e\u0947\u0902\u091f\u0947\u0936\u0928 \u0915\u092d\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f<\/span><\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <hr class=\"section-divider\">\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d1-8\">\n 1.8<\/span>\n <h3>Input Devices<\/span>\u0928\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0936 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n \n An input device<\/strong> is any hardware that feeds data or instructions into the computer and converts them into binary form. The single most examinable skill in this section is the ability to sort a mixed list into input, output and both<\/strong>.<\/span>\n \u0928\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0936 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923<\/strong> \u0935\u0939 \u0939\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0921\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u0921\u093e\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0907\u0938 \u092d\u093e\u0917 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e-\u092f\u094b\u0917\u094d\u092f \u0915\u094c\u0936\u0932 \u0939\u0948 \u092e\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0940 \u0915\u094b \u0928\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0936, \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0924 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091b\u093e\u0901\u091f\u0928\u0947<\/strong> \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e\u0924\u093e\u0964<\/span>\n <\/p>\n\n <h4>A. The keyboard<\/span>\u0915. \u0915\u0941\u0902\u091c\u0940\u092a\u091f\u0932<\/span><\/h4>\n\n \n The standard layout is called QWERTY<\/strong> after the first six letters of its top row. A standard keyboard has 104 keys<\/strong> in the American layout and 105<\/strong> in the European. Its keys fall into six groups.<\/span>\n \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0915 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u094b \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u0936\u0940\u0930\u094d\u0937 \u092a\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0925\u092e \u091b\u0939 \u0905\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u093e\u092e \u092a\u0930 QWERTY<\/strong> \u0915\u0939\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0915 \u0915\u0941\u0902\u091c\u0940\u092a\u091f\u0932 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u092e\u0947\u0930\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938 \u092e\u0947\u0902 104 \u0915\u0941\u0902\u091c\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901<\/strong> \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092f\u0942\u0930\u094b\u092a\u0940\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 105<\/strong> \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u0915\u0941\u0902\u091c\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u091b\u0939 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0906\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span>\n <\/p>\n\n <div class=\"feat-grid\">\n <div class=\"feat-card\">1<\/span>Alphanumeric keys<\/span>\u0905\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0915\u0941\u0902\u091c\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901<\/span><\/strong>The letters A to Z, the digits 0 to 9 in the top row, and the punctuation marks \u2014 the main typing area.<\/span>A \u0938\u0947 Z \u0924\u0915 \u0905\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0930, \u0936\u0940\u0930\u094d\u0937 \u092a\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u092e\u0947\u0902 0 \u0938\u0947 9 \u0924\u0915 \u0905\u0902\u0915, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0930\u093e\u092e-\u091a\u093f\u0939\u094d\u0928 \u2014 \u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f \u091f\u0902\u0915\u0923 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"feat-card\">2<\/span>Numeric keypad<\/span>\u0905\u0902\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0915\u0941\u0902\u091c\u0940\u092a\u091f<\/span><\/strong>The calculator-style block of 17 keys<\/strong> on the right, active only when <kbd>Num Lock<\/kbd> is on.<\/span>\u0926\u093e\u0939\u093f\u0928\u0940 \u0913\u0930 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0915\u0932\u0915-\u0936\u0948\u0932\u0940 \u0915\u093e 17 \u0915\u0941\u0902\u091c\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902<\/strong> \u0915\u093e \u0916\u0902\u0921, \u091c\u094b <kbd>Num Lock<\/kbd> \u091a\u093e\u0932\u0942 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u0939\u0940 \u0938\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f \u0930\u0939\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"feat-card\">3<\/span>Function keys<\/span>\u092b\u0932\u0928 \u0915\u0941\u0902\u091c\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901<\/span><\/strong><kbd>F1<\/kbd> to <kbd>F12<\/kbd> along the top. <kbd>F1<\/kbd> is conventionally Help<\/strong>, <kbd>F5<\/kbd> is Refresh<\/strong> in a browser and Slide Show<\/strong> in a presentation, and <kbd>F12<\/kbd> is Save As<\/strong>.<\/span>\u0936\u0940\u0930\u094d\u0937 \u092a\u0930 <kbd>F1<\/kbd> \u0938\u0947 <kbd>F12<\/kbd>\u0964 \u092a\u0930\u0902\u092a\u0930\u093e \u0938\u0947 <kbd>F1<\/kbd> \u0938\u0939\u093e\u092f\u0924\u093e<\/strong>, <kbd>F5<\/kbd> \u092c\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0909\u091c\u093c\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0924\u093e\u091c\u093c\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902<\/strong> \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924\u093f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u0936\u094b<\/strong>, \u0924\u0925\u093e <kbd>F12<\/kbd> \u0907\u0938 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902<\/strong>\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"feat-card\">4<\/span>Navigation keys<\/span>\u0938\u0902\u091a\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0941\u0902\u091c\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901<\/span><\/strong>The four arrow keys with <kbd>Home<\/kbd>, <kbd>End<\/kbd>, <kbd>Page Up<\/kbd> and <kbd>Page Down<\/kbd>, which move the cursor without altering text.<\/span>\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0924\u0940\u0930 \u0915\u0941\u0902\u091c\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u0924\u0925\u093e <kbd>Home<\/kbd>, <kbd>End<\/kbd>, <kbd>Page Up<\/kbd> \u090f\u0935\u0902 <kbd>Page Down<\/kbd>, \u091c\u094b \u092a\u093e\u0920 \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0947 \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0947\u0924\u0915 \u091a\u0932\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"feat-card\">5<\/span>Modifier keys<\/span>\u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0915 \u0915\u0941\u0902\u091c\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901<\/span><\/strong><kbd>Shift<\/kbd>, <kbd>Ctrl<\/kbd> and <kbd>Alt<\/kbd>. They do nothing alone but change the meaning of another key<\/strong> pressed with them.<\/span><kbd>Shift<\/kbd>, <kbd>Ctrl<\/kbd> \u090f\u0935\u0902 <kbd>Alt<\/kbd>\u0964 \u092f\u0947 \u0905\u0915\u0947\u0932\u0947 \u0915\u0941\u091b \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940\u0902, \u0905\u092a\u093f\u0924\u0941 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0926\u092c\u093e\u0908 \u0917\u0908 \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u0941\u0902\u091c\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u092c\u0926\u0932<\/strong> \u0926\u0947\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"feat-card\">6<\/span>Toggle keys<\/span>\u091f\u0949\u0917\u0932 \u0915\u0941\u0902\u091c\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901<\/span><\/strong><kbd>Caps Lock<\/kbd>, <kbd>Num Lock<\/kbd>, <kbd>Scroll Lock<\/kbd> and <kbd>Insert<\/kbd>. Each switches a state on and off<\/strong> and stays in that state until pressed again.<\/span><kbd>Caps Lock<\/kbd>, <kbd>Num Lock<\/kbd>, <kbd>Scroll Lock<\/kbd> \u090f\u0935\u0902 <kbd>Insert<\/kbd>\u0964 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0905\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u0915\u094b \u091a\u093e\u0932\u0942-\u092c\u0902\u0926<\/strong> \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0903 \u0926\u092c\u093e\u090f \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0924\u0915 \u0909\u0938\u0940 \u0905\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0930\u0939\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <h4>B. Pointing, scanning and recognition devices<\/span>\u0916. \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0947\u0924\u0928, \u0938\u094d\u0915\u0948\u0928\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u0939\u091a\u093e\u0928 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923<\/span><\/h4>\n\n <table class=\"data-table\">\n <thead>\n <tr>\n <th>Device<\/span>\u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923<\/span><\/th>\n <th>What it does<\/span>\u092f\u0939 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/th>\n <th>Where a school meets it<\/span>\u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092f\u0939 \u0915\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/th>\n <\/tr>\n <\/thead>\n <tbody>\n <tr><td>Mouse<\/span>\u092e\u093e\u0909\u0938<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>Moves the on-screen pointer. Types: mechanical<\/strong> (ball), optical<\/strong> (LED), laser<\/strong> and wireless<\/strong>.<\/span>\u092a\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0947\u0924\u0915 \u091a\u0932\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930: \u092f\u093e\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0915<\/strong> (\u0917\u0947\u0902\u0926), \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0936\u0940\u092f<\/strong> (LED), \u0932\u0947\u091c\u093c\u0930<\/strong> \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092c\u0947\u0924\u093e\u0930<\/strong>\u0964<\/span><\/td><td>Every desktop in the laboratory.<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0936\u093e\u0932\u093e \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0921\u0947\u0938\u094d\u0915\u091f\u0949\u092a\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>Touchpad and trackball<\/span>\u091f\u091a\u092a\u0948\u0921 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u091f\u094d\u0930\u0948\u0915\u092c\u0949\u0932<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>Stationary substitutes for the mouse; the touchpad senses finger movement, the trackball is a ball rolled in a socket.<\/span>\u092e\u093e\u0909\u0938 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a; \u091f\u091a\u092a\u0948\u0921 \u0905\u0902\u0917\u0941\u0932\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u0917\u0924\u093f \u092d\u093e\u0901\u092a\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091f\u094d\u0930\u0948\u0915\u092c\u0949\u0932 \u0938\u0949\u0915\u0947\u091f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0918\u0941\u092e\u093e\u0908 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0917\u0947\u0902\u0926 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><td>Laptops.<\/span>\u0932\u0948\u092a\u091f\u0949\u092a\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>Touch screen<\/span>\u0938\u094d\u092a\u0930\u094d\u0936 \u092a\u0930\u094d\u0926\u093e<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>Accepts input by touch and displays output on the same surface \u2014 therefore both an input and an output device<\/strong>.<\/span>\u0938\u094d\u092a\u0930\u094d\u0936 \u0938\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0936 \u0932\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0938\u0940 \u0938\u0924\u0939 \u092a\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0924 \u0926\u093f\u0916\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u0905\u0924\u0903 \u0928\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0936 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0924 \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923<\/strong>\u0964<\/span><\/td><td>Interactive panels, tablets, smartphones.<\/span>\u0905\u0902\u0924\u0903\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u092a\u0948\u0928\u0932, \u091f\u0948\u092c\u0932\u0947\u091f, \u0938\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u091f\u092b\u093c\u094b\u0928\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>Graphics tablet and stylus<\/span>\u0906\u0932\u0947\u0916\u0940 \u091f\u0948\u092c\u0932\u0947\u091f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u091f\u093e\u0907\u0932\u0938<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>A flat pad on which a pen-like stylus draws; the drawing appears on screen. Also called a digitizer<\/strong>.<\/span>\u0938\u092a\u093e\u091f \u092a\u0948\u0921 \u091c\u093f\u0938 \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u0932\u092e \u091c\u0948\u0938\u093e \u0938\u094d\u091f\u093e\u0907\u0932\u0938 \u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948; \u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092a\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u0906\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0947 \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u093e\u0907\u091c\u093c\u0930<\/strong> \u092d\u0940 \u0915\u0939\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/td><td>Digital drawing and online teaching.<\/span>\u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0923 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0911\u0928\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>Scanner<\/span>\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0948\u0928\u0930<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>Converts a printed page or photograph into a digital image. Types: flatbed, sheet-fed, handheld and drum<\/strong>.<\/span>\u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u091b\u093e\u092f\u093e\u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u094b \u0905\u0902\u0915\u0940\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092c\u093f\u0902\u092c \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930: \u092b\u093c\u094d\u0932\u0948\u091f\u092c\u0947\u0921, \u0936\u0940\u091f-\u092b\u093c\u0947\u0921, \u0939\u0938\u094d\u0924-\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0921\u094d\u0930\u092e<\/strong>\u0964<\/span><\/td><td>Digitising records and certificates.<\/span>\u0905\u092d\u093f\u0932\u0947\u0916\u094b\u0902 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0902\u0915\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr style=\"background:#f3f8ff;\"><td>OCR<\/strong><\/td><td>Optical Character Recognition<\/strong> \u2014 reads the characters<\/em> in a scanned image and converts them into editable, searchable text.<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0936\u0940\u092f \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u092a\u0939\u091a\u093e\u0928<\/strong> \u2014 \u0938\u094d\u0915\u0948\u0928 \u0915\u093f\u090f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092c\u093f\u0902\u092c \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0923<\/em> \u092a\u0922\u093c\u0915\u0930 \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0928\u0940\u092f, \u0916\u094b\u091c\u0928\u0947-\u092f\u094b\u0917\u094d\u092f \u092a\u093e\u0920 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><td>Converting an old printed register into a spreadsheet.<\/span>\u092a\u0941\u0930\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0930\u091c\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0930 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u094d\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0921\u0936\u0940\u091f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0928\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr style=\"background:#f3f8ff;\"><td>OMR<\/strong><\/td><td>Optical Mark Recognition<\/strong> \u2014 detects the presence or absence of a mark<\/em> in a defined position; it does not read characters.<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0936\u0940\u092f \u091a\u093f\u0939\u094d\u0928 \u092a\u0939\u091a\u093e\u0928<\/strong> \u2014 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u0930 \u091a\u093f\u0939\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u0909\u092a\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f<\/em> \u092a\u0939\u091a\u093e\u0928\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948; \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u092a\u0922\u093c\u0924\u0940\u0964<\/span><\/td><td>OMR answer sheets<\/strong> in objective examinations \u2014 the direct link to \u00a710.5.<\/span>\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0940 OMR \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930-\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0915\u093e\u090f\u0901<\/strong> \u2014 \u00a710.5 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0940\u0927\u093e \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>MICR<\/strong><\/td><td>Magnetic Ink Character Recognition<\/strong> \u2014 reads characters printed in magnetic ink. Used on the 9-digit code at the foot of a bank cheque<\/strong>.<\/span>\u091a\u0941\u0902\u092c\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0938\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0939\u0940 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u092a\u0939\u091a\u093e\u0928<\/strong> \u2014 \u091a\u0941\u0902\u092c\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0938\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0939\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u092a\u0922\u093c\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092c\u0948\u0902\u0915 \u091a\u0947\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u0924\u0932 \u092a\u0930 9-\u0905\u0902\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0915\u094b\u0921<\/strong> \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924\u0964<\/span><\/td><td>Cheque clearing in the school's bank.<\/span>\u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0948\u0902\u0915 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091a\u0947\u0915 \u0928\u093f\u092a\u091f\u093e\u0928\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>Barcode and QR reader<\/span>\u092c\u093e\u0930\u0915\u094b\u0921 \u090f\u0935\u0902 QR \u092a\u093e\u0920\u0915<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>Reads a pattern of bars or squares encoding an identifier. A QR code holds far more data<\/strong> than a linear barcode.<\/span>\u092a\u0939\u091a\u093e\u0928\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0915\u0942\u091f\u092c\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0906\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f \u092a\u0922\u093c\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 QR \u0915\u094b\u0921 \u0930\u0948\u0916\u093f\u0915 \u092c\u093e\u0930\u0915\u094b\u0921 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u0947<\/strong> \u0930\u0916\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><td>Library book issue; UPI payment.<\/span>\u092a\u0941\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0915\u093e\u0932\u092f \u092a\u0941\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0915-\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0917\u092e\u0928; UPI \u092d\u0941\u0917\u0924\u093e\u0928\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>Biometric devices<\/span>\u092c\u093e\u092f\u094b\u092e\u0947\u091f\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>Capture a physical or behavioural trait \u2014 fingerprint, iris, face, voice<\/strong> \u2014 as input for identification.<\/span>\u092a\u0939\u091a\u093e\u0928 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0928\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0936 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0936\u093e\u0930\u0940\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930\u0917\u0924 \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u2014 \u0905\u0902\u0917\u0941\u0932\u0940-\u091b\u093e\u092a, \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0924\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0915\u093e, \u091a\u0947\u0939\u0930\u093e, \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0930<\/strong> \u2014 \u0915\u094b \u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939\u0923 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/td><td>Staff attendance; Aadhaar authentication (\u00a713.2).<\/span>\u0915\u0930\u094d\u092e\u091a\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0909\u092a\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f; \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u0928 (\u00a713.2)\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>Microphone, webcam, digital camera<\/span>\u092e\u093e\u0907\u0915\u094d\u0930\u094b\u092b\u093c\u094b\u0928, \u0935\u0947\u092c\u0915\u0948\u092e, \u0905\u0902\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0915\u0948\u092e\u0930\u093e<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>Capture sound and images as digital input.<\/span>\u0927\u094d\u0935\u0928\u093f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092c\u093f\u0902\u092c \u0915\u094b \u0905\u0902\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0928\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0936 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939\u0923 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/td><td>Online classes and video conferencing (\u00a77.6).<\/span>\u0911\u0928\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0935\u0940\u0921\u093f\u092f\u094b \u0915\u0949\u0928\u094d\u092b\u093c\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0902\u0938\u093f\u0902\u0917 (\u00a77.6)\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <\/tbody>\n <\/table>\n\n <div class=\"exam-tip\">\n <div class=\"et-icon\">\ud83d\udd0d<\/div>\n <div class=\"et-body\">\n OCR, OMR and MICR \u2014 the three most confused abbreviations in this item.<\/strong> OMR<\/strong> asks only \"is there a mark here?\"<\/em> and is therefore used for answer sheets. OCR<\/strong> asks \"which character is this?\"<\/em> and turns a picture of text into text. MICR<\/strong> reads characters written in magnetic ink<\/em> and is confined almost entirely to banking. A question naming bank cheques<\/strong> always points to MICR; a question naming objective answer sheets<\/strong> always points to OMR.<\/span>\n OCR, OMR \u090f\u0935\u0902 MICR \u2014 \u0907\u0938 \u092e\u0926 \u0915\u0947 \u0924\u0940\u0928 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092d\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u092a\u093e\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0930\u0964<\/strong> OMR<\/strong> \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u092a\u0942\u091b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \"\u092f\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u091a\u093f\u0939\u094d\u0928 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e?\"<\/em> \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u0924\u0903 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930-\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u0948\u0964 OCR<\/strong> \u092a\u0942\u091b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \"\u092f\u0939 \u0915\u094c\u0928-\u0938\u093e \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0939\u0948?\"<\/em> \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u093e\u0920 \u0915\u0947 \u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u093e\u0920 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0926\u0932 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 MICR<\/strong> \u091a\u0941\u0902\u092c\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0938\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0939\u0940<\/em> \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0932\u093f\u0916\u0947 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u092a\u0922\u093c\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0932\u0917\u092d\u0917 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923\u0924\u0903 \u092c\u0948\u0902\u0915\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0924\u0915 \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092c\u0948\u0902\u0915 \u091a\u0947\u0915<\/strong> \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093e\u092e \u0932\u0947\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u0938\u0926\u0948\u0935 MICR \u0915\u0940 \u0913\u0930, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930-\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0915\u093e<\/strong> \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093e\u092e \u0932\u0947\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e \u0938\u0926\u0948\u0935 OMR \u0915\u0940 \u0913\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0947\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <hr class=\"section-divider\">\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d1-9\">\n 1.9<\/span>\n <h3>Output Devices<\/span>\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0924 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"vs-compare\">\n <div class=\"vs-side left\">\n Type 1<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 1<\/span><\/span>\n <h5>Soft copy output<\/span>\u0938\u0949\u092b\u093c\u094d\u091f \u0915\u0949\u092a\u0940 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0924<\/span><\/h5>\n <ul>\n <li>Output that is displayed, not printed<\/strong> \u2014 temporary, editable and not physically handled.<\/span>\u0935\u0939 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0924 \u091c\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b, \u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902<\/strong> \u2014 \u0905\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092f\u0940, \u0938\u0902\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0928\u0940\u092f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092d\u094c\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0928 \u092a\u0915\u0921\u093c\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n <li>Devices:<\/em> monitor, projector, speaker, headphone.<\/span>\u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923:<\/em> \u092e\u0949\u0928\u093f\u091f\u0930, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u092a\u0915, \u0935\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093e, \u0939\u0947\u0921\u092b\u093c\u094b\u0928\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"vs-mid\">VS<\/div>\n <div class=\"vs-side right\">\n Type 2<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 2<\/span><\/span>\n <h5>Hard copy output<\/span>\u0939\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0921 \u0915\u0949\u092a\u0940 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0924<\/span><\/h5>\n <ul>\n <li>Output fixed on a physical medium<\/strong> \u2014 permanent, portable and readable without a computer.<\/span>\u092d\u094c\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u092a\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0930<\/strong> \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0924 \u2014 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092f\u0940, \u0935\u0939\u0928\u0940\u092f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u092a\u0920\u0928\u0940\u092f\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n <li>Devices:<\/em> printer, plotter, 3D printer.<\/span>\u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923:<\/em> \u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0915, \u0906\u0932\u0947\u0916\u0915, \u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0935\u093f\u092e \u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0915\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <h4>A. Monitors<\/span>\u0915. \u092e\u0949\u0928\u093f\u091f\u0930<\/span><\/h4>\n\n \n The monitor, also called the Visual Display Unit (VDU)<\/strong>, is the principal soft-copy device. Its picture is built from pixels<\/strong> \u2014 picture elements \u2014 and the number of pixels across and down is its resolution<\/strong>, so that 1920 \u00d7 1080 is called Full HD. The refresh rate<\/strong>, measured in hertz, is the number of times per second the image is redrawn.<\/span>\n \u092e\u0949\u0928\u093f\u091f\u0930, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u0926\u0943\u0936\u094d\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u0928 \u0907\u0915\u093e\u0908 (VDU)<\/strong> \u092d\u0940 \u0915\u0939\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0941\u0916 \u0938\u0949\u092b\u093c\u094d\u091f-\u0915\u0949\u092a\u0940 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u093e \u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092a\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0938\u0947\u0932<\/strong> \u2014 \u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930-\u0924\u0924\u094d\u0935\u094b\u0902 \u2014 \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0928\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0906\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0916\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u092a\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0938\u0947\u0932\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0909\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u092d\u0947\u0926\u0928<\/strong> \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 1920 \u00d7 1080 \u0915\u094b \u092b\u093c\u0941\u0932 HD \u0915\u0939\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0939\u0930\u094d\u091f\u094d\u091c\u093c \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u093e\u092a\u0940 \u0917\u0908 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e\u091c\u093c\u0917\u0940 \u0926\u0930<\/strong> \u092c\u0924\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f \u0938\u0947\u0915\u0902\u0921 \u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u093f\u0924\u0928\u0940 \u092c\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0903 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\n <\/p>\n\n <div class=\"scale-strip\">\n <div class=\"scale-step\">\n CRT<\/span>\n <h6>Cathode Ray Tube<\/span>\u0915\u0948\u0925\u094b\u0921 \u0915\u093f\u0930\u0923 \u0928\u0932\u093f\u0915\u093e<\/span><\/h6>\n The old bulky monitor. Heavy, power-hungry, now obsolete.<\/span>\u092a\u0941\u0930\u093e\u0928\u093e \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u092e\u0949\u0928\u093f\u091f\u0930\u0964 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0940, \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924 \u0916\u092a\u0924, \u0905\u092c \u0905\u092a\u094d\u0930\u091a\u0932\u093f\u0924\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"scale-step\">\n LCD<\/span>\n <h6>Liquid Crystal Display<\/span>\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0935 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0932 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936<\/span><\/h6>\n Flat panel using liquid crystals with a fluorescent backlight.<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0926\u0940\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u092a\u0936\u094d\u091a-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0936 \u0938\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u0926\u094d\u0930\u0935 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0932 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u092a\u093e\u091f \u092a\u0948\u0928\u0932\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"scale-step\">\n LED<\/span>\n <h6>Light Emitting Diode<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0936 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0938\u0930\u094d\u091c\u0915 \u0921\u093e\u092f\u094b\u0921<\/span><\/h6>\n An LCD whose backlight is made of LEDs \u2014 thinner, brighter, more efficient.<\/span>\u0910\u0938\u093e LCD \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u093e \u092a\u0936\u094d\u091a-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0936 LED \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0928\u093e \u0939\u094b \u2014 \u092a\u0924\u0932\u093e, \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u091a\u092e\u0915\u0940\u0932\u093e, \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0926\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"scale-step\">\n OLED<\/span>\n <h6>Organic LED<\/span>\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0928\u093f\u0915 LED<\/span><\/h6>\n Each pixel emits its own light, so no backlight is needed and black is true black.<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u092a\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0938\u0947\u0932 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0936 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0905\u0924\u0903 \u092a\u0936\u094d\u091a-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0936 \u0915\u0940 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u093e\u0932\u093e \u0938\u091a\u094d\u091a\u093e \u0915\u093e\u0932\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <h4>B. Printers<\/span>\u0916. \u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0915<\/span><\/h4>\n\n <div class=\"ladder\">\n <div class=\"rung\">\n <div class=\"rung-step\">I<\/span>Impact<\/span>\u0906\u0918\u093e\u0924\u0940<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n <div>\n <h5>Impact printers<\/span>\u0906\u0918\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0915<\/span><\/h5>\n The print head strikes an inked ribbon against the paper<\/strong>. They are noisy and slow, but they are the only printers that can produce carbon copies<\/strong> in a single pass, which is why they survive in ticketing and billing.<\/span>\u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0923-\u0936\u0940\u0930\u094d\u0937 \u0938\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0939\u0940-\u092b\u093c\u0940\u0924\u0947 \u0915\u094b \u0915\u093e\u0917\u091c\u093c \u092a\u0930 \u0906\u0918\u093e\u0924<\/strong> \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0947 \u0936\u094b\u0930\u0917\u0941\u0932 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0927\u0940\u092e\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0915\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0941 \u090f\u0915\u092e\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0910\u0938\u0947 \u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0915 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u091c\u094b \u090f\u0915 \u0939\u0940 \u092c\u093e\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901<\/strong> \u092c\u0928\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0907\u0938\u0940\u0932\u093f\u090f \u091f\u093f\u0915\u091f\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092c\u093f\u0932\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u091a\u0947 \u0939\u0941\u090f \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n <div class=\"rung-eg\">Kinds<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930<\/span><\/b>Dot matrix<\/strong> \u2014 forms characters from a grid of pins; quality measured by the number of pins, as in 9-pin or 24-pin. Daisy wheel<\/strong> \u2014 a wheel of fully formed characters, giving letter quality but no graphics. Line printers<\/strong> such as drum and chain printers \u2014 print a whole line at a time, measured in LPM<\/strong>, lines per minute.<\/span>\u0921\u0949\u091f \u092e\u0948\u091f\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0938<\/strong> \u2014 \u092a\u093f\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0932 \u0938\u0947 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948; \u0917\u0941\u0923\u0935\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093e \u092a\u093f\u0928-\u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0938\u0947, \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 9-\u092a\u093f\u0928 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e 24-\u092a\u093f\u0928\u0964 \u0921\u0947\u091c\u093c\u0940 \u0935\u094d\u0939\u0940\u0932<\/strong> \u2014 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u092c\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u091a\u0915\u094d\u0930, \u091c\u094b \u0905\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0930-\u0917\u0941\u0923\u0935\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0941 \u0906\u0932\u0947\u0916 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964 \u0930\u0947\u0916\u093e \u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0915<\/strong> \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0921\u094d\u0930\u092e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u091a\u0947\u0928 \u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0915 \u2014 \u090f\u0915 \u092c\u093e\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u0940 \u092a\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u091b\u093e\u092a\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u091c\u094b LPM<\/strong>, \u092a\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f \u092e\u093f\u0928\u091f, \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u093e\u092a\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"rung\">\n <div class=\"rung-step\">II<\/span>Non-impact<\/span>\u0905\u0928\u093e\u0918\u093e\u0924\u0940<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n <div>\n <h5>Non-impact printers<\/span>\u0905\u0928\u093e\u0918\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0915<\/span><\/h5>\n Nothing strikes the paper. They are quiet, fast and capable of high-quality graphics<\/strong>, but cannot make carbon copies. Quality is measured in DPI<\/strong> \u2014 dots per inch \u2014 and speed in PPM<\/strong> \u2014 pages per minute.<\/span>\u0915\u093e\u0917\u091c\u093c \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0906\u0918\u093e\u0924 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e\u0964 \u092f\u0947 \u0936\u093e\u0902\u0924, \u0924\u0940\u0935\u094d\u0930 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a-\u0917\u0941\u0923\u0935\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0906\u0932\u0947\u0916<\/strong> \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u092e\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0915\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u092c\u0928\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0947\u0964 \u0917\u0941\u0923\u0935\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093e DPI<\/strong> \u2014 \u092c\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0941 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f \u0907\u0902\u091a \u2014 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0917\u0924\u093f PPM<\/strong> \u2014 \u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f \u092e\u093f\u0928\u091f \u2014 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u093e\u092a\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n <div class=\"rung-eg\">Kinds<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930<\/span><\/b>Inkjet<\/strong> \u2014 sprays fine droplets of liquid ink from a cartridge<\/strong>; cheap to buy, costly to run, excellent for colour photographs. Laser<\/strong> \u2014 uses a laser beam, a drum and dry toner<\/strong> powder fused by heat; costly to buy, cheap per page, and the right choice for a school office printing in bulk. Thermal<\/strong> \u2014 uses heat-sensitive paper, as in a billing counter or an ATM slip.<\/span>\u0907\u0902\u0915\u091c\u0947\u091f<\/strong> \u2014 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u093f\u091c<\/strong> \u0938\u0947 \u0926\u094d\u0930\u0935 \u0938\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0939\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0942\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u092e \u092c\u0942\u0901\u0926\u0947\u0902 \u091b\u093f\u0921\u093c\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948; \u0916\u0930\u0940\u0926\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e, \u091a\u0932\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u0939\u0901\u0917\u093e, \u0930\u0902\u0917\u0940\u0928 \u091b\u093e\u092f\u093e\u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u092e\u0964 \u0932\u0947\u091c\u093c\u0930<\/strong> \u2014 \u0932\u0947\u091c\u093c\u0930 \u0915\u093f\u0930\u0923, \u0921\u094d\u0930\u092e \u0924\u0925\u093e \u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u0917\u090f \u0936\u0941\u0937\u094d\u0915 \u091f\u094b\u0928\u0930<\/strong> \u091a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917; \u0916\u0930\u0940\u0926\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u0939\u0901\u0917\u093e, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f \u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u0938\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0925\u094b\u0915 \u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u091a\u092f\u0928\u0964 \u0924\u093e\u092a\u0940\u092f<\/strong> \u2014 \u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e-\u0938\u0902\u0935\u0947\u0926\u0940 \u0915\u093e\u0917\u091c\u093c \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917, \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u092c\u093f\u0932\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0915\u093e\u0909\u0902\u091f\u0930 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e ATM \u092a\u0930\u094d\u091a\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <h4>C. Other output devices<\/span>\u0917. \u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0924 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923<\/span><\/h4>\n\n <div class=\"feat-grid\">\n <div class=\"feat-card\">1<\/span>Plotter<\/span>\u0906\u0932\u0947\u0916\u0915<\/span><\/strong>Draws continuous lines with a pen rather than dots, so it produces large, precise engineering and architectural drawings<\/strong>. Types: drum<\/strong> and flatbed<\/strong>.<\/span>\u092c\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0941\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u091c\u093e\u092f \u0915\u0932\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0924\u0924 \u0930\u0947\u0916\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u0916\u0940\u0902\u091a\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0905\u0924\u0903 \u092c\u0921\u093c\u0947, \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0936\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0936\u093f\u0932\u094d\u092a\u0940\u092f \u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930<\/strong> \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930: \u0921\u094d\u0930\u092e<\/strong> \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092b\u093c\u094d\u0932\u0948\u091f\u092c\u0947\u0921<\/strong>\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"feat-card\">2<\/span>Projector<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u092a\u0915<\/span><\/strong>Throws the screen image onto a wall or screen for a whole class. Types: LCD<\/strong> and DLP<\/strong>. Brightness is measured in lumens<\/strong>. The core device of the smart classroom (\u00a79.7).<\/span>\u092a\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092c\u093f\u0902\u092c \u092a\u0942\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0926\u0940\u0935\u093e\u0930 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u092a\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u0921\u093e\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930: LCD<\/strong> \u090f\u0935\u0902 DLP<\/strong>\u0964 \u091a\u092e\u0915 \u0932\u094d\u092f\u0942\u092e\u0947\u0928<\/strong> \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u093e\u092a\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0938\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u091f \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e (\u00a79.7) \u0915\u093e \u092e\u0942\u0932 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"feat-card\">3<\/span>Speaker and headphone<\/span>\u0935\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0939\u0947\u0921\u092b\u093c\u094b\u0928<\/span><\/strong>Convert digital signals into sound. Essential for language laboratories and for the text-to-speech<\/strong> access described in \u00a714.4.<\/span>\u0905\u0902\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0947\u0924\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0927\u094d\u0935\u0928\u093f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0936\u093e\u0932\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u00a714.4 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0923\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u093e\u0920-\u0938\u0947-\u0935\u093e\u0923\u0940<\/strong> \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0905\u0928\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"feat-card\">4<\/span>3D printer<\/span>\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0935\u093f\u092e \u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0915<\/span><\/strong>Builds a solid object layer by layer from a digital model \u2014 additive manufacturing<\/strong>. Increasingly found in school tinkering laboratories (\u00a712.6).<\/span>\u0905\u0902\u0915\u0940\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u0924-\u0926\u0930-\u092a\u0930\u0924 \u0920\u094b\u0938 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u092f\u094b\u091c\u094d\u092f \u0935\u093f\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923<\/strong>\u0964 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f\u0940 \u091f\u093f\u0902\u0915\u0930\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0936\u093e\u0932\u093e\u0913\u0902 (\u00a712.6) \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0922\u093c\u0924\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"callout red\">\n <div class=\"callout-label\">\u26a0\ufe0f Devices that are both input and output<\/span>\u26a0\ufe0f \u0935\u0947 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u091c\u094b \u0928\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0936 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0924 \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0939\u0948\u0902<\/span><\/div>\n A question asking for the device that is both<\/strong> is common, and the list is short and worth memorising: touch screen, modem, network interface card, hard disk and other storage drives, headset with microphone, multifunction printer<\/strong> that also scans, and smart or interactive board<\/strong>. Note the reasoning in each case \u2014 a modem modulates<\/em> outgoing and demodulates<\/em> incoming signals; a hard disk is both written to and read from.<\/span>\n \u092f\u0939 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0915\u094c\u0928-\u0938\u093e \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902<\/strong> \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0940 \u091b\u094b\u091f\u0940 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0915\u0902\u0920\u0938\u094d\u0925 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u092f\u094b\u0917\u094d\u092f \u0939\u0948: \u0938\u094d\u092a\u0930\u094d\u0936 \u092a\u0930\u094d\u0926\u093e, \u092e\u0949\u0921\u0947\u092e, \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u092b\u093c\u0947\u0938 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0921, \u0939\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0921 \u0921\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0915 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f \u092d\u0902\u0921\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0921\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0907\u0935, \u092e\u093e\u0907\u0915\u094d\u0930\u094b\u092b\u093c\u094b\u0928 \u0938\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0947\u0921\u0938\u0947\u091f, \u0938\u094d\u0915\u0948\u0928 \u092d\u0940 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e \u092c\u0939\u0941\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u0940 \u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0915<\/strong>, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0938\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u091f \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0903\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u092c\u094b\u0930\u094d\u0921<\/strong>\u0964 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u0915\u093e \u0924\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0926\u0947\u0916\u093f\u090f \u2014 \u092e\u0949\u0921\u0947\u092e \u092c\u093e\u0939\u0930 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0947\u0924\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u092e\u0949\u0921\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0932\u0928<\/em> \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092d\u0940\u0924\u0930 \u0906\u0924\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0947\u0924\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u092e\u0949\u0921\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0932\u0928<\/em> \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948; \u0939\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0921 \u0921\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0915 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0932\u093f\u0916\u093e \u092d\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0922\u093c\u093e \u092d\u0940\u0964<\/span>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"mcq-box\">\n <div class=\"mcq-title\">\n Practice<\/span>\u0905\u092d\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938<\/span><\/span>\n Questions on memory, storage and peripherals<\/span>\u0938\u094d\u092e\u0943\u0924\u093f, \u092d\u0902\u0921\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0927\u0940\u092f \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928<\/span><\/span>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"mcq-note\">Objective questions in the pattern of the examination. Click to reveal the answer and its explanation.<\/span>\u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u0930 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928\u0964 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0916\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u094d\u0932\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u0940\u091c\u093f\u090f\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <details class=\"mcq-q\">\n <summary>8<\/span>One kilobyte is equal to:<\/span><\/summary>\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\n <li>(a) 1000 bytes<\/li>\n <li>(b) 1024 bytes<\/li>\n <li>(c) 1024 bits<\/li>\n <li>(d) 8 bytes<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\">(b) 1024 bytes<\/b> The step between units is 210<\/sup> = 1024, because storage is counted in powers of two. Option (c) confuses bits with bytes, and option (d) states the size of a byte, not a kilobyte.<\/span>\u0907\u0915\u093e\u0907\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u091a\u0930\u0923 210<\/sup> = 1024 \u0939\u0948, \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u092d\u0902\u0921\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0926\u094b \u0915\u0940 \u0918\u093e\u0924\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0917\u093f\u0928\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a (\u0917) \u092c\u093f\u091f \u0915\u094b \u092c\u093e\u0907\u091f \u0938\u0947 \u092d\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a (\u0918) \u092c\u093e\u0907\u091f \u0915\u093e \u0906\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u092c\u0924\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0915\u093f\u0932\u094b\u092c\u093e\u0907\u091f \u0915\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964<\/span>\u00a71.7 A<\/span><\/div>\n <\/details>\n <details class=\"mcq-q\">\n <summary>9<\/span>Which of the following is the fastest form of storage in a computer?<\/span><\/summary>\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\n <li>(a) Cache memory<\/li>\n <li>(b) RAM<\/li>\n <li>(c) Register<\/li>\n <li>(d) Solid State Drive<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\">(c) Register<\/b> Registers sit inside the CPU itself and are the fastest storage in the machine. The order from fastest to slowest is register \u2192 cache \u2192 RAM \u2192 SSD \u2192 HDD. Cache is a very common wrong answer here.<\/span>\u0930\u091c\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 CPU \u0915\u0947 \u092d\u0940\u0924\u0930 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0924\u0940\u0935\u094d\u0930 \u092d\u0902\u0921\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0924\u0940\u0935\u094d\u0930\u0924\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u0927\u0940\u092e\u0947 \u0924\u0915 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u0939\u0948 \u0930\u091c\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0930 \u2192 \u0915\u0948\u0936 \u2192 RAM \u2192 SSD \u2192 HDD\u0964 \u092f\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0915\u0948\u0936 \u092c\u0939\u0941\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u091a\u0932\u093f\u0924 \u0917\u093c\u0932\u0924 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\u00a71.6<\/span><\/div>\n <\/details>\n <details class=\"mcq-q\">\n <summary>10<\/span>Which technology is used to read the code printed at the bottom of a bank cheque?<\/span><\/summary>\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\n <li>(a) OCR<\/li>\n <li>(b) OMR<\/li>\n <li>(c) MICR<\/li>\n <li>(d) Barcode reader<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\">(c) MICR<\/b> Magnetic Ink Character Recognition. The cheque code is printed in magnetic ink so that it can be read reliably even if the cheque is folded, stamped or soiled \u2014 an advantage no optical method offers.<\/span>\u091a\u0941\u0902\u092c\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0938\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0939\u0940 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u092a\u0939\u091a\u093e\u0928\u0964 \u091a\u0947\u0915 \u0915\u093e \u0915\u094b\u0921 \u091a\u0941\u0902\u092c\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0938\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0939\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091b\u092a\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0924\u093e\u0915\u093f \u091a\u0947\u0915 \u092e\u0941\u0921\u093c\u093e, \u092e\u0941\u0939\u0930 \u0932\u0917\u093e \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0917\u0902\u0926\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u092d\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0935\u0938\u0928\u0940\u092f \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0922\u093c\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0947 \u2014 \u092f\u0939 \u0932\u093e\u092d \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0936\u0940\u092f \u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964<\/span>\u00a71.8 B<\/span><\/div>\n <\/details>\n <details class=\"mcq-q\">\n <summary>11<\/span>Which one of the following is both an input and an output device?<\/span><\/summary>\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\n <li>(a) Plotter<\/li>\n <li>(b) Scanner<\/li>\n <li>(c) Touch screen<\/li>\n <li>(d) Light pen<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\">(c) Touch screen<\/b> A touch screen accepts input by touch and displays output on the very same surface. A plotter is output only; a scanner and a light pen are input only.<\/span>\u0938\u094d\u092a\u0930\u094d\u0936 \u092a\u0930\u094d\u0926\u093e \u0938\u094d\u092a\u0930\u094d\u0936 \u0938\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0936 \u0932\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0938\u0940 \u0938\u0924\u0939 \u092a\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0924 \u0926\u093f\u0916\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0906\u0932\u0947\u0916\u0915 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0924 \u0939\u0948; \u0938\u094d\u0915\u0948\u0928\u0930 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0936-\u0915\u0932\u092e \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0928\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0936\u0964<\/span>\u00a71.9 C<\/span><\/div>\n <\/details>\n <details class=\"mcq-q\">\n <summary>12<\/span>A laser printer uses which of the following?<\/span><\/summary>\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\n <li>(a) Liquid ink cartridge<\/li>\n <li>(b) Inked ribbon<\/li>\n <li>(c) Dry toner powder<\/li>\n <li>(d) Heat-sensitive paper<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\">(c) Dry toner powder<\/b> A laser printer charges a drum with a laser beam, attracts toner powder to the charged areas and fuses it onto the paper with heat. Liquid ink belongs to the inkjet, an inked ribbon to impact printers, and heat-sensitive paper to the thermal printer.<\/span>\u0932\u0947\u091c\u093c\u0930 \u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0915 \u0932\u0947\u091c\u093c\u0930 \u0915\u093f\u0930\u0923 \u0938\u0947 \u0921\u094d\u0930\u092e \u0915\u094b \u0906\u0935\u0947\u0936\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0906\u0935\u0947\u0936\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u091f\u094b\u0928\u0930 \u091a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0906\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0917\u091c\u093c \u092a\u0930 \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0926\u094d\u0930\u0935 \u0938\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0939\u0940 \u0907\u0902\u0915\u091c\u0947\u091f \u0915\u0940, \u0938\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0939\u0940-\u092b\u093c\u0940\u0924\u093e \u0906\u0918\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e-\u0938\u0902\u0935\u0947\u0926\u0940 \u0915\u093e\u0917\u091c\u093c \u0924\u093e\u092a\u0940\u092f \u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0915 \u0915\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\u00a71.9 B<\/span><\/div>\n <\/details>\n <\/div>\n\n <hr class=\"section-divider\">\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d1-10\">\n 1.10<\/span>\n <h3>Ports, Connectors and Number Systems<\/span>\u092a\u094b\u0930\u094d\u091f, \u0915\u0928\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u0930 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e-\u092a\u0926\u094d\u0927\u0924\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n <h4>A. Ports and connectors<\/span>\u0915. \u092a\u094b\u0930\u094d\u091f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0915\u0928\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u0930<\/span><\/h4>\n\n \n A port<\/strong> is the socket through which a peripheral is attached to the system unit. Identifying ports correctly is a practical requirement when a projector, a printer or a network cable has to be connected in a classroom.<\/span>\n \u092a\u094b\u0930\u094d\u091f<\/strong> \u0935\u0939 \u0938\u0949\u0915\u0947\u091f \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0927\u0940\u092f \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0938\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u092e \u0907\u0915\u093e\u0908 \u0938\u0947 \u091c\u0941\u0921\u093c\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u092a\u0915, \u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0915 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0924\u093e\u0930 \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0924\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u092f \u092a\u094b\u0930\u094d\u091f \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0939\u0940 \u092a\u0939\u091a\u093e\u0928 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\n <\/p>\n\n <table class=\"data-table\">\n <thead>\n <tr>\n <th>Port<\/span>\u092a\u094b\u0930\u094d\u091f<\/span><\/th>\n <th>Full form and purpose<\/span>\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928<\/span><\/th>\n <\/tr>\n <\/thead>\n <tbody>\n <tr><td>USB<\/strong><\/td><td>Universal Serial Bus<\/strong> \u2014 the general-purpose connector for keyboards, mice, pen drives, printers and phones. USB 2.0<\/strong> transfers at 480 Mbps and USB 3.0<\/strong> at 5 Gbps; Type-C<\/strong> is the reversible modern connector. USB also supplies power, which is why a phone charges from it.<\/span>\u092f\u0942\u0928\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0938\u0932 \u0938\u0940\u0930\u093f\u092f\u0932 \u092c\u0938<\/strong> \u2014 \u0915\u0941\u0902\u091c\u0940\u092a\u091f\u0932, \u092e\u093e\u0909\u0938, \u092a\u0947\u0928 \u0921\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0907\u0935, \u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0915 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092b\u093c\u094b\u0928 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u0915\u0928\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u0930\u0964 USB 2.0<\/strong> 480 Mbps \u0924\u0925\u093e USB 3.0<\/strong> 5 Gbps \u092a\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948; Type-C<\/strong> \u0906\u0927\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0909\u0932\u091f-\u092a\u0932\u091f \u0932\u0917\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e \u0915\u0928\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u0930 \u0939\u0948\u0964 USB \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924 \u092d\u0940 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0907\u0938\u0940\u0932\u093f\u090f \u092b\u093c\u094b\u0928 \u0909\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0906\u0935\u0947\u0936\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>HDMI<\/strong><\/td><td>High Definition Multimedia Interface<\/strong> \u2014 carries both video and audio digitally<\/strong> in one cable. The standard connection from a laptop to a projector or interactive panel.<\/span>\u0939\u093e\u0908 \u0921\u0947\u092b\u093c\u093f\u0928\u093f\u0936\u0928 \u092e\u0932\u094d\u091f\u0940\u092e\u0940\u0921\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u092b\u093c\u0947\u0938<\/strong> \u2014 \u090f\u0915 \u0939\u0940 \u0924\u093e\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u0940\u0921\u093f\u092f\u094b \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0936\u094d\u0930\u0935\u094d\u092f \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0905\u0902\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0930\u0942\u092a<\/strong> \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0932\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0932\u0948\u092a\u091f\u0949\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u092a\u0915 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0903\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u092a\u0948\u0928\u0932 \u0924\u0915 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>VGA<\/strong><\/td><td>Video Graphics Array<\/strong> \u2014 the older 15-pin blue connector carrying analog video only<\/strong>, with no sound. Still common on older projectors.<\/span>\u0935\u0940\u0921\u093f\u092f\u094b \u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092b\u093c\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0938 \u0910\u0930\u0947<\/strong> \u2014 \u092a\u0941\u0930\u093e\u0928\u093e 15-\u092a\u093f\u0928 \u0928\u0940\u0932\u093e \u0915\u0928\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u0930, \u091c\u094b \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u090f\u0928\u093e\u0932\u0949\u0917 \u0935\u0940\u0921\u093f\u092f\u094b<\/strong> \u0932\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0927\u094d\u0935\u0928\u093f \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964 \u092a\u0941\u0930\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u092a\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u0906\u091c \u092d\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u091a\u0932\u093f\u0924\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>Ethernet (RJ-45)<\/span>\u0908\u0925\u0930\u0928\u0947\u091f (RJ-45)<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>The wired network port, into which a LAN cable<\/strong> is plugged. Discussed in \u00a76.4.<\/span>\u0924\u093e\u0930-\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u092a\u094b\u0930\u094d\u091f, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 LAN \u0924\u093e\u0930<\/strong> \u0932\u0917\u093e\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u00a76.4 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0935\u0947\u091a\u093f\u0924\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>Audio jack<\/span>\u0936\u094d\u0930\u0935\u094d\u092f \u091c\u0948\u0915<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>The 3.5 mm<\/strong> socket for headphones, speakers and microphones; usually colour-coded green for output and pink for microphone input.<\/span>\u0939\u0947\u0921\u092b\u093c\u094b\u0928, \u0935\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092e\u093e\u0907\u0915\u094d\u0930\u094b\u092b\u093c\u094b\u0928 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 3.5 \u092e\u093f\u092e\u0940<\/strong> \u0938\u0949\u0915\u0947\u091f; \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092f\u0903 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0924 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0939\u0930\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092e\u093e\u0907\u0915\u094d\u0930\u094b\u092b\u093c\u094b\u0928 \u0928\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0936 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0917\u0941\u0932\u093e\u092c\u0940 \u0930\u0902\u0917-\u0915\u0942\u091f\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>Legacy ports<\/span>\u092a\u0941\u0930\u093e\u0924\u0928 \u092a\u094b\u0930\u094d\u091f<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>PS\/2<\/strong> \u2014 round connectors for older keyboards and mice. Serial<\/strong> and parallel<\/strong> ports \u2014 largely replaced by USB. DVI<\/strong> and DisplayPort<\/strong> \u2014 digital video connectors found on monitors.<\/span>PS\/2<\/strong> \u2014 \u092a\u0941\u0930\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0941\u0902\u091c\u0940\u092a\u091f\u0932 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092e\u093e\u0909\u0938 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0917\u094b\u0932 \u0915\u0928\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u0930\u0964 \u0938\u0940\u0930\u093f\u092f\u0932<\/strong> \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u0948\u0930\u0947\u0932\u0932<\/strong> \u092a\u094b\u0930\u094d\u091f \u2014 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0902\u0936\u0924\u0903 USB \u0928\u0947 \u0907\u0928\u0915\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928 \u0932\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0964 DVI<\/strong> \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0921\u093f\u0938\u094d\u092a\u094d\u0932\u0947\u092a\u094b\u0930\u094d\u091f<\/strong> \u2014 \u092e\u0949\u0928\u093f\u091f\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0905\u0902\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0935\u0940\u0921\u093f\u092f\u094b \u0915\u0928\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u0930\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <\/tbody>\n <\/table>\n\n <h4>B. Number systems<\/span>\u0916. \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e-\u092a\u0926\u094d\u0927\u0924\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901<\/span><\/h4>\n\n <table class=\"data-table\">\n <thead>\n <tr>\n <th>System<\/span>\u092a\u0926\u094d\u0927\u0924\u093f<\/span><\/th>\n <th class=\"narrow\">Base<\/span>\u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930<\/span><\/th>\n <th>Digits used<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0905\u0902\u0915<\/span><\/th>\n <th>Where it is used<\/span>\u0915\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924<\/span><\/th>\n <\/tr>\n <\/thead>\n <tbody>\n <tr style=\"background:#f3f8ff;\"><td>Binary<\/span>\u0926\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0940<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td class=\"narrow\">2<\/td><td>0, 1<\/td><td>The internal language of every computer<\/strong>; a single digit is a bit.<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0906\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e<\/strong>; \u090f\u0915\u0932 \u0905\u0902\u0915 \u0939\u0940 \u092c\u093f\u091f \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>Octal<\/span>\u0905\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093e\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0940<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td class=\"narrow\">8<\/td><td>0 \u2013 7<\/td><td>A compact way of writing binary; each octal digit stands for three bits.<\/span>\u0926\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0932\u093f\u0916\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0930\u0940\u0924\u093f; \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0905\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093e\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0905\u0902\u0915 \u0924\u0940\u0928 \u092c\u093f\u091f \u0915\u093e \u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0924\u0915 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>Decimal<\/span>\u0926\u0936\u093e\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0940<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td class=\"narrow\">10<\/td><td>0 \u2013 9<\/td><td>The everyday human system; the computer converts to and from it at input and output.<\/span>\u0926\u0948\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0935\u0940\u092f \u092a\u0926\u094d\u0927\u0924\u093f; \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0936 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0924 \u092a\u0930 \u0907\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0907\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>Hexadecimal<\/span>\u0937\u094b\u0921\u0936\u093e\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0940<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td class=\"narrow\">16<\/td><td>0 \u2013 9 and A \u2013 F, where A = 10 and F = 15<\/span>0 \u2013 9 \u0924\u0925\u093e A \u2013 F, \u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 A = 10 \u090f\u0935\u0902 F = 15<\/span><\/td><td>Memory addresses, colour codes in web design such as #FF0000<\/strong> for red, and MAC addresses.<\/span>\u0938\u094d\u092e\u0943\u0924\u093f-\u092a\u0924\u0947, \u0935\u0947\u092c \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0930\u0902\u0917-\u0915\u0942\u091f \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0932\u093e\u0932 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 #FF0000<\/strong>, \u0924\u0925\u093e MAC \u092a\u0924\u0947\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <\/tbody>\n <\/table>\n\n <div class=\"enrich-box\">\n Worked Example \u2014 converting between bases<\/span>\u0939\u0932 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923 \u2014 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u0930\u0942\u092a\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930\u0923<\/span><\/span>\n <h4>Decimal to binary, and binary back to decimal<\/span>\u0926\u0936\u093e\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0940, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0903 \u0926\u0936\u093e\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0940<\/span><\/h4>\n <ul class=\"split-list\">\n <li>1<\/span>Convert 45 to binary.<\/strong> Divide repeatedly by 2 and record the remainders: 45\u00f72 = 22 r 1<\/strong>; 22\u00f72 = 11 r 0<\/strong>; 11\u00f72 = 5 r 1<\/strong>; 5\u00f72 = 2 r 1<\/strong>; 2\u00f72 = 1 r 0<\/strong>; 1\u00f72 = 0 r 1<\/strong>.<\/span>45 \u0915\u094b \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0926\u0932\u093f\u090f\u0964<\/strong> \u092c\u093e\u0930-\u092c\u093e\u0930 2 \u0938\u0947 \u092d\u093e\u0917 \u0926\u0940\u091c\u093f\u090f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0936\u0947\u0937\u092b\u0932 \u0932\u093f\u0916\u093f\u090f: 45\u00f72 = 22 \u0936\u0947\u0937 1<\/strong>; 22\u00f72 = 11 \u0936\u0947\u0937 0<\/strong>; 11\u00f72 = 5 \u0936\u0947\u0937 1<\/strong>; 5\u00f72 = 2 \u0936\u0947\u0937 1<\/strong>; 2\u00f72 = 1 \u0936\u0947\u0937 0<\/strong>; 1\u00f72 = 0 \u0936\u0947\u0937 1<\/strong>\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n <li>2<\/span>Read the remainders bottom to top<\/strong>: (45)10<\/sub> = (101101)2<\/sub><\/strong>.<\/span>\u0936\u0947\u0937\u092b\u0932\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0928\u0940\u091a\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u090a\u092a\u0930<\/strong> \u092a\u0922\u093c\u093f\u090f: (45)10<\/sub> = (101101)2<\/sub><\/strong>\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n <li>3<\/span>Convert back.<\/strong> Multiply each bit by its place value: (1\u00d732) + (0\u00d716) + (1\u00d78) + (1\u00d74) + (0\u00d72) + (1\u00d71) = 32 + 8 + 4 + 1 = 45<\/strong>. The check confirms the conversion.<\/span>\u0935\u093e\u092a\u0938 \u092c\u0926\u0932\u093f\u090f\u0964<\/strong> \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u092c\u093f\u091f \u0915\u094b \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u0940\u092f \u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0938\u0947 \u0917\u0941\u0923\u093e \u0915\u0940\u091c\u093f\u090f: (1\u00d732) + (0\u00d716) + (1\u00d78) + (1\u00d74) + (0\u00d72) + (1\u00d71) = 32 + 8 + 4 + 1 = 45<\/strong>\u0964 \u091c\u093e\u0901\u091a \u0930\u0942\u092a\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0941\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n <li>\u2713<\/span>The place values in binary, from the right, are the powers of two: 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128<\/strong>. Memorising them to 128 makes most conversion questions answerable by inspection.<\/span>\u0926\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0926\u093e\u0939\u093f\u0928\u0940 \u0913\u0930 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u0940\u092f \u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0926\u094b \u0915\u0940 \u0918\u093e\u0924\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u0948\u0902: 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128<\/strong>\u0964 128 \u0924\u0915 \u0907\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u0902\u0920\u0938\u094d\u0925 \u0915\u0930 \u0932\u0947\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0902\u0936 \u0930\u0942\u092a\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930\u0923-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u0926\u0947\u0916\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0940 \u0939\u0932 \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n\n <hr class=\"section-divider\">\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d1-11\">\n 1.11<\/span>\n <h3>Software: System, Application and Utility<\/span>\u0938\u0949\u092b\u093c\u094d\u091f\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930: \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940, \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0924\u093e<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"callout purple\">\n <div class=\"callout-label\">\ud83d\udcd8 Hardware and software<\/span>\ud83d\udcd8 \u0939\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0921\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0949\u092b\u093c\u094d\u091f\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930<\/span><\/div>\n Hardware<\/strong> is the physical, tangible part of a computer \u2014 everything that can be touched. Software<\/strong> is the set of programs and instructions that tells the hardware what to do; it has no physical existence. The relation is exact: hardware without software is inert, and software without hardware cannot run<\/strong>. A third term, firmware<\/strong>, sits between them \u2014 software written permanently into a hardware chip, such as the BIOS.<\/span>\n \u0939\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0921\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930<\/strong> \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u092d\u094c\u0924\u093f\u0915, \u092e\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0924 \u0905\u0902\u0917 \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u0935\u0939 \u0938\u092c \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u092a\u0930\u094d\u0936 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0947\u0964 \u0938\u0949\u092b\u093c\u094d\u091f\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930<\/strong> \u0909\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e\u094b\u0902 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u092e\u0941\u091a\u094d\u091a\u092f \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0939\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0921\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u0915\u094b \u092c\u0924\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u0939\u0948; \u0909\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u092d\u094c\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927 \u0920\u0940\u0915 \u092f\u0939 \u0939\u0948: \u0938\u0949\u092b\u093c\u094d\u091f\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0939\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0921\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u091c\u0921\u093c \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0939\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0921\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0938\u0949\u092b\u093c\u094d\u091f\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u091a\u0932 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e<\/strong>\u0964 \u090f\u0915 \u0924\u0940\u0938\u0930\u093e \u092a\u0926, \u092b\u093c\u0930\u094d\u092e\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930<\/strong>, \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u0939\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0921\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u091a\u093f\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092f\u0940 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u0916\u093e \u0938\u0949\u092b\u093c\u094d\u091f\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930, \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 BIOS\u0964<\/span>\n <\/div>\n\n <h4>A. System software<\/span>\u0915. \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0938\u0949\u092b\u093c\u094d\u091f\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930<\/span><\/h4>\n\n \n System software<\/strong> manages and controls the hardware and provides the platform on which application software runs. Its user is, in effect, the machine itself<\/strong> rather than the person.<\/span>\n \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0938\u0949\u092b\u093c\u094d\u091f\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930<\/strong> \u0939\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0921\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0935\u0939 \u092e\u0902\u091a \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938 \u092a\u0930 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0938\u0949\u092b\u093c\u094d\u091f\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u091a\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924\u0903 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930<\/strong> \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\n <\/p>\n\n <div class=\"feat-grid\">\n <div class=\"feat-card\">1<\/span>Operating system<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u091a\u093e\u0932\u0928 \u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930<\/span><\/strong>The master control program that manages memory, processes, files and devices, and provides the user interface. Treated fully in Chapter 2<\/strong>.<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0941\u0916 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0923 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e \u091c\u094b \u0938\u094d\u092e\u0943\u0924\u093f, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0913\u0902, \u092b\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0932\u094b\u0902 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093e-\u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u092b\u093c\u0947\u0938 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f 2<\/strong> \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0935\u093f\u0935\u0947\u091a\u0928\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"feat-card\">2<\/span>Language translators<\/span>\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0935\u093e\u0926\u0915<\/span><\/strong>Convert a program written by a human into machine code. The three are the assembler, the compiler and the interpreter<\/strong>.<\/span>\u092e\u0928\u0941\u0937\u094d\u092f \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0932\u093f\u0916\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e \u0915\u094b \u092e\u0936\u0940\u0928 \u0915\u094b\u0921 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0924\u0940\u0928 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u2014 \u0905\u0938\u0947\u0902\u092c\u0932\u0930, \u0915\u0902\u092a\u093e\u0907\u0932\u0930 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u091f\u0930<\/strong>\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"feat-card\">3<\/span>Device drivers<\/span>\u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u091a\u093e\u0932\u0915<\/span><\/strong>Small programs that let the operating system communicate with a particular device. A printer will not work until its driver is installed.<\/span>\u091b\u094b\u091f\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e \u091c\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u091a\u093e\u0932\u0928 \u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u094b \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u0935\u093e\u0926 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0915 \u0924\u092c \u0924\u0915 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0917\u093e \u091c\u092c \u0924\u0915 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0921\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0907\u0935\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0928 \u0939\u094b\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"feat-card\">4<\/span>Firmware and BIOS<\/span>\u092b\u093c\u0930\u094d\u092e\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u090f\u0935\u0902 BIOS<\/span><\/strong>Permanent instructions held in ROM that start the machine, run the POST and load the operating system. UEFI<\/strong> is the modern replacement for the traditional BIOS.<\/span>ROM \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0930\u0916\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092f\u0940 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u091c\u094b \u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0906\u0930\u0902\u092d \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, POST \u091a\u0932\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u091a\u093e\u0932\u0928 \u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0932\u094b\u0921 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u092a\u0930\u0902\u092a\u0930\u093e\u0917\u0924 BIOS \u0915\u093e \u0906\u0927\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u093e\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 UEFI<\/strong> \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"vs-compare\">\n <div class=\"vs-side left\">\n Translator 1<\/span>\u0905\u0928\u0941\u0935\u093e\u0926\u0915 1<\/span><\/span>\n <h5>Compiler<\/span>\u0915\u0902\u092a\u093e\u0907\u0932\u0930<\/span><\/h5>\n <ul>\n <li>Translates the entire program at once<\/strong> into machine code before any of it runs.<\/span>\u091a\u0932\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e \u0915\u094b \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u0925<\/strong> \u092e\u0936\u0940\u0928 \u0915\u094b\u0921 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0928\u0942\u0926\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n <li>Reports all errors together<\/strong> at the end of translation.<\/span>\u0905\u0928\u0941\u0935\u093e\u0926 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0902\u0924 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u092d\u0940 \u0924\u094d\u0930\u0941\u091f\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u0925<\/strong> \u092c\u0924\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n <li>Translation is slow but execution is fast<\/strong>, because it happens only once.<\/span>\u0905\u0928\u0941\u0935\u093e\u0926 \u0927\u0940\u092e\u093e \u0915\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0941 \u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0928 \u0924\u0940\u0935\u094d\u0930<\/strong>, \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u0935\u0939 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u090f\u0915 \u092c\u093e\u0930 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n <li>Produces a separate object or executable file<\/strong>. Used by C, C++ and Java.<\/span>\u092a\u0943\u0925\u0915 \u0911\u092c\u094d\u091c\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0928\u0940\u092f \u092b\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0932<\/strong> \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 C, C++ \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u091c\u093e\u0935\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"vs-mid\">VS<\/div>\n <div class=\"vs-side right\">\n Translator 2<\/span>\u0905\u0928\u0941\u0935\u093e\u0926\u0915 2<\/span><\/span>\n <h5>Interpreter<\/span>\u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u091f\u0930<\/span><\/h5>\n <ul>\n <li>Translates and executes one line at a time<\/strong>.<\/span>\u090f\u0915 \u092c\u093e\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u090f\u0915 \u092a\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f<\/strong> \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0935\u093e\u0926 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n <li>Stops at the first error<\/strong>, which makes debugging easier for a learner.<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0925\u092e \u0924\u094d\u0930\u0941\u091f\u093f<\/strong> \u092a\u0930 \u0930\u0941\u0915 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0926\u094b\u0937-\u0928\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0938\u0930\u0932 \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n <li>Translation is quick to begin but execution is slower<\/strong>, since translation repeats every run.<\/span>\u0905\u0928\u0941\u0935\u093e\u0926 \u0936\u0940\u0918\u094d\u0930 \u0906\u0930\u0902\u092d \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0941 \u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0928 \u0927\u0940\u092e\u093e<\/strong>, \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u0939\u0930 \u092c\u093e\u0930 \u091a\u0932\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0935\u093e\u0926 \u0926\u094b\u0939\u0930\u093e\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n <li>Produces no separate object file<\/strong>. Used by Python, BASIC and JavaScript.<\/span>\u0915\u094b\u0908 \u092a\u0943\u0925\u0915 \u0911\u092c\u094d\u091c\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f \u092b\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0932 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902<\/strong> \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u093e\u0964 \u092a\u093e\u092f\u0925\u0928, \u092c\u0947\u0938\u093f\u0915 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u091c\u093e\u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092a\u094d\u091f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"exam-tip\">\n <div class=\"et-icon\">\ud83d\udd24<\/div>\n <div class=\"et-body\">\n The assembler, and the generations of language.<\/strong> An assembler<\/strong> translates assembly language<\/strong> \u2014 which uses mnemonics such as ADD and MOV \u2014 into machine code, one mnemonic to one instruction. The generations run: 1GL machine language<\/strong> (binary, the only language a computer directly understands); 2GL assembly language<\/strong> (mnemonics, machine-dependent); 3GL high-level languages<\/strong> (C, Java, Python \u2014 machine-independent, English-like); 4GL<\/strong> (SQL and report generators, closer to plain statement of the result wanted); 5GL<\/strong> (Prolog and LISP, associated with artificial intelligence). A program as written by a person is the source code<\/strong>; after translation it is the object code<\/strong>.<\/span>\n \u0905\u0938\u0947\u0902\u092c\u0932\u0930, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0940\u0922\u093c\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901\u0964<\/strong> \u0905\u0938\u0947\u0902\u092c\u0932\u0930<\/strong> \u0905\u0938\u0947\u0902\u092c\u0932\u0940 \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e<\/strong> \u0915\u094b \u2014 \u091c\u094b ADD \u090f\u0935\u0902 MOV \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u092e\u0943\u0924\u093f-\u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u092e\u0936\u0940\u0928 \u0915\u094b\u0921 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0928\u0942\u0926\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u092e\u0943\u0924\u093f-\u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0947 \u090f\u0915 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0926\u0947\u0936\u0964 \u092a\u0940\u0922\u093c\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u0907\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0939\u0948\u0902: 1GL \u092e\u0936\u0940\u0928\u0940 \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e<\/strong> (\u0926\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0940, \u090f\u0915\u092e\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u0938\u0940\u0927\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u091d\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948); 2GL \u0905\u0938\u0947\u0902\u092c\u0932\u0940 \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e<\/strong> (\u0938\u094d\u092e\u0943\u0924\u093f-\u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930, \u092e\u0936\u0940\u0928-\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092d\u0930); 3GL \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a-\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930\u0940\u092f \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e\u090f\u0901<\/strong> (C, \u091c\u093e\u0935\u093e, \u092a\u093e\u092f\u0925\u0928 \u2014 \u092e\u0936\u0940\u0928-\u0928\u093f\u0930\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937, \u0905\u0902\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0947\u091c\u093c\u0940-\u0938\u0926\u0943\u0936); 4GL<\/strong> (SQL \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0926\u0928-\u091c\u0928\u0915, \u0905\u092d\u0940\u0937\u094d\u091f \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0940\u0927\u0947 \u0915\u0925\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u091f); 5GL<\/strong> (\u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0932\u0949\u0917 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0932\u093f\u0938\u094d\u092a, \u0915\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092e \u092c\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093f\u092e\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0926\u094d\u0927)\u0964 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0932\u093f\u0916\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e \u0938\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0924 \u0915\u094b\u0921<\/strong> \u0939\u0948; \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0935\u093e\u0926 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u0935\u0939 \u0911\u092c\u094d\u091c\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f \u0915\u094b\u0921<\/strong>\u0964<\/span>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <h4>B. Application and utility software<\/span>\u0916. \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0924\u093e \u0938\u0949\u092b\u093c\u094d\u091f\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930<\/span><\/h4>\n\n <table class=\"data-table\">\n <thead>\n <tr>\n <th>Category<\/span>\u0936\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0923\u0940<\/span><\/th>\n <th>What it is<\/span>\u092f\u0939 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/th>\n <th>Examples relevant to a school<\/span>\u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923<\/span><\/th>\n <\/tr>\n <\/thead>\n <tbody>\n <tr>\n <td>General-purpose application software<\/span>\u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0938\u0949\u092b\u093c\u094d\u091f\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n <td>Ready-made packages sold to any user for common tasks. Also called packaged software<\/strong>.<\/span>\u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092d\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0915\u094b \u092c\u0947\u091a\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0924\u0948\u092f\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u0948\u0915\u0947\u091c\u0964 \u0907\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0948\u0915\u0947\u091c\u094d\u0921 \u0938\u0949\u092b\u093c\u094d\u091f\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930<\/strong> \u092d\u0940 \u0915\u0939\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <td>Word processor, spreadsheet, presentation software, web browser, media player, image editor.<\/span>\u0936\u092c\u094d\u0926 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u093e\u0927\u0915, \u0938\u094d\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0921\u0936\u0940\u091f, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924\u093f \u0938\u0949\u092b\u093c\u094d\u091f\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930, \u0935\u0947\u092c \u092c\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0909\u091c\u093c\u0930, \u092e\u0940\u0921\u093f\u092f\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0932\u0947\u092f\u0930, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092c\u093f\u0902\u092c \u0938\u0902\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0915\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td>Customised application software<\/span>\u0905\u0928\u0941\u0915\u0942\u0932\u093f\u0924 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0938\u0949\u092b\u093c\u094d\u091f\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n <td>Written to the requirement of one organisation. Also called tailor-made<\/strong> or bespoke software.<\/span>\u090f\u0915 \u0939\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0917\u0920\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u093e\u0930 \u0932\u093f\u0916\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0930\u0942\u092a-\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0924<\/strong> \u0938\u0949\u092b\u093c\u094d\u091f\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u092d\u0940 \u0915\u0939\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <td>A school ERP, an examination result-processing system, the UDISE+ data-entry module.<\/span>\u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f ERP, \u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940, UDISE+ \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u093e-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093f \u092e\u0949\u0921\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0932\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr style=\"background:#f3f8ff;\">\n <td>Utility software<\/span>\u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0924\u093e \u0938\u0949\u092b\u093c\u094d\u091f\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n <td>Programs that maintain, analyse and protect<\/strong> the system rather than doing productive work themselves. Often counted as a sub-class of system software.<\/span>\u0935\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e \u091c\u094b \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0915 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u091c\u093e\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923, \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0937\u0923 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923<\/strong> \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092f\u0903 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0938\u0949\u092b\u093c\u094d\u091f\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a-\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0917 \u0917\u093f\u0928\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <td>Antivirus, disk defragmenter, disk cleanup, file compression (ZIP), backup software, file manager.<\/span>\u090f\u0902\u091f\u0940\u0935\u093e\u092f\u0930\u0938, \u0921\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0915 \u0921\u0940\u092b\u093c\u094d\u0930\u0948\u0917\u092e\u0947\u0902\u091f\u0930, \u0921\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0915 \u0915\u094d\u0932\u0940\u0928\u0905\u092a, \u092b\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0932 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0940\u0921\u0928 (ZIP), \u092c\u0948\u0915\u0905\u092a \u0938\u0949\u092b\u093c\u094d\u091f\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930, \u092b\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0932 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0915\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <\/tbody>\n <\/table>\n\n <h4>C. Software licensing<\/span>\u0917. \u0938\u0949\u092b\u093c\u094d\u091f\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u091c\u094d\u091e\u092a\u094d\u0924\u093f<\/span><\/h4>\n\n <div class=\"feat-grid\">\n <div class=\"feat-card\">1<\/span>Proprietary or commercial<\/span>\u0938\u094d\u0935\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0935\u093e\u0923\u093f\u091c\u094d\u092f\u093f\u0915<\/span><\/strong>Sold under licence; the source code is not disclosed<\/strong> and copying is restricted. Microsoft Windows and Microsoft Office are examples.<\/span>\u0905\u0928\u0941\u091c\u094d\u091e\u092a\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u0940\u0928 \u092c\u0947\u091a\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948; \u0938\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0924 \u0915\u094b\u0921 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u091f \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902<\/strong> \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0932\u093f\u092a\u093f \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092c\u0902\u0927 \u0930\u0939\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092e\u093e\u0907\u0915\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0938\u0949\u092b\u093c\u094d\u091f \u0935\u093f\u0902\u0921\u094b\u091c\u093c \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092e\u093e\u0907\u0915\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0938\u0949\u092b\u093c\u094d\u091f \u0911\u092b\u093c\u093f\u0938 \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"feat-card\">2<\/span>Freeware<\/span>\u092b\u093c\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930<\/span><\/strong>Free of cost but still proprietary<\/strong> \u2014 the source code stays closed. Examples: Adobe Acrobat Reader, many browsers.<\/span>\u0928\u093f:\u0936\u0941\u0932\u094d\u0915 \u0915\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0941 \u092b\u093f\u0930 \u092d\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924<\/strong> \u2014 \u0938\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0924 \u0915\u094b\u0921 \u092c\u0902\u0926 \u0939\u0940 \u0930\u0939\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923: \u090f\u0921\u094b\u092c\u0940 \u090f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u094b\u092c\u0948\u091f \u0930\u0940\u0921\u0930, \u0905\u0928\u0947\u0915 \u092c\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0909\u091c\u093c\u0930\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"feat-card\">3<\/span>Shareware<\/span>\u0936\u0947\u092f\u0930\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930<\/span><\/strong>Distributed free for a trial period or with reduced features<\/strong>, after which payment is required for continued or full use.<\/span>\u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923-\u0905\u0935\u0927\u093f \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0918\u091f\u0940 \u0938\u0941\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093e\u0913\u0902<\/strong> \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0928\u093f:\u0936\u0941\u0932\u094d\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0924, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u0902\u0924\u0930 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u092d\u0941\u0917\u0924\u093e\u0928 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"feat-card\">4<\/span>Free and Open Source (FOSS)<\/span>\u092e\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0913\u092a\u0928 \u0938\u094b\u0930\u094d\u0938 (FOSS)<\/span><\/strong>The source code is published<\/strong> and may be studied, modified and redistributed. Examples: Linux, LibreOffice, GIMP, Mozilla Firefox, Moodle<\/strong>. Of direct value to schools, since licence cost is nil.<\/span>\u0938\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0924 \u0915\u094b\u0921 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0936\u093f\u0924<\/strong> \u0930\u0939\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092f\u0928, \u0938\u0902\u0936\u094b\u0927\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0924\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923: \u0932\u093f\u0928\u0915\u094d\u0938, \u0932\u093f\u092c\u0930\u0911\u092b\u093c\u093f\u0938, \u0917\u093f\u092e\u094d\u092a, \u092e\u094b\u091c\u093c\u093f\u0932\u093e \u092b\u093c\u093e\u092f\u0930\u092b\u093c\u0949\u0915\u094d\u0938, \u092e\u0942\u0921\u0932<\/strong>\u0964 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0938\u0940\u0927\u0947 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0940, \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u0905\u0928\u0941\u091c\u094d\u091e\u092a\u094d\u0924\u093f-\u0932\u093e\u0917\u0924 \u0936\u0942\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"feat-card\">5<\/span>Public domain<\/span>\u0938\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0935\u091c\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930<\/span><\/strong>Software on which no copyright is claimed at all<\/strong>; it may be used for any purpose without restriction.<\/span>\u0910\u0938\u093e \u0938\u0949\u092b\u093c\u094d\u091f\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u091c\u093f\u0938 \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0932\u093f\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0926\u093e\u0935\u093e \u0939\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902<\/strong>; \u0907\u0938\u0947 \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092c\u0902\u0927 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092d\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"feat-card\">6<\/span>Subscription and SaaS<\/span>\u0905\u092d\u093f\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 SaaS<\/span><\/strong>Paid for periodically rather than once<\/strong>, and often delivered over the internet as Software as a Service<\/strong>. Discussed in \u00a712.2.<\/span>\u090f\u0915 \u092c\u093e\u0930 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0938\u092e\u092f-\u0938\u092e\u092f \u092a\u0930<\/strong> \u092d\u0941\u0917\u0924\u093e\u0928, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092f\u0903 \u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u0928\u0947\u091f \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0949\u092b\u093c\u094d\u091f\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930<\/strong> \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u092a\u0932\u092c\u094d\u0927\u0964 \u00a712.2 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0935\u0947\u091a\u093f\u0924\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"mcq-box\">\n <div class=\"mcq-title\">\n Practice<\/span>\u0905\u092d\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938<\/span><\/span>\n Questions on software and number systems<\/span>\u0938\u0949\u092b\u093c\u094d\u091f\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e-\u092a\u0926\u094d\u0927\u0924\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928<\/span><\/span>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"mcq-note\">Objective questions in the pattern of the examination. Click to reveal the answer and its explanation.<\/span>\u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u0930 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928\u0964 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0916\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u094d\u0932\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u0940\u091c\u093f\u090f\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <details class=\"mcq-q\">\n <summary>13<\/span>Which of the following translates the whole program at once and reports all errors together?<\/span><\/summary>\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\n <li>(a) Interpreter<\/li>\n <li>(b) Compiler<\/li>\n <li>(c) Assembler<\/li>\n <li>(d) Loader<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\">(b) Compiler<\/b> A compiler translates the entire source program before execution and lists all errors together; an interpreter takes one line at a time and halts at the first error. An assembler translates assembly language specifically.<\/span>\u0915\u0902\u092a\u093e\u0907\u0932\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0928 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0938\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0935\u093e\u0926 \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u092d\u0940 \u0924\u094d\u0930\u0941\u091f\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u092c\u0924\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948; \u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u091f\u0930 \u090f\u0915 \u092c\u093e\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u090f\u0915 \u092a\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0932\u0947\u0915\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0925\u092e \u0924\u094d\u0930\u0941\u091f\u093f \u092a\u0930 \u0930\u0941\u0915 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0905\u0938\u0947\u0902\u092c\u0932\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0938\u0947\u0902\u092c\u0932\u0940 \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0935\u093e\u0926 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\u00a71.11 A<\/span><\/div>\n <\/details>\n <details class=\"mcq-q\">\n <summary>14<\/span>Software whose source code is published and may be freely modified and redistributed is called:<\/span><\/summary>\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\n <li>(a) Freeware<\/li>\n <li>(b) Shareware<\/li>\n <li>(c) Open source software<\/li>\n <li>(d) Proprietary software<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\">(c) Open source software<\/b> Freeware is free of cost but its source code stays closed \u2014 the commonest confusion in this question. Shareware is free only for a trial period. Open source is defined by the availability of the source code, not by price.<\/span>\u092b\u093c\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u0928\u093f:\u0936\u0941\u0932\u094d\u0915 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0941 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0924 \u0915\u094b\u0921 \u092c\u0902\u0926 \u0930\u0939\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u0907\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u091a\u0932\u093f\u0924 \u092d\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0964 \u0936\u0947\u092f\u0930\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923-\u0905\u0935\u0927\u093f \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0928\u093f:\u0936\u0941\u0932\u094d\u0915 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0913\u092a\u0928 \u0938\u094b\u0930\u094d\u0938 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e \u092e\u0942\u0932\u094d\u092f \u0938\u0947 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0938\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0924 \u0915\u094b\u0921 \u0915\u0940 \u0909\u092a\u0932\u092c\u094d\u0927\u0924\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\u00a71.11 C<\/span><\/div>\n <\/details>\n <details class=\"mcq-q\">\n <summary>15<\/span>The binary equivalent of the decimal number 25 is:<\/span><\/summary>\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\n <li>(a) 10011<\/li>\n <li>(b) 11001<\/li>\n <li>(c) 10101<\/li>\n <li>(d) 11100<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\">(b) 11001<\/b> Using place values 16, 8, 4, 2, 1: 25 = 16 + 8 + 1, so the bits for 16, 8 and 1 are set and those for 4 and 2 are not, giving 11001. Verifying is quicker than converting: 16+8+0+0+1 = 25.<\/span>\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u0940\u092f \u092e\u093e\u0928 16, 8, 4, 2, 1 \u0932\u0947\u0915\u0930: 25 = 16 + 8 + 1, \u0905\u0924\u0903 16, 8 \u090f\u0935\u0902 1 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093f\u091f 1 \u0924\u0925\u093e 4 \u090f\u0935\u0902 2 \u0915\u0947 0 \u0939\u094b\u0902\u0917\u0947, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 11001 \u092c\u0928\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0930\u0942\u092a\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930\u0923 \u0938\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0901\u091a \u0936\u0940\u0918\u094d\u0930 \u0939\u0948: 16+8+0+0+1 = 25\u0964<\/span>\u00a71.10 B<\/span><\/div>\n <\/details>\n <details class=\"mcq-q\">\n <summary>16<\/span>BIOS is stored in which type of memory?<\/span><\/summary>\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\n <li>(a) RAM<\/li>\n <li>(b) ROM<\/li>\n <li>(c) Cache<\/li>\n <li>(d) Hard disk<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\">(b) ROM<\/b> The BIOS must be available the instant the machine is switched on, before any disk has been read, so it has to sit in non-volatile memory on the motherboard. RAM would be empty at that moment.<\/span>\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u091a\u093e\u0932\u0942 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0940, \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0921\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0922\u093c\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935, BIOS \u0909\u092a\u0932\u092c\u094d\u0927 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f, \u0905\u0924\u0903 \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u092e\u0926\u0930\u092c\u094b\u0930\u094d\u0921 \u092a\u0930 \u0905\u0935\u093e\u0937\u094d\u092a\u0936\u0940\u0932 \u0938\u094d\u092e\u0943\u0924\u093f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u0940 \u0930\u0939\u0928\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0917\u093e\u0964 \u0909\u0938 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 RAM \u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\u00a71.6 B, \u00a71.11 A<\/span><\/div>\n <\/details>\n <details class=\"mcq-q\">\n <summary>17<\/span>The ability to find, evaluate, create and communicate information using digital technology, safely and responsibly, is termed:<\/span><\/summary>\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\n <li>(a) Computer literacy<\/li>\n <li>(b) IT literacy<\/li>\n <li>(c) Digital literacy<\/li>\n <li>(d) Media literacy<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\">(c) Digital literacy<\/b> Computer literacy is the narrower ability to operate a machine; IT literacy is an understanding of hardware, software and networks. Digital literacy adds judgement \u2014 the capacity to evaluate what is found and to act responsibly with it.<\/span>\u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u0938\u093e\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0930\u0924\u093e \u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u091a\u0932\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0901\u0915\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948; IT \u0938\u093e\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0921\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930, \u0938\u0949\u092b\u093c\u094d\u091f\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u092e\u091d\u0964 \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u0938\u093e\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0915 \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u091c\u094b \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0947 \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u0916\u0928\u0947 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930\u0926\u093e\u092f\u0940 \u0906\u091a\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e\u0924\u093e\u0964<\/span>\u00a71.0<\/span><\/div>\n <\/details>\n <details class=\"mcq-q\">\n <summary>18<\/span>The four components of digital literacy are access, skills, safety and:<\/span><\/summary>\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\n <li>(a) Certification<\/li>\n <li>(b) Content creation<\/li>\n <li>(c) Connectivity<\/li>\n <li>(d) Coding<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\">(b) Content creation<\/b> Content creation is the component most often omitted, and it is what distinguishes a participant from a consumer. A person with access but no skills remains excluded just as surely as one with no device.<\/span>\u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941-\u0938\u0943\u091c\u0928 \u0935\u0939\u0940 \u0918\u091f\u0915 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092c\u093e\u0930 \u091b\u0942\u091f\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u0939\u0940 \u0938\u0939\u092d\u093e\u0917\u0940 \u0915\u094b \u0909\u092a\u092d\u094b\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0943\u0925\u0915 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u0938 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u094c\u0936\u0932 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0935\u0939 \u0909\u0924\u0928\u093e \u0939\u0940 \u092c\u0939\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0915\u0943\u0924 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0924\u0928\u093e \u0935\u0939 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u0938 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964<\/span>\u00a71.0<\/span><\/div>\n <\/details>\n <\/div>\n\n <\/section>\n\n \n <section class=\"chapter-content\" data-chap=\"2\" id=\"c2\">\n <div class=\"chapter-heading-block\">\n SYLLABUS ITEM 2<\/span>\u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u092e\u0926 2<\/span><\/span>\n <h2>Operating Systems and File Management<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u091a\u093e\u0932\u0928 \u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092b\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0932 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0928<\/span><\/h2>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"callout amber\">\n <div class=\"callout-label\">\ud83d\udccc What this chapter covers<\/span>\ud83d\udccc \u0907\u0938 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/div>\n Windows, Linux, Android; file management, folders, file extensions, software installation, backup, and keyboard shortcuts<\/span>\n \u0935\u093f\u0902\u0921\u094b\u091c\u093c, \u0932\u093f\u0928\u0915\u094d\u0938, \u090f\u0902\u0921\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0907\u0921; \u092b\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0932 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0928, \u092b\u093c\u094b\u0932\u094d\u0921\u0930, \u092b\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0932 \u090f\u0915\u094d\u0938\u091f\u0947\u0902\u0936\u0928, \u0938\u0949\u092b\u093c\u094d\u091f\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u0928, \u092c\u0948\u0915\u0905\u092a \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0915\u0941\u0902\u091c\u0940\u092a\u091f\u0932 \u0936\u0949\u0930\u094d\u091f\u0915\u091f<\/span>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"keyfact-grid\">\n <div class=\"keyfact-card navy-hi\">\n \ud83e\udde9<\/span>\n <div class=\"kf-label\">What an OS Is<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u091a\u093e\u0932\u0928 \u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"kf-value\" style=\"font-size:13px;\">Interface + Resource Manager<\/span>\u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u092b\u093c\u0947\u0938 + \u0938\u0902\u0938\u093e\u0927\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0915<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"kf-sub\">It stands between the user and the hardware, and allots the hardware to whoever needs it<\/span>\u092f\u0939 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0939\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0921\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u0916\u0921\u093c\u093e \u0930\u0939\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0939\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0921\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u094b<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"keyfact-card teal-hi\">\n \ud83d\uddc2\ufe0f<\/span>\n <div class=\"kf-label\">The Rule of the Extension<\/span>\u090f\u0915\u094d\u0938\u091f\u0947\u0902\u0936\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"kf-value\" style=\"font-size:14px;\">name.<\/strong>ext<\/div>\n <div class=\"kf-sub\">The characters after the last dot decide which program opens the file<\/span>\u0905\u0902\u0924\u093f\u092e \u092c\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0941 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0930 \u0924\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0915\u093f \u092b\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0932 \u0915\u094c\u0928-\u0938\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e \u0916\u094b\u0932\u0947\u0917\u093e<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"keyfact-card amber-hi\">\n \ud83d\udedf<\/span>\n <div class=\"kf-label\">The Backup Rule<\/span>\u092c\u0948\u0915\u0905\u092a \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"kf-value\" style=\"font-size:15px;\">3 \u2013 2 \u2013 1<\/div>\n <div class=\"kf-sub\">Three copies, on two kinds of media, one of them off the premises<\/span>\u0924\u0940\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901, \u0926\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930, \u091c\u093f\u0928\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u090f\u0915 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0938\u0930 \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0939\u0930<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d2-0\">\n 2.0<\/span>\n <h3>Introduction<\/span>\u092a\u0930\u093f\u091a\u092f<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n <ul class=\"icon-list\">\n <li>\u25b8<\/span>\n Chapter 1 closed on the principle that hardware is inert until software directs it<\/strong>. The operating system is the piece of software that does the directing. Nothing else can run until it has loaded, and every other program in this course runs on top of it<\/strong> rather than beside it.<\/span>\n \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f 1 \u0907\u0938 \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924 \u092a\u0930 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u0941\u0906 \u0915\u093f \u091c\u092c \u0924\u0915 \u0938\u0949\u092b\u093c\u094d\u091f\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u093f\u0924 \u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0947, \u0939\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0921\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u091c\u0921\u093c \u0939\u0948<\/strong>\u0964 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u091a\u093e\u0932\u0928 \u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0935\u0939\u0940 \u0938\u0949\u092b\u093c\u094d\u091f\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u092f\u0939 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0932\u094b\u0921 \u0939\u0941\u090f \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0915\u0941\u091b \u092d\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u091a\u0932 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0907\u0938 \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u090a\u092a\u0930<\/strong> \u091a\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\n <\/span><\/li>\n <li>\u25b8<\/span>\n The chapter has two halves that look different but are one subject. The first \u2014 what an operating system is and does<\/strong> \u2014 is conceptual and yields definition questions. The second \u2014 files, folders, extensions, installation, backup and shortcuts<\/strong> \u2014 is entirely practical and yields the kind of question that can only be answered by someone who has actually used a computer.<\/span>\n \u0907\u0938 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u094b \u092d\u093e\u0917 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u091c\u094b \u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0926\u093f\u0916\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0915\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0941 \u090f\u0915 \u0939\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0925\u092e \u2014 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u091a\u093e\u0932\u0928 \u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/strong> \u2014 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u092f\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0924\u0940\u092f \u2014 \u092b\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0932, \u092b\u093c\u094b\u0932\u094d\u0921\u0930, \u090f\u0915\u094d\u0938\u091f\u0947\u0902\u0936\u0928, \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u0928, \u092c\u0948\u0915\u0905\u092a \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0936\u0949\u0930\u094d\u091f\u0915\u091f<\/strong> \u2014 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923\u0924\u0903 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0910\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0928\u0915\u093e \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0935\u0939\u0940 \u0926\u0947 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924\u0903 \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u091a\u0932\u093e\u092f\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0964<\/span>\n <\/span><\/li>\n <li>\u25b8<\/span>\n For a school head the practical weight of this chapter falls on records<\/strong>. A school's admission registers, staff files, result sheets and correspondence now exist as files in folders on a disk, and the discipline of naming them, filing them, protecting them and backing them up<\/strong> is the modern form of the old records-retention duty.<\/span>\n \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0941\u0916 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0907\u0938 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f \u0915\u093e \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u092d\u093e\u0930 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0932\u0947\u0916\u094b\u0902<\/strong> \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u0921\u093c\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0947\u0936-\u0930\u091c\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0930, \u0915\u0930\u094d\u092e\u091a\u093e\u0930\u0940-\u0928\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901, \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e-\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0915 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093e\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0905\u092c \u0921\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0915 \u092a\u0930 \u092b\u093c\u094b\u0932\u094d\u0921\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092b\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0932\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0947 \u0928\u093e\u092e\u0915\u0930\u0923, \u0928\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923, \u0938\u0902\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092c\u0948\u0915\u0905\u092a<\/strong> \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0936\u093e\u0938\u0928 \u092a\u0941\u0930\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0932\u0947\u0916-\u092a\u0930\u093f\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0935\u094d\u092f \u0915\u093e \u0906\u0927\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\n <\/span><\/li>\n <\/ul>\n\n <hr class=\"section-divider\">\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d2-1\">\n 2.1<\/span>\n <h3>Operating System: Concept and Functions<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u091a\u093e\u0932\u0928 \u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930: \u0938\u0902\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u092f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"callout\">\n <div class=\"callout-label\">\ud83d\udcd8 Working definition<\/span>\ud83d\udcd8 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e<\/span><\/div>\n An operating system<\/strong> is the system software that acts as an interface between the user and the computer hardware<\/strong>, and that manages all the resources<\/strong> of the machine \u2014 the processor, the memory, the files and the devices. It is the first program loaded when the computer starts and the last to stop<\/strong>, and no application can run without it.<\/span>\n \u092a\u094d\u0930\u091a\u093e\u0932\u0928 \u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930<\/strong> \u0935\u0939 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0938\u0949\u092b\u093c\u094d\u091f\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u0939\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0921\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u092b\u093c\u0947\u0938<\/strong> \u0915\u093e \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u0938\u094d\u0924 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u093e\u0927\u0928\u094b\u0902<\/strong> \u2014 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0938\u0947\u0938\u0930, \u0938\u094d\u092e\u0943\u0924\u093f, \u092b\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0932\u0947\u0902 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u2014 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0928<\/strong> \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u0906\u0930\u0902\u092d \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u0932\u094b\u0921 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0925\u092e \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0930\u0941\u0915\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e \u0905\u0902\u0924\u093f\u092e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e<\/strong> \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u091a\u0932 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e\u0964<\/span>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"vs-compare\">\n <div class=\"vs-side left\">\n View 1<\/span>\u0926\u0943\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093f 1<\/span><\/span>\n <h5>The operating system as a resource manager<\/span>\u0938\u0902\u0938\u093e\u0927\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u091a\u093e\u0932\u0928 \u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930<\/span><\/h5>\n <ul>\n <li>Looked at from below<\/strong>, from the hardware's side.<\/span>\u0939\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0921\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0913\u0930 \u0938\u0947, \u0928\u0940\u091a\u0947 \u0938\u0947<\/strong> \u0926\u0947\u0916\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n <li>Several programs compete for one processor, one block of memory and one printer. The operating system allocates, schedules and protects<\/strong> these scarce resources.<\/span>\u0905\u0928\u0947\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e \u090f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0938\u0947\u0938\u0930, \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u092e\u0943\u0924\u093f-\u0916\u0902\u0921 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u090f\u0915 \u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0915 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0938\u094d\u092a\u0930\u094d\u0927\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u091a\u093e\u0932\u0928 \u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0907\u0928 \u0926\u0941\u0930\u094d\u0932\u092d \u0938\u0902\u0938\u093e\u0927\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0906\u0935\u0902\u091f\u0928, \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923<\/strong> \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n <li>Its concern is efficiency and fairness<\/strong>.<\/span>\u0907\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0938\u0930\u094b\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0926\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0924\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u092a\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0924\u093e<\/strong> \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"vs-mid\">+<\/div>\n <div class=\"vs-side right\">\n View 2<\/span>\u0926\u0943\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093f 2<\/span><\/span>\n <h5>The operating system as an extended machine<\/span>\u0935\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u091a\u093e\u0932\u0928 \u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930<\/span><\/h5>\n <ul>\n <li>Looked at from above<\/strong>, from the user's side.<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u0913\u0930 \u0938\u0947, \u090a\u092a\u0930 \u0938\u0947<\/strong> \u0926\u0947\u0916\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n <li>It hides the ugly detail of the hardware<\/strong> and presents a simple, uniform picture. A person saves a file; the operating system finds free sectors, writes to them and updates the directory.<\/span>\u092f\u0939 \u0939\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0921\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u091c\u091f\u093f\u0932 \u0935\u093f\u0935\u0930\u0923 \u091b\u093f\u092a\u093e\u0915\u0930<\/strong> \u0938\u0930\u0932, \u090f\u0915\u0930\u0942\u092a \u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u092b\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0932 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948; \u092a\u094d\u0930\u091a\u093e\u0932\u0928 \u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0938\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u0930 \u0916\u094b\u091c\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0909\u0928\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0932\u093f\u0916\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e \u0905\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0924\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n <li>Its concern is convenience and abstraction<\/strong>.<\/span>\u0907\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0938\u0930\u094b\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u0941\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0905\u092e\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928<\/strong> \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <h4>A. Functions of an operating system<\/span>\u0915. \u092a\u094d\u0930\u091a\u093e\u0932\u0928 \u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f<\/span><\/h4>\n\n <div class=\"feat-grid\">\n <div class=\"feat-card\">1<\/span>Process management<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0928<\/span><\/strong>A process<\/strong> is a program in execution. The operating system creates, schedules, suspends and terminates processes, decides which gets the processor next, and resolves deadlock<\/strong> \u2014 the state in which two processes each hold what the other needs.<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e<\/strong> \u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0928\u093e\u0927\u0940\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u091a\u093e\u0932\u0928 \u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923, \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928, \u0938\u094d\u0925\u0917\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u092a\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0905\u0917\u0932\u0940 \u092c\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0938\u0947\u0938\u0930 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0947, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0917\u0924\u093f\u0930\u094b\u0927<\/strong> \u0938\u0941\u0932\u091d\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u0935\u0939 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0926\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u0935\u0939 \u092a\u0915\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u092c\u0948\u0920\u0940 \u0939\u094b\u0902 \u091c\u094b \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u0947 \u0915\u094b \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"feat-card\">2<\/span>Memory management<\/span>\u0938\u094d\u092e\u0943\u0924\u093f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0928<\/span><\/strong>Allots and reclaims RAM, keeps a record of which part is free, protects one program's memory from another, and runs virtual memory<\/strong> by paging and swapping when RAM is exhausted.<\/span>RAM \u0915\u093e \u0906\u0935\u0902\u091f\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u094d\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939\u0923 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0915\u094c\u0928-\u0938\u093e \u092d\u093e\u0917 \u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u0948 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0932\u0947\u0916 \u0930\u0916\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u090f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u092e\u0943\u0924\u093f \u0915\u094b \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u091a\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u0925\u093e RAM \u0938\u092e\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u0947\u091c\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0948\u092a\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0938\u0947 \u0906\u092d\u093e\u0938\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u092e\u0943\u0924\u093f<\/strong> \u091a\u0932\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"feat-card\">3<\/span>File management<\/span>\u092b\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0932 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0928<\/span><\/strong>Creates, names, stores, retrieves, copies and deletes files; maintains the directory structure; and enforces access permissions<\/strong>. This function is the subject of \u00a72.5.<\/span>\u092b\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0932\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923, \u0928\u093e\u092e\u0915\u0930\u0923, \u092d\u0902\u0921\u093e\u0930\u0923, \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u094d\u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924\u093f, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0932\u093f\u092a\u093f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0932\u094b\u092a\u0928; \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e-\u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923; \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0917\u092e \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092e\u0924\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902<\/strong> \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928\u0964 \u092f\u0939\u0940 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u00a72.5 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"feat-card\">4<\/span>Device management<\/span>\u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0928<\/span><\/strong>Communicates with every peripheral through its device driver<\/strong>, and uses buffering<\/strong> and spooling<\/strong> to bridge the enormous speed gap between the processor and a printer or disk.<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0927\u0940\u092f \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0938\u0947 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u091a\u093e\u0932\u0915<\/strong> \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0938\u0902\u0935\u093e\u0926 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0938\u0947\u0938\u0930 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0915 \u092f\u093e \u0921\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u093e\u0932 \u0917\u0924\u093f-\u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u093e\u091f\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u092c\u092b\u093c\u0930\u093f\u0902\u0917<\/strong> \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u092a\u0942\u0932\u093f\u0902\u0917<\/strong> \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"feat-card\">5<\/span>Security and protection<\/span>\u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923<\/span><\/strong>Maintains user accounts and passwords<\/strong>, grants or refuses access to files, separates administrator from ordinary user, and works with the firewall. Extended in Chapter 8.<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0916\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u093e\u0938\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0921<\/strong> \u0930\u0916\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u092b\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0932\u094b\u0902 \u0924\u0915 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u092f\u093e \u0930\u094b\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u093e\u0938\u0915 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0943\u0925\u0915 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092b\u093c\u093e\u092f\u0930\u0935\u0949\u0932 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f 8 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0930\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"feat-card\">6<\/span>User interface<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u092b\u093c\u0947\u0938<\/span><\/strong>Provides the means by which a person issues commands \u2014 either a command line<\/strong> or a graphical desktop<\/strong>. The part of the operating system that reads and interprets commands is the shell<\/strong>.<\/span>\u0935\u0939 \u0938\u093e\u0927\u0928 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0906\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u092f\u093e \u0924\u094b \u0915\u092e\u093e\u0902\u0921 \u0932\u093e\u0907\u0928<\/strong> \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0906\u0932\u0947\u0916\u0940\u092f \u0921\u0947\u0938\u094d\u0915\u091f\u0949\u092a<\/strong>\u0964 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u091a\u093e\u0932\u0928 \u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u091c\u094b \u092d\u093e\u0917 \u0906\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u092a\u0922\u093c\u0915\u0930 \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0940 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0935\u0939 \u0936\u0947\u0932<\/strong> \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"feat-card\">7<\/span>Error detection and handling<\/span>\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0941\u091f\u093f \u092a\u0939\u091a\u093e\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0928\u093f\u092a\u091f\u093e\u0928<\/span><\/strong>Detects faults in hardware and in programs, reports them and takes corrective action so that a single failing program does not bring down the whole machine.<\/span>\u0939\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0921\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0916\u0930\u093e\u092c\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u092a\u0939\u091a\u093e\u0928\u0915\u0930 \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0938\u0941\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u090f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u092b\u0932 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0928 \u0917\u093f\u0930\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"feat-card\">8<\/span>Networking and accounting<\/span>\u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0932\u0947\u0916\u093e\u0902\u0915\u0928<\/span><\/strong>Manages network connections and shared resources, and keeps a record of which user consumed which resource \u2014 the basis of usage logs and audit trails.<\/span>\u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u093e\u091d\u093e \u0938\u0902\u0938\u093e\u0927\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0915\u093f\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0928\u0947 \u0915\u094c\u0928-\u0938\u093e \u0938\u0902\u0938\u093e\u0927\u0928 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0907\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0932\u0947\u0916 \u0930\u0916\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917-\u0932\u0949\u0917 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0905\u0902\u0915\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923-\u091a\u093f\u0939\u094d\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u092f\u0939\u0940 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <h4>B. The kernel, the shell and booting<\/span>\u0916. \u0915\u0930\u094d\u0928\u0947\u0932, \u0936\u0947\u0932 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092c\u0942\u091f\u093f\u0902\u0917<\/span><\/h4>\n\n <div class=\"callout teal\">\n <div class=\"callout-label\">\u2699\ufe0f The two layers of an operating system<\/span>\u2699\ufe0f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u091a\u093e\u0932\u0928 \u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0926\u094b \u092a\u0930\u0924\u0947\u0902<\/span><\/div>\n <ul class=\"split-list\" style=\"margin-top:4px;\">\n <li>1<\/span>The kernel<\/strong> is the core of the operating system<\/strong>. It is loaded into memory at start-up and stays there, and it alone has direct access to the hardware. It performs process, memory, file and device management, and runs in a privileged state called kernel mode<\/strong>.<\/span>\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0928\u0947\u0932<\/strong> \u092a\u094d\u0930\u091a\u093e\u0932\u0928 \u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930<\/strong> \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0906\u0930\u0902\u092d \u092a\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u092e\u0943\u0924\u093f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0932\u094b\u0921 \u0939\u094b\u0915\u0930 \u0935\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u092c\u0928\u093e \u0930\u0939\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0907\u0938\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u0939\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0921\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u0924\u0915 \u0938\u0940\u0927\u0940 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e, \u0938\u094d\u092e\u0943\u0924\u093f, \u092b\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0932 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0915\u0930\u094d\u0928\u0947\u0932 \u092e\u094b\u0921<\/strong> \u0928\u093e\u092e\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0905\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091a\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n <li>2<\/span>The shell<\/strong> is the outer layer<\/strong> that receives commands from the user, interprets them and passes them to the kernel. Applications and the shell run in the unprivileged user mode<\/strong>, and must ask the kernel through a system call<\/strong> whenever they need the hardware.<\/span>\u0936\u0947\u0932<\/strong> \u0935\u0939 \u092c\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0940 \u092a\u0930\u0924<\/strong> \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u0906\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u0932\u0947\u0915\u0930 \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0940 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u0930\u094d\u0928\u0947\u0932 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u094c\u0902\u092a\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0936\u0947\u0932 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930-\u0930\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093e \u092e\u094b\u0921<\/strong> \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091a\u0932\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0914\u0930 \u0939\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0921\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940-\u0906\u0939\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0928<\/strong> \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0915\u0930\u094d\u0928\u0947\u0932 \u0938\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0901\u0917\u0928\u093e \u092a\u0921\u093c\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"flow-wrap\">\n <div class=\"flow-note\">\n \ud83d\udd0c Booting<\/strong> is the process by which a computer starts and loads its operating system. A cold boot<\/strong> is starting from the power-off state; a warm boot<\/strong> is restarting a machine that is already on, as with <kbd>Ctrl<\/kbd> + <kbd>Alt<\/kbd> + <kbd>Del<\/kbd>.<\/span>\n \ud83d\udd0c \u092c\u0942\u091f\u093f\u0902\u0917<\/strong> \u0935\u0939 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u0906\u0930\u0902\u092d \u0939\u094b\u0915\u0930 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u091a\u093e\u0932\u0928 \u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0932\u094b\u0921 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0936\u0940\u0924 \u092c\u0942\u091f<\/strong> \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924-\u092c\u0902\u0926 \u0905\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u0906\u0930\u0902\u092d \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u0939\u0948; \u0909\u0937\u094d\u0923 \u092c\u0942\u091f<\/strong> \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u091a\u093e\u0932\u0942 \u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0903\u0906\u0930\u0902\u092d \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e, \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 <kbd>Ctrl<\/kbd> + <kbd>Alt<\/kbd> + <kbd>Del<\/kbd> \u0938\u0947\u0964<\/span>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"flow-steps\">\n <div class=\"flow-step\">\n 1<\/span>\n <div class=\"fs-body\">\n Power on and BIOS<\/span>\u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924 \u091a\u093e\u0932\u0942 \u090f\u0935\u0902 BIOS<\/span><\/strong>\n The processor executes the firmware held in ROM \u2014 the BIOS<\/strong>, or on modern machines UEFI<\/strong>.<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0938\u0947\u0938\u0930 ROM \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0930\u0916\u0947 \u092b\u093c\u0930\u094d\u092e\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u2014 BIOS<\/strong>, \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0906\u0927\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 UEFI<\/strong>\u0964<\/span><\/span>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"flow-step\">\n 2<\/span>\n <div class=\"fs-body\">\n POST<\/span>POST<\/span><\/strong>\n The Power-On Self Test<\/strong> checks that the RAM, keyboard, display and disks are present and working, signalling any fault by beeps or a message.<\/span>\u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0930\u0902\u092d \u0938\u094d\u0935-\u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923<\/strong> \u091c\u093e\u0901\u091a\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f RAM, \u0915\u0941\u0902\u091c\u0940\u092a\u091f\u0932, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0921\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0915 \u0909\u092a\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u0936\u0940\u0932 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0916\u0930\u093e\u092c\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e \u092c\u0940\u092a \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u0938\u0947 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/span>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"flow-step\">\n 3<\/span>\n <div class=\"fs-body\">\n Bootstrap loader<\/span>\u092c\u0942\u091f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0948\u092a \u0932\u094b\u0921\u0930<\/span><\/strong>\n The firmware locates the boot device<\/strong> and reads a small program from it whose only job is to load the operating system.<\/span>\u092b\u093c\u0930\u094d\u092e\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u092c\u0942\u091f \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923<\/strong> \u0916\u094b\u091c\u0915\u0930 \u0909\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u091b\u094b\u091f\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e \u092a\u0922\u093c\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u093e \u090f\u0915\u092e\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u091a\u093e\u0932\u0928 \u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0932\u094b\u0921 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/span>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"flow-step\">\n 4<\/span>\n <div class=\"fs-body\">\n Kernel loaded and control handed over<\/span>\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0928\u0947\u0932 \u0932\u094b\u0921 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0923 \u0939\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0924<\/span><\/strong>\n The kernel is read into RAM, drivers and services start, the login screen appears, and the desktop is presented. The machine is now under the control of the operating system.<\/span>\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0928\u0947\u0932 RAM \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0922\u093c\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091a\u093e\u0932\u0915 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u0906\u0930\u0902\u092d \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0932\u0949\u0917\u093f\u0928 \u092a\u0930\u094d\u0926\u093e \u0906\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0921\u0947\u0938\u094d\u0915\u091f\u0949\u092a \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0905\u092c \u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u091a\u093e\u0932\u0928 \u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0923 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/span>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <h4>C. Four terms that are constantly confused<\/span>\u0917. \u091a\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u0926 \u091c\u094b \u0932\u0917\u093e\u0924\u093e\u0930 \u092d\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u090f \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902<\/span><\/h4>\n\n <table class=\"data-table\">\n <thead>\n <tr>\n <th>Term<\/span>\u092a\u0926<\/span><\/th>\n <th>What it means<\/span>\u0907\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925<\/span><\/th>\n <th>The distinguishing feature<\/span>\u0935\u093f\u092d\u0947\u0926\u0915 \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923<\/span><\/th>\n <\/tr>\n <\/thead>\n <tbody>\n <tr><td>Multiprogramming<\/span>\u092c\u0939\u0941-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e\u0928<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>Several programs are held in memory together and the processor switches to another whenever the current one waits for input or output.<\/span>\u0905\u0928\u0947\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0938\u094d\u092e\u0943\u0924\u093f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0930\u0939\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0936-\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0924 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0938\u0947\u0938\u0930 \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u091a\u0932\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><td>The aim is to keep the processor busy<\/strong>, not to serve the user quickly.<\/span>\u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0938\u0947\u0938\u0930 \u0915\u094b \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0938\u094d\u0924 \u0930\u0916\u0928\u093e<\/strong> \u0939\u0948, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0936\u0940\u0918\u094d\u0930 \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0928\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>Multitasking<\/span>\u092c\u0939\u0941-\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u0923<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>Several tasks appear to run at once because the processor is switched between them in very short slices of time.<\/span>\u0905\u0928\u0947\u0915 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u091a\u0932\u0924\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u0940\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0938\u0947\u0938\u0930 \u0905\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0902\u0924 \u091b\u094b\u091f\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u092f-\u0905\u0902\u0936\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0930\u0939\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><td>Also called time-sharing<\/strong>; the aim is response time for the user<\/strong>.<\/span>\u0907\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u092f-\u0938\u093e\u091d\u093e\u0915\u0930\u0923<\/strong> \u092d\u0940 \u0915\u0939\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902; \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930-\u0915\u093e\u0932<\/strong> \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>Multithreading<\/span>\u092c\u0939\u0941-\u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0923<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>A single program<\/strong> is divided into several threads that execute concurrently \u2014 as when a word processor checks spelling while text is being typed.<\/span>\u090f\u0915 \u0939\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e<\/strong> \u0905\u0928\u0947\u0915 \u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0901\u091f\u0915\u0930 \u0938\u093e\u0925-\u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0936\u092c\u094d\u0926 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u093e\u0927\u0915 \u091f\u0902\u0915\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925-\u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0901\u091a\u0924\u093e \u0930\u0939\u0947\u0964<\/span><\/td><td>The division is within one program<\/strong>, not between programs.<\/span>\u0935\u093f\u092d\u093e\u091c\u0928 \u090f\u0915 \u0939\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e \u0915\u0947 \u092d\u0940\u0924\u0930<\/strong> \u0939\u0948, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>Multiprocessing<\/span>\u092c\u0939\u0941-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0930\u0923<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>The computer has two or more physical processors or cores<\/strong> that genuinely execute instructions at the same instant.<\/span>\u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0926\u094b \u092f\u093e \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092d\u094c\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0938\u0947\u0938\u0930 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0915\u094b\u0930<\/strong> \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u091c\u094b \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924\u0903 \u090f\u0915 \u0939\u0940 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/td><td>The only one of the four that requires extra hardware<\/strong>.<\/span>\u091a\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u090f\u0915\u092e\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0924\u093f\u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0921\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930<\/strong> \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <\/tbody>\n <\/table>\n\n <div class=\"exam-tip\">\n <div class=\"et-icon\">\ud83d\udda8\ufe0f<\/div>\n <div class=\"et-body\">\n Spooling and buffering \u2014 a favourite pair.<\/strong> SPOOL<\/strong> stands for Simultaneous Peripheral Operation On-Line<\/strong>. When several documents are sent to one printer, the operating system writes them to a queue on the disk<\/strong> and feeds them to the printer one at a time, so the user is free the moment the print command is given. Buffering<\/strong> is the related but distinct idea of holding data briefly in memory<\/strong> while it moves between two devices of unequal speed \u2014 the reason a video pauses to \"buffer\" on a slow connection. Spooling uses the disk and handles whole jobs; buffering uses memory and handles a stream.<\/span>\n \u0938\u094d\u092a\u0942\u0932\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092c\u092b\u093c\u0930\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u2014 \u090f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f \u092f\u0941\u0917\u094d\u092e\u0964<\/strong> SPOOL<\/strong> \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u0939\u0948 \u0938\u093e\u0907\u092e\u0932\u094d\u091f\u0947\u0928\u093f\u092f\u0938 \u092a\u0947\u0930\u093f\u092b\u093c\u0947\u0930\u0932 \u0911\u092a\u0930\u0947\u0936\u0928 \u0911\u0928-\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0928<\/strong>\u0964 \u091c\u092c \u0905\u0928\u0947\u0915 \u0926\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0947\u091c\u093c \u090f\u0915 \u0939\u0940 \u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0915 \u0915\u094b \u092d\u0947\u091c\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u0924\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u091a\u093e\u0932\u0928 \u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u0921\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0915 \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f<\/strong> \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0932\u093f\u0916\u0915\u0930 \u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0915 \u0915\u094b \u090f\u0915-\u090f\u0915 \u0915\u0930 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0923-\u0906\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093e \u092e\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092c\u092b\u093c\u0930\u093f\u0902\u0917<\/strong> \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0941 \u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0935\u093f\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u0905\u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0917\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u094b \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u091a\u0932\u0924\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u092f \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0925\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0940 \u0926\u0947\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u092e\u0943\u0924\u093f \u092e\u0947\u0902<\/strong> \u0930\u0916\u0928\u093e, \u091c\u093f\u0938 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0927\u0940\u092e\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u092a\u0930 \u0935\u0940\u0921\u093f\u092f\u094b \"\u092c\u092b\u093c\u0930\" \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0930\u0941\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0938\u094d\u092a\u0942\u0932\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0921\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0938\u0902\u092d\u093e\u0932\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948; \u092c\u092b\u093c\u0930\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0938\u094d\u092e\u0943\u0924\u093f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0939 \u0938\u0902\u092d\u093e\u0932\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <h4>D. Command line and graphical interface<\/span>\u0918. \u0915\u092e\u093e\u0902\u0921 \u0932\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0906\u0932\u0947\u0916\u0940\u092f \u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u092b\u093c\u0947\u0938<\/span><\/h4>\n\n <div class=\"vs-compare\">\n <div class=\"vs-side left\">\n CLI<\/span>\n <h5>Command Line Interface<\/span>\u0915\u092e\u093e\u0902\u0921 \u0932\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u092b\u093c\u0947\u0938<\/span><\/h5>\n <ul>\n <li>Commands are typed as text<\/strong> at a prompt and executed on pressing Enter.<\/span>\u0906\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0949\u092e\u094d\u092a\u094d\u091f \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u093e\u0920 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091f\u0902\u0915\u093f\u0924<\/strong> \u0915\u0930 \u090f\u0902\u091f\u0930 \u0926\u092c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n <li>Needs the commands to be remembered<\/strong>, so it is harder for a beginner.<\/span>\u0906\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u0938\u094d\u092e\u0930\u0923 \u0930\u0916\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0921\u093c\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902<\/strong>, \u0905\u0924\u0903 \u0928\u094c\u0938\u093f\u0916\u093f\u090f \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u0920\u093f\u0928\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n <li>Consumes very little memory<\/strong> and runs on the weakest hardware.<\/span>\u0905\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0932\u094d\u092a \u0938\u094d\u092e\u0943\u0924\u093f<\/strong> \u0916\u0930\u094d\u091a \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0926\u0941\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0932\u0924\u092e \u0939\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0921\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u091a\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n <li>Faster and scriptable<\/strong> for an expert; a repetitive task can be automated in a batch file.<\/span>\u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937\u091c\u094d\u091e \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0924\u0940\u0935\u094d\u0930 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092a\u094d\u091f-\u092f\u094b\u0917\u094d\u092f<\/strong>; \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u093e\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u092c\u0948\u091a \u092b\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0932 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u091a\u093e\u0932\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n <li>Examples:<\/em> MS-DOS, the Windows Command Prompt, PowerShell, the Linux terminal.<\/span>\u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923:<\/em> MS-DOS, \u0935\u093f\u0902\u0921\u094b\u091c\u093c \u0915\u092e\u093e\u0902\u0921 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0949\u092e\u094d\u092a\u094d\u091f, \u092a\u0949\u0935\u0930\u0936\u0947\u0932, \u0932\u093f\u0928\u0915\u094d\u0938 \u091f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0928\u0932\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"vs-mid\">VS<\/div>\n <div class=\"vs-side right\">\n GUI<\/span>\n <h5>Graphical User Interface<\/span>\u0906\u0932\u0947\u0916\u0940\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u092b\u093c\u0947\u0938<\/span><\/h5>\n <ul>\n <li>Commands are given by pointing and clicking<\/strong> on icons, menus and buttons.<\/span>\u0906\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u091a\u093f\u0939\u094d\u0928\u094b\u0902, \u092e\u0947\u0928\u0942 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092c\u091f\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0947\u0924 \u0915\u0930 \u0915\u094d\u0932\u093f\u0915<\/strong> \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u0926\u093f\u090f \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n <li>Nothing has to be memorised<\/strong>; the available options are visible on the screen.<\/span>\u0915\u0941\u091b \u092d\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u092e\u0930\u0923 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0930\u0916\u0928\u093e \u092a\u0921\u093c\u0924\u093e<\/strong>; \u0909\u092a\u0932\u092c\u094d\u0927 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a \u092a\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u0926\u093f\u0916\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n <li>Consumes much more memory and processing power<\/strong>.<\/span>\u0915\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u092e\u0943\u0924\u093f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0930\u0923-\u0936\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f<\/strong> \u0916\u0930\u094d\u091a \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n <li>Its four elements give it the name WIMP<\/strong> \u2014 Windows, Icons, Menus, Pointer.<\/span>\u0907\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0924\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u0907\u0938\u0947 WIMP<\/strong> \u0928\u093e\u092e \u0926\u0947\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u2014 \u0935\u093f\u0902\u0921\u094b\u091c\u093c, \u0906\u0907\u0915\u0928, \u092e\u0947\u0928\u0942, \u092a\u0949\u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n <li>Examples:<\/em> Microsoft Windows, macOS, Android, the Ubuntu desktop.<\/span>\u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923:<\/em> \u092e\u093e\u0907\u0915\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0938\u0949\u092b\u093c\u094d\u091f \u0935\u093f\u0902\u0921\u094b\u091c\u093c, \u092e\u0948\u0915\u0913\u090f\u0938, \u090f\u0902\u0921\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0907\u0921, \u0909\u092c\u0902\u091f\u0942 \u0921\u0947\u0938\u094d\u0915\u091f\u0949\u092a\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <hr class=\"section-divider\">\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d2-2\">\n 2.2<\/span>\n <h3>Types of Operating Systems<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u091a\u093e\u0932\u0928 \u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n <table class=\"data-table\">\n <thead>\n <tr>\n <th class=\"narrow\">#<\/th>\n <th>Type<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930<\/span><\/th>\n <th>Distinguishing characteristic<\/span>\u0935\u093f\u092d\u0947\u0926\u0915 \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923<\/span><\/th>\n <th>Example<\/span>\u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923<\/span><\/th>\n <\/tr>\n <\/thead>\n <tbody>\n <tr>\n <td class=\"narrow\">1<\/td>\n <td>Batch operating system<\/span>\u092c\u0948\u091a \u092a\u094d\u0930\u091a\u093e\u0932\u0928 \u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n <td>Similar jobs are collected into a batch<\/strong> and executed one after another without any interaction<\/strong> with the user while they run. Efficient for the machine but there is no way to intervene.<\/span>\u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u092c\u0948\u091a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u090f\u0915\u0924\u094d\u0930<\/strong> \u0915\u0930 \u090f\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u090f\u0915 \u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0914\u0930 \u091a\u0932\u0924\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0903\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902<\/strong>\u0964 \u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0926\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0915\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0941 \u0939\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u092a \u0915\u093e \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0909\u092a\u093e\u092f \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <td>Payroll processing; bank end-of-day statements; bulk printing of report cards.<\/span>\u0935\u0947\u0924\u0928-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0930\u0923; \u092c\u0948\u0902\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u093f\u0928\u093e\u0902\u0924 \u0935\u093f\u0935\u0930\u0923; \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0917\u0924\u093f-\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0925\u094b\u0915 \u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0923\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td class=\"narrow\">2<\/td>\n <td>Time-sharing or multitasking<\/span>\u0938\u092e\u092f-\u0938\u093e\u091d\u093e \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u092c\u0939\u0941-\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u0923<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n <td>Each user or task gets a small slice of processor time in turn<\/strong>, so many users appear to be served simultaneously. The dominant design for ordinary computers.<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u094b \u092c\u093e\u0930\u0940-\u092c\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0938\u0947\u0938\u0930-\u0938\u092e\u092f \u0915\u093e \u091b\u094b\u091f\u093e \u0905\u0902\u0936<\/strong> \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0947\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093e \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u0940\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0938\u093e\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0941\u0916 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <td>UNIX, Linux, modern Windows.<\/span>\u092f\u0942\u0928\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0938, \u0932\u093f\u0928\u0915\u094d\u0938, \u0906\u0927\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0902\u0921\u094b\u091c\u093c\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr style=\"background:#f3f8ff;\">\n <td class=\"narrow\">3<\/td>\n <td>Real-time operating system (RTOS)<\/span>\u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0935\u093f\u0915-\u0915\u093e\u0932 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u091a\u093e\u0932\u0928 \u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 (RTOS)<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n <td>Guarantees a response within a fixed, strictly bounded time<\/strong>. In a hard<\/strong> RTOS a missed deadline is a total failure; in a soft<\/strong> RTOS it merely degrades quality.<\/span>\u0928\u093f\u0936\u094d\u091a\u093f\u0924, \u0915\u0920\u094b\u0930\u0924\u093e\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0915 \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u092e\u092f<\/strong> \u0915\u0947 \u092d\u0940\u0924\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0917\u093e\u0930\u0902\u091f\u0940 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0915\u0920\u094b\u0930<\/strong> RTOS \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u092e\u092f-\u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e \u091a\u0942\u0915\u0928\u093e \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0935\u093f\u092b\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948; \u092e\u0943\u0926\u0941<\/strong> RTOS \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u0939 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0917\u0941\u0923\u0935\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0918\u091f\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <td>Air-traffic control, missile guidance, medical life-support, anti-lock braking; VxWorks, RTLinux.<\/span>\u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941-\u092f\u093e\u0924\u093e\u092f\u093e\u0924 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0923, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u092a\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930-\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u0928, \u091a\u093f\u0915\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0938\u0940\u092f \u091c\u0940\u0935\u0928-\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e, ABS \u092c\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0915; VxWorks, RTLinux\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td class=\"narrow\">4<\/td>\n <td>Distributed operating system<\/span>\u0935\u093f\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u091a\u093e\u0932\u0928 \u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n <td>Several independent computers are made to appear to the user as a single system<\/strong>, sharing processing and storage across the group.<\/span>\u0905\u0928\u0947\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0915\u094b \u090f\u0915\u0932 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u0940\u0924<\/strong> \u0915\u0930\u093e\u090f \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0938\u092e\u0942\u0939 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092d\u0902\u0921\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0938\u093e\u091d\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <td>Cluster and grid computing; the systems behind large cloud services.<\/span>\u0915\u094d\u0932\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0930 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0917\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0921 \u0938\u0902\u0917\u0923\u0928; \u092c\u0921\u093c\u0940 \u0915\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0909\u0921 \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0940\u091b\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td class=\"narrow\">5<\/td>\n <td>Network operating system<\/span>\u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u091a\u093e\u0932\u0928 \u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n <td>Runs on a server<\/strong> and manages shared files, printers, users and security for the computers on a network. Each machine keeps its own identity.<\/span>\u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0930<\/strong> \u092a\u0930 \u091a\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0938\u093e\u091d\u093e \u092b\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0932\u094b\u0902, \u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094b\u0902, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0940 \u092a\u0939\u091a\u093e\u0928 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u090f \u0930\u0916\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <td>Windows Server, Novell NetWare, Linux server distributions.<\/span>\u0935\u093f\u0902\u0921\u094b\u091c\u093c \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0930, \u0928\u0949\u0935\u0947\u0932 \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930, \u0932\u093f\u0928\u0915\u094d\u0938 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0924\u0930\u0923\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td class=\"narrow\">6<\/td>\n <td>Embedded operating system<\/span>\u0905\u0902\u0924\u0903\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u091a\u093e\u0932\u0928 \u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n <td>A small, specialised operating system built into a device that is not thought of as a computer at all<\/strong>. It cannot normally be changed by the user.<\/span>\u091b\u094b\u091f\u093e, \u0935\u093f\u0936\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u091a\u093e\u0932\u0928 \u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u091c\u094b \u0910\u0938\u0947 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0903\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u0938\u092e\u091d\u093e \u0939\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e<\/strong>\u0964 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0924\u0903 \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0926\u0932 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <td>Washing machines, ATMs, routers, smart televisions, digital cameras.<\/span>\u0927\u0941\u0932\u093e\u0908 \u092e\u0936\u0940\u0928, ATM, \u0930\u093e\u0909\u091f\u0930, \u0938\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u091f \u091f\u0947\u0932\u0940\u0935\u093f\u091c\u093c\u0928, \u0905\u0902\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0915\u0948\u092e\u0930\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td class=\"narrow\">7<\/td>\n <td>Mobile operating system<\/span>\u092e\u094b\u092c\u093e\u0907\u0932 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u091a\u093e\u0932\u0928 \u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n <td>Designed for touch input, battery economy and small screens<\/strong>, with applications delivered through an app store.<\/span>\u0938\u094d\u092a\u0930\u094d\u0936 \u0928\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0936, \u092c\u0948\u091f\u0930\u0940-\u092e\u093f\u0924\u0935\u094d\u092f\u092f\u093f\u0924\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u091b\u094b\u091f\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u094d\u0926\u094b\u0902<\/strong> \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a\u093f\u0924, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0910\u092a \u0938\u094d\u091f\u094b\u0930 \u0938\u0947 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <td>Android, iOS, HarmonyOS.<\/span>\u090f\u0902\u0921\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0907\u0921, iOS, \u0939\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092e\u0928\u0940OS\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <\/tbody>\n <\/table>\n\n <div class=\"callout amber\">\n <div class=\"callout-label\">\ud83d\udccc Two cross-cutting classifications<\/span>\ud83d\udccc \u0926\u094b \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0925 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923<\/span><\/div>\n <ul class=\"split-list\" style=\"margin-top:4px;\">\n <li>1<\/span>Single-user versus multi-user.<\/strong> MS-DOS and early Windows served one person at a time; UNIX, Linux and Windows Server allow many users to be logged in simultaneously<\/strong>, each with separate files and permissions.<\/span>\u090f\u0915\u0932-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093e \u092c\u0928\u093e\u092e \u092c\u0939\u0941-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0964<\/strong> MS-DOS \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0906\u0930\u0902\u092d\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0902\u0921\u094b\u091c\u093c \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u092e\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u090f\u0915 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0925\u0947; \u092f\u0942\u0928\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0938, \u0932\u093f\u0928\u0915\u094d\u0938 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0902\u0921\u094b\u091c\u093c \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0930 \u0905\u0928\u0947\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0932\u0949\u0917-\u0907\u0928<\/strong> \u0930\u0939\u0928\u0947 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0940 \u092b\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0932\u0947\u0902 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092e\u0924\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n <li>2<\/span>Single-tasking versus multitasking.<\/strong> MS-DOS could run only one program at a time; every operating system in ordinary use today is multitasking.<\/span>\u090f\u0915\u0932-\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u0923 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u092e \u092c\u0939\u0941-\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u0923\u0964<\/strong> MS-DOS \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u092e\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u090f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e \u091a\u0932\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0925\u093e; \u0906\u091c \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u091a\u093e\u0932\u0928 \u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092c\u0939\u0941-\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u0923 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n\n <hr class=\"section-divider\">\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d2-3\">\n 2.3<\/span>\n <h3>Windows, Linux, macOS and Android<\/span>\u0935\u093f\u0902\u0921\u094b\u091c\u093c, \u0932\u093f\u0928\u0915\u094d\u0938, \u092e\u0948\u0915\u0913\u090f\u0938 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u090f\u0902\u0921\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0907\u0921<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"ladder\">\n <div class=\"rung\">\n <div class=\"rung-step\">1<\/span>Parent<\/span>\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935\u091c<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n <div>\n <h5>UNIX<\/span>\u092f\u0942\u0928\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0938<\/span><\/h5>\n Developed at Bell Laboratories in 1969 by Ken Thompson and Dennis Ritchie<\/strong>, and rewritten in the C language<\/strong>, which made it portable across machines. It was the first widely used multi-user, multitasking<\/strong> operating system, and it is the ancestor from which Linux and macOS descend.<\/span>1969 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0947\u0932 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0936\u093e\u0932\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u0947\u0928 \u0925\u0949\u092e\u094d\u092a\u0938\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0921\u0947\u0928\u093f\u0938 \u0930\u093f\u091a\u0940<\/strong> \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0938\u093f\u0924, \u0924\u0925\u093e C \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e<\/strong> \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u094d\u0932\u093f\u0916\u093f\u0924, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u092f\u0939 \u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u0935\u0939\u0928\u0940\u092f \u0939\u094b \u0917\u092f\u093e\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0925\u092e \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u0915 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u092c\u0939\u0941-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093e, \u092c\u0939\u0941-\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u0923<\/strong> \u092a\u094d\u0930\u091a\u093e\u0932\u0928 \u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0925\u093e, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0932\u093f\u0928\u0915\u094d\u0938 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092e\u0948\u0915\u0913\u090f\u0938 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935\u091c \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"rung\">\n <div class=\"rung-step\">2<\/span>Dominant<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0940<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n <div>\n <h5>Microsoft Windows<\/span>\u092e\u093e\u0907\u0915\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0938\u0949\u092b\u093c\u094d\u091f \u0935\u093f\u0902\u0921\u094b\u091c\u093c<\/span><\/h5>\n A proprietary, graphical, single-user multitasking<\/strong> operating system and by far the commonest on school and office desktops. Its file systems are NTFS<\/strong> and the older FAT32<\/strong>; its installers carry the extension .exe<\/strong> or .msi<\/strong>; and its file names are not case-sensitive<\/strong>.<\/span>\u0938\u094d\u0935\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924, \u0906\u0932\u0947\u0916\u0940\u092f, \u090f\u0915\u0932-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093e \u092c\u0939\u0941-\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u0923<\/strong> \u092a\u094d\u0930\u091a\u093e\u0932\u0928 \u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930, \u091c\u094b \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0921\u0947\u0938\u094d\u0915\u091f\u0949\u092a\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u091a\u0932\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u092b\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0932-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 NTFS<\/strong> \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u0941\u0930\u093e\u0928\u0940 FAT32<\/strong> \u0939\u0948\u0902; \u0907\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u0915 .exe<\/strong> \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e .msi<\/strong> \u090f\u0915\u094d\u0938\u091f\u0947\u0902\u0936\u0928 \u0930\u0916\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902; \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0907\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092b\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0932-\u0928\u093e\u092e \u0905\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0930-\u092d\u0947\u0926 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0924\u0947<\/strong>\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n <div class=\"rung-eg\">Line of versions<\/span>\u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0930\u0923-\u0936\u0943\u0902\u0916\u0932\u093e<\/span><\/b>MS-DOS (a command line system, not Windows) \u2192 Windows 95 \u2192 98 \u2192 XP \u2192 Vista \u2192 7 \u2192 8 \u2192 10 \u2192 11.<\/span>MS-DOS (\u0915\u092e\u093e\u0902\u0921 \u0932\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940, \u0935\u093f\u0902\u0921\u094b\u091c\u093c \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902) \u2192 \u0935\u093f\u0902\u0921\u094b\u091c\u093c 95 \u2192 98 \u2192 XP \u2192 \u0935\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u093e \u2192 7 \u2192 8 \u2192 10 \u2192 11\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"rung\">\n <div class=\"rung-step\">3<\/span>Open<\/span>\u092e\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n <div>\n <h5>Linux<\/span>\u0932\u093f\u0928\u0915\u094d\u0938<\/span><\/h5>\n Strictly speaking Linux is a kernel<\/strong>, written by Linus Torvalds in 1991<\/strong> and released as free and open source software<\/strong>. Combined with system tools it forms a distribution<\/strong>. It is multi-user and multitasking, uses the ext4<\/strong> file system, has case-sensitive<\/strong> file names, and imposes no licence fee<\/strong> \u2014 the reason it is attractive for a school laboratory.<\/span>\u0915\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0932\u093f\u0928\u0915\u094d\u0938 \u090f\u0915 \u0915\u0930\u094d\u0928\u0947\u0932<\/strong> \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 1991 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0932\u093f\u0928\u0941\u0938 \u091f\u094b\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0932\u094d\u0921\u094d\u0938<\/strong> \u0928\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u0916\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u092e\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0913\u092a\u0928 \u0938\u094b\u0930\u094d\u0938 \u0938\u0949\u092b\u093c\u094d\u091f\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930<\/strong> \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091c\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0964 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940-\u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0915\u0930 \u092f\u0939 \u0935\u093f\u0924\u0930\u0923<\/strong> \u092c\u0928\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u092c\u0939\u0941-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092c\u0939\u0941-\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u0923 \u0939\u0948, ext4<\/strong> \u092b\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0932-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0907\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092b\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0932-\u0928\u093e\u092e \u0905\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0930-\u092d\u0947\u0926 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0924\u0947<\/strong> \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0907\u0938 \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u091c\u094d\u091e\u092a\u094d\u0924\u093f-\u0936\u0941\u0932\u094d\u0915 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902<\/strong> \u2014 \u0907\u0938\u0940\u0932\u093f\u090f \u092f\u0939 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0936\u093e\u0932\u093e \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0906\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n <div class=\"rung-eg\">Distributions, and the Indian one<\/span>\u0935\u093f\u0924\u0930\u0923, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0935\u093f\u0924\u0930\u0923<\/span><\/b>Ubuntu, Fedora, Debian, Red Hat, Linux Mint. The Indian distribution is BOSS \u2014 Bharat Operating System Solutions<\/strong>, developed by C-DAC<\/strong> with support for Indian languages, and there is an EduBOSS<\/strong> edition meant for schools.<\/span>\u0909\u092c\u0902\u091f\u0942, \u092b\u093c\u0947\u0921\u094b\u0930\u093e, \u0921\u0947\u092c\u093f\u092f\u0928, \u0930\u0947\u0921 \u0939\u0948\u091f, \u0932\u093f\u0928\u0915\u094d\u0938 \u092e\u093f\u0902\u091f\u0964 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0935\u093f\u0924\u0930\u0923 \u0939\u0948 BOSS \u2014 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u0911\u092a\u0930\u0947\u091f\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0938\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u092e \u0938\u0949\u0932\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0936\u0902\u0938<\/strong>, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 C-DAC<\/strong> \u0928\u0947 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0928 \u0938\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0938\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 EduBOSS<\/strong> \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u092d\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"rung\">\n <div class=\"rung-step\">4<\/span>Apple<\/span>\u090f\u092a\u094d\u092a\u0932<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n <div>\n <h5>macOS and iOS<\/span>\u092e\u0948\u0915\u0913\u090f\u0938 \u090f\u0935\u0902 iOS<\/span><\/h5>\n macOS<\/strong> is Apple's proprietary desktop operating system, built on a UNIX foundation<\/strong> and running only on Apple hardware; its installers use the extension .dmg<\/strong>. iOS<\/strong> is the corresponding mobile system for the iPhone and iPad, a closed system in which applications may be installed only from the App Store.<\/span>\u092e\u0948\u0915\u0913\u090f\u0938<\/strong> \u090f\u092a\u094d\u092a\u0932 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0935\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0921\u0947\u0938\u094d\u0915\u091f\u0949\u092a \u092a\u094d\u0930\u091a\u093e\u0932\u0928 \u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u094b \u092f\u0942\u0928\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0938 \u0915\u0940 \u0928\u0940\u0902\u0935<\/strong> \u092a\u0930 \u092c\u0928\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u090f\u092a\u094d\u092a\u0932 \u0939\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0921\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u091a\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948; \u0907\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u0915 .dmg<\/strong> \u090f\u0915\u094d\u0938\u091f\u0947\u0902\u0936\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 iOS<\/strong> \u0906\u0908\u092b\u093c\u094b\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0906\u0908\u092a\u0948\u0921 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0924\u0924\u094d\u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0940 \u092e\u094b\u092c\u093e\u0907\u0932 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u090f\u0915 \u092c\u0902\u0926 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0910\u092a \u0938\u094d\u091f\u094b\u0930 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u090f \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"rung\">\n <div class=\"rung-step\">5<\/span>Mobile<\/span>\u092e\u094b\u092c\u093e\u0907\u0932<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n <div>\n <h5>Android<\/span>\u090f\u0902\u0921\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0907\u0921<\/span><\/h5>\n Developed by Google<\/strong> and built on the Linux kernel<\/strong>, Android is the most widely used mobile operating system in India and therefore the platform on which DIKSHA, UMANG and most school applications actually reach a parent. Its application packages carry the extension .apk<\/strong> and are normally installed from the Google Play Store<\/strong>.<\/span>\u0917\u0942\u0917\u0932<\/strong> \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0938\u093f\u0924 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0932\u093f\u0928\u0915\u094d\u0938 \u0915\u0930\u094d\u0928\u0947\u0932<\/strong> \u092a\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0924, \u090f\u0902\u0921\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0907\u0921 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u092e\u094b\u092c\u093e\u0907\u0932 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u091a\u093e\u0932\u0928 \u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u0924\u0903 \u0935\u0939\u0940 \u092e\u0902\u091a \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938 \u092a\u0930 \u0926\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e, \u0909\u092e\u0902\u0917 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0902\u0936 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f\u0940 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924\u0903 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0915 \u0924\u0915 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917-\u092a\u0948\u0915\u0947\u091c .apk<\/strong> \u090f\u0915\u094d\u0938\u091f\u0947\u0902\u0936\u0928 \u0930\u0916\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0924\u0903 \u0917\u0942\u0917\u0932 \u092a\u094d\u0932\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u091f\u094b\u0930<\/strong> \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"exam-tip\">\n <div class=\"et-icon\">\ud83c\udfaf<\/div>\n <div class=\"et-body\">\n Four one-line facts the examiner uses.<\/strong> (1) MS-DOS is not Windows<\/strong> \u2014 it is a single-user, single-tasking command line system that preceded it. (2) Linux is a kernel, not a complete operating system<\/strong>; Ubuntu and Fedora are distributions built round it. (3) Android is built on the Linux kernel<\/strong>, which is why a question pairing \"Google\" with \"open source Linux base\" is answered by Android. (4) The Indian operating system is BOSS<\/strong>, from C-DAC \u2014 the same organisation that built PARAM in \u00a71.1.<\/span>\n \u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u091a\u093e\u0930 \u090f\u0915-\u092a\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0924\u0925\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/strong> (1) MS-DOS \u0935\u093f\u0902\u0921\u094b\u091c\u093c \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u0948<\/strong> \u2014 \u0935\u0939 \u0909\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u0915\u0940 \u090f\u0915\u0932-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093e, \u090f\u0915\u0932-\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u0923 \u0915\u092e\u093e\u0902\u0921 \u0932\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 (2) \u0932\u093f\u0928\u0915\u094d\u0938 \u0915\u0930\u094d\u0928\u0947\u0932 \u0939\u0948, \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u091a\u093e\u0932\u0928 \u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902<\/strong>; \u0909\u092c\u0902\u091f\u0942 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092b\u093c\u0947\u0921\u094b\u0930\u093e \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u091a\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0913\u0930 \u092c\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0924\u0930\u0923 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 (3) \u090f\u0902\u0921\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0907\u0921 \u0932\u093f\u0928\u0915\u094d\u0938 \u0915\u0930\u094d\u0928\u0947\u0932 \u092a\u0930 \u092c\u0928\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/strong>, \u0907\u0938\u0940\u0932\u093f\u090f \"\u0917\u0942\u0917\u0932\" \u090f\u0935\u0902 \"\u0913\u092a\u0928 \u0938\u094b\u0930\u094d\u0938 \u0932\u093f\u0928\u0915\u094d\u0938 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\" \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u090f\u0902\u0921\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0907\u0921 \u0939\u0948\u0964 (4) \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u091a\u093e\u0932\u0928 \u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 BOSS \u0939\u0948<\/strong>, C-DAC \u0915\u093e \u2014 \u0935\u0939\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0928\u0947 \u00a71.1 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0930\u092e \u092c\u0928\u093e\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/span>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"mcq-box\">\n <div class=\"mcq-title\">\n Practice<\/span>\u0905\u092d\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938<\/span><\/span>\n Questions on the operating system and its types<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u091a\u093e\u0932\u0928 \u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928<\/span><\/span>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"mcq-note\">Objective questions in the pattern of the examination. Click to reveal the answer and its explanation.<\/span>\u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u0930 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928\u0964 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0916\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u094d\u0932\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u0940\u091c\u093f\u090f\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <details class=\"mcq-q\">\n <summary>19<\/span>Which one of the following is not an operating system?<\/span><\/summary>\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\n <li>(a) Linux<\/li>\n <li>(b) Android<\/li>\n <li>(c) Oracle<\/li>\n <li>(d) Windows<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\">(c) Oracle<\/b> Oracle is a database management system, which is application software. The commonest distractors in this question are database packages such as Oracle and MySQL, and office packages such as MS Office.<\/span>\u0913\u0930\u0947\u0915\u0932 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e\u092c\u0947\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u094b \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0938\u0949\u092b\u093c\u094d\u091f\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0907\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u091a\u0932\u093f\u0924 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0913\u0930\u0947\u0915\u0932 \u090f\u0935\u0902 MySQL \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e\u092c\u0947\u0938 \u092a\u0948\u0915\u0947\u091c \u0924\u0925\u093e MS \u0911\u092b\u093c\u093f\u0938 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u092a\u0948\u0915\u0947\u091c \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span>\u00a72.3, \u00a71.11 B<\/span><\/div>\n <\/details>\n <details class=\"mcq-q\">\n <summary>20<\/span>The core part of an operating system, which has direct access to the hardware, is called the:<\/span><\/summary>\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\n <li>(a) Shell<\/li>\n <li>(b) Kernel<\/li>\n <li>(c) Compiler<\/li>\n <li>(d) Loader<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\">(b) Kernel<\/b> The kernel is the core and runs in privileged kernel mode. The shell is the outer layer that interprets user commands and passes them inward, and runs in unprivileged user mode.<\/span>\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0928\u0947\u0932 \u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930 \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u094d\u0928\u0947\u0932 \u092e\u094b\u0921 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091a\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0936\u0947\u0932 \u092c\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0940 \u092a\u0930\u0924 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0906\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0930 \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u092d\u0940\u0924\u0930 \u092d\u0947\u091c\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930-\u0930\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093e \u092e\u094b\u0921 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091a\u0932\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\u00a72.1 B<\/span><\/div>\n <\/details>\n <details class=\"mcq-q\">\n <summary>21<\/span>An operating system used in air-traffic control, where a response must be produced within a strictly fixed time, is a:<\/span><\/summary>\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\n <li>(a) Batch operating system<\/li>\n <li>(b) Time-sharing operating system<\/li>\n <li>(c) Real-time operating system<\/li>\n <li>(d) Distributed operating system<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\">(c) Real-time operating system<\/b> The defining feature of an RTOS is the guarantee of a response within a bounded time. Air-traffic control, missile guidance and life-support are hard real-time systems, in which a missed deadline counts as total failure.<\/span>RTOS \u0915\u093e \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u0915 \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u092e\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0917\u093e\u0930\u0902\u091f\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941-\u092f\u093e\u0924\u093e\u092f\u093e\u0924 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0923, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u092a\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930-\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u091c\u0940\u0935\u0928-\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0920\u094b\u0930 \u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0935\u093f\u0915-\u0915\u093e\u0932 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u091c\u093f\u0928\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u092e\u092f-\u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e \u091a\u0942\u0915\u0928\u093e \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0935\u093f\u092b\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0917\u093f\u0928\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\u00a72.2<\/span><\/div>\n <\/details>\n <details class=\"mcq-q\">\n <summary>22<\/span>SPOOL stands for:<\/span><\/summary>\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\n <li>(a) System Peripheral Operation On Line<\/li>\n <li>(b) Simultaneous Peripheral Operation On-Line<\/li>\n <li>(c) Sequential Program Operation On Line<\/li>\n <li>(d) Shared Processing Of Output Load<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\">(b) Simultaneous Peripheral Operation On-Line<\/b> Spooling places print jobs in a queue on the disk so that the processor is freed at once. It uses the disk and handles whole jobs, whereas buffering uses memory and handles a continuous stream of data.<\/span>\u0938\u094d\u092a\u0942\u0932\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0923-\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0921\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0915 \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0930\u0916\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0938\u0947\u0938\u0930 \u0924\u0924\u094d\u0915\u093e\u0932 \u092e\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u090f\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0921\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0938\u0902\u092d\u093e\u0932\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u092c\u0915\u093f \u092c\u092b\u093c\u0930\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0938\u094d\u092e\u0943\u0924\u093f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0924\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0939 \u0938\u0902\u092d\u093e\u0932\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\u00a72.1 C<\/span><\/div>\n <\/details>\n <\/div>\n\n <hr class=\"section-divider\">\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d2-4\">\n 2.4<\/span>\n <h3>The Desktop and Its Elements<\/span>\u0921\u0947\u0938\u094d\u0915\u091f\u0949\u092a \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0924\u0924\u094d\u0935<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n \n The desktop<\/strong> is the working screen presented once the operating system has loaded and a user has logged in. Its elements have exact names, and questions in this item frequently ask for one of them by description.<\/span>\n \u0921\u0947\u0938\u094d\u0915\u091f\u0949\u092a<\/strong> \u0935\u0939 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u092a\u0930\u094d\u0926\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u091a\u093e\u0932\u0928 \u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0932\u094b\u0921 \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u0949\u0917-\u0907\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0924\u0924\u094d\u0935\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u0936\u094d\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0928\u093e\u092e \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0914\u0930 \u0907\u0938 \u092e\u0926 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092f\u0903 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u090f\u0915 \u0915\u094b \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0923\u0928 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u092a\u0942\u091b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span>\n <\/p>\n\n <div class=\"feat-grid\">\n <div class=\"feat-card\">1<\/span>Wallpaper and icons<\/span>\u0935\u0949\u0932\u092a\u0947\u092a\u0930 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0906\u0907\u0915\u0928<\/span><\/strong>The wallpaper<\/strong> is the background image. An icon<\/strong> is a small picture standing for a file, folder or program. A shortcut<\/strong> is an icon that merely points<\/em> to an item stored elsewhere, and is marked by a small arrow; deleting a shortcut does not delete the item.<\/span>\u0935\u0949\u0932\u092a\u0947\u092a\u0930<\/strong> \u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920\u092d\u0942\u092e\u093f \u0915\u093e \u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0906\u0907\u0915\u0928<\/strong> \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092b\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0932, \u092b\u093c\u094b\u0932\u094d\u0921\u0930 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e \u0915\u093e \u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0924\u0915 \u091b\u094b\u091f\u093e \u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0936\u0949\u0930\u094d\u091f\u0915\u091f<\/strong> \u0910\u0938\u093e \u0906\u0907\u0915\u0928 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u092e\u0926 \u0915\u0940 \u0913\u0930 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0947\u0924<\/em> \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u091b\u094b\u091f\u0947 \u0924\u0940\u0930 \u0938\u0947 \u091a\u093f\u0939\u094d\u0928\u093f\u0924 \u0930\u0939\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948; \u0936\u0949\u0930\u094d\u091f\u0915\u091f \u092e\u093f\u091f\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u092e\u0926 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u092e\u093f\u091f\u0924\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"feat-card\">2<\/span>Taskbar<\/span>\u091f\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0915\u092c\u093e\u0930<\/span><\/strong>The bar along the edge of the screen carrying the Start button<\/strong>, buttons for the open windows, pinned programs, and at the far end the notification area or system tray<\/strong> with the clock, network and volume icons.<\/span>\u092a\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093f\u0928\u093e\u0930\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u091f\u094d\u091f\u0940 \u091c\u093f\u0938 \u092a\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u091f\u093e\u0930\u094d\u091f \u092c\u091f\u0928<\/strong>, \u0916\u0941\u0932\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0902\u0921\u094b\u091c\u093c \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u091f\u0928, \u092a\u093f\u0928 \u0915\u093f\u090f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u0947 \u0938\u093f\u0930\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u0918\u0921\u093c\u0940, \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0927\u094d\u0935\u0928\u093f \u0906\u0907\u0915\u0928 \u0938\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0938\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u092e \u091f\u094d\u0930\u0947<\/strong> \u0930\u0939\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"feat-card\">3<\/span>Start menu<\/span>\u0938\u094d\u091f\u093e\u0930\u094d\u091f \u092e\u0947\u0928\u0942<\/span><\/strong>The central launcher listing installed programs, recent documents, the search box, the settings and the power options including shut down, restart and sign out<\/strong>.<\/span>\u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0915 \u091c\u094b \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e\u094b\u0902, \u0939\u093e\u0932 \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0947\u091c\u093c\u094b\u0902, \u0916\u094b\u091c-\u092a\u0947\u091f\u0940, \u0938\u0947\u091f\u093f\u0902\u0917\u094d\u0938 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092c\u0902\u0926 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902, \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0903\u0906\u0930\u0902\u092d \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u0906\u0909\u091f<\/strong> \u0938\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924-\u0935\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0940\u092c\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"feat-card\">4<\/span>Recycle Bin<\/span>\u0930\u0940\u0938\u093e\u092f\u0915\u0932 \u092c\u093f\u0928<\/span><\/strong>Holds deleted files so that they can be restored<\/strong>. Files are removed permanently only when the bin is emptied, and <kbd>Shift<\/kbd> + <kbd>Delete<\/kbd> bypasses it altogether<\/strong>. Items deleted from a pen drive or a network drive do not go to it at all.<\/span>\u092e\u093f\u091f\u093e\u0908 \u0917\u0908 \u092b\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0932\u0947\u0902 \u0930\u0916\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0924\u093e\u0915\u093f \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u094d\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u093f\u0924<\/strong> \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0947\u0964 \u092b\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0932\u0947\u0902 \u0924\u092d\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092f\u0940 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0939\u091f\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u091c\u092c \u092c\u093f\u0928 \u0916\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u090f, \u0924\u0925\u093e <kbd>Shift<\/kbd> + <kbd>Delete<\/kbd> \u0907\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u0940 \u0924\u0930\u0939 \u091b\u094b\u0921\u093c \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/strong>\u0964 \u092a\u0947\u0928 \u0921\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0907\u0935 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0921\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0907\u0935 \u0938\u0947 \u092e\u093f\u091f\u093e\u090f \u092e\u0926 \u0907\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0906\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"feat-card\">5<\/span>File Explorer and This PC<\/span>\u092b\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0932 \u090f\u0915\u094d\u0938\u092a\u094d\u0932\u094b\u0930\u0930 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0926\u093f\u0938 PC<\/span><\/strong>The program through which drives, folders and files are browsed, opened, copied and searched. Opened by <kbd>Win<\/kbd> + <kbd>E<\/kbd>.<\/span>\u0935\u0939 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0921\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0907\u0935, \u092b\u093c\u094b\u0932\u094d\u0921\u0930 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092b\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0932\u0947\u0902 \u0926\u0947\u0916\u0940, \u0916\u094b\u0932\u0940, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0932\u093f\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0916\u094b\u091c\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 <kbd>Win<\/kbd> + <kbd>E<\/kbd> \u0938\u0947 \u0916\u0941\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"feat-card\">6<\/span>Control Panel and Settings<\/span>\u0915\u0902\u091f\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0932 \u092a\u0948\u0928\u0932 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0947\u091f\u093f\u0902\u0917\u094d\u0938<\/span><\/strong>Where the system is configured \u2014 display, sound, network, printers, date and time, user accounts, ease of access, and the list from which programs are uninstalled<\/strong>.<\/span>\u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0938\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936, \u0927\u094d\u0935\u0928\u093f, \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915, \u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0915, \u0926\u093f\u0928\u093e\u0902\u0915 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u092e\u092f, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0916\u093e\u0924\u0947, \u0938\u0941\u0917\u092e\u094d\u092f\u0924\u093e, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0935\u0939 \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0940 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e \u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0915\u093e\u0938\u093f\u0924<\/strong> \u0915\u093f\u090f \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <h4>A. The parts of a window<\/span>\u0915. \u0935\u093f\u0902\u0921\u094b \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0902\u0917<\/span><\/h4>\n\n <svg class=\"full-diagram\" viewBox=\"0 0 746 300\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Labelled parts of a window\">\n <rect x=\"120\" y=\"34\" width=\"460\" height=\"238\" rx=\"8\" fill=\"#ffffff\" stroke=\"#14243f\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\n <rect x=\"120\" y=\"34\" width=\"460\" height=\"28\" rx=\"8\" fill=\"#14243f\"\/>\n <rect x=\"120\" y=\"52\" width=\"460\" height=\"10\" fill=\"#14243f\"\/>\n <text x=\"136\" y=\"53\" font-size=\"11\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Result.xlsx \u2014 Spreadsheet<\/text>\n <rect x=\"500\" y=\"42\" width=\"16\" height=\"12\" rx=\"2\" fill=\"#7fc4e8\"\/>\n <rect x=\"522\" y=\"42\" width=\"16\" height=\"12\" rx=\"2\" fill=\"#e6bf45\"\/>\n <rect x=\"544\" y=\"42\" width=\"16\" height=\"12\" rx=\"2\" fill=\"#c0392b\"\/>\n <rect x=\"120\" y=\"62\" width=\"460\" height=\"22\" fill=\"#f3f6fb\" stroke=\"#e1e8f0\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/>\n <text x=\"132\" y=\"77\" font-size=\"9.5\" fill=\"#14243f\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">File Home Insert Layout Data Review View<\/text>\n <rect x=\"120\" y=\"84\" width=\"460\" height=\"30\" fill=\"#eef4fc\" stroke=\"#e1e8f0\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/>\n <rect x=\"132\" y=\"92\" width=\"26\" height=\"14\" rx=\"3\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\"\/><rect x=\"164\" y=\"92\" width=\"26\" height=\"14\" rx=\"3\" fill=\"#2f92d1\"\/><rect x=\"196\" y=\"92\" width=\"26\" height=\"14\" rx=\"3\" fill=\"#0d8f79\"\/><rect x=\"228\" y=\"92\" width=\"26\" height=\"14\" rx=\"3\" fill=\"#c9760f\"\/>\n <rect x=\"120\" y=\"114\" width=\"446\" height=\"126\" fill=\"#fdfefe\"\/>\n <line x1=\"120\" y1=\"140\" x2=\"566\" y2=\"140\" stroke=\"#e1e8f0\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/><line x1=\"120\" y1=\"166\" x2=\"566\" y2=\"166\" stroke=\"#e1e8f0\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/><line x1=\"120\" y1=\"192\" x2=\"566\" y2=\"192\" stroke=\"#e1e8f0\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/><line x1=\"120\" y1=\"218\" x2=\"566\" y2=\"218\" stroke=\"#e1e8f0\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/>\n <rect x=\"566\" y=\"114\" width=\"14\" height=\"126\" fill=\"#f3f6fb\" stroke=\"#e1e8f0\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/>\n <rect x=\"568\" y=\"120\" width=\"10\" height=\"44\" rx=\"5\" fill=\"#a8c4e4\"\/>\n <rect x=\"120\" y=\"240\" width=\"460\" height=\"32\" fill=\"#f3f6fb\" stroke=\"#e1e8f0\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/>\n <text x=\"132\" y=\"260\" font-size=\"9.5\" fill=\"#5a6d80\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Ready \u00b7 Sheet 1 of 3 \u00b7 100%<\/text>\n\n <defs>\n <marker id=\"lb\" markerWidth=\"8\" markerHeight=\"8\" refX=\"7\" refY=\"2.8\" orient=\"auto\">\n <path d=\"M0,0 L0,5.6 L7,2.8 z\" fill=\"#8e2f5a\"\/>\n <\/marker>\n <\/defs>\n <g stroke=\"#8e2f5a\" stroke-width=\"1.4\" fill=\"none\">\n <line x1=\"60\" y1=\"48\" x2=\"116\" y2=\"48\" marker-end=\"url(#lb)\"\/>\n <line x1=\"60\" y1=\"73\" x2=\"116\" y2=\"73\" marker-end=\"url(#lb)\"\/>\n <line x1=\"60\" y1=\"99\" x2=\"116\" y2=\"99\" marker-end=\"url(#lb)\"\/>\n <line x1=\"60\" y1=\"256\" x2=\"116\" y2=\"256\" marker-end=\"url(#lb)\"\/>\n <line x1=\"648\" y1=\"48\" x2=\"566\" y2=\"48\" marker-end=\"url(#lb)\"\/>\n <line x1=\"648\" y1=\"150\" x2=\"584\" y2=\"150\" marker-end=\"url(#lb)\"\/>\n <\/g>\n <g font-size=\"9.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#8e2f5a\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">\n <text x=\"2\" y=\"51\">Title bar<\/text>\n <text x=\"2\" y=\"76\">Menu bar<\/text>\n <text x=\"2\" y=\"102\">Ribbon \/ toolbar<\/text>\n <text x=\"2\" y=\"259\">Status bar<\/text>\n <text x=\"652\" y=\"51\">Min \u00b7 Max \u00b7 Close<\/text>\n <text x=\"652\" y=\"153\">Scroll bar<\/text>\n <\/g>\n <\/svg>\n The named parts of a window. The three buttons at the top right are minimize, maximize or restore, and close.<\/span>\u0935\u093f\u0902\u0921\u094b \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0905\u0902\u0917\u0964 \u090a\u092a\u0930 \u0926\u093e\u0939\u093f\u0928\u0940 \u0913\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0924\u0940\u0928 \u092c\u091f\u0928 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0928\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0928\u0924\u092e \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902, \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u0924\u092e \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u094d\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092c\u0902\u0926 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n\n <div class=\"callout\">\n <div class=\"callout-label\">\ud83d\udde8\ufe0f Elements of a dialog box<\/span>\ud83d\udde8\ufe0f \u0938\u0902\u0935\u093e\u0926-\u092a\u0947\u091f\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0924\u0924\u094d\u0935<\/span><\/div>\n A dialog box<\/strong> is a small window that asks for information before an action can proceed \u2014 the Print box or the Save As box, for instance. Its controls have exact names: a text box<\/strong> for typing; a check box<\/strong>, square, of which several may be ticked together<\/strong>; a radio button<\/strong>, round, of which only one in a group may be chosen<\/strong>; a drop-down or combo box<\/strong> revealing a list; a spin box<\/strong> with small up and down arrows; a slider<\/strong>; tabs<\/strong> that divide the box into pages; and command buttons<\/strong> such as OK, Cancel and Apply.<\/span>\n \u0938\u0902\u0935\u093e\u0926-\u092a\u0947\u091f\u0940<\/strong> \u0935\u0939 \u091b\u094b\u091f\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0902\u0921\u094b \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0906\u0917\u0947 \u092c\u0922\u093c\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e \u092e\u093e\u0901\u0917\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0902\u091f \u092a\u0947\u091f\u0940 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0938\u0947\u0935 \u0910\u091c\u093c \u092a\u0947\u091f\u0940\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u0936\u094d\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0928\u093e\u092e \u0939\u0948\u0902: \u091f\u0902\u0915\u0923 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u091f\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0938\u094d\u091f \u092c\u0949\u0915\u094d\u0938<\/strong>; \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0917\u093e\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u091a\u0947\u0915 \u092c\u0949\u0915\u094d\u0938<\/strong>, \u091c\u093f\u0928\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0905\u0928\u0947\u0915 \u091a\u093f\u0939\u094d\u0928\u093f\u0924<\/strong> \u0915\u093f\u090f \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902; \u0917\u094b\u0932 \u0930\u0947\u0921\u093f\u092f\u094b \u092c\u091f\u0928<\/strong>, \u091c\u093f\u0928\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u092e\u0942\u0939 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u090f\u0915 \u091a\u0941\u0928\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/strong>; \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0940 \u0926\u093f\u0916\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e \u0921\u094d\u0930\u0949\u092a-\u0921\u093e\u0909\u0928 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0915\u0949\u092e\u094d\u092c\u094b \u092c\u0949\u0915\u094d\u0938<\/strong>; \u091b\u094b\u091f\u0947 \u090a\u092a\u0930-\u0928\u0940\u091a\u0947 \u0924\u0940\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e \u0938\u094d\u092a\u093f\u0928 \u092c\u0949\u0915\u094d\u0938<\/strong>; \u0938\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0921\u0930<\/strong>; \u092a\u0947\u091f\u0940 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u093e\u0901\u091f\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u091f\u0948\u092c<\/strong>; \u0924\u0925\u093e OK, Cancel \u090f\u0935\u0902 Apply \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u092e\u093e\u0902\u0921 \u092c\u091f\u0928<\/strong>\u0964<\/span>\n <\/div>\n <hr class=\"section-divider\">\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d2-5\">\n 2.5<\/span>\n <h3>File and Folder Management<\/span>\u092b\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0932 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092b\u093c\u094b\u0932\u094d\u0921\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0928<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"callout\">\n <div class=\"callout-label\">\ud83d\udcd8 The two basic objects<\/span>\ud83d\udcd8 \u0926\u094b \u092e\u0942\u0932 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u090f\u0901<\/span><\/div>\n A file<\/strong> is a named collection of related data stored on a secondary storage device, and it is the smallest unit of storage the user deals with directly<\/strong>. A folder<\/strong>, also called a directory<\/strong>, is a container that holds files and other folders. A folder inside another folder is a subfolder<\/strong>, and the topmost folder of a drive is its root directory<\/strong>.<\/span>\n \u092b\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0932<\/strong> \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0924\u0940\u092f\u0915 \u092d\u0902\u0921\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u092a\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u0902\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939 \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0935\u0939\u0940 \u092d\u0902\u0921\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0940 \u0935\u0939 \u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u091b\u094b\u091f\u0940 \u0907\u0915\u093e\u0908 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0938\u0940\u0927\u0947 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/strong>\u0964 \u092b\u093c\u094b\u0932\u094d\u0921\u0930<\/strong>, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e<\/strong> \u092d\u0940 \u0915\u0939\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0935\u0939 \u092a\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092b\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0932\u0947\u0902 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f \u092b\u093c\u094b\u0932\u094d\u0921\u0930 \u0930\u0939\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092b\u093c\u094b\u0932\u094d\u0921\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u092d\u0940\u0924\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u092b\u093c\u094b\u0932\u094d\u0921\u0930 \u0909\u092a-\u092b\u093c\u094b\u0932\u094d\u0921\u0930<\/strong> \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0921\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0907\u0935 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u094b\u091a\u094d\u091a \u092b\u093c\u094b\u0932\u094d\u0921\u0930 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u092e\u0942\u0932 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e<\/strong> \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\n <\/div>\n\n <h4>A. The tree structure and the path<\/span>\u0915. \u0935\u0943\u0915\u094d\u0937-\u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u0925<\/span><\/h4>\n\n <svg class=\"full-diagram\" viewBox=\"0 0 700 268\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Hierarchical folder tree with an example path\">\n <rect x=\"278\" y=\"14\" width=\"144\" height=\"30\" rx=\"6\" fill=\"#14243f\"\/>\n <text x=\"350\" y=\"34\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"12\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"JetBrains Mono, monospace\">C:\\ (root)<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"52\" y=\"82\" width=\"140\" height=\"28\" rx=\"6\" fill=\"#eef4fc\" stroke=\"#1f5fa9\" stroke-width=\"1.8\"\/>\n <text x=\"122\" y=\"101\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"11\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#14243f\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Program Files<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"230\" y=\"82\" width=\"140\" height=\"28\" rx=\"6\" fill=\"#eefbf7\" stroke=\"#0d8f79\" stroke-width=\"1.8\"\/>\n <text x=\"300\" y=\"101\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"11\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#14243f\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">School<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"408\" y=\"82\" width=\"140\" height=\"28\" rx=\"6\" fill=\"#eef4fc\" stroke=\"#1f5fa9\" stroke-width=\"1.8\"\/>\n <text x=\"478\" y=\"101\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"11\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#14243f\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Users<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"586\" y=\"82\" width=\"96\" height=\"28\" rx=\"6\" fill=\"#eef4fc\" stroke=\"#1f5fa9\" stroke-width=\"1.8\"\/>\n <text x=\"634\" y=\"101\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"11\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#14243f\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Windows<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"164\" y=\"146\" width=\"128\" height=\"28\" rx=\"6\" fill=\"#fffbf0\" stroke=\"#c9760f\" stroke-width=\"1.8\"\/>\n <text x=\"228\" y=\"165\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"11\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#14243f\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Admission<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"308\" y=\"146\" width=\"128\" height=\"28\" rx=\"6\" fill=\"#fffbf0\" stroke=\"#c9760f\" stroke-width=\"1.8\"\/>\n <text x=\"372\" y=\"165\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"11\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#14243f\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Results<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"452\" y=\"146\" width=\"128\" height=\"28\" rx=\"6\" fill=\"#fffbf0\" stroke=\"#c9760f\" stroke-width=\"1.8\"\/>\n <text x=\"516\" y=\"165\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"11\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#14243f\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Staff<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"288\" y=\"208\" width=\"168\" height=\"28\" rx=\"6\" fill=\"#fdf0f5\" stroke=\"#8e2f5a\" stroke-width=\"1.8\"\/>\n <text x=\"372\" y=\"227\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"11\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#14243f\" font-family=\"JetBrains Mono, monospace\">ClassX-2026.xlsx<\/text>\n\n <g stroke=\"#5a6d80\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" fill=\"none\">\n <path d=\"M350 44 L350 62 L122 62 L122 78\"\/>\n <path d=\"M350 44 L350 78\"\/>\n <path d=\"M350 44 L350 62 L478 62 L478 78\"\/>\n <path d=\"M350 44 L350 62 L634 62 L634 78\"\/>\n <path d=\"M300 110 L300 128 L228 128 L228 142\"\/>\n <path d=\"M300 110 L300 128 L372 128 L372 142\"\/>\n <path d=\"M300 110 L300 128 L516 128 L516 142\"\/>\n <path d=\"M372 174 L372 204\"\/>\n <\/g>\n\n <rect x=\"24\" y=\"208\" width=\"238\" height=\"44\" rx=\"7\" fill=\"#f3f6fb\" stroke=\"#14243f\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-dasharray=\"4 3\"\/>\n <text x=\"36\" y=\"225\" font-size=\"9\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#5a6d80\" letter-spacing=\"1\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">ABSOLUTE PATH OF THE FILE<\/text>\n <text x=\"36\" y=\"242\" font-size=\"9.5\" fill=\"#14243f\" font-family=\"JetBrains Mono, monospace\">C:\\School\\Results\\ClassX-2026.xlsx<\/text>\n <\/svg>\n Files and folders form a tree descending from the root directory of a drive.<\/span>\u092b\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0932\u0947\u0902 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092b\u093c\u094b\u0932\u094d\u0921\u0930 \u0921\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0907\u0935 \u0915\u0940 \u092e\u0942\u0932 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u0909\u0924\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0941\u0906 \u0935\u0943\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n\n <div class=\"vs-compare\">\n <div class=\"vs-side left\">\n Path 1<\/span>\u092a\u0925 1<\/span><\/span>\n <h5>Absolute path<\/span>\u0928\u093f\u0930\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u092a\u0925<\/span><\/h5>\n <ul>\n <li>States the location from the root of the drive downward<\/strong>, and is therefore complete and unambiguous.<\/span>\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928 \u0921\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0907\u0935 \u0915\u0940 \u091c\u0921\u093c \u0938\u0947 \u0928\u0940\u091a\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0913\u0930<\/strong> \u092c\u0924\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0905\u0924\u0903 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0905\u0938\u0902\u0926\u093f\u0917\u094d\u0927 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n <li>Always begins with a drive letter or a slash: <code>C:\\School\\Results\\ClassX-2026.xlsx<\/code><\/span>\u0938\u0926\u0948\u0935 \u0921\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0907\u0935-\u0905\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0930 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0932\u0948\u0936 \u0938\u0947 \u0906\u0930\u0902\u092d \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948: <code>C:\\School\\Results\\ClassX-2026.xlsx<\/code><\/span><\/li>\n <li>Windows uses the backslash<\/strong> as separator; Linux and web addresses use the forward slash<\/strong>.<\/span>\u0935\u093f\u0902\u0921\u094b\u091c\u093c \u092a\u0943\u0925\u0915\u094d\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0948\u0915\u0938\u094d\u0932\u0948\u0936<\/strong> \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948; \u0932\u093f\u0928\u0915\u094d\u0938 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0935\u0947\u092c \u092a\u0924\u0947 \u092b\u093c\u0949\u0930\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0921 \u0938\u094d\u0932\u0948\u0936<\/strong>\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"vs-mid\">VS<\/div>\n <div class=\"vs-side right\">\n Path 2<\/span>\u092a\u0925 2<\/span><\/span>\n <h5>Relative path<\/span>\u0938\u093e\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u092a\u0925<\/span><\/h5>\n <ul>\n <li>States the location relative to the folder currently open<\/strong>, so it is shorter but meaningless on its own.<\/span>\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0916\u0941\u0932\u0947 \u092b\u093c\u094b\u0932\u094d\u0921\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937<\/strong> \u092c\u0924\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0905\u0924\u0903 \u091b\u094b\u091f\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0941 \u0905\u0915\u0947\u0932\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0915\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n <li>From inside the School folder the same file is simply <code>Results\\ClassX-2026.xlsx<\/code><\/span>\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0942\u0932 \u092b\u093c\u094b\u0932\u094d\u0921\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u092d\u0940\u0924\u0930 \u0938\u0947 \u0935\u0939\u0940 \u092b\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0932 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 <code>Results\\ClassX-2026.xlsx<\/code> \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n <li>Two dots, <code>..<\/code>, mean the folder one level up<\/strong>.<\/span>\u0926\u094b \u092c\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0941, <code>..<\/code>, \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u0939\u0948 \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u090a\u092a\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u092b\u093c\u094b\u0932\u094d\u0921\u0930<\/strong>\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <h4>B. Operations on files and folders<\/span>\u0916. \u092b\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0932\u094b\u0902 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092b\u093c\u094b\u0932\u094d\u0921\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u090f\u0901<\/span><\/h4>\n\n <table class=\"data-table\">\n <thead>\n <tr>\n <th>Operation<\/span>\u0938\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e<\/span><\/th>\n <th>What it does<\/span>\u092f\u0939 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/th>\n <th class=\"narrow\">Shortcut<\/span>\u0936\u0949\u0930\u094d\u091f\u0915\u091f<\/span><\/th>\n <\/tr>\n <\/thead>\n <tbody>\n <tr><td>Save and Save As<\/span>\u0938\u0902\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0907\u0938 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>Save<\/strong> writes changes back to the existing file. Save As<\/strong> creates a new file<\/strong> under a different name, location or format, leaving the original untouched \u2014 the safe way to keep a previous version.<\/span>\u0938\u0902\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902<\/strong> \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092b\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0932 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0932\u093f\u0916 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0907\u0938 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902<\/strong> \u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0928\u093e\u092e, \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u0908 \u092b\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0932<\/strong> \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u092e\u0942\u0932 \u0915\u094b \u0905\u091b\u0942\u0924\u093e \u091b\u094b\u0921\u093c \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u092a\u093f\u091b\u0932\u093e \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0930\u0916\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0930\u0940\u0924\u093f\u0964<\/span><\/td><td class=\"narrow\"><kbd>Ctrl<\/kbd>+<kbd>S<\/kbd> \/ <kbd>F12<\/kbd><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>Copy and Paste<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0932\u093f\u092a\u093f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u091a\u093f\u092a\u0915\u093e\u090f\u0901<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>Places a duplicate on the clipboard<\/strong> and inserts it elsewhere. The original remains<\/strong> in place, so two copies now exist.<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u0942\u092a \u0915\u094d\u0932\u093f\u092a\u092c\u094b\u0930\u094d\u0921<\/strong> \u092a\u0930 \u0930\u0916\u0915\u0930 \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0921\u093e\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092e\u0942\u0932 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u0930 \u092c\u0928\u093e \u0930\u0939\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/strong>, \u0905\u0924\u0903 \u0905\u092c \u0926\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/td><td class=\"narrow\"><kbd>Ctrl<\/kbd>+<kbd>C<\/kbd>, <kbd>Ctrl<\/kbd>+<kbd>V<\/kbd><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>Cut and Paste (Move)<\/span>\u0915\u093e\u091f\u0947\u0902 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u091a\u093f\u092a\u0915\u093e\u090f\u0901 (\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930\u0923)<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>Moves the item: the original is removed<\/strong> from its old location once pasted, so only one copy exists throughout.<\/span>\u092e\u0926 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948: \u091a\u093f\u092a\u0915\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0940 \u092e\u0942\u0932 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0941\u0930\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928 \u0938\u0947 \u0939\u091f \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/strong>, \u0905\u0924\u0903 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u092f \u090f\u0915 \u0939\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f \u0930\u0939\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><td class=\"narrow\"><kbd>Ctrl<\/kbd>+<kbd>X<\/kbd>, <kbd>Ctrl<\/kbd>+<kbd>V<\/kbd><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>Rename<\/span>\u0928\u093e\u092e \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0947\u0902<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>Changes the name without changing the contents. Changing the extension<\/strong> while renaming does not convert the file and usually makes it unopenable.<\/span>\u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0947 \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0928\u093e\u092e \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0928\u093e\u092e \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0924\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u092f \u090f\u0915\u094d\u0938\u091f\u0947\u0902\u0936\u0928<\/strong> \u092c\u0926\u0932 \u0926\u0947\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u092b\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0932 \u0930\u0942\u092a\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092f\u0903 \u0916\u0941\u0932\u0928\u0940 \u092c\u0902\u0926 \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><td class=\"narrow\"><kbd>F2<\/kbd><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>Delete and Restore<\/span>\u092e\u093f\u091f\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u094d\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>Ordinary deletion sends the item to the Recycle Bin<\/strong>, from which it can be restored. <kbd>Shift<\/kbd>+<kbd>Delete<\/kbd> deletes permanently<\/strong>.<\/span>\u0938\u093e\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0935\u093f\u0932\u094b\u092a\u0928 \u092e\u0926 \u0915\u094b \u0930\u0940\u0938\u093e\u092f\u0915\u0932 \u092c\u093f\u0928<\/strong> \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092d\u0947\u091c\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0938\u0947 \u0935\u0939 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u094d\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 <kbd>Shift<\/kbd>+<kbd>Delete<\/kbd> \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092f\u0940 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947<\/strong> \u092e\u093f\u091f\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><td class=\"narrow\"><kbd>Del<\/kbd><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>New folder<\/span>\u0928\u092f\u093e \u092b\u093c\u094b\u0932\u094d\u0921\u0930<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>Creates an empty container in the current location.<\/span>\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u0930 \u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u092a\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><td class=\"narrow\"><kbd>Ctrl<\/kbd>+<kbd>Shift<\/kbd>+<kbd>N<\/kbd><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>Search<\/span>\u0916\u094b\u091c\u0947\u0902<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>Finds files by name, type or date. Wildcards<\/strong> help: <code>*<\/code> stands for any number of characters<\/strong> and <code>?<\/code> for exactly one<\/strong>. So <code>*.xlsx<\/code> finds every spreadsheet and <code>Class?.docx<\/code> finds Class9 and ClassX but not Class10.<\/span>\u0928\u093e\u092e, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0926\u093f\u0928\u093e\u0902\u0915 \u0938\u0947 \u092b\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0932\u0947\u0902 \u0916\u094b\u091c\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0935\u093e\u0907\u0932\u094d\u0921\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0921<\/strong> \u0938\u0939\u093e\u092f\u0915 \u0939\u0948\u0902: <code>*<\/code> \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092d\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0930\u094b\u0902<\/strong> \u0915\u093e \u0924\u0925\u093e <code>?<\/code> \u0920\u0940\u0915 \u090f\u0915<\/strong> \u0915\u093e \u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0924\u0915 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0905\u0924\u0903 <code>*.xlsx<\/code> \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0921\u0936\u0940\u091f \u0916\u094b\u091c\u0947\u0917\u093e \u0924\u0925\u093e <code>Class?.docx<\/code> Class9 \u090f\u0935\u0902 ClassX \u0916\u094b\u091c\u0947\u0917\u093e, Class10 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/td><td class=\"narrow\"><kbd>Ctrl<\/kbd>+<kbd>F<\/kbd><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>Compress<\/span>\u0938\u0902\u092a\u0940\u0921\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>Combines files into a single smaller archive \u2014 .zip, .rar, .7z<\/strong>. This is lossless<\/strong>: extraction restores the originals exactly. Useful when an email attachment exceeds the size limit.<\/span>\u092b\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0932\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u090f\u0915 \u091b\u094b\u091f\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u2014 .zip, .rar, .7z<\/strong>\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0905\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0924\u093f\u0915\u0930<\/strong> \u0939\u0948: \u0928\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0932\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u092e\u0942\u0932 \u091c\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902-\u0915\u0947-\u0924\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0932\u094c\u091f \u0906\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0924\u092c \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0940 \u091c\u092c \u0908\u092e\u0947\u0932 \u0938\u0902\u0932\u0917\u094d\u0928\u0915 \u0906\u0915\u093e\u0930-\u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e \u092a\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0930 \u091c\u093e\u090f\u0964<\/span><\/td><td class=\"narrow\">\u2014<\/td><\/tr>\n <\/tbody>\n <\/table>\n\n <h4>C. Naming rules, attributes and permissions<\/span>\u0917. \u0928\u093e\u092e\u0915\u0930\u0923-\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e, \u0917\u0941\u0923 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092e\u0924\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901<\/span><\/h4>\n\n <div class=\"pc-grid\">\n <div class=\"pc-panel neu\">\n <div class=\"pc-head\">\u25b8<\/span>Rules for naming a file in Windows<\/span>\u0935\u093f\u0902\u0921\u094b\u091c\u093c \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092b\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0932-\u0928\u093e\u092e\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n <ul>\n <li>A name may be up to 255 characters<\/strong> long, and the full path up to about 260<\/span>\u0928\u093e\u092e 255 \u0905\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0930<\/strong> \u0924\u0915 \u0932\u0902\u092c\u093e \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u092a\u0925 \u0932\u0917\u092d\u0917 260 \u0924\u0915<\/span><\/li>\n <li>Nine characters are forbidden<\/strong>: <code>\\ \/ : * ? \" < > |<\/code><\/span>\u0928\u094c \u0905\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0930 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093f\u0924<\/strong> \u0939\u0948\u0902: <code>\\ \/ : * ? \" < > |<\/code><\/span><\/li>\n <li>Two files cannot share a name in the same folder<\/strong>, though they may in different folders<\/span>\u090f\u0915 \u0939\u0940 \u092b\u093c\u094b\u0932\u094d\u0921\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0926\u094b \u092b\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0932\u0947\u0902 \u090f\u0915 \u0928\u093e\u092e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0930\u0916 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940\u0902<\/strong>, \u092f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u092a\u093f \u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u092b\u093c\u094b\u0932\u094d\u0921\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0930\u0916 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902<\/span><\/li>\n <li>Windows treats Result<\/em> and result<\/em> as the same name<\/strong>; Linux treats them as different<\/strong>, which matters when files move between the two<\/span>\u0935\u093f\u0902\u0921\u094b\u091c\u093c Result<\/em> \u090f\u0935\u0902 result<\/em> \u0915\u094b \u090f\u0915 \u0939\u0940 \u0928\u093e\u092e<\/strong> \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948; \u0932\u093f\u0928\u0915\u094d\u0938 \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/strong>, \u091c\u094b \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u092b\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0932\u0947\u0902 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"pc-panel pro\">\n <div class=\"pc-head\">\u2713<\/span>A naming convention worth adopting for school records<\/span>\u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f\u0940 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0932\u0947\u0916\u094b\u0902 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u092f\u094b\u0917\u094d\u092f \u0928\u093e\u092e\u0915\u0930\u0923-\u092a\u0930\u093f\u092a\u093e\u091f\u0940<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n <ul>\n <li>Put the date first in year-month-day order<\/strong> \u2014 2026-04-15<\/em> \u2014 so that sorting by name also sorts by date<\/span>\u0926\u093f\u0928\u093e\u0902\u0915 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937-\u092e\u093e\u0938-\u0926\u093f\u0928 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e<\/strong> \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0930\u0916\u0947\u0902 \u2014 2026-04-15<\/em> \u2014 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0928\u093e\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u092c\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u0926\u093f\u0928\u093e\u0902\u0915 \u0938\u0947 \u092d\u0940 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u092c\u0928 \u091c\u093e\u090f<\/span><\/li>\n <li>Use hyphens or underscores instead of spaces<\/strong>, since spaces cause trouble on the web and in scripts<\/span>\u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u0930 \u0939\u093e\u0907\u092b\u093c\u0928 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0905\u0902\u0921\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0915\u094b\u0930<\/strong> \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902, \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928 \u0935\u0947\u092c \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092a\u094d\u091f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u0920\u093f\u0928\u093e\u0908 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902<\/span><\/li>\n <li>Name the content, not the author<\/strong> \u2014 ClassX-Result-Term1<\/em>, not Sharma sir final final<\/em><\/span>\u0932\u0947\u0916\u0915 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941<\/strong> \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093e\u092e \u0926\u0947\u0902 \u2014 ClassX-Result-Term1<\/em>, \u0928 \u0915\u093f \u0936\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e \u0938\u0930 \u092b\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0928\u0932 \u092b\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0928\u0932<\/em><\/span><\/li>\n <li>Add a version number<\/strong> where drafts circulate \u2014 -v1, -v2<\/em> \u2014 rather than the word \"final\"<\/span>\u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0930\u0942\u092a \u0918\u0942\u092e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u094b\u0902 \u0935\u0939\u093e\u0901 \"\u092b\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0928\u0932\" \u0936\u092c\u094d\u0926 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u091c\u093e\u092f \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0930\u0923-\u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e<\/strong> \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0947\u0902 \u2014 -v1, -v2<\/em><\/span><\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"callout amber\">\n <div class=\"callout-label\">\ud83c\udff7\ufe0f File attributes and permissions<\/span>\ud83c\udff7\ufe0f \u092b\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0932-\u0917\u0941\u0923 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092e\u0924\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901<\/span><\/div>\n <ul class=\"split-list\" style=\"margin-top:4px;\">\n <li>1<\/span>The four classic attributes<\/strong> are Read-only<\/strong> (the file may be opened but not altered), Hidden<\/strong> (it is not displayed unless hidden items are shown), System<\/strong> (it belongs to the operating system) and Archive<\/strong> (it has changed since the last backup).<\/span>\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0917\u0941\u0923<\/strong> \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u2014 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932-\u092a\u0920\u0928<\/strong> (\u092b\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0932 \u0916\u094b\u0932\u0940 \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902), \u091b\u093f\u092a\u0940<\/strong> (\u091b\u093f\u092a\u0947 \u092e\u0926 \u0926\u093f\u0916\u093e\u090f \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u093f\u0924 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940), \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940<\/strong> (\u092a\u094d\u0930\u091a\u093e\u0932\u0928 \u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0939\u0948) \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0932\u0947\u0916\u0940<\/strong> (\u0905\u0902\u0924\u093f\u092e \u092c\u0948\u0915\u0905\u092a \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0940 \u0939\u0948)\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n <li>2<\/span>The three permissions<\/strong> are read, write and execute<\/strong>. Setting a shared result folder to read-only for teachers and read-write for the examination clerk is the everyday application of this idea in a school.<\/span>\u0924\u0940\u0928 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092e\u0924\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901<\/strong> \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u2014 \u092a\u0920\u0928, \u0932\u0947\u0916\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0928<\/strong>\u0964 \u0938\u093e\u091d\u093e \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e-\u092b\u093c\u094b\u0932\u094d\u0921\u0930 \u0915\u094b \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932-\u092a\u0920\u0928 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e-\u0932\u093f\u092a\u093f\u0915 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u092a\u0920\u0928-\u0932\u0947\u0916\u0928 \u0930\u0916\u0928\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0907\u0938\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u0926\u0948\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n <li>3<\/span>A file's Properties<\/strong> box reports its size, type, location, and the dates on which it was created, last modified and last opened \u2014 evidence that is sometimes decisive in an administrative enquiry.<\/span>\u092b\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0932 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0949\u092a\u0930\u094d\u091f\u0940\u091c\u093c<\/strong> \u092a\u0947\u091f\u0940 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0906\u0915\u093e\u0930, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930, \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923, \u0905\u0902\u0924\u093f\u092e \u0938\u0902\u0936\u094b\u0927\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u093f\u092e \u092c\u093e\u0930 \u0916\u094b\u0932\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0924\u093f\u0925\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u092c\u0924\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u0910\u0938\u093e \u0938\u093e\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u092f \u091c\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u093e\u0938\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u091c\u093e\u0901\u091a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u092d\u0940-\u0915\u092d\u0940 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0923\u093e\u092f\u0915 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n\n <hr class=\"section-divider\">\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d2-6\">\n 2.6<\/span>\n <h3>File Extensions and File Formats<\/span>\u092b\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0932 \u090f\u0915\u094d\u0938\u091f\u0947\u0902\u0936\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092b\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0932 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0930\u0942\u092a<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n \n A file extension<\/strong> is the group of characters following the last dot<\/strong> in a file name. It tells the operating system what kind of data the file holds and which program should open it<\/strong>. Recognising the common extensions on sight is among the most reliably examined skills in this whole item.<\/span>\n \u092b\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0932 \u090f\u0915\u094d\u0938\u091f\u0947\u0902\u0936\u0928<\/strong> \u092b\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0932-\u0928\u093e\u092e \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u093f\u092e \u092c\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0941<\/strong> \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u092e\u0942\u0939 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u091a\u093e\u0932\u0928 \u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u094b \u092c\u0924\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u092b\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0932 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u093f\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u094c\u0928-\u0938\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e \u0916\u094b\u0932\u0928\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f<\/strong>\u0964 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u091a\u0932\u093f\u0924 \u090f\u0915\u094d\u0938\u091f\u0947\u0902\u0936\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0926\u0947\u0916\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0940 \u092a\u0939\u091a\u093e\u0928 \u0932\u0947\u0928\u093e \u0907\u0938 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u092e\u0926 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0935\u0938\u0928\u0940\u092f \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u0916\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0915\u094c\u0936\u0932\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\n <\/p>\n\n <table class=\"data-table\">\n <thead>\n <tr>\n <th>Category<\/span>\u0936\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0923\u0940<\/span><\/th>\n <th>Extensions<\/span>\u090f\u0915\u094d\u0938\u091f\u0947\u0902\u0936\u0928<\/span><\/th>\n <th>Note<\/span>\u091f\u093f\u092a\u094d\u092a\u0923\u0940<\/span><\/th>\n <\/tr>\n <\/thead>\n <tbody>\n <tr>\n <td>Documents<\/span>\u0926\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0947\u091c\u093c<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n <td><code>.docx .doc .pdf .txt .rtf .odt<\/code><\/td>\n <td>.txt<\/strong> is plain text with no formatting at all. .rtf<\/strong> \u2014 Rich Text Format \u2014 carries basic formatting and opens anywhere. .odt<\/strong> is the open standard used by LibreOffice.<\/span>.txt<\/strong> \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u0942\u092a\u0923 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u093e\u0926\u093e \u092a\u093e\u0920 \u0939\u0948\u0964 .rtf<\/strong> \u2014 \u0930\u093f\u091a \u091f\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0938\u094d\u091f \u092b\u093c\u0949\u0930\u094d\u092e\u0948\u091f \u2014 \u092e\u0942\u0932 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u0942\u092a\u0923 \u0930\u0916\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u092d\u0940 \u0916\u0941\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 .odt<\/strong> \u0932\u093f\u092c\u0930\u0911\u092b\u093c\u093f\u0938 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u092e\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0915 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td>Spreadsheets<\/span>\u0938\u094d\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0921\u0936\u0940\u091f<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n <td><code>.xlsx .xls .csv .ods<\/code><\/td>\n <td>.csv<\/strong> \u2014 Comma Separated Values \u2014 is plain text<\/strong> and holds data only, without formulas or formatting. It is the universal format for moving data between systems, which is why portals accept it.<\/span>.csv<\/strong> \u2014 \u0915\u0949\u092e\u093e \u0938\u0947\u092a\u0930\u0947\u091f\u0947\u0921 \u0935\u0948\u0932\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091c\u093c \u2014 \u0938\u093e\u0926\u093e \u092a\u093e\u0920<\/strong> \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u0930\u0916\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0928 \u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0928 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u0942\u092a\u0923\u0964 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u0932\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u092f\u0939 \u0938\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0935\u092d\u094c\u092e\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0930\u0942\u092a \u0939\u0948, \u0907\u0938\u0940\u0932\u093f\u090f \u092a\u094b\u0930\u094d\u091f\u0932 \u0907\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0940\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td>Presentations<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n <td><code>.pptx .ppt .odp .pps<\/code><\/td>\n <td>.pps<\/strong> opens straight into the slide show rather than into the editing view.<\/span>.pps<\/strong> \u0938\u0902\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0928-\u0926\u0943\u0936\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u091c\u093e\u092f \u0938\u0940\u0927\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u0936\u094b \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0916\u0941\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr style=\"background:#f3f8ff;\">\n <td>Images<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092c\u093f\u0902\u092c<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n <td><code>.jpg .png .gif .bmp .tiff .svg .webp<\/code><\/td>\n <td>.jpg is lossy<\/strong> \u2014 it discards detail to save space, best for photographs. .png is lossless<\/strong> and supports transparency, best for logos and screenshots. .gif<\/strong> supports simple animation. .svg is a vector<\/strong> format and can be enlarged without any loss of sharpness.<\/span>.jpg \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0924\u093f\u0915\u0930 \u0939\u0948<\/strong> \u2014 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928 \u092c\u091a\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0935\u093f\u0935\u0930\u0923 \u091b\u094b\u0921\u093c \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091b\u093e\u092f\u093e\u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u092e\u0964 .png \u0905\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0924\u093f\u0915\u0930 \u0939\u0948<\/strong> \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092a\u093e\u0930\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u093f\u0924\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u0940\u0915-\u091a\u093f\u0939\u094d\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u0915\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0928\u0936\u0949\u091f \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u092e\u0964 .gif<\/strong> \u0938\u0930\u0932 \u091a\u0947\u0924\u0928\u093e\u0902\u0915\u0928 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 .svg \u0938\u0926\u093f\u0936<\/strong> \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0930\u0942\u092a \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0924\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u0923\u0924\u093e \u0916\u094b\u090f \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u092c\u0921\u093c\u093e \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td>Audio and video<\/span>\u0936\u094d\u0930\u0935\u094d\u092f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0926\u0943\u0936\u094d\u092f<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n <td><code>.mp3 .wav .aac<\/code> \u00b7 <code>.mp4 .avi .mkv .mov .wmv<\/code><\/td>\n <td>.wav<\/strong> is uncompressed and very large; .mp3<\/strong> is compressed and lossy. .mp4<\/strong> is the most widely compatible video container.<\/span>.wav<\/strong> \u0905\u0938\u0902\u092a\u0940\u0921\u093f\u0924 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0905\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0902\u0924 \u092c\u0921\u093c\u093e \u0939\u0948; .mp3<\/strong> \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0940\u0921\u093f\u0924 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0924\u093f\u0915\u0930\u0964 .mp4<\/strong> \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u0915 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u0917\u0924 \u0935\u0940\u0921\u093f\u092f\u094b \u092a\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td>Compressed<\/span>\u0938\u0902\u092a\u0940\u0921\u093f\u0924<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n <td><code>.zip .rar .7z .tar.gz<\/code><\/td>\n <td>Archives that hold several files in one, compressed losslessly.<\/span>\u0935\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939 \u091c\u094b \u0905\u0928\u0947\u0915 \u092b\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0932\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u090f\u0915 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0930\u0916\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0905\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0924\u093f\u0915\u0930 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0940\u0921\u093f\u0924\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr style=\"background:#fff6f4;\">\n <td>Executable and system<\/span>\u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0928\u0940\u092f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n <td><code>.exe .msi .bat .dll .sys .apk<\/code><\/td>\n <td>These run code<\/strong> rather than holding data, and are therefore the extensions through which malware arrives. .exe and .msi<\/strong> are Windows installers, .apk<\/strong> is an Android package, .dll<\/strong> is a shared library.<\/span>\u092f\u0947 \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u0930\u0916\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u091c\u093e\u092f \u0915\u094b\u0921 \u091a\u0932\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902<\/strong>, \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u0924\u0903 \u0935\u0939\u0940 \u090f\u0915\u094d\u0938\u091f\u0947\u0902\u0936\u0928 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u091c\u093f\u0928\u0938\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0932\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u0906\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 .exe \u090f\u0935\u0902 .msi<\/strong> \u0935\u093f\u0902\u0921\u094b\u091c\u093c \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u0915 \u0939\u0948\u0902, .apk<\/strong> \u090f\u0902\u0921\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0907\u0921 \u092a\u0948\u0915\u0947\u091c, .dll<\/strong> \u0938\u093e\u091d\u093e \u092a\u0941\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0915\u093e\u0932\u092f\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td>Web and data<\/span>\u0935\u0947\u092c \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u0947<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n <td><code>.html .css .js .xml .json .sql<\/code><\/td>\n <td>.html<\/strong> gives a web page its structure and .css<\/strong> its appearance. .xml<\/strong> and .json<\/strong> carry structured data between systems.<\/span>.html<\/strong> \u0935\u0947\u092c \u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u0915\u094b \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0924\u0925\u093e .css<\/strong> \u0909\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 .xml<\/strong> \u090f\u0935\u0902 .json<\/strong> \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u0932\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <\/tbody>\n <\/table>\n\n <div class=\"enrich-box\">\n PDF \u2014 the format a school office relies on<\/span>PDF \u2014 \u0935\u0939 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0930\u0942\u092a \u091c\u093f\u0938 \u092a\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u091f\u093f\u0915\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/span>\n <ul class=\"split-list\">\n <li>1<\/span>PDF<\/strong> stands for Portable Document Format<\/strong>, developed by Adobe<\/strong> and now an open ISO standard.<\/span>PDF<\/strong> \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u0939\u0948 \u092a\u094b\u0930\u094d\u091f\u0947\u092c\u0932 \u0921\u0949\u0915\u094d\u092f\u0941\u092e\u0947\u0902\u091f \u092b\u093c\u0949\u0930\u094d\u092e\u0948\u091f<\/strong>, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u090f\u0921\u094b\u092c\u0940<\/strong> \u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0938\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u091c\u094b \u0905\u092c \u092e\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 ISO \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0915 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n <li>2<\/span>Its defining property is that it preserves the exact layout, fonts and images<\/strong> on every device. A circular that would reflow unpredictably as a .docx looks identical everywhere as a PDF.<\/span>\u0907\u0938\u0915\u093e \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u0915 \u0917\u0941\u0923 \u092f\u0939 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u092f\u0939 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u092a\u0930 \u0920\u0940\u0915 \u0935\u0939\u0940 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938, \u092b\u093c\u0949\u0928\u094d\u091f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924<\/strong> \u0930\u0916\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u091c\u094b \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930 .docx \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0936\u093f\u0924 \u0922\u0902\u0917 \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0926\u0932 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e, \u0935\u0939 PDF \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u090f\u0915-\u0938\u093e \u0926\u093f\u0916\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n <li>3<\/span>It can be password protected, restricted against editing or printing, and digitally signed<\/strong> \u2014 which is why notices, certificates and tenders travel as PDF. Digital signature is taken up in \u00a713.3.<\/span>\u0907\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u0938\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0921 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924, \u0938\u0902\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0928 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0923 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092c\u0902\u0927\u093f\u0924, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0905\u0902\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0939\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0930\u093f\u0924<\/strong> \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u0907\u0938\u0940\u0932\u093f\u090f \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e\u090f\u0901, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0928\u093f\u0935\u093f\u0926\u093e\u090f\u0901 PDF \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091a\u0932\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0905\u0902\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0939\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0930 \u00a713.3 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0932\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n <li>4<\/span>A scanned PDF is only a picture of a page<\/strong> until OCR<\/strong> is run on it; before that its text cannot be searched or copied. This is the practical link back to \u00a71.8.<\/span>\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0948\u0928 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e PDF \u0924\u092c \u0924\u0915 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u0915\u093e \u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0939\u0948<\/strong> \u091c\u092c \u0924\u0915 \u0909\u0938 \u092a\u0930 OCR<\/strong> \u0928 \u091a\u0932\u093e\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u090f; \u0909\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u093e \u092a\u093e\u0920 \u0928 \u0916\u094b\u091c\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0932\u093f\u092a\u093f\u0924\u0964 \u00a71.8 \u0938\u0947 \u092f\u0939\u0940 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"callout red\">\n <div class=\"callout-label\">\u26a0\ufe0f Why hidden extensions are a security problem<\/span>\u26a0\ufe0f \u091b\u093f\u092a\u0947 \u090f\u0915\u094d\u0938\u091f\u0947\u0902\u0936\u0928 \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e-\u0938\u092e\u0938\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0939\u0948\u0902<\/span><\/div>\n Windows hides known file extensions by default. A file actually named <code>Result.pdf.exe<\/code> therefore appears in the folder as <code>Result.pdf<\/code> and carries what looks like a document icon, while it is in fact a program that will run when opened. This double-extension trick<\/strong> is one of the commonest ways malware enters a school network, and the remedy is a single setting: turn on \"File name extensions\"<\/strong> in the File Explorer View tab so that every extension is always visible. The attack itself is treated in \u00a78.3.<\/span>\n \u0935\u093f\u0902\u0921\u094b\u091c\u093c \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0924\u0903 \u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0924 \u092b\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0932-\u090f\u0915\u094d\u0938\u091f\u0947\u0902\u0936\u0928 \u091b\u093f\u092a\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0905\u0924\u0903 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924\u0903 <code>Result.pdf.exe<\/code> \u0928\u093e\u092e \u0915\u0940 \u092b\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0932 \u092b\u093c\u094b\u0932\u094d\u0921\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 <code>Result.pdf<\/code> \u0926\u093f\u0916\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0926\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0947\u091c\u093c \u091c\u0948\u0938\u093e \u0906\u0907\u0915\u0928 \u0930\u0916\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u092c\u0915\u093f \u0935\u0939 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924\u0903 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0916\u094b\u0932\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u091a\u0932 \u091c\u093e\u090f\u0917\u093e\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0926\u094b\u0939\u0930\u0947-\u090f\u0915\u094d\u0938\u091f\u0947\u0902\u0936\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u091b\u0932<\/strong> \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f\u0940 \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u093e\u0932\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u0906\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u091a\u0932\u093f\u0924 \u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u092a\u093e\u092f \u090f\u0915 \u0939\u0940 \u0938\u0947\u091f\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0939\u0948: \u092b\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0932 \u090f\u0915\u094d\u0938\u092a\u094d\u0932\u094b\u0930\u0930 \u0915\u0947 View \u091f\u0948\u092c \u092e\u0947\u0902 \"File name extensions\"<\/strong> \u091a\u093e\u0932\u0942 \u0915\u0930 \u0926\u0947\u0902 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u090f\u0915\u094d\u0938\u091f\u0947\u0902\u0936\u0928 \u0938\u0926\u0948\u0935 \u0926\u093f\u0916\u0947\u0964 \u0906\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0923 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u00a78.3 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0935\u0947\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"mcq-box\">\n <div class=\"mcq-title\">\n Practice<\/span>\u0905\u092d\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938<\/span><\/span>\n Questions on files, folders and formats<\/span>\u092b\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0932\u094b\u0902, \u092b\u093c\u094b\u0932\u094d\u0921\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0930\u0942\u092a\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928<\/span><\/span>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"mcq-note\">Objective questions in the pattern of the examination. Click to reveal the answer and its explanation.<\/span>\u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u0930 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928\u0964 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0916\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u094d\u0932\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u0940\u091c\u093f\u090f\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <details class=\"mcq-q\">\n <summary>23<\/span>Which key combination deletes a file permanently, without sending it to the Recycle Bin?<\/span><\/summary>\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\n <li>(a) Ctrl + Delete<\/li>\n <li>(b) Alt + Delete<\/li>\n <li>(c) Shift + Delete<\/li>\n <li>(d) Ctrl + Shift + Delete<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\">(c) Shift + Delete<\/b> Note also that files deleted from a pen drive or a network location never reach the Recycle Bin in the first place, whatever key is used.<\/span>\u092f\u0939 \u092d\u0940 \u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0928 \u0926\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u093f \u092a\u0947\u0928 \u0921\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0907\u0935 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928 \u0938\u0947 \u092e\u093f\u091f\u093e\u0908 \u0917\u0908 \u092b\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0932\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u092d\u0940 \u0915\u0941\u0902\u091c\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u0930\u0940\u0938\u093e\u092f\u0915\u0932 \u092c\u093f\u0928 \u0924\u0915 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964<\/span>\u00a72.4, \u00a72.5 B<\/span><\/div>\n <\/details>\n <details class=\"mcq-q\">\n <summary>24<\/span>Which of the following image formats is a vector format that can be enlarged without loss of quality?<\/span><\/summary>\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\n <li>(a) .jpg<\/li>\n <li>(b) .png<\/li>\n <li>(c) .bmp<\/li>\n <li>(d) .svg<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\">(d) .svg<\/b> Scalable Vector Graphics stores an image as mathematical shapes rather than a grid of pixels, so it stays sharp at any size. The other three are raster formats, which blur when enlarged.<\/span>\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0947\u0932\u0947\u092c\u0932 \u0935\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u0930 \u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092b\u093c\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092c\u093f\u0902\u092c \u0915\u094b \u092a\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0938\u0947\u0932\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0932 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u091c\u093e\u092f \u0917\u0923\u093f\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0906\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0930\u0916\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0905\u0924\u0903 \u0935\u0939 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092d\u0940 \u0906\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u0924\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u0923 \u0930\u0939\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0936\u0947\u0937 \u0924\u0940\u0928 \u0930\u093e\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0930\u0942\u092a \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u091c\u094b \u092c\u0921\u093c\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u0927\u0941\u0901\u0927\u0932\u0947 \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span>\u00a72.6<\/span><\/div>\n <\/details>\n <details class=\"mcq-q\">\n <summary>25<\/span>In a file search, the wildcard character that stands for exactly one character is:<\/span><\/summary>\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\n <li>(a) *<\/li>\n <li>(b) ?<\/li>\n <li>(c) #<\/li>\n <li>(d) %<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\">(b) ?<\/b> The question mark replaces exactly one character; the asterisk replaces any number of characters, including none. So <code>Class?.docx<\/code> matches Class9 but not Class10, whereas <code>Class*.docx<\/code> matches both.<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928\u091a\u093f\u0939\u094d\u0928 \u0920\u0940\u0915 \u090f\u0915 \u0905\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928 \u0932\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948; \u0924\u093e\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0915\u0928 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092d\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e, \u0936\u0942\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0938\u0939\u093f\u0924\u0964 \u0905\u0924\u0903 <code>Class?.docx<\/code> Class9 \u0938\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0932 \u0916\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, Class10 \u0938\u0947 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u091c\u092c\u0915\u093f <code>Class*.docx<\/code> \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947\u0964<\/span>\u00a72.5 B<\/span><\/div>\n <\/details>\n <details class=\"mcq-q\">\n <summary>26<\/span>Which format is best suited for circulating an official notice so that its layout appears identical on every device?<\/span><\/summary>\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\n <li>(a) .txt<\/li>\n <li>(b) .docx<\/li>\n <li>(c) .pdf<\/li>\n <li>(d) .csv<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\">(c) .pdf<\/b> Portable Document Format fixes fonts, spacing and images so the page cannot reflow. A .docx may shift if the recipient lacks the same fonts, .txt carries no formatting at all, and .csv is for tabular data.<\/span>\u092a\u094b\u0930\u094d\u091f\u0947\u092c\u0932 \u0921\u0949\u0915\u094d\u092f\u0941\u092e\u0947\u0902\u091f \u092b\u093c\u0949\u0930\u094d\u092e\u0948\u091f \u092b\u093c\u0949\u0928\u094d\u091f, \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093e\u0932 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0930 \u0915\u0930 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u092c\u0926\u0932 \u0928 \u0938\u0915\u0947\u0964 \u092f\u0926\u093f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u0938 \u0935\u0939\u0940 \u092b\u093c\u0949\u0928\u094d\u091f \u0928 \u0939\u094b\u0902 \u0924\u094b .docx \u0916\u093f\u0938\u0915 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, .txt \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u0942\u092a\u0923 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0924\u0925\u093e .csv \u0938\u093e\u0930\u0923\u0940\u092c\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u094b\u0902 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\u00a72.6<\/span><\/div>\n <\/details>\n <\/div>\n\n <hr class=\"section-divider\">\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d2-7\">\n 2.7<\/span>\n <h3>Software Installation, Updates and Removal<\/span>\u0938\u0949\u092b\u093c\u094d\u091f\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u0928, \u0905\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0924\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0915\u093e\u0938\u0928<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"flow-wrap\">\n <div class=\"flow-note\">\n \ud83d\udce5 Installation<\/strong> is the process of copying a program's files onto the disk, registering it with the operating system and creating its shortcuts. It is not the same as merely copying a folder, which is why software cannot normally be transferred by copy-and-paste.<\/span>\n \ud83d\udce5 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u0928<\/strong> \u0935\u0939 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e \u0915\u0940 \u092b\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0932\u0947\u0902 \u0921\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0915 \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0932\u093f\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0935\u0939 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u091a\u093e\u0932\u0928 \u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0902\u091c\u0940\u0915\u0943\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0936\u0949\u0930\u094d\u091f\u0915\u091f \u092c\u0928\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u092b\u093c\u094b\u0932\u094d\u0921\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0932\u093f\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0907\u0938\u0940\u0932\u093f\u090f \u0938\u0949\u092b\u093c\u094d\u091f\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0924\u0903 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0932\u093f\u092a\u093f-\u091a\u093f\u092a\u0915\u093e\u0915\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e\u0964<\/span>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"flow-steps\">\n <div class=\"flow-step\">\n 1<\/span>\n <div class=\"fs-body\">\n Obtain from a trustworthy source<\/span>\u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0935\u0938\u0928\u0940\u092f \u0938\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0924 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902<\/span><\/strong>\n The official website of the publisher, the Microsoft Store, the Google Play Store, or a Linux package manager. A cracked or \"free full version\" copy from an unknown site is the single commonest source of infection in a school.<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0936\u0915 \u0915\u0940 \u0906\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u0947\u092c\u0938\u093e\u0907\u091f, \u092e\u093e\u0907\u0915\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0938\u0949\u092b\u093c\u094d\u091f \u0938\u094d\u091f\u094b\u0930, \u0917\u0942\u0917\u0932 \u092a\u094d\u0932\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u091f\u094b\u0930, \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0932\u093f\u0928\u0915\u094d\u0938 \u092a\u0948\u0915\u0947\u091c \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0915\u0964 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0905\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0924 \u0938\u093e\u0907\u091f \u0938\u0947 \"\u092e\u0941\u092b\u093c\u094d\u0924 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0930\u0923\" \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0915\u094d\u0930\u0948\u0915 \u0915\u0940 \u0917\u0908 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0923 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u091a\u0932\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0924 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/span>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"flow-step\">\n 2<\/span>\n <div class=\"fs-body\">\n Check requirements and rights<\/span>\u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0924\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u091c\u093e\u0901\u091a\u0947\u0902<\/span><\/strong>\n Verify the system requirements<\/strong> \u2014 processor, RAM, disk space, operating system version \u2014 and note that installation needs administrator rights<\/strong>, which is why an ordinary user account is prompted for a password.<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940-\u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0924\u093e\u090f\u0901<\/strong> \u2014 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0938\u0947\u0938\u0930, RAM, \u0921\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0915-\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u091a\u093e\u0932\u0928 \u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u2014 \u0938\u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0928 \u0930\u0916\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u093f \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u0928 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u093e\u0938\u0915 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930<\/strong> \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f, \u0907\u0938\u0940\u0932\u093f\u090f \u0938\u093e\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093e-\u0916\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u0938\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0921 \u092e\u093e\u0901\u0917\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/span>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"flow-step\">\n 3<\/span>\n <div class=\"fs-body\">\n Run the installer and accept the licence<\/span>\u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u0915 \u091a\u0932\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u091c\u094d\u091e\u092a\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0940\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0947\u0902<\/span><\/strong>\n The EULA<\/strong> \u2014 End User Licence Agreement \u2014 states how many machines the licence covers. Choosing Custom<\/strong> rather than Express<\/strong> installation allows bundled toolbars and unwanted extras to be declined.<\/span>EULA<\/strong> \u2014 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u093f\u092e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0905\u0928\u0941\u091c\u094d\u091e\u092a\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0930\u093e\u0930 \u2014 \u092c\u0924\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0905\u0928\u0941\u091c\u094d\u091e\u092a\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0915\u093f\u0924\u0928\u0947 \u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0906\u0935\u0943\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u090f\u0915\u094d\u0938\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0938<\/strong> \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u091c\u093e\u092f \u0915\u0938\u094d\u091f\u092e<\/strong> \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u0928 \u091a\u0941\u0928\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0906\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u091f\u0942\u0932\u092c\u093e\u0930 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0905\u0935\u093e\u0902\u091b\u093f\u0924 \u0905\u0924\u093f\u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u092e\u0926 \u0905\u0938\u094d\u0935\u0940\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u093f\u090f \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/span>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"flow-step\">\n 4<\/span>\n <div class=\"fs-body\">\n Activate and restart<\/span>\u0938\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0903\u0906\u0930\u0902\u092d \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902<\/span><\/strong>\n Enter the product key<\/strong> where the software is licensed, then restart if asked so that system files and drivers are correctly registered.<\/span>\u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0938\u0949\u092b\u093c\u094d\u091f\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u091c\u094d\u091e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u094b \u0935\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926 \u0915\u0941\u0902\u091c\u0940<\/strong> \u092d\u0930\u0947\u0902, \u092b\u093f\u0930 \u092e\u093e\u0901\u0917\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0903\u0906\u0930\u0902\u092d \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940-\u092b\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0932\u0947\u0902 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u091a\u093e\u0932\u0915 \u0938\u0939\u0940 \u0922\u0902\u0917 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0902\u091c\u0940\u0915\u0943\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/span>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"pc-grid\">\n <div class=\"pc-panel pro\">\n <div class=\"pc-head\">\u2713<\/span>Why updates must be allowed<\/span>\u0905\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0924\u0928 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u0926\u0947\u0928\u0947 \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n <ul>\n <li>Security patches<\/strong> close the flaws that malware exploits; an unpatched machine is the weak point of the whole network<\/span>\u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u092a\u0948\u091a<\/strong> \u0909\u0928 \u0926\u094b\u0937\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u092c\u0902\u0926 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u091c\u093f\u0928\u0915\u093e \u092e\u093e\u0932\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u0932\u093e\u092d \u0909\u0920\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948; \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u092a\u0948\u091a \u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e \u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0915\u093e \u0926\u0941\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0932 \u092c\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0941 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/li>\n <li>Bug fixes<\/strong> correct errors that cause crashes and data loss<\/span>\u0926\u094b\u0937-\u0938\u0941\u0927\u093e\u0930<\/strong> \u0909\u0928 \u0924\u094d\u0930\u0941\u091f\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0920\u0940\u0915 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u091c\u094b \u0920\u092a\u094d\u092a \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u093e-\u0939\u093e\u0928\u093f \u0915\u093e \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u092c\u0928\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902<\/span><\/li>\n <li>Driver updates<\/strong> keep printers, projectors and scanners working after an operating system upgrade<\/span>\u091a\u093e\u0932\u0915-\u0905\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0924\u0928<\/strong> \u092a\u094d\u0930\u091a\u093e\u0932\u0928 \u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0928\u092f\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0915, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u092a\u0915 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u0915\u0948\u0928\u0930 \u0915\u094b \u091a\u093e\u0932\u0942 \u0930\u0916\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902<\/span><\/li>\n <li>Updates are best scheduled for outside teaching hours<\/strong>, since a forced restart in the middle of a class is disruptive<\/span>\u0905\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0924\u0928 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923-\u0905\u0935\u0927\u093f \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0939\u0930<\/strong> \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u092e \u0939\u0948, \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u0927\u094d\u092f \u092c\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0903\u0906\u0930\u0902\u092d \u092c\u093e\u0927\u0915 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"pc-panel con\">\n <div class=\"pc-head\">\u2717<\/span>Mistakes to avoid<\/span>\u091c\u093f\u0928 \u092d\u0942\u0932\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n <ul>\n <li>Deleting the program folder<\/strong> instead of uninstalling. This leaves registry entries and services behind and can destabilise the machine<\/span>\u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0915\u093e\u0938\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u091c\u093e\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e-\u092b\u093c\u094b\u0932\u094d\u0921\u0930 \u092e\u093f\u091f\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0928\u093e<\/strong>\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0930\u091c\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u092a\u0940\u091b\u0947 \u0930\u0939 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0905\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0930 \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/li>\n <li>Installing pirated software<\/strong> \u2014 unlawful, unpatchable, and frequently carrying malware<\/span>\u091a\u094b\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0949\u092b\u093c\u094d\u091f\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930<\/strong> \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u2014 \u0905\u0935\u0948\u0927, \u092a\u0948\u091a-\u0930\u0939\u093f\u0924, \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092f\u0903 \u092e\u093e\u0932\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u0938\u0939\u093f\u0924<\/span><\/li>\n <li>Clicking Next<\/strong> through every screen, which silently installs bundled adware<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u092a\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0947 \u092a\u0930 Next<\/strong> \u0926\u092c\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u093e, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0906\u092f\u093e \u0935\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u092a\u0928-\u0938\u0949\u092b\u093c\u094d\u091f\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u091a\u0941\u092a\u091a\u093e\u092a \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/li>\n <li>Granting a mobile application permissions it has no need of<\/strong> \u2014 a torch app asking for contacts and location<\/span>\u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092e\u094b\u092c\u093e\u0907\u0932 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u094b \u0910\u0938\u0940 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092e\u0924\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u0926\u0947\u0928\u093e \u091c\u093f\u0928\u0915\u0940 \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902<\/strong> \u2014 \u091f\u0949\u0930\u094d\u091a \u0910\u092a \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928 \u092e\u093e\u0901\u0917\u0928\u093e<\/span><\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"exam-tip\">\n <div class=\"et-icon\">\ud83e\uddf9<\/div>\n <div class=\"et-body\">\n The correct way to remove software.<\/strong> In Windows, go to Settings \u2192 Apps \u2192 Installed apps<\/strong>, or the older Control Panel \u2192 Programs and Features<\/strong>, select the program and choose Uninstall<\/strong>. This runs the publisher's own removal routine, which deletes the files, removes the registry entries and takes away the shortcuts. On Android, removal is through Settings \u2192 Apps<\/strong> or by long-pressing the icon; on Linux, through the package manager.<\/span>\n \u0938\u0949\u092b\u093c\u094d\u091f\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u0939\u091f\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0939\u0940 \u0930\u0940\u0924\u093f\u0964<\/strong> \u0935\u093f\u0902\u0921\u094b\u091c\u093c \u092e\u0947\u0902 Settings \u2192 Apps \u2192 Installed apps<\/strong>, \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u092a\u0941\u0930\u093e\u0928\u0947 Control Panel \u2192 Programs and Features<\/strong> \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091c\u093e\u0915\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e \u091a\u0941\u0928\u0947\u0902 \u090f\u0935\u0902 Uninstall<\/strong> \u0932\u0947\u0902\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0936\u0915 \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0940 \u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0915\u093e\u0938\u0928-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091a\u0932\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u094b \u092b\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0932\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u093f\u091f\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0930\u091c\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u0939\u091f\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0936\u0949\u0930\u094d\u091f\u0915\u091f \u0932\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u090f\u0902\u0921\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0907\u0921 \u092a\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0915\u093e\u0938\u0928 Settings \u2192 Apps<\/strong> \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0906\u0907\u0915\u0928 \u0926\u0947\u0930 \u0924\u0915 \u0926\u092c\u093e\u0915\u0930; \u0932\u093f\u0928\u0915\u094d\u0938 \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u0948\u0915\u0947\u091c \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0915 \u0938\u0947\u0964<\/span>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <hr class=\"section-divider\">\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d2-8\">\n 2.8<\/span>\n <h3>Backup, Restore and Disk Utilities<\/span>\u092c\u0948\u0915\u0905\u092a, \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u094d\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0921\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0915 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0924\u093e\u090f\u0901<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"callout purple\">\n <div class=\"callout-label\">\ud83d\udcd8 Why backup is an administrative duty, not a technical option<\/span>\ud83d\udcd8 \u092c\u0948\u0915\u0905\u092a \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u093e\u0938\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0935\u094d\u092f \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u0915\u0928\u0940\u0915\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902<\/span><\/div>\n A school's admission registers, staff service records, examination results and accounts now exist chiefly as files. They can be lost through hardware failure, accidental deletion, theft, fire, flood or a ransomware attack<\/strong>, and in every one of those cases the loss is irreversible unless a copy exists elsewhere. Backup<\/strong> is the making of that copy; restore<\/strong> is bringing it back. The duty to preserve records survives the change of medium.<\/span>\n \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0947\u0936-\u0930\u091c\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0930, \u0915\u0930\u094d\u092e\u091a\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e-\u0905\u092d\u093f\u0932\u0947\u0916, \u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e-\u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0932\u0947\u0916\u0947 \u0905\u092c \u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f\u0924\u0903 \u092b\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0932\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0935\u0947 \u0939\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0921\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930-\u0935\u093f\u092b\u0932\u0924\u093e, \u0906\u0915\u0938\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0932\u094b\u092a\u0928, \u091a\u094b\u0930\u0940, \u0905\u0917\u094d\u0928\u093f, \u092c\u093e\u0922\u093c \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0930\u0948\u0928\u0938\u092e\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u0906\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0923<\/strong> \u0938\u0947 \u0928\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0914\u0930 \u0907\u0928\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u093e\u0928\u093f \u0905\u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928\u0940\u092f \u0939\u0948 \u092f\u0926\u093f \u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f \u0928 \u0939\u094b\u0964 \u092c\u0948\u0915\u0905\u092a<\/strong> \u0909\u0938\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f \u0915\u093e \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0928\u093e \u0939\u0948; \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u094d\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u0928<\/strong> \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u092a\u0938 \u0932\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0964 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0932\u0947\u0916-\u092a\u0930\u093f\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u093e \u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0935\u094d\u092f \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u092d\u0940 \u092c\u0928\u093e \u0930\u0939\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\n <\/div>\n\n <h4>A. Types of backup<\/span>\u0915. \u092c\u0948\u0915\u0905\u092a \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930<\/span><\/h4>\n\n <table class=\"data-table\">\n <thead>\n <tr>\n <th>Type<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930<\/span><\/th>\n <th>What is copied<\/span>\u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0932\u093f\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/th>\n <th>Trade-off<\/span>\u0935\u094d\u092f\u0924\u094d\u092f\u092f<\/span><\/th>\n <\/tr>\n <\/thead>\n <tbody>\n <tr><td>Full backup<\/span>\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u092c\u0948\u0915\u0905\u092a<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>Everything<\/strong>, every time.<\/span>\u0939\u0930 \u092c\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u092c \u0915\u0941\u091b<\/strong>\u0964<\/span><\/td><td>Slowest to take and largest in size, but fastest to restore<\/strong> \u2014 only one set is needed.<\/span>\u0932\u0947\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0927\u0940\u092e\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0906\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0921\u093c\u093e, \u0915\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0941 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u094d\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0924\u0940\u0935\u094d\u0930<\/strong> \u2014 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u092e\u0941\u091a\u094d\u091a\u092f \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>Incremental backup<\/span>\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0927\u0940 \u092c\u0948\u0915\u0905\u092a<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>Only what has changed since the last backup of any kind<\/strong>.<\/span>\u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0935\u0939 \u091c\u094b \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092d\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u093f\u092e \u092c\u0948\u0915\u0905\u092a \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0926<\/strong> \u092c\u0926\u0932\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0964<\/span><\/td><td>Fastest to take and smallest, but slowest to restore<\/strong> \u2014 the full backup and every increment since must be applied in order.<\/span>\u0932\u0947\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0924\u0940\u0935\u094d\u0930 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u091b\u094b\u091f\u093e, \u0915\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0941 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u094d\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0927\u0940\u092e\u093e<\/strong> \u2014 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u092c\u0948\u0915\u0905\u092a \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0927\u0928 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u0932\u0917\u093e\u0928\u093e \u092a\u0921\u093c\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>Differential backup<\/span>\u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u092c\u0948\u0915\u0905\u092a<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>Everything that has changed since the last full backup<\/strong>.<\/span>\u0935\u0939 \u0938\u092c \u091c\u094b \u0905\u0902\u0924\u093f\u092e \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u092c\u0948\u0915\u0905\u092a \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0926<\/strong> \u092c\u0926\u0932\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0964<\/span><\/td><td>The middle course<\/strong>: larger than incremental but restoring needs only the full backup and the latest differential.<\/span>\u092e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0917<\/strong>: \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0927\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0921\u093c\u093e \u0915\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0941 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u094d\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u0928 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u092c\u0948\u0915\u0905\u092a \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0928\u0935\u0940\u0928\u0924\u092e \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <\/tbody>\n <\/table>\n\n <div class=\"formula-card\">\n <div class=\"fx-eyebrow\">The 3-2-1 rule of backup<\/span>\u092c\u0948\u0915\u0905\u092a \u0915\u093e 3-2-1 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"fx-body\">\n 3<\/em> copies of the data \u00b7 on 2<\/em> different kinds of media \u00b7 with 1<\/em> copy kept off the premises<\/span>\n \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 3<\/em> \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u00b7 2<\/em> \u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u00b7 \u091c\u093f\u0928\u092e\u0947\u0902 1<\/em> \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0938\u0930 \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0939\u0930<\/span>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"fx-note\">\n The off-site copy is the part most often neglected and the part that matters most. A backup drive kept in the same cupboard as the computer is destroyed by the same fire, taken in the same theft and encrypted by the same ransomware. A cloud copy, or a drive held at another building, satisfies the third condition.<\/span>\n \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0938\u0930-\u092c\u093e\u0939\u094d\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f \u0939\u0940 \u0935\u0939 \u092d\u093e\u0917 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0909\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u091c\u094b \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0905\u0932\u092e\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u0940 \u0930\u0916\u0940 \u092c\u0948\u0915\u0905\u092a \u0921\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0907\u0935 \u0909\u0938\u0940 \u0905\u0917\u094d\u0928\u093f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0909\u0938\u0940 \u091a\u094b\u0930\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0938\u0940 \u0930\u0948\u0928\u0938\u092e\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0942\u091f\u092c\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0915\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0909\u0921 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f, \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f \u092d\u0935\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0930\u0916\u0940 \u0921\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0907\u0935, \u0924\u0940\u0938\u0930\u0940 \u0936\u0930\u094d\u0924 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <h4>B. Disk and system utilities<\/span>\u0916. \u0921\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0915 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0924\u093e\u090f\u0901<\/span><\/h4>\n\n <div class=\"feat-grid\">\n <div class=\"feat-card\">1<\/span>Disk Cleanup<\/span>\u0921\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0915 \u0915\u094d\u0932\u0940\u0928\u0905\u092a<\/span><\/strong>Removes temporary files, cached web pages, old update files and the contents of the Recycle Bin to recover free space<\/strong>.<\/span>\u0905\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092f\u0940 \u092b\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0932\u0947\u0902, \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0935\u0947\u092c \u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920, \u092a\u0941\u0930\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u0905\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0924\u0928-\u092b\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0932\u0947\u0902 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0930\u0940\u0938\u093e\u092f\u0915\u0932 \u092c\u093f\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u0939\u091f\u093e\u0915\u0930 \u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0903 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924<\/strong> \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"feat-card\">2<\/span>Disk Defragmenter<\/span>\u0921\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0915 \u0921\u0940\u092b\u093c\u094d\u0930\u0948\u0917\u092e\u0947\u0902\u091f\u0930<\/span><\/strong>Rearranges the scattered pieces of files so each lies in one continuous run, speeding up a hard disk<\/strong>. It should never be run on an SSD<\/strong>, which has no seek time and a finite number of writes.<\/span>\u092b\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0932\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093f\u0916\u0930\u0947 \u091f\u0941\u0915\u0921\u093c\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u094d\u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u0924\u0924 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0930\u0939\u0947, \u0914\u0930 \u0939\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0921 \u0921\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0915 \u0924\u0947\u091c\u093c \u0939\u094b<\/strong>\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0947 SSD \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u092d\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u091a\u0932\u093e\u0928\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f<\/strong>, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928 \u0905\u0928\u094d\u0935\u0947\u0937\u0923-\u0915\u093e\u0932 \u0939\u0948 \u0928 \u0905\u0938\u0940\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0932\u0947\u0916\u0928\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"feat-card\">3<\/span>Check Disk<\/span>\u091a\u0947\u0915 \u0921\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0915<\/span><\/strong>Scans the disk for file system errors and bad sectors<\/strong> and repairs what it can. Run as <code>chkdsk<\/code> from the command prompt.<\/span>\u0921\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0915 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092b\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0932-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u0924\u094d\u0930\u0941\u091f\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0916\u0930\u093e\u092c \u0938\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u0930<\/strong> \u0916\u094b\u091c\u0915\u0930 \u091c\u094b \u0920\u0940\u0915 \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0915\u092e\u093e\u0902\u0921 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0949\u092e\u094d\u092a\u094d\u091f \u0938\u0947 <code>chkdsk<\/code> \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091a\u0932\u093e\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"feat-card\">4<\/span>Task Manager<\/span>\u091f\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0915 \u092e\u0948\u0928\u0947\u091c\u0930<\/span><\/strong>Shows the running processes with their processor, memory and disk usage, and allows an unresponsive program to be ended<\/strong>. Opened directly by <kbd>Ctrl<\/kbd>+<kbd>Shift<\/kbd>+<kbd>Esc<\/kbd>.<\/span>\u091a\u0932 \u0930\u0939\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0938\u0947\u0938\u0930, \u0938\u094d\u092e\u0943\u0924\u093f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0921\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0915 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0938\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u0926\u093f\u0916\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930\u0926\u093e\u092f\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e \u0938\u092e\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924<\/strong> \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 <kbd>Ctrl<\/kbd>+<kbd>Shift<\/kbd>+<kbd>Esc<\/kbd> \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0940\u0927\u0947 \u0916\u0941\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"feat-card\">5<\/span>Device Manager<\/span>\u0921\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0907\u0938 \u092e\u0948\u0928\u0947\u091c\u0930<\/span><\/strong>Lists every attached device and its driver. A yellow exclamation mark<\/strong> against an entry means the driver is missing or faulty \u2014 the first place to look when a printer or projector is not detected.<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0932\u0917\u094d\u0928 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0932\u0915 \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0940\u092c\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093f \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u0940\u0932\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0938\u094d\u092e\u092f\u093e\u0926\u093f\u092c\u094b\u0927\u0915 \u091a\u093f\u0939\u094d\u0928<\/strong> \u092c\u0924\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u091a\u093e\u0932\u0915 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0926\u094b\u0937\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0915 \u092f\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u092a\u0915 \u0928 \u092a\u0939\u091a\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u092f\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0926\u0947\u0916\u0928\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"feat-card\">6<\/span>System Restore and Safe Mode<\/span>\u0938\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u092e \u0930\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u094b\u0930 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0947\u092b\u093c \u092e\u094b\u0921<\/span><\/strong>System Restore<\/strong> returns system settings to an earlier restore point<\/strong> without touching personal files. Safe Mode<\/strong> starts Windows with only the minimum drivers, so that a faulty driver or program can be removed.<\/span>\u0938\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u092e \u0930\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u094b\u0930<\/strong> \u0935\u0948\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u092b\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0932\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u091b\u0941\u090f \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940-\u0938\u0947\u091f\u093f\u0902\u0917\u094d\u0938 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0940 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u094d\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u0928-\u092c\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0941<\/strong> \u092a\u0930 \u0932\u094c\u091f\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0938\u0947\u092b\u093c \u092e\u094b\u0921<\/strong> \u0935\u093f\u0902\u0921\u094b\u091c\u093c \u0915\u094b \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0928\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0928\u0924\u092e \u091a\u093e\u0932\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u0906\u0930\u0902\u092d \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0926\u094b\u0937\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u091a\u093e\u0932\u0915 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e \u0939\u091f\u093e\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0947\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <hr class=\"section-divider\">\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d2-9\">\n 2.9<\/span>\n <h3>Keyboard Shortcuts<\/span>\u0915\u0941\u0902\u091c\u0940\u092a\u091f\u0932 \u0936\u0949\u0930\u094d\u091f\u0915\u091f<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n \n Shortcut keys are among the most frequently and most directly examined facts in this item, because they can be tested in a single line with no ambiguity. The tables below cover the combinations that recur. Those specific to word processing, spreadsheets and presentations appear again in \u00a73.10, \u00a74.10 and \u00a75.8, and all of them are gathered in the master sheet at \u00a7R.5.<\/span>\n \u0936\u0949\u0930\u094d\u091f\u0915\u091f \u0915\u0941\u0902\u091c\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u0907\u0938 \u092e\u0926 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092c\u093e\u0930 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0940\u0927\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u0916\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0924\u0925\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u0907\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0905\u0938\u094d\u092a\u0937\u094d\u091f\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u090f\u0915 \u092a\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0930\u0916\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0928\u0940\u091a\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u093e\u0930\u0923\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u0935\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u091c\u094b \u092c\u093e\u0930-\u092c\u093e\u0930 \u0906\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0936\u092c\u094d\u0926 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u093e\u0927\u0928, \u0938\u094d\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0921\u0936\u0940\u091f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924\u093f \u0938\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0938\u0902\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u00a73.10, \u00a74.10 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u00a75.8 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0903 \u0906\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0938\u092d\u0940 \u00a7R.5 \u0915\u0940 \u092e\u093e\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0930 \u0936\u0940\u091f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u090f\u0915\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span>\n <\/p>\n\n <h4>A. Universal editing shortcuts<\/span>\u0915. \u0938\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0928 \u0936\u0949\u0930\u094d\u091f\u0915\u091f<\/span><\/h4>\n\n <div class=\"abbr-grid\">\n <table>\n <thead><tr><th>Keys<\/span>\u0915\u0941\u0902\u091c\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901<\/span><\/th><th>Action<\/span>\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e<\/span><\/th><\/tr><\/thead>\n <tbody>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">Ctrl + C<\/td><td>Copy<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0932\u093f\u092a\u093f<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">Ctrl + X<\/td><td>Cut<\/span>\u0915\u093e\u091f\u0947\u0902<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">Ctrl + V<\/td><td>Paste<\/span>\u091a\u093f\u092a\u0915\u093e\u090f\u0901<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">Ctrl + Z<\/td><td>Undo<\/span>\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0935\u0924\u094d \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">Ctrl + Y<\/td><td>Redo<\/span>\u092a\u0941\u0928\u0903 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">Ctrl + A<\/td><td>Select all<\/span>\u0938\u092c \u091a\u0941\u0928\u0947\u0902<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">Ctrl + S<\/td><td>Save<\/span>\u0938\u0902\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">Ctrl + P<\/td><td>Print<\/span>\u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0923<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <\/tbody>\n <\/table>\n <table>\n <thead><tr><th>Keys<\/span>\u0915\u0941\u0902\u091c\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901<\/span><\/th><th>Action<\/span>\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e<\/span><\/th><\/tr><\/thead>\n <tbody>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">Ctrl + N<\/td><td>New file or window<\/span>\u0928\u0908 \u092b\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0932 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0902\u0921\u094b<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">Ctrl + O<\/td><td>Open<\/span>\u0916\u094b\u0932\u0947\u0902<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">Ctrl + F<\/td><td>Find<\/span>\u0916\u094b\u091c\u0947\u0902<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">Ctrl + W<\/td><td>Close the current document or tab<\/span>\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0926\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0947\u091c\u093c \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u091f\u0948\u092c \u092c\u0902\u0926 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">Ctrl + F4<\/td><td>Close the document window<\/span>\u0926\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0947\u091c\u093c-\u0935\u093f\u0902\u0921\u094b \u092c\u0902\u0926 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">Alt + F4<\/td><td>Close the whole program<\/span>\u0938\u0902\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e \u092c\u0902\u0926 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">Alt + Tab<\/td><td>Switch between open windows<\/span>\u0916\u0941\u0932\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0902\u0921\u094b\u091c\u093c \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0947\u0902<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">Ctrl + Shift + Esc<\/td><td>Open Task Manager<\/span>\u091f\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0915 \u092e\u0948\u0928\u0947\u091c\u0930 \u0916\u094b\u0932\u0947\u0902<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <\/tbody>\n <\/table>\n <\/div>\n\n <h4>B. Windows key and file management<\/span>\u0916. \u0935\u093f\u0902\u0921\u094b\u091c\u093c \u0915\u0941\u0902\u091c\u0940 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092b\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0932 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0928<\/span><\/h4>\n\n <div class=\"abbr-grid\">\n <table>\n <thead><tr><th>Keys<\/span>\u0915\u0941\u0902\u091c\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901<\/span><\/th><th>Action<\/span>\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e<\/span><\/th><\/tr><\/thead>\n <tbody>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">Win + D<\/td><td>Show the desktop<\/span>\u0921\u0947\u0938\u094d\u0915\u091f\u0949\u092a \u0926\u093f\u0916\u093e\u090f\u0901<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">Win + E<\/td><td>Open File Explorer<\/span>\u092b\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0932 \u090f\u0915\u094d\u0938\u092a\u094d\u0932\u094b\u0930\u0930 \u0916\u094b\u0932\u0947\u0902<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">Win + L<\/td><td>Lock the computer<\/strong><\/span>\u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u0932\u0949\u0915 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902<\/strong><\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">Win + R<\/td><td>Open the Run dialog<\/span>\u0930\u0928 \u0938\u0902\u0935\u093e\u0926 \u0916\u094b\u0932\u0947\u0902<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">Win + I<\/td><td>Open Settings<\/span>\u0938\u0947\u091f\u093f\u0902\u0917\u094d\u0938 \u0916\u094b\u0932\u0947\u0902<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">Win + U<\/td><td>Open Ease of Access settings<\/span>\u0938\u0941\u0917\u092e\u094d\u092f\u0924\u093e \u0938\u0947\u091f\u093f\u0902\u0917\u094d\u0938 \u0916\u094b\u0932\u0947\u0902<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <\/tbody>\n <\/table>\n <table>\n <thead><tr><th>Keys<\/span>\u0915\u0941\u0902\u091c\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901<\/span><\/th><th>Action<\/span>\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e<\/span><\/th><\/tr><\/thead>\n <tbody>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">F2<\/td><td>Rename the selected item<\/span>\u091a\u092f\u0928\u093f\u0924 \u092e\u0926 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093e\u092e \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0947\u0902<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">F5<\/td><td>Refresh<\/span>\u0924\u093e\u091c\u093c\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">Shift + Delete<\/td><td>Delete permanently<\/span>\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092f\u0940 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u092e\u093f\u091f\u093e\u090f\u0901<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">Ctrl + Shift + N<\/td><td>Create a new folder<\/span>\u0928\u092f\u093e \u092b\u093c\u094b\u0932\u094d\u0921\u0930 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u090f\u0901<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">Alt + Enter<\/td><td>Show Properties of the selected item<\/span>\u091a\u092f\u0928\u093f\u0924 \u092e\u0926 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0949\u092a\u0930\u094d\u091f\u0940\u091c\u093c \u0926\u093f\u0916\u093e\u090f\u0901<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">Print Screen<\/td><td>Capture the screen to the clipboard<\/span>\u092a\u0930\u094d\u0926\u093e \u0915\u094d\u0932\u093f\u092a\u092c\u094b\u0930\u094d\u0921 \u092a\u0930 \u0932\u0947\u0902<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <\/tbody>\n <\/table>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"exam-tip\">\n <div class=\"et-icon\">\ud83d\udd10<\/div>\n <div class=\"et-body\">\n The one shortcut a school head should insist on.<\/strong> <kbd>Win<\/kbd> + <kbd>L<\/kbd> locks the computer instantly while leaving all work open. An office machine left unlocked and unattended exposes staff records, salary data and examination material to anyone who walks past, and no password policy compensates for that. It costs one keystroke on leaving the desk.<\/span>\n \u0935\u0939 \u090f\u0915 \u0936\u0949\u0930\u094d\u091f\u0915\u091f \u091c\u093f\u0938 \u092a\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0941\u0916 \u0915\u094b \u0906\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f\u0964<\/strong> <kbd>Win<\/kbd> + <kbd>L<\/kbd> \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0916\u0941\u0932\u093e \u091b\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0941\u090f \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u0924\u0924\u094d\u0915\u093e\u0932 \u0932\u0949\u0915 \u0915\u0930 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0932\u0949\u0915 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0917\u0930\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u091b\u094b\u0921\u093c\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f\u0940 \u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0930\u094d\u092e\u091a\u093e\u0930\u0940-\u0905\u092d\u093f\u0932\u0947\u0916, \u0935\u0947\u0924\u0928-\u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e-\u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0939\u0930 \u0906\u0924\u0947-\u091c\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0928\u0947 \u0916\u094b\u0932 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u092a\u093e\u0938\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0921-\u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u092d\u0930\u092a\u093e\u0908 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940\u0964 \u092e\u0947\u091c\u093c \u091b\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0924\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u092f \u0907\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u090f\u0915 \u0939\u0940 \u0915\u0941\u0902\u091c\u0940-\u0926\u093e\u092c \u0932\u0917\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"mcq-box\">\n <div class=\"mcq-title\">\n Practice<\/span>\u0905\u092d\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938<\/span><\/span>\n Questions on utilities, backup and shortcuts<\/span>\u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0924\u093e\u0913\u0902, \u092c\u0948\u0915\u0905\u092a \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0936\u0949\u0930\u094d\u091f\u0915\u091f \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928<\/span><\/span>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"mcq-note\">Objective questions in the pattern of the examination. Click to reveal the answer and its explanation.<\/span>\u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u0930 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928\u0964 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0916\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u094d\u0932\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u0940\u091c\u093f\u090f\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <details class=\"mcq-q\">\n <summary>27<\/span>A backup that copies only the data changed since the last full backup is called:<\/span><\/summary>\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\n <li>(a) Full backup<\/li>\n <li>(b) Incremental backup<\/li>\n <li>(c) Differential backup<\/li>\n <li>(d) Mirror backup<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\">(c) Differential backup<\/b> The distinction turns on the reference point. A differential<\/em> measures change since the last full<\/strong> backup; an incremental<\/em> measures change since the last backup of any kind<\/strong>. Restoring from a differential needs only two sets; restoring from incrementals needs the whole chain.<\/span>\u092d\u0947\u0926 \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0930\u094d\u092d-\u092c\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0941 \u092a\u0930 \u091f\u093f\u0915\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915<\/em> \u0905\u0902\u0924\u093f\u092e \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923<\/strong> \u092c\u0948\u0915\u0905\u092a \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u092e\u093e\u092a\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948; \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0927\u0940<\/em> \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092d\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0947<\/strong> \u0905\u0902\u0924\u093f\u092e \u092c\u0948\u0915\u0905\u092a \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u0915\u093e\u0964 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u094d\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u0928 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0926\u094b \u0938\u092e\u0941\u091a\u094d\u091a\u092f \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f; \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0927\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u0940 \u0936\u0943\u0902\u0916\u0932\u093e\u0964<\/span>\u00a72.8 A<\/span><\/div>\n <\/details>\n <details class=\"mcq-q\">\n <summary>28<\/span>Which utility should not be run on a Solid State Drive?<\/span><\/summary>\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\n <li>(a) Disk Cleanup<\/li>\n <li>(b) Antivirus scan<\/li>\n <li>(c) Disk Defragmenter<\/li>\n <li>(d) Check Disk<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\">(c) Disk Defragmenter<\/b> Defragmentation exists to reduce the seek time of a moving read-write head. An SSD has no moving head, so it gains nothing, and because it has a finite number of write cycles, defragmenting shortens its life.<\/span>\u0921\u0940\u092b\u093c\u094d\u0930\u0948\u0917\u092e\u0947\u0902\u091f\u0947\u0936\u0928 \u091a\u0932\u093e\u092f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u0920\u0928-\u0932\u0947\u0916\u0928 \u0939\u0947\u0921 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0928\u094d\u0935\u0947\u0937\u0923-\u0915\u093e\u0932 \u0918\u091f\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0939\u0948\u0964 SSD \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091a\u0932\u093e\u092f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0939\u0947\u0921 \u0939\u0948 \u0939\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0905\u0924\u0903 \u0932\u093e\u092d \u0915\u0941\u091b \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0914\u0930 \u091a\u0942\u0901\u0915\u093f \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0932\u0947\u0916\u0928-\u091a\u0915\u094d\u0930 \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0921\u0940\u092b\u093c\u094d\u0930\u0948\u0917\u092e\u0947\u0902\u091f \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u0909\u0938\u0915\u093e \u091c\u0940\u0935\u0928 \u0918\u091f\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\u00a72.8 B, \u00a71.7 D<\/span><\/div>\n <\/details>\n <details class=\"mcq-q\">\n <summary>29<\/span>Which key combination locks the computer without closing any open work?<\/span><\/summary>\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\n <li>(a) Win + D<\/li>\n <li>(b) Win + L<\/li>\n <li>(c) Alt + F4<\/li>\n <li>(d) Ctrl + Alt + Del<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\">(b) Win + L<\/b> Win + D merely shows the desktop and protects nothing; Alt + F4 closes the active program; Ctrl + Alt + Del opens a security menu from which locking is one option among several.<\/span>Win + D \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0921\u0947\u0938\u094d\u0915\u091f\u0949\u092a \u0926\u093f\u0916\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u0941\u091b \u0938\u0902\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e; Alt + F4 \u0938\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e \u092c\u0902\u0926 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948; Ctrl + Alt + Del \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e-\u092e\u0947\u0928\u0942 \u0916\u094b\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0932\u0949\u0915 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u0905\u0928\u0947\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u090f\u0915 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\u00a72.9 B<\/span><\/div>\n <\/details>\n <details class=\"mcq-q\">\n <summary>30<\/span>The correct way to remove an installed program from a Windows computer is to:<\/span><\/summary>\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\n <li>(a) Delete its folder from Program Files<\/li>\n <li>(b) Delete its desktop shortcut<\/li>\n <li>(c) Use Settings \u2192 Apps \u2192 Uninstall<\/li>\n <li>(d) Move its folder to the Recycle Bin<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\">(c) Use Settings \u2192 Apps \u2192 Uninstall<\/b> Only the uninstall routine removes the registry entries, services and shared files created during installation. Deleting the folder leaves those behind, and deleting the shortcut removes nothing but the icon.<\/span>\u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0915\u093e\u0938\u0928-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u092f \u092c\u0928\u0940 \u0930\u091c\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901, \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u093e\u091d\u093e \u092b\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0932\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u091f\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092b\u093c\u094b\u0932\u094d\u0921\u0930 \u092e\u093f\u091f\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u0935\u0947 \u092a\u0940\u091b\u0947 \u0930\u0939 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0936\u0949\u0930\u094d\u091f\u0915\u091f \u092e\u093f\u091f\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u0906\u0907\u0915\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0924\u093f\u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0941\u091b \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u091f\u0924\u093e\u0964<\/span>\u00a72.7<\/span><\/div>\n <\/details>\n <\/div>\n\n <\/section>\n\n \n <section class=\"chapter-content\" data-chap=\"3\" id=\"c3\">\n <div class=\"chapter-heading-block\">\n SYLLABUS ITEM 3<\/span>\u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u092e\u0926 3<\/span><\/span>\n <h2>Word Processing<\/span>\u0936\u092c\u094d\u0926 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u093e\u0927\u0928<\/span><\/h2>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"callout amber\">\n <div class=\"callout-label\">\ud83d\udccc What this chapter covers<\/span>\ud83d\udccc \u0907\u0938 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/div>\n Document formatting, tables, headers and footers, page setup, mail merge, track changes, and PDF conversion<\/span>\n \u0926\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0947\u091c\u093c \u0938\u0902\u0930\u0942\u092a\u0923, \u0938\u093e\u0930\u0923\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901, \u0936\u0940\u0930\u094d\u0937\u0932\u0947\u0916 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u093e\u0926\u0932\u0947\u0916, \u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920-\u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e, \u092e\u0947\u0932 \u092e\u0930\u094d\u091c, \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928-\u0905\u0928\u0941\u0930\u0947\u0916\u0923 \u0924\u0925\u093e PDF \u0930\u0942\u092a\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930\u0923<\/span>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"keyfact-grid\">\n <div class=\"keyfact-card navy-hi\">\n \ud83d\udcc4<\/span>\n <div class=\"kf-label\">The Defaults to Know<\/span>\u091c\u093e\u0928\u0928\u0947 \u092f\u094b\u0917\u094d\u092f \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u092e\u093e\u0928<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"kf-value\" style=\"font-size:13px;\">.docx \u00b7 A4 \u00b7 1\u2033<\/div>\n <div class=\"kf-sub\">Default extension, the paper size used in India, and the default margin on all four sides<\/span>\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u090f\u0915\u094d\u0938\u091f\u0947\u0902\u0936\u0928, \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u093e\u0917\u091c\u093c-\u0906\u0915\u093e\u0930, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0913\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u093e\u0936\u093f\u092f\u093e-\u091a\u094c\u0921\u093c\u093e\u0908<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"keyfact-card teal-hi\">\n \ud83d\udd00<\/span>\n <div class=\"kf-label\">Mail Merge Needs<\/span>\u092e\u0947\u0932 \u092e\u0930\u094d\u091c \u0915\u094b \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"kf-value\">3<\/div>\n <div class=\"kf-sub\">A main document, a data source, and the merged output that results from joining them<\/span>\u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f \u0926\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0947\u091c\u093c, \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u093e-\u0938\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0924, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0928\u093e \u0938\u0902\u092e\u093f\u0932\u093f\u0924 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0924<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"keyfact-card amber-hi\">\n \ud83e\udded<\/span>\n <div class=\"kf-label\">How the Ribbon Is Built<\/span>\u0930\u093f\u092c\u0928 \u0915\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0928\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"kf-value\" style=\"font-size:13px;\">Tab \u2192 Group \u2192 Command<\/span>\u091f\u0948\u092c \u2192 \u0938\u092e\u0942\u0939 \u2192 \u0906\u0926\u0947\u0936<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"kf-sub\">Every question of the form \"X is found under which tab\" rests on this one structure<\/span>\"X \u0915\u093f\u0938 \u091f\u0948\u092c \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\" \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u0907\u0938\u0940 \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e \u092a\u0930 \u091f\u093f\u0915\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d3-0\">\n 3.0<\/span>\n <h3>Introduction<\/span>\u092a\u0930\u093f\u091a\u092f<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n <ul class=\"icon-list\">\n <li>\u25b8<\/span>\n A word processor<\/strong> is application software for creating, editing, formatting, storing and printing text documents<\/strong>. What separates it from the typewriter it replaced is that everything can be corrected before anything is committed to paper<\/strong>, and the same document can be reproduced, revised and redirected indefinitely.<\/span>\n \u0936\u092c\u094d\u0926 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u093e\u0927\u0915<\/strong> \u0935\u0939 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0938\u0949\u092b\u093c\u094d\u091f\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u092a\u093e\u0920-\u0926\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0947\u091c\u093c\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923, \u0938\u0902\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0928, \u0938\u0902\u0930\u0942\u092a\u0923, \u092d\u0902\u0921\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0923<\/strong> \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u091c\u093f\u0938 \u091f\u093e\u0907\u092a\u0930\u093e\u0907\u091f\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u0938\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928 \u0932\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0909\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0907\u0938\u0947 \u092f\u0939 \u092c\u093e\u0924 \u0905\u0932\u0917 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0915\u093e\u0917\u091c\u093c \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u0941\u091b \u092d\u0940 \u0909\u0924\u093e\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u0938\u092c \u0915\u0941\u091b \u0938\u0941\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/strong>, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0935\u0939\u0940 \u0926\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0947\u091c\u093c \u0905\u0928\u0902\u0924 \u092c\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u0941\u0924\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u093f\u0924, \u0938\u0902\u0936\u094b\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u094d\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\n <\/span><\/li>\n <li>\u25b8<\/span>\n The principle behind the screen is WYSIWYG<\/strong> \u2014 What You See Is What You Get<\/em> \u2014 meaning the display corresponds to the printed page. The common packages are Microsoft Word<\/strong>, the open-source LibreOffice Writer<\/strong>, the browser-based Google Docs<\/strong>, and WPS Office<\/strong>. The commands described here are named as in Microsoft Word, but every one of them has a close equivalent in the others.<\/span>\n \u092a\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0940\u091b\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924 WYSIWYG<\/strong> \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u091c\u094b \u0926\u093f\u0916\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0935\u0939\u0940 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/em> \u2014 \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0924\u094d \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u0928 \u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u0938\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0932 \u0916\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u091a\u0932\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u0948\u0915\u0947\u091c \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u092e\u093e\u0907\u0915\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0938\u0949\u092b\u093c\u094d\u091f \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0921<\/strong>, \u0913\u092a\u0928-\u0938\u094b\u0930\u094d\u0938 \u0932\u093f\u092c\u0930\u0911\u092b\u093c\u093f\u0938 \u0930\u093e\u0907\u091f\u0930<\/strong>, \u092c\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0909\u091c\u093c\u0930-\u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0917\u0942\u0917\u0932 \u0921\u0949\u0915\u094d\u0938<\/strong>, \u0924\u0925\u093e WPS \u0911\u092b\u093c\u093f\u0938<\/strong>\u0964 \u092f\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0923\u093f\u0924 \u0906\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u092e\u093e\u0907\u0915\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0938\u0949\u092b\u093c\u094d\u091f \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0921 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u093e\u0930 \u0928\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0915\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0941 \u0909\u0928\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0915\u093e \u0936\u0947\u0937 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u091f \u0924\u0941\u0932\u094d\u092f \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\n <\/span><\/li>\n <li>\u25b8<\/span>\n In a school office this is the single most used piece of software<\/strong>. Circulars, letters to the Directorate, minutes of staff meetings, question papers, transfer certificates, confidential reports, notices to parents and inspection replies all pass through it. Two features in particular \u2014 mail merge<\/strong> in \u00a73.7 and track changes<\/strong> in \u00a73.8 \u2014 convert what would be days of clerical labour into minutes.<\/span>\n \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092f\u0939 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0938\u0949\u092b\u093c\u094d\u091f\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930<\/strong> \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930, \u0928\u093f\u0926\u0947\u0936\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0915\u094b \u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930, \u0938\u094d\u091f\u093e\u092b\u093c-\u092c\u0948\u0920\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928-\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930, \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930\u0923 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930, \u0917\u094b\u092a\u0928\u0940\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0926\u0928, \u0905\u092d\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923-\u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0938\u092c \u0907\u0938\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u0917\u0941\u091c\u093c\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937\u0924\u0903 \u0926\u094b \u0938\u0941\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u2014 \u00a73.7 \u0915\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0932 \u092e\u0930\u094d\u091c<\/strong> \u0924\u0925\u093e \u00a73.8 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928-\u0905\u0928\u0941\u0930\u0947\u0916\u0923<\/strong> \u2014 \u0926\u093f\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u092a\u093f\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0936\u094d\u0930\u092e \u0915\u094b \u092e\u093f\u0928\u091f\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0926\u0932 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span>\n <\/span><\/li>\n <li>\u25b8<\/span>\n Questions from this item take three shapes, and it is worth recognising them: which tab holds a given command<\/strong>, what a named shortcut does<\/strong>, and what a named feature is for<\/strong>. All three reward exact recall rather than reasoning, so the tables in this chapter are meant to be memorised rather than merely read.<\/span>\n \u0907\u0938 \u092e\u0926 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u0924\u0940\u0928 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0932\u0947\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0939\u091a\u093e\u0928\u0928\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0940 \u0939\u0948: \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0906\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u0915\u093f\u0938 \u091f\u0948\u092c \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u0948<\/strong>, \u0928\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0936\u0949\u0930\u094d\u091f\u0915\u091f \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/strong>, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0928\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u0941\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093e \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0932\u093f\u090f \u0939\u0948<\/strong>\u0964 \u0924\u0940\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0924\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u092f\u0925\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u0938\u094d\u092e\u0930\u0923 \u091a\u093e\u0939\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0905\u0924\u0903 \u0907\u0938 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u093e\u0930\u0923\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u092a\u0922\u093c\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0915\u0902\u0920\u0938\u094d\u0925 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span>\n <\/span><\/li>\n <\/ul>\n\n <hr class=\"section-divider\">\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d3-1\">\n 3.1<\/span>\n <h3>The Word Processor Interface<\/span>\u0936\u092c\u094d\u0926 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u093e\u0927\u0915 \u0915\u093e \u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u092b\u093c\u0947\u0938<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n <svg class=\"full-diagram\" viewBox=\"0 0 900 492\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Realistic view of the Microsoft Word window with parts labelled\">\n <defs>\n <marker id=\"wl\" markerWidth=\"7\" markerHeight=\"7\" refX=\"6\" refY=\"2.4\" orient=\"auto\"><path d=\"M0,0 L0,4.8 L6,2.4 z\" fill=\"#8e2f5a\"\/><\/marker>\n <\/defs>\n\n <rect x=\"100\" y=\"14\" width=\"700\" height=\"444\" rx=\"5\" fill=\"#fff\" stroke=\"#a9b6c6\" stroke-width=\"1.5\"\/>\n\n \n <rect x=\"100\" y=\"14\" width=\"700\" height=\"30\" rx=\"5\" fill=\"#185ABD\"\/>\n <rect x=\"100\" y=\"30\" width=\"700\" height=\"14\" fill=\"#185ABD\"\/>\n \n <g stroke=\"#fff\" stroke-width=\"1.4\" fill=\"none\" opacity=\".95\">\n <path d=\"M112 23 h11 v12 h-11 z M115 23 v5 h5 v-5\"\/>\n <path d=\"M133 33 a6 6 0 0 1 11 -3\"\/><path d=\"M133 33 l-2.5 -3.5 M133 33 l4 -1\"\/>\n <path d=\"M164 33 a6 6 0 0 0 -11 -3\"\/><path d=\"M164 33 l2.5 -3.5 M164 33 l-4 -1\"\/>\n <\/g>\n <path d=\"M176 24 v10 M172 34 h8\" stroke=\"#fff\" stroke-width=\"1.2\" opacity=\".6\" fill=\"none\"\/>\n <text x=\"450\" y=\"33\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10.5\" font-weight=\"600\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Circular-2026.docx \u2014 Saved to this PC<\/text>\n <rect x=\"612\" y=\"21\" width=\"96\" height=\"16\" rx=\"8\" fill=\"#0f4a9e\"\/>\n <circle cx=\"622\" cy=\"29\" r=\"3.4\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#cfe0f7\" stroke-width=\"1.2\"\/><path d=\"M624.5 31.5 l3 3\" stroke=\"#cfe0f7\" stroke-width=\"1.2\"\/>\n <text x=\"632\" y=\"32.5\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#cfe0f7\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Search<\/text>\n <g stroke=\"#fff\" stroke-width=\"1.3\" fill=\"none\">\n <path d=\"M736 29 h9\"\/><rect x=\"756\" y=\"24.5\" width=\"9\" height=\"9\"\/><path d=\"M777 24.5 l9 9 M786 24.5 l-9 9\"\/>\n <\/g>\n\n \n <rect x=\"100\" y=\"44\" width=\"700\" height=\"22\" fill=\"#F3F2F1\"\/>\n <rect x=\"100\" y=\"44\" width=\"44\" height=\"22\" fill=\"#185ABD\"\/>\n <text x=\"122\" y=\"59\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">File<\/text>\n <rect x=\"146\" y=\"44\" width=\"46\" height=\"22\" fill=\"#fff\"\/>\n 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Sans, sans-serif\">Find<\/text>\n <text x=\"722\" y=\"100\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#3b3b3b\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Replace<\/text>\n <text x=\"722\" y=\"118\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#3b3b3b\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Select<\/text>\n\n \n <rect x=\"100\" y=\"146\" width=\"700\" height=\"16\" fill=\"#F3F2F1\"\/>\n <rect x=\"266\" y=\"149\" width=\"268\" height=\"10\" fill=\"#fff\" stroke=\"#cfcfcf\"\/>\n <g fill=\"#8a8a8a\" font-size=\"5.5\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\" text-anchor=\"middle\">\n <text x=\"300\" y=\"157\">1<\/text><text x=\"334\" y=\"157\">2<\/text><text x=\"368\" y=\"157\">3<\/text><text x=\"402\" y=\"157\">4<\/text><text x=\"436\" y=\"157\">5<\/text><text x=\"470\" y=\"157\">6<\/text><text x=\"504\" y=\"157\">7<\/text>\n <\/g>\n <path d=\"M266 148 l4 4 l-4 4 z\" fill=\"#5b5b5b\"\/><path d=\"M266 160 l4 -4 l-4 -4 z\" fill=\"#5b5b5b\"\/>\n <path d=\"M530 152 h4 v6 h-4 z\" fill=\"#5b5b5b\"\/>\n\n \n <rect x=\"100\" y=\"162\" width=\"700\" height=\"266\" fill=\"#E4E4E4\"\/>\n <rect x=\"256\" y=\"172\" width=\"288\" height=\"248\" fill=\"#fff\" stroke=\"#c9c9c9\"\/>\n <rect x=\"284\" y=\"192\" width=\"232\" height=\"208\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#dcdcdc\" stroke-dasharray=\"3 2\"\/>\n\n <text x=\"400\" y=\"212\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#2E74B5\" font-family=\"Georgia, serif\">CIRCULAR \u2014 ANNUAL EXAMINATION<\/text>\n <text x=\"400\" y=\"226\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"6.5\" fill=\"#777\" font-family=\"Georgia, serif\">Government Senior Secondary School, Malviya Nagar<\/text>\n <line x1=\"284\" y1=\"234\" x2=\"516\" y2=\"234\" stroke=\"#d8d8d8\"\/>\n <g fill=\"#3b3b3b\" font-size=\"6.5\" font-family=\"Georgia, serif\">\n <text x=\"288\" y=\"250\">All teachers are informed that the annual examination for classes<\/text>\n <text x=\"288\" y=\"262\">VI to VIII will commence on 4 March 2026. The detailed date sheet<\/text>\n <text x=\"288\" y=\"274\">is enclosed. Invigilation duties will be circulated separately.<\/text>\n <\/g>\n <text x=\"288\" y=\"296\" font-size=\"8\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#2E74B5\" font-family=\"Georgia, serif\">Instructions<\/text>\n <g fill=\"#3b3b3b\" font-size=\"6.5\" font-family=\"Georgia, serif\">\n <circle cx=\"294\" cy=\"310\" r=\"1.5\" fill=\"#3b3b3b\"\/><text x=\"302\" y=\"313\">Question papers to be collected from the office by 8:30 a.m.<\/text>\n <circle cx=\"294\" cy=\"324\" r=\"1.5\" fill=\"#3b3b3b\"\/><text x=\"302\" y=\"327\">Answer scripts to be submitted the same day.<\/text>\n <circle cx=\"294\" cy=\"338\" r=\"1.5\" fill=\"#3b3b3b\"\/><text x=\"302\" y=\"341\">Mobile phones are not permitted inside the examination hall.<\/text>\n <\/g>\n <g fill=\"#3b3b3b\" font-size=\"6.5\" font-family=\"Georgia, serif\">\n <text x=\"288\" y=\"364\">Cooperation of all staff members is solicited.<\/text>\n <text x=\"440\" y=\"392\">Principal<\/text>\n <\/g>\n <line x1=\"368\" y1=\"358\" x2=\"368\" y2=\"368\" stroke=\"#222\" stroke-width=\"1.2\"\/>\n\n <rect x=\"792\" y=\"162\" width=\"8\" height=\"266\" fill=\"#f1f1f1\"\/>\n <rect x=\"792.5\" y=\"170\" width=\"7\" height=\"70\" rx=\"3.5\" fill=\"#c1c1c1\"\/>\n\n \n <rect x=\"100\" y=\"428\" width=\"700\" height=\"30\" rx=\"5\" fill=\"#185ABD\"\/>\n <rect x=\"100\" y=\"428\" width=\"700\" height=\"14\" fill=\"#185ABD\"\/>\n <g fill=\"#fff\" font-size=\"8\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">\n <text x=\"112\" y=\"447\">Page 1 of 2<\/text><text x=\"182\" y=\"447\">312 words<\/text><text x=\"248\" y=\"447\">English (India)<\/text>\n <\/g>\n <g fill=\"#fff\" opacity=\".95\">\n <rect x=\"600\" y=\"438\" width=\"10\" height=\"8\" rx=\"1\"\/><rect x=\"618\" y=\"438\" width=\"10\" height=\"8\" rx=\"1\" opacity=\".55\"\/><rect x=\"636\" y=\"438\" width=\"10\" height=\"8\" rx=\"1\" opacity=\".55\"\/>\n <\/g>\n <line x1=\"666\" y1=\"443\" x2=\"740\" y2=\"443\" stroke=\"#fff\" stroke-width=\"1.2\" opacity=\".8\"\/>\n <circle cx=\"716\" cy=\"443\" 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marker-end=\"url(#wl)\"\/>\n <line x1=\"810\" y1=\"443\" x2=\"748\" y2=\"443\" marker-end=\"url(#wl)\"\/>\n <\/g>\n <g font-size=\"8\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#8e2f5a\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">\n <text x=\"0\" y=\"26\">Quick Access<\/text><text x=\"0\" y=\"36\">Toolbar<\/text>\n <text x=\"0\" y=\"59\">Ribbon tabs<\/text>\n <text x=\"0\" y=\"87\">Clipboard<\/text><text x=\"0\" y=\"97\">group<\/text>\n <text x=\"0\" y=\"157\">Ruler + indents<\/text>\n <text x=\"0\" y=\"247\">Text area with<\/text><text x=\"0\" y=\"257\">applied styles<\/text>\n <text x=\"0\" y=\"447\">Status bar<\/text>\n <text x=\"816\" y=\"32\">Title bar<\/text>\n <text x=\"816\" y=\"97\">Styles<\/text><text x=\"816\" y=\"107\">gallery<\/text>\n <text x=\"816\" y=\"141\">Dialog<\/text><text x=\"816\" y=\"151\">launcher<\/text>\n <text x=\"816\" y=\"208\">Scroll bar<\/text>\n <text x=\"816\" y=\"440\">Zoom<\/text><text x=\"816\" y=\"450\">slider<\/text>\n <\/g>\n<\/svg>\n The ribbon is organised in three levels: a tab holds groups, and a group holds commands.<\/span>\u0930\u093f\u092c\u0928 \u0924\u0940\u0928 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u0917\u0920\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948: \u091f\u0948\u092c \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u092e\u0942\u0939, \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u092e\u0942\u0939 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0906\u0926\u0947\u0936\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n\n <div class=\"callout\">\n <div class=\"callout-label\">\ud83d\udcd8 Parts of the window that carry exact names<\/span>\ud83d\udcd8 \u0935\u093f\u0902\u0921\u094b \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u0947 \u0905\u0902\u0917 \u091c\u093f\u0928\u0915\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u0936\u094d\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0928\u093e\u092e \u0939\u0948\u0902<\/span><\/div>\n <ul class=\"split-list\" style=\"margin-top:4px;\">\n <li>1<\/span>The Quick Access Toolbar<\/strong> sits above or below the ribbon and holds a few commands regardless of which tab is open \u2014 Save, Undo and Redo by default, and anything else added to it.<\/span>\u0915\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u090f\u0915\u094d\u0938\u0947\u0938 \u091f\u0942\u0932\u092c\u093e\u0930<\/strong> \u0930\u093f\u092c\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u090a\u092a\u0930 \u092f\u093e \u0928\u0940\u091a\u0947 \u0930\u0939\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u092d\u0940 \u091f\u0948\u092c \u0916\u0941\u0932\u093e \u0939\u094b, \u0915\u0941\u091b \u0906\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 Save, Undo \u090f\u0935\u0902 Redo, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u091c\u094b \u0915\u0941\u091b \u0909\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c\u093e \u091c\u093e\u090f\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n <li>2<\/span>The small diagonal arrow at the bottom-right corner of a group is the dialog box launcher<\/strong>. It opens the full dialog for that group, where options too detailed for the ribbon are found \u2014 the Font dialog, the Paragraph dialog, the Page Setup dialog.<\/span>\u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0938\u092e\u0942\u0939 \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u0940\u091a\u0947-\u0926\u093e\u0939\u093f\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u091b\u094b\u091f\u093e \u0924\u093f\u0930\u091b\u093e \u0924\u0940\u0930 \u0921\u093e\u092f\u0932\u0949\u0917 \u092c\u0949\u0915\u094d\u0938 \u0932\u0949\u0928\u094d\u091a\u0930<\/strong> \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0909\u0938 \u0938\u092e\u0942\u0939 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0938\u0902\u0935\u093e\u0926 \u0916\u094b\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0935\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u091c\u094b \u0930\u093f\u092c\u0928 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0905\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0902\u0924 \u0935\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0943\u0924 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u2014 \u092b\u093c\u0949\u0928\u094d\u091f \u0938\u0902\u0935\u093e\u0926, \u092a\u0948\u0930\u093e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092b\u093c \u0938\u0902\u0935\u093e\u0926, \u092a\u0947\u091c \u0938\u0947\u091f\u0905\u092a \u0938\u0902\u0935\u093e\u0926\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n <li>3<\/span>The File<\/strong> tab opens Backstage view<\/strong>, which is not about the content of the document but about the document as a whole \u2014 New, Open, Save As, Print, Share, Export, Info and Options.<\/span>File<\/strong> \u091f\u0948\u092c \u092c\u0948\u0915\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0947\u091c \u0926\u0943\u0936\u094d\u092f<\/strong> \u0916\u094b\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u094b \u0926\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0947\u091c\u093c \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0938\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930 \u0926\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0947\u091c\u093c \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f \u0939\u0948 \u2014 New, Open, Save As, Print, Share, Export, Info \u090f\u0935\u0902 Options\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n <li>4<\/span>The blinking vertical bar in the text is the insertion point<\/strong> or cursor, and it marks where typing will appear. It is not the same thing as the mouse pointer<\/strong>, which takes the shape of an I-beam over text.<\/span>\u092a\u093e\u0920 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091d\u092a\u0915\u0924\u0940 \u0916\u0921\u093c\u0940 \u0930\u0947\u0916\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0936-\u092c\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0941<\/strong> \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0915\u0930\u094d\u0938\u0930 \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u0939 \u092c\u0924\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u091f\u0902\u0915\u0923 \u0915\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0906\u090f\u0917\u093e\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u092e\u093e\u0909\u0938 \u092a\u0949\u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930<\/strong> \u0938\u0947 \u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u094b \u092a\u093e\u0920 \u0915\u0947 \u090a\u092a\u0930 I-\u0906\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0932\u0947 \u0932\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n <li>5<\/span>The status bar<\/strong> reports page number, word count, proofing language and zoom, and carries the buttons that switch between views. Contextual tabs<\/strong> \u2014 Table Design, Picture Format \u2014 appear only while the relevant object is selected.<\/span>\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u092a\u091f\u094d\u091f\u0940<\/strong> \u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920-\u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e, \u0936\u092c\u094d\u0926-\u0917\u0923\u0928\u093e, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0942\u092b\u093c\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0906\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0927\u0928 \u092c\u0924\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0926\u0943\u0936\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u092c\u091f\u0928 \u0930\u0916\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0938\u0902\u0917\u093f\u0915 \u091f\u0948\u092c<\/strong> \u2014 Table Design, Picture Format \u2014 \u0924\u092d\u0940 \u0926\u093f\u0916\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u091c\u092c \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u091a\u092f\u0928\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n\n <h4>A. What lives under each tab<\/span>\u0915. \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u091f\u0948\u092c \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/h4>\n\n \n This is the single table most worth committing to memory, because the commonest question in this item names a feature and asks for its tab.<\/span>\n \u0915\u0902\u0920\u0938\u094d\u0925 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u092f\u094b\u0917\u094d\u092f \u092f\u0939 \u090f\u0915\u092e\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0938\u093e\u0930\u0923\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u0907\u0938 \u092e\u0926 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u091a\u0932\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0938\u0941\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093e\u092e \u0932\u0947\u0915\u0930 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u093e \u091f\u0948\u092c \u092a\u0942\u091b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\n <\/p>\n\n <div class=\"tab-map\">\n <div class=\"tab-card t1\">\n <h6>Home<\/h6>\n <ul>\n <li>Clipboard<\/span>\u0915\u094d\u0932\u093f\u092a\u092c\u094b\u0930\u094d\u0921<\/span><\/b> \u2014 cut, copy, paste, format painter<\/span>\u0915\u093e\u091f\u0947\u0902, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0932\u093f\u092a\u093f, \u091a\u093f\u092a\u0915\u093e\u090f\u0901, \u092b\u093c\u0949\u0930\u094d\u092e\u0948\u091f \u092a\u0947\u0902\u091f\u0930<\/span><\/li>\n <li>Font<\/span>\u092b\u093c\u0949\u0928\u094d\u091f<\/span><\/b> \u2014 face, size, bold, colour, case<\/span>\u0930\u0942\u092a, \u0906\u0915\u093e\u0930, \u092e\u094b\u091f\u093e, \u0930\u0902\u0917, \u0905\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0930-\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f<\/span><\/li>\n <li>Paragraph<\/span>\u0905\u0928\u0941\u091a\u094d\u091b\u0947\u0926<\/span><\/b> \u2014 alignment, spacing, bullets, indents<\/span>\u0938\u0902\u0930\u0947\u0916\u0923, \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093e\u0932, \u092c\u0941\u0932\u0947\u091f, \u0939\u093e\u0936\u093f\u092f\u0947<\/span><\/li>\n <li>Styles<\/span>\u0936\u0948\u0932\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901<\/span><\/b> \u00b7 Editing<\/span>\u0938\u0902\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0928<\/span><\/b> \u2014 Find and Replace<\/span>\u0916\u094b\u091c\u0947\u0902 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0947\u0902<\/span><\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"tab-card t2\">\n <h6>Insert<\/h6>\n <ul>\n <li>Pages<\/span>\u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920<\/span><\/b> \u2014 cover page, blank page, page break<\/strong><\/span>\u0906\u0935\u0930\u0923 \u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920, \u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920, \u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u0935\u093f\u091a\u094d\u091b\u0947\u0926<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n <li>Tables<\/span>\u0938\u093e\u0930\u0923\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901<\/span><\/b> \u00b7 Illustrations<\/span>\u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930<\/span><\/b> \u2014 pictures, shapes, SmartArt, chart<\/span>\u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930, \u0906\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901, \u0938\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u091f\u0906\u0930\u094d\u091f, \u091a\u093e\u0930\u094d\u091f<\/span><\/li>\n <li>Header & Footer<\/span>\u0936\u0940\u0930\u094d\u0937\u0932\u0947\u0916 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u093e\u0926\u0932\u0947\u0916<\/span><\/b> \u2014 and page number<\/strong><\/span>\u0924\u0925\u093e \u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920-\u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n <li>Text<\/span>\u092a\u093e\u0920<\/span><\/b> \u2014 text box, WordArt, drop cap<\/span>\u091f\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0938\u094d\u091f \u092c\u0949\u0915\u094d\u0938, \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0921\u0906\u0930\u094d\u091f, \u0921\u094d\u0930\u0949\u092a \u0915\u0948\u092a<\/span><\/li>\n <li>Symbols<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u0940\u0915<\/span><\/b> \u2014 equation, symbol<\/span>\u0938\u092e\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u0940\u0915<\/span><\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"tab-card t3\">\n <h6>Design<\/h6>\n <ul>\n <li>Document formatting<\/span>\u0926\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0947\u091c\u093c \u0938\u0902\u0930\u0942\u092a\u0923<\/span><\/b> \u2014 themes, style sets, colours, fonts<\/span>\u0925\u0940\u092e, \u0936\u0948\u0932\u0940-\u0938\u092e\u0941\u091a\u094d\u091a\u092f, \u0930\u0902\u0917, \u092b\u093c\u0949\u0928\u094d\u091f<\/span><\/li>\n <li>Page background<\/span>\u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920-\u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920\u092d\u0942\u092e\u093f<\/span><\/b> \u2014 watermark<\/strong>, page colour, page borders<\/span>\u091c\u0932\u091a\u093f\u0939\u094d\u0928<\/strong>, \u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920-\u0930\u0902\u0917, \u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920-\u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e\u090f\u0901<\/span><\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"tab-card t4\">\n <h6>Layout<\/h6>\n <ul>\n <li>Page setup<\/span>\u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920-\u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e<\/span><\/b> \u2014 margins, orientation, size, columns<\/strong><\/span>\u0939\u093e\u0936\u093f\u092f\u0947, \u0926\u093f\u0936\u093e, \u0906\u0915\u093e\u0930, \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0902\u092d<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n <li>Breaks<\/span>\u0935\u093f\u091a\u094d\u091b\u0947\u0926<\/span><\/b> \u2014 page, column and section breaks<\/strong><\/span>\u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920, \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0902\u092d \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0916\u0902\u0921 \u0935\u093f\u091a\u094d\u091b\u0947\u0926<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n <li>Paragraph<\/span>\u0905\u0928\u0941\u091a\u094d\u091b\u0947\u0926<\/span><\/b> \u2014 indent and spacing<\/span>\u0939\u093e\u0936\u093f\u092f\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093e\u0932<\/span><\/li>\n <li>Arrange<\/span>\u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u0928<\/span><\/b> \u2014 position, wrap text, align<\/span>\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f, \u092a\u093e\u0920-\u0932\u092a\u0947\u091f, \u0938\u0902\u0930\u0947\u0916\u0923<\/span><\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"tab-card t5\">\n <h6>References<\/h6>\n <ul>\n <li>Table of Contents<\/span>\u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f-\u0938\u0942\u091a\u0940<\/span><\/b> \u2014 insert and update<\/span>\u0938\u092e\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0932\u093f\u0924 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0905\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0924\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902<\/span><\/li>\n <li>Footnotes<\/span>\u092a\u093e\u0926-\u091f\u093f\u092a\u094d\u092a\u0923\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901<\/span><\/b> \u2014 footnote and endnote<\/strong><\/span>\u092a\u093e\u0926-\u091f\u093f\u092a\u094d\u092a\u0923\u0940 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0905\u0902\u0924-\u091f\u093f\u092a\u094d\u092a\u0923\u0940<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n <li>Citations<\/span>\u0909\u0926\u094d\u0927\u0930\u0923<\/span><\/b> \u2014 bibliography, APA and MLA styles<\/span>\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0902\u0925-\u0938\u0942\u091a\u0940, APA \u090f\u0935\u0902 MLA \u0936\u0948\u0932\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901<\/span><\/li>\n <li>Captions<\/span>\u0936\u0940\u0930\u094d\u0937\u0915<\/span><\/b> \u00b7 Index<\/span>\u0905\u0928\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0923\u093f\u0915\u093e<\/span><\/b> \u2014 cross-reference<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f-\u0938\u0902\u0926\u0930\u094d\u092d<\/span><\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"tab-card t6\">\n <h6>Mailings<\/h6>\n <ul>\n <li>Start Mail Merge<\/span>\u092e\u0947\u0932 \u092e\u0930\u094d\u091c \u0906\u0930\u0902\u092d<\/span><\/b> \u2014 letters, envelopes, labels<\/span>\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930, \u0932\u093f\u092b\u093c\u093e\u092b\u093c\u0947, \u0932\u0947\u092c\u0932<\/span><\/li>\n <li>Select Recipients<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e \u091a\u0941\u0928\u0947\u0902<\/span><\/b> \u2014 the data source<\/span>\u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u093e-\u0938\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0924<\/span><\/li>\n <li>Write & Insert Fields<\/span>\u092b\u093c\u0940\u0932\u094d\u0921 \u0932\u093f\u0916\u0947\u0902 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0921\u093e\u0932\u0947\u0902<\/span><\/b> \u2014 address block, greeting line<\/span>\u092a\u0924\u093e-\u0916\u0902\u0921, \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0926\u0928-\u092a\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f<\/span><\/li>\n <li>Preview<\/span>\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0935\u0932\u094b\u0915\u0928<\/span><\/b> \u00b7 Finish & Merge<\/span>\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u092e\u093f\u0932\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902<\/span><\/b><\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"tab-card t7\">\n <h6>Review<\/h6>\n <ul>\n <li>Proofing<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0942\u092b\u093c\u093f\u0902\u0917<\/span><\/b> \u2014 spelling and grammar, thesaurus, word count<\/span>\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928\u0940 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0915\u0930\u0923, \u092a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f\u0915\u094b\u0936, \u0936\u092c\u094d\u0926-\u0917\u0923\u0928\u093e<\/span><\/li>\n <li>Comments<\/span>\u091f\u093f\u092a\u094d\u092a\u0923\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901<\/span><\/b> \u2014 new, delete, resolve<\/span>\u0928\u0908, \u092e\u093f\u091f\u093e\u090f\u0901, \u0928\u093f\u092a\u091f\u093e\u090f\u0901<\/span><\/li>\n <li>Tracking<\/span>\u0905\u0928\u0941\u0930\u0947\u0916\u0923<\/span><\/b> \u2014 track changes<\/strong>, markup views<\/span>\u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928-\u0905\u0928\u0941\u0930\u0947\u0916\u0923<\/strong>, \u091a\u093f\u0939\u094d\u0928\u093e\u0902\u0915\u0928-\u0926\u0943\u0936\u094d\u092f<\/span><\/li>\n <li>Compare<\/span>\u0924\u0941\u0932\u0928\u093e<\/span><\/b> \u00b7 Protect<\/span>\u0938\u0902\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923<\/span><\/b> \u2014 restrict editing<\/span>\u0938\u0902\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092c\u0902\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902<\/span><\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"tab-card t3\">\n <h6>View<\/h6>\n <ul>\n <li>Views<\/span>\u0926\u0943\u0936\u094d\u092f<\/span><\/b> \u2014 Print Layout<\/strong>, Read Mode, Web Layout, Outline, Draft<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0902\u091f \u0932\u0947\u0906\u0909\u091f<\/strong>, \u0930\u0940\u0921 \u092e\u094b\u0921, \u0935\u0947\u092c \u0932\u0947\u0906\u0909\u091f, \u0906\u0909\u091f\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0928, \u0921\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092b\u093c\u094d\u091f<\/span><\/li>\n <li>Show<\/span>\u0926\u093f\u0916\u093e\u090f\u0901<\/span><\/b> \u2014 ruler, gridlines, navigation pane<\/strong><\/span>\u0930\u0942\u0932\u0930, \u0917\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0921-\u0930\u0947\u0916\u093e\u090f\u0901, \u0928\u0947\u0935\u093f\u0917\u0947\u0936\u0928 \u092b\u0932\u0915<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n <li>Zoom<\/span>\u0906\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0927\u0928<\/span><\/b> \u00b7 Window<\/span>\u0935\u093f\u0902\u0921\u094b<\/span><\/b> \u2014 split, side by side<\/span>\u0935\u093f\u092d\u093e\u091c\u093f\u0924, \u0905\u0917\u0932-\u092c\u0917\u0932<\/span><\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"exam-tip\">\n <div class=\"et-icon\">\ud83e\uddf7<\/div>\n <div class=\"et-body\">\n The four tab placements most often mistaken.<\/strong> Page number is on Insert<\/strong>, not Layout, because it is inserted into<\/em> the header. Margins and orientation are on Layout<\/strong>, not Design. Watermark is on Design<\/strong>, not Insert, because it is a property of the page background. Word count is on Review<\/strong>, not Home, because it belongs to the Proofing group. Fixing these four settles most of the questions of this type.<\/span>\n \u091a\u093e\u0930 \u091f\u0948\u092c-\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928 \u091c\u093f\u0928\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092d\u0942\u0932 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/strong> \u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920-\u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e Insert \u092a\u0930 \u0939\u0948<\/strong>, Layout \u092a\u0930 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u0935\u0939 \u0936\u0940\u0930\u094d\u0937\u0932\u0947\u0916 \u0915\u0947 \u092d\u0940\u0924\u0930<\/em> \u0921\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0939\u093e\u0936\u093f\u092f\u0947 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0926\u093f\u0936\u093e Layout \u092a\u0930 \u0939\u0948\u0902<\/strong>, Design \u092a\u0930 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964 \u091c\u0932\u091a\u093f\u0939\u094d\u0928 Design \u092a\u0930 \u0939\u0948<\/strong>, Insert \u092a\u0930 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u0935\u0939 \u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920-\u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920\u092d\u0942\u092e\u093f \u0915\u093e \u0917\u0941\u0923 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0936\u092c\u094d\u0926-\u0917\u0923\u0928\u093e Review \u092a\u0930 \u0939\u0948<\/strong>, Home \u092a\u0930 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u0935\u0939 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0942\u092b\u093c\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0938\u092e\u0942\u0939 \u0915\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0907\u0928 \u091a\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0930 \u0915\u0930 \u0932\u0947\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u0907\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0902\u0936 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u0928\u093f\u092a\u091f \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <hr class=\"section-divider\">\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d3-2\">\n 3.2<\/span>\n <h3>Creating, Editing and Formatting Text<\/span>\u092a\u093e\u0920 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923, \u0938\u0902\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u0942\u092a\u0923<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n <h4>A. Selecting text<\/span>\u0915. \u092a\u093e\u0920 \u0915\u093e \u091a\u092f\u0928<\/span><\/h4>\n\n \n Nothing can be formatted until it is selected, and the selection techniques are themselves examinable.<\/span>\n \u091a\u092f\u0928 \u0915\u093f\u090f \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0902\u0930\u0942\u092a\u0923 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e, \u0914\u0930 \u091a\u092f\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u0924\u0915\u0928\u0940\u0915\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e-\u092f\u094b\u0917\u094d\u092f \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span>\n <\/p>\n\n <div class=\"abbr-grid\">\n <table>\n <thead><tr><th>Action<\/span>\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e<\/span><\/th><th>Selects<\/span>\u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u091a\u0941\u0928\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/th><\/tr><\/thead>\n <tbody>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">Double-click<\/span>\u0926\u094d\u0935\u093f-\u0915\u094d\u0932\u093f\u0915<\/span><\/td><td>A word<\/strong><\/span>\u090f\u0915 \u0936\u092c\u094d\u0926<\/strong><\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">Triple-click<\/span>\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f-\u0915\u094d\u0932\u093f\u0915<\/span><\/td><td>A paragraph<\/strong><\/span>\u090f\u0915 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u091a\u094d\u091b\u0947\u0926<\/strong><\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">Ctrl + click<\/span>\u0915\u094d\u0932\u093f\u0915<\/span><\/td><td>A sentence<\/strong><\/span>\u090f\u0915 \u0935\u093e\u0915\u094d\u092f<\/strong><\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">Ctrl + A<\/td><td>The whole document<\/strong><\/span>\u0938\u0902\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0926\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0947\u091c\u093c<\/strong><\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <\/tbody>\n <\/table>\n <table>\n <thead><tr><th>Action<\/span>\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e<\/span><\/th><th>Selects<\/span>\u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u091a\u0941\u0928\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/th><\/tr><\/thead>\n <tbody>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">Click in left margin<\/span>\u092c\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u0939\u093e\u0936\u093f\u092f\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u094d\u0932\u093f\u0915<\/span><\/td><td>One line<\/strong><\/span>\u090f\u0915 \u092a\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f<\/strong><\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">Shift + arrow<\/span>\u0924\u0940\u0930<\/span><\/td><td>Extends by one character or line<\/span>\u090f\u0915 \u0905\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0930 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u092a\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u092c\u0922\u093c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">Alt + drag<\/span>\u0916\u0940\u0902\u091a\u0947\u0902<\/span><\/td><td>A rectangular block<\/strong> of text<\/span>\u092a\u093e\u0920 \u0915\u093e \u0906\u092f\u0924\u093e\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0916\u0902\u0921<\/strong><\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">Ctrl + Shift + End<\/td><td>From the cursor to the end of the document<\/span>\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0938\u0930 \u0938\u0947 \u0926\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0947\u091c\u093c \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0902\u0924 \u0924\u0915<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <\/tbody>\n <\/table>\n <\/div>\n\n <h4>B. Character formatting<\/span>\u0916. \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0923-\u0938\u0902\u0930\u0942\u092a\u0923<\/span><\/h4>\n\n <table class=\"data-table\">\n <thead>\n <tr>\n <th>Feature<\/span>\u0938\u0941\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093e<\/span><\/th>\n <th>What it does<\/span>\u092f\u0939 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/th>\n <th>Where and how<\/span>\u0915\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0915\u0948\u0938\u0947<\/span><\/th>\n <\/tr>\n <\/thead>\n <tbody>\n <tr>\n <td>Font face and size<\/span>\u092b\u093c\u0949\u0928\u094d\u091f \u0930\u0942\u092a \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0906\u0915\u093e\u0930<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n <td>A serif<\/strong> face such as Times New Roman has small strokes at the ends of letters and suits printed body text; a sans-serif<\/strong> face such as Arial or Calibri has none and suits screens and headings. Size is measured in points<\/strong>, where 72 points make one inch<\/strong>.<\/span>\u0938\u0947\u0930\u093f\u092b\u093c<\/strong> \u0930\u0942\u092a \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u091f\u093e\u0907\u092e\u094d\u0938 \u0928\u094d\u092f\u0942 \u0930\u094b\u092e\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093f\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u091b\u094b\u091f\u0940 \u0930\u0947\u0916\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u0939 \u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u092e\u0942\u0932 \u092a\u093e\u0920 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u0948; \u0938\u0948\u0902\u0938-\u0938\u0947\u0930\u093f\u092b\u093c<\/strong> \u0930\u0942\u092a \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u090f\u0930\u093f\u092f\u0932 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0915\u0948\u0932\u093f\u092c\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u0947 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u0939 \u092a\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0947 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0936\u0940\u0930\u094d\u0937\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0906\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u0949\u0907\u0902\u091f<\/strong> \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u093e\u092a\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 72 \u092a\u0949\u0907\u0902\u091f \u0915\u093e \u090f\u0915 \u0907\u0902\u091a<\/strong> \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <td>Home<\/b>\u203a<\/i>Font<\/b><\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td>Bold, italic, underline<\/span>\u092e\u094b\u091f\u093e, \u0924\u093f\u0930\u091b\u093e, \u0930\u0947\u0916\u093e\u0902\u0915\u093f\u0924<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n <td>The three basic emphases. Overuse destroys emphasis: if half a circular is bold, nothing in it stands out.<\/span>\u0924\u0940\u0928 \u092e\u0942\u0932 \u092c\u0932\u093e\u0918\u093e\u0924\u0964 \u0905\u0924\u093f-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u092c\u0932\u093e\u0918\u093e\u0924 \u0928\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0915\u0930 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948: \u092f\u0926\u093f \u0906\u0927\u093e \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092e\u094b\u091f\u093e \u0939\u094b \u0924\u094b \u0909\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u0941\u091b \u092d\u0940 \u0909\u092d\u0930\u0915\u0930 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0906\u0924\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <td><kbd>Ctrl<\/kbd>+<kbd>B<\/kbd> \u00b7 <kbd>Ctrl<\/kbd>+<kbd>I<\/kbd> \u00b7 <kbd>Ctrl<\/kbd>+<kbd>U<\/kbd><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td>Subscript and superscript<\/span>\u0905\u0927\u094b\u0932\u0947\u0916 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u090a\u0930\u094d\u0927\u094d\u0935\u0932\u0947\u0916<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n <td>Text set below or above the line \u2014 H2<\/sub>O and 103<\/sup>. Needed constantly in science and mathematics question papers.<\/span>\u092a\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u0940\u091a\u0947 \u092f\u093e \u090a\u092a\u0930 \u0930\u0916\u093e \u092a\u093e\u0920 \u2014 H2<\/sub>O \u0924\u0925\u093e 103<\/sup>\u0964 \u0935\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0917\u0923\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928-\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u0902\u0924\u0930 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <td><kbd>Ctrl<\/kbd>+<kbd>=<\/kbd> \u00b7 <kbd>Ctrl<\/kbd>+<kbd>Shift<\/kbd>+<kbd>=<\/kbd><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td>Change Case<\/span>\u0905\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0930-\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0947\u0902<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n <td>Converts between Sentence case, lowercase, UPPERCASE, Capitalise Each Word and tOGGLE cASE<\/strong> without retyping.<\/span>\u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0903\u091f\u0902\u0915\u0923 \u0935\u093e\u0915\u094d\u092f-\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f, \u0932\u0918\u0941, \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0936\u092c\u094d\u0926 \u092c\u0921\u093c\u093e \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0909\u0932\u091f\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f<\/strong> \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <td><kbd>Shift<\/kbd>+<kbd>F3<\/kbd><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr style=\"background:#f3f8ff;\">\n <td>Format Painter<\/span>\u092b\u093c\u0949\u0930\u094d\u092e\u0948\u091f \u092a\u0947\u0902\u091f\u0930<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n <td>Copies formatting only<\/strong>, not text, from one place to another. A single click applies it once; a double-click keeps it active<\/strong> for repeated use until <kbd>Esc<\/kbd> is pressed \u2014 the detail that is usually asked.<\/span>\u092a\u093e\u0920 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u0942\u092a\u0923<\/strong> \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928 \u0938\u0947 \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u0932\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u090f\u0915 \u0915\u094d\u0932\u093f\u0915 \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u090f\u0915 \u092c\u093e\u0930 \u0932\u0917\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948; \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093f-\u0915\u094d\u0932\u093f\u0915 \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f \u0930\u0916\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/strong> \u091c\u092c \u0924\u0915 <kbd>Esc<\/kbd> \u0928 \u0926\u092c\u0947 \u2014 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092f\u0903 \u092f\u0939\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0935\u0930\u0923 \u092a\u0942\u091b\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <td>Home<\/b>\u203a<\/i>Clipboard<\/b><\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td>Find and Replace<\/span>\u0916\u094b\u091c\u0947\u0902 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0947\u0902<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n <td>Locates every occurrence of a word and optionally substitutes another. Replace All<\/strong> acts on the whole document at once, which is why it should be used with care in a long document.<\/span>\u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0936\u092c\u094d\u0926 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0909\u092a\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u0922\u0942\u0901\u0922\u093c\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u091a\u093e\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u0924\u094b \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u093e \u0930\u0916 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 Replace All<\/strong> \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0926\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0947\u091c\u093c \u092a\u0930 \u0932\u0917\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0907\u0938\u0940\u0932\u093f\u090f \u0932\u0902\u092c\u0947 \u0926\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0947\u091c\u093c \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0938\u093e\u0935\u0927\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <td><kbd>Ctrl<\/kbd>+<kbd>F<\/kbd> \u00b7 <kbd>Ctrl<\/kbd>+<kbd>H<\/kbd><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td>Spelling, grammar, thesaurus<\/span>\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928\u0940, \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0915\u0930\u0923, \u092a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f\u0915\u094b\u0936<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n <td>A red wavy underline marks a suspected spelling error<\/strong> and a blue or green one a grammatical one<\/strong>. The thesaurus offers synonyms.<\/span>\u0932\u093e\u0932 \u0932\u0939\u0930\u0926\u093e\u0930 \u0930\u0947\u0916\u093e \u0938\u0902\u092d\u093e\u0935\u093f\u0924 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928\u0940-\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0941\u091f\u093f<\/strong> \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0928\u0940\u0932\u0940 \u092f\u093e \u0939\u0930\u0940 \u0930\u0947\u0916\u093e \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0915\u0930\u0923-\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0941\u091f\u093f<\/strong> \u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f\u0915\u094b\u0936 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <td><kbd>F7<\/kbd> \u00b7 <kbd>Shift<\/kbd>+<kbd>F7<\/kbd><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td>AutoCorrect and AutoText<\/span>\u0938\u094d\u0935\u0924\u0903-\u0938\u0941\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0924\u0903-\u092a\u093e\u0920<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n <td>Corrects common typing errors as they are made, and can be taught to expand an abbreviation into a full phrase \u2014 useful for a school's own name or a recurring address.<\/span>\u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f \u091f\u0902\u0915\u0923-\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0941\u091f\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u092c\u0928\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0940 \u0938\u0941\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u092a \u0915\u094b \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0935\u093e\u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0936 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092b\u0948\u0932\u093e\u0928\u093e \u0938\u093f\u0916\u093e\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u0928\u093e\u092e \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u092c\u093e\u0930-\u092c\u093e\u0930 \u0906\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u092a\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0940\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <td>File<\/b>\u203a<\/i>Options<\/b>\u203a<\/i>Proofing<\/b><\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <\/tbody>\n <\/table>\n\n <hr class=\"section-divider\">\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d3-3\">\n 3.3<\/span>\n <h3>Paragraph Formatting and Page Setup<\/span>\u0905\u0928\u0941\u091a\u094d\u091b\u0947\u0926 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u0942\u092a\u0923 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920-\u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n <h4>A. Paragraph formatting<\/span>\u0915. \u0905\u0928\u0941\u091a\u094d\u091b\u0947\u0926 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u0942\u092a\u0923<\/span><\/h4>\n\n <div class=\"callout teal\">\n <div class=\"callout-label\">\ud83d\udcd0 The unit that matters<\/span>\ud83d\udcd0 \u0935\u0939 \u0907\u0915\u093e\u0908 \u091c\u094b \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/div>\n Character formatting applies to whatever is selected; paragraph formatting applies to the entire paragraph in which the cursor stands<\/strong>, whether or not anything is selected. This is why clicking anywhere in a paragraph and pressing <kbd>Ctrl<\/kbd>+<kbd>E<\/kbd> centres the whole of it. A paragraph, for this purpose, is everything between one press of Enter and the next<\/strong>.<\/span>\n \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0923-\u0938\u0902\u0930\u0942\u092a\u0923 \u091c\u094b \u091a\u092f\u0928\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b \u0909\u0938 \u092a\u0930 \u0932\u0917\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948; \u0905\u0928\u0941\u091a\u094d\u091b\u0947\u0926-\u0938\u0902\u0930\u0942\u092a\u0923 \u0909\u0938 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u091a\u094d\u091b\u0947\u0926 \u092a\u0930 \u0932\u0917\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u0930\u094d\u0938\u0930 \u0916\u0921\u093c\u093e \u0939\u094b<\/strong>, \u091a\u093e\u0939\u0947 \u0915\u0941\u091b \u091a\u092f\u0928\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b \u092f\u093e \u0928 \u0939\u094b\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0940\u0932\u093f\u090f \u0905\u0928\u0941\u091a\u094d\u091b\u0947\u0926 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u092d\u0940 \u0915\u094d\u0932\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u0930 <kbd>Ctrl<\/kbd>+<kbd>E<\/kbd> \u0926\u092c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u093e \u0905\u0928\u0941\u091a\u094d\u091b\u0947\u0926 \u092e\u0927\u094d\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0906 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0907\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u091a\u094d\u091b\u0947\u0926 \u0935\u0939 \u0938\u092c \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u090f\u0915 \u092c\u093e\u0930 \u090f\u0902\u091f\u0930 \u0926\u092c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u0917\u0932\u0940 \u092c\u093e\u0930 \u0926\u092c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a<\/strong> \u0939\u094b\u0964<\/span>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"feat-grid\">\n <div class=\"feat-card\">1<\/span>Alignment<\/span>\u0938\u0902\u0930\u0947\u0916\u0923<\/span><\/strong>Left <kbd>Ctrl<\/kbd>+<kbd>L<\/kbd>, Centre <kbd>Ctrl<\/kbd>+<kbd>E<\/kbd>, Right <kbd>Ctrl<\/kbd>+<kbd>R<\/kbd>, Justify<\/strong> <kbd>Ctrl<\/kbd>+<kbd>J<\/kbd>. Justified text has both margins straight<\/strong>, achieved by stretching the spaces between words.<\/span>\u092c\u093e\u090f\u0901 <kbd>Ctrl<\/kbd>+<kbd>L<\/kbd>, \u092e\u0927\u094d\u092f <kbd>Ctrl<\/kbd>+<kbd>E<\/kbd>, \u0926\u093e\u090f\u0901 <kbd>Ctrl<\/kbd>+<kbd>R<\/kbd>, \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930<\/strong> <kbd>Ctrl<\/kbd>+<kbd>J<\/kbd>\u0964 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930 \u092a\u093e\u0920 \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0939\u093e\u0936\u093f\u092f\u0947 \u0938\u0940\u0927\u0947<\/strong> \u0930\u0939\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u091c\u094b \u0936\u092c\u094d\u0926\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u0915\u0940 \u091c\u0917\u0939 \u0916\u0940\u0902\u091a\u0915\u0930 \u092a\u093e\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"feat-card\">2<\/span>Line and paragraph spacing<\/span>\u092a\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u091a\u094d\u091b\u0947\u0926 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093e\u0932<\/span><\/strong>Single <kbd>Ctrl<\/kbd>+<kbd>1<\/kbd>, double <kbd>Ctrl<\/kbd>+<kbd>2<\/kbd>, one-and-a-half <kbd>Ctrl<\/kbd>+<kbd>5<\/kbd>. Space before and after<\/strong> is set separately and is the correct way to separate paragraphs \u2014 not by pressing Enter twice.<\/span>\u090f\u0915\u0939\u0930\u093e <kbd>Ctrl<\/kbd>+<kbd>1<\/kbd>, \u0926\u0941\u0939\u0930\u093e <kbd>Ctrl<\/kbd>+<kbd>2<\/kbd>, \u0921\u0947\u0922\u093c <kbd>Ctrl<\/kbd>+<kbd>5<\/kbd>\u0964 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u0936\u094d\u091a\u093e\u0924\u094d \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093e\u0932<\/strong> \u0905\u0932\u0917 \u0938\u0947 \u0924\u092f \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u091a\u094d\u091b\u0947\u0926 \u092a\u0943\u0925\u0915 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u092f\u0939\u0940 \u0938\u0939\u0940 \u0930\u0940\u0924\u093f \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u0926\u094b \u092c\u093e\u0930 \u090f\u0902\u091f\u0930 \u0926\u092c\u093e\u0928\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"feat-card\">3<\/span>Indentation<\/span>\u0939\u093e\u0936\u093f\u092f\u093e-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0947\u0936<\/span><\/strong>Distance of text from the margin. A first-line indent<\/strong> pushes in only the first line; a hanging indent<\/strong> pushes in every line except<\/em> the first, and is what a bibliography entry uses.<\/span>\u0939\u093e\u0936\u093f\u092f\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u0920 \u0915\u0940 \u0926\u0942\u0930\u0940\u0964 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0925\u092e-\u092a\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0947\u0936<\/strong> \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0940 \u092a\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u092d\u0940\u0924\u0930 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948; \u0932\u0902\u092c\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0947\u0936<\/strong> \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0940 \u0915\u094b \u091b\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0915\u0930<\/em> \u0939\u0930 \u092a\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u092d\u0940\u0924\u0930 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0917\u094d\u0930\u0902\u0925-\u0938\u0942\u091a\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093f \u092f\u0939\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"feat-card\">4<\/span>Bullets and numbering<\/span>\u092c\u0941\u0932\u0947\u091f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0902\u0915\u0928<\/span><\/strong>Bullets for items of equal standing<\/strong>, numbers where order or count matters<\/strong>. A multilevel list<\/strong> gives the 1 \u2192 1.1 \u2192 1.1.1 structure used in official orders.<\/span>\u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930<\/strong> \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u0926\u094b\u0902 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u092c\u0941\u0932\u0947\u091f, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0917\u0923\u0928\u093e \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923<\/strong> \u0939\u094b \u0935\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0905\u0902\u0915\u0964 \u092c\u0939\u0941-\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0940<\/strong> \u0935\u0939 1 \u2192 1.1 \u2192 1.1.1 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0936\u093e\u0938\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0906\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"feat-card\">5<\/span>Tab stops<\/span>\u091f\u0948\u092c \u0938\u094d\u091f\u0949\u092a<\/span><\/strong>Positions the cursor jumps to on pressing <kbd>Tab<\/kbd>. Five kinds: left, centre, right, decimal and bar<\/strong>. The decimal tab aligns numbers on the decimal point<\/strong>, and a dot leader<\/strong> draws the row of dots seen in a contents page.<\/span>\u0935\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928 \u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 <kbd>Tab<\/kbd> \u0926\u092c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u0930\u094d\u0938\u0930 \u0915\u0942\u0926\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092a\u093e\u0901\u091a \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930: \u092c\u093e\u092f\u093e\u0901, \u092e\u0927\u094d\u092f, \u0926\u093e\u092f\u093e\u0901, \u0926\u0936\u092e\u0932\u0935 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0926\u0902\u0921<\/strong>\u0964 \u0926\u0936\u092e\u0932\u0935 \u091f\u0948\u092c \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0926\u0936\u092e\u0932\u0935 \u092c\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0941 \u092a\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u0947\u0916\u093f\u0924<\/strong> \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092c\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0941-\u0905\u0928\u0941\u091a\u0930<\/strong> \u0935\u0939 \u092c\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0941-\u092a\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0916\u0940\u0902\u091a\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f-\u0938\u0942\u091a\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0926\u093f\u0916\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"feat-card\">6<\/span>Borders and shading<\/span>\u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u091b\u093e\u092f\u093e<\/span><\/strong>Draws a box around a paragraph or fills it with colour \u2014 used for a boxed notice within a circular.<\/span>\u0905\u0928\u0941\u091a\u094d\u091b\u0947\u0926 \u0915\u0947 \u091a\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0913\u0930 \u092a\u0947\u091f\u0940 \u0916\u0940\u0902\u091a\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0930\u0902\u0917 \u0938\u0947 \u092d\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u092d\u0940\u0924\u0930 \u092a\u0947\u091f\u0940\u092c\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <h4>B. Page setup<\/span>\u0916. \u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920-\u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e<\/span><\/h4>\n\n <svg class=\"full-diagram\" viewBox=\"0 0 700 300\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Anatomy of a printed page showing margins, header and footer\">\n <rect x=\"238\" y=\"18\" width=\"224\" height=\"266\" rx=\"3\" fill=\"#fff\" stroke=\"#14243f\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\n <rect x=\"278\" y=\"52\" width=\"152\" height=\"200\" fill=\"#f7fbff\" stroke=\"#1f5fa9\" stroke-width=\"1.4\" stroke-dasharray=\"4 3\"\/>\n <rect x=\"278\" y=\"30\" width=\"152\" height=\"16\" fill=\"#eefbf7\" stroke=\"#0d8f79\" stroke-width=\"1.2\"\/>\n <text x=\"354\" y=\"42\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#0a6d5c\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">HEADER<\/text>\n <rect x=\"278\" y=\"258\" width=\"152\" height=\"16\" fill=\"#fdf0f5\" stroke=\"#8e2f5a\" stroke-width=\"1.2\"\/>\n <text x=\"354\" y=\"270\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#8e2f5a\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">FOOTER<\/text>\n <g fill=\"#2c3e50\" opacity=\".42\">\n <rect x=\"290\" y=\"66\" width=\"128\" height=\"4\" rx=\"2\"\/><rect x=\"290\" y=\"80\" width=\"128\" height=\"4\" rx=\"2\"\/>\n <rect x=\"290\" y=\"94\" width=\"104\" height=\"4\" rx=\"2\"\/><rect x=\"290\" y=\"114\" width=\"128\" height=\"4\" rx=\"2\"\/>\n <rect x=\"290\" y=\"128\" width=\"128\" height=\"4\" rx=\"2\"\/><rect x=\"290\" y=\"142\" width=\"88\" height=\"4\" rx=\"2\"\/>\n <rect x=\"290\" y=\"162\" width=\"128\" height=\"4\" rx=\"2\"\/><rect x=\"290\" y=\"176\" width=\"112\" height=\"4\" rx=\"2\"\/>\n <rect x=\"290\" y=\"196\" width=\"128\" height=\"4\" rx=\"2\"\/><rect x=\"290\" y=\"210\" width=\"128\" height=\"4\" rx=\"2\"\/>\n <rect x=\"290\" y=\"224\" width=\"70\" height=\"4\" rx=\"2\"\/>\n <\/g>\n <text x=\"354\" y=\"160\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\" opacity=\".38\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">TEXT AREA<\/text>\n\n <defs>\n <marker id=\"ma\" markerWidth=\"7\" markerHeight=\"7\" refX=\"6\" refY=\"2.4\" orient=\"auto\"><path d=\"M0,0 L0,4.8 L6,2.4 z\" fill=\"#c9760f\"\/><\/marker>\n <marker id=\"mb\" markerWidth=\"7\" markerHeight=\"7\" refX=\"1\" refY=\"2.4\" orient=\"auto\"><path d=\"M6,0 L6,4.8 L0,2.4 z\" fill=\"#c9760f\"\/><\/marker>\n <\/defs>\n <g stroke=\"#c9760f\" stroke-width=\"1.3\">\n <line x1=\"238\" y1=\"152\" x2=\"276\" y2=\"152\" marker-start=\"url(#mb)\" marker-end=\"url(#ma)\"\/>\n <line x1=\"432\" y1=\"152\" x2=\"462\" y2=\"152\" marker-start=\"url(#mb)\" marker-end=\"url(#ma)\"\/>\n <line x1=\"354\" y1=\"18\" x2=\"354\" y2=\"28\" marker-start=\"url(#mb)\" marker-end=\"url(#ma)\"\/>\n <line x1=\"354\" y1=\"276\" x2=\"354\" y2=\"284\" marker-start=\"url(#mb)\" marker-end=\"url(#ma)\"\/>\n <\/g>\n <g font-size=\"8.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#c9760f\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">\n <text x=\"240\" y=\"146\">LEFT<\/text><text x=\"238\" y=\"166\">MARGIN<\/text>\n <text x=\"436\" y=\"146\">RIGHT<\/text><text x=\"434\" y=\"166\">MARGIN<\/text>\n <text x=\"362\" y=\"26\">TOP MARGIN<\/text>\n <text x=\"362\" y=\"284\">BOTTOM MARGIN<\/text>\n <\/g>\n\n <rect x=\"24\" y=\"40\" width=\"184\" height=\"222\" rx=\"8\" fill=\"#f3f6fb\" stroke=\"#14243f\" stroke-width=\"1.4\" stroke-dasharray=\"4 3\"\/>\n <text x=\"40\" y=\"60\" font-size=\"9.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#14243f\" letter-spacing=\"1\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">PAGE SETUP FACTS<\/text>\n <g font-size=\"9\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">\n <text x=\"40\" y=\"82\">A4 = 210 \u00d7 297 mm<\/text>\n <text x=\"40\" y=\"100\">Legal = 216 \u00d7 356 mm<\/text>\n <text x=\"40\" y=\"118\">Letter = 216 \u00d7 279 mm<\/text>\n <text x=\"40\" y=\"142\">Default margin = 1 inch<\/text>\n <text x=\"40\" y=\"160\"> (2.54 cm)<\/text>\n <text x=\"40\" y=\"184\">Portrait = tall<\/text>\n <text x=\"40\" y=\"202\">Landscape = wide<\/text>\n <text x=\"40\" y=\"226\">Gutter = extra space<\/text>\n <text x=\"40\" y=\"244\"> left for binding<\/text>\n <\/g>\n\n <rect x=\"492\" y=\"40\" width=\"184\" height=\"222\" rx=\"8\" fill=\"#fffaef\" stroke=\"#c9760f\" stroke-width=\"1.4\" stroke-dasharray=\"4 3\"\/>\n <text x=\"508\" y=\"60\" font-size=\"9.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#8f5409\" letter-spacing=\"1\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">THE THREE BREAKS<\/text>\n <g font-size=\"9\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">\n <text x=\"508\" y=\"84\" font-weight=\"700\">Page break<\/text>\n <text x=\"508\" y=\"100\">Ctrl + Enter \u2014 starts<\/text>\n <text x=\"508\" y=\"114\">a new page, same<\/text>\n <text x=\"508\" y=\"128\">formatting throughout<\/text>\n <text x=\"508\" y=\"154\" font-weight=\"700\">Column break<\/text>\n <text x=\"508\" y=\"170\">moves text to the top<\/text>\n <text x=\"508\" y=\"184\">of the next column<\/text>\n <text x=\"508\" y=\"210\" font-weight=\"700\">Section break<\/text>\n <text x=\"508\" y=\"226\">allows different<\/text>\n <text x=\"508\" y=\"240\">margins, orientation<\/text>\n <text x=\"508\" y=\"254\">or numbering after it<\/text>\n <\/g>\n <\/svg>\n The printed page. Header and footer lie inside the top and bottom margins, outside the text area.<\/span>\u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920\u0964 \u0936\u0940\u0930\u094d\u0937\u0932\u0947\u0916 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u093e\u0926\u0932\u0947\u0916 \u090a\u092a\u0930\u0940 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0928\u093f\u091a\u0932\u0947 \u0939\u093e\u0936\u093f\u092f\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u092d\u0940\u0924\u0930, \u092a\u093e\u0920-\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0939\u0930 \u0930\u0939\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n\n <div class=\"exam-tip\">\n <div class=\"et-icon\">\u26a0\ufe0f<\/div>\n <div class=\"et-body\">\n Page break or repeated Enter \u2014 the distinction that separates a trained typist from an untrained one.<\/strong> Pressing Enter until the text falls onto the next page appears to work, but the moment a line is added or deleted above, every subsequent page shifts and the document must be repaired by hand. A page break, inserted with <kbd>Ctrl<\/kbd>+<kbd>Enter<\/kbd>, is a fixed instruction<\/strong> that survives every later edit. The same reasoning applies to using the Tab key rather than repeated spaces for indentation, and to using a table rather than aligned spaces for a column of figures.<\/span>\n \u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u0935\u093f\u091a\u094d\u091b\u0947\u0926 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u092c\u093e\u0930-\u092c\u093e\u0930 \u090f\u0902\u091f\u0930 \u2014 \u092f\u0939\u0940 \u092d\u0947\u0926 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u091f\u0902\u0915\u0915 \u0915\u094b \u0905\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0932\u0917 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/strong> \u092a\u093e\u0920 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0917\u0932\u0947 \u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u092a\u0930 \u0917\u093f\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0924\u0915 \u090f\u0902\u091f\u0930 \u0926\u092c\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u093e \u0915\u093e\u092e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u0940\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0915\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0941 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0939\u0940 \u090a\u092a\u0930 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u092a\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u091c\u0941\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u092f\u093e \u0939\u091f\u0947, \u0906\u0917\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u0916\u093f\u0938\u0915 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0926\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0947\u091c\u093c \u0939\u093e\u0925 \u0938\u0947 \u0920\u0940\u0915 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u092a\u0921\u093c\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 <kbd>Ctrl<\/kbd>+<kbd>Enter<\/kbd> \u0938\u0947 \u0921\u093e\u0932\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u0935\u093f\u091a\u094d\u091b\u0947\u0926 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0930 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u0939\u0948<\/strong> \u091c\u094b \u0939\u0930 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0928\u093e \u0930\u0939\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939\u0940 \u0924\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0939\u093e\u0936\u093f\u092f\u093e-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0947\u0936 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u092c\u093e\u0930-\u092c\u093e\u0930 \u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u091c\u093e\u092f \u091f\u0948\u092c \u0915\u0941\u0902\u091c\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0905\u0902\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0902\u092d \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u0947\u0916\u093f\u0924 \u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u091c\u093e\u092f \u0938\u093e\u0930\u0923\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u0932\u093e\u0917\u0942 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <hr class=\"section-divider\">\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d3-4\">\n 3.4<\/span>\n <h3>Tables<\/span>\u0938\u093e\u0930\u0923\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n \n A table<\/strong> arranges information in rows<\/strong> running across and columns<\/strong> running down, their intersection being a cell<\/strong>. For a school it is the structure behind the timetable, the attendance sheet, the marks statement and the staff list.<\/span>\n \u0938\u093e\u0930\u0923\u0940<\/strong> \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0906\u0921\u093c\u0940 \u091a\u0932\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u092a\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902<\/strong> \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0916\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u091a\u0932\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0902\u092d\u094b\u0902<\/strong> \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0928\u0915\u093e \u0915\u091f\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u094b\u0937\u094d\u0920<\/strong> \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u092f\u0939\u0940 \u0935\u0939 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938 \u092a\u0930 \u0938\u092e\u092f-\u0938\u093e\u0930\u0923\u0940, \u0909\u092a\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f-\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0915, \u0905\u0902\u0915-\u0935\u093f\u0935\u0930\u0923 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0915\u0930\u094d\u092e\u091a\u093e\u0930\u0940-\u0938\u0942\u091a\u0940 \u091f\u093f\u0915\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span>\n <\/p>\n\n <table class=\"data-table\">\n <thead>\n <tr>\n <th>Operation<\/span>\u0938\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e<\/span><\/th>\n <th>What it does and why it matters<\/span>\u092f\u0939 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/th>\n <\/tr>\n <\/thead>\n <tbody>\n <tr>\n <td>Inserting a table<\/span>\u0938\u093e\u0930\u0923\u0940 \u0921\u093e\u0932\u0928\u093e<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n <td>Four ways: dragging over the grid<\/strong>, the Insert Table<\/strong> dialog for an exact size, Draw Table<\/strong> for an irregular one, and Convert Text to Table<\/strong>, which turns text already separated by tabs or commas into a table \u2014 the quickest way to rescue a list someone has typed with spaces.<\/span>\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0930\u0940\u0924\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901: \u0917\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0921<\/strong> \u092a\u0930 \u0916\u0940\u0902\u091a\u0928\u093e, \u0920\u0940\u0915 \u0906\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 Insert Table<\/strong> \u0938\u0902\u0935\u093e\u0926, \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092e \u0938\u093e\u0930\u0923\u0940 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 Draw Table<\/strong>, \u0924\u0925\u093e Convert Text to Table<\/strong>, \u091c\u094b \u091f\u0948\u092c \u092f\u093e \u0905\u0932\u094d\u092a\u0935\u093f\u0930\u093e\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0943\u0925\u0915 \u092a\u093e\u0920 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u093e\u0930\u0923\u0940 \u092c\u0928\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u091f\u0902\u0915\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0940 \u092c\u091a\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u0924\u0947\u091c\u093c \u0930\u0940\u0924\u093f\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td>Merge and split cells<\/span>\u0915\u094b\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u093e\u0928\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093e\u091c\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n <td>Merge<\/strong> joins two or more adjacent cells into one \u2014 how a heading is made to span the whole width of a marks statement. Split<\/strong> divides one cell into several. Split Table<\/strong> separates one table into two.<\/span>Merge<\/strong> \u0926\u094b \u092f\u093e \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0940 \u0915\u094b\u0937\u094d\u0920\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u090f\u0915 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u0907\u0938\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u0936\u0940\u0930\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0905\u0902\u0915-\u0935\u093f\u0935\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u0940 \u091a\u094c\u0921\u093c\u093e\u0908 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092b\u0948\u0932\u093e\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 Split<\/strong> \u090f\u0915 \u0915\u094b\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u0915\u094b \u0905\u0928\u0947\u0915 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u093e\u0901\u091f\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 Split Table<\/strong> \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u0930\u0923\u0940 \u0915\u094b \u0926\u094b \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0943\u0925\u0915 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr style=\"background:#f3f8ff;\">\n <td>Repeat header rows<\/span>\u0936\u0940\u0930\u094d\u0937-\u092a\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0926\u094b\u0939\u0930\u093e\u0928\u093e<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n <td>Marks the first row as a heading so that it reprints automatically at the top of every page<\/strong> a long table runs onto. Without it, page two of an attendance register carries columns of figures with no labels. Found at Table Layout<\/b>\u203a<\/i>Repeat Header Rows<\/b><\/span><\/span>\u092a\u0939\u0932\u0940 \u092a\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0915\u094b \u0936\u0940\u0930\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u091a\u093f\u0939\u094d\u0928\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0932\u0902\u092c\u0940 \u0938\u093e\u0930\u0923\u0940 \u091c\u093f\u0924\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u091c\u093e\u090f, \u0935\u0939 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u0915\u0947 \u0936\u0940\u0930\u094d\u0937 \u092a\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0924\u0903 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u094d\u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924<\/strong> \u0939\u094b\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0909\u092a\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f-\u0930\u091c\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u0947 \u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u092a\u0930 \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0928\u093e\u092e \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0902\u0915-\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0902\u092d \u0930\u0939 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u092f\u0939 Table Layout<\/b>\u203a<\/i>Repeat Header Rows<\/b><\/span> \u092a\u0930 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td>Sorting<\/span>\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u092c\u0926\u094d\u0927\u0924\u093e<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n <td>Arranges rows in ascending or descending order by any column \u2014 alphabetically by name, or numerically by marks or roll number.<\/span>\u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092d\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0902\u092d \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0906\u0930\u094b\u0939\u0940 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0905\u0935\u0930\u094b\u0939\u0940 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0930\u0916\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u0928\u093e\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0923\u093e\u0928\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u092e\u0947\u0902, \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0905\u0902\u0915 \u092f\u093e \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0902\u0915 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u092e\u0947\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td>Formula in a table<\/span>\u0938\u093e\u0930\u0923\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n <td>A word processor table can calculate: <code>=SUM(ABOVE)<\/code> totals the cells above, <code>=AVERAGE(LEFT)<\/code> averages those to the left. Adequate for a small total, but a spreadsheet is the right tool<\/strong> once figures must be recalculated \u2014 the reason Chapter 4 exists.<\/span>\u0936\u092c\u094d\u0926 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u093e\u0927\u0915 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u093e\u0930\u0923\u0940 \u0917\u0923\u0928\u093e \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948: <code>=SUM(ABOVE)<\/code> \u090a\u092a\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u094b\u0937\u094d\u0920\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0924\u0925\u093e <code>=AVERAGE(LEFT)<\/code> \u092c\u093e\u0908\u0902 \u0913\u0930 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0914\u0938\u0924 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u091b\u094b\u091f\u0947 \u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u092a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924, \u0915\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0941 \u091c\u092c \u0905\u0902\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0923\u0928\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0940 \u0939\u094b \u0924\u094b \u0938\u094d\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0921\u0936\u0940\u091f \u0939\u0940 \u0938\u0939\u0940 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0939\u0948<\/strong> \u2014 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f 4 \u0907\u0938\u0940\u0932\u093f\u090f \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td>Moving within a table<\/span>\u0938\u093e\u0930\u0923\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u092d\u0940\u0924\u0930 \u091a\u0932\u0928\u093e<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n <td><kbd>Tab<\/kbd> moves to the next cell and <kbd>Shift<\/kbd>+<kbd>Tab<\/kbd> to the previous. Pressing <kbd>Tab<\/kbd> in the last cell adds a new row<\/strong> \u2014 the fastest way to extend a list. To put an actual tab character inside a cell, press <kbd>Ctrl<\/kbd>+<kbd>Tab<\/kbd>.<\/span><kbd>Tab<\/kbd> \u0905\u0917\u0932\u0947 \u0915\u094b\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0924\u0925\u093e <kbd>Shift<\/kbd>+<kbd>Tab<\/kbd> \u092a\u093f\u091b\u0932\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0932\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u093f\u092e \u0915\u094b\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u092e\u0947\u0902 <kbd>Tab<\/kbd> \u0926\u092c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u0928\u0908 \u092a\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u091c\u0941\u0921\u093c \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948<\/strong> \u2014 \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0940 \u092c\u0922\u093c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u0924\u0947\u091c\u093c \u0930\u0940\u0924\u093f\u0964 \u0915\u094b\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u0915\u0947 \u092d\u0940\u0924\u0930 \u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u091f\u0948\u092c \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0921\u093e\u0932\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 <kbd>Ctrl<\/kbd>+<kbd>Tab<\/kbd> \u0926\u092c\u093e\u090f\u0901\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <\/tbody>\n <\/table>\n\n <div class=\"mcq-box\">\n <div class=\"mcq-title\">\n Practice<\/span>\u0905\u092d\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938<\/span><\/span>\n Questions on the interface, formatting and tables<\/span>\u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u092b\u093c\u0947\u0938, \u0938\u0902\u0930\u0942\u092a\u0923 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u093e\u0930\u0923\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928<\/span><\/span>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"mcq-note\">Objective questions in the pattern of the examination. Click to reveal the answer and its explanation.<\/span>\u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u0930 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928\u0964 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0916\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u094d\u0932\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u0940\u091c\u093f\u090f\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <details class=\"mcq-q\">\n <summary>31<\/span>The Watermark command is found under which tab?<\/span><\/summary>\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\n <li>(a) Insert<\/li>\n <li>(b) Design<\/li>\n <li>(c) Layout<\/li>\n <li>(d) View<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\">(b) Design<\/b> Watermark belongs to the Page Background group on the Design tab, along with Page Colour and Page Borders. Insert is the natural guess and the intended trap, because the word suggests inserting something into the page.<\/span>\u091c\u0932\u091a\u093f\u0939\u094d\u0928 Design \u091f\u0948\u092c \u0915\u0947 Page Background \u0938\u092e\u0942\u0939 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u0948, \u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920-\u0930\u0902\u0917 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920-\u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925\u0964 Insert \u0938\u094d\u0935\u093e\u092d\u093e\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u0939\u0940 \u0905\u092d\u0940\u0937\u094d\u091f \u091c\u093e\u0932, \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u0936\u092c\u094d\u0926 \u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u0941\u091b \u0921\u093e\u0932\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u0906\u092d\u093e\u0938 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\u00a73.1 A<\/span><\/div>\n <\/details>\n <details class=\"mcq-q\">\n <summary>32<\/span>To keep the Format Painter active for applying formatting to several separate places, one should:<\/span><\/summary>\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\n <li>(a) Click it once<\/li>\n <li>(b) Double-click it<\/li>\n <li>(c) Hold Shift while clicking it<\/li>\n <li>(d) Right-click it<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\">(b) Double-click it<\/b> A single click applies the formatting once and then switches the tool off. A double-click keeps it on until Esc is pressed, which is what makes it useful for a long document.<\/span>\u090f\u0915 \u0915\u094d\u0932\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u0942\u092a\u0923 \u090f\u0915 \u092c\u093e\u0930 \u0932\u0917\u093e\u0915\u0930 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u092c\u0902\u0926 \u0915\u0930 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093f-\u0915\u094d\u0932\u093f\u0915 \u0909\u0938\u0947 Esc \u0926\u092c\u0928\u0947 \u0924\u0915 \u091a\u093e\u0932\u0942 \u0930\u0916\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u092f\u0939\u0940 \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0932\u0902\u092c\u0947 \u0926\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0947\u091c\u093c \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0940 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\u00a73.2 B<\/span><\/div>\n <\/details>\n <details class=\"mcq-q\">\n <summary>33<\/span>Which key combination inserts a page break?<\/span><\/summary>\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\n <li>(a) Ctrl + Enter<\/li>\n <li>(b) Shift + Enter<\/li>\n <li>(c) Alt + Enter<\/li>\n <li>(d) Ctrl + Shift + Enter<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\">(a) Ctrl + Enter<\/b> Shift + Enter inserts a line break, which starts a new line within the same paragraph and therefore keeps the paragraph formatting. Ctrl + Shift + Enter inserts a column break.<\/span>Shift + Enter \u092a\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f-\u0935\u093f\u091a\u094d\u091b\u0947\u0926 \u0921\u093e\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u094b \u0909\u0938\u0940 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u091a\u094d\u091b\u0947\u0926 \u0915\u0947 \u092d\u0940\u0924\u0930 \u0928\u0908 \u092a\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0906\u0930\u0902\u092d \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u0924\u0903 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u091a\u094d\u091b\u0947\u0926-\u0938\u0902\u0930\u0942\u092a\u0923 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u090f \u0930\u0916\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 Ctrl + Shift + Enter \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0902\u092d-\u0935\u093f\u091a\u094d\u091b\u0947\u0926 \u0921\u093e\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\u00a73.3 B<\/span><\/div>\n <\/details>\n <details class=\"mcq-q\">\n <summary>34<\/span>In a table, pressing the Tab key while the cursor is in the last cell of the last row will:<\/span><\/summary>\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\n <li>(a) Move the cursor out of the table<\/li>\n <li>(b) Insert a tab character in the cell<\/li>\n <li>(c) Add a new row to the table<\/li>\n <li>(d) Move to the first cell of the table<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\">(c) Add a new row to the table<\/b> This is the standard way of extending a list while typing. To insert an actual tab character inside a cell instead, the combination is Ctrl + Tab.<\/span>\u091f\u0902\u0915\u0923 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947-\u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0940 \u092c\u0922\u093c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u092f\u0939\u0940 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0915 \u0930\u0940\u0924\u093f \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0915\u094b\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u0915\u0947 \u092d\u0940\u0924\u0930 \u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u091f\u0948\u092c \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0921\u093e\u0932\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0938\u0902\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928 Ctrl + Tab \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\u00a73.4<\/span><\/div>\n <\/details>\n <details class=\"mcq-q\">\n <summary>35<\/span>The size of a font is measured in points, where one inch equals:<\/span><\/summary>\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\n <li>(a) 10 points<\/li>\n <li>(b) 12 points<\/li>\n <li>(c) 64 points<\/li>\n <li>(d) 72 points<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\">(d) 72 points<\/b> A 72-point letter is therefore an inch tall, and the common body size of 12 points is one-sixth of an inch. The figure comes from traditional printing measurement, not from the computer.<\/span>\u0905\u0924\u0903 72-\u092a\u0949\u0907\u0902\u091f \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0930 \u090f\u0915 \u0907\u0902\u091a \u090a\u0901\u091a\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u0925\u093e 12 \u092a\u0949\u0907\u0902\u091f \u0915\u093e \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f \u092e\u0942\u0932-\u092a\u093e\u0920 \u0906\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0907\u0902\u091a \u0915\u093e \u091b\u0920\u093e \u092d\u093e\u0917\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0905\u0902\u0915 \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u0938\u0947 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u092a\u0930\u0902\u092a\u0930\u093e\u0917\u0924 \u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0923-\u092e\u093e\u092a\u0928 \u0938\u0947 \u0906\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\u00a73.2 B<\/span><\/div>\n <\/details>\n <\/div>\n\n <hr class=\"section-divider\">\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d3-5\">\n 3.5<\/span>\n <h3>Headers, Footers, Page Numbers and Sections<\/span>\u0936\u0940\u0930\u094d\u0937\u0932\u0947\u0916, \u092a\u093e\u0926\u0932\u0947\u0916, \u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920-\u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0916\u0902\u0921<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"callout\">\n <div class=\"callout-label\">\ud83d\udcd8 Concept<\/span>\ud83d\udcd8 \u0905\u0935\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923\u093e<\/span><\/div>\n A header<\/strong> is the area within the top margin and a footer<\/strong> the area within the bottom margin, whose contents repeat automatically on every page<\/strong>. Typed once, they appear throughout \u2014 which is why the school's name and address belong in the header of a circular and the page number in its footer, rather than being retyped page by page.<\/span>\n \u0936\u0940\u0930\u094d\u0937\u0932\u0947\u0916<\/strong> \u090a\u092a\u0930\u0940 \u0939\u093e\u0936\u093f\u092f\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u092d\u0940\u0924\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0939\u0948 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092a\u093e\u0926\u0932\u0947\u0916<\/strong> \u0928\u093f\u091a\u0932\u0947 \u0939\u093e\u0936\u093f\u092f\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u092d\u0940\u0924\u0930 \u0915\u093e, \u091c\u093f\u0928\u0915\u0940 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u092a\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0924\u0903 \u0926\u094b\u0939\u0930\u093e\u0908<\/strong> \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u090f\u0915 \u092c\u093e\u0930 \u091f\u0902\u0915\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0915\u0930 \u0935\u0947 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0906\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u2014 \u0907\u0938\u0940\u0932\u093f\u090f \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093e\u092e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u0924\u093e \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0936\u0940\u0930\u094d\u0937\u0932\u0947\u0916 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920-\u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u0926\u0932\u0947\u0916 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0940 \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f, \u0928 \u0915\u093f \u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920-\u0926\u0930-\u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0903\u091f\u0902\u0915\u093f\u0924\u0964<\/span>\n <\/div>\n\n <ul class=\"icon-list\">\n <li>1<\/span>\n Entering and leaving.<\/strong> Double-click<\/strong> in the top or bottom margin to open the header or footer area, and press <kbd>Esc<\/kbd> or double-click in the body to leave it. Alternatively, Insert<\/b>\u203a<\/i>Header & Footer<\/b><\/span><\/span>\n \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0947\u0936 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938\u0964<\/strong> \u0936\u0940\u0930\u094d\u0937\u0932\u0947\u0916 \u092f\u093e \u092a\u093e\u0926\u0932\u0947\u0916 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0916\u094b\u0932\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u090a\u092a\u0930\u0940 \u092f\u093e \u0928\u093f\u091a\u0932\u0947 \u0939\u093e\u0936\u093f\u092f\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093f-\u0915\u094d\u0932\u093f\u0915<\/strong> \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0909\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u0932\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 <kbd>Esc<\/kbd> \u0926\u092c\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u092f\u093e \u092e\u0942\u0932 \u092a\u093e\u0920 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093f-\u0915\u094d\u0932\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902\u0964 \u0935\u0948\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a\u093f\u0915 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947, Insert<\/b>\u203a<\/i>Header & Footer<\/b><\/span><\/span>\n <\/span><\/li>\n <li>2<\/span>\n Different first page.<\/strong> A tick in this box suppresses the header and footer on page one, which is how a letter whose first page is on printed letterhead avoids repeating the letterhead in type.<\/span>\n \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0925\u092e \u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928\u0964<\/strong> \u0907\u0938 \u092a\u0947\u091f\u0940 \u092a\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u0936\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u0915\u093e \u0936\u0940\u0930\u094d\u0937\u0932\u0947\u0916 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u093e\u0926\u0932\u0947\u0916 \u0926\u092c\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0935\u0939 \u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u093e \u092a\u0939\u0932\u093e \u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0932\u0947\u091f\u0930\u0939\u0947\u0921 \u092a\u0930 \u0939\u094b, \u0932\u0947\u091f\u0930\u0939\u0947\u0921 \u0915\u094b \u091f\u0902\u0915\u0923 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0926\u094b\u0939\u0930\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u091a \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\n <\/span><\/li>\n <li>3<\/span>\n Different odd and even pages.<\/strong> Allows the page number to sit on the outer edge of each page, as in a printed book, and the chapter name to alternate with the book title.<\/span>\n \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u092e \u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928\u0964<\/strong> \u0907\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920-\u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u093f\u0928\u093e\u0930\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u0930\u0939 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u0941\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0915 \u092e\u0947\u0902, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f-\u0928\u093e\u092e \u092a\u0941\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0915-\u0936\u0940\u0930\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0930\u0939 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\n <\/span><\/li>\n <li>4<\/span>\n Page numbers.<\/strong> Inserted from Insert<\/b>\u203a<\/i>Page Number<\/b><\/span> and formatted separately for position, number format<\/strong> \u2014 1, 2, 3 or i, ii, iii or a, b, c \u2014 and starting value<\/strong>. The number is a field<\/strong>, meaning it updates itself as pages are added or removed.<\/span>\n \u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920-\u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e\u090f\u0901\u0964<\/strong> Insert<\/b>\u203a<\/i>Page Number<\/b><\/span> \u0938\u0947 \u0921\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f, \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0930\u0942\u092a<\/strong> \u2014 1, 2, 3 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e i, ii, iii \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e a, b, c \u2014 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0906\u0930\u0902\u092d\u093f\u0915 \u092e\u093e\u0928<\/strong> \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0905\u0932\u0917 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u0942\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u090f\u0915 \u092b\u093c\u0940\u0932\u094d\u0921<\/strong> \u0939\u0948, \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0924\u094d \u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u091c\u0941\u0921\u093c\u0928\u0947 \u092f\u093e \u0939\u091f\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u0935\u0939 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u0905\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0924\u0928 \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\n <\/span><\/li>\n <\/ul>\n\n <div class=\"enrich-box\">\n Worked case \u2014 a school report with two numbering schemes<\/span>\u0939\u0932 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u2014 \u0926\u094b \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0902\u0915\u0928-\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0926\u0928<\/span><\/span>\n \n An annual report needs its preliminary pages \u2014 title, foreword, contents \u2014 numbered i, ii, iii<\/strong>, and the main body numbered 1, 2, 3<\/strong> beginning again from one. A single continuous document cannot do this, and the answer is the section break<\/strong>.<\/span>\n \u0935\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0926\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0930\u0902\u092d\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u2014 \u0936\u0940\u0930\u094d\u0937\u0915, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0915\u094d\u0915\u0925\u0928, \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f-\u0938\u0942\u091a\u0940 \u2014 i, ii, iii<\/strong> \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0902\u0915\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f \u092d\u093e\u0917 \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0903 \u0906\u0930\u0902\u092d \u0939\u094b\u0915\u0930 1, 2, 3<\/strong>\u0964 \u090f\u0915\u0932 \u0938\u0924\u0924 \u0926\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0947\u091c\u093c \u092f\u0939 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e, \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0939\u0948 \u0916\u0902\u0921 \u0935\u093f\u091a\u094d\u091b\u0947\u0926<\/strong>\u0964<\/span>\n <\/p>\n <ul class=\"split-list\">\n <li>1<\/span>Place the cursor at the start of the main body and insert Layout<\/b>\u203a<\/i>Breaks<\/b>\u203a<\/i>Next Page<\/b><\/span> This creates a section break<\/strong>, which divides the document into two independently formattable parts.<\/span>\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0938\u0930 \u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f \u092d\u093e\u0917 \u0915\u0947 \u0906\u0930\u0902\u092d \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0930\u0916\u0915\u0930 Layout<\/b>\u203a<\/i>Breaks<\/b>\u203a<\/i>Next Page<\/b><\/span> \u0921\u093e\u0932\u0947\u0902\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0916\u0902\u0921 \u0935\u093f\u091a\u094d\u091b\u0947\u0926<\/strong> \u092c\u0928\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u094b \u0926\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0947\u091c\u093c \u0915\u094b \u0926\u094b \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u0942\u092a\u0923\u0940\u092f \u092d\u093e\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u093e\u0901\u091f \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n <li>2<\/span>Open the footer of the second section and switch off \"Link to Previous\"<\/strong>. This is the decisive step: while the link is on, the second section merely copies the first, and nothing can be changed independently.<\/span>\u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u0947 \u0916\u0902\u0921 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u093e\u0926\u0932\u0947\u0916 \u0916\u094b\u0932\u0915\u0930 \"Link to Previous\" \u092c\u0902\u0926 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902<\/strong>\u0964 \u092f\u0939\u0940 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0923\u093e\u092f\u0915 \u091a\u0930\u0923 \u0939\u0948: \u091c\u092c \u0924\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927 \u091a\u093e\u0932\u0942 \u0939\u0948, \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u093e \u0916\u0902\u0921 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0928\u0915\u0932 \u092d\u0930 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0941\u091b \u092c\u0926\u0932\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n <li>3<\/span>In the first section set the number format to i, ii, iii<\/strong>; in the second set it to 1, 2, 3<\/strong> and choose Start at 1<\/strong>.<\/span>\u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0916\u0902\u0921 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0930\u0942\u092a i, ii, iii<\/strong> \u0930\u0916\u0947\u0902; \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 1, 2, 3<\/strong> \u0930\u0916\u0915\u0930 Start at 1<\/strong> \u091a\u0941\u0928\u0947\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n <li>\u2713<\/span>The same technique handles a report in which one page must be landscape<\/strong> for a wide table while the rest stays portrait: a section break before and after that page frees its orientation from the others.<\/span>\u092f\u0939\u0940 \u0924\u0915\u0928\u0940\u0915 \u0909\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0926\u0928 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0902\u092d\u093e\u0932\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091a\u094c\u0921\u093c\u0940 \u0938\u093e\u0930\u0923\u0940 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u090f\u0915 \u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u092d\u0942-\u0926\u093f\u0936\u093e<\/strong> \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f \u0914\u0930 \u0936\u0947\u0937 \u0916\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u0930\u0939\u0947\u0902: \u0909\u0938 \u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0916\u0902\u0921 \u0935\u093f\u091a\u094d\u091b\u0947\u0926 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u0926\u093f\u0936\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0936\u0947\u0937 \u0938\u0947 \u092e\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0930 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"exam-tip\">\n <div class=\"et-icon\">\ud83d\udd17<\/div>\n <div class=\"et-body\">\n Page break and section break are not interchangeable.<\/strong> A page break<\/strong> merely pushes text onto a new page; every page keeps the same margins, orientation, headers and numbering. A section break<\/strong> creates a new formatting region<\/em>, after which margins, orientation, columns, headers, footers and page numbering can all differ. Any question describing a document in which part must be formatted differently from the rest<\/strong> is answered by section break, never by page break.<\/span>\n \u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u0935\u093f\u091a\u094d\u091b\u0947\u0926 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0916\u0902\u0921 \u0935\u093f\u091a\u094d\u091b\u0947\u0926 \u092a\u0930\u0938\u094d\u092a\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092e\u0947\u092f \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/strong> \u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u0935\u093f\u091a\u094d\u091b\u0947\u0926<\/strong> \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u092a\u093e\u0920 \u0915\u094b \u0928\u090f \u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u092a\u0930 \u0927\u0915\u0947\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948; \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u0915\u0947 \u0939\u093e\u0936\u093f\u092f\u0947, \u0926\u093f\u0936\u093e, \u0936\u0940\u0930\u094d\u0937\u0932\u0947\u0916 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0902\u0915\u0928 \u0935\u0939\u0940 \u0930\u0939\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0916\u0902\u0921 \u0935\u093f\u091a\u094d\u091b\u0947\u0926<\/strong> \u0928\u092f\u093e \u0938\u0902\u0930\u0942\u092a\u0923-\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930<\/em> \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u0939\u093e\u0936\u093f\u092f\u0947, \u0926\u093f\u0936\u093e, \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0902\u092d, \u0936\u0940\u0930\u094d\u0937\u0932\u0947\u0916, \u092a\u093e\u0926\u0932\u0947\u0916 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920-\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0902\u0915\u0928 \u0938\u092c \u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0910\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092d\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0926\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0947\u091c\u093c \u0915\u093e \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u092d\u093e\u0917 \u0936\u0947\u0937 \u0938\u0947 \u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u0942\u092a\u093f\u0924<\/strong> \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u0939\u094b, \u0916\u0902\u0921 \u0935\u093f\u091a\u094d\u091b\u0947\u0926 \u0939\u0948, \u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u0935\u093f\u091a\u094d\u091b\u0947\u0926 \u0915\u092d\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964<\/span>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <hr class=\"section-divider\">\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d3-6\">\n 3.6<\/span>\n <h3>Styles, Table of Contents and References<\/span>\u0936\u0948\u0932\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901, \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f-\u0938\u0942\u091a\u0940 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0930\u094d\u092d<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"callout purple\">\n <div class=\"callout-label\">\ud83d\udcd8 What a style is<\/span>\ud83d\udcd8 \u0936\u0948\u0932\u0940 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/div>\n A style<\/strong> is a named set of formatting instructions<\/strong> \u2014 font, size, colour, spacing, indentation \u2014 applied as a single unit. Applying Heading 1<\/em> to a line does not merely make it large and bold; it records that the line is a first-level heading<\/strong>. That recorded meaning, not the appearance, is what makes everything else in this section possible.<\/span>\n \u0936\u0948\u0932\u0940<\/strong> \u0938\u0902\u0930\u0942\u092a\u0923-\u0905\u0928\u0941\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u092e\u0941\u091a\u094d\u091a\u092f<\/strong> \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u092b\u093c\u0949\u0928\u094d\u091f, \u0906\u0915\u093e\u0930, \u0930\u0902\u0917, \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093e\u0932, \u0939\u093e\u0936\u093f\u092f\u093e-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0947\u0936 \u2014 \u091c\u094b \u090f\u0915 \u0907\u0915\u093e\u0908 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0932\u0917\u093e\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092a\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u092a\u0930 Heading 1<\/em> \u0932\u0917\u093e\u0928\u093e \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u092c\u0921\u093c\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092e\u094b\u091f\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u093e; \u0935\u0939 \u092f\u0939 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0932\u093f\u0916\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u092a\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0925\u092e-\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0936\u0940\u0930\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0939\u0948<\/strong>\u0964 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0935\u0939\u0940 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0932\u093f\u0916\u093f\u0924 \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u0907\u0938 \u092d\u093e\u0917 \u0915\u0940 \u0936\u0947\u0937 \u0938\u092c \u092c\u093e\u0924\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u092d\u0935 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"pc-grid\">\n <div class=\"pc-panel con\">\n <div class=\"pc-head\">\u2717<\/span>Formatting each heading by hand<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0936\u0940\u0930\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0939\u093e\u0925 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u0942\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n <ul>\n <li>Changing the look of all headings later means editing every one of them separately<\/strong><\/span>\u092c\u093e\u0926 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u092d\u0940 \u0936\u0940\u0930\u094d\u0937\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u0939\u0948 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0915\u094b \u0905\u0932\u0917-\u0905\u0932\u0917 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u093e\u0926\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n <li>Small inconsistencies creep in \u2014 14 point here, 13 there \u2014 and a long document ends up looking assembled rather than written<\/span>\u091b\u094b\u091f\u0940 \u0905\u0938\u0902\u0917\u0924\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u0918\u0941\u0938 \u0906\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u2014 \u092f\u0939\u093e\u0901 14 \u092a\u0949\u0907\u0902\u091f, \u0935\u0939\u093e\u0901 13 \u2014 \u0914\u0930 \u0932\u0902\u092c\u093e \u0926\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0947\u091c\u093c \u0932\u093f\u0916\u093e \u0939\u0941\u0906 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c\u093e \u0939\u0941\u0906 \u0932\u0917\u0928\u0947 \u0932\u0917\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/li>\n <li>A table of contents cannot be generated at all<\/strong>, because nothing tells the program which lines are headings<\/span>\u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f-\u0938\u0942\u091a\u0940 \u092c\u0928 \u0939\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940<\/strong>, \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e \u0915\u094b \u0915\u0941\u091b \u092c\u0924\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u093f \u0915\u094c\u0928-\u0938\u0940 \u092a\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u0936\u0940\u0930\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0939\u0948\u0902<\/span><\/li>\n <li>A screen reader cannot navigate<\/strong> the document by heading, so it is inaccessible to a visually impaired reader<\/span>\u0938\u094d\u0915\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0928 \u0930\u0940\u0921\u0930<\/strong> \u0926\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0947\u091c\u093c \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0936\u0940\u0930\u094d\u0937\u0915-\u0926\u0930-\u0936\u0940\u0930\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u091a\u0932 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e<\/strong>, \u0905\u0924\u0903 \u0935\u0939 \u0926\u0943\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093f\u092c\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u093e\u0920\u0915 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0905\u0917\u092e\u094d\u092f \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"pc-panel pro\">\n <div class=\"pc-head\">\u2713<\/span>Using heading styles<\/span>\u0936\u0940\u0930\u094d\u0937\u0915-\u0936\u0948\u0932\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n <ul>\n <li>Modifying the style once changes every heading in the document instantly<\/strong><\/span>\u0936\u0948\u0932\u0940 \u090f\u0915 \u092c\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u0936\u094b\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u0926\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0947\u091c\u093c \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0936\u0940\u0930\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0924\u0924\u094d\u0915\u093e\u0932 \u092c\u0926\u0932 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n <li>Formatting is uniform by construction, so consistency needs no vigilance<\/span>\u0938\u0902\u0930\u0942\u092a\u0923 \u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u0939\u0940 \u090f\u0915\u0930\u0942\u092a \u0930\u0939\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0905\u0924\u0903 \u0938\u0902\u0917\u0924\u093f \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0938\u0924\u0930\u094d\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f<\/span><\/li>\n <li>A table of contents builds and updates itself<\/strong>, and the Navigation pane<\/strong> gives a clickable outline of the whole document<\/span>\u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f-\u0938\u0942\u091a\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u092c\u0928\u0924\u0940 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0905\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0924\u0928 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948<\/strong>, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0928\u0947\u0935\u093f\u0917\u0947\u0936\u0928 \u092b\u0932\u0915<\/strong> \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0926\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0947\u091c\u093c \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u094d\u0932\u093f\u0915-\u092f\u094b\u0917\u094d\u092f \u0930\u0942\u092a\u0930\u0947\u0916\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/li>\n <li>The document is accessible<\/strong>, and converts to a properly tagged PDF \u2014 the point taken up again in \u00a714.5<\/span>\u0926\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0947\u091c\u093c \u0938\u0941\u0917\u092e\u094d\u092f<\/strong> \u0930\u0939\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0920\u0940\u0915 \u0938\u0947 \u091a\u093f\u0939\u094d\u0928\u093f\u0924 PDF \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u092f\u0939\u0940 \u092c\u093e\u0924 \u00a714.5 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0903 \u0932\u0940 \u0917\u0908 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <table class=\"data-table\">\n <thead>\n <tr>\n <th>Feature<\/span>\u0938\u0941\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093e<\/span><\/th>\n <th>What it does<\/span>\u092f\u0939 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/th>\n <th>Where<\/span>\u0915\u0939\u093e\u0901<\/span><\/th>\n <\/tr>\n <\/thead>\n <tbody>\n <tr>\n <td>Table of Contents<\/span>\u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f-\u0938\u0942\u091a\u0940<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n <td>Generated automatically from the heading styles<\/strong>, with page numbers filled in. It does not follow later edits by itself: after adding or removing text, Update Table<\/strong> must be chosen, or the field refreshed with <kbd>F9<\/kbd>.<\/span>\u0936\u0940\u0930\u094d\u0937\u0915-\u0936\u0948\u0932\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0924\u0903<\/strong> \u092c\u0928\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920-\u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u092d\u0930\u0940 \u0939\u0941\u0908\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u0930\u0923 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940: \u092a\u093e\u0920 \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0928\u0947 \u092f\u093e \u0939\u091f\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0926 Update Table<\/strong> \u091a\u0941\u0928\u0928\u093e \u092a\u0921\u093c\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e <kbd>F9<\/kbd> \u0938\u0947 \u092b\u093c\u0940\u0932\u094d\u0921 \u0924\u093e\u091c\u093c\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0940 \u092a\u0921\u093c\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <td>References<\/b>\u203a<\/i>Table of Contents<\/b><\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td>Footnote and endnote<\/span>\u092a\u093e\u0926-\u091f\u093f\u092a\u094d\u092a\u0923\u0940 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0905\u0902\u0924-\u091f\u093f\u092a\u094d\u092a\u0923\u0940<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n <td>A footnote appears at the foot of the same page<\/strong>; an endnote is collected at the end of the document<\/strong>. Both are numbered automatically and renumber themselves when one is inserted in the middle.<\/span>\u092a\u093e\u0926-\u091f\u093f\u092a\u094d\u092a\u0923\u0940 \u0909\u0938\u0940 \u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u0915\u0947 \u0924\u0932 \u092a\u0930<\/strong> \u0906\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948; \u0905\u0902\u0924-\u091f\u093f\u092a\u094d\u092a\u0923\u0940 \u0926\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0947\u091c\u093c \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0902\u0924 \u092e\u0947\u0902<\/strong> \u090f\u0915\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0924\u0903 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0902\u0915\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0921\u093e\u0932\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0903\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0902\u0915\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <td><kbd>Ctrl<\/kbd>+<kbd>Alt<\/kbd>+<kbd>F<\/kbd> \u00b7 <kbd>Ctrl<\/kbd>+<kbd>Alt<\/kbd>+<kbd>D<\/kbd><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td>Caption and cross-reference<\/span>\u0936\u0940\u0930\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f-\u0938\u0902\u0926\u0930\u094d\u092d<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n <td>A caption<\/strong> numbers a table or figure automatically. A cross-reference<\/strong> then points to it \u2014 \"as shown in Table 4\" \u2014 and corrects itself<\/strong> if a table is inserted earlier and the numbering shifts.<\/span>\u0936\u0940\u0930\u094d\u0937\u0915<\/strong> \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0938\u093e\u0930\u0923\u0940 \u092f\u093e \u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0924\u0903 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0902\u0915\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092b\u093f\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f-\u0938\u0902\u0926\u0930\u094d\u092d<\/strong> \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u0913\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0947\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \"\u091c\u0948\u0938\u093e \u0938\u093e\u0930\u0923\u0940 4 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0926\u093f\u0916\u093e\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e\" \u2014 \u0914\u0930 \u092f\u0926\u093f \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0938\u093e\u0930\u0923\u0940 \u091c\u0941\u0921\u093c\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0902\u0915\u0928 \u0916\u093f\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0924\u094b \u0935\u0939 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u0938\u0941\u0927\u0930 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/strong>\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <td>References<\/b>\u203a<\/i>Captions<\/b><\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td>Citations and bibliography<\/span>\u0909\u0926\u094d\u0927\u0930\u0923 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0917\u094d\u0930\u0902\u0925-\u0938\u0942\u091a\u0940<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n <td>Sources are entered once and inserted as citations; the bibliography is then compiled in a chosen style \u2014 APA, MLA or Chicago<\/strong>. Of direct use in the research writing described in the Educational Measurement paper.<\/span>\u0938\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0924 \u090f\u0915 \u092c\u093e\u0930 \u092d\u0930\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0915\u0930 \u0909\u0926\u094d\u0927\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0921\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902; \u092b\u093f\u0930 \u0917\u094d\u0930\u0902\u0925-\u0938\u0942\u091a\u0940 \u091a\u0941\u0928\u0940 \u0939\u0941\u0908 \u0936\u0948\u0932\u0940 \u2014 APA, MLA \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0917\u094b<\/strong> \u2014 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0932\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0936\u0948\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0915 \u092e\u093e\u092a\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928-\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0923\u093f\u0924 \u0936\u094b\u0927-\u0932\u0947\u0916\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0940\u0927\u0947 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0940\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <td>References<\/b>\u203a<\/i>Citations<\/b><\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <\/tbody>\n <\/table>\n\n <hr class=\"section-divider\">\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d3-7\">\n 3.7<\/span>\n <h3>Mail Merge<\/span>\u092e\u0947\u0932 \u092e\u0930\u094d\u091c<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"callout\">\n <div class=\"callout-label\">\ud83d\udcd8 Definition<\/span>\ud83d\udcd8 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e<\/span><\/div>\n Mail merge<\/strong> is the process of combining a main document<\/strong>, which holds the text common to everyone, with a data source<\/strong>, which holds the details that differ from person to person, to produce a set of individually personalised documents<\/strong> in one operation. One letter typed once becomes six hundred addressed letters.<\/span>\n \u092e\u0947\u0932 \u092e\u0930\u094d\u091c<\/strong> \u0935\u0939 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f \u0926\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0947\u091c\u093c<\/strong> \u2014 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u092c\u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u093e\u0920 \u0939\u094b \u2014 \u0915\u094b \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u093e-\u0938\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0924<\/strong> \u0938\u0947 \u2014 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f-\u0926\u0930-\u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0935\u093f\u0935\u0930\u0923 \u0939\u094b\u0902 \u2014 \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0915\u0930 \u090f\u0915 \u0939\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0917\u0924 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0935\u0948\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0915\u0943\u0924 \u0926\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0947\u091c\u093c\u094b\u0902<\/strong> \u0915\u093e \u0938\u092e\u0941\u091a\u094d\u091a\u092f \u092c\u0928\u093e\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u090f\u0915 \u092c\u093e\u0930 \u091f\u0902\u0915\u093f\u0924 \u090f\u0915 \u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u091b\u0939 \u0938\u094c \u0938\u0902\u092c\u094b\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092c\u0928 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\n <\/div>\n\n <svg class=\"full-diagram\" viewBox=\"0 0 700 290\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"How mail merge combines a main document with a data source\">\n <rect x=\"20\" y=\"24\" width=\"182\" height=\"122\" rx=\"7\" fill=\"#fff\" stroke=\"#1f5fa9\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\n <rect x=\"20\" y=\"24\" width=\"182\" height=\"20\" rx=\"7\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\"\/><rect x=\"20\" y=\"37\" width=\"182\" height=\"7\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\"\/>\n <text x=\"111\" y=\"38\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#fff\" letter-spacing=\".5\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">1 \u00b7 MAIN DOCUMENT<\/text>\n <g font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">\n <text x=\"34\" y=\"60\">Dear<\/text>\n <text x=\"58\" y=\"60\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#8e2f5a\">\u00abName\u00bb<\/text>\n <text x=\"97\" y=\"60\">,<\/text>\n <text x=\"34\" y=\"76\">The parent\u2013teacher meeting<\/text>\n <text x=\"34\" y=\"90\">for class<\/text>\n <text x=\"76\" y=\"90\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#8e2f5a\">\u00abClass\u00bb<\/text>\n <text x=\"115\" y=\"90\">will be<\/text>\n <text x=\"34\" y=\"104\">held on<\/text>\n <text x=\"70\" y=\"104\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#8e2f5a\">\u00abDate\u00bb<\/text>\n <text x=\"105\" y=\"104\">at 10 a.m.<\/text>\n <text x=\"34\" y=\"128\">Principal<\/text>\n <\/g>\n <text x=\"111\" y=\"160\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#5a6d80\" font-style=\"italic\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">common text + merge fields<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"20\" y=\"176\" width=\"182\" height=\"98\" rx=\"7\" fill=\"#fff\" stroke=\"#0d8f79\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\n <rect x=\"20\" y=\"176\" width=\"182\" height=\"20\" rx=\"7\" fill=\"#0d8f79\"\/><rect x=\"20\" y=\"189\" width=\"182\" height=\"7\" fill=\"#0d8f79\"\/>\n <text x=\"111\" y=\"190\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#fff\" letter-spacing=\".5\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">2 \u00b7 DATA SOURCE<\/text>\n <g stroke=\"#c3d2e2\" stroke-width=\"1\">\n <line x1=\"30\" y1=\"216\" x2=\"192\" y2=\"216\"\/><line x1=\"30\" y1=\"234\" x2=\"192\" y2=\"234\"\/><line x1=\"30\" y1=\"252\" x2=\"192\" y2=\"252\"\/>\n <line x1=\"90\" y1=\"202\" x2=\"90\" y2=\"266\"\/><line x1=\"140\" y1=\"202\" x2=\"140\" y2=\"266\"\/>\n <\/g>\n <g font-size=\"8\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">\n <text x=\"34\" y=\"213\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#0a6d5c\">Name<\/text><text x=\"94\" y=\"213\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#0a6d5c\">Class<\/text><text x=\"144\" y=\"213\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#0a6d5c\">Date<\/text>\n <text x=\"34\" y=\"231\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">Meera<\/text><text x=\"94\" y=\"231\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">VIII-A<\/text><text x=\"144\" y=\"231\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">14 Sep<\/text>\n <text x=\"34\" y=\"249\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">Arun<\/text><text x=\"94\" y=\"249\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">IX-B<\/text><text x=\"144\" y=\"249\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">15 Sep<\/text>\n <text x=\"34\" y=\"266\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">Fatima<\/text><text x=\"94\" y=\"266\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">X-C<\/text><text x=\"144\" y=\"266\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">15 Sep<\/text>\n <\/g>\n\n <defs>\n <marker id=\"mm\" markerWidth=\"10\" markerHeight=\"10\" refX=\"9\" refY=\"3.4\" orient=\"auto\">\n <path d=\"M0,0 L0,6.8 L9,3.4 z\" fill=\"#c9760f\"\/>\n <\/marker>\n <\/defs>\n <g stroke=\"#c9760f\" stroke-width=\"2.4\" fill=\"none\">\n <path d=\"M206 86 L250 86 L250 148\" marker-end=\"url(#mm)\"\/>\n <path d=\"M206 224 L250 224 L250 168\" marker-end=\"url(#mm)\"\/>\n <line x1=\"316\" y1=\"156\" x2=\"382\" y2=\"156\" marker-end=\"url(#mm)\"\/>\n <\/g>\n <circle cx=\"284\" cy=\"156\" r=\"34\" fill=\"#fffaef\" stroke=\"#c9760f\" stroke-width=\"2.2\"\/>\n <text x=\"284\" y=\"153\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"11\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#8f5409\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">MERGE<\/text>\n <text x=\"284\" y=\"167\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#8f5409\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Finish & Merge<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"416\" y=\"46\" width=\"168\" height=\"112\" rx=\"6\" fill=\"#fff\" stroke=\"#8e2f5a\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" opacity=\".45\"\/>\n <rect x=\"426\" y=\"58\" width=\"168\" height=\"112\" rx=\"6\" fill=\"#fff\" stroke=\"#8e2f5a\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" opacity=\".7\"\/>\n <rect x=\"436\" y=\"70\" width=\"168\" height=\"112\" rx=\"6\" fill=\"#fff\" stroke=\"#8e2f5a\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\n <rect x=\"436\" y=\"70\" width=\"168\" height=\"18\" rx=\"6\" fill=\"#8e2f5a\"\/><rect x=\"436\" y=\"82\" width=\"168\" height=\"6\" fill=\"#8e2f5a\"\/>\n <text x=\"520\" y=\"84\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#fff\" letter-spacing=\".5\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">3 \u00b7 MERGED OUTPUT<\/text>\n <g font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">\n <text x=\"448\" y=\"104\">Dear<\/text><text x=\"472\" y=\"104\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#0a6d5c\">Meera<\/text><text x=\"506\" y=\"104\">,<\/text>\n <text x=\"448\" y=\"120\">The parent\u2013teacher meeting<\/text>\n <text x=\"448\" y=\"134\">for class<\/text><text x=\"490\" y=\"134\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#0a6d5c\">VIII-A<\/text><text x=\"522\" y=\"134\">will be<\/text>\n <text x=\"448\" y=\"148\">held on<\/text><text x=\"484\" y=\"148\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#0a6d5c\">14 Sep<\/text><text x=\"521\" y=\"148\">at 10 a.m.<\/text>\n <text x=\"448\" y=\"172\">Principal<\/text>\n <\/g>\n <text x=\"520\" y=\"200\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#5a6d80\" font-style=\"italic\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">one personalised letter per record<\/text>\n <text x=\"520\" y=\"228\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#8e2f5a\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">3 records \u2192 3 letters<\/text>\n <text x=\"520\" y=\"248\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#5a6d80\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">600 records \u2192 600 letters,<\/text>\n <text x=\"520\" y=\"262\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#5a6d80\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">typed once<\/text>\n <\/svg>\n The three components of a mail merge. Merge fields in the main document are placeholders, shown between guillemets.<\/span>\u092e\u0947\u0932 \u092e\u0930\u094d\u091c \u0915\u0947 \u0924\u0940\u0928 \u0918\u091f\u0915\u0964 \u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f \u0926\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0947\u091c\u093c \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u0930\u094d\u091c \u092b\u093c\u0940\u0932\u094d\u0921 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928-\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0915 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u091c\u094b \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0915\u094b\u0923\u0940\u092f \u0915\u094b\u0937\u094d\u0920\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0926\u093f\u0916\u093e\u090f \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n\n <div class=\"flow-wrap\">\n <div class=\"flow-note\">\n \ud83d\udd01 The Mail Merge Wizard<\/strong> runs in six steps, and every command in it sits on the Mailings<\/strong> tab.<\/span>\n \ud83d\udd01 \u092e\u0947\u0932 \u092e\u0930\u094d\u091c \u0935\u093f\u091c\u093c\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0921<\/strong> \u091b\u0939 \u091a\u0930\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091a\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0906\u0926\u0947\u0936 Mailings<\/strong> \u091f\u0948\u092c \u092a\u0930 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"flow-steps\">\n <div class=\"flow-step\">\n 1<\/span>\n <div class=\"fs-body\">\n Select the document type<\/span>\u0926\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0947\u091c\u093c-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u091a\u0941\u0928\u0947\u0902<\/span><\/strong>\n Letters, e-mail messages, envelopes, labels<\/strong> or a directory. Envelopes and labels are the ones a school office most often overlooks.<\/span>\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930, \u0908-\u092e\u0947\u0932 \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0947\u0936, \u0932\u093f\u092b\u093c\u093e\u092b\u093c\u0947, \u0932\u0947\u092c\u0932<\/strong> \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0964 \u0932\u093f\u092b\u093c\u093e\u092b\u093c\u0947 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0932\u0947\u092c\u0932 \u0935\u0939\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u091c\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092f\u0903 \u092d\u0942\u0932 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/span>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"flow-step\">\n 2<\/span>\n <div class=\"fs-body\">\n Choose the starting document<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0930\u0902\u092d\u093f\u0915 \u0926\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0947\u091c\u093c \u091a\u0941\u0928\u0947\u0902<\/span><\/strong>\n The document open on screen, a template, or an existing file. This becomes the main document<\/strong>.<\/span>\u092a\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u0916\u0941\u0932\u093e \u0926\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0947\u091c\u093c, \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u091f\u0947\u092e\u094d\u092a\u0932\u0947\u091f, \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092b\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0932\u0964 \u092f\u0939\u0940 \u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f \u0926\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0947\u091c\u093c<\/strong> \u092c\u0928\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/span>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"flow-step\">\n 3<\/span>\n <div class=\"fs-body\">\n Select the recipients<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e \u091a\u0941\u0928\u0947\u0902<\/span><\/strong>\n The data source<\/strong>: an Excel worksheet<\/strong>, an Access database, Outlook contacts, or a new list typed on the spot. An Excel sheet is the usual choice in a school, and its first row must contain the column headings<\/strong>.<\/span>\u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u093e-\u0938\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0924<\/strong>: \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u090f\u0915\u094d\u0938\u0947\u0932 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0915<\/strong>, \u090f\u0915\u094d\u0938\u0947\u0938 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e\u092c\u0947\u0938, \u0906\u0909\u091f\u0932\u0941\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0930\u094d\u0915, \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0935\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u091f\u0902\u0915\u093f\u0924 \u0928\u0908 \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0940\u0964 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u090f\u0915\u094d\u0938\u0947\u0932 \u0936\u0940\u091f \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f \u091a\u092f\u0928 \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0940 \u092a\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0902\u092d-\u0936\u0940\u0930\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f<\/strong>\u0964<\/span><\/span>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"flow-step\">\n 4<\/span>\n <div class=\"fs-body\">\n Write the letter and insert merge fields<\/span>\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0932\u093f\u0916\u0947\u0902 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092e\u0930\u094d\u091c \u092b\u093c\u0940\u0932\u094d\u0921 \u0921\u093e\u0932\u0947\u0902<\/span><\/strong>\n A merge field<\/strong> is a placeholder such as \u00abName\u00bb that will be replaced by the value from each record. Ready-made compounds are Address Block<\/strong> and Greeting Line<\/strong>; Match Fields<\/strong> tells the program which column answers to which part of an address.<\/span>\u092e\u0930\u094d\u091c \u092b\u093c\u0940\u0932\u094d\u0921<\/strong> \u00abName\u00bb \u091c\u0948\u0938\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928-\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0915 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0932\u0947\u0916 \u0915\u093e \u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0932\u0947 \u0932\u0947\u0917\u093e\u0964 \u0924\u0948\u092f\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0939\u0948\u0902 Address Block<\/strong> \u090f\u0935\u0902 Greeting Line<\/strong>; Match Fields<\/strong> \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e \u0915\u094b \u092c\u0924\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u092a\u0924\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093f\u0938 \u092d\u093e\u0917 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u094c\u0928-\u0938\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0902\u092d \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/span>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"flow-step\">\n 5<\/span>\n <div class=\"fs-body\">\n Preview the letters<\/span>\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0935\u0932\u094b\u0915\u0928<\/span><\/strong>\n Each record is displayed in turn with the real values in place. Recipients may be filtered or sorted here<\/strong> \u2014 only class X, or only those with fees outstanding \u2014 and any record excluded.<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0932\u0947\u0916 \u092c\u093e\u0930\u0940-\u092c\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u0926\u093f\u0916\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e \u092f\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u091b\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u092c\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0915\u093f\u090f \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902<\/strong> \u2014 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0926\u0938, \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0935\u0947 \u091c\u093f\u0928\u0915\u0940 \u092b\u093c\u0940\u0938 \u092c\u093e\u0915\u093c\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u092d\u0940 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0932\u0947\u0916 \u0939\u091f\u093e\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/span>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"flow-step\">\n 6<\/span>\n <div class=\"fs-body\">\n Complete the merge<\/span>\u092e\u0930\u094d\u091c \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902<\/span><\/strong>\n Three outcomes: Edit Individual Documents<\/strong>, which creates one long file that can be corrected before printing; Print Documents<\/strong>, which sends them straight to the printer; and Send E-mail Messages<\/strong>.<\/span>\u0924\u0940\u0928 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e: Edit Individual Documents<\/strong>, \u091c\u094b \u090f\u0915 \u0932\u0902\u092c\u0940 \u092b\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0932 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0923 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u0938\u0941\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0947; Print Documents<\/strong>, \u091c\u094b \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0940\u0927\u0947 \u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0915 \u0915\u094b \u092d\u0947\u091c\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948; \u0924\u0925\u093e Send E-mail Messages<\/strong>\u0964<\/span><\/span>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"exam-tip\">\n <div class=\"et-icon\">\ud83c\udfeb<\/div>\n <div class=\"et-body\">\n What this is actually worth in a school.<\/strong> Admission letters, transfer certificates, parent-meeting notices, fee reminders, examination admit cards, address labels for envelopes, and appreciation certificates for a prize day all follow the same pattern \u2014 one design, many names<\/strong>. A clerk producing six hundred certificates by editing a name six hundred times will make mistakes; a mail merge from the class list will not. The one precaution is that the data source must be clean before the merge<\/strong>, since every error in the spreadsheet is faithfully reproduced in every letter.<\/span>\n \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u092e\u0942\u0932\u094d\u092f\u0964<\/strong> \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0947\u0936-\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930, \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930\u0923 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930, \u0905\u092d\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0915-\u092c\u0948\u0920\u0915 \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e\u090f\u0901, \u092b\u093c\u0940\u0938-\u0938\u094d\u092e\u0930\u0923, \u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0947\u0936-\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930, \u0932\u093f\u092b\u093c\u093e\u092b\u093c\u094b\u0902 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u092a\u0924\u093e-\u0932\u0947\u092c\u0932, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092a\u0941\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0915\u093e\u0930-\u0926\u093f\u0935\u0938 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u0902\u0938\u093e-\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u2014 \u0938\u092c \u090f\u0915 \u0939\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u0930 \u0939\u0948\u0902: \u090f\u0915 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a, \u0905\u0928\u0947\u0915 \u0928\u093e\u092e<\/strong>\u0964 \u091b\u0939 \u0938\u094c \u092c\u093e\u0930 \u0928\u093e\u092e \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0915\u0930 \u091b\u0939 \u0938\u094c \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e \u0932\u093f\u092a\u093f\u0915 \u092d\u0942\u0932\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0917\u093e; \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e-\u0938\u0942\u091a\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0932 \u092e\u0930\u094d\u091c \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0917\u093e\u0964 \u090f\u0915\u092e\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0938\u093e\u0935\u0927\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u092f\u0939 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u092e\u0930\u094d\u091c \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u093e-\u0938\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0924 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u091a\u094d\u091b \u0939\u094b\u0928\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f<\/strong>, \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u0938\u094d\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0921\u0936\u0940\u091f \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0924\u094d\u0930\u0941\u091f\u093f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0920\u093e\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0915 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u0941\u0924\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <hr class=\"section-divider\">\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d3-8\">\n 3.8<\/span>\n <h3>Track Changes, Comments and Review<\/span>\u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928-\u0905\u0928\u0941\u0930\u0947\u0916\u0923, \u091f\u093f\u092a\u094d\u092a\u0923\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n \n Track Changes<\/strong> records every insertion, deletion and formatting change made to a document, together with who made it and when<\/strong>, and displays them as markup instead of applying them silently. Nothing is lost and nothing is disguised: the original author can see exactly what a reviewer proposes and accept or reject each change separately<\/strong>.<\/span>\n \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928-\u0905\u0928\u0941\u0930\u0947\u0916\u0923<\/strong> \u0926\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0947\u091c\u093c \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u093f\u090f \u0917\u090f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0928\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0936\u0928, \u0935\u093f\u0932\u094b\u092a\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u0942\u092a\u0923-\u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u0915\u094b \u092f\u0939 \u0938\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0932\u093f\u0916\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0928\u0947 \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u092c \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e<\/strong>, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u091a\u0941\u092a\u091a\u093e\u092a \u0932\u093e\u0917\u0942 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u091c\u093e\u092f \u091a\u093f\u0939\u094d\u0928\u093e\u0902\u0915\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0926\u093f\u0916\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0928 \u0915\u0941\u091b \u0916\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0928 \u091b\u093f\u092a\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948: \u092e\u0942\u0932 \u0932\u0947\u0916\u0915 \u0920\u0940\u0915-\u0920\u0940\u0915 \u0926\u0947\u0916 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0938\u0941\u091d\u093e \u0930\u0939\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u0905\u0932\u0917 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0940\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u092f\u093e \u0905\u0938\u094d\u0935\u0940\u0915\u093e\u0930<\/strong> \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\n <\/p>\n\n <div class=\"markup\">\n <div class=\"mk-head\">How a tracked change appears on screen<\/span>\u0905\u0928\u0941\u0930\u0947\u0916\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u092a\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u0948\u0938\u093e \u0926\u093f\u0916\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/div>\n The parent\u2013teacher meeting will be held on <del>Saturday, 12 September<\/del><ins>Saturday, 19 September<\/ins> in the school auditorium. <ins>Attendance is requested by 9.45 a.m.<\/ins> \ud83d\udcac Vice-Principal: shifted by a week \u2014 sports day clashes<\/span><\/p>\n <div class=\"mk-legend\">\n Struck through in red<\/span> \u2014 text the reviewer proposes to delete. \u00b7 Underlined in green<\/span> \u2014 text proposed for insertion. \u00b7 Bubble in the margin<\/span> \u2014 a comment, which suggests rather than alters and never becomes part of the text.<\/span>\n \u0932\u093e\u0932 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u093e\u091f\u093e \u0939\u0941\u0906<\/span> \u2014 \u0935\u0939 \u092a\u093e\u0920 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0939\u091f\u093e\u0928\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0939\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u00b7 \u0939\u0930\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0930\u0947\u0916\u093e\u0902\u0915\u093f\u0924<\/span> \u2014 \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u093e\u0920\u0964 \u00b7 \u0939\u093e\u0936\u093f\u092f\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u092c\u0941\u0932\u092c\u0941\u0932\u093e<\/span> \u2014 \u091f\u093f\u092a\u094d\u092a\u0923\u0940, \u091c\u094b \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0924\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0938\u0941\u091d\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u092d\u0940 \u092a\u093e\u0920 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0902\u0917 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u092c\u0928\u0924\u0940\u0964<\/span>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"feat-grid\">\n <div class=\"feat-card\">1<\/span>Turning it on<\/span>\u0907\u0938\u0947 \u091a\u093e\u0932\u0942 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e<\/span><\/strong>Review<\/b>\u203a<\/i>Tracking<\/b>\u203a<\/i>Track Changes<\/b><\/span> or <kbd>Ctrl<\/kbd>+<kbd>Shift<\/kbd>+<kbd>E<\/kbd>. Until it is switched on nothing is recorded<\/strong>, and edits already made cannot be recovered as markup afterwards.<\/span>Review<\/b>\u203a<\/i>Tracking<\/b>\u203a<\/i>Track Changes<\/b><\/span> \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e <kbd>Ctrl<\/kbd>+<kbd>Shift<\/kbd>+<kbd>E<\/kbd>\u0964 \u091a\u093e\u0932\u0942 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u0924\u0915 \u0915\u0941\u091b \u092d\u0940 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0932\u093f\u0916\u093f\u0924 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e<\/strong>, \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0915\u093f\u090f \u0917\u090f \u0938\u0902\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0928 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091a\u093f\u0939\u094d\u0928\u093e\u0902\u0915\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093e\u092a\u0938 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0906 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0947\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"feat-card\">2<\/span>The four markup views<\/span>\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u091a\u093f\u0939\u094d\u0928\u093e\u0902\u0915\u0928-\u0926\u0943\u0936\u094d\u092f<\/span><\/strong>Simple Markup<\/strong> shows a change bar only; All Markup<\/strong> shows everything; No Markup<\/strong> shows the document as it would read if all changes were accepted<\/em>; Original<\/strong> shows it as it was. These change only the display<\/em> \u2014 the changes themselves remain.<\/span>Simple Markup<\/strong> \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928-\u092a\u091f\u094d\u091f\u0940 \u0926\u093f\u0916\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948; All Markup<\/strong> \u0938\u092c \u0915\u0941\u091b; No Markup<\/strong> \u0926\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0947\u091c\u093c \u0935\u0948\u0938\u093e \u0926\u093f\u0916\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u093e \u0938\u092d\u0940 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0940\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u0922\u093c\u093e \u091c\u093e\u090f\u0917\u093e<\/em>; Original<\/strong> \u0935\u0948\u0938\u093e \u091c\u0948\u0938\u093e \u0935\u0939 \u0925\u093e\u0964 \u092f\u0947 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u0928<\/em> \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u2014 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u092c\u0928\u0947 \u0930\u0939\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"feat-card\">3<\/span>Accepting and rejecting<\/span>\u0938\u094d\u0935\u0940\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0928\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0905\u0938\u094d\u0935\u0940\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0928\u093e<\/span><\/strong>Each change can be accepted or rejected one at a time<\/strong>, or all at once. Only when a change is accepted or rejected does it stop being markup<\/strong> and become, or cease to be, part of the text.<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u090f\u0915-\u090f\u0915 \u0915\u0930<\/strong> \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0938\u092c \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0940\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u092f\u093e \u0905\u0938\u094d\u0935\u0940\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0940\u0915\u0943\u0924 \u092f\u093e \u0905\u0938\u094d\u0935\u0940\u0915\u0943\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u0939\u0940 \u0935\u0939 \u091a\u093f\u0939\u094d\u0928\u093e\u0902\u0915\u0928 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0930\u0939 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e<\/strong> \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u093e\u0920 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0902\u0917 \u092c\u0928\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u092f\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0930\u0939\u0924\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"feat-card\">4<\/span>Comments<\/span>\u091f\u093f\u092a\u094d\u092a\u0923\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901<\/span><\/strong>A note attached to a passage that suggests without altering<\/strong>. Comments can be replied to and resolved<\/strong>, which greys them out without deleting the discussion.<\/span>\u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0905\u0902\u0936 \u0938\u0947 \u091c\u0941\u0921\u093c\u0940 \u0935\u0939 \u091f\u093f\u092a\u094d\u092a\u0923\u0940 \u091c\u094b \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0947 \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0938\u0941\u091d\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948<\/strong>\u0964 \u091f\u093f\u092a\u094d\u092a\u0923\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u093f\u092a\u091f\u093e\u092f\u093e<\/strong> \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0935\u0947 \u091a\u0930\u094d\u091a\u093e \u092e\u093f\u091f\u093e\u090f \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0927\u0941\u0901\u0927\u0932\u0940 \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"feat-card\">5<\/span>Compare and Combine<\/span>\u0924\u0941\u0932\u0928\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928<\/span><\/strong>Compare<\/strong> takes two versions of a document and produces a third showing every difference as markup \u2014 the way to deal with a colleague who edited without tracking. Combine<\/strong> merges revisions from several reviewers into one file.<\/span>Compare<\/strong> \u0926\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0947\u091c\u093c \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u094b \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0932\u0947\u0915\u0930 \u0924\u0940\u0938\u0930\u093e \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930 \u091a\u093f\u0939\u094d\u0928\u093e\u0902\u0915\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0926\u093f\u0916\u0947 \u2014 \u0909\u0938 \u0938\u0939\u0915\u0930\u094d\u092e\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u092a\u091f\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0930\u0940\u0924\u093f \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0928\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0930\u0947\u0916\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0938\u0902\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0928 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0964 Combine<\/strong> \u0905\u0928\u0947\u0915 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u0936\u094b\u0927\u0928 \u090f\u0915 \u092b\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0932 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"feat-card\">6<\/span>Restrict Editing<\/span>\u0938\u0902\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092c\u0902\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902<\/span><\/strong>Limits what a recipient may do \u2014 allow comments only, allow tracked changes only, or fill in forms only. It can be locked with a password, which is how a circulated draft is kept from being silently rewritten.<\/span>\u0938\u0940\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0947 \u2014 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u091f\u093f\u092a\u094d\u092a\u0923\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901, \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0930\u0947\u0916\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928, \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u092b\u093c\u0949\u0930\u094d\u092e \u092d\u0930\u0928\u093e\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u0938\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0921 \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0902\u0926 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0907\u0938\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u091a\u093e\u0932\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0930\u0942\u092a \u091a\u0941\u092a\u091a\u093e\u092a \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u094d\u0932\u093f\u0916\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u091a\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"callout red\">\n <div class=\"callout-label\">\u26a0\ufe0f The administrative trap in Track Changes<\/span>\u26a0\ufe0f \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928-\u0905\u0928\u0941\u0930\u0947\u0916\u0923 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u093e\u0938\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u091c\u093e\u0932<\/span><\/div>\n Choosing No Markup<\/strong> hides the changes on screen but does not remove them from the file<\/strong>. A document forwarded in that state still carries every deletion, every reviewer's name and every comment, and the recipient need only switch the view to read the entire internal discussion. Before a document leaves the school, all changes must be accepted or rejected<\/strong>, all comments deleted, and File<\/b>\u203a<\/i>Info<\/b>\u203a<\/i>Inspect Document<\/b><\/span> run to strip the remaining hidden metadata. This is a matter of confidentiality, not of tidiness \u2014 the same principle governs a draft reply to an inspection note or a confidential report.<\/span>\n No Markup<\/strong> \u091a\u0941\u0928\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u092a\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u091b\u093f\u092a \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0915\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0941 \u092b\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0932 \u0938\u0947 \u0939\u091f\u0924\u0947 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902<\/strong>\u0964 \u0909\u0938 \u0905\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0926\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0947\u091c\u093c \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0932\u094b\u092a\u0928, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093e\u092e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u091f\u093f\u092a\u094d\u092a\u0923\u0940 \u092c\u0928\u0940 \u0930\u0939\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0906\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u091a\u0930\u094d\u091a\u093e \u092a\u0922\u093c\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0926\u0943\u0936\u094d\u092f \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0928\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0926\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0947\u091c\u093c \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0939\u0930 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u0938\u092e\u0938\u094d\u0924 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0940\u0915\u0943\u0924 \u092f\u093e \u0905\u0938\u094d\u0935\u0940\u0915\u0943\u0924<\/strong> \u0915\u093f\u090f \u091c\u093e\u090f\u0901, \u0938\u092e\u0938\u094d\u0924 \u091f\u093f\u092a\u094d\u092a\u0923\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u092e\u093f\u091f\u093e\u0908 \u091c\u093e\u090f\u0901, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0936\u0947\u0937 \u091b\u093f\u092a\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u091f\u093e\u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u0939\u091f\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 File<\/b>\u203a<\/i>Info<\/b>\u203a<\/i>Inspect Document<\/b><\/span> \u091a\u0932\u093e\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u090f\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u091a\u094d\u091b\u0924\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0917\u094b\u092a\u0928\u0940\u092f\u0924\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u092f\u0939\u0940 \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923-\u091f\u093f\u092a\u094d\u092a\u0923\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0930\u0942\u092a \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0917\u094b\u092a\u0928\u0940\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0926\u0928 \u092a\u0930 \u092d\u0940 \u0932\u093e\u0917\u0942 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\n <\/div>\n\n <hr class=\"section-divider\">\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d3-9\">\n 3.9<\/span>\n <h3>Printing, PDF Conversion and Protection<\/span>\u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0923, PDF \u0930\u0942\u092a\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930\u0923 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n <h4>A. Printing<\/span>\u0915. \u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0923<\/span><\/h4>\n\n <table class=\"data-table\">\n <thead>\n <tr>\n <th>Setting<\/span>\u0938\u0947\u091f\u093f\u0902\u0917<\/span><\/th>\n <th>What it controls<\/span>\u092f\u0939 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/th>\n <\/tr>\n <\/thead>\n <tbody>\n <tr><td>Page range<\/span>\u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920-\u092a\u0930\u093e\u0938<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>All pages, the current page, a selection, or a custom range. The notation is exact: <code>1-3<\/code> means pages one to three, and <code>1,3,7<\/code> means only those three<\/strong>; the two may be combined as <code>1-3,7<\/code>.<\/span>\u0938\u092d\u0940 \u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920, \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920, \u091a\u092f\u0928, \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0907\u091a\u094d\u091b\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u0930\u093e\u0938\u0964 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0947\u0924\u0928 \u0920\u0940\u0915-\u0920\u0940\u0915 \u0939\u0948: <code>1-3<\/code> \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u0947 \u0924\u0940\u0928, \u0924\u0925\u093e <code>1,3,7<\/code> \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0935\u0939\u0940 \u0924\u0940\u0928<\/strong>; \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b <code>1-3,7<\/code> \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u093e\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>Collated or uncollated<\/span>\u0938\u0902\u092f\u094b\u091c\u093f\u0924 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0905\u0938\u0902\u092f\u094b\u091c\u093f\u0924<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>For three copies of a four-page document, collated<\/strong> prints 1,2,3,4 \u2014 1,2,3,4 \u2014 1,2,3,4, ready to staple. Uncollated<\/strong> prints all the page ones, then all the page twos. The distinction is regularly asked.<\/span>\u091a\u093e\u0930-\u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920\u0940\u092f \u0926\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0947\u091c\u093c \u0915\u0940 \u0924\u0940\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0938\u0902\u092f\u094b\u091c\u093f\u0924<\/strong> 1,2,3,4 \u2014 1,2,3,4 \u2014 1,2,3,4 \u091b\u093e\u092a\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0928\u0924\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u094b \u0924\u0948\u092f\u093e\u0930\u0964 \u0905\u0938\u0902\u092f\u094b\u091c\u093f\u0924<\/strong> \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0930\u0947 \u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u090f\u0915, \u092b\u093f\u0930 \u0938\u093e\u0930\u0947 \u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u0926\u094b \u091b\u093e\u092a\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u092d\u0947\u0926 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u091b\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>One-sided or two-sided<\/span>\u090f\u0915-\u0924\u0930\u092b\u093c\u093e \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0926\u094b-\u0924\u0930\u092b\u093c\u093e<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>Two-sided printing, or duplex<\/strong>, halves paper consumption \u2014 a real saving on a school's examination and circular printing.<\/span>\u0926\u094b-\u0924\u0930\u092b\u093c\u093e \u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0923, \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0924\u094d \u0921\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0938<\/strong>, \u0915\u093e\u0917\u091c\u093c \u0915\u0940 \u0916\u092a\u0924 \u0906\u0927\u0940 \u0915\u0930 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0923 \u092a\u0930 \u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u092c\u091a\u0924\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>Pages per sheet and scaling<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f \u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092e\u093e\u092a\u0928<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>Prints two or four pages on one sheet, and Scale to Paper Size<\/strong> fits a document laid out for Letter onto A4 without reformatting it.<\/span>\u090f\u0915 \u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u0926\u094b \u092f\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u091b\u093e\u092a\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u0925\u093e Scale to Paper Size<\/strong> \u0932\u0947\u091f\u0930 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u092c\u0928\u0947 \u0926\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0947\u091c\u093c \u0915\u094b \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u094d\u0938\u0902\u0930\u0942\u092a\u0923 A4 \u092a\u0930 \u092c\u093f\u0920\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>Print Preview<\/span>\u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0923-\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0935\u0932\u094b\u0915\u0928<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>Shows the page exactly as it will print. <kbd>Ctrl<\/kbd>+<kbd>P<\/kbd> opens the print screen with the preview beside the settings \u2014 the last check before paper is consumed.<\/span>\u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u0920\u0940\u0915 \u0935\u0948\u0938\u093e \u0926\u093f\u0916\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u093e \u091b\u092a\u0947\u0917\u093e\u0964 <kbd>Ctrl<\/kbd>+<kbd>P<\/kbd> \u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0923-\u092a\u0930\u094d\u0926\u093e \u0938\u0947\u091f\u093f\u0902\u0917\u094d\u0938 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0935\u0932\u094b\u0915\u0928 \u0938\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u0916\u094b\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u0915\u093e\u0917\u091c\u093c \u0916\u0930\u094d\u091a \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u093f\u092e \u091c\u093e\u0901\u091a\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <\/tbody>\n <\/table>\n\n <h4>B. PDF conversion and document protection<\/span>\u0916. PDF \u0930\u0942\u092a\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930\u0923 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0926\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0947\u091c\u093c-\u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e<\/span><\/h4>\n\n <div class=\"feat-grid\">\n <div class=\"feat-card\">1<\/span>Saving as PDF<\/span>PDF \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e<\/span><\/strong>Two equivalent routes: File<\/b>\u203a<\/i>Save As<\/b>\u203a<\/i>PDF<\/b><\/span> or File<\/b>\u203a<\/i>Export<\/b>\u203a<\/i>Create PDF<\/b><\/span> The layout is then fixed and no longer editable<\/strong> in the ordinary way.<\/span>\u0926\u094b \u0924\u0941\u0932\u094d\u092f \u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0917: File<\/b>\u203a<\/i>Save As<\/b>\u203a<\/i>PDF<\/b><\/span> \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e File<\/b>\u203a<\/i>Export<\/b>\u203a<\/i>Create PDF<\/b><\/span> \u0924\u092c \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0930 \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0930\u0940\u0924\u093f \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0928\u0940\u092f \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0930\u0939\u0924\u093e<\/strong>\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"feat-card\">2<\/span>Why a notice should go as PDF<\/span>\u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e PDF \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f<\/span><\/strong>A .docx sent to a parent may open with different fonts, shifted tables and a broken layout, and can be altered. A PDF looks identical everywhere<\/strong> and cannot be casually changed \u2014 which matters when the document is a fee notice or a certificate.<\/span>\u0905\u092d\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0915 \u0915\u094b \u092d\u0947\u091c\u093e .docx \u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u092b\u093c\u0949\u0928\u094d\u091f, \u0916\u093f\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u0938\u093e\u0930\u0923\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u091f\u0942\u091f\u0947 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0916\u0941\u0932 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u092c\u0926\u0932\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 PDF \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u090f\u0915-\u0938\u093e<\/strong> \u0926\u093f\u0916\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0939\u0940 \u092c\u0926\u0932\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u2014 \u092f\u0939 \u0924\u092c \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u092c \u0926\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0947\u091c\u093c \u092b\u093c\u0940\u0938-\u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e \u092f\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0939\u094b\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"feat-card\">3<\/span>Passwords<\/span>\u092a\u093e\u0938\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0921<\/span><\/strong>Two distinct kinds: a password to open<\/strong>, without which the file cannot be read at all, and a password to modify<\/strong>, which allows reading but not editing. A question-paper file needs the first; a template needs the second.<\/span>\u0926\u094b \u092a\u0943\u0925\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930: \u0916\u094b\u0932\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u093e\u0938\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0921<\/strong>, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u092b\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0932 \u092a\u0922\u093c\u0940 \u0939\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u093e\u0938\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0921<\/strong>, \u091c\u094b \u092a\u0922\u093c\u0928\u0947 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0938\u0902\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0928 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928-\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092b\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0932 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u0939\u0932\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f; \u091f\u0947\u092e\u094d\u092a\u0932\u0947\u091f \u0915\u094b \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"feat-card\">4<\/span>Mark as Final<\/span>\u0905\u0902\u0924\u093f\u092e \u091a\u093f\u0939\u094d\u0928\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902<\/span><\/strong>Sets the document read-only and shows a notice bar. It is a courtesy, not a security control<\/strong> \u2014 any reader can switch it off with one click, so it must not be relied on to protect anything confidential.<\/span>\u0926\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0947\u091c\u093c \u0915\u094b \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932-\u092a\u0920\u0928 \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e-\u092a\u091f\u094d\u091f\u0940 \u0926\u093f\u0916\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0936\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093e\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0939\u0948, \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e-\u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0923 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902<\/strong> \u2014 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u092d\u0940 \u092a\u093e\u0920\u0915 \u090f\u0915 \u0915\u094d\u0932\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0947 \u0907\u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0902\u0926 \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0905\u0924\u0903 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0917\u094b\u092a\u0928\u0940\u092f \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u0940 \u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0907\u0938 \u092a\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092d\u0930 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0930\u0939\u0928\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"feat-card\">5<\/span>Inspect Document<\/span>\u0926\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0947\u091c\u093c \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923<\/span><\/strong>Finds and removes hidden metadata<\/strong> \u2014 author name, editing history, comments, tracked changes, hidden text. The step that should precede every outward transmission.<\/span>\u091b\u093f\u092a\u093e \u092e\u0947\u091f\u093e\u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e<\/strong> \u0916\u094b\u091c\u0915\u0930 \u0939\u091f\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u0932\u0947\u0916\u0915 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093e\u092e, \u0938\u0902\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0928-\u0907\u0924\u093f\u0939\u093e\u0938, \u091f\u093f\u092a\u094d\u092a\u0923\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901, \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0930\u0947\u0916\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928, \u091b\u093f\u092a\u093e \u092a\u093e\u0920\u0964 \u092c\u093e\u0939\u0930 \u092d\u0947\u091c\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u092f\u0939 \u091a\u0930\u0923 \u0938\u0926\u0948\u0935 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"feat-card\">6<\/span>AutoRecover<\/span>\u0938\u094d\u0935\u0924\u0903-\u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u094d\u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924\u093f<\/span><\/strong>Saves a temporary copy at a set interval, so that work survives a power failure. It is a safety net, not a substitute for saving<\/strong>, and unsaved files can be looked for at File<\/b>\u203a<\/i>Info<\/b>\u203a<\/i>Manage Document<\/b><\/span><\/span>\u0928\u093f\u092f\u0924 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093e\u0932 \u092a\u0930 \u0905\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092f\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u092c\u093f\u091c\u0932\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u092c\u091a\u093e \u0930\u0939\u0947\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e-\u091c\u093e\u0932 \u0939\u0948, \u0938\u0902\u091a\u092f\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902<\/strong>, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0905\u0938\u0902\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u092b\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0932\u0947\u0902 File<\/b>\u203a<\/i>Info<\/b>\u203a<\/i>Manage Document<\/b><\/span> \u092a\u0930 \u0926\u0947\u0916\u0940 \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <hr class=\"section-divider\">\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d3-10\">\n 3.10<\/span>\n <h3>Word Processing Shortcut Keys<\/span>\u0936\u092c\u094d\u0926 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u093e\u0927\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u0936\u0949\u0930\u094d\u091f\u0915\u091f \u0915\u0941\u0902\u091c\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n \n The universal editing shortcuts listed in \u00a72.9 \u2014 copy, cut, paste, undo, save, print \u2014 apply here unchanged. The combinations below are the ones specific to a word processor.<\/span>\n \u00a72.9 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0926\u0940 \u0917\u0908 \u0938\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0928-\u0936\u0949\u0930\u094d\u091f\u0915\u091f \u2014 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0932\u093f\u092a\u093f, \u0915\u093e\u091f\u0947\u0902, \u091a\u093f\u092a\u0915\u093e\u090f\u0901, \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0935\u0924\u094d, \u0938\u0902\u091a\u092f\u0928, \u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0923 \u2014 \u092f\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0905\u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0924 \u0932\u093e\u0917\u0942 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0928\u0940\u091a\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u0936\u092c\u094d\u0926 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u093e\u0927\u0915 \u0938\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span>\n <\/p>\n\n <div class=\"abbr-grid\">\n <table>\n <thead><tr><th>Formatting<\/span>\u0938\u0902\u0930\u0942\u092a\u0923<\/span><\/th><th>Action<\/span>\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e<\/span><\/th><\/tr><\/thead>\n <tbody>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">Ctrl + B \/ I \/ U<\/td><td>Bold \u00b7 Italic \u00b7 Underline<\/span>\u092e\u094b\u091f\u093e \u00b7 \u0924\u093f\u0930\u091b\u093e \u00b7 \u0930\u0947\u0916\u093e\u0902\u0915\u093f\u0924<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">Ctrl + L \/ E \/ R \/ J<\/td><td>Align left \u00b7 centre \u00b7 right \u00b7 justify<\/strong><\/span>\u092c\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u00b7 \u092e\u0927\u094d\u092f \u00b7 \u0926\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u00b7 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930<\/strong> \u0938\u0902\u0930\u0947\u0916\u0923<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">Ctrl + 1 \/ 2 \/ 5<\/td><td>Single \u00b7 double \u00b7 1.5 line spacing<\/span>\u090f\u0915\u0939\u0930\u093e \u00b7 \u0926\u0941\u0939\u0930\u093e \u00b7 \u0921\u0947\u0922\u093c \u092a\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f-\u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093e\u0932<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">Ctrl + Shift + > \/ <<\/td><td>Increase \u00b7 decrease font size<\/span>\u092b\u093c\u0949\u0928\u094d\u091f \u0906\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u092c\u0922\u093c\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u00b7 \u0918\u091f\u093e\u090f\u0901<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">Shift + F3<\/td><td>Change case<\/span>\u0905\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0930-\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0947\u0902<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">Ctrl + Spacebar<\/td><td>Remove character formatting<\/span>\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0923-\u0938\u0902\u0930\u0942\u092a\u0923 \u0939\u091f\u093e\u090f\u0901<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">Ctrl + Shift + C \/ V<\/td><td>Copy \u00b7 paste formatting<\/strong><\/span>\u0938\u0902\u0930\u0942\u092a\u0923<\/strong> \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0932\u093f\u092a\u093f \u00b7 \u091a\u093f\u092a\u0915\u093e\u0928\u093e<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <\/tbody>\n <\/table>\n <table>\n <thead><tr><th>Editing and navigation<\/span>\u0938\u0902\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u0930\u0923<\/span><\/th><th>Action<\/span>\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e<\/span><\/th><\/tr><\/thead>\n <tbody>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">Ctrl + Enter<\/td><td>Page break<\/strong><\/span>\u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u0935\u093f\u091a\u094d\u091b\u0947\u0926<\/strong><\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">Shift + Enter<\/td><td>Line break within the paragraph<\/span>\u0905\u0928\u0941\u091a\u094d\u091b\u0947\u0926 \u0915\u0947 \u092d\u0940\u0924\u0930 \u092a\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f-\u0935\u093f\u091a\u094d\u091b\u0947\u0926<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">Ctrl + H<\/td><td>Find and Replace<\/span>\u0916\u094b\u091c\u0947\u0902 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0947\u0902<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">Ctrl + Home \/ End<\/td><td>Go to start \u00b7 end of the document<\/span>\u0926\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0947\u091c\u093c \u0915\u0947 \u0906\u0930\u0902\u092d \u00b7 \u0905\u0902\u0924 \u092a\u0930 \u091c\u093e\u090f\u0901<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">F7 \u00b7 Shift + F7<\/td><td>Spelling and grammar \u00b7 thesaurus<\/span>\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928\u0940 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u00b7 \u092a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f\u0915\u094b\u0936<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">F12 \u00b7 Ctrl + F2<\/td><td>Save As \u00b7 Print Preview<\/span>\u0907\u0938 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902 \u00b7 \u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0923-\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0935\u0932\u094b\u0915\u0928<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">Ctrl + Shift + E<\/td><td>Turn Track Changes on or off<\/strong><\/span>\u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928-\u0905\u0928\u0941\u0930\u0947\u0916\u0923 \u091a\u093e\u0932\u0942 \u092f\u093e \u092c\u0902\u0926 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902<\/strong><\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">Ctrl + Alt + F \/ D<\/td><td>Insert footnote \u00b7 endnote<\/span>\u092a\u093e\u0926-\u091f\u093f\u092a\u094d\u092a\u0923\u0940 \u00b7 \u0905\u0902\u0924-\u091f\u093f\u092a\u094d\u092a\u0923\u0940 \u0921\u093e\u0932\u0947\u0902<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <\/tbody>\n <\/table>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"mcq-box\">\n <div class=\"mcq-title\">\n Practice<\/span>\u0905\u092d\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938<\/span><\/span>\n Questions on mail merge, review and printing<\/span>\u092e\u0947\u0932 \u092e\u0930\u094d\u091c, \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0923 \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928<\/span><\/span>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"mcq-note\">Objective questions in the pattern of the examination. Click to reveal the answer and its explanation.<\/span>\u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u0930 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928\u0964 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0916\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u094d\u0932\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u0940\u091c\u093f\u090f\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <details class=\"mcq-q\">\n <summary>36<\/span>Mail merge requires which of the following?<\/span><\/summary>\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\n <li>(a) A main document only<\/li>\n <li>(b) A data source only<\/li>\n <li>(c) Both a main document and a data source<\/li>\n <li>(d) Two main documents<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\">(c) Both a main document and a data source<\/b> The main document holds the common text and the merge fields; the data source holds one record per recipient. Joining them produces the third component, the merged output.<\/span>\u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f \u0926\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0947\u091c\u093c \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u093e\u0920 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092e\u0930\u094d\u091c \u092b\u093c\u0940\u0932\u094d\u0921 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902; \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u093e-\u0938\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0924 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e \u090f\u0915 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0932\u0947\u0916\u0964 \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u0924\u0940\u0938\u0930\u093e \u0918\u091f\u0915, \u0938\u0902\u092e\u093f\u0932\u093f\u0924 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0924, \u092c\u0928\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\u00a73.7<\/span><\/div>\n <\/details>\n <details class=\"mcq-q\">\n <summary>37<\/span>The Mail Merge command is located on which tab?<\/span><\/summary>\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\n <li>(a) Insert<\/li>\n <li>(b) References<\/li>\n <li>(c) Mailings<\/li>\n <li>(d) Review<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\">(c) Mailings<\/b> The entire merge sequence \u2014 Start Mail Merge, Select Recipients, Insert Merge Field, Preview Results, Finish and Merge \u2014 sits on this one tab, arranged left to right in the order the steps are performed.<\/span>\u0938\u0902\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u092e\u0930\u094d\u091c \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u2014 Start Mail Merge, Select Recipients, Insert Merge Field, Preview Results, Finish and Merge \u2014 \u0907\u0938\u0940 \u090f\u0915 \u091f\u0948\u092c \u092a\u0930 \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u092c\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u0938\u0947 \u0926\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u0909\u0938\u0940 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u091c\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091a\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u093f\u090f \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span>\u00a73.1 A, \u00a73.7<\/span><\/div>\n <\/details>\n <details class=\"mcq-q\">\n <summary>38<\/span>To allow a document to have Roman numerals on its first few pages and Arabic numerals thereafter, one must insert a:<\/span><\/summary>\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\n <li>(a) Page break<\/li>\n <li>(b) Column break<\/li>\n <li>(c) Section break<\/li>\n <li>(d) Line break<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\">(c) Section break<\/b> Only a section break creates a new formatting region in which page numbering, margins and orientation can differ. The further essential step is to switch off \"Link to Previous\" in the footer of the new section, without which it merely copies the one before it.<\/span>\u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0916\u0902\u0921 \u0935\u093f\u091a\u094d\u091b\u0947\u0926 \u0939\u0940 \u0928\u092f\u093e \u0938\u0902\u0930\u0942\u092a\u0923-\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920-\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0902\u0915\u0928, \u0939\u093e\u0936\u093f\u092f\u0947 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0926\u093f\u0936\u093e \u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0947\u0902\u0964 \u0906\u0917\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0928\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u091a\u0930\u0923 \u0939\u0948 \u0928\u090f \u0916\u0902\u0921 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u0926\u0932\u0947\u0916 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \"Link to Previous\" \u092c\u0902\u0926 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0935\u0939 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u092a\u093f\u091b\u0932\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0928\u0915\u0932 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0930\u0939\u0947\u0917\u093e\u0964<\/span>\u00a73.5<\/span><\/div>\n <\/details>\n <details class=\"mcq-q\">\n <summary>39<\/span>Three copies of a four-page document are printed with the Collated option selected. The pages emerge in the order:<\/span><\/summary>\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\n <li>(a) 1,1,1 \u2013 2,2,2 \u2013 3,3,3 \u2013 4,4,4<\/li>\n <li>(b) 1,2,3,4 \u2013 1,2,3,4 \u2013 1,2,3,4<\/li>\n <li>(c) 4,3,2,1 \u2013 4,3,2,1 \u2013 4,3,2,1<\/li>\n <li>(d) 1,2,3,4 only<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\">(b) 1,2,3,4 \u2013 1,2,3,4 \u2013 1,2,3,4<\/b> Collated means each complete copy is printed in sequence, ready to be stapled without sorting. Option (a) describes uncollated printing, which is faster on some printers but leaves the sorting to be done by hand.<\/span>\u0938\u0902\u092f\u094b\u091c\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u0939\u0948 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091b\u092a\u0947, \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u091b\u093e\u0901\u091f\u0947 \u0928\u0924\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u094b \u0924\u0948\u092f\u093e\u0930\u0964 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a (\u0915) \u0905\u0938\u0902\u092f\u094b\u091c\u093f\u0924 \u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0923 \u092c\u0924\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u094b \u0915\u0941\u091b \u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u0924\u0947\u091c\u093c \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0941 \u091b\u0901\u091f\u093e\u0908 \u0939\u093e\u0925 \u092a\u0930 \u091b\u094b\u0921\u093c \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\u00a73.9 A<\/span><\/div>\n <\/details>\n <details class=\"mcq-q\">\n <summary>40<\/span>Setting the markup view to \"No Markup\" before forwarding a document will:<\/span><\/summary>\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\n <li>(a) Permanently delete all tracked changes<\/li>\n <li>(b) Accept all tracked changes<\/li>\n <li>(c) Hide the changes on screen while leaving them in the file<\/li>\n <li>(d) Convert the document to PDF<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\">(c) Hide the changes on screen while leaving them in the file<\/b> The markup views alter only the display. Every deletion, reviewer name and comment travels with the file, and the recipient need only change the view to read them. Changes must be explicitly accepted or rejected, and Inspect Document run, before a file leaves the office.<\/span>\u091a\u093f\u0939\u094d\u0928\u093e\u0902\u0915\u0928-\u0926\u0943\u0936\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u0928 \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0932\u094b\u092a\u0928, \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093e\u092e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u091f\u093f\u092a\u094d\u092a\u0923\u0940 \u092b\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0932 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0922\u093c\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0926\u0943\u0936\u094d\u092f \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0928\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092b\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0932 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0939\u0930 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u0938\u094d\u092a\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0940\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u092f\u093e \u0905\u0938\u094d\u0935\u0940\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u093f\u090f \u091c\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u0924\u0925\u093e Inspect Document \u091a\u0932\u093e\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u090f\u0964<\/span>\u00a73.8<\/span><\/div>\n <\/details>\n <\/div>\n\n <\/section>\n\n \n <section class=\"chapter-content\" data-chap=\"4\" id=\"c4\">\n <div class=\"chapter-heading-block\">\n SYLLABUS ITEM 4<\/span>\u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u092e\u0926 4<\/span><\/span>\n <h2>Spreadsheets<\/span>\u0938\u094d\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0921\u0936\u0940\u091f<\/span><\/h2>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"callout amber\">\n <div class=\"callout-label\">\ud83d\udccc What this chapter covers<\/span>\ud83d\udccc \u0907\u0938 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/div>\n Rows, columns, formulas, functions, sorting, filtering, charts, attendance management, and result analysis<\/span>\n \u092a\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901, \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0902\u092d, \u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930, \u092b\u0932\u0928, \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u092c\u0926\u094d\u0927\u0924\u093e, \u091b\u093e\u0928\u0928\u093e, \u091a\u093e\u0930\u094d\u091f, \u0909\u092a\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0928 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e-\u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0937\u0923<\/span>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"keyfact-grid\">\n <div class=\"keyfact-card navy-hi\">\n \ud83d\udd22<\/span>\n <div class=\"kf-label\">The Rule That Starts Everything<\/span>\u0935\u0939 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u092c \u0906\u0930\u0902\u092d \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"kf-value\" style=\"font-size:20px;\">= <\/div>\n <div class=\"kf-sub\">Every formula begins with an equals sign. Without it the entry is treated as ordinary text<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092c\u0930\u093e\u092c\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u091a\u093f\u0939\u094d\u0928 \u0938\u0947 \u0906\u0930\u0902\u092d \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093f \u0938\u093e\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u092a\u093e\u0920 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"keyfact-card teal-hi\">\n \ud83d\udd12<\/span>\n <div class=\"kf-label\">The Reference Types<\/span>\u0938\u0902\u0926\u0930\u094d\u092d \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"kf-value\" style=\"font-size:15px;\">A1 \u00b7 $A$1 \u00b7 A$1<\/div>\n <div class=\"kf-sub\">Relative, absolute and mixed \u2014 and <kbd>F4<\/kbd> cycles between them<\/span>\u0938\u093e\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937, \u0928\u093f\u0930\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092e\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u2014 \u0924\u0925\u093e <kbd>F4<\/kbd> \u0907\u0928\u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u091a\u0915\u094d\u0930 \u091a\u0932\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"keyfact-card amber-hi\">\n \ud83d\udcd0<\/span>\n <div class=\"kf-label\">The Size of One Sheet<\/span>\u090f\u0915 \u0936\u0940\u091f \u0915\u093e \u0906\u0915\u093e\u0930<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"kf-value\" style=\"font-size:13px;\">16,384 \u00d7 1,048,576<\/div>\n <div class=\"kf-sub\">Columns A to XFD, and rows 1 to just over ten lakh<\/span>\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0902\u092d A \u0938\u0947 XFD \u0924\u0915, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092a\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 1 \u0938\u0947 \u0926\u0938 \u0932\u093e\u0916 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0941\u091b \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0924\u0915<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d4-0\">\n 4.0<\/span>\n <h3>Introduction<\/span>\u092a\u0930\u093f\u091a\u092f<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n <ul class=\"icon-list\">\n <li>\u25b8<\/span>\n A spreadsheet<\/strong> is application software that arranges data in a grid of rows and columns and performs calculations on it<\/strong>. Its defining property, and the whole reason it exists, is that a formula recalculates itself the instant any figure it depends on changes<\/strong>. Correct one mark in a result sheet and the total, the percentage, the grade and the class average all move by themselves.<\/span>\n \u0938\u094d\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0921\u0936\u0940\u091f<\/strong> \u0935\u0939 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0938\u0949\u092b\u093c\u094d\u091f\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0902\u092d\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0932 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0930\u0916\u0915\u0930 \u0909\u0928 \u092a\u0930 \u0917\u0923\u0928\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/strong>\u0964 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u093e \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u0915 \u0917\u0941\u0923, \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u092f\u0939 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u091c\u093f\u0938 \u092d\u0940 \u0905\u0902\u0915 \u092a\u0930 \u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092d\u0930 \u0939\u0948 \u0935\u0939 \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0940 \u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0923\u0928\u093e \u0915\u0930 \u0932\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/strong>\u0964 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e-\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0915 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u090f\u0915 \u0905\u0902\u0915 \u0938\u0941\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u090f \u0914\u0930 \u092f\u094b\u0917, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0936\u0924, \u0936\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0923\u0940 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e-\u0914\u0938\u0924 \u0938\u092c \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u092c\u0926\u0932 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span>\n <\/span><\/li>\n <li>\u25b8<\/span>\n That single property is what makes the difference from the table in a word processor described in \u00a73.4. A word-processor table displays<\/em> numbers; a spreadsheet maintains a relationship between them<\/strong>. This is why a result sheet, a fee register or an attendance record belongs here and not there.<\/span>\n \u092f\u0939\u0940 \u090f\u0915 \u0917\u0941\u0923 \u00a73.4 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0923\u093f\u0924 \u0936\u092c\u094d\u0926 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u093e\u0927\u0915 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u093e\u0930\u0923\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u092d\u0947\u0926 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0936\u092c\u094d\u0926 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u093e\u0927\u0915 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u093e\u0930\u0923\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u0926\u093f\u0916\u093e\u0924\u0940<\/em> \u0939\u0948; \u0938\u094d\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0921\u0936\u0940\u091f \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u090f \u0930\u0916\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948<\/strong>\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0940\u0932\u093f\u090f \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e-\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0915, \u092b\u093c\u0940\u0938-\u0930\u091c\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0930 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0909\u092a\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f-\u0905\u092d\u093f\u0932\u0947\u0916 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928 \u092f\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0939\u0948, \u0935\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964<\/span>\n <\/span><\/li>\n <li>\u25b8<\/span>\n The first electronic spreadsheet was VisiCalc<\/strong>, written by Dan Bricklin<\/strong> in 1979<\/strong>; Lotus 1-2-3<\/strong> followed, and Microsoft Excel<\/strong> has been dominant since. The alternatives are LibreOffice Calc<\/strong>, Google Sheets<\/strong> and WPS Spreadsheets<\/strong>, and the functions described below work in all of them with the same names.<\/span>\n \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0925\u092e \u0907\u0932\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0921\u0936\u0940\u091f \u0935\u093f\u091c\u093c\u0940\u0915\u0948\u0932\u094d\u0915<\/strong> \u0925\u0940, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u0921\u0948\u0928 \u092c\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0915\u0932\u093f\u0928<\/strong> \u0928\u0947 1979<\/strong> \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0932\u093f\u0916\u093e; \u092b\u093f\u0930 \u0932\u094b\u091f\u0938 1-2-3<\/strong> \u0906\u092f\u093e, \u0914\u0930 \u0924\u092c \u0938\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0907\u0915\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0938\u0949\u092b\u093c\u094d\u091f \u090f\u0915\u094d\u0938\u0947\u0932<\/strong> \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0932\u093f\u092c\u0930\u0911\u092b\u093c\u093f\u0938 \u0915\u0948\u0932\u094d\u0915<\/strong>, \u0917\u0942\u0917\u0932 \u0936\u0940\u091f\u094d\u0938<\/strong> \u090f\u0935\u0902 WPS \u0938\u094d\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0921\u0936\u0940\u091f\u094d\u0938<\/strong>, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0928\u0940\u091a\u0947 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0923\u093f\u0924 \u092b\u0932\u0928 \u0909\u0928 \u0938\u092c\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0928\u093e\u092e\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u092e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span>\n <\/span><\/li>\n <li>\u25b8<\/span>\n This is the longest and most technical item<\/strong> in the Digital Literacy syllabus, and also the one with the closest bearing on the Educational Measurement paper: mean, median, mode, standard deviation, rank and correlation<\/strong> are all single functions here. \u00a74.9 draws that connection out in full.<\/span>\n \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u0938\u093e\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0930\u0924\u093e \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u0915\u0940 \u092f\u0939 \u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u0932\u0902\u092c\u0940 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0924\u0915\u0928\u0940\u0915\u0940 \u092e\u0926<\/strong> \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0936\u0948\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0915 \u092e\u093e\u092a\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928-\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0938\u0947 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927 \u092d\u0940 \u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u091f \u0915\u093e \u0939\u0948: \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f, \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093f\u0915\u093e, \u092c\u0939\u0941\u0932\u0915, \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u091a\u0932\u0928, \u0915\u094b\u091f\u093f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0939\u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927<\/strong> \u2014 \u0938\u092c \u092f\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u090f\u0915-\u090f\u0915 \u092b\u0932\u0928 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u00a74.9 \u0909\u0938 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u0942\u0930\u093e \u0916\u094b\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\n <\/span><\/li>\n <\/ul>\n\n <hr class=\"section-divider\">\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d4-1\">\n 4.1<\/span>\n <h3>Workbook, Worksheet, Row, Column and Cell<\/span>\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u092a\u0941\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0915\u093e, \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0915, \u092a\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f, \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0902\u092d \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0915\u094b\u0937\u094d\u0920<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n <svg class=\"full-diagram\" viewBox=\"0 0 900 496\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Realistic view of the spreadsheet window with parts labelled\">\n <defs>\n <marker id=\"xl\" markerWidth=\"7\" markerHeight=\"7\" refX=\"6\" refY=\"2.4\" orient=\"auto\"><path d=\"M0,0 L0,4.8 L6,2.4 z\" fill=\"#8e2f5a\"\/><\/marker>\n <\/defs>\n\n <rect x=\"100\" y=\"14\" width=\"700\" height=\"448\" rx=\"5\" fill=\"#fff\" stroke=\"#a9b6c6\" stroke-width=\"1.5\"\/>\n\n \n <rect x=\"100\" y=\"14\" width=\"700\" height=\"30\" rx=\"5\" fill=\"#107C41\"\/>\n <rect x=\"100\" y=\"30\" width=\"700\" height=\"14\" fill=\"#107C41\"\/>\n <g stroke=\"#fff\" stroke-width=\"1.4\" fill=\"none\" opacity=\".95\">\n <path d=\"M112 23 h11 v12 h-11 z M115 23 v5 h5 v-5\"\/>\n <path d=\"M133 33 a6 6 0 0 1 11 -3\"\/><path d=\"M133 33 l-2.5 -3.5 M133 33 l4 -1\"\/>\n <path d=\"M164 33 a6 6 0 0 0 -11 -3\"\/><path d=\"M164 33 l2.5 -3.5 M164 33 l-4 -1\"\/>\n <\/g>\n <text x=\"450\" y=\"33\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10.5\" font-weight=\"600\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Class-X-Result-2026.xlsx \u2014 Saved to this PC<\/text>\n <g stroke=\"#fff\" stroke-width=\"1.3\" fill=\"none\">\n <path d=\"M736 29 h9\"\/><rect x=\"756\" y=\"24.5\" width=\"9\" height=\"9\"\/><path d=\"M777 24.5 l9 9 M786 24.5 l-9 9\"\/>\n <\/g>\n\n \n <rect x=\"100\" y=\"44\" width=\"700\" height=\"22\" fill=\"#F3F2F1\"\/>\n <rect x=\"100\" y=\"44\" width=\"44\" height=\"22\" fill=\"#107C41\"\/>\n <text x=\"122\" y=\"59\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">File<\/text>\n <rect x=\"146\" y=\"44\" width=\"46\" height=\"22\" fill=\"#fff\"\/>\n <rect x=\"146\" y=\"44\" width=\"46\" height=\"2.4\" fill=\"#107C41\"\/>\n <text x=\"169\" y=\"59\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#107C41\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Home<\/text>\n <g font-size=\"9.5\" fill=\"#3b3b3b\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">\n <text x=\"200\" y=\"59\">Insert<\/text><text x=\"236\" y=\"59\">Page Layout<\/text><text x=\"306\" y=\"59\">Formulas<\/text><text x=\"362\" y=\"59\">Data<\/text>\n <text x=\"396\" y=\"59\">Review<\/text><text x=\"440\" y=\"59\">View<\/text><text x=\"474\" y=\"59\">Automate<\/text><text x=\"532\" y=\"59\">Help<\/text>\n <\/g>\n\n \n <rect x=\"100\" y=\"66\" width=\"700\" height=\"80\" fill=\"#fff\"\/>\n <line x1=\"100\" y1=\"146\" x2=\"800\" y2=\"146\" stroke=\"#d0d0d0\" stroke-width=\"1.2\"\/>\n <g stroke=\"#e6e6e6\" stroke-width=\"1\">\n <line x1=\"168\" y1=\"70\" x2=\"168\" y2=\"132\"\/><line x1=\"352\" y1=\"70\" x2=\"352\" y2=\"132\"\/>\n <line x1=\"500\" y1=\"70\" x2=\"500\" y2=\"132\"\/><line x1=\"606\" y1=\"70\" x2=\"606\" y2=\"132\"\/><line x1=\"710\" y1=\"70\" x2=\"710\" y2=\"132\"\/>\n <\/g>\n <g font-size=\"6.5\" fill=\"#767676\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">\n <text x=\"134\" y=\"142\">Clipboard<\/text><text x=\"260\" y=\"142\">Font<\/text><text x=\"426\" y=\"142\">Alignment<\/text><text x=\"553\" y=\"142\">Number<\/text><text x=\"658\" y=\"142\">Styles<\/text><text x=\"755\" y=\"142\">Editing<\/text>\n <\/g>\n\n \n <rect x=\"108\" y=\"72\" width=\"24\" height=\"30\" rx=\"2\" fill=\"#f7f7f7\" stroke=\"#cfcfcf\"\/>\n <path d=\"M114 76 h12 v20 h-12 z\" fill=\"#fff\" stroke=\"#8a8a8a\"\/><path d=\"M117 74 h6 v4 h-6 z\" fill=\"#c9e5d3\" stroke=\"#8a8a8a\" stroke-width=\".8\"\/>\n <text x=\"120\" y=\"112\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7\" fill=\"#3b3b3b\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Paste<\/text>\n <g stroke=\"#5b5b5b\" stroke-width=\"1.1\" fill=\"none\">\n <circle cx=\"143\" cy=\"79\" r=\"2\"\/><circle cx=\"143\" cy=\"86\" r=\"2\"\/><path d=\"M144.5 78 l8 9 M144.5 87 l8 -9\"\/>\n <rect x=\"140\" y=\"96\" width=\"7\" height=\"9\"\/><rect x=\"143\" y=\"99\" width=\"7\" height=\"9\" fill=\"#fff\"\/>\n <\/g>\n\n \n <rect x=\"174\" y=\"72\" width=\"80\" height=\"15\" rx=\"2\" fill=\"#fff\" stroke=\"#c8c8c8\"\/>\n <text x=\"178\" y=\"83\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#222\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Calibri<\/text>\n <path d=\"M246 78 l4 4 l4 -4\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#555\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/>\n <rect x=\"258\" y=\"72\" width=\"30\" height=\"15\" rx=\"2\" fill=\"#fff\" stroke=\"#c8c8c8\"\/>\n <text x=\"262\" y=\"83\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#222\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">11<\/text>\n <path d=\"M280 78 l4 4 l4 -4\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#555\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/>\n <text x=\"296\" y=\"84\" font-size=\"11\" font-weight=\"600\" fill=\"#3b3b3b\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">A<\/text><path d=\"M306 76 l3 -4 l3 4\" fill=\"#3b3b3b\"\/>\n <text x=\"318\" y=\"84\" font-size=\"8.5\" font-weight=\"600\" fill=\"#3b3b3b\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">A<\/text><path d=\"M326 78 l3 4 l3 -4\" fill=\"#3b3b3b\"\/>\n <g font-family=\"Georgia, serif\" fill=\"#222\">\n <text x=\"176\" y=\"106\" font-size=\"12\" font-weight=\"700\">B<\/text>\n <text x=\"194\" y=\"106\" font-size=\"12\" font-style=\"italic\">I<\/text>\n <text x=\"210\" y=\"106\" font-size=\"12\">U<\/text><line x1=\"209\" y1=\"109\" x2=\"219\" y2=\"109\" stroke=\"#222\" stroke-width=\"1.2\"\/>\n <\/g>\n <g stroke=\"#4a4a4a\" stroke-width=\"1\" fill=\"none\"><rect x=\"232\" y=\"96\" width=\"12\" height=\"12\"\/><path d=\"M232 102 h12 M238 96 v12\"\/><\/g>\n <text x=\"256\" y=\"106\" font-size=\"11\" font-weight=\"600\" fill=\"#222\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">A<\/text><rect x=\"254\" y=\"108\" width=\"12\" height=\"4\" fill=\"#c0392b\"\/>\n <rect x=\"284\" y=\"96\" width=\"12\" height=\"12\" fill=\"#ffe600\" stroke=\"#bdbdbd\"\/>\n\n \n <g fill=\"#4a4a4a\">\n <rect x=\"360\" y=\"74\" width=\"14\" height=\"1.4\"\/><rect x=\"360\" y=\"78\" width=\"10\" height=\"1.4\"\/><rect x=\"360\" y=\"82\" width=\"14\" height=\"1.4\"\/>\n <rect x=\"384\" y=\"74\" width=\"14\" height=\"1.4\"\/><rect x=\"386\" y=\"78\" width=\"10\" height=\"1.4\"\/><rect x=\"384\" y=\"82\" width=\"14\" height=\"1.4\"\/>\n <rect x=\"408\" y=\"74\" width=\"14\" height=\"1.4\"\/><rect x=\"412\" y=\"78\" width=\"10\" height=\"1.4\"\/><rect x=\"408\" y=\"82\" width=\"14\" height=\"1.4\"\/>\n <rect x=\"360\" y=\"98\" width=\"14\" height=\"1.4\"\/><rect x=\"360\" y=\"102\" width=\"10\" height=\"1.4\"\/><rect x=\"360\" y=\"106\" width=\"14\" height=\"1.4\"\/>\n <rect x=\"384\" y=\"98\" width=\"14\" height=\"1.4\"\/><rect x=\"386\" y=\"102\" width=\"10\" height=\"1.4\"\/><rect x=\"384\" y=\"106\" width=\"14\" height=\"1.4\"\/>\n <rect x=\"408\" y=\"98\" width=\"14\" height=\"1.4\"\/><rect x=\"412\" y=\"102\" width=\"10\" height=\"1.4\"\/><rect x=\"408\" y=\"106\" width=\"14\" height=\"1.4\"\/>\n <\/g>\n <rect x=\"436\" y=\"72\" width=\"56\" height=\"15\" rx=\"2\" fill=\"#fff\" stroke=\"#c8c8c8\"\/>\n <text x=\"440\" y=\"83\" font-size=\"6.5\" fill=\"#3b3b3b\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Wrap Text<\/text>\n <rect x=\"436\" y=\"96\" width=\"56\" height=\"15\" rx=\"2\" fill=\"#fff\" stroke=\"#c8c8c8\"\/>\n <text x=\"440\" y=\"107\" font-size=\"6.5\" fill=\"#3b3b3b\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Merge & Centre<\/text>\n\n \n <rect x=\"508\" y=\"72\" width=\"76\" height=\"15\" rx=\"2\" fill=\"#fff\" stroke=\"#c8c8c8\"\/>\n <text x=\"512\" y=\"83\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#222\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">General<\/text>\n <path d=\"M574 78 l4 4 l4 -4\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#555\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/>\n <g fill=\"#3b3b3b\" font-size=\"9.5\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">\n <text x=\"512\" y=\"107\">\u20b9<\/text><text x=\"530\" y=\"107\">%<\/text><text x=\"548\" y=\"107\">,<\/text>\n <text x=\"564\" y=\"107\" font-size=\"7\">.00<\/text><text x=\"582\" y=\"107\" font-size=\"7\">.0<\/text>\n <\/g>\n\n \n <rect x=\"614\" y=\"72\" width=\"42\" height=\"26\" rx=\"2\" fill=\"#fff\" stroke=\"#c8c8c8\"\/>\n <text x=\"635\" y=\"82\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"6\" fill=\"#3b3b3b\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Conditional<\/text>\n <text x=\"635\" y=\"92\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"6\" fill=\"#3b3b3b\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Formatting<\/text>\n <rect x=\"660\" y=\"72\" width=\"42\" height=\"26\" rx=\"2\" fill=\"#fff\" stroke=\"#c8c8c8\"\/>\n <text x=\"681\" y=\"82\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"6\" fill=\"#3b3b3b\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Format as<\/text>\n <text x=\"681\" y=\"92\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"6\" fill=\"#3b3b3b\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Table<\/text>\n <rect x=\"614\" y=\"102\" width=\"88\" height=\"14\" rx=\"2\" fill=\"#fff\" stroke=\"#c8c8c8\"\/>\n <text x=\"658\" y=\"112\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"6.5\" fill=\"#3b3b3b\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Cell Styles<\/text>\n\n \n <text x=\"718\" y=\"82\" font-size=\"10\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#107C41\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">\u03a3<\/text>\n <text x=\"730\" y=\"82\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#3b3b3b\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">AutoSum<\/text>\n <path d=\"M780 78 l4 4 l4 -4\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#555\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/>\n <text x=\"718\" y=\"102\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#3b3b3b\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Sort & Filter<\/text>\n <text x=\"718\" y=\"120\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#3b3b3b\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Find & Select<\/text>\n\n \n <rect x=\"100\" y=\"146\" width=\"700\" height=\"22\" fill=\"#F3F2F1\"\/>\n <rect x=\"106\" y=\"149\" width=\"62\" height=\"16\" rx=\"2\" fill=\"#fff\" stroke=\"#bdbdbd\"\/>\n <text x=\"112\" y=\"161\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#222\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">F5<\/text>\n <path d=\"M158 155 l3.5 3.5 l3.5 -3.5\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#666\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/>\n <g fill=\"#666\" font-size=\"8\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\"><text x=\"176\" y=\"161\">\u2715<\/text><text x=\"192\" y=\"161\">\u2713<\/text><\/g>\n <text x=\"208\" y=\"161\" font-size=\"9\" font-style=\"italic\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#107C41\" font-family=\"Georgia, serif\">fx<\/text>\n <rect x=\"224\" y=\"149\" width=\"570\" height=\"16\" rx=\"2\" fill=\"#fff\" stroke=\"#bdbdbd\"\/>\n <text x=\"230\" y=\"161\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#222\" font-family=\"JetBrains Mono, monospace\">=IF(E5>=33,\"PASS\",\"FAIL\")<\/text>\n\n \n <rect x=\"100\" y=\"168\" width=\"700\" height=\"256\" fill=\"#fff\"\/>\n <rect x=\"100\" y=\"168\" width=\"700\" height=\"16\" fill=\"#F3F2F1\"\/>\n <rect x=\"100\" y=\"168\" width=\"30\" height=\"256\" fill=\"#F3F2F1\"\/>\n <g font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#444\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">\n <text x=\"160\" y=\"179\">A<\/text><text x=\"238\" y=\"179\">B<\/text><text x=\"310\" y=\"179\">C<\/text><text x=\"382\" y=\"179\">D<\/text><text x=\"454\" y=\"179\">E<\/text><text x=\"526\" y=\"179\">F<\/text><text x=\"598\" y=\"179\">G<\/text><text x=\"670\" y=\"179\">H<\/text><text x=\"742\" y=\"179\">I<\/text>\n <\/g>\n <rect x=\"418\" y=\"168\" width=\"72\" height=\"16\" fill=\"#107C41\"\/>\n <text x=\"454\" y=\"179\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">E<\/text>\n <g font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#444\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">\n <text x=\"115\" y=\"196\">1<\/text><text x=\"115\" y=\"214\">2<\/text><text x=\"115\" y=\"232\">3<\/text><text x=\"115\" y=\"250\">4<\/text>\n <text x=\"115\" y=\"268\">5<\/text><text x=\"115\" y=\"286\">6<\/text><text x=\"115\" y=\"304\">7<\/text><text x=\"115\" y=\"322\">8<\/text><text x=\"115\" y=\"340\">9<\/text><text x=\"115\" y=\"358\">10<\/text>\n <\/g>\n <rect x=\"100\" y=\"256\" width=\"30\" height=\"18\" fill=\"#107C41\"\/>\n <text x=\"115\" y=\"268\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">5<\/text>\n <g stroke=\"#dcdcdc\" stroke-width=\".8\">\n <line x1=\"130\" y1=\"184\" x2=\"800\" y2=\"184\"\/><line x1=\"130\" y1=\"202\" x2=\"800\" y2=\"202\"\/><line x1=\"130\" y1=\"220\" x2=\"800\" y2=\"220\"\/>\n <line x1=\"130\" y1=\"238\" x2=\"800\" y2=\"238\"\/><line x1=\"130\" y1=\"256\" x2=\"800\" y2=\"256\"\/><line x1=\"130\" y1=\"274\" x2=\"800\" y2=\"274\"\/>\n <line 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y=\"196\">Roll No<\/text><text x=\"206\" y=\"196\">Name<\/text><text x=\"278\" y=\"196\">Hindi<\/text><text x=\"350\" y=\"196\">English<\/text><text x=\"422\" y=\"196\">Maths<\/text><text x=\"494\" y=\"196\">Total<\/text><text x=\"566\" y=\"196\">Result<\/text>\n <\/g>\n <g font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#222\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">\n <text x=\"134\" y=\"214\">1001<\/text><text x=\"206\" y=\"214\">Aarti Sharma<\/text><text x=\"278\" y=\"214\">72<\/text><text x=\"350\" y=\"214\">68<\/text><text x=\"422\" y=\"214\">81<\/text><text x=\"494\" y=\"214\">221<\/text><text x=\"566\" y=\"214\" fill=\"#107C41\">PASS<\/text>\n <text x=\"134\" y=\"232\">1002<\/text><text x=\"206\" y=\"232\">Bilal Khan<\/text><text x=\"278\" y=\"232\">64<\/text><text x=\"350\" y=\"232\">75<\/text><text x=\"422\" y=\"232\">59<\/text><text x=\"494\" y=\"232\">198<\/text><text x=\"566\" y=\"232\" fill=\"#107C41\">PASS<\/text>\n <text x=\"134\" y=\"250\">1003<\/text><text x=\"206\" y=\"250\">Chetan Rao<\/text><text x=\"278\" y=\"250\">45<\/text><text x=\"350\" y=\"250\">38<\/text><text x=\"422\" y=\"250\">52<\/text><text x=\"494\" y=\"250\">135<\/text><text x=\"566\" y=\"250\" fill=\"#107C41\">PASS<\/text>\n <text x=\"134\" y=\"268\">1004<\/text><text x=\"206\" y=\"268\">Divya Nair<\/text><text x=\"278\" y=\"268\">28<\/text><text x=\"350\" y=\"268\">41<\/text><text x=\"422\" y=\"268\">30<\/text><text x=\"494\" y=\"268\">99<\/text>\n <text x=\"134\" y=\"286\">1005<\/text><text x=\"206\" y=\"286\">Ekta Verma<\/text><text x=\"278\" y=\"286\">88<\/text><text x=\"350\" y=\"286\">91<\/text><text x=\"422\" y=\"286\">85<\/text><text x=\"494\" y=\"286\">264<\/text><text x=\"566\" y=\"286\" fill=\"#107C41\">PASS<\/text>\n <text x=\"134\" y=\"304\">1006<\/text><text x=\"206\" y=\"304\">Farhan Ali<\/text><text x=\"278\" y=\"304\">57<\/text><text x=\"350\" y=\"304\">62<\/text><text x=\"422\" y=\"304\">70<\/text><text x=\"494\" y=\"304\">189<\/text><text x=\"566\" y=\"304\" fill=\"#107C41\">PASS<\/text>\n <\/g>\n <rect x=\"274\" y=\"256\" width=\"72\" height=\"18\" fill=\"#FFC7CE\"\/>\n <text x=\"278\" y=\"268\" font-size=\"7.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#9C0006\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">28<\/text>\n <rect x=\"418\" y=\"256\" width=\"72\" height=\"18\" fill=\"#FFC7CE\"\/>\n <text x=\"422\" y=\"268\" font-size=\"7.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#9C0006\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">30<\/text>\n <text x=\"566\" y=\"268\" font-size=\"7.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#9C0006\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">FAIL<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"418\" y=\"256\" width=\"72\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#107C41\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\n <rect x=\"486\" y=\"270\" width=\"6\" height=\"6\" fill=\"#107C41\"\/>\n\n <g stroke=\"#c8c8c8\" stroke-width=\".8\" fill=\"none\">\n <path d=\"M278 190 h10 v6 h-10 z\" opacity=\"0\"\/>\n <\/g>\n <g fill=\"#666\"><path d=\"M186 191 l4 4 l4 -4 z\"\/><path d=\"M258 191 l4 4 l4 -4 z\"\/><path d=\"M330 191 l4 4 l4 -4 z\"\/><path d=\"M402 191 l4 4 l4 -4 z\"\/><path d=\"M474 191 l4 4 l4 -4 z\"\/><path d=\"M546 191 l4 4 l4 -4 z\"\/><path d=\"M618 191 l4 4 l4 -4 z\"\/><\/g>\n\n \n <rect x=\"100\" y=\"424\" width=\"700\" height=\"20\" fill=\"#F3F2F1\"\/>\n <rect x=\"132\" y=\"426\" width=\"58\" height=\"18\" fill=\"#fff\"\/>\n <rect x=\"132\" y=\"426\" width=\"58\" height=\"2\" fill=\"#107C41\"\/>\n <text x=\"161\" y=\"438\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#107C41\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Class X<\/text>\n <text x=\"212\" y=\"438\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#555\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Class IX<\/text>\n <text x=\"262\" y=\"438\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#555\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Summary<\/text>\n <text x=\"322\" y=\"439\" font-size=\"11\" fill=\"#107C41\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">+<\/text>\n <g stroke=\"#666\" stroke-width=\"1.1\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M110 435 l5 -4 l5 4\" transform=\"rotate(-90 115 435)\"\/><\/g>\n\n \n <rect x=\"100\" y=\"444\" width=\"700\" height=\"18\" rx=\"5\" fill=\"#107C41\"\/>\n <rect x=\"100\" y=\"444\" width=\"700\" height=\"10\" fill=\"#107C41\"\/>\n <g fill=\"#fff\" font-size=\"7.5\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">\n <text x=\"112\" y=\"456\">Ready<\/text>\n <text x=\"420\" y=\"456\">Average: 51.7<\/text><text x=\"494\" y=\"456\">Count: 6<\/text><text x=\"546\" y=\"456\">Sum: 310<\/text>\n <\/g>\n <line x1=\"666\" y1=\"453\" x2=\"740\" y2=\"453\" stroke=\"#fff\" stroke-width=\"1.1\" opacity=\".8\"\/>\n <circle cx=\"712\" cy=\"453\" r=\"3\" fill=\"#fff\"\/>\n <text x=\"768\" y=\"456\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">100%<\/text>\n\n \n <g stroke=\"#8e2f5a\" stroke-width=\"1.1\" fill=\"none\" stroke-dasharray=\"3 2\">\n <line x1=\"90\" y1=\"30\" x2=\"130\" y2=\"30\" marker-end=\"url(#xl)\"\/>\n <line x1=\"90\" y1=\"90\" x2=\"118\" y2=\"90\" marker-end=\"url(#xl)\"\/>\n <line x1=\"90\" y1=\"157\" x2=\"132\" y2=\"157\" marker-end=\"url(#xl)\"\/>\n <line x1=\"90\" y1=\"196\" x2=\"126\" y2=\"192\" marker-end=\"url(#xl)\"\/>\n <line x1=\"90\" y1=\"266\" x2=\"126\" y2=\"266\" marker-end=\"url(#xl)\"\/>\n <line x1=\"90\" y1=\"436\" x2=\"128\" y2=\"436\" marker-end=\"url(#xl)\"\/>\n <line x1=\"810\" y1=\"157\" x2=\"500\" y2=\"157\" marker-end=\"url(#xl)\"\/>\n <line x1=\"810\" y1=\"176\" x2=\"494\" y2=\"176\" marker-end=\"url(#xl)\"\/>\n <line x1=\"810\" y1=\"240\" x2=\"494\" y2=\"258\" marker-end=\"url(#xl)\"\/>\n <line x1=\"810\" y1=\"290\" x2=\"350\" y2=\"272\" marker-end=\"url(#xl)\"\/>\n <line x1=\"810\" y1=\"455\" x2=\"600\" y2=\"455\" marker-end=\"url(#xl)\"\/>\n <\/g>\n <g font-size=\"8\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#8e2f5a\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">\n <text x=\"0\" y=\"33\">Title bar<\/text>\n <text x=\"0\" y=\"87\">Ribbon<\/text><text x=\"0\" y=\"97\">groups<\/text>\n <text x=\"0\" y=\"153\">Name Box<\/text><text x=\"0\" y=\"163\">(active cell)<\/text>\n <text x=\"0\" y=\"193\">Column<\/text><text x=\"0\" y=\"203\">headings<\/text>\n <text x=\"0\" y=\"263\">Row<\/text><text x=\"0\" y=\"273\">headings<\/text>\n <text x=\"0\" y=\"433\">Sheet<\/text><text x=\"0\" y=\"443\">tabs<\/text>\n <text x=\"816\" y=\"154\">Formula bar<\/text>\n <text x=\"816\" y=\"179\">Selected column<\/text>\n <text x=\"816\" y=\"237\">Active cell E5<\/text><text x=\"816\" y=\"247\">+ fill handle<\/text>\n <text x=\"816\" y=\"287\">Conditional<\/text><text x=\"816\" y=\"297\">formatting<\/text>\n <text x=\"816\" y=\"452\">Status bar \u2014<\/text><text x=\"816\" y=\"462\">quick statistics<\/text>\n <\/g>\n<\/svg>\n The Name Box shows the address of the active cell; the Formula Bar shows what that cell actually contains, which is not always what it displays.<\/span>\u0928\u0947\u092e \u092c\u0949\u0915\u094d\u0938 \u0938\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f \u0915\u094b\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u0924\u093e \u0926\u093f\u0916\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948; \u092b\u093c\u0949\u0930\u094d\u092e\u0942\u0932\u093e \u092c\u093e\u0930 \u0926\u093f\u0916\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0909\u0938 \u0915\u094b\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924\u0903 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u094b \u0938\u0926\u0948\u0935 \u0935\u0939\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u091c\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b \u0930\u0939\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n\n <div class=\"exam-tip\">\n <div class=\"et-icon\">\ud83d\udd0d<\/div>\n <div class=\"et-body\">\n Read the diagram once more before going on.<\/strong> Cell F5<\/strong> is the active cell. The grid displays<\/em> the number 204<\/strong>, but the Formula Bar shows the cell actually contains <code>=SUM(C5:E5)<\/code><\/strong>. A cell displays a result but stores an instruction<\/strong> \u2014 and that difference is the whole of this chapter. The small green square at the bottom-right corner of the active cell is the fill handle<\/strong>, and the status bar at the foot is already reporting the average, count and sum of whatever is selected, without any formula having been written.<\/span>\n \u0906\u0917\u0947 \u092c\u0922\u093c\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u0906\u0930\u0947\u0916 \u090f\u0915 \u092c\u093e\u0930 \u0914\u0930 \u0926\u0947\u0916\u093f\u090f\u0964<\/strong> \u0915\u094b\u0937\u094d\u0920 F5<\/strong> \u0938\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f \u0915\u094b\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u091c\u093e\u0932 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e 204<\/strong> \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u093f\u0924<\/em> \u0939\u0948, \u0915\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0941 \u092b\u093c\u0949\u0930\u094d\u092e\u0942\u0932\u093e \u092c\u093e\u0930 \u0926\u093f\u0916\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0915\u094b\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924\u0903 <code>=SUM(C5:E5)<\/code><\/strong> \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0915\u094b\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e \u0926\u093f\u0916\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0941 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/strong> \u2014 \u0914\u0930 \u092f\u0939\u0940 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0938\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f \u0915\u094b\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u0940\u091a\u0947-\u0926\u093e\u0939\u093f\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u091b\u094b\u091f\u093e \u0939\u0930\u093e \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0917 \u092b\u093c\u093f\u0932 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0921\u0932<\/strong> \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0924\u0932 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f-\u092a\u091f\u094d\u091f\u0940 \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0932\u093f\u0916\u0947 \u0939\u0940 \u091a\u092f\u0928\u093f\u0924 \u0905\u0902\u0936 \u0915\u093e \u0914\u0938\u0924, \u0917\u0923\u0928\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092f\u094b\u0917 \u092c\u0924\u093e \u0930\u0939\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <table class=\"data-table\">\n <thead>\n <tr>\n <th>Term<\/span>\u092a\u0926<\/span><\/th>\n <th>Meaning and the fact usually asked<\/span>\u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092f\u0903 \u092a\u0942\u091b\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e \u0924\u0925\u094d\u092f<\/span><\/th>\n <\/tr>\n <\/thead>\n <tbody>\n <tr><td>Workbook<\/span>\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u092a\u0941\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0915\u093e<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>The file itself<\/strong>, saved with the extension .xlsx<\/strong>. One workbook contains many worksheets, the way one register contains many pages.<\/span>\u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u092b\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0932<\/strong>, \u091c\u094b .xlsx<\/strong> \u090f\u0915\u094d\u0938\u091f\u0947\u0902\u0936\u0928 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u090f\u0915 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u092a\u0941\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0915\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0928\u0947\u0915 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0915 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u090f\u0915 \u0930\u091c\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0928\u0947\u0915 \u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>Worksheet<\/span>\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0915<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>A single sheet within the workbook<\/strong>, reached by the tabs at the bottom. Sheets can be renamed, coloured, reordered, hidden, copied and moved between workbooks.<\/span>\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u092a\u0941\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0915\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u092d\u0940\u0924\u0930 \u090f\u0915 \u0936\u0940\u091f<\/strong>, \u091c\u094b \u0924\u0932 \u0915\u0947 \u091f\u0948\u092c\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0936\u0940\u091f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093e\u092e \u092c\u0926\u0932\u093e, \u0930\u0902\u0917 \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e, \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u092c\u0926\u0932\u093e, \u091b\u093f\u092a\u093e\u092f\u093e, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0932\u093f\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u092a\u0941\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr style=\"background:#f3f8ff;\"><td>Row and column<\/span>\u092a\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0902\u092d<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>Rows run horizontally and are numbered 1 to 10,48,576. Columns run vertically and are lettered A to XFD, being 16,384 in all.<\/strong> After Z the lettering continues AA, AB \u2026 and after ZZ, AAA.<\/span>\u092a\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0948\u0924\u093f\u091c \u091a\u0932\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0914\u0930 1 \u0938\u0947 10,48,576 \u0924\u0915 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0902\u0915\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0902\u092d \u090a\u0930\u094d\u0927\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u0930 \u091a\u0932\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0914\u0930 A \u0938\u0947 XFD \u0924\u0915 \u0905\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0915\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0915\u0941\u0932 16,384\u0964<\/strong> Z \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u0905\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0915\u0928 AA, AB \u2026 \u0924\u0925\u093e ZZ \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0926 AAA \u091a\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>Cell and cell reference<\/span>\u0915\u094b\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0915\u094b\u0937\u094d\u0920-\u0938\u0902\u0926\u0930\u094d\u092d<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>The intersection of a row and a column. Its address is written column letter first, then row number<\/strong> \u2014 F5, never 5F<\/strong>. The cell in use is the active cell<\/strong>, outlined in green.<\/span>\u092a\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0902\u092d \u0915\u093e \u0915\u091f\u093e\u0928\u0964 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u093e \u092a\u0924\u093e \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0902\u092d-\u0905\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0930, \u092b\u093f\u0930 \u092a\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f-\u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e<\/strong> \u0932\u093f\u0916\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u2014 F5, \u0915\u092d\u0940 5F \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902<\/strong>\u0964 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093e\u0927\u0940\u0928 \u0915\u094b\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u0938\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f \u0915\u094b\u0937\u094d\u0920<\/strong> \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u094b \u0939\u0930\u0940 \u0930\u0947\u0916\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u0918\u093f\u0930\u093e \u0930\u0939\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>Range<\/span>\u092a\u0930\u093e\u0938<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>A block of cells. A colon means \"through\"<\/strong>: <code>C5:E5<\/code> is three cells in a row and <code>C3:E8<\/code> is an eighteen-cell block. A comma means \"and\"<\/strong>: <code>C5,E5<\/code> is two separate cells.<\/span>\u0915\u094b\u0937\u094d\u0920\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0916\u0902\u0921\u0964 \u0905\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0935\u093f\u0930\u093e\u092e \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u0939\u0948 \"\u0938\u0947...\u0924\u0915\"<\/strong>: <code>C5:E5<\/code> \u090f\u0915 \u092a\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0947 \u0924\u0940\u0928 \u0915\u094b\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u0924\u0925\u093e <code>C3:E8<\/code> \u0905\u0920\u093e\u0930\u0939-\u0915\u094b\u0937\u094d\u0920\u0940\u092f \u0916\u0902\u0921 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0905\u0932\u094d\u092a\u0935\u093f\u0930\u093e\u092e \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u0939\u0948 \"\u0924\u0925\u093e\"<\/strong>: <code>C5,E5<\/code> \u0926\u094b \u092a\u0943\u0925\u0915 \u0915\u094b\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>Freeze Panes<\/span>\u092b\u0932\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0930 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>Locks the heading rows or columns so they stay visible while the rest scrolls<\/strong>. Without it, the hundredth row of an attendance register shows columns of figures with no names against them. At View<\/b>\u203a<\/i>Freeze Panes<\/b><\/span><\/span>\u0936\u0940\u0930\u094d\u0937\u0915-\u092a\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u092f\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0902\u092d \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0930 \u0915\u0930 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0924\u093e\u0915\u093f \u0936\u0947\u0937 \u0916\u093f\u0938\u0915\u0924\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u092f \u0935\u0947 \u0926\u093f\u0916\u0924\u0947 \u0930\u0939\u0947\u0902<\/strong>\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0909\u092a\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f-\u0930\u091c\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u094c\u0935\u0940\u0902 \u092a\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0928\u093e\u092e\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0902\u0915-\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0902\u092d \u0930\u0939 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u092f\u0939 View<\/b>\u203a<\/i>Freeze Panes<\/b><\/span> \u092a\u0930 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <\/tbody>\n <\/table>\n\n <hr class=\"section-divider\">\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d4-2\">\n 4.2<\/span>\n <h3>Data Entry and Cell Formatting<\/span>\u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u093e-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0915\u094b\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u0942\u092a\u0923<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"callout teal\">\n <div class=\"callout-label\">\ud83d\udcd8 The alignment rule \u2014 a free diagnostic<\/span>\ud83d\udcd8 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u0947\u0916\u0923 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e \u2014 \u0928\u093f:\u0936\u0941\u0932\u094d\u0915 \u0928\u093f\u0926\u093e\u0928<\/span><\/div>\n By default a spreadsheet aligns text to the left<\/strong> and numbers and dates to the right<\/strong>. This is not decoration; it is a signal. If a column of marks appears left-aligned, those marks are being stored as text, not as numbers<\/strong>, and every SUM and AVERAGE over them will silently return zero. The usual causes are a stray space, a leading apostrophe, or data pasted from a website. The alignment tells the truth before any formula fails.<\/span>\n \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0921\u0936\u0940\u091f \u092a\u093e\u0920 \u0915\u094b \u092c\u093e\u090f\u0901<\/strong> \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0924\u093f\u0925\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0926\u093e\u090f\u0901<\/strong> \u0938\u0902\u0930\u0947\u0916\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0938\u091c\u093e\u0935\u091f \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0947\u0924 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0926\u093f \u0905\u0902\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0902\u092d \u092c\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u0947\u0916\u093f\u0924 \u0926\u093f\u0916\u0947 \u0924\u094b \u0935\u0947 \u0905\u0902\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u092a\u093e\u0920 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b \u0930\u0939\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902<\/strong>, \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0928 \u092a\u0930 \u0932\u0917\u093e\u092f\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 SUM \u090f\u0935\u0902 AVERAGE \u091a\u0941\u092a\u091a\u093e\u092a \u0936\u0942\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0932\u094c\u091f\u093e\u090f\u0917\u093e\u0964 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u092d\u091f\u0915\u093e \u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928, \u0906\u0930\u0902\u092d \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0932\u0917\u093e \u090a\u0930\u094d\u0927\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u091a\u093f\u0939\u094d\u0928, \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0935\u0947\u092c\u0938\u093e\u0907\u091f \u0938\u0947 \u091a\u093f\u092a\u0915\u093e\u090f \u0917\u090f \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u0947\u0964 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u092b\u0932 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0939\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u0947\u0916\u0923 \u0938\u091a \u092c\u0924\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"feat-grid\">\n <div class=\"feat-card\">1<\/span>Types of data<\/span>\u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930<\/span><\/strong>Text<\/strong> (labels and names), numbers<\/strong>, dates and times<\/strong>, logical values<\/strong> TRUE and FALSE, and formulas<\/strong>. Dates are stored internally as serial numbers counted from 1 January 1900<\/strong>, which is why one date can be subtracted from another to get a number of days.<\/span>\u092a\u093e\u0920<\/strong> (\u0928\u093e\u092e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0936\u0940\u0930\u094d\u0937\u0915), \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e\u090f\u0901<\/strong>, \u0924\u093f\u0925\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u092e\u092f<\/strong>, \u0924\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0915\u093f\u0915 \u092e\u093e\u0928<\/strong> TRUE \u090f\u0935\u0902 FALSE, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930<\/strong>\u0964 \u0924\u093f\u0925\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u092d\u0940\u0924\u0930 1 \u091c\u0928\u0935\u0930\u0940 1900 \u0938\u0947 \u0917\u093f\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e-\u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0915<\/strong> \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0907\u0938\u0940\u0932\u093f\u090f \u090f\u0915 \u0924\u093f\u0925\u093f \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u0918\u091f\u093e\u0915\u0930 \u0926\u093f\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u092e\u093f\u0932 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"feat-card\">2<\/span>Fill handle and AutoFill<\/span>\u092b\u093c\u093f\u0932 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0921\u0932 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0924\u0903-\u092d\u0930\u0923<\/span><\/strong>Dragging the small square at the corner of a selection copies a formula down a column<\/strong> or continues a series<\/strong> \u2014 1, 2, 3 or Mon, Tue, Wed or Jan, Feb, Mar. A double-click on the fill handle<\/strong> fills down as far as the neighbouring column has data, which for a class list of sixty is a single action.<\/span>\u091a\u092f\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u091b\u094b\u091f\u093e \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0917 \u0916\u0940\u0902\u091a\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0902\u092d \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u0940\u091a\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0932\u093f\u092a\u093f\u0924<\/strong> \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0936\u0943\u0902\u0916\u0932\u093e \u0906\u0917\u0947 \u092c\u0922\u093c\u0924\u0940<\/strong> \u0939\u0948 \u2014 1, 2, 3 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0938\u094b\u092e, \u092e\u0902\u0917\u0932, \u092c\u0941\u0927\u0964 \u092b\u093c\u093f\u0932 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0921\u0932 \u092a\u0930 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093f-\u0915\u094d\u0932\u093f\u0915<\/strong> \u0935\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0924\u0915 \u092d\u0930 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0924\u0915 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0902\u092d \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u091c\u094b \u0938\u093e\u0920 \u092c\u091a\u094d\u091a\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e-\u0938\u0942\u091a\u0940 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u090f\u0915 \u0939\u0940 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"feat-card\">3<\/span>Number formats<\/span>\u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0930\u0942\u092a<\/span><\/strong>General, Number, Currency<\/strong>, Accounting, Date<\/strong>, Percentage<\/strong>, Fraction, Scientific and Text. Formatting changes only the display, never the stored value<\/strong>: a cell showing 78% still holds 0.78, and a cell showing 68 may hold 67.5 rounded for display.<\/span>\u091c\u0928\u0930\u0932, \u0928\u0902\u092c\u0930, \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902\u0938\u0940<\/strong>, \u0905\u0915\u093e\u0909\u0902\u091f\u093f\u0902\u0917, \u0921\u0947\u091f<\/strong>, \u092a\u0930\u0938\u0947\u0902\u091f\u0947\u091c<\/strong>, \u092b\u093c\u094d\u0930\u0948\u0915\u094d\u0936\u0928, \u0938\u093e\u0907\u0902\u091f\u093f\u092b\u093c\u093f\u0915 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u091f\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0964 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u0942\u092a\u0923 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u0928 \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u092d\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902<\/strong>: 78% \u0926\u093f\u0916\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0915\u094b\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u092e\u0947\u0902 0.78 \u0939\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 68 \u0926\u093f\u0916\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u0928 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923\u093e\u0902\u0915\u093f\u0924 67.5 \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"feat-card\">4<\/span>Wrap Text and Merge & Centre<\/span>\u092a\u093e\u0920 \u0932\u092a\u0947\u091f\u0947\u0902 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u093e\u0915\u0930 \u092e\u0927\u094d\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902<\/span><\/strong>Wrap Text<\/strong> makes a long entry break onto several lines within the same cell instead of spilling across. Merge & Centre<\/strong> joins cells for a heading \u2014 but it should be used sparingly, since merged cells break sorting and filtering<\/strong>.<\/span>Wrap Text<\/strong> \u0932\u0902\u092c\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093f \u0915\u094b \u092b\u0948\u0932\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u091c\u093e\u092f \u0909\u0938\u0940 \u0915\u094b\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0928\u0947\u0915 \u092a\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0924\u094b\u0921\u093c \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 Merge & Centre<\/strong> \u0936\u0940\u0930\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u094b\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u0915\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0941 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u092e \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f, \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0947 \u0939\u0941\u090f \u0915\u094b\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u092c\u0926\u094d\u0927\u0924\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u091b\u093e\u0928\u0928\u093e \u0924\u094b\u0921\u093c \u0926\u0947\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902<\/strong>\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"feat-card\">5<\/span>Conditional formatting<\/span>\u0938\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092c\u0902\u0927 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u0942\u092a\u0923<\/span><\/strong>Applies formatting only where a stated condition is met<\/strong> \u2014 the failing percentage shown in red in the diagram above. Varieties include Highlight Cells Rules, Top and Bottom Rules, Data Bars, Colour Scales and Icon Sets<\/strong>. It is the fastest way to make a result sheet readable at a glance.<\/span>\u0938\u0902\u0930\u0942\u092a\u0923 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0935\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0932\u0917\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0915\u0939\u0940 \u0917\u0908 \u0936\u0930\u094d\u0924 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u0940 \u0939\u094b<\/strong> \u2014 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u090a\u092a\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0906\u0930\u0947\u0916 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0940\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0936\u0924 \u0932\u093e\u0932 \u092e\u0947\u0902\u0964 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u0948\u0902 Highlight Cells Rules, Top and Bottom Rules, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u092c\u093e\u0930, \u0915\u0932\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u0915\u0947\u0932 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0906\u0907\u0915\u0928 \u0938\u0947\u091f<\/strong>\u0964 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e-\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0915 \u0915\u094b \u090f\u0915 \u0926\u0943\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0920\u0928\u0940\u092f \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u092f\u0939 \u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u0924\u0947\u091c\u093c \u0930\u0940\u0924\u093f \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"feat-card\">6<\/span>Flash Fill<\/span>\u092b\u093c\u094d\u0932\u0948\u0936 \u092b\u093c\u093f\u0932<\/span><\/strong>Recognises a pattern from one or two examples and completes the rest \u2014 splitting \"Aarav Sharma\" into first and last name, or building an email address from a name. <kbd>Ctrl<\/kbd>+<kbd>E<\/kbd>.<\/span>\u090f\u0915-\u0926\u094b \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u0939\u091a\u093e\u0928\u0915\u0930 \u0936\u0947\u0937 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u093e \u0915\u0930 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \"\u0906\u0930\u0935 \u0936\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\" \u0915\u094b \u0928\u093e\u092e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0915\u0941\u0932\u0928\u093e\u092e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u093e\u0901\u091f\u0928\u093e, \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0928\u093e\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u0908\u092e\u0947\u0932 \u092a\u0924\u093e \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0964 <kbd>Ctrl<\/kbd>+<kbd>E<\/kbd>\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <h4>Error values and what each one means<\/span>\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0941\u091f\u093f-\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925<\/span><\/h4>\n\n <div class=\"abbr-grid\">\n <table>\n <thead><tr><th>Error<\/span>\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0941\u091f\u093f<\/span><\/th><th>Cause<\/span>\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923<\/span><\/th><\/tr><\/thead>\n <tbody>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">#####<\/td><td>Not an error at all \u2014 the column is too narrow<\/strong> to show the number. Widen it.<\/span>\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0941\u091f\u093f \u0939\u0948 \u0939\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u2014 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0902\u092d \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0926\u093f\u0916\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u092c\u0939\u0941\u0924 \u0938\u0901\u0915\u0930\u093e<\/strong> \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u091a\u094c\u0921\u093c\u093e \u0915\u0940\u091c\u093f\u090f\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">#DIV\/0!<\/td><td>Division by zero, or by an empty cell<\/strong>.<\/span>\u0936\u0942\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0938\u0947, \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u094b\u0937\u094d\u0920<\/strong> \u0938\u0947 \u092d\u093e\u0917\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">#VALUE!<\/td><td>A wrong type of argument<\/strong> \u2014 arithmetic attempted on text.<\/span>\u0917\u093c\u0932\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u091a\u0932<\/strong> \u2014 \u092a\u093e\u0920 \u092a\u0930 \u0905\u0902\u0915\u0917\u0923\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u093e\u0938\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">#NAME?<\/td><td>A misspelt function name<\/strong>, or text typed without quotation marks.<\/span>\u092b\u0932\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093e\u092e \u0917\u093c\u0932\u0924 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928\u0940<\/strong> \u092e\u0947\u0902, \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0909\u0926\u094d\u0927\u0930\u0923-\u091a\u093f\u0939\u094d\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u091f\u0902\u0915\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u093e\u0920\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <\/tbody>\n <\/table>\n <table>\n <thead><tr><th>Error<\/span>\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0941\u091f\u093f<\/span><\/th><th>Cause<\/span>\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923<\/span><\/th><\/tr><\/thead>\n <tbody>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">#REF!<\/td><td>The formula points to a cell that no longer exists<\/strong>, usually because a row or column was deleted.<\/span>\u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0910\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u094b\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u0915\u0940 \u0913\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0947\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0905\u092c \u0939\u0948 \u0939\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902<\/strong>, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092f\u0903 \u0907\u0938\u0932\u093f\u090f \u0915\u093f \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u092a\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u092f\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0902\u092d \u092e\u093f\u091f\u093e \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">#N\/A<\/td><td>A lookup found no matching value<\/strong>. Common with VLOOKUP.<\/span>\u0916\u094b\u091c \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u092e\u0947\u0932 \u0916\u093e\u0924\u093e \u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902<\/strong> \u092e\u093f\u0932\u093e\u0964 VLOOKUP \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">#NUM!<\/td><td>An invalid numeric argument<\/strong> \u2014 the square root of a negative number, for instance.<\/span>\u0905\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u091a\u0932<\/strong> \u2014 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u090b\u0923\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0917\u092e\u0942\u0932\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">#NULL!<\/td><td>Two ranges given that do not intersect<\/strong>, usually a missing comma.<\/span>\u0910\u0938\u0947 \u0926\u094b \u092a\u0930\u093e\u0938 \u0926\u093f\u090f \u0917\u090f \u091c\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u091a\u094d\u091b\u0947\u0926 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947<\/strong>, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092f\u0903 \u0905\u0932\u094d\u092a\u0935\u093f\u0930\u093e\u092e \u091b\u0942\u091f \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <\/tbody>\n <\/table>\n <\/div>\n\n <hr class=\"section-divider\">\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d4-3\">\n 4.3<\/span>\n <h3>Formulas, Operators and Cell Referencing<\/span>\u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930, \u0938\u0902\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0915 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0915\u094b\u0937\u094d\u0920-\u0938\u0902\u0926\u0930\u094d\u092d\u0928<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"formula-card\">\n <div class=\"fx-eyebrow\">Order of precedence \u2014 the sequence in which a formula is evaluated<\/span>\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0924\u093e-\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u2014 \u0935\u0939 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u092e\u0942\u0932\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0915\u0928 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"fx-body\">\n ( )<\/em> \u2192 %<\/em> \u2192 ^<\/em> \u2192 * \/<\/em> \u2192 + \u2212<\/em> \u2192 &<\/em> \u2192 = < > <= >= <><\/em>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"fx-note\">\n =2+3*4<\/b> gives 14<\/b>, not 20, because multiplication is performed before addition. =(2+3)*4<\/b> gives 20<\/b>. Parentheses are the only way to override the order, and when in doubt they cost nothing. The &<\/b> operator joins text: =A2&\" \"&B2<\/b> turns \"Aarav\" and \"Sharma\" into \"Aarav Sharma\".<\/span>\n =2+3*4<\/b> \u0938\u0947 14<\/b> \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, 20 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u0917\u0941\u0923\u093e \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 =(2+3)*4<\/b> \u0938\u0947 20<\/b> \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u090f\u0915\u092e\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0909\u092a\u093e\u092f \u0915\u094b\u0937\u094d\u0920\u0915 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0947\u0939 \u0939\u094b \u0924\u094b \u0909\u0928\u0915\u093e \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u092e\u0942\u0932\u094d\u092f \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0932\u0917\u0924\u093e\u0964 &<\/b> \u0938\u0902\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0915 \u092a\u093e\u0920 \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948: =A2&\" \"&B2<\/b> \"\u0906\u0930\u0935\" \u090f\u0935\u0902 \"\u0936\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\" \u0915\u094b \"\u0906\u0930\u0935 \u0936\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\" \u092c\u0928\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <h4>Relative, absolute and mixed references<\/span>\u0938\u093e\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937, \u0928\u093f\u0930\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092e\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0930\u094d\u092d<\/span><\/h4>\n\n \n This is the single most important idea in the chapter<\/strong>, and the one most often examined. When a formula is copied to another cell, its references may either shift with it<\/strong> or stay fixed<\/strong>, and the dollar sign is what decides.<\/span>\n \u092f\u0939 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0935\u093f\u091a\u093e\u0930<\/strong> \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092c\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u0930\u0916\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e \u092d\u0940\u0964 \u091c\u092c \u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u0947 \u0915\u094b\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0932\u093f\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0924\u094b \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0930\u094d\u092d \u092f\u093e \u0924\u094b \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0916\u093f\u0938\u0915\u0924\u0947<\/strong> \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u092f\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0930 \u0930\u0939\u0924\u0947<\/strong> \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0914\u0930 \u092f\u0939 \u0921\u0949\u0932\u0930-\u091a\u093f\u0939\u094d\u0928 \u0924\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\n <\/p>\n\n <svg class=\"full-diagram\" viewBox=\"0 0 717 300\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"How relative and absolute references behave when a formula is copied down\">\n <text x=\"24\" y=\"22\" font-size=\"10.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#c0392b\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">\u2717 WITHOUT the dollar signs \u2014 the reference to the pass mark slides down and breaks<\/text>\n <g font-size=\"8\" font-weight=\"600\" fill=\"#555\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\" text-anchor=\"middle\">\n <rect x=\"24\" y=\"32\" width=\"26\" height=\"15\" fill=\"#e8eaed\" stroke=\"#c9ced6\" stroke-width=\".7\"\/>\n <rect x=\"50\" y=\"32\" width=\"86\" height=\"15\" fill=\"#e8eaed\" stroke=\"#c9ced6\" stroke-width=\".7\"\/><text x=\"93\" y=\"43\">A<\/text>\n <rect x=\"136\" y=\"32\" width=\"52\" height=\"15\" fill=\"#e8eaed\" stroke=\"#c9ced6\" stroke-width=\".7\"\/><text x=\"162\" y=\"43\">B<\/text>\n <rect x=\"188\" y=\"32\" width=\"128\" height=\"15\" fill=\"#e8eaed\" stroke=\"#c9ced6\" stroke-width=\".7\"\/><text x=\"252\" y=\"43\">C<\/text>\n <\/g>\n <g font-size=\"8\" font-weight=\"600\" fill=\"#555\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">\n <rect x=\"24\" y=\"47\" width=\"26\" height=\"17\" fill=\"#e8eaed\" stroke=\"#c9ced6\" stroke-width=\".7\"\/><text x=\"37\" y=\"59\">1<\/text>\n <rect x=\"24\" y=\"64\" width=\"26\" height=\"17\" fill=\"#e8eaed\" stroke=\"#c9ced6\" stroke-width=\".7\"\/><text x=\"37\" y=\"76\">2<\/text>\n <rect x=\"24\" y=\"81\" width=\"26\" height=\"17\" fill=\"#e8eaed\" stroke=\"#c9ced6\" stroke-width=\".7\"\/><text x=\"37\" y=\"93\">3<\/text>\n <rect x=\"24\" y=\"98\" width=\"26\" height=\"17\" fill=\"#e8eaed\" stroke=\"#c9ced6\" stroke-width=\".7\"\/><text x=\"37\" y=\"110\">4<\/text>\n <\/g>\n <g fill=\"#fff\" stroke=\"#e0e4e9\" stroke-width=\".8\">\n <rect x=\"50\" y=\"47\" width=\"86\" height=\"17\"\/><rect x=\"136\" y=\"47\" width=\"52\" height=\"17\"\/><rect x=\"188\" y=\"47\" width=\"128\" height=\"17\"\/>\n <rect x=\"50\" y=\"64\" width=\"86\" height=\"17\"\/><rect x=\"136\" y=\"64\" width=\"52\" height=\"17\"\/><rect x=\"188\" y=\"64\" width=\"128\" height=\"17\"\/>\n <rect x=\"50\" y=\"81\" width=\"86\" height=\"17\"\/><rect x=\"136\" y=\"81\" width=\"52\" height=\"17\"\/><rect x=\"188\" y=\"81\" width=\"128\" height=\"17\"\/>\n <rect x=\"50\" y=\"98\" width=\"86\" height=\"17\"\/><rect x=\"136\" y=\"98\" width=\"52\" height=\"17\"\/><rect x=\"188\" y=\"98\" width=\"128\" height=\"17\"\/>\n <\/g>\n <rect x=\"136\" y=\"47\" width=\"52\" height=\"17\" fill=\"#fff6e8\"\/>\n <g font-size=\"8\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">\n <text x=\"56\" y=\"59\" fill=\"#222\" font-weight=\"700\">Pass mark<\/text><text x=\"182\" y=\"59\" text-anchor=\"end\" fill=\"#c9760f\" font-weight=\"700\">33<\/text>\n <text x=\"56\" y=\"76\" fill=\"#222\">Aarav<\/text><text x=\"182\" y=\"76\" text-anchor=\"end\" fill=\"#222\">78<\/text><text x=\"194\" y=\"76\" fill=\"#107C41\" font-family=\"JetBrains Mono, monospace\">=B2>B1<\/text><text x=\"252\" y=\"76\" fill=\"#666\">\u2192 TRUE \u2713<\/text>\n <text x=\"56\" y=\"93\" fill=\"#222\">Meera<\/text><text x=\"182\" y=\"93\" text-anchor=\"end\" fill=\"#222\">92<\/text><text x=\"194\" y=\"93\" fill=\"#c0392b\" font-family=\"JetBrains Mono, monospace\">=B3>B2<\/text><text x=\"252\" y=\"93\" fill=\"#c0392b\">\u2192 wrong cell<\/text>\n <text x=\"56\" y=\"110\" fill=\"#222\">Rahul<\/text><text x=\"182\" y=\"110\" text-anchor=\"end\" fill=\"#222\">31<\/text><text x=\"194\" y=\"110\" fill=\"#c0392b\" font-family=\"JetBrains Mono, monospace\">=B4>B3<\/text><text x=\"252\" y=\"110\" fill=\"#c0392b\">\u2192 wrong cell<\/text>\n <\/g>\n\n <text x=\"384\" y=\"22\" font-size=\"10.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#107C41\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">\u2713 WITH the dollar signs \u2014 the pass mark stays locked at B1<\/text>\n <g font-size=\"8\" font-weight=\"600\" fill=\"#555\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\" text-anchor=\"middle\">\n <rect x=\"384\" y=\"32\" width=\"26\" height=\"15\" fill=\"#e8eaed\" stroke=\"#c9ced6\" stroke-width=\".7\"\/>\n <rect x=\"410\" y=\"32\" width=\"86\" height=\"15\" fill=\"#e8eaed\" stroke=\"#c9ced6\" stroke-width=\".7\"\/><text x=\"453\" y=\"43\">A<\/text>\n <rect x=\"496\" y=\"32\" width=\"52\" height=\"15\" fill=\"#e8eaed\" stroke=\"#c9ced6\" stroke-width=\".7\"\/><text x=\"522\" y=\"43\">B<\/text>\n <rect x=\"548\" y=\"32\" width=\"128\" height=\"15\" fill=\"#e8eaed\" stroke=\"#c9ced6\" stroke-width=\".7\"\/><text x=\"612\" y=\"43\">C<\/text>\n <\/g>\n <g font-size=\"8\" font-weight=\"600\" fill=\"#555\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">\n <rect x=\"384\" y=\"47\" width=\"26\" height=\"17\" fill=\"#e8eaed\" stroke=\"#c9ced6\" stroke-width=\".7\"\/><text x=\"397\" y=\"59\">1<\/text>\n <rect x=\"384\" y=\"64\" width=\"26\" height=\"17\" fill=\"#e8eaed\" stroke=\"#c9ced6\" stroke-width=\".7\"\/><text x=\"397\" y=\"76\">2<\/text>\n <rect x=\"384\" y=\"81\" width=\"26\" height=\"17\" fill=\"#e8eaed\" stroke=\"#c9ced6\" stroke-width=\".7\"\/><text x=\"397\" y=\"93\">3<\/text>\n <rect x=\"384\" y=\"98\" width=\"26\" height=\"17\" fill=\"#e8eaed\" stroke=\"#c9ced6\" stroke-width=\".7\"\/><text x=\"397\" y=\"110\">4<\/text>\n <\/g>\n <g fill=\"#fff\" stroke=\"#e0e4e9\" stroke-width=\".8\">\n <rect x=\"410\" y=\"47\" width=\"86\" height=\"17\"\/><rect x=\"496\" y=\"47\" width=\"52\" height=\"17\"\/><rect x=\"548\" y=\"47\" width=\"128\" height=\"17\"\/>\n <rect x=\"410\" y=\"64\" width=\"86\" height=\"17\"\/><rect x=\"496\" y=\"64\" width=\"52\" height=\"17\"\/><rect x=\"548\" y=\"64\" width=\"128\" height=\"17\"\/>\n <rect x=\"410\" y=\"81\" width=\"86\" height=\"17\"\/><rect x=\"496\" y=\"81\" width=\"52\" height=\"17\"\/><rect x=\"548\" y=\"81\" width=\"128\" height=\"17\"\/>\n <rect x=\"410\" y=\"98\" width=\"86\" height=\"17\"\/><rect x=\"496\" y=\"98\" width=\"52\" height=\"17\"\/><rect x=\"548\" y=\"98\" width=\"128\" height=\"17\"\/>\n <\/g>\n <rect x=\"496\" y=\"47\" width=\"52\" height=\"17\" fill=\"#e6f4ec\" stroke=\"#107C41\" stroke-width=\"1.4\"\/>\n <g font-size=\"8\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">\n <text x=\"416\" y=\"59\" fill=\"#222\" font-weight=\"700\">Pass mark<\/text><text x=\"542\" y=\"59\" text-anchor=\"end\" fill=\"#107C41\" font-weight=\"700\">33<\/text>\n <text x=\"416\" y=\"76\" fill=\"#222\">Aarav<\/text><text x=\"542\" y=\"76\" text-anchor=\"end\" fill=\"#222\">78<\/text><text x=\"554\" y=\"76\" fill=\"#107C41\" font-family=\"JetBrains Mono, monospace\">=B2>$B$1<\/text><text x=\"626\" y=\"76\" fill=\"#666\">\u2192 TRUE \u2713<\/text>\n <text x=\"416\" y=\"93\" fill=\"#222\">Meera<\/text><text x=\"542\" y=\"93\" text-anchor=\"end\" fill=\"#222\">92<\/text><text x=\"554\" y=\"93\" fill=\"#107C41\" font-family=\"JetBrains Mono, monospace\">=B3>$B$1<\/text><text x=\"626\" y=\"93\" fill=\"#666\">\u2192 TRUE \u2713<\/text>\n <text x=\"416\" y=\"110\" fill=\"#222\">Rahul<\/text><text x=\"542\" y=\"110\" text-anchor=\"end\" fill=\"#222\">31<\/text><text x=\"554\" y=\"110\" fill=\"#107C41\" font-family=\"JetBrains Mono, monospace\">=B4>$B$1<\/text><text x=\"626\" y=\"110\" fill=\"#666\">\u2192 FALSE \u2713<\/text>\n <\/g>\n <g stroke=\"#107C41\" stroke-width=\"1.1\" stroke-dasharray=\"3 2\" fill=\"none\">\n <path d=\"M596 70 L596 66 L522 66 L522 64\"\/>\n <path d=\"M596 87 L600 87 L600 66\"\/>\n <path d=\"M596 104 L604 104 L604 66\"\/>\n <\/g>\n\n <rect x=\"24\" y=\"136\" width=\"669\" height=\"150\" rx=\"9\" fill=\"#f7fbff\" stroke=\"#c3d2e2\" stroke-width=\"1.4\"\/>\n <text x=\"44\" y=\"158\" font-size=\"11\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#14243f\" letter-spacing=\".5\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">THE THREE KINDS OF REFERENCE<\/text>\n <line x1=\"44\" y1=\"166\" x2=\"656\" y2=\"166\" stroke=\"#dbe4ee\"\/>\n\n <rect x=\"44\" y=\"178\" width=\"192\" height=\"94\" rx=\"7\" fill=\"#fff\" stroke=\"#2f92d1\" stroke-width=\"1.6\"\/>\n <text x=\"140\" y=\"197\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"13\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\" font-family=\"JetBrains Mono, monospace\">B1<\/text>\n <text x=\"140\" y=\"212\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#2f92d1\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">RELATIVE<\/text>\n <text x=\"140\" y=\"230\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Both parts shift when copied.<\/text>\n <text x=\"140\" y=\"244\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Copy down a row and it<\/text>\n <text x=\"140\" y=\"258\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">becomes B2, then B3.<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"254\" y=\"178\" width=\"192\" height=\"94\" rx=\"7\" fill=\"#fff\" stroke=\"#107C41\" stroke-width=\"1.6\"\/>\n <text x=\"358.5\" y=\"197\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"13\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#107C41\" font-family=\"JetBrains Mono, monospace\">$B$1<\/text>\n <text x=\"358.5\" y=\"212\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#107C41\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">ABSOLUTE<\/text>\n <text x=\"358.5\" y=\"230\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Neither part moves, ever.<\/text>\n <text x=\"358.5\" y=\"244\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Use for a constant \u2014 a pass<\/text>\n <text x=\"358.5\" y=\"258\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">mark, a rate, a total.<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"464\" y=\"178\" width=\"192\" height=\"94\" rx=\"7\" fill=\"#fff\" stroke=\"#c9760f\" stroke-width=\"1.6\"\/>\n <text x=\"560\" y=\"197\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"13\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#c9760f\" font-family=\"JetBrains Mono, monospace\">B$1 \u00b7 $B1<\/text>\n <text x=\"560\" y=\"212\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#c9760f\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">MIXED<\/text>\n <text x=\"560\" y=\"230\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">One part locked, one free.<\/text>\n <text x=\"560\" y=\"244\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">The dollar always locks what<\/text>\n <text x=\"560\" y=\"258\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">comes immediately after it.<\/text>\n <\/svg>\n Pressing <kbd>F4<\/kbd> while editing a reference cycles it through B1 \u2192 $B$1 \u2192 B$1 \u2192 $B1 \u2192 B1.<\/span>\u0938\u0902\u0926\u0930\u094d\u092d \u0938\u0902\u092a\u093e\u0926\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u092f <kbd>F4<\/kbd> \u0926\u092c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u0935\u0939 B1 \u2192 $B$1 \u2192 B$1 \u2192 $B1 \u2192 B1 \u0915\u0947 \u091a\u0915\u094d\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0918\u0942\u092e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n\n <div class=\"exam-tip\">\n <div class=\"et-icon\">\ud83d\udcb2<\/div>\n <div class=\"et-body\">\n How to read a dollar sign in one second.<\/strong> The dollar locks whatever stands immediately after it.<\/strong> In <code>$B1<\/code> the column B is locked and the row is free; in <code>B$1<\/code> the row 1 is locked and the column is free; in <code>$B$1<\/code> both are locked. A useful test in the examination hall: cover the formula, ask \"when this is copied one row down, should this reference move?\"<\/em> If the answer is no, it needs a dollar before the row number.<\/span>\n \u0921\u0949\u0932\u0930-\u091a\u093f\u0939\u094d\u0928 \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u0947\u0915\u0902\u0921 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0922\u093c\u0947\u0902\u0964<\/strong> \u0921\u0949\u0932\u0930 \u0909\u0938\u0940 \u0915\u094b \u092c\u093e\u0901\u0927\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0920\u0940\u0915 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u0916\u0921\u093c\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0964<\/strong> <code>$B1<\/code> \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0902\u092d B \u092c\u0901\u0927\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u092e\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924; <code>B$1<\/code> \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f 1 \u092c\u0901\u0927\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0902\u092d \u092e\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924; <code>$B$1<\/code> \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u092c\u0901\u0927\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e-\u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0940 \u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923: \u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0922\u0915\u0915\u0930 \u092a\u0942\u091b\u093f\u090f \"\u0907\u0938\u0947 \u090f\u0915 \u092a\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0928\u0940\u091a\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0932\u093f\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0907\u0938 \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0930\u094d\u092d \u0915\u094b \u0939\u093f\u0932\u0928\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f?\"<\/em> \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u094b \u0924\u094b \u092a\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f-\u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0921\u0949\u0932\u0930 \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f\u0964<\/span>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <hr class=\"section-divider\">\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d4-4\">\n 4.4<\/span>\n <h3>Essential Functions<\/span>\u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915 \u092b\u0932\u0928<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n \n A function<\/strong> is a ready-made formula built into the program. Its syntax<\/strong> is the function name followed by arguments in parentheses<\/strong>: <code>=SUM(C2:E2)<\/code>. Arguments are separated by commas, and a function may be placed inside another, which is called nesting<\/strong>.<\/span>\n \u092b\u0932\u0928<\/strong> \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0928\u093e \u092c\u0928\u093e\u092f\u093e \u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0935\u093e\u0915\u094d\u092f-\u0935\u093f\u0928\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938<\/strong> \u0939\u0948 \u092b\u0932\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093e\u092e, \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u0915\u094b\u0937\u094d\u0920\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u091a\u0932<\/strong>: <code>=SUM(C2:E2)<\/code>\u0964 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u091a\u0932 \u0905\u0932\u094d\u092a\u0935\u093f\u0930\u093e\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0943\u0925\u0915 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0914\u0930 \u090f\u0915 \u092b\u0932\u0928 \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u092d\u0940\u0924\u0930 \u0930\u0916\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u0928\u0947\u0938\u094d\u091f\u093f\u0902\u0917<\/strong> \u0915\u0939\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span>\n <\/p>\n\n <table class=\"data-table\">\n <thead>\n <tr>\n <th>Function<\/span>\u092b\u0932\u0928<\/span><\/th>\n <th>What it returns<\/span>\u092f\u0939 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0932\u094c\u091f\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/th>\n <th>Example in a result sheet<\/span>\u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e-\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0915 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923<\/span><\/th>\n <\/tr>\n <\/thead>\n <tbody>\n <tr><td><code>SUM<\/strong><\/code><\/td><td>The total of a range.<\/span>\u092a\u0930\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u093e \u092f\u094b\u0917\u0964<\/span><\/td><td><code>=SUM(C2:E2)<\/code> \u2014 total marks<\/span>\u2014 \u0915\u0941\u0932 \u0905\u0902\u0915<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td><code>AVERAGE<\/strong><\/code><\/td><td>The arithmetic mean, ignoring empty cells.<\/span>\u0938\u092e\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f, \u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u094b\u0937\u094d\u0920\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u091b\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0915\u0930\u0964<\/span><\/td><td><code>=AVERAGE(C2:C61)<\/code> \u2014 class average in Maths<\/span>\u2014 \u0917\u0923\u093f\u0924 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e-\u0914\u0938\u0924<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr style=\"background:#f3f8ff;\"><td><code>COUNT<\/strong><\/code><\/td><td>How many cells contain numbers<\/strong>.<\/span>\u0915\u093f\u0924\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u094b\u0937\u094d\u0920\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e\u090f\u0901<\/strong> \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/td><td rowspan=\"3\">The three are constantly confused. <code>COUNT<\/code> ignores text, <code>COUNTA<\/code> counts anything that is not empty<\/strong>, and <code>COUNTBLANK<\/code> counts the empties. To count students who appeared, <code>COUNT<\/code> on the marks column; to count names on the roll, <code>COUNTA<\/code> on the name column.<\/span>\u0924\u0940\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u0902\u0924\u0930 \u092d\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 <code>COUNT<\/code> \u092a\u093e\u0920 \u091b\u094b\u0921\u093c \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, <code>COUNTA<\/code> \u091c\u094b \u092d\u0940 \u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0928 \u0939\u094b<\/strong> \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0917\u093f\u0928\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u0925\u093e <code>COUNTBLANK<\/code> \u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b\u0964 \u0909\u092a\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0917\u093f\u0928\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0905\u0902\u0915-\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0902\u092d \u092a\u0930 <code>COUNT<\/code>; \u0909\u092a\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f-\u092a\u0902\u091c\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u093e\u092e \u0917\u093f\u0928\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0928\u093e\u092e-\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0902\u092d \u092a\u0930 <code>COUNTA<\/code>\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr style=\"background:#f3f8ff;\"><td><code>COUNTA<\/strong><\/code><\/td><td>How many cells are not empty<\/strong>, whatever they hold.<\/span>\u0915\u093f\u0924\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u094b\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902<\/strong> \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u091a\u093e\u0939\u0947 \u0909\u0928\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u0941\u091b \u092d\u0940 \u0939\u094b\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr style=\"background:#f3f8ff;\"><td><code>COUNTBLANK<\/strong><\/code><\/td><td>How many cells are<\/strong> empty.<\/span>\u0915\u093f\u0924\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u094b\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u0948\u0902<\/strong>\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td><code>MAX<\/strong><\/code> \u00b7 <code>MIN<\/strong><\/code><\/td><td>The largest and the smallest value in a range.<\/span>\u092a\u0930\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0921\u093c\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u091b\u094b\u091f\u093e \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0964<\/span><\/td><td><code>=MAX(F2:F61)<\/code> \u2014 highest total in the class<\/span>\u2014 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a\u0924\u092e \u092f\u094b\u0917<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td><code>ROUND<\/strong><\/code><\/td><td>A number rounded to a stated number of decimal places. <code>ROUNDUP<\/code> and <code>ROUNDDOWN<\/code> force the direction; <code>INT<\/code> discards the fraction entirely.<\/span>\u0915\u0939\u0940 \u0917\u0908 \u0926\u0936\u092e\u0932\u0935-\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0924\u0915 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923\u093e\u0902\u0915\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0964 <code>ROUNDUP<\/code> \u090f\u0935\u0902 <code>ROUNDDOWN<\/code> \u0926\u093f\u0936\u093e \u0924\u092f \u0915\u0930 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902; <code>INT<\/code> \u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923\u0924\u0903 \u0939\u091f\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><td><code>=ROUND(G2,2)<\/code> \u2014 percentage to two places<\/span>\u2014 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0936\u0924 \u0926\u094b \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0924\u0915<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr style=\"background:#faf6ff;\"><td><code>MEDIAN<\/strong><\/code> \u00b7 <code>MODE<\/strong><\/code><\/td><td>The middle value and the most frequent value. The measures of central tendency from the Measurement paper, each a single function here.<\/strong><\/span>\u092e\u0927\u094d\u092f \u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092c\u093e\u0930\u0902\u092c\u093e\u0930 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0964 \u092e\u093e\u092a\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928-\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0940 \u092e\u093e\u092a\u0947\u0902, \u092f\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u090f\u0915-\u090f\u0915 \u092b\u0932\u0928\u0964<\/strong><\/span><\/td><td><code>=MEDIAN(F2:F61)<\/code><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr style=\"background:#faf6ff;\"><td><code>STDEV.S<\/strong><\/code> \u00b7 <code>VAR.S<\/strong><\/code><\/td><td>Standard deviation and variance of a sample. <code>STDEV.P<\/code> and <code>VAR.P<\/code> are the population versions.<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936 \u0915\u093e \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u091a\u0932\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u0930\u0923\u0964 <code>STDEV.P<\/code> \u090f\u0935\u0902 <code>VAR.P<\/code> \u0938\u092e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093f-\u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/td><td><code>=STDEV.S(F2:F61)<\/code> \u2014 spread of the class<\/span>\u2014 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0930<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td><code>TODAY<\/strong><\/code> \u00b7 <code>NOW<\/strong><\/code><\/td><td>The current date, and the current date with time. Both update themselves<\/strong> every time the sheet is opened.<\/span>\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0924\u093f\u0925\u093f, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0938\u092e\u092f \u0938\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0924\u093f\u0925\u093f\u0964 \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0936\u0940\u091f \u0916\u0941\u0932\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u0905\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0924\u0928<\/strong> \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/td><td><code>=TODAY()<\/code> \u2014 note the empty parentheses<\/span>\u2014 \u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u094b\u0937\u094d\u0920\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0928 \u0926\u0947\u0902<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td><code>LEN<\/strong><\/code> \u00b7 <code>LEFT<\/strong><\/code> \u00b7 <code>RIGHT<\/strong><\/code> \u00b7 <code>MID<\/strong><\/code><\/td><td>The length of a text entry, and portions taken from its left, right or middle.<\/span>\u092a\u093e\u0920-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093f \u0915\u0940 \u0932\u0902\u092c\u093e\u0908, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u090f\u0901, \u0926\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u092e\u0927\u094d\u092f \u0938\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0917\u090f \u0905\u0902\u0936\u0964<\/span><\/td><td><code>=LEFT(A2,4)<\/code> \u2014 the year from an admission number<\/span>\u2014 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0947\u0936-\u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td><code>UPPER<\/strong><\/code> \u00b7 <code>PROPER<\/strong><\/code> \u00b7 <code>TRIM<\/strong><\/code><\/td><td>Converts case, and <code>TRIM<\/code> removes stray spaces<\/strong> \u2014 the first repair to attempt when a lookup mysteriously fails.<\/span>\u0905\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0930-\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0924\u0925\u093e <code>TRIM<\/code> \u092d\u091f\u0915\u0947 \u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928 \u0939\u091f\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/strong> \u2014 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0916\u094b\u091c \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0939\u0938\u094d\u092f\u092e\u092f \u0922\u0902\u0917 \u0938\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u092b\u0932 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u092f\u0939\u0940 \u0938\u0941\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u0906\u091c\u093c\u092e\u093e\u090f\u0901\u0964<\/span><\/td><td><code>=PROPER(B2)<\/code> \u2014 \"aarav sharma\" \u2192 \"Aarav Sharma\"<\/span>\u2014 \"aarav sharma\" \u2192 \"Aarav Sharma\"<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <\/tbody>\n <\/table>\n\n <div class=\"callout amber\">\n <div class=\"callout-label\">\u2328\ufe0f AutoSum \u2014 the one button worth knowing<\/span>\u2328\ufe0f \u0911\u091f\u094b\u0938\u092e \u2014 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0928\u0947 \u092f\u094b\u0917\u094d\u092f \u090f\u0915 \u092c\u091f\u0928<\/span><\/div>\n Selecting the cell below a column of figures and pressing <kbd>Alt<\/kbd>+<kbd>=<\/kbd> writes the SUM formula with the range already guessed. The dropdown beside the \u03a3 button on the Home tab offers Average, Count Numbers, Max and Min<\/strong> in the same way. For a school clerk totalling a fee register, this alone saves an hour a week.<\/span>\n \u0905\u0902\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0902\u092d \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u0940\u091a\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e \u0915\u094b\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u091a\u0941\u0928\u0915\u0930 <kbd>Alt<\/kbd>+<kbd>=<\/kbd> \u0926\u092c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 SUM \u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092a\u0930\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0938\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u0932\u093f\u0916 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 Home \u091f\u0948\u092c \u0915\u0947 \u03a3 \u092c\u091f\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0917\u0932 \u0915\u093e \u0921\u094d\u0930\u0949\u092a\u0921\u093e\u0909\u0928 \u0909\u0938\u0940 \u0930\u0940\u0924\u093f \u0938\u0947 Average, Count Numbers, Max \u090f\u0935\u0902 Min<\/strong> \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092b\u093c\u0940\u0938-\u0930\u091c\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0930 \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0924\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f\u0940 \u0932\u093f\u092a\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u092f\u0939\u0940 \u0905\u0915\u0947\u0932\u093e \u0938\u092a\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0939 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u090f\u0915 \u0918\u0902\u091f\u093e \u092c\u091a\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\n <\/div>\n <hr class=\"section-divider\">\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d4-5\">\n 4.5<\/span>\n <h3>Logical and Lookup Functions<\/span>\u0924\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0915\u093f\u0915 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0916\u094b\u091c \u092b\u0932\u0928<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n <h4>A. The IF function<\/span>\u0915. IF \u092b\u0932\u0928<\/span><\/h4>\n\n <div class=\"formula-card\">\n <div class=\"fx-eyebrow\">Syntax of IF \u2014 memorise the order of the three arguments<\/span>IF \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093e\u0915\u094d\u092f-\u0935\u093f\u0928\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938 \u2014 \u0924\u0940\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u091a\u0932\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u0915\u0902\u0920\u0938\u094d\u0925 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"fx-body\">\n =IF( condition<\/em> , value if TRUE<\/em> , value if FALSE<\/em> )\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"fx-note\">\n =IF(F2>=33,\"Pass\",\"Fail\")<\/b> \u2014 the condition is tested first, and exactly one of the two remaining arguments is returned. Text inside a formula must be enclosed in double quotation marks<\/b>; numbers must not be. Omitting the quotes produces #NAME?<\/b>.<\/span>\n =IF(F2>=33,\"\u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0940\u0930\u094d\u0923\",\"\u0905\u0928\u0941\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0940\u0930\u094d\u0923\")<\/b> \u2014 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0936\u0930\u094d\u0924 \u092a\u0930\u0916\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0936\u0947\u0937 \u0926\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u091a\u0932\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0920\u0940\u0915 \u090f\u0915 \u0932\u094c\u091f\u093e\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u092d\u0940\u0924\u0930 \u092a\u093e\u0920 \u0926\u094b\u0939\u0930\u0947 \u0909\u0926\u094d\u0927\u0930\u0923-\u091a\u093f\u0939\u094d\u0928\u094b\u0902<\/b> \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f; \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964 \u0909\u0926\u094d\u0927\u0930\u0923 \u091b\u0942\u091f\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 #NAME?<\/b> \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"callout\">\n <div class=\"callout-label\">\ud83e\ude86 Nested IF \u2014 assigning grades<\/span>\ud83e\ude86 \u0928\u0947\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0947\u0921 IF \u2014 \u0936\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0923\u0940 \u0926\u0947\u0928\u093e<\/span><\/div>\n One IF can be placed inside another to test several conditions in turn. To assign grades from a percentage in column G:<\/span>\n \u0905\u0928\u0947\u0915 \u0936\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u093e\u0930\u0940-\u092c\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u092a\u0930\u0916\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u090f\u0915 IF \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u092d\u0940\u0924\u0930 \u0930\u0916\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0902\u092d G \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0936\u0924 \u0938\u0947 \u0936\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0923\u0940 \u0926\u0947\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941:<\/span>\n <div style=\"background:#fff;border:1px solid #f0d58a;border-radius:6px;padding:11px 14px;margin:10px 0 8px;font-family:'JetBrains Mono',monospace;font-size:12px;color:#14243f;line-height:1.8;\">\n =IF(G2>=90,\"A+\",IF(G2>=75,\"A\",IF(G2>=60,\"B\",IF(G2>=45,\"C\",IF(G2>=33,\"D\",\"F\")))))\n <\/div>\n <ul class=\"split-list\" style=\"margin-top:4px;\">\n <li>1<\/span>The conditions must be arranged from the highest boundary downward<\/strong>. If <code>G2>=33<\/code> came first, every passing student would be graded D, because the test would succeed before the higher bands were ever reached.<\/span>\u0936\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a\u0924\u092e \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u0928\u0940\u091a\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0913\u0930<\/strong> \u0930\u0916\u0928\u0940 \u092a\u0921\u093c\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u092f\u0926\u093f <code>G2>=33<\/code> \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0906\u0924\u093e \u0924\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0940\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0915\u094b D \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0924\u0940, \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u090a\u092a\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0936\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0923\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0924\u0915 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0939\u0940 \u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0938\u092b\u0932 \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n <li>2<\/span>Every opening parenthesis needs a closing one, which is why five nested IFs end in five brackets. The modern <code>IFS<\/code><\/strong> function does the same without the nesting: <code>=IFS(G2>=90,\"A+\",G2>=75,\"A\",\u2026)<\/code><\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0916\u0941\u0932\u0947 \u0915\u094b\u0937\u094d\u0920\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u090f\u0915 \u092c\u0902\u0926 \u0915\u094b\u0937\u094d\u0920\u0915 \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f, \u0907\u0938\u0940\u0932\u093f\u090f \u092a\u093e\u0901\u091a \u0928\u0947\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0947\u0921 IF \u092a\u093e\u0901\u091a \u0915\u094b\u0937\u094d\u0920\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0906\u0927\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0915 <code>IFS<\/code><\/strong> \u092b\u0932\u0928 \u0935\u0939\u0940 \u0915\u093e\u092e \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0928\u0947\u0938\u094d\u091f\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948: <code>=IFS(G2>=90,\"A+\",G2>=75,\"A\",\u2026)<\/code><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n <li>3<\/span><code>AND<\/code><\/strong> requires every<\/em> condition to be true, <code>OR<\/code><\/strong> requires at least one<\/em>. To award a distinction only to a student who has both passed and scored above ninety: <code>=IF(AND(F2>=33,G2>=90),\"Distinction\",\"\")<\/code><\/span><code>AND<\/code><\/strong> \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915<\/em> \u0936\u0930\u094d\u0924 \u0938\u0924\u094d\u092f \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0940 \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f, <code>OR<\/code><\/strong> \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u092e \u090f\u0915<\/em>\u0964 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937 \u092f\u094b\u0917\u094d\u092f\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0909\u0938 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0915\u094b \u0926\u0947\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u091c\u094b \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0940\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u092d\u0940 \u0939\u094b \u0914\u0930 \u0928\u092c\u094d\u092c\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u090a\u092a\u0930 \u092d\u0940: <code>=IF(AND(F2>=33,G2>=90),\"\u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937 \u092f\u094b\u0917\u094d\u092f\u0924\u093e\",\"\")<\/code><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n\n <h4>B. Conditional counting and totalling<\/span>\u0916. \u0938\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092c\u0902\u0927 \u0917\u0923\u0928\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092f\u094b\u0917<\/span><\/h4>\n\n <table class=\"data-table\">\n <thead>\n <tr>\n <th>Function<\/span>\u092b\u0932\u0928<\/span><\/th>\n <th>What it does<\/span>\u092f\u0939 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/th>\n <th>Example<\/span>\u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923<\/span><\/th>\n <\/tr>\n <\/thead>\n <tbody>\n <tr><td><code>COUNTIF<\/strong><\/code><\/td><td>Counts the cells in a range that meet one condition<\/strong>.<\/span>\u092a\u0930\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u0947 \u0909\u0928 \u0915\u094b\u0937\u094d\u0920\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0917\u093f\u0928\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u090f\u0915 \u0936\u0930\u094d\u0924 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902<\/strong>\u0964<\/span><\/td><td><code>=COUNTIF(H2:H61,\"Pass\")<\/code> \u2014 how many passed<\/span>\u2014 \u0915\u093f\u0924\u0928\u0947 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0940\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0939\u0941\u090f<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td><code>COUNTIFS<\/strong><\/code><\/td><td>Counts against several conditions at once<\/strong>.<\/span>\u090f\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0905\u0928\u0947\u0915 \u0936\u0930\u094d\u0924\u094b\u0902<\/strong> \u092a\u0930 \u0917\u093f\u0928\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><td><code>=COUNTIFS(C2:C61,\">=75\",D2:D61,\">=75\")<\/code> \u2014 above 75 in both subjects<\/span>\u2014 \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 75 \u0938\u0947 \u090a\u092a\u0930<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td><code>SUMIF<\/strong><\/code> \u00b7 <code>SUMIFS<\/strong><\/code><\/td><td>Adds only those values that meet the condition or conditions.<\/span>\u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0936\u0930\u094d\u0924 \u092f\u093e \u0936\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/td><td><code>=SUMIF(B2:B61,\"X-A\",F2:F61)<\/code> \u2014 total marks of section A only<\/span>\u2014 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0917 A \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u0941\u0932 \u0905\u0902\u0915<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td><code>AVERAGEIF<\/strong><\/code><\/td><td>Averages only the values meeting the condition.<\/span>\u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0936\u0930\u094d\u0924 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0914\u0938\u0924 \u0932\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><td><code>=AVERAGEIF(C2:C61,\">0\")<\/code> \u2014 average of those who appeared<\/span>\u2014 \u0909\u092a\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u0930\u0939\u0947 \u0932\u094b\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0914\u0938\u0924<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td><code>RANK.EQ<\/strong><\/code><\/td><td>Gives the position of a value within a list<\/strong>. Equal values receive the same rank, and the next rank is skipped.<\/span>\u0938\u0942\u091a\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f<\/strong> \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u094b\u091f\u093f \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u0917\u0932\u0940 \u0915\u094b\u091f\u093f \u091b\u0942\u091f \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><td><code>=RANK.EQ(F2,$F$2:$F$61)<\/code> \u2014 note the absolute range<\/span>\u2014 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u092a\u0930\u093e\u0938 \u092a\u0930 \u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0928 \u0926\u0947\u0902<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td><code>IFERROR<\/strong><\/code><\/td><td>Replaces an error value with something readable, so a printed result sheet does not display <code>#N\/A<\/code> or <code>#DIV\/0!<\/code> to a parent.<\/span>\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0941\u091f\u093f-\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u0941\u091b \u092a\u0920\u0928\u0940\u092f \u0930\u0916 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e-\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0915 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0915 \u0915\u094b <code>#N\/A<\/code> \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e <code>#DIV\/0!<\/code> \u0928 \u0926\u093f\u0916\u093e\u090f\u0964<\/span><\/td><td><code>=IFERROR(F2\/E2,\"\u2014\")<\/code><\/td><\/tr>\n <\/tbody>\n <\/table>\n\n <h4>C. VLOOKUP<\/span>\u0917. VLOOKUP<\/span><\/h4>\n\n <svg class=\"full-diagram\" viewBox=\"0 0 700 320\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Anatomy of the VLOOKUP function shown against a lookup table\">\n <rect x=\"20\" y=\"16\" width=\"660\" height=\"46\" rx=\"8\" fill=\"#14243f\"\/>\n <text x=\"40\" y=\"45\" font-size=\"14\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"JetBrains Mono, monospace\">=VLOOKUP(<\/text>\n <text x=\"152\" y=\"45\" font-size=\"14\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#7fc4e8\" font-family=\"JetBrains Mono, monospace\">A9<\/text>\n <text x=\"176\" y=\"45\" font-size=\"14\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"JetBrains Mono, monospace\">,<\/text>\n <text x=\"190\" y=\"45\" font-size=\"14\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#8ee0c8\" font-family=\"JetBrains Mono, monospace\">$A$2:$D$6<\/text>\n <text x=\"292\" y=\"45\" font-size=\"14\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"JetBrains Mono, monospace\">,<\/text>\n <text x=\"306\" y=\"45\" font-size=\"14\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#ffd970\" font-family=\"JetBrains Mono, monospace\">3<\/text>\n <text x=\"318\" y=\"45\" font-size=\"14\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"JetBrains Mono, monospace\">,<\/text>\n <text x=\"332\" y=\"45\" font-size=\"14\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#f0a8c4\" font-family=\"JetBrains Mono, monospace\">FALSE<\/text>\n <text x=\"396\" y=\"45\" font-size=\"14\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"JetBrains Mono, monospace\">)<\/text>\n <text x=\"440\" y=\"41\" font-size=\"9.5\" fill=\"#b8c8dc\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">reads: find A9 in the first column of<\/text>\n <text x=\"440\" y=\"53\" font-size=\"9.5\" fill=\"#b8c8dc\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">the table, return the 3rd column, exact match<\/text>\n\n <g font-size=\"9\" font-weight=\"700\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">\n <text x=\"152\" y=\"80\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\">1 \u00b7 lookup_value<\/text>\n <text x=\"190\" y=\"96\" fill=\"#107C41\">2 \u00b7 table_array<\/text>\n <text x=\"290\" y=\"112\" fill=\"#c9760f\">3 \u00b7 col_index_num<\/text>\n <text x=\"330\" y=\"128\" fill=\"#8e2f5a\">4 \u00b7 range_lookup<\/text>\n <\/g>\n <g stroke=\"#adb8c4\" stroke-width=\"1\" stroke-dasharray=\"2 2\" fill=\"none\">\n <path d=\"M158 62 L158 72\"\/><path d=\"M204 62 L204 88\"\/><path d=\"M310 62 L310 104\"\/><path d=\"M356 62 L356 120\"\/>\n <\/g>\n\n <g font-size=\"8\" font-weight=\"600\" fill=\"#555\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\" text-anchor=\"middle\">\n <rect x=\"24\" y=\"150\" width=\"26\" height=\"15\" fill=\"#e8eaed\" stroke=\"#c9ced6\" stroke-width=\".7\"\/>\n <rect x=\"50\" y=\"150\" width=\"70\" height=\"15\" fill=\"#d6e9dd\" stroke=\"#107C41\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/><text x=\"85\" y=\"161\" fill=\"#107C41\">A<\/text>\n <rect x=\"120\" y=\"150\" width=\"106\" height=\"15\" fill=\"#e8eaed\" stroke=\"#c9ced6\" stroke-width=\".7\"\/><text x=\"173\" y=\"161\">B<\/text>\n <rect x=\"226\" y=\"150\" width=\"74\" height=\"15\" fill=\"#fff2dc\" stroke=\"#c9760f\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/><text x=\"263\" y=\"161\" fill=\"#c9760f\">C<\/text>\n <rect x=\"300\" y=\"150\" width=\"66\" height=\"15\" fill=\"#e8eaed\" stroke=\"#c9ced6\" stroke-width=\".7\"\/><text x=\"333\" y=\"161\">D<\/text>\n <\/g>\n <g font-size=\"8\" font-weight=\"600\" fill=\"#555\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">\n <rect x=\"24\" y=\"165\" width=\"26\" height=\"17\" fill=\"#e8eaed\" stroke=\"#c9ced6\" stroke-width=\".7\"\/><text x=\"37\" y=\"177\">1<\/text>\n <rect x=\"24\" y=\"182\" width=\"26\" height=\"17\" fill=\"#e8eaed\" stroke=\"#c9ced6\" stroke-width=\".7\"\/><text x=\"37\" y=\"194\">2<\/text>\n <rect x=\"24\" y=\"199\" width=\"26\" height=\"17\" fill=\"#e8eaed\" stroke=\"#c9ced6\" stroke-width=\".7\"\/><text x=\"37\" y=\"211\">3<\/text>\n <rect x=\"24\" y=\"216\" width=\"26\" height=\"17\" fill=\"#e8eaed\" stroke=\"#c9ced6\" stroke-width=\".7\"\/><text x=\"37\" y=\"228\">4<\/text>\n <rect x=\"24\" y=\"233\" width=\"26\" height=\"17\" fill=\"#e8eaed\" stroke=\"#c9ced6\" stroke-width=\".7\"\/><text x=\"37\" y=\"245\">5<\/text>\n <rect x=\"24\" y=\"250\" width=\"26\" height=\"17\" fill=\"#e8eaed\" stroke=\"#c9ced6\" stroke-width=\".7\"\/><text x=\"37\" y=\"262\">6<\/text>\n <rect x=\"24\" y=\"276\" width=\"26\" height=\"17\" fill=\"#e8eaed\" stroke=\"#c9ced6\" stroke-width=\".7\"\/><text x=\"37\" y=\"288\">9<\/text>\n <\/g>\n <g fill=\"#fff\" stroke=\"#e0e4e9\" stroke-width=\".8\">\n <rect x=\"50\" y=\"165\" width=\"70\" height=\"17\"\/><rect x=\"120\" y=\"165\" width=\"106\" height=\"17\"\/><rect x=\"226\" y=\"165\" width=\"74\" height=\"17\"\/><rect x=\"300\" y=\"165\" width=\"66\" height=\"17\"\/>\n <rect x=\"50\" y=\"182\" width=\"70\" height=\"17\"\/><rect x=\"120\" y=\"182\" width=\"106\" height=\"17\"\/><rect x=\"226\" y=\"182\" width=\"74\" height=\"17\"\/><rect x=\"300\" y=\"182\" width=\"66\" height=\"17\"\/>\n <rect x=\"50\" y=\"199\" width=\"70\" height=\"17\"\/><rect x=\"120\" y=\"199\" width=\"106\" height=\"17\"\/><rect x=\"226\" y=\"199\" width=\"74\" height=\"17\"\/><rect x=\"300\" y=\"199\" width=\"66\" height=\"17\"\/>\n <rect x=\"50\" y=\"216\" width=\"70\" height=\"17\"\/><rect x=\"120\" y=\"216\" width=\"106\" height=\"17\"\/><rect x=\"226\" y=\"216\" width=\"74\" height=\"17\"\/><rect x=\"300\" y=\"216\" width=\"66\" height=\"17\"\/>\n <rect x=\"50\" y=\"233\" width=\"70\" height=\"17\"\/><rect x=\"120\" y=\"233\" width=\"106\" height=\"17\"\/><rect x=\"226\" y=\"233\" width=\"74\" height=\"17\"\/><rect x=\"300\" y=\"233\" width=\"66\" height=\"17\"\/>\n <rect x=\"50\" y=\"250\" width=\"70\" height=\"17\"\/><rect x=\"120\" y=\"250\" width=\"106\" height=\"17\"\/><rect x=\"226\" y=\"250\" width=\"74\" height=\"17\"\/><rect x=\"300\" y=\"250\" width=\"66\" height=\"17\"\/>\n <rect x=\"50\" y=\"276\" width=\"70\" height=\"17\"\/><rect x=\"120\" y=\"276\" width=\"106\" height=\"17\"\/><rect x=\"226\" y=\"276\" width=\"74\" height=\"17\"\/><rect x=\"300\" y=\"276\" width=\"66\" height=\"17\"\/>\n <\/g>\n <rect x=\"50\" y=\"165\" width=\"316\" height=\"17\" fill=\"#14243f\"\/>\n <g font-size=\"7.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">\n <text x=\"56\" y=\"177\">Roll No<\/text><text x=\"126\" y=\"177\">Name<\/text><text x=\"232\" y=\"177\">Total<\/text><text x=\"306\" y=\"177\">Grade<\/text>\n <\/g>\n <g font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#222\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">\n <text x=\"56\" y=\"194\">X-001<\/text><text x=\"126\" y=\"194\">Aarav Sharma<\/text><text x=\"292\" y=\"194\" text-anchor=\"end\">235<\/text><text x=\"333\" y=\"194\" text-anchor=\"middle\">B<\/text>\n <text x=\"56\" y=\"211\">X-002<\/text><text x=\"126\" y=\"211\">Meera Nair<\/text><text x=\"292\" y=\"211\" text-anchor=\"end\">275<\/text><text x=\"333\" y=\"211\" text-anchor=\"middle\">A<\/text>\n <text x=\"56\" y=\"228\">X-003<\/text><text x=\"126\" y=\"228\">Imran Qureshi<\/text><text x=\"292\" y=\"228\" text-anchor=\"end\">204<\/text><text x=\"333\" y=\"228\" text-anchor=\"middle\">C<\/text>\n <text x=\"56\" y=\"245\">X-004<\/text><text x=\"126\" y=\"245\">Divya Patel<\/text><text x=\"292\" y=\"245\" text-anchor=\"end\">164<\/text><text x=\"333\" y=\"245\" text-anchor=\"middle\">D<\/text>\n <text x=\"56\" y=\"262\">X-005<\/text><text x=\"126\" y=\"262\">Rahul Verma<\/text><text x=\"292\" y=\"262\" text-anchor=\"end\">114<\/text><text x=\"333\" y=\"262\" text-anchor=\"middle\">F<\/text>\n <\/g>\n <rect x=\"50\" y=\"182\" width=\"316\" height=\"85\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#107C41\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-dasharray=\"4 3\"\/>\n\n <rect x=\"50\" y=\"276\" width=\"70\" height=\"17\" fill=\"#e8f1fb\" stroke=\"#1f5fa9\" stroke-width=\"1.6\"\/>\n <text x=\"56\" y=\"288\" font-size=\"8\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">X-003<\/text>\n <rect x=\"226\" y=\"276\" width=\"74\" height=\"17\" fill=\"#fff2dc\" stroke=\"#c9760f\" stroke-width=\"1.6\"\/>\n <text x=\"292\" y=\"288\" text-anchor=\"end\" font-size=\"8\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#c9760f\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">204<\/text>\n <text x=\"126\" y=\"288\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#5a6d80\" font-style=\"italic\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">enter a roll number here \u2192<\/text>\n\n <defs><marker id=\"vk\" markerWidth=\"8\" markerHeight=\"8\" refX=\"7\" refY=\"2.6\" orient=\"auto\"><path d=\"M0,0 L0,5.2 L7,2.6 z\" fill=\"#c9760f\"\/><\/marker><\/defs>\n <g stroke=\"#1f5fa9\" stroke-width=\"1.4\" fill=\"none\" stroke-dasharray=\"3 2\">\n <path d=\"M85 274 L85 232\" marker-end=\"url(#vk)\"\/>\n <\/g>\n <g stroke=\"#c9760f\" stroke-width=\"1.4\" fill=\"none\" stroke-dasharray=\"3 2\">\n <path d=\"M120 226 L226 226\" marker-end=\"url(#vk)\"\/>\n <path d=\"M263 234 L263 274\" marker-end=\"url(#vk)\"\/>\n <\/g>\n\n <rect x=\"392\" y=\"150\" width=\"286\" height=\"143\" rx=\"8\" fill=\"#fff6f4\" stroke=\"#f0bcb4\" stroke-width=\"1.4\"\/>\n <text x=\"410\" y=\"170\" font-size=\"10\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#c0392b\" letter-spacing=\".5\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">FOUR RULES THAT DECIDE THE ANSWER<\/text>\n <g font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">\n <text x=\"410\" y=\"192\">1. The lookup value must be in the<\/text>\n <text x=\"420\" y=\"205\" font-weight=\"700\">FIRST column of the table array.<\/text>\n <text x=\"410\" y=\"222\">2. col_index_num is counted from the<\/text>\n <text x=\"420\" y=\"235\" font-weight=\"700\">left edge of the table, not the sheet.<\/text>\n <text x=\"410\" y=\"252\">3. FALSE = exact match. Almost always<\/text>\n <text x=\"420\" y=\"265\" font-weight=\"700\">what is wanted. TRUE = approximate.<\/text>\n <text x=\"410\" y=\"282\">4. Lock the table array with $ signs, or<\/text>\n <text x=\"420\" y=\"295\" font-weight=\"700\">it slides when the formula is copied.<\/text>\n <\/g>\n <\/svg>\n VLOOKUP searches downward through the first column, then moves right by the number of columns given.<\/span>VLOOKUP \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0902\u092d \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u0940\u091a\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0913\u0930 \u0916\u094b\u091c\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u092b\u093f\u0930 \u0926\u0940 \u0917\u0908 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0902\u092d-\u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u093e\u0930 \u0926\u093e\u0908\u0902 \u0913\u0930 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n\n <div class=\"exam-tip\">\n <div class=\"et-icon\">\ud83c\udfaf<\/div>\n <div class=\"et-body\">\n The two limitations of VLOOKUP, and what replaced it.<\/strong> First, it can only look to the right<\/strong> \u2014 the value returned must lie in a column after the one being searched, so a name cannot be found from a total. Second, inserting a column inside the table breaks it<\/strong>, because the column index is a fixed number. The modern <code>XLOOKUP<\/code><\/strong> removes both problems, and the older combination <code>INDEX<\/code> with <code>MATCH<\/code><\/strong> has long done the same. <code>HLOOKUP<\/code> is the horizontal counterpart, searching along the first row<\/em> instead of the first column.<\/span>\n VLOOKUP \u0915\u0940 \u0926\u094b \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e\u090f\u0901, \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0928\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/strong> \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0925\u092e, \u092f\u0939 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0926\u093e\u0908\u0902 \u0913\u0930 \u0926\u0947\u0916 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/strong> \u2014 \u0932\u094c\u091f\u093e\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e \u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0916\u094b\u091c\u0947 \u091c\u093e \u0930\u0939\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0902\u092d \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0902\u092d \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f, \u0905\u0924\u0903 \u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0938\u0947 \u0928\u093e\u092e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0916\u094b\u091c\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e\u0964 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0924\u0940\u092f, \u0938\u093e\u0930\u0923\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u092d\u0940\u0924\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0902\u092d \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u092f\u0939 \u091f\u0942\u091f \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/strong>, \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0902\u092d-\u0905\u0928\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0902\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0906\u0927\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0915 <code>XLOOKUP<\/code><\/strong> \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u092e\u0938\u094d\u092f\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u0939\u091f\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092a\u0941\u0930\u093e\u0928\u093e \u0938\u0902\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928 <code>INDEX<\/code> \u090f\u0935\u0902 <code>MATCH<\/code><\/strong> \u092c\u0939\u0941\u0924 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u092f\u0939\u0940 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0906\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 <code>HLOOKUP<\/code> \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0948\u0924\u093f\u091c \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u0942\u092a \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u094b \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0902\u092d \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u091c\u093e\u092f \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0940 \u092a\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f<\/em> \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0916\u094b\u091c\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <hr class=\"section-divider\">\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d4-6\">\n 4.6<\/span>\n <h3>Sorting, Filtering and Data Validation<\/span>\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u092c\u0926\u094d\u0927\u0924\u093e, \u091b\u093e\u0928\u0928\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u093e-\u0938\u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u0928<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"vs-compare\">\n <div class=\"vs-side left\">\n Operation 1<\/span>\u0938\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e 1<\/span><\/span>\n <h5>Sorting<\/span>\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u092c\u0926\u094d\u0927\u0924\u093e<\/span><\/h5>\n <ul>\n <li>Rearranges the rows<\/strong> into ascending or descending order by a chosen column. Every row is kept and every row moves.<\/strong><\/span>\u091a\u0941\u0928\u0947 \u0917\u090f \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0902\u092d \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u094d\u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924<\/strong> \u0915\u0930 \u0906\u0930\u094b\u0939\u0940 \u092f\u093e \u0905\u0935\u0930\u094b\u0939\u0940 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0930\u0916\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u092a\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0930\u0939\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u092a\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0939\u093f\u0932\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n <li>Multi-level sort<\/strong> applies a second and third key \u2014 by class, then by total descending, which is exactly how a merit list is produced.<\/span>\u092c\u0939\u0941-\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u092c\u0926\u094d\u0927\u0924\u093e<\/strong> \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u0940 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0924\u0940\u0938\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u0941\u0902\u091c\u0940 \u0932\u0917\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0938\u0947, \u092b\u093f\u0930 \u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0935\u0930\u094b\u0939\u0940 \u2014 \u092e\u0947\u0927\u093e-\u0938\u0942\u091a\u0940 \u0920\u0940\u0915 \u0907\u0938\u0940 \u0924\u0930\u0939 \u092c\u0928\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n <li>Cells may also be sorted by colour<\/strong>, which pairs well with conditional formatting.<\/span>\u0915\u094b\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u0930\u0902\u0917 \u0938\u0947<\/strong> \u092d\u0940 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u092c\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0915\u093f\u090f \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u091c\u094b \u0938\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092c\u0902\u0927 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u0942\u092a\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0905\u091a\u094d\u091b\u093e \u092c\u0948\u0920\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"vs-mid\">VS<\/div>\n <div class=\"vs-side right\">\n Operation 2<\/span>\u0938\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e 2<\/span><\/span>\n <h5>Filtering<\/span>\u091b\u093e\u0928\u0928\u093e<\/span><\/h5>\n <ul>\n <li>Hides the rows that do not match<\/strong> a stated criterion. Nothing moves and nothing is deleted<\/strong> \u2014 the hidden rows return when the filter is cleared.<\/span>\u0915\u0939\u0940 \u0917\u0908 \u0915\u0938\u094c\u091f\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0932 \u0928 \u0916\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u092a\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u091b\u093f\u092a\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/strong>\u0964 \u0915\u0941\u091b \u0939\u093f\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u0941\u091b \u092e\u093f\u091f\u0924\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902<\/strong> \u2014 \u092b\u093c\u093f\u0932\u094d\u091f\u0930 \u0939\u091f\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0940 \u091b\u093f\u092a\u0940 \u092a\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u0932\u094c\u091f \u0906\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n <li>Turned on with <kbd>Ctrl<\/kbd>+<kbd>Shift<\/kbd>+<kbd>L<\/kbd>, which places a small arrow on every heading.<\/span><kbd>Ctrl<\/kbd>+<kbd>Shift<\/kbd>+<kbd>L<\/kbd> \u0938\u0947 \u091a\u093e\u0932\u0942 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0936\u0940\u0930\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u092a\u0930 \u091b\u094b\u091f\u093e \u0924\u0940\u0930 \u0932\u0917\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n <li>Offers text filters, number filters \u2014 greater than, top ten, below average<\/em> \u2014 and date filters.<\/span>\u092a\u093e\u0920-\u092b\u093c\u093f\u0932\u094d\u091f\u0930, \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e-\u092b\u093c\u093f\u0932\u094d\u091f\u0930 \u2014 \u0907\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0921\u093c\u093e, \u0936\u0940\u0930\u094d\u0937 \u0926\u0938, \u0914\u0938\u0924 \u0938\u0947 \u0928\u0940\u091a\u0947<\/em> \u2014 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0924\u093f\u0925\u093f-\u092b\u093c\u093f\u0932\u094d\u091f\u0930 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"callout red\">\n <div class=\"callout-label\">\u26a0\ufe0f The mistake that destroys a result sheet<\/span>\u26a0\ufe0f \u0935\u0939 \u092d\u0942\u0932 \u091c\u094b \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e-\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0915 \u0928\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0915\u0930 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/div>\n If a single column is selected and then sorted<\/strong>, only that column is rearranged while every other column stays where it was. The marks are then attached to the wrong names, and because each individual figure is still a valid number, nothing looks wrong<\/strong>. The damage may be discovered only after the report cards are printed. The rule is absolute: click any one cell inside the data and let the program detect the whole table, or select the entire table including its headings \u2014 never one column alone.<\/strong> Merged cells prevent correct sorting altogether, which is the practical reason \u00a74.2 advised using Merge and Centre sparingly.<\/span>\n \u092f\u0926\u093f \u090f\u0915 \u0939\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0902\u092d \u091a\u0941\u0928\u0915\u0930 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u092c\u0926\u094d\u0927<\/strong> \u0915\u0930 \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u090f \u0924\u094b \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0935\u0939\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0902\u092d \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u094d\u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u092c\u0915\u093f \u0936\u0947\u0937 \u0938\u092d\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0902\u092d \u092f\u0925\u093e\u0935\u0924\u094d \u0930\u0939 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0924\u092c \u0905\u0902\u0915 \u0917\u093c\u0932\u0924 \u0928\u093e\u092e\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u091c\u0941\u0921\u093c \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0914\u0930 \u091a\u0942\u0901\u0915\u093f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0905\u0902\u0915 \u0905\u0915\u0947\u0932\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u0948\u0927 \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0915\u0941\u091b \u0917\u093c\u0932\u0924 \u0926\u093f\u0916\u0924\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902<\/strong>\u0964 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0924\u093f \u0915\u093e \u092a\u0924\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0917\u0924\u093f-\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u091b\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u0939\u0940 \u091a\u0932\u0947, \u092f\u0939 \u0938\u0902\u092d\u0935 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0939\u0948: \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092d\u0940\u0924\u0930 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u090f\u0915 \u0915\u094b\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u094d\u0932\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e \u0915\u094b \u092a\u0942\u0930\u0940 \u0938\u093e\u0930\u0923\u0940 \u092a\u0939\u091a\u093e\u0928\u0928\u0947 \u0926\u0947\u0902, \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0936\u0940\u0930\u094d\u0937\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0938\u093e\u0930\u0923\u0940 \u091a\u0941\u0928\u0947\u0902 \u2014 \u0915\u092d\u0940 \u0905\u0915\u0947\u0932\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0902\u092d \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964<\/strong> \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0947 \u0939\u0941\u090f \u0915\u094b\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u0938\u0939\u0940 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u092c\u0926\u094d\u0927\u0924\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u0947, \u0914\u0930 \u092f\u0939\u0940 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u00a74.2 \u092e\u0947\u0902 Merge and Centre \u0915\u092e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0932\u093e\u0939 \u0926\u0940 \u0917\u0908\u0964<\/span>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"feat-grid\">\n <div class=\"feat-card\">1<\/span>Data Validation<\/span>\u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u093e-\u0938\u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u0928<\/span><\/strong>Restricts what may be typed into a cell<\/strong> \u2014 a whole number between 0 and 100, a date within a range, or a value chosen from a dropdown list<\/strong>. It stops a mark of 105 or a misspelt section name at the point of entry, which is the only place an error is cheap to fix. At Data<\/b>\u203a<\/i>Data Validation<\/b><\/span><\/span>\u092f\u0939 \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0915\u094b\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u091f\u0902\u0915\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0947<\/strong> \u2014 0 \u0938\u0947 100 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923\u093e\u0902\u0915, \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092a\u0930\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u0940 \u0924\u093f\u0925\u093f, \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0921\u094d\u0930\u0949\u092a\u0921\u093e\u0909\u0928 \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0940<\/strong> \u0938\u0947 \u091a\u0941\u0928\u093e \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0964 \u092f\u0939 105 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0902\u0915 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0917\u093c\u0932\u0924 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0917-\u0928\u093e\u092e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093f \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0941 \u092a\u0930 \u0939\u0940 \u0930\u094b\u0915 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0924\u094d\u0930\u0941\u091f\u093f \u0938\u0941\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0928\u093e \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0935\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0938\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939 Data<\/b>\u203a<\/i>Data Validation<\/b><\/span> \u092a\u0930 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"feat-card\">2<\/span>Remove Duplicates<\/span>\u0921\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0932\u0940\u0915\u0947\u091f \u0939\u091f\u093e\u090f\u0901<\/span><\/strong>Deletes repeated rows based on chosen columns. Useful when two class lists are combined, but it deletes permanently<\/strong>, so a copy of the sheet should exist first.<\/span>\u091a\u0941\u0928\u0947 \u0917\u090f \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0902\u092d\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u0926\u094b\u0939\u0930\u093e\u0908 \u0917\u0908 \u092a\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u092e\u093f\u091f\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0926\u094b \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e-\u0938\u0942\u091a\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u092f \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0940, \u0915\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0941 \u092f\u0939 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092f\u0940 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u092e\u093f\u091f\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/strong>, \u0905\u0924\u0903 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0936\u0940\u091f \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0940 \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"feat-card\">3<\/span>Text to Columns<\/span>\u091f\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0938\u094d\u091f \u091f\u0941 \u0915\u0949\u0932\u092e\u094d\u0938<\/span><\/strong>Splits one column into several at a chosen separator \u2014 a full name into first and last, or a date pasted as text into a real date.<\/span>\u091a\u0941\u0928\u0947 \u0917\u090f \u092a\u0943\u0925\u0915\u094d\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0915 \u092a\u0930 \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0902\u092d \u0915\u094b \u0905\u0928\u0947\u0915 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u093e\u0901\u091f\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u093e \u0928\u093e\u092e \u0928\u093e\u092e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0915\u0941\u0932\u0928\u093e\u092e \u092e\u0947\u0902, \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u092a\u093e\u0920 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091a\u093f\u092a\u0915\u093e\u0908 \u0924\u093f\u0925\u093f \u0915\u094b \u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u0924\u093f\u0925\u093f \u092e\u0947\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"feat-card\">4<\/span>Protect Sheet<\/span>\u0936\u0940\u091f \u0938\u0902\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902<\/span><\/strong>Locks the sheet against change. The useful pattern is to unlock only the cells where marks are to be entered<\/strong> and then protect the sheet, so that a subject teacher can fill in marks but cannot disturb the formulas that compute totals and grades.<\/span>\u0936\u0940\u091f \u0915\u094b \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0902\u0926 \u0915\u0930 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092f\u0939 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0909\u0928 \u0915\u094b\u0937\u094d\u0920\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0916\u094b\u0932\u093e \u091c\u093e\u090f \u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0905\u0902\u0915 \u092d\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902<\/strong> \u0914\u0930 \u092b\u093f\u0930 \u0936\u0940\u091f \u0938\u0902\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930 \u0926\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u090f, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f-\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0905\u0902\u0915 \u092d\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0941 \u092f\u094b\u0917 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0936\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0923\u0940 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0932\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0928 \u092c\u093f\u0917\u093e\u0921\u093c \u0938\u0915\u0947\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <hr class=\"section-divider\">\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d4-7\">\n 4.7<\/span>\n <h3>Charts and Graphs<\/span>\u091a\u093e\u0930\u094d\u091f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0906\u0932\u0947\u0916<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n \n A chart<\/strong> is a graphical representation of numerical data. It is linked to the cells it was made from<\/strong>, so correcting a mark redraws the chart at once. The elements have exact names: the chart area<\/strong> encloses everything, the plot area<\/strong> holds the bars or lines, the X axis is the category axis<\/strong> and the Y axis the value axis<\/strong>, and the legend<\/strong> identifies each data series<\/strong>.<\/span>\n \u091a\u093e\u0930\u094d\u091f<\/strong> \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0906\u0932\u0947\u0916\u0940\u092f \u0928\u093f\u0930\u0942\u092a\u0923 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u094b\u0937\u094d\u0920\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u091c\u0941\u0921\u093c\u093e \u0930\u0939\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0928\u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0928\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/strong>, \u0905\u0924\u0903 \u0905\u0902\u0915 \u0938\u0941\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0940 \u091a\u093e\u0930\u094d\u091f \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0903 \u0916\u093f\u0902\u091a \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0924\u0924\u094d\u0935\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u0936\u094d\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0928\u093e\u092e \u0939\u0948\u0902: \u091a\u093e\u0930\u094d\u091f \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930<\/strong> \u0938\u092c \u0915\u0941\u091b \u0918\u0947\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u092a\u094d\u0932\u0949\u091f \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930<\/strong> \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0926\u0902\u0921 \u092f\u093e \u0930\u0947\u0916\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u0930\u0939\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902, X \u0905\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0936\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0923\u0940-\u0905\u0915\u094d\u0937<\/strong> \u0924\u0925\u093e Y \u0905\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u092e\u093e\u0928-\u0905\u0915\u094d\u0937<\/strong> \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0932\u0947\u091c\u0947\u0902\u0921<\/strong> \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u093e-\u0936\u0943\u0902\u0916\u0932\u093e<\/strong> \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0939\u091a\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\n <\/p>\n\n <table class=\"data-table\">\n <thead>\n <tr>\n <th class=\"thumb-cell\">Chart<\/span>\u091a\u093e\u0930\u094d\u091f<\/span><\/th>\n <th>Type<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930<\/span><\/th>\n <th>Use it when the question is\u2026<\/span>\u0907\u0938\u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0924\u092c \u091c\u092c \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u0939\u094b\u2026<\/span><\/th>\n <\/tr>\n <\/thead>\n <tbody>\n <tr>\n <td class=\"thumb-cell\">\n <svg class=\"graph-thumb\" viewBox=\"0 0 100 62\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\">\n <line x1=\"12\" y1=\"52\" x2=\"94\" y2=\"52\" stroke=\"#adb8c4\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/><line x1=\"12\" y1=\"6\" x2=\"12\" y2=\"52\" stroke=\"#adb8c4\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/>\n <rect x=\"20\" y=\"24\" width=\"12\" height=\"28\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\"\/><rect x=\"38\" y=\"14\" width=\"12\" height=\"38\" fill=\"#2f92d1\"\/>\n <rect x=\"56\" y=\"32\" width=\"12\" height=\"20\" fill=\"#0d8f79\"\/><rect x=\"74\" y=\"20\" width=\"12\" height=\"32\" fill=\"#c9760f\"\/>\n <\/svg>\n <\/td>\n <td>Column and Bar<\/span>\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0902\u092d \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0926\u0902\u0921<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n <td>Comparison across categories.<\/strong> Average marks by subject, or by section. A bar chart is a column chart on its side<\/strong>, and is preferred when the category names are long.<\/span>\u0936\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0923\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u0924\u0941\u0932\u0928\u093e\u0964<\/strong> \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u093e\u0930 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0917 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u093e\u0930 \u0914\u0938\u0924 \u0905\u0902\u0915\u0964 \u0926\u0902\u0921 \u091a\u093e\u0930\u094d\u091f \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0902\u092d \u091a\u093e\u0930\u094d\u091f \u0915\u093e \u092a\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0936\u094d\u0935 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0939\u0948<\/strong>, \u0914\u0930 \u0936\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0923\u0940-\u0928\u093e\u092e \u0932\u0902\u092c\u0947 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u0935\u0939\u0940 \u0935\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td class=\"thumb-cell\">\n <svg class=\"graph-thumb\" viewBox=\"0 0 100 62\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\">\n <line x1=\"12\" y1=\"52\" x2=\"94\" y2=\"52\" stroke=\"#adb8c4\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/><line x1=\"12\" y1=\"6\" x2=\"12\" y2=\"52\" stroke=\"#adb8c4\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/>\n <polyline points=\"18,44 34,32 50,36 66,20 82,12\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#1f5fa9\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\n <g fill=\"#1f5fa9\"><circle cx=\"18\" cy=\"44\" r=\"2.2\"\/><circle cx=\"34\" cy=\"32\" r=\"2.2\"\/><circle cx=\"50\" cy=\"36\" r=\"2.2\"\/><circle cx=\"66\" cy=\"20\" r=\"2.2\"\/><circle cx=\"82\" cy=\"12\" r=\"2.2\"\/><\/g>\n <\/svg>\n <\/td>\n <td>Line<\/span>\u0930\u0947\u0916\u093e<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n <td>A trend over time.<\/strong> Enrolment across five years, or a pupil's marks across four terms. The X axis must carry a time sequence<\/strong> for the chart to mean anything.<\/span>\u0938\u092e\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0964<\/strong> \u092a\u093e\u0901\u091a \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0902\u0915\u0928, \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0902\u0915\u0964 \u091a\u093e\u0930\u094d\u091f \u0915\u093e \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u0939\u094b, \u0907\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f X \u0905\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u092a\u0930 \u0938\u092e\u092f-\u0905\u0928\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e<\/strong> \u0939\u094b\u0928\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td class=\"thumb-cell\">\n <svg class=\"graph-thumb\" viewBox=\"0 0 100 62\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\">\n <path d=\"M50 30 L50 8 A22 22 0 0 1 68 41 Z\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\"\/>\n <path d=\"M50 30 L68 41 A22 22 0 0 1 32 41 Z\" fill=\"#0d8f79\"\/>\n <path d=\"M50 30 L32 41 A22 22 0 0 1 50 8 Z\" fill=\"#c9760f\"\/>\n <\/svg>\n <\/td>\n <td>Pie<\/span>\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n <td>Parts of a single whole.<\/strong> The share of students in each grade band. Only one data series may be shown, and the parts must total 100 per cent<\/strong> \u2014 the two conditions most often violated.<\/span>\u090f\u0915 \u0939\u0940 \u0938\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u092d\u093e\u0917\u0964<\/strong> \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0936\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0923\u0940-\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0917 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0902\u0936\u0964 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u090f\u0915 \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u093e-\u0936\u0943\u0902\u0916\u0932\u093e \u0926\u093f\u0916\u093e\u0908 \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u092d\u093e\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0938\u094c \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0936\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f<\/strong> \u2014 \u092f\u0939\u0940 \u0926\u094b \u0936\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0924\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td class=\"thumb-cell\">\n <svg class=\"graph-thumb\" viewBox=\"0 0 100 62\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\">\n <line x1=\"12\" y1=\"52\" x2=\"94\" y2=\"52\" stroke=\"#adb8c4\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/><line x1=\"12\" y1=\"6\" x2=\"12\" y2=\"52\" stroke=\"#adb8c4\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/>\n <g fill=\"#8e2f5a\"><circle cx=\"24\" cy=\"44\" r=\"2.4\"\/><circle cx=\"34\" cy=\"38\" r=\"2.4\"\/><circle cx=\"42\" cy=\"40\" r=\"2.4\"\/><circle cx=\"52\" cy=\"30\" r=\"2.4\"\/><circle cx=\"60\" cy=\"26\" r=\"2.4\"\/><circle cx=\"70\" cy=\"22\" r=\"2.4\"\/><circle cx=\"80\" cy=\"14\" r=\"2.4\"\/><\/g>\n <line x1=\"20\" y1=\"46\" x2=\"86\" y2=\"14\" stroke=\"#c9760f\" stroke-width=\"1.4\" stroke-dasharray=\"3 2\"\/>\n <\/svg>\n <\/td>\n <td>Scatter (XY)<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u0940\u0930\u094d\u0923 (XY)<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n <td>The relationship between two numeric variables.<\/strong> Attendance percentage against marks. This is the chart that shows correlation<\/strong>, and it is the direct visual counterpart of the correlation coefficient in the Measurement paper.<\/span>\u0926\u094b \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u091a\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0964<\/strong> \u0909\u092a\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0936\u0924 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u092e \u0905\u0902\u0915\u0964 \u092f\u0939\u0940 \u0935\u0939 \u091a\u093e\u0930\u094d\u091f \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0938\u0939\u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927<\/strong> \u0926\u093f\u0916\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u092e\u093e\u092a\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928-\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0939\u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927 \u0917\u0941\u0923\u093e\u0902\u0915 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0940\u0927\u093e \u0926\u0943\u0936\u094d\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u0942\u092a \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td class=\"thumb-cell\">\n <svg class=\"graph-thumb\" viewBox=\"0 0 100 62\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\">\n <line x1=\"12\" y1=\"52\" x2=\"94\" y2=\"52\" stroke=\"#adb8c4\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/><line x1=\"12\" y1=\"6\" x2=\"12\" y2=\"52\" stroke=\"#adb8c4\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/>\n <rect x=\"16\" y=\"42\" width=\"13\" height=\"10\" fill=\"#2f92d1\" stroke=\"#fff\" stroke-width=\".6\"\/>\n <rect x=\"29\" y=\"30\" width=\"13\" height=\"22\" fill=\"#2f92d1\" stroke=\"#fff\" stroke-width=\".6\"\/>\n <rect x=\"42\" y=\"12\" width=\"13\" height=\"40\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\" stroke=\"#fff\" stroke-width=\".6\"\/>\n <rect x=\"55\" y=\"26\" width=\"13\" height=\"26\" fill=\"#2f92d1\" stroke=\"#fff\" stroke-width=\".6\"\/>\n <rect x=\"68\" y=\"40\" width=\"13\" height=\"12\" fill=\"#2f92d1\" stroke=\"#fff\" stroke-width=\".6\"\/>\n <\/svg>\n <\/td>\n <td>Histogram<\/span>\u0906\u092f\u0924\u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n <td>The distribution of one continuous variable.<\/strong> How many pupils fall in each mark band. Note the difference from a column chart: a histogram's bars touch, because the categories are continuous intervals rather than separate items.<\/strong><\/span>\u090f\u0915 \u0938\u0924\u0924 \u091a\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u092c\u0902\u091f\u0928\u0964<\/strong> \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0905\u0902\u0915-\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0917 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u093f\u0924\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0902\u092d \u091a\u093e\u0930\u094d\u091f \u0938\u0947 \u092d\u0947\u0926 \u0926\u0947\u0916\u093f\u090f: \u0906\u092f\u0924\u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u0902\u0921 \u092a\u0930\u0938\u094d\u092a\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u092a\u0930\u094d\u0936 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u0936\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0923\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u092a\u0943\u0925\u0915 \u092e\u0926 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0938\u0924\u0924 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093e\u0932 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/strong><\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <\/tbody>\n <\/table>\n\n <div class=\"callout teal\">\n <div class=\"callout-label\">\ud83d\udcca Making and placing a chart<\/span>\ud83d\udcca \u091a\u093e\u0930\u094d\u091f \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0928\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0930\u0916\u0928\u093e<\/span><\/div>\n <ul class=\"split-list\" style=\"margin-top:4px;\">\n <li>1<\/span>Select the data including the row and column headings<\/strong>, then Insert<\/b>\u203a<\/i>Charts<\/b><\/span> The headings become the axis labels and the legend automatically.<\/span>\u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u092a\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0902\u092d \u0936\u0940\u0930\u094d\u0937\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0939\u093f\u0924<\/strong> \u091a\u0941\u0928\u0947\u0902, \u092b\u093f\u0930 Insert<\/b>\u203a<\/i>Charts<\/b><\/span>\u0964 \u0936\u0940\u0930\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0924\u0903 \u0905\u0915\u094d\u0937-\u0928\u093e\u092e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0932\u0947\u091c\u0947\u0902\u0921 \u092c\u0928 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n <li>2<\/span><kbd>F11<\/kbd> creates the chart on a separate chart sheet<\/strong>; <kbd>Alt<\/kbd>+<kbd>F1<\/kbd> creates it embedded in the current sheet<\/strong>. The distinction is a standard question.<\/span><kbd>F11<\/kbd> \u091a\u093e\u0930\u094d\u091f \u0915\u094b \u092a\u0943\u0925\u0915 \u091a\u093e\u0930\u094d\u091f-\u0936\u0940\u091f<\/strong> \u092a\u0930 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948; <kbd>Alt<\/kbd>+<kbd>F1<\/kbd> \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0936\u0940\u091f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0903\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u093f\u0924<\/strong> \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u092d\u0947\u0926 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n <li>3<\/span>A sparkline<\/strong> is a miniature chart occupying a single cell, useful for showing each pupil's trend across four terms beside their name without a full chart for each.<\/span>\u0938\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0915\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0928<\/strong> \u090f\u0915 \u0939\u0940 \u0915\u094b\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u092f\u093e \u0932\u0918\u0941 \u091a\u093e\u0930\u094d\u091f \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0928\u093e\u092e \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0917\u0932 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0905\u0932\u0917 \u091a\u093e\u0930\u094d\u091f \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u093f\u0916\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n\n <hr class=\"section-divider\">\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d4-8\">\n 4.8<\/span>\n <h3>Pivot Tables and Data Analysis<\/span>\u092a\u093f\u0935\u091f \u0938\u093e\u0930\u0923\u0940 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u093e-\u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0937\u0923<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"callout purple\">\n <div class=\"callout-label\">\ud83d\udcd8 Concept<\/span>\ud83d\udcd8 \u0905\u0935\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923\u093e<\/span><\/div>\n A pivot table<\/strong> summarises a large body of raw data into a compact cross-tabulation, without a single formula being written<\/strong>, and allows the arrangement to be changed simply by dragging a field from one position to another \u2014 which is where the name comes from. Eight hundred rows of individual marks become a table of average marks by class and by section in about a minute.<\/span>\n \u092a\u093f\u0935\u091f \u0938\u093e\u0930\u0923\u0940<\/strong> \u092c\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u0915\u091a\u094d\u091a\u0947 \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0938-\u0938\u093e\u0930\u0923\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u092e\u0947\u091f\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u090f\u0915 \u092d\u0940 \u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0932\u093f\u0916\u0947<\/strong>, \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092b\u093c\u0940\u0932\u094d\u0921 \u0915\u094b \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928 \u0938\u0947 \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u0916\u0940\u0902\u091a\u0915\u0930 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0928\u0947 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u0928\u093e\u092e \u0935\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0906\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0906\u0920 \u0938\u094c \u092a\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0932\u0917-\u0905\u0932\u0917 \u0905\u0902\u0915 \u0932\u0917\u092d\u0917 \u090f\u0915 \u092e\u093f\u0928\u091f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0917 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u093e\u0930 \u0914\u0938\u0924 \u0905\u0902\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u093e\u0930\u0923\u0940 \u092c\u0928 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span>\n <\/div>\n\n <svg class=\"full-diagram\" viewBox=\"0 0 700 290\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"The four areas of a pivot table and the resulting summary\">\n <rect x=\"20\" y=\"18\" width=\"196\" height=\"256\" rx=\"7\" fill=\"#fff\" stroke=\"#adb8c4\" stroke-width=\"1.4\"\/>\n <rect x=\"20\" y=\"18\" width=\"196\" height=\"22\" rx=\"7\" fill=\"#f3f2f1\"\/><rect x=\"20\" y=\"32\" width=\"196\" height=\"8\" fill=\"#f3f2f1\"\/>\n <text x=\"118\" y=\"33\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#333\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">PivotTable Fields<\/text>\n <g font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">\n <rect x=\"32\" y=\"50\" width=\"8\" height=\"8\" fill=\"#fff\" stroke=\"#8a95a3\"\/><text x=\"48\" y=\"58\">Roll No<\/text>\n <rect x=\"32\" y=\"66\" width=\"8\" height=\"8\" fill=\"#107C41\" stroke=\"#107C41\"\/><path d=\"M33.6 70 l2 2 l3.4 -4\" stroke=\"#fff\" stroke-width=\"1.2\" fill=\"none\"\/><text x=\"48\" y=\"74\" font-weight=\"700\">Class<\/text>\n <rect x=\"32\" y=\"82\" width=\"8\" height=\"8\" fill=\"#107C41\" stroke=\"#107C41\"\/><path d=\"M33.6 86 l2 2 l3.4 -4\" stroke=\"#fff\" stroke-width=\"1.2\" fill=\"none\"\/><text x=\"48\" y=\"90\" font-weight=\"700\">Section<\/text>\n <rect x=\"32\" y=\"98\" width=\"8\" height=\"8\" fill=\"#fff\" stroke=\"#8a95a3\"\/><text x=\"48\" y=\"106\">Name<\/text>\n <rect x=\"32\" y=\"114\" width=\"8\" height=\"8\" fill=\"#107C41\" stroke=\"#107C41\"\/><path d=\"M33.6 118 l2 2 l3.4 -4\" stroke=\"#fff\" stroke-width=\"1.2\" fill=\"none\"\/><text x=\"48\" y=\"122\" font-weight=\"700\">Marks<\/text>\n <rect x=\"32\" y=\"130\" width=\"8\" height=\"8\" fill=\"#107C41\" stroke=\"#107C41\"\/><path d=\"M33.6 134 l2 2 l3.4 -4\" stroke=\"#fff\" stroke-width=\"1.2\" fill=\"none\"\/><text x=\"48\" y=\"138\" font-weight=\"700\">Gender<\/text>\n <\/g>\n <line x1=\"32\" y1=\"150\" x2=\"204\" y2=\"150\" stroke=\"#e0e4e9\"\/>\n\n <rect x=\"32\" y=\"158\" width=\"80\" height=\"50\" rx=\"4\" fill=\"#faf6ff\" stroke=\"#6b3a8f\" stroke-width=\"1.2\"\/>\n <text x=\"72\" y=\"170\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#6b3a8f\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">FILTERS<\/text>\n <rect x=\"38\" y=\"176\" width=\"68\" height=\"13\" rx=\"2\" fill=\"#fff\" stroke=\"#c3b0d8\"\/><text x=\"72\" y=\"185\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#4b2766\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Gender<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"120\" y=\"158\" width=\"80\" height=\"50\" rx=\"4\" fill=\"#eef4fc\" stroke=\"#1f5fa9\" stroke-width=\"1.2\"\/>\n <text x=\"160\" y=\"170\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">COLUMNS<\/text>\n <rect x=\"126\" y=\"176\" width=\"68\" height=\"13\" rx=\"2\" fill=\"#fff\" stroke=\"#a8c4e4\"\/><text x=\"160\" y=\"185\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#14243f\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Section<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"32\" y=\"214\" width=\"80\" height=\"50\" rx=\"4\" fill=\"#fffbf0\" stroke=\"#c9760f\" stroke-width=\"1.2\"\/>\n <text x=\"72\" y=\"226\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#c9760f\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">ROWS<\/text>\n <rect x=\"38\" y=\"232\" width=\"68\" height=\"13\" rx=\"2\" fill=\"#fff\" stroke=\"#f0d58a\"\/><text x=\"72\" y=\"241\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#8f5409\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Class<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"120\" y=\"214\" width=\"80\" height=\"50\" rx=\"4\" fill=\"#eefbf7\" stroke=\"#0d8f79\" stroke-width=\"1.2\"\/>\n <text x=\"160\" y=\"226\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#0d8f79\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">VALUES<\/text>\n <rect x=\"126\" y=\"232\" width=\"68\" height=\"13\" rx=\"2\" fill=\"#fff\" stroke=\"#a3dbcc\"\/><text x=\"160\" y=\"241\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7\" fill=\"#0a6d5c\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Average of Marks<\/text>\n\n <defs><marker id=\"pv\" markerWidth=\"9\" markerHeight=\"9\" refX=\"8\" refY=\"3\" orient=\"auto\"><path d=\"M0,0 L0,6 L8,3 z\" fill=\"#c9760f\"\/><\/marker><\/defs>\n <line x1=\"224\" y1=\"146\" x2=\"286\" y2=\"146\" stroke=\"#c9760f\" stroke-width=\"2.4\" marker-end=\"url(#pv)\"\/>\n <text x=\"255\" y=\"138\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#c9760f\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">drag<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"300\" y=\"18\" width=\"380\" height=\"256\" rx=\"7\" fill=\"#fff\" stroke=\"#adb8c4\" stroke-width=\"1.4\"\/>\n <text x=\"316\" y=\"38\" font-size=\"9.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#14243f\" letter-spacing=\".5\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">RESULT \u2014 AVERAGE MARKS BY CLASS AND SECTION<\/text>\n <text x=\"316\" y=\"52\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#6b3a8f\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Gender: (All) \u25be<\/text>\n\n <g font-size=\"8\" font-weight=\"600\" fill=\"#555\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\" text-anchor=\"middle\">\n <rect x=\"316\" y=\"62\" width=\"112\" height=\"17\" fill=\"#e8eaed\" stroke=\"#c9ced6\" stroke-width=\".7\"\/><text x=\"372\" y=\"74\">Average of Marks<\/text>\n <rect x=\"428\" y=\"62\" width=\"58\" height=\"17\" fill=\"#eef4fc\" stroke=\"#1f5fa9\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/><text x=\"457\" y=\"74\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\">A<\/text>\n <rect x=\"486\" y=\"62\" width=\"58\" height=\"17\" fill=\"#eef4fc\" stroke=\"#1f5fa9\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/><text x=\"515\" y=\"74\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\">B<\/text>\n <rect x=\"544\" y=\"62\" width=\"58\" height=\"17\" fill=\"#eef4fc\" stroke=\"#1f5fa9\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/><text x=\"573\" y=\"74\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\">C<\/text>\n <rect x=\"602\" y=\"62\" width=\"62\" height=\"17\" fill=\"#e8eaed\" stroke=\"#c9ced6\" stroke-width=\".7\"\/><text x=\"633\" y=\"74\">Total<\/text>\n <\/g>\n <g fill=\"#fff\" stroke=\"#e0e4e9\" stroke-width=\".8\">\n <rect x=\"316\" y=\"79\" width=\"112\" height=\"17\"\/><rect x=\"428\" y=\"79\" width=\"58\" height=\"17\"\/><rect x=\"486\" y=\"79\" width=\"58\" height=\"17\"\/><rect x=\"544\" y=\"79\" width=\"58\" height=\"17\"\/><rect x=\"602\" y=\"79\" width=\"62\" height=\"17\"\/>\n <rect x=\"316\" y=\"96\" width=\"112\" height=\"17\"\/><rect x=\"428\" y=\"96\" width=\"58\" height=\"17\"\/><rect x=\"486\" y=\"96\" width=\"58\" height=\"17\"\/><rect x=\"544\" y=\"96\" width=\"58\" height=\"17\"\/><rect x=\"602\" y=\"96\" width=\"62\" height=\"17\"\/>\n <rect x=\"316\" y=\"113\" width=\"112\" height=\"17\"\/><rect x=\"428\" y=\"113\" width=\"58\" height=\"17\"\/><rect x=\"486\" y=\"113\" width=\"58\" height=\"17\"\/><rect x=\"544\" y=\"113\" width=\"58\" height=\"17\"\/><rect x=\"602\" y=\"113\" width=\"62\" height=\"17\"\/>\n <rect x=\"316\" y=\"130\" width=\"112\" height=\"17\"\/><rect x=\"428\" y=\"130\" width=\"58\" height=\"17\"\/><rect x=\"486\" y=\"130\" width=\"58\" height=\"17\"\/><rect x=\"544\" y=\"130\" width=\"58\" height=\"17\"\/><rect x=\"602\" y=\"130\" width=\"62\" height=\"17\"\/>\n <rect x=\"316\" y=\"147\" width=\"112\" height=\"17\"\/><rect x=\"428\" y=\"147\" width=\"58\" height=\"17\"\/><rect x=\"486\" y=\"147\" width=\"58\" height=\"17\"\/><rect x=\"544\" y=\"147\" width=\"58\" height=\"17\"\/><rect x=\"602\" y=\"147\" width=\"62\" height=\"17\"\/>\n <\/g>\n <rect x=\"316\" y=\"147\" width=\"348\" height=\"17\" fill=\"#f3f6fb\"\/>\n <g font-size=\"8\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\" fill=\"#222\">\n <text x=\"322\" y=\"91\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#8f5409\">Class VIII<\/text><text x=\"478\" y=\"91\" text-anchor=\"end\">68.4<\/text><text x=\"536\" y=\"91\" text-anchor=\"end\">71.2<\/text><text x=\"594\" y=\"91\" text-anchor=\"end\">65.9<\/text><text x=\"656\" y=\"91\" text-anchor=\"end\" font-weight=\"700\">68.5<\/text>\n <text x=\"322\" y=\"108\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#8f5409\">Class IX<\/text><text x=\"478\" y=\"108\" text-anchor=\"end\">72.1<\/text><text x=\"536\" y=\"108\" text-anchor=\"end\">69.8<\/text><text x=\"594\" y=\"108\" text-anchor=\"end\">74.3<\/text><text x=\"656\" y=\"108\" text-anchor=\"end\" font-weight=\"700\">72.1<\/text>\n <text x=\"322\" y=\"125\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#8f5409\">Class X<\/text><text x=\"478\" y=\"125\" text-anchor=\"end\">78.6<\/text><text x=\"536\" y=\"125\" text-anchor=\"end\">75.4<\/text><text x=\"594\" y=\"125\" text-anchor=\"end\">70.2<\/text><text x=\"656\" y=\"125\" text-anchor=\"end\" font-weight=\"700\">74.7<\/text>\n <text x=\"322\" y=\"142\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#8f5409\">Class XI<\/text><text x=\"478\" y=\"142\" text-anchor=\"end\">70.9<\/text><text x=\"536\" y=\"142\" text-anchor=\"end\">73.6<\/text><text x=\"594\" y=\"142\" text-anchor=\"end\">72.8<\/text><text x=\"656\" y=\"142\" text-anchor=\"end\" font-weight=\"700\">72.4<\/text>\n <text x=\"322\" y=\"159\" font-weight=\"700\">Grand Total<\/text><text x=\"478\" y=\"159\" text-anchor=\"end\" font-weight=\"700\">72.5<\/text><text x=\"536\" y=\"159\" text-anchor=\"end\" font-weight=\"700\">72.5<\/text><text x=\"594\" y=\"159\" text-anchor=\"end\" font-weight=\"700\">70.8<\/text><text x=\"656\" y=\"159\" text-anchor=\"end\" font-weight=\"700\">71.9<\/text>\n <\/g>\n\n <rect x=\"316\" y=\"178\" width=\"348\" height=\"80\" rx=\"7\" fill=\"#f7fbff\" stroke=\"#c3d2e2\" stroke-width=\"1.2\"\/>\n <text x=\"330\" y=\"196\" font-size=\"9\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#14243f\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">WHAT EACH AREA DOES<\/text>\n <g font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">\n <text x=\"330\" y=\"212\"><tspan font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#c9760f\">ROWS<\/tspan> \u2014 the field listed down the left edge<\/text>\n <text x=\"330\" y=\"226\"><tspan font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\">COLUMNS<\/tspan> \u2014 the field spread across the top<\/text>\n <text x=\"330\" y=\"240\"><tspan font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#0d8f79\">VALUES<\/tspan> \u2014 the figure calculated at each intersection<\/text>\n <text x=\"330\" y=\"254\"><tspan font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#6b3a8f\">FILTERS<\/tspan> \u2014 restricts the whole table to a subset<\/text>\n <\/g>\n <\/svg>\n Moving Class from Rows to Columns transposes the whole table in one drag \u2014 no formula is rewritten.<\/span>Class \u0915\u094b Rows \u0938\u0947 Columns \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0932\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u0940 \u0938\u093e\u0930\u0923\u0940 \u090f\u0915 \u0939\u0940 \u0916\u093f\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0935 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0932\u091f \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u094d\u0932\u093f\u0916\u093f\u0924 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n\n <div class=\"exam-tip\">\n <div class=\"et-icon\">\ud83d\udd04<\/div>\n <div class=\"et-body\">\n Three points that decide pivot table questions.<\/strong> (1)<\/strong> The source data must be a clean rectangular list with a single row of headings and no blank rows or merged cells<\/strong>. (2)<\/strong> A pivot table does not update itself<\/strong> when the source data changes \u2014 it must be refreshed<\/strong>, which is the single most common complaint against it. (3)<\/strong> The figure in the Values area can be changed from Sum to Count, Average, Max or Min<\/strong> through Value Field Settings; a slicer<\/strong> is a set of on-screen buttons that filters the table more visibly than the Filters area, and a pivot chart<\/strong> plots the result.<\/span>\n \u092a\u093f\u0935\u091f \u0938\u093e\u0930\u0923\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u0924\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0924\u0940\u0928 \u092c\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0941\u0964<\/strong> (1)<\/strong> \u0938\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0924-\u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u091a\u094d\u091b \u0906\u092f\u0924\u093e\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0940 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0936\u0940\u0930\u094d\u0937\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u090f\u0915 \u0939\u0940 \u092a\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0939\u094b \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u092a\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u092f\u093e \u092e\u093f\u0932\u093e \u0939\u0941\u0906 \u0915\u094b\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u0928 \u0939\u094b<\/strong>\u0964 (2)<\/strong> \u0938\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0924-\u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u093f\u0935\u091f \u0938\u093e\u0930\u0923\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u0905\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0924\u0928 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940<\/strong> \u2014 \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0930\u093f\u092b\u093c\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0936<\/strong> \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u092a\u0921\u093c\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u092f\u0939\u0940 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0930\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u091a\u0932\u093f\u0924 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e\u092f\u0924 \u0939\u0948\u0964 (3)<\/strong> Values \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0902\u0915 Value Field Settings \u0938\u0947 Sum \u0938\u0947 Count, Average, Max \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e Min<\/strong> \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0926\u0932\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948; \u0938\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0938\u0930<\/strong> \u092a\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u0926\u093f\u0916\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u092c\u091f\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u092e\u0941\u091a\u094d\u091a\u092f \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b Filters \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u092a\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0930\u0923\u0940 \u091b\u093e\u0928\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092a\u093f\u0935\u091f \u091a\u093e\u0930\u094d\u091f<\/strong> \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e \u0915\u093e \u0906\u0932\u0947\u0916 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <hr class=\"section-divider\">\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d4-9\">\n 4.9<\/span>\n <h3>School Applications: Attendance and Result Analysis<\/span>\u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f\u0940 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917: \u0909\u092a\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e-\u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0937\u0923<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n <h4>A. An attendance register<\/span>\u0915. \u0909\u092a\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f-\u0930\u091c\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0930<\/span><\/h4>\n\n <table class=\"data-table\">\n <thead>\n <tr>\n <th>Requirement<\/span>\u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0924\u093e<\/span><\/th>\n <th>Formula<\/span>\u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930<\/span><\/th>\n <th>Note<\/span>\u091f\u093f\u092a\u094d\u092a\u0923\u0940<\/span><\/th>\n <\/tr>\n <\/thead>\n <tbody>\n <tr><td>Days present<\/span>\u0909\u092a\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u0926\u093f\u0928<\/span><\/td><td><code>=COUNTIF(D2:AH2,\"P\")<\/code><\/td><td>Counts every P across the month's columns for one pupil.<\/span>\u090f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u092e\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0902\u092d\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 P \u0917\u093f\u0928\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>Days marked<\/span>\u091a\u093f\u0939\u094d\u0928\u093f\u0924 \u0926\u093f\u0928<\/span><\/td><td><code>=COUNTA(D2:AH2)<\/code><\/td><td>Working days on which anything was entered, so holidays left blank are excluded.<\/span>\u0935\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f-\u0926\u093f\u0935\u0938 \u091c\u093f\u0928\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u0941\u091b \u092d\u0930\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e, \u0905\u0924\u0903 \u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u091b\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u0905\u0935\u0915\u093e\u0936 \u091b\u0942\u091f \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>Attendance percentage<\/span>\u0909\u092a\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0936\u0924<\/span><\/td><td><code>=ROUND(AI2\/AJ2*100,1)<\/code><\/td><td>Present divided by marked, rounded to one decimal place.<\/span>\u0909\u092a\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u092d\u093e\u0917 \u091a\u093f\u0939\u094d\u0928\u093f\u0924, \u090f\u0915 \u0926\u0936\u092e\u0932\u0935 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928 \u0924\u0915 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923\u093e\u0902\u0915\u093f\u0924\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr style=\"background:#fff6f4;\"><td>Flagging short attendance<\/span>\u0915\u092e \u0909\u092a\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u091a\u093f\u0939\u094d\u0928\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e<\/span><\/td><td>Conditional formatting: cell value less than 75<\/span>\u0938\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092c\u0902\u0927 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u0942\u092a\u0923: \u0915\u094b\u0937\u094d\u0920-\u092e\u093e\u0928 75 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u092e<\/span><\/td><td>Every pupil below the threshold turns red without anyone reading the column.<\/span>\u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u0928\u0940\u091a\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0902\u092d \u092a\u0922\u093c\u0947 \u0932\u093e\u0932 \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>Class attendance for the day<\/span>\u0926\u093f\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e-\u0909\u092a\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f<\/span><\/td><td><code>=COUNTIF(D2:D61,\"P\")<\/code><\/td><td>The same function read down a column instead of across a row.<\/span>\u0935\u0939\u0940 \u092b\u0932\u0928, \u092a\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0906\u0921\u093c\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0902\u092d \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0916\u0921\u093c\u093e \u092a\u0922\u093c\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <\/tbody>\n <\/table>\n\n <h4>B. A result sheet, built in order<\/span>\u0916. \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e-\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0915, \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e<\/span><\/h4>\n\n <div class=\"flow-wrap\">\n <div class=\"flow-note\">\n \ud83e\uddee Each formula is written once in the top data row and then filled down with a double-click on the fill handle. The columns follow the layout shown in the diagram at \u00a74.1.<\/span>\n \ud83e\uddee \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u090a\u092a\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u093e-\u092a\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u090f\u0915 \u092c\u093e\u0930 \u0932\u093f\u0916\u0915\u0930 \u092b\u093c\u093f\u0932 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0921\u0932 \u092a\u0930 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093f-\u0915\u094d\u0932\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0947 \u0928\u0940\u091a\u0947 \u092d\u0930 \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0902\u092d \u00a74.1 \u0915\u0947 \u0906\u0930\u0947\u0916 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0926\u093f\u0916\u093e\u090f \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u093e\u0930 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"flow-steps\">\n <div class=\"flow-step\">\n 1<\/span>\n <div class=\"fs-body\">\n Total<\/span>\u0915\u0941\u0932<\/span><\/strong>\n <code>=SUM(C2:E2)<\/code> \u2014 adds the three subject marks.<\/span>\u0924\u0940\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0902\u0915 \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/span>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"flow-step\">\n 2<\/span>\n <div class=\"fs-body\">\n Percentage<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0936\u0924<\/span><\/strong>\n <code>=ROUND(F2\/$F$1*100,2)<\/code> \u2014 where <code>$F$1<\/code> holds the maximum total. The dollar signs are essential<\/strong>, or the divisor slides down with the formula.<\/span>\u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 <code>$F$1<\/code> \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u0924\u092e \u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0921\u0949\u0932\u0930-\u091a\u093f\u0939\u094d\u0928 \u0905\u0928\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0939\u0948\u0902<\/strong>, \u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0925\u093e \u092d\u093e\u091c\u0915 \u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0928\u0940\u091a\u0947 \u0916\u093f\u0938\u0915 \u091c\u093e\u090f\u0917\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/span>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"flow-step\">\n 3<\/span>\n <div class=\"fs-body\">\n Grade<\/span>\u0936\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0923\u0940<\/span><\/strong>\n <code>=IF(G2>=90,\"A+\",IF(G2>=75,\"A\",IF(G2>=60,\"B\",IF(G2>=45,\"C\",IF(G2>=33,\"D\",\"F\")))))<\/code> \u2014 bands arranged from the top down.<\/span>\u0936\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0923\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u090a\u092a\u0930 \u0938\u0947 \u0928\u0940\u091a\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u092e\u0947\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/span>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"flow-step\">\n 4<\/span>\n <div class=\"fs-body\">\n Result<\/span>\u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e<\/span><\/strong>\n <code>=IF(MIN(C2:E2)>=33,\"Pass\",\"Fail\")<\/code> \u2014 a pupil passes only if the lowest<\/em> subject mark clears the bar, which is more accurate than testing the total.<\/span>\u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0924\u092d\u0940 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0940\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u092c \u0928\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0928\u0924\u092e<\/em> \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f-\u0905\u0902\u0915 \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e \u092a\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0930\u0947, \u091c\u094b \u092f\u094b\u0917 \u092a\u0930\u0916\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092f\u0925\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/span>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"flow-step\">\n 5<\/span>\n <div class=\"fs-body\">\n Rank<\/span>\u0915\u094b\u091f\u093f<\/span><\/strong>\n <code>=RANK.EQ(F2,$F$2:$F$61)<\/code> \u2014 the range must be absolute so that every pupil is ranked against the same class.<\/span>\u092a\u0930\u093e\u0938 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f \u0924\u093e\u0915\u093f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u094b\u091f\u093f \u0909\u0938\u0940 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u0932\u0947\u0964<\/span><\/span>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"flow-step\">\n 6<\/span>\n <div class=\"fs-body\">\n Class summary<\/span>\u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e-\u0938\u093e\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0936<\/span><\/strong>\n Below the list: <code>=AVERAGE(F2:F61)<\/code>, <code>=MAX(F2:F61)<\/code>, <code>=MIN(F2:F61)<\/code>, <code>=MEDIAN(F2:F61)<\/code>, <code>=STDEV.S(F2:F61)<\/code>, and the pass percentage as <code>=COUNTIF(I2:I61,\"Pass\")\/COUNTA(I2:I61)*100<\/code>.<\/span>\u0938\u0942\u091a\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u0940\u091a\u0947: <code>=AVERAGE(F2:F61)<\/code>, <code>=MAX(F2:F61)<\/code>, <code>=MIN(F2:F61)<\/code>, <code>=MEDIAN(F2:F61)<\/code>, <code>=STDEV.S(F2:F61)<\/code>, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0940\u0930\u094d\u0923\u0924\u093e-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0936\u0924 <code>=COUNTIF(I2:I61,\"\u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0940\u0930\u094d\u0923\")\/COUNTA(I2:I61)*100<\/code>\u0964<\/span><\/span>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"enrich-box\">\n Cross-paper link \u2014 Measurement and Evaluation<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928-\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927 \u2014 \u092e\u093e\u092a\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092e\u0942\u0932\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0915\u0928<\/span><\/span>\n \n The statistics required in the Educational Measurement paper are, in a spreadsheet, one function each. This connection is worth noticing because the same ideas are examined twice in the same examination<\/strong>, once conceptually and once as a tool.<\/span>\n \u0936\u0948\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0915 \u092e\u093e\u092a\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928-\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u093e\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0921\u0936\u0940\u091f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u090f\u0915-\u090f\u0915 \u092b\u0932\u0928 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927 \u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0928 \u0926\u0947\u0928\u0947 \u092f\u094b\u0917\u094d\u092f \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u090f\u0915 \u0939\u0940 \u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u0939\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0926\u094b \u092c\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u0930\u0916\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902<\/strong>, \u090f\u0915 \u092c\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u090f\u0915 \u092c\u093e\u0930 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902\u0964<\/span>\n <\/p>\n <div class=\"abbr-grid\" style=\"margin-bottom:0;\">\n <table>\n <thead><tr><th>Concept<\/span>\u0938\u0902\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u092f<\/span><\/th><th>Function<\/span>\u092b\u0932\u0928<\/span><\/th><\/tr><\/thead>\n <tbody>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">Mean<\/span>\u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f<\/span><\/td><td><code>=AVERAGE()<\/code><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">Median<\/span>\u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093f\u0915\u093e<\/span><\/td><td><code>=MEDIAN()<\/code><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">Mode<\/span>\u092c\u0939\u0941\u0932\u0915<\/span><\/td><td><code>=MODE.SNGL()<\/code><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">Range<\/span>\u092a\u0930\u093e\u0938<\/span><\/td><td><code>=MAX()-MIN()<\/code><\/td><\/tr>\n <\/tbody>\n <\/table>\n <table>\n <thead><tr><th>Concept<\/span>\u0938\u0902\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u092f<\/span><\/th><th>Function<\/span>\u092b\u0932\u0928<\/span><\/th><\/tr><\/thead>\n <tbody>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">Standard deviation<\/span>\u092e\u093e\u0928\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u091a\u0932\u0928<\/span><\/td><td><code>=STDEV.S()<\/code><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">Correlation<\/span>\u0938\u0939\u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927<\/span><\/td><td><code>=CORREL()<\/code><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">Percentile<\/span>\u0936\u0924\u092e\u0915<\/span><\/td><td><code>=PERCENTILE.INC()<\/code><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">Z-score<\/span>Z-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0902\u0915<\/span><\/td><td><code>=STANDARDIZE()<\/code><\/td><\/tr>\n <\/tbody>\n <\/table>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <hr class=\"section-divider\">\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d4-10\">\n 4.10<\/span>\n <h3>Spreadsheet Shortcut Keys<\/span>\u0938\u094d\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0921\u0936\u0940\u091f \u0915\u0940 \u0936\u0949\u0930\u094d\u091f\u0915\u091f \u0915\u0941\u0902\u091c\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"abbr-grid\">\n <table>\n <thead><tr><th>Entry and formulas<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930<\/span><\/th><th>Action<\/span>\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e<\/span><\/th><\/tr><\/thead>\n <tbody>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">Alt + =<\/td><td>AutoSum<\/strong><\/span>\u0911\u091f\u094b\u0938\u092e<\/strong><\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">F2<\/td><td>Edit the active cell<\/span>\u0938\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f \u0915\u094b\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u093e\u0926\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">F4<\/td><td>Cycle relative \u2192 absolute \u2192 mixed<\/strong><\/span>\u0938\u093e\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u2192 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u2192 \u092e\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u091a\u0915\u094d\u0930<\/strong><\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">Ctrl + `<\/td><td>Show formulas instead of results<\/span>\u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u0930 \u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0926\u093f\u0916\u093e\u090f\u0901<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">Ctrl + D \u00b7 Ctrl + R<\/td><td>Fill down \u00b7 fill right<\/span>\u0928\u0940\u091a\u0947 \u092d\u0930\u0947\u0902 \u00b7 \u0926\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u092d\u0930\u0947\u0902<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">Ctrl + Enter<\/td><td>Fill the whole selection with the entry<\/span>\u0938\u0902\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u091a\u092f\u0928 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093f \u0938\u0947 \u092d\u0930\u0947\u0902<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">Ctrl + ;<\/td><td>Insert today's date as a fixed value<\/span>\u0906\u091c \u0915\u0940 \u0924\u093f\u0925\u093f \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0930 \u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0921\u093e\u0932\u0947\u0902<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <\/tbody>\n <\/table>\n <table>\n <thead><tr><th>Navigation and analysis<\/span>\u0938\u0902\u091a\u0930\u0923 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0937\u0923<\/span><\/th><th>Action<\/span>\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e<\/span><\/th><\/tr><\/thead>\n <tbody>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">Ctrl + Home<\/td><td>Go to cell A1<\/span>\u0915\u094b\u0937\u094d\u0920 A1 \u092a\u0930 \u091c\u093e\u090f\u0901<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">Ctrl + arrow<\/span>\u0924\u0940\u0930<\/span><\/td><td>Jump to the edge of the data block<\/span>\u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u093e-\u0916\u0902\u0921 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093f\u0928\u093e\u0930\u0947 \u0924\u0915 \u0915\u0942\u0926\u0947\u0902<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">Ctrl + Shift + L<\/td><td>Turn Filter on or off<\/strong><\/span>\u092b\u093c\u093f\u0932\u094d\u091f\u0930 \u091a\u093e\u0932\u0942 \u092f\u093e \u092c\u0902\u0926 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902<\/strong><\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">Ctrl + Shift + %<\/td><td>Apply percentage format<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0936\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0930\u0942\u092a \u0932\u0917\u093e\u090f\u0901<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">F11 \u00b7 Alt + F1<\/td><td>Chart on a new sheet \u00b7 embedded chart<\/strong><\/span>\u0928\u0908 \u0936\u0940\u091f \u092a\u0930 \u091a\u093e\u0930\u094d\u091f \u00b7 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0903\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u091a\u093e\u0930\u094d\u091f<\/strong><\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">Shift + F11<\/td><td>Insert a new worksheet<\/span>\u0928\u092f\u093e \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0915 \u0921\u093e\u0932\u0947\u0902<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">Ctrl + Page Up \/ Down<\/td><td>Move to the previous \u00b7 next sheet<\/span>\u092a\u093f\u091b\u0932\u0940 \u00b7 \u0905\u0917\u0932\u0940 \u0936\u0940\u091f \u092a\u0930 \u091c\u093e\u090f\u0901<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <\/tbody>\n <\/table>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"mcq-box\">\n <div class=\"mcq-title\">\n Practice<\/span>\u0905\u092d\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938<\/span><\/span>\n Questions on the spreadsheet<\/span>\u0938\u094d\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0921\u0936\u0940\u091f \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928<\/span><\/span>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"mcq-note\">Objective questions in the pattern of the examination. Click to reveal the answer and its explanation.<\/span>\u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u0930 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928\u0964 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0916\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u094d\u0932\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u0940\u091c\u093f\u090f\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <details class=\"mcq-q\">\n <summary>41<\/span>The formula =B2*$C$1 is written in D2 and copied to D3. In D3 it will read:<\/span><\/summary>\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\n <li>(a) =B2*$C$1<\/li>\n <li>(b) =B3*$C$1<\/li>\n <li>(c) =B3*$C$2<\/li>\n <li>(d) =B2*$C$2<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\">(b) =B3*$C$1<\/b> B2 is relative, so it moves down one row with the formula and becomes B3. $C$1 is absolute, so neither the column nor the row changes. This single question tests the whole of \u00a74.3.<\/span>B2 \u0938\u093e\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0939\u0948, \u0905\u0924\u0903 \u0935\u0939 \u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u090f\u0915 \u092a\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0928\u0940\u091a\u0947 \u0916\u093f\u0938\u0915\u0915\u0930 B3 \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 $C$1 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0939\u0948, \u0905\u0924\u0903 \u0928 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0902\u092d \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0928 \u092a\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0964 \u092f\u0939\u0940 \u090f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u00a74.3 \u092a\u0930\u0916\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\u00a74.3<\/span><\/div>\n <\/details>\n <details class=\"mcq-q\">\n <summary>42<\/span>A cell displays ##### instead of a number. This means:<\/span><\/summary>\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\n <li>(a) The formula contains an error<\/li>\n <li>(b) The column is too narrow<\/li>\n <li>(c) The value is negative<\/li>\n <li>(d) The cell is protected<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\">(b) The column is too narrow<\/b> This is not an error value at all. Widening the column, or double-clicking the boundary between the column headings to autofit, displays the number normally.<\/span>\u092f\u0939 \u0924\u094d\u0930\u0941\u091f\u093f-\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0939\u0948 \u0939\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0902\u092d \u091a\u094c\u0921\u093c\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947, \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0902\u092d-\u0936\u0940\u0930\u094d\u0937\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e \u092a\u0930 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093f-\u0915\u094d\u0932\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0924\u0903-\u092b\u093c\u093f\u091f \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0926\u093f\u0916 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\u00a74.2<\/span><\/div>\n <\/details>\n <details class=\"mcq-q\">\n <summary>43<\/span>Which function counts only those cells in a range that contain numbers?<\/span><\/summary>\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\n <li>(a) COUNTA<\/li>\n <li>(b) COUNTBLANK<\/li>\n <li>(c) COUNT<\/li>\n <li>(d) COUNTIF<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\">(c) COUNT<\/b> COUNT takes numbers only. COUNTA counts every non-empty cell whatever it holds, COUNTBLANK counts the empty ones, and COUNTIF counts those meeting a stated condition.<\/span>COUNT \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u0932\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 COUNTA \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0905\u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u094b\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u0917\u093f\u0928\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091a\u093e\u0939\u0947 \u0909\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u0941\u091b \u092d\u0940 \u0939\u094b, COUNTBLANK \u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0917\u093f\u0928\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u0925\u093e COUNTIF \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u091c\u094b \u0915\u0939\u0940 \u0917\u0908 \u0936\u0930\u094d\u0924 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902\u0964<\/span>\u00a74.4<\/span><\/div>\n <\/details>\n <details class=\"mcq-q\">\n <summary>44<\/span>In =VLOOKUP(A9,$A$2:$D$6,3,FALSE), the argument FALSE specifies:<\/span><\/summary>\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\n <li>(a) That the table is sorted<\/li>\n <li>(b) An exact match<\/li>\n <li>(c) An approximate match<\/li>\n <li>(d) That errors should be hidden<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\">(b) An exact match<\/b> FALSE, or 0, demands an exact match and is what is wanted in almost every practical case. TRUE, or 1, permits an approximate match and requires the first column to be sorted in ascending order.<\/span>FALSE \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e 0 \u092f\u0925\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u092e\u0947\u0932 \u092e\u093e\u0901\u0917\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0932\u0917\u092d\u0917 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092f\u0939\u0940 \u0905\u092d\u0940\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0939\u0948\u0964 TRUE \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e 1 \u0938\u0928\u094d\u0928\u093f\u0915\u091f \u092e\u0947\u0932 \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092e\u0924\u093f \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u092a\u0939\u0932\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0902\u092d \u0906\u0930\u094b\u0939\u0940 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f\u0964<\/span>\u00a74.5 C<\/span><\/div>\n <\/details>\n <details class=\"mcq-q\">\n <summary>45<\/span>Which chart type is most appropriate for showing the relationship between attendance percentage and marks obtained?<\/span><\/summary>\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\n <li>(a) Pie chart<\/li>\n <li>(b) Line chart<\/li>\n <li>(c) Scatter chart<\/li>\n <li>(d) Column chart<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\">(c) Scatter chart<\/b> A scatter chart plots two numeric variables against each other and is the standard way of displaying correlation. A line chart is for a trend over time, a pie chart for parts of one whole, and a column chart for comparison across categories.<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u0940\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u091a\u093e\u0930\u094d\u091f \u0926\u094b \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u091a\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u0930\u0938\u094d\u092a\u0930 \u0906\u0932\u0947\u0916\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0939\u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927 \u0926\u093f\u0916\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0915 \u0930\u0940\u0924\u093f \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0930\u0947\u0916\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0930\u094d\u091f \u0938\u092e\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941, \u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924 \u091a\u093e\u0930\u094d\u091f \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u092d\u093e\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0902\u092d \u091a\u093e\u0930\u094d\u091f \u0936\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0923\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u0924\u0941\u0932\u0928\u093e \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\u00a74.7<\/span><\/div>\n <\/details>\n <details class=\"mcq-q\">\n <summary>46<\/span>When the source data of a pivot table is changed, the pivot table:<\/span><\/summary>\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\n <li>(a) Updates automatically<\/li>\n <li>(b) Must be refreshed<\/li>\n <li>(c) Must be created again from the start<\/li>\n <li>(d) Is deleted<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\">(b) Must be refreshed<\/b> A pivot table works on a cached copy of the source data taken when it was built. Refresh, on the PivotTable Analyze tab or from the right-click menu, rebuilds it from the current data.<\/span>\u092a\u093f\u0935\u091f \u0938\u093e\u0930\u0923\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0924-\u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0909\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u093e\u092e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0928\u0924\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u092f \u0932\u0940 \u0917\u0908 \u0925\u0940\u0964 PivotTable Analyze \u091f\u0948\u092c \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0926\u093e\u092f\u093e\u0901-\u0915\u094d\u0932\u093f\u0915 \u092e\u0947\u0928\u0942 \u0915\u093e Refresh \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0903 \u092c\u0928\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\u00a74.8<\/span><\/div>\n <\/details>\n <details class=\"mcq-q\">\n <summary>47<\/span>A column of marks is selected on its own and sorted in descending order. The likely consequence is that:<\/span><\/summary>\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\n <li>(a) The whole table is sorted correctly<\/li>\n <li>(b) The marks are separated from the names they belong to<\/li>\n <li>(c) An error message is displayed<\/li>\n <li>(d) Nothing happens<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\">(b) The marks are separated from the names they belong to<\/b> Only the selected column moves; every other column stays in place. Because each figure remains a valid number, the sheet looks normal and the damage may go unnoticed until report cards are issued. Always click one cell inside the table and let the whole range be detected.<\/span>\u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u091a\u092f\u0928\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0902\u092d \u0939\u093f\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948; \u0936\u0947\u0937 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0902\u092d \u092f\u0925\u093e\u0935\u0924\u094d \u0930\u0939\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u091a\u0942\u0901\u0915\u093f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0905\u0902\u0915 \u0935\u0948\u0927 \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0940 \u0930\u0939\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0936\u0940\u091f \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0926\u093f\u0916\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0924\u093f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0917\u0924\u093f-\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u091c\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u0924\u0915 \u0905\u0928\u0926\u0947\u0916\u0940 \u0930\u0939 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0938\u0926\u0948\u0935 \u0938\u093e\u0930\u0923\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u092d\u0940\u0924\u0930 \u090f\u0915 \u0915\u094b\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u094d\u0932\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u0930 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u0939\u091a\u093e\u0928\u0928\u0947 \u0926\u0947\u0902\u0964<\/span>\u00a74.6<\/span><\/div>\n <\/details>\n <\/div>\n\n <\/section>\n\n \n <section class=\"chapter-content\" data-chap=\"5\" id=\"c5\">\n <div class=\"chapter-heading-block\">\n SYLLABUS ITEM 5<\/span>\u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u092e\u0926 5<\/span><\/span>\n <h2>Presentations<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923<\/span><\/h2>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"callout amber\">\n <div class=\"callout-label\">\ud83d\udccc What this chapter covers<\/span>\ud83d\udccc \u0907\u0938 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/div>\n Slides, themes, animations, transitions, multimedia integration, the Slide Master, and presentation tools<\/span>\n \u0938\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0921, \u0925\u0940\u092e, \u091a\u0947\u0924\u0928\u093e\u0902\u0915\u0928, \u0938\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0923, \u092c\u0939\u0941\u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0938\u092e\u0947\u0915\u0928, \u0938\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u092e\u093e\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0930 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0947 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923<\/span>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"keyfact-grid\">\n <div class=\"keyfact-card navy-hi\">\n \ud83c\udfac<\/span>\n <div class=\"kf-label\">The Distinction That Decides Most Questions<\/span>\u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0902\u0936 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u0924\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e \u092d\u0947\u0926<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"kf-value\" style=\"font-size:12.5px;\">Transition = between slides Animation = within a slide<\/span>\u0938\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0923 = \u0938\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0921\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u091a\u0947\u0924\u0928\u093e\u0902\u0915\u0928 = \u0938\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u0915\u0947 \u092d\u0940\u0924\u0930<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"kf-sub\">One transition per slide; many animations per slide<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f \u0938\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0923; \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f \u0938\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u0905\u0928\u0947\u0915 \u091a\u0947\u0924\u0928\u093e\u0902\u0915\u0928<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"keyfact-card teal-hi\">\n \ud83e\uddec<\/span>\n <div class=\"kf-label\">Change Once, Applies Everywhere<\/span>\u090f\u0915 \u092c\u093e\u0930 \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0947\u0902, \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0932\u093e\u0917\u0942<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"kf-value\" style=\"font-size:14px;\">Slide Master<\/span>\u0938\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u092e\u093e\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0930<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"kf-sub\">A logo placed here appears on every slide of the deck<\/span>\u092f\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0930\u0916\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u0940\u0915-\u091a\u093f\u0939\u094d\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u092a\u0930 \u0906\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"keyfact-card amber-hi\">\n \u25b6\ufe0f<\/span>\n <div class=\"kf-label\">Starting the Show<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u0928 \u0906\u0930\u0902\u092d \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"kf-value\" style=\"font-size:15px;\">F5 \u00b7 Shift+F5<\/div>\n <div class=\"kf-sub\">From the first slide, and from the slide currently open<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0925\u092e \u0938\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u0938\u0947, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0916\u0941\u0932\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u0938\u0947<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d5-0\">\n 5.0<\/span>\n <h3>Introduction<\/span>\u092a\u0930\u093f\u091a\u092f<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n <ul class=\"icon-list\">\n <li>\u25b8<\/span>\n Presentation software<\/strong> creates a sequence of slides<\/strong> combining text, images, sound, video and animation, meant to be projected before an audience while a person speaks<\/strong>. That last clause is the whole design brief: a slide is not a document, and the two fail when confused.<\/span>\n \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924\u093f \u0938\u0949\u092b\u093c\u094d\u091f\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930<\/strong> \u092a\u093e\u0920, \u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930, \u0927\u094d\u0935\u0928\u093f, \u0935\u0940\u0921\u093f\u092f\u094b \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u091a\u0947\u0924\u0928\u093e\u0902\u0915\u0928 \u0915\u094b \u092e\u093f\u0932\u093e\u0915\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0921\u094b\u0902<\/strong> \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u094b \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0935\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u094b\u0932\u0924\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u092f \u0936\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0924\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u092a\u093f\u0924<\/strong> \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939\u0940 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u093f\u092e \u0909\u092a\u0935\u093e\u0915\u094d\u092f \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a-\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u0939\u0948: \u0938\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u0926\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0947\u091c\u093c \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u092d\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u092b\u0932 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span>\n <\/span><\/li>\n <li>\u25b8<\/span>\n The common packages are Microsoft PowerPoint<\/strong>, the open-source LibreOffice Impress<\/strong>, the browser-based Google Slides<\/strong>, and Canva<\/strong>. The default extension is .pptx<\/strong>; .ppt<\/strong> is the older format, .ppsx<\/strong> opens straight into the slide show rather than the editor, and .potx<\/strong> is a template.<\/span>\n \u092a\u094d\u0930\u091a\u0932\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u0948\u0915\u0947\u091c \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u092e\u093e\u0907\u0915\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0938\u0949\u092b\u093c\u094d\u091f \u092a\u093e\u0935\u0930\u092a\u0949\u0907\u0902\u091f<\/strong>, \u0913\u092a\u0928-\u0938\u094b\u0930\u094d\u0938 \u0932\u093f\u092c\u0930\u0911\u092b\u093c\u093f\u0938 \u0907\u092e\u094d\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0938<\/strong>, \u092c\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0909\u091c\u093c\u0930-\u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0917\u0942\u0917\u0932 \u0938\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0921\u094d\u0938<\/strong>, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0915\u0948\u0928\u0935\u093e<\/strong>\u0964 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u090f\u0915\u094d\u0938\u091f\u0947\u0902\u0936\u0928 .pptx<\/strong> \u0939\u0948; .ppt<\/strong> \u092a\u0941\u0930\u093e\u0928\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0930\u0942\u092a \u0939\u0948, .ppsx<\/strong> \u0938\u0902\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u091c\u093e\u092f \u0938\u0940\u0927\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u0936\u094b \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0916\u0941\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u0925\u093e .potx<\/strong> \u091f\u0947\u092e\u094d\u092a\u0932\u0947\u091f \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\n <\/span><\/li>\n <li>\u25b8<\/span>\n In a school the uses are constant: morning assembly, staff meetings, parent orientation, subject teaching, School Management Committee briefings, and presentations to an inspecting officer<\/strong>. A head who can build a clear twelve-slide deck in half an hour has an advantage that shows in every one of those settings.<\/span>\n \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u0902\u0924\u0930 \u0939\u0948\u0902: \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0924\u0903\u0915\u093e\u0932\u0940\u0928 \u0938\u092d\u093e, \u0938\u094d\u091f\u093e\u092b\u093c-\u092c\u0948\u0920\u0915, \u0905\u092d\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0915-\u092a\u0930\u093f\u091a\u092f, \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f-\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923, \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0928 \u0938\u092e\u093f\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924\u093f<\/strong>\u0964 \u091c\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0941\u0916 \u0906\u0927\u0947 \u0918\u0902\u091f\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u092a\u0937\u094d\u091f \u092c\u093e\u0930\u0939-\u0938\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924\u093f \u092c\u0928\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0947, \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0907\u0928\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0905\u0935\u0938\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u0932\u093e\u092d \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\n <\/span><\/li>\n <li>\u25b8<\/span>\n Questions from this item cluster around four things: which view serves which purpose<\/strong>, what the Slide Master does<\/strong>, the difference between an animation and a transition<\/strong>, and the shortcut keys of the slide show<\/strong>. \u00a75.7 goes beyond the software into design principles, which carry over into the Pedagogy paper.<\/span>\n \u0907\u0938 \u092e\u0926 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u091a\u093e\u0930 \u092c\u093e\u0924\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0906\u0938\u092a\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948\u0902: \u0915\u094c\u0928-\u0938\u093e \u0926\u0943\u0936\u094d\u092f \u0915\u093f\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/strong>, \u0938\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u092e\u093e\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0930 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/strong>, \u091a\u0947\u0924\u0928\u093e\u0902\u0915\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0923 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930<\/strong>, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u0936\u094b \u0915\u0940 \u0936\u0949\u0930\u094d\u091f\u0915\u091f \u0915\u0941\u0902\u091c\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901<\/strong>\u0964 \u00a75.7 \u0938\u0949\u092b\u093c\u094d\u091f\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u0938\u0947 \u0906\u0917\u0947 \u092c\u0922\u093c\u0915\u0930 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a-\u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924\u094b\u0902 \u0924\u0915 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u094b \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928-\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092d\u0940 \u0915\u093e\u092e \u0906\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span>\n <\/span><\/li>\n <\/ul>\n\n <hr class=\"section-divider\">\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d5-1\">\n 5.1<\/span>\n <h3>The Presentation Interface and Views<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924\u093f \u0915\u093e \u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u092b\u093c\u0947\u0938 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0926\u0943\u0936\u094d\u092f<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n <svg class=\"full-diagram\" viewBox=\"0 0 900 496\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Realistic view of the presentation software window with parts labelled\">\n <defs>\n <marker 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y=\"83\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#222\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">28<\/text>\n <text x=\"376\" y=\"84\" font-size=\"11\" font-weight=\"600\" fill=\"#3b3b3b\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">A<\/text><path d=\"M386 76 l3 -4 l3 4\" fill=\"#3b3b3b\"\/>\n <text x=\"398\" y=\"84\" font-size=\"8.5\" font-weight=\"600\" fill=\"#3b3b3b\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">A<\/text><path d=\"M406 78 l3 4 l3 -4\" fill=\"#3b3b3b\"\/>\n <g font-family=\"Georgia, serif\" fill=\"#222\">\n <text x=\"252\" y=\"106\" font-size=\"12\" font-weight=\"700\">B<\/text>\n <text x=\"270\" y=\"106\" font-size=\"12\" font-style=\"italic\">I<\/text>\n <text x=\"286\" y=\"106\" font-size=\"12\">U<\/text><line x1=\"285\" y1=\"109\" x2=\"295\" y2=\"109\" stroke=\"#222\" stroke-width=\"1.2\"\/>\n <text x=\"304\" y=\"106\" font-size=\"12\">S<\/text><line x1=\"302\" y1=\"102\" x2=\"312\" y2=\"102\" stroke=\"#222\" stroke-width=\"1.2\"\/>\n <\/g>\n <text x=\"322\" y=\"106\" font-size=\"11\" 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sans-serif\">Find<\/text>\n <text x=\"724\" y=\"100\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#3b3b3b\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Replace<\/text>\n <text x=\"724\" y=\"118\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#3b3b3b\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Select<\/text>\n\n \n <rect x=\"100\" y=\"146\" width=\"96\" height=\"278\" fill=\"#F3F2F1\"\/>\n <line x1=\"196\" y1=\"146\" x2=\"196\" y2=\"424\" stroke=\"#d6d6d6\"\/>\n <g>\n <text x=\"108\" y=\"164\" font-size=\"7\" fill=\"#666\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">1<\/text>\n <rect x=\"116\" y=\"153\" width=\"72\" height=\"41\" fill=\"#fff\" stroke=\"#c9c9c9\"\/>\n <rect x=\"116\" y=\"153\" width=\"72\" height=\"12\" fill=\"#1F3864\"\/>\n <text x=\"152\" y=\"162\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"5\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">THE WATER CYCLE<\/text>\n <text x=\"152\" y=\"180\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"4.5\" fill=\"#666\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Class VI \u00b7 Science<\/text>\n <\/g>\n <g>\n <text x=\"108\" y=\"212\" font-size=\"7\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#C43E1C\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">2<\/text>\n <rect x=\"116\" y=\"201\" width=\"72\" height=\"41\" fill=\"#fff\" stroke=\"#C43E1C\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\n <text x=\"121\" y=\"211\" font-size=\"5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#1F3864\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Four Stages<\/text>\n <g fill=\"#7fb3e0\"><circle cx=\"130\" cy=\"224\" r=\"4\"\/><circle cx=\"146\" cy=\"221\" r=\"5.5\"\/><circle cx=\"164\" cy=\"225\" r=\"4.5\"\/><\/g>\n <path d=\"M130 231 v5 M146 229 v7 M164 231 v5\" stroke=\"#5b9bd5\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/>\n <\/g>\n <g opacity=\".85\">\n <text x=\"108\" y=\"260\" font-size=\"7\" fill=\"#666\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">3<\/text>\n <rect x=\"116\" y=\"249\" width=\"72\" height=\"41\" fill=\"#fff\" stroke=\"#c9c9c9\"\/>\n <text x=\"121\" y=\"259\" font-size=\"5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#1F3864\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Evaporation<\/text>\n <g fill=\"#dbe8f7\"><rect 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fill=\"#fff\" stroke=\"#c9c9c9\"\/>\n <text x=\"121\" y=\"355\" font-size=\"5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#1F3864\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Summary<\/text>\n <g fill=\"#8a8a8a\"><rect x=\"121\" y=\"362\" width=\"62\" height=\"1.6\"\/><rect x=\"121\" y=\"367\" width=\"50\" height=\"1.6\"\/><\/g>\n <\/g>\n\n \n <rect x=\"196\" y=\"146\" width=\"604\" height=\"230\" fill=\"#E4E4E4\"\/>\n <rect x=\"240\" y=\"160\" width=\"512\" height=\"200\" fill=\"#fff\" stroke=\"#bfbfbf\"\/>\n <rect x=\"240\" y=\"160\" width=\"512\" height=\"34\" fill=\"#1F3864\"\/>\n <text x=\"260\" y=\"183\" font-size=\"15\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"Georgia, serif\">The Four Stages<\/text>\n <rect x=\"252\" y=\"200\" width=\"230\" height=\"146\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#9ec3e6\" stroke-dasharray=\"4 3\"\/>\n <g font-size=\"9\" fill=\"#222\" font-family=\"Georgia, serif\">\n <circle cx=\"264\" cy=\"220\" r=\"2.6\" fill=\"#1F3864\"\/><text x=\"276\" y=\"223\">Evaporation \u2014 water rises as vapour<\/text>\n <circle cx=\"264\" cy=\"248\" r=\"2.6\" fill=\"#1F3864\"\/><text x=\"276\" y=\"251\">Condensation \u2014 vapour forms clouds<\/text>\n <circle cx=\"264\" cy=\"276\" r=\"2.6\" fill=\"#1F3864\"\/><text x=\"276\" y=\"279\">Precipitation \u2014 rain, hail or snow<\/text>\n <circle cx=\"264\" cy=\"304\" r=\"2.6\" fill=\"#1F3864\"\/><text x=\"276\" y=\"307\">Collection \u2014 water returns to rivers<\/text>\n <\/g>\n <text x=\"264\" y=\"336\" font-size=\"7.5\" font-style=\"italic\" fill=\"#777\" font-family=\"Georgia, serif\">The cycle has no beginning and no end.<\/text>\n <rect x=\"500\" y=\"200\" width=\"238\" height=\"146\" fill=\"#EAF3FB\" stroke=\"#9ec3e6\"\/>\n <circle cx=\"560\" cy=\"238\" r=\"15\" fill=\"#f5c542\"\/>\n <g fill=\"#fff\" stroke=\"#9ec3e6\" stroke-width=\"1\"><circle cx=\"640\" cy=\"228\" r=\"13\"\/><circle cx=\"660\" cy=\"232\" r=\"16\"\/><circle cx=\"622\" cy=\"234\" r=\"11\"\/><\/g>\n <path d=\"M628 250 v14 M644 250 v18 M660 252 v14\" stroke=\"#5b9bd5\" stroke-width=\"1.8\"\/>\n <path d=\"M520 300 q60 -22 120 0 q60 22 100 0\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#5b9bd5\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\n <rect x=\"500\" y=\"308\" width=\"238\" height=\"38\" fill=\"#cfe4f5\"\/>\n <g stroke=\"#7fb3e0\" stroke-width=\"1.4\" fill=\"none\">\n <path d=\"M540 296 l0 -34 M540 262 l-4 6 M540 262 l4 6\"\/>\n <\/g>\n <text x=\"560\" y=\"284\" font-size=\"6.5\" fill=\"#5b9bd5\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">evaporation<\/text>\n <g fill=\"#9ec3e6\"><rect x=\"236\" y=\"196\" width=\"6\" height=\"6\"\/><rect x=\"236\" y=\"270\" width=\"6\" height=\"6\"\/><rect x=\"236\" y=\"343\" width=\"6\" height=\"6\"\/><rect x=\"479\" y=\"196\" width=\"6\" height=\"6\"\/><rect x=\"479\" y=\"343\" width=\"6\" height=\"6\"\/><\/g>\n\n \n <rect x=\"196\" y=\"376\" width=\"604\" height=\"48\" fill=\"#fff\"\/>\n <line x1=\"196\" y1=\"376\" x2=\"800\" y2=\"376\" stroke=\"#d6d6d6\"\/>\n <text x=\"212\" y=\"392\" font-size=\"7.5\" font-style=\"italic\" fill=\"#999\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Click to add notes<\/text>\n <text x=\"212\" y=\"408\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#555\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Ask the class where they have seen each stage happen at home before showing the diagram.<\/text>\n\n \n <rect x=\"100\" y=\"424\" width=\"700\" height=\"38\" rx=\"5\" fill=\"#C43E1C\"\/>\n <rect x=\"100\" y=\"424\" width=\"700\" height=\"18\" fill=\"#C43E1C\"\/>\n <g fill=\"#fff\" font-size=\"8\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">\n <text x=\"112\" y=\"447\">Slide 2 of 5<\/text><text x=\"186\" y=\"447\">English (India)<\/text><text x=\"266\" y=\"447\">Notes<\/text>\n <\/g>\n <g fill=\"#fff\" opacity=\".95\">\n <rect x=\"560\" y=\"440\" width=\"11\" height=\"9\" rx=\"1\"\/>\n <rect x=\"580\" y=\"440\" width=\"11\" height=\"9\" rx=\"1\" opacity=\".55\"\/>\n <rect x=\"600\" y=\"440\" width=\"11\" height=\"9\" rx=\"1\" opacity=\".55\"\/>\n <path d=\"M622 440 h11 v9 h-11 z\" opacity=\".55\"\/>\n <\/g>\n <line x1=\"656\" y1=\"445\" x2=\"734\" y2=\"445\" stroke=\"#fff\" stroke-width=\"1.2\" opacity=\".8\"\/>\n <circle cx=\"700\" cy=\"445\" r=\"3.5\" fill=\"#fff\"\/>\n <text x=\"762\" y=\"448\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">72%<\/text>\n\n \n <g stroke=\"#8e2f5a\" stroke-width=\"1.1\" fill=\"none\" stroke-dasharray=\"3 2\">\n <line x1=\"90\" y1=\"30\" x2=\"130\" y2=\"30\" marker-end=\"url(#pl)\"\/>\n <line x1=\"90\" y1=\"90\" x2=\"118\" y2=\"90\" marker-end=\"url(#pl)\"\/>\n <line x1=\"90\" y1=\"222\" x2=\"112\" y2=\"222\" marker-end=\"url(#pl)\"\/>\n <line x1=\"90\" y1=\"392\" x2=\"206\" y2=\"392\" marker-end=\"url(#pl)\"\/>\n <line x1=\"90\" y1=\"446\" x2=\"176\" y2=\"446\" marker-end=\"url(#pl)\"\/>\n <line x1=\"810\" y1=\"176\" x2=\"756\" y2=\"176\" marker-end=\"url(#pl)\"\/>\n <line x1=\"810\" y1=\"250\" x2=\"490\" y2=\"250\" marker-end=\"url(#pl)\"\/>\n <line x1=\"810\" y1=\"320\" x2=\"742\" y2=\"320\" marker-end=\"url(#pl)\"\/>\n <line x1=\"810\" y1=\"445\" x2=\"640\" y2=\"445\" marker-end=\"url(#pl)\"\/>\n <\/g>\n <g font-size=\"8\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#8e2f5a\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">\n <text x=\"0\" y=\"33\">Title bar<\/text>\n <text x=\"0\" y=\"87\">Ribbon<\/text><text x=\"0\" y=\"97\">groups<\/text>\n <text x=\"0\" y=\"219\">Slide<\/text><text x=\"0\" y=\"229\">thumbnails<\/text>\n <text x=\"0\" y=\"389\">Notes<\/text><text x=\"0\" y=\"399\">pane<\/text>\n <text x=\"0\" y=\"449\">Status bar<\/text>\n <text x=\"816\" y=\"173\">Title<\/text><text x=\"816\" y=\"183\">placeholder<\/text>\n <text x=\"816\" y=\"247\">Content<\/text><text x=\"816\" y=\"257\">placeholder<\/text>\n <text x=\"816\" y=\"317\">Slide<\/text><text x=\"816\" y=\"327\">canvas<\/text>\n <text x=\"816\" y=\"442\">View buttons<\/text><text x=\"816\" y=\"452\">+ zoom<\/text>\n <\/g>\n<\/svg>\n The dashed rectangles on the slide are placeholders<\/strong> \u2014 reserved boxes defined by the layout, not free-floating text boxes.<\/span>\u0938\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u092a\u0930 \u092c\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0941\u0930\u0947\u0916\u093f\u0924 \u0906\u092f\u0924 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928-\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0915<\/strong> \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u2014 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0906\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u0947\u091f\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901, \u0928 \u0915\u093f \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u091f\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0938\u094d\u091f \u092c\u0949\u0915\u094d\u0938\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n\n <div class=\"callout\">\n <div class=\"callout-label\">\ud83d\udcd8 Placeholder, text box and layout<\/span>\ud83d\udcd8 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928-\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0915, \u091f\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0938\u094d\u091f \u092c\u0949\u0915\u094d\u0938 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938<\/span><\/div>\n A placeholder<\/strong> is a box that the layout has reserved<\/strong> for a particular kind of content \u2014 a title, a bulleted list, a picture, a chart. Its position, size and formatting come from the Slide Master, so every slide using that layout matches. A text box<\/strong>, by contrast, is drawn by hand anywhere on the slide and belongs to no layout. Text typed into a placeholder appears in Outline view; text in a text box does not<\/strong> \u2014 which is the practical reason to prefer placeholders.<\/span>\n \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928-\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0915<\/strong> \u0935\u0939 \u092a\u0947\u091f\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938 \u0928\u0947 \u0906\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924<\/strong> \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0939\u094b, \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u2014 \u0936\u0940\u0930\u094d\u0937\u0915, \u092c\u0941\u0932\u0947\u091f-\u0938\u0942\u091a\u0940, \u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930, \u091a\u093e\u0930\u094d\u091f\u0964 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f, \u0906\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u0942\u092a\u0923 \u0938\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u092e\u093e\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0930 \u0938\u0947 \u0906\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0905\u0924\u0903 \u0909\u0938 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u092e\u0947\u0932 \u0916\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u092a\u0930\u0940\u0924 \u091f\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0938\u094d\u091f \u092c\u0949\u0915\u094d\u0938<\/strong> \u0938\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u092d\u0940 \u0939\u093e\u0925 \u0938\u0947 \u0916\u0940\u0902\u091a\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e\u0964 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928-\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0915 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091f\u0902\u0915\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u093e\u0920 \u0906\u0909\u091f\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u0926\u0943\u0936\u094d\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0926\u093f\u0916\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948; \u091f\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0938\u094d\u091f \u092c\u0949\u0915\u094d\u0938 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902<\/strong> \u2014 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928-\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0915 \u0915\u094b \u0935\u0930\u0940\u092f\u0924\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u092f\u0939\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\n <\/div>\n\n <h4>The views, and what each is for<\/span>\u0926\u0943\u0936\u094d\u092f, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0932\u093f\u090f \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/h4>\n\n <table class=\"data-table\">\n <thead>\n <tr>\n <th>View<\/span>\u0926\u0943\u0936\u094d\u092f<\/span><\/th>\n <th>What it shows<\/span>\u092f\u0939 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0926\u093f\u0916\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/th>\n <th>Use it to\u2026<\/span>\u0907\u0938\u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917\u2026<\/span><\/th>\n <\/tr>\n <\/thead>\n <tbody>\n <tr style=\"background:#f3f8ff;\">\n <td>Normal<\/span>\u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n <td>The thumbnail pane, one large slide, and the notes pane \u2014 the arrangement in the diagram above. This is the default view.<\/strong><\/span>\u0925\u0902\u092c\u0928\u0947\u0932 \u092b\u0932\u0915, \u090f\u0915 \u092c\u0921\u093c\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0921, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0928\u094b\u091f\u094d\u0938 \u092b\u0932\u0915 \u2014 \u0935\u0939\u0940 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u091c\u094b \u090a\u092a\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0906\u0930\u0947\u0916 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939\u0940 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0926\u0943\u0936\u094d\u092f \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/strong><\/span><\/td>\n <td>Write and edit the content of one slide at a time.<\/span>\u090f\u0915 \u0938\u092e\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u0932\u093f\u0916\u0928\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u093e\u0926\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td>Outline<\/span>\u0906\u0909\u091f\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0928<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n <td>Only the text from the title and content placeholders<\/strong>, as an indented outline. Pictures, charts and text boxes do not appear.<\/span>\u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0936\u0940\u0930\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928-\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u093e\u0920<\/strong>, \u0939\u093e\u0936\u093f\u092f\u093e-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0947\u0936\u093f\u0924 \u0930\u0942\u092a\u0930\u0947\u0916\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902\u0964 \u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930, \u091a\u093e\u0930\u094d\u091f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u091f\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0938\u094d\u091f \u092c\u0949\u0915\u094d\u0938 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0926\u093f\u0916\u0924\u0947\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <td>Draft the argument before touching the design<\/strong>, and reorder whole slides by dragging their titles.<\/span>\u0905\u092d\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a \u091b\u0941\u090f \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0924\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0930\u0942\u092a \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0928\u093e<\/strong>, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0936\u0940\u0930\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0916\u0940\u0902\u091a\u0915\u0930 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0921\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0928\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td>Slide Sorter<\/span>\u0938\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u0938\u0949\u0930\u094d\u091f\u0930<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n <td>All the slides as thumbnails on one screen<\/strong>, with any transition marked by a small star.<\/span>\u0938\u092d\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0921\u0947\u0902 \u090f\u0915 \u0939\u0940 \u092a\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u0925\u0902\u092c\u0928\u0947\u0932<\/strong> \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902, \u091c\u093f\u0928\u0915\u093e \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0923 \u091b\u094b\u091f\u0947 \u0924\u093e\u0930\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u091a\u093f\u0939\u094d\u0928\u093f\u0924 \u0930\u0939\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <td>Reorder, duplicate, delete, hide slides and apply transitions<\/strong> to many slides at once.<\/span>\u0905\u0928\u0947\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0921\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0928\u093e, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0932\u093f\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e, \u092e\u093f\u091f\u093e\u0928\u093e, \u091b\u093f\u092a\u093e\u0928\u093e \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0938\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0923 \u0932\u0917\u093e\u0928\u093e<\/strong>\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td>Notes Page<\/span>\u0928\u094b\u091f\u094d\u0938 \u092a\u0947\u091c<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n <td>One slide in the upper half of a page with its speaker notes below, laid out as it will print.<\/span>\u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u0915\u0947 \u090a\u092a\u0930\u0940 \u0906\u0927\u0947 \u092d\u093e\u0917 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0921, \u0928\u0940\u091a\u0947 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0935\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093e-\u0928\u094b\u091f\u094d\u0938, \u0920\u0940\u0915 \u0935\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u091b\u092a\u0947\u0902\u0917\u0947\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <td>Prepare and print the speaking notes<\/strong> for the person delivering the talk.<\/span>\u0935\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u092c\u094b\u0932\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u094b\u091f\u094d\u0938 \u0924\u0948\u092f\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u091b\u093e\u092a\u0928\u093e<\/strong>\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td>Reading<\/span>\u0930\u0940\u0921\u093f\u0902\u0917<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n <td>The presentation running inside the window<\/strong> rather than filling the screen.<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924\u093f \u092a\u0942\u0930\u093e \u092a\u0930\u094d\u0926\u093e \u0918\u0947\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u091c\u093e\u092f \u0935\u093f\u0902\u0921\u094b \u0915\u0947 \u092d\u0940\u0924\u0930<\/strong> \u091a\u0932\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <td>Check the flow without losing access to the rest of the desktop.<\/span>\u0936\u0947\u0937 \u0921\u0947\u0938\u094d\u0915\u091f\u0949\u092a \u0924\u0915 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a \u0916\u094b\u090f \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0939 \u091c\u093e\u0901\u091a\u0928\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr style=\"background:#f3f8ff;\">\n <td>Slide Show<\/span>\u0938\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u0936\u094b<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n <td>The presentation filling the whole screen<\/strong>, with animations and transitions running.<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924\u093f \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u092a\u0930\u094d\u0926\u093e \u0918\u0947\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0941\u0908<\/strong>, \u091a\u0947\u0924\u0928\u093e\u0902\u0915\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0923 \u091a\u0932\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0941\u090f\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <td>Deliver<\/strong> the presentation. <kbd>F5<\/kbd> from the beginning, <kbd>Shift<\/kbd>+<kbd>F5<\/kbd> from the current slide.<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924\u093f \u0926\u0947\u0928\u093e<\/strong>\u0964 \u0906\u0930\u0902\u092d \u0938\u0947 <kbd>F5<\/kbd>, \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0938\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u0938\u0947 <kbd>Shift<\/kbd>+<kbd>F5<\/kbd>\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td>Master views<\/span>\u092e\u093e\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0930 \u0926\u0943\u0936\u094d\u092f<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n <td>Three of them: Slide Master, Handout Master and Notes Master<\/strong>, each governing the appearance of its own output.<\/span>\u0924\u0940\u0928 \u0939\u0948\u0902: \u0938\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u092e\u093e\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0930, \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0921\u0906\u0909\u091f \u092e\u093e\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0930 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0928\u094b\u091f\u094d\u0938 \u092e\u093e\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0930<\/strong>, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0924 \u0915\u093e \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <td>Set the design that every<\/strong> slide, handout or notes page will follow. Treated in \u00a75.3.<\/span>\u0935\u0939 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a \u0924\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u0930\u0923 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915<\/strong> \u0938\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0921, \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0921\u0906\u0909\u091f \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0928\u094b\u091f\u094d\u0938 \u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0917\u093e\u0964 \u00a75.3 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0935\u0947\u091a\u093f\u0924\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <\/tbody>\n <\/table>\n\n <hr class=\"section-divider\">\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d5-2\">\n 5.2<\/span>\n <h3>Slides, Layouts and Themes<\/span>\u0938\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0921, \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0925\u0940\u092e<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"vs-compare\">\n <div class=\"vs-side left\">\n Term 1<\/span>\u092a\u0926 1<\/span><\/span>\n <h5>Layout<\/span>\u0905\u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938<\/span><\/h5>\n <ul>\n <li>Governs the arrangement of placeholders on a single slide<\/strong> \u2014 where the title sits, how many content boxes there are.<\/span>\u090f\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u092a\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928-\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e<\/strong> \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u0936\u0940\u0930\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0915\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0939\u0948, \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941-\u092a\u0947\u091f\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u0915\u093f\u0924\u0928\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n <li>Chosen slide by slide from Home<\/b>\u203a<\/i>Layout<\/b><\/span><\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0905\u0932\u0917-\u0905\u0932\u0917 Home<\/b>\u203a<\/i>Layout<\/b><\/span> \u0938\u0947 \u091a\u0941\u0928\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n <li>The standard set: Title Slide, Title and Content, Section Header, Two Content, Comparison, Title Only, Blank, Content with Caption, Picture with Caption<\/strong>.<\/span>\u092e\u093e\u0928\u0915 \u0938\u092e\u0941\u091a\u094d\u091a\u092f: \u091f\u093e\u0907\u091f\u0932 \u0938\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0921, \u091f\u093e\u0907\u091f\u0932 \u090f\u0902\u0921 \u0915\u0902\u091f\u0947\u0902\u091f, \u0938\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0936\u0928 \u0939\u0947\u0921\u0930, \u091f\u0942 \u0915\u0902\u091f\u0947\u0902\u091f, \u0915\u0902\u092a\u0948\u0930\u093f\u091c\u093c\u0928, \u091f\u093e\u0907\u091f\u0932 \u0913\u0928\u0932\u0940, \u092c\u094d\u0932\u0948\u0902\u0915, \u0915\u0902\u091f\u0947\u0902\u091f \u0935\u093f\u0926 \u0915\u0948\u092a\u094d\u0936\u0928, \u092a\u093f\u0915\u094d\u091a\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0926 \u0915\u0948\u092a\u094d\u0936\u0928<\/strong>\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"vs-mid\">VS<\/div>\n <div class=\"vs-side right\">\n Term 2<\/span>\u092a\u0926 2<\/span><\/span>\n <h5>Theme<\/span>\u0925\u0940\u092e<\/span><\/h5>\n <ul>\n <li>A coordinated set of colours, fonts, effects and background<\/strong> applied to the whole presentation<\/strong> at once.<\/span>\u0930\u0902\u0917\u094b\u0902, \u092b\u093c\u0949\u0928\u094d\u091f\u094b\u0902, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u094b\u0902 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920\u092d\u0942\u092e\u093f<\/strong> \u0915\u093e \u0938\u092e\u0928\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u092e\u0941\u091a\u094d\u091a\u092f, \u091c\u094b \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924\u093f<\/strong> \u092a\u0930 \u0932\u0917\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n <li>Chosen from Design<\/b>\u203a<\/i>Themes<\/b><\/span> and adjustable through Variants<\/strong>.<\/span>Design<\/b>\u203a<\/i>Themes<\/b><\/span> \u0938\u0947 \u091a\u0941\u0928\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0924\u0925\u093e Variants<\/strong> \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u092f\u094b\u091c\u094d\u092f \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n <li>Changing the theme redesigns every slide simultaneously<\/strong> without disturbing the content.<\/span>\u0925\u0940\u092e \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u092c\u093f\u0917\u093e\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0903\u0905\u092d\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a\u093f\u0924<\/strong> \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"feat-grid\">\n <div class=\"feat-card\">1<\/span>Adding and organising slides<\/span>\u0938\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0928\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e<\/span><\/strong><kbd>Ctrl<\/kbd>+<kbd>M<\/kbd> inserts a new slide. <kbd>Ctrl<\/kbd>+<kbd>D<\/kbd> duplicates the selected one. Sections<\/strong> group slides under headings, which makes a long deck manageable, and Hide Slide<\/strong> keeps a slide in the file but skips it during the show.<\/span><kbd>Ctrl<\/kbd>+<kbd>M<\/kbd> \u0928\u0908 \u0938\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u0921\u093e\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 <kbd>Ctrl<\/kbd>+<kbd>D<\/kbd> \u091a\u092f\u0928\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0932\u093f\u092a\u093f \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0938\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0936\u0928<\/strong> \u0938\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0921\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0936\u0940\u0930\u094d\u0937\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u0940\u0928 \u0938\u092e\u0942\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0932\u0902\u092c\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924\u093f \u0938\u0902\u092d\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0947, \u0924\u0925\u093e Hide Slide<\/strong> \u0938\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u0915\u094b \u092b\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0932 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0930\u0916\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0941 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091b\u094b\u0921\u093c \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"feat-card\">2<\/span>Slide size<\/span>\u0938\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0921-\u0906\u0915\u093e\u0930<\/span><\/strong>The default is Widescreen, 16:9<\/strong>, matching modern projectors and panels. Standard, 4:3<\/strong> suits older equipment. Choosing the wrong ratio leaves black bands at the sides or crops the slide, so it should be settled before<\/strong> the content is built.<\/span>\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0935\u093e\u0907\u0921\u0938\u094d\u0915\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0928, 16:9<\/strong> \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u094b \u0906\u0927\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u092a\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u0948\u0928\u0932\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0932 \u0916\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0938\u094d\u091f\u0948\u0902\u0921\u0930\u094d\u0921, 4:3<\/strong> \u092a\u0941\u0930\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0917\u093c\u0932\u0924 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u093e\u0924 \u091a\u0941\u0928\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u093f\u0928\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u092a\u091f\u094d\u091f\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u0930\u0939 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u0915\u091f \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0905\u0924\u0903 \u0907\u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935<\/strong> \u0924\u092f \u0915\u0930 \u0932\u0947\u0928\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"feat-card\">3<\/span>Background and Format Background<\/span>\u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920\u092d\u0942\u092e\u093f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092b\u093c\u0949\u0930\u094d\u092e\u0948\u091f \u092c\u0948\u0915\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0909\u0902\u0921<\/span><\/strong>Sets a solid colour, gradient, picture or texture behind the content, either for one slide or, through Apply to All<\/strong>, for the whole deck.<\/span>\u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0940\u091b\u0947 \u090f\u0915\u0932 \u0930\u0902\u0917, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0923\u0924\u093e, \u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0935\u091f \u0930\u0916\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091a\u093e\u0939\u0947 \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e Apply to All<\/strong> \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924\u093f \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"feat-card\">4<\/span>Reuse Slides<\/span>\u0930\u0940\u092f\u0942\u091c\u093c \u0938\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0921\u094d\u0938<\/span><\/strong>Pulls slides in from another presentation, with the option to keep their original formatting or adopt the current theme. Useful when last year's annual report supplies half of this year's.<\/span>\u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924\u093f \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0921\u0947\u0902 \u0932\u0947 \u0906\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0907\u0938 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a \u0938\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f \u0909\u0928\u0915\u093e \u092e\u0942\u0932 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u0942\u092a\u0923 \u0930\u0916\u093e \u091c\u093e\u090f \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0925\u0940\u092e \u0905\u092a\u0928\u093e\u0908 \u091c\u093e\u090f\u0964 \u0924\u092c \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0940 \u091c\u092c \u092a\u093f\u091b\u0932\u0947 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0926\u0928 \u0907\u0938 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937 \u0915\u093e \u0906\u0927\u093e \u0926\u0947 \u0926\u0947\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <hr class=\"section-divider\">\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d5-3\">\n 5.3<\/span>\n <h3>The Slide Master<\/span>\u0938\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u092e\u093e\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0930<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"callout purple\">\n <div class=\"callout-label\">\ud83d\udcd8 Definition<\/span>\ud83d\udcd8 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e<\/span><\/div>\n The Slide Master<\/strong> is the top slide in a hierarchy<\/strong> that stores the theme, the fonts, the colours, the background and the position of every placeholder. Anything placed on the Slide Master appears on every slide of the presentation<\/strong>, and anything changed there changes everywhere at once. It is the exact counterpart of the style<\/em> in a word processor from \u00a73.6: format once, apply throughout, and never repeat the work by hand.<\/span>\n \u0938\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u092e\u093e\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0930<\/strong> \u0909\u0938 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u094b\u091a\u094d\u091a \u0938\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0921<\/strong> \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0925\u0940\u092e, \u092b\u093c\u0949\u0928\u094d\u091f, \u0930\u0902\u0917, \u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920\u092d\u0942\u092e\u093f \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928-\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0915 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0938\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u092e\u093e\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u0930\u0916\u0940 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u092d\u0940 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u092a\u0930 \u0906\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948<\/strong>, \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0940 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u092d\u0940 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u092c\u0926\u0932 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u00a73.6 \u0915\u0947 \u0936\u092c\u094d\u0926 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u093e\u0927\u0915 \u0915\u0940 \u0936\u0948\u0932\u0940<\/em> \u0915\u093e \u0920\u0940\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u0942\u092a \u0939\u0948: \u090f\u0915 \u092c\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u0942\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0940\u091c\u093f\u090f, \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0932\u093e\u0917\u0942 \u0915\u0940\u091c\u093f\u090f, \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u0939 \u0936\u094d\u0930\u092e \u0939\u093e\u0925 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u092d\u0940 \u0928 \u0926\u094b\u0939\u0930\u093e\u0907\u090f\u0964<\/span>\n <\/div>\n\n <svg class=\"full-diagram\" viewBox=\"0 0 700 306\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"The three-level hierarchy from Slide Master to layouts to individual slides\">\n <rect x=\"248\" y=\"16\" width=\"204\" height=\"76\" rx=\"7\" fill=\"#faf6ff\" stroke=\"#6b3a8f\" stroke-width=\"2.4\"\/>\n <rect x=\"248\" y=\"16\" width=\"204\" height=\"16\" rx=\"7\" fill=\"#6b3a8f\"\/><rect x=\"248\" y=\"25\" width=\"204\" height=\"7\" fill=\"#6b3a8f\"\/>\n <text x=\"350\" y=\"28\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#fff\" letter-spacing=\".6\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">LEVEL 1 \u00b7 SLIDE MASTER<\/text>\n <rect x=\"260\" y=\"40\" width=\"12\" height=\"12\" rx=\"2\" fill=\"#c9760f\"\/>\n <text x=\"278\" y=\"49\" font-size=\"7.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#4b2766\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">School logo<\/text>\n <rect x=\"260\" y=\"58\" width=\"180\" height=\"6\" rx=\"2\" fill=\"#6b3a8f\" opacity=\".5\"\/>\n <rect x=\"260\" y=\"70\" width=\"140\" height=\"4\" rx=\"2\" fill=\"#6b3a8f\" opacity=\".3\"\/>\n <rect x=\"260\" y=\"78\" width=\"120\" height=\"4\" rx=\"2\" fill=\"#6b3a8f\" opacity=\".3\"\/>\n <text x=\"408\" y=\"83\" font-size=\"6.5\" fill=\"#4b2766\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Page 1<\/text>\n\n <defs><marker id=\"sm\" markerWidth=\"9\" markerHeight=\"9\" refX=\"8\" refY=\"3\" orient=\"auto\"><path d=\"M0,0 L0,6 L8,3 z\" fill=\"#8a95a3\"\/><\/marker><\/defs>\n <g stroke=\"#8a95a3\" stroke-width=\"1.4\" fill=\"none\">\n <path d=\"M350 92 L350 106 L118 106 L118 118\" marker-end=\"url(#sm)\"\/>\n <path d=\"M350 92 L350 106 L350 118\" marker-end=\"url(#sm)\"\/>\n <path d=\"M350 92 L350 106 L582 106 L582 118\" marker-end=\"url(#sm)\"\/>\n <\/g>\n <text x=\"366\" y=\"103\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#5a6d80\" font-style=\"italic\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">inherits from<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"42\" y=\"120\" width=\"152\" height=\"66\" rx=\"6\" fill=\"#eef4fc\" stroke=\"#1f5fa9\" stroke-width=\"1.8\"\/>\n <rect x=\"42\" y=\"120\" width=\"152\" height=\"14\" rx=\"6\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\"\/><rect x=\"42\" y=\"128\" width=\"152\" height=\"6\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\"\/>\n <text x=\"118\" y=\"131\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Title Slide layout<\/text>\n <rect x=\"50\" y=\"140\" width=\"8\" height=\"8\" rx=\"1.5\" fill=\"#c9760f\"\/>\n <rect x=\"66\" y=\"152\" width=\"104\" height=\"7\" rx=\"2\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\" opacity=\".55\"\/>\n <rect x=\"80\" y=\"165\" width=\"76\" height=\"4\" rx=\"2\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\" opacity=\".3\"\/>\n\n <rect x=\"274\" y=\"120\" width=\"152\" height=\"66\" rx=\"6\" fill=\"#eef4fc\" stroke=\"#1f5fa9\" stroke-width=\"1.8\"\/>\n <rect x=\"274\" y=\"120\" width=\"152\" height=\"14\" rx=\"6\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\"\/><rect x=\"274\" y=\"128\" width=\"152\" height=\"6\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\"\/>\n <text x=\"350\" y=\"131\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Title and Content<\/text>\n <rect x=\"282\" y=\"140\" width=\"8\" height=\"8\" rx=\"1.5\" fill=\"#c9760f\"\/>\n <rect x=\"296\" y=\"140\" width=\"90\" height=\"6\" rx=\"2\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\" opacity=\".55\"\/>\n <rect x=\"282\" y=\"156\" width=\"130\" height=\"4\" rx=\"2\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\" opacity=\".3\"\/>\n <rect x=\"282\" y=\"165\" width=\"110\" height=\"4\" rx=\"2\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\" opacity=\".3\"\/>\n <rect x=\"282\" y=\"174\" width=\"120\" height=\"4\" rx=\"2\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\" opacity=\".3\"\/>\n\n <rect x=\"506\" y=\"120\" width=\"152\" height=\"66\" rx=\"6\" fill=\"#eef4fc\" stroke=\"#1f5fa9\" stroke-width=\"1.8\"\/>\n <rect x=\"506\" y=\"120\" width=\"152\" height=\"14\" rx=\"6\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\"\/><rect x=\"506\" y=\"128\" width=\"152\" height=\"6\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\"\/>\n <text x=\"582\" y=\"131\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Two Content<\/text>\n <rect x=\"514\" y=\"140\" width=\"8\" height=\"8\" rx=\"1.5\" fill=\"#c9760f\"\/>\n <rect x=\"528\" y=\"140\" width=\"90\" height=\"6\" rx=\"2\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\" opacity=\".55\"\/>\n <rect x=\"514\" y=\"154\" width=\"64\" height=\"26\" rx=\"2\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\" opacity=\".18\"\/>\n <rect x=\"586\" y=\"154\" width=\"64\" height=\"26\" rx=\"2\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\" opacity=\".18\"\/>\n\n <text x=\"24\" y=\"152\" font-size=\"9\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\" transform=\"rotate(-90 24 152)\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">LEVEL 2 \u00b7 LAYOUTS<\/text>\n\n <g stroke=\"#8a95a3\" stroke-width=\"1.2\" fill=\"none\">\n <path d=\"M118 186 L118 200 L84 200 L84 212\" marker-end=\"url(#sm)\"\/>\n <path d=\"M118 186 L118 200 L172 200 L172 212\" marker-end=\"url(#sm)\"\/>\n <path d=\"M350 186 L350 200 L296 200 L296 212\" marker-end=\"url(#sm)\"\/>\n <path d=\"M350 186 L350 200 L384 200 L384 212\" marker-end=\"url(#sm)\"\/>\n <path d=\"M350 186 L350 200 L472 200 L472 212\" marker-end=\"url(#sm)\"\/>\n <path d=\"M582 186 L582 200 L582 212\" marker-end=\"url(#sm)\"\/>\n <\/g>\n\n <g>\n <rect x=\"48\" y=\"214\" width=\"72\" height=\"42\" rx=\"4\" fill=\"#fff\" stroke=\"#adb8c4\" stroke-width=\"1.2\"\/>\n <rect x=\"52\" y=\"217\" width=\"6\" height=\"6\" rx=\"1\" fill=\"#c9760f\"\/>\n <rect x=\"60\" y=\"230\" width=\"48\" height=\"5\" rx=\"2\" fill=\"#14243f\" opacity=\".6\"\/>\n <text x=\"84\" y=\"266\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7\" fill=\"#5a6d80\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Slide 1<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"136\" y=\"214\" width=\"72\" height=\"42\" rx=\"4\" fill=\"#fff\" stroke=\"#adb8c4\" stroke-width=\"1.2\"\/>\n <rect x=\"140\" y=\"217\" width=\"6\" height=\"6\" rx=\"1\" fill=\"#c9760f\"\/>\n <rect x=\"148\" y=\"230\" width=\"48\" height=\"5\" rx=\"2\" fill=\"#14243f\" opacity=\".6\"\/>\n <text x=\"172\" y=\"266\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7\" fill=\"#5a6d80\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Slide 12<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"260\" y=\"214\" width=\"72\" height=\"42\" rx=\"4\" fill=\"#fff\" stroke=\"#adb8c4\" stroke-width=\"1.2\"\/>\n <rect x=\"264\" y=\"217\" width=\"6\" height=\"6\" rx=\"1\" fill=\"#c9760f\"\/>\n <rect x=\"272\" y=\"217\" width=\"40\" height=\"4\" rx=\"2\" fill=\"#14243f\" opacity=\".55\"\/>\n <g fill=\"#14243f\" opacity=\".28\"><rect x=\"264\" y=\"230\" width=\"58\" height=\"3\"\/><rect x=\"264\" y=\"237\" width=\"48\" height=\"3\"\/><rect x=\"264\" y=\"244\" width=\"52\" height=\"3\"\/><\/g>\n <text x=\"296\" y=\"266\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7\" fill=\"#5a6d80\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Slide 2<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"348\" y=\"214\" width=\"72\" height=\"42\" rx=\"4\" fill=\"#fff\" stroke=\"#adb8c4\" stroke-width=\"1.2\"\/>\n <rect x=\"352\" y=\"217\" width=\"6\" height=\"6\" rx=\"1\" fill=\"#c9760f\"\/>\n <rect x=\"360\" y=\"217\" width=\"40\" height=\"4\" rx=\"2\" fill=\"#14243f\" opacity=\".55\"\/>\n <g fill=\"#2f92d1\"><rect x=\"356\" y=\"242\" width=\"8\" height=\"10\"\/><rect x=\"368\" y=\"236\" width=\"8\" height=\"16\"\/><rect x=\"380\" y=\"232\" width=\"8\" height=\"20\"\/><rect x=\"392\" y=\"238\" width=\"8\" height=\"14\"\/><\/g>\n <text x=\"384\" y=\"266\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7\" fill=\"#5a6d80\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Slide 3<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"436\" y=\"214\" width=\"72\" height=\"42\" rx=\"4\" fill=\"#fff\" stroke=\"#adb8c4\" stroke-width=\"1.2\"\/>\n <rect x=\"440\" y=\"217\" width=\"6\" height=\"6\" rx=\"1\" fill=\"#c9760f\"\/>\n <rect x=\"448\" y=\"217\" width=\"40\" height=\"4\" rx=\"2\" fill=\"#14243f\" opacity=\".55\"\/>\n <g fill=\"#14243f\" opacity=\".28\"><rect x=\"440\" y=\"230\" width=\"58\" height=\"3\"\/><rect x=\"440\" y=\"237\" width=\"42\" height=\"3\"\/><\/g>\n <text x=\"472\" y=\"266\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7\" fill=\"#5a6d80\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Slide 4 \u2026 11<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"546\" y=\"214\" width=\"72\" height=\"42\" rx=\"4\" fill=\"#fff\" stroke=\"#adb8c4\" stroke-width=\"1.2\"\/>\n <rect x=\"550\" y=\"217\" width=\"6\" height=\"6\" rx=\"1\" fill=\"#c9760f\"\/>\n <rect x=\"558\" y=\"217\" width=\"40\" height=\"4\" rx=\"2\" fill=\"#14243f\" opacity=\".55\"\/>\n <rect x=\"550\" y=\"228\" width=\"30\" height=\"22\" rx=\"2\" fill=\"#14243f\" opacity=\".14\"\/>\n <rect x=\"584\" y=\"228\" width=\"30\" height=\"22\" rx=\"2\" fill=\"#14243f\" opacity=\".14\"\/>\n <text x=\"582\" y=\"266\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7\" fill=\"#5a6d80\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Slide 9<\/text>\n <\/g>\n <text x=\"24\" y=\"240\" font-size=\"9\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#5a6d80\" transform=\"rotate(-90 24 240)\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">LEVEL 3 \u00b7 SLIDES<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"42\" y=\"278\" width=\"616\" height=\"22\" rx=\"6\" fill=\"#fffbf0\" stroke=\"#c9760f\" stroke-width=\"1.2\"\/>\n <rect x=\"54\" y=\"284\" width=\"9\" height=\"9\" rx=\"1.5\" fill=\"#c9760f\"\/>\n <text x=\"72\" y=\"293\" font-size=\"9\" fill=\"#8f5409\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">The logo was placed <tspan font-weight=\"700\">once<\/tspan>, on the Slide Master. It now appears on all twelve slides, and moving it there moves it on all twelve.<\/text>\n <\/svg>\n Formatting flows downward only. A change made on an individual slide overrides the master for that slide alone.<\/span>\u0938\u0902\u0930\u0942\u092a\u0923 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0928\u0940\u091a\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0913\u0930 \u092c\u0939\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0909\u0938\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u092e\u093e\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0930 \u0915\u094b \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n\n <div class=\"exam-tip\">\n <div class=\"et-icon\">\ud83c\udfeb<\/div>\n <div class=\"et-body\">\n The question this section exists to answer.<\/strong> \"To display the school emblem on every slide of a presentation, where should it be inserted?\" The answer is the Slide Master<\/strong>, reached at View<\/b>\u203a<\/i>Slide Master<\/b><\/span> Inserting the emblem on slide one and copying it to the rest produces the same appearance but is a different thing entirely: it must be repositioned twelve times if it moves, and a slide added later will be missing it. The other two masters follow the same logic \u2014 the Handout Master<\/strong> governs printed handouts and the Notes Master<\/strong> the printed notes pages.<\/span>\n \u092f\u0939 \u092d\u093e\u0917 \u091c\u093f\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/strong> \"\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u092a\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u0940\u0915-\u091a\u093f\u0939\u094d\u0928 \u0926\u093f\u0916\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0921\u093e\u0932\u093e \u091c\u093e\u090f?\" \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0939\u0948 \u0938\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u092e\u093e\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0930<\/strong>, \u091c\u094b View<\/b>\u203a<\/i>Slide Master<\/b><\/span> \u092a\u0930 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u0940\u0915-\u091a\u093f\u0939\u094d\u0928 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u092a\u0930 \u0921\u093e\u0932\u0915\u0930 \u0936\u0947\u0937 \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0932\u093f\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0935\u0939\u0940 \u092c\u0928\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0941 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923\u0924\u0903 \u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0939\u0948: \u0939\u093f\u0932\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0930\u0939 \u092c\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0903\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u092a\u0921\u093c\u0947\u0917\u093e, \u0914\u0930 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0940 \u0917\u0908 \u0938\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u092a\u0930 \u0935\u0939 \u0939\u094b\u0917\u093e \u0939\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964 \u0936\u0947\u0937 \u0926\u094b \u092e\u093e\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0930 \u092d\u0940 \u092f\u0939\u0940 \u0924\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0930\u0916\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u2014 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0921\u0906\u0909\u091f \u092e\u093e\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0930<\/strong> \u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0921\u0906\u0909\u091f \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0928\u094b\u091f\u094d\u0938 \u092e\u093e\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0930<\/strong> \u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0928\u094b\u091f\u094d\u0938-\u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <hr class=\"section-divider\">\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d5-4\">\n 5.4<\/span>\n <h3>Multimedia Integration<\/span>\u092c\u0939\u0941\u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0938\u092e\u0947\u0915\u0928<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n <table class=\"data-table\">\n <thead>\n <tr>\n <th>Element<\/span>\u0924\u0924\u094d\u0935<\/span><\/th>\n <th>What it does and what to watch<\/span>\u092f\u0939 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u093f\u0938 \u092a\u0930 \u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0928 \u0926\u0947\u0902<\/span><\/th>\n <\/tr>\n <\/thead>\n <tbody>\n <tr>\n <td>Pictures<\/span>\u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n <td>Inserted from the device, from stock images or from the web. Crop<\/strong> removes unwanted edges; Remove Background<\/strong> isolates a subject; Compress Pictures<\/strong> reduces file size, which matters because a deck of uncompressed photographs can exceed an email attachment limit within a dozen slides.<\/span>\u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0938\u0947, \u0938\u094d\u091f\u0949\u0915 \u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0935\u0947\u092c \u0938\u0947 \u0921\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 Crop<\/strong> \u0905\u0935\u093e\u0902\u091b\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u0928\u093e\u0930\u0947 \u0939\u091f\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948; Remove Background<\/strong> \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f \u0915\u094b \u092a\u0943\u0925\u0915 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948; Compress Pictures<\/strong> \u092b\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0932-\u0906\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0918\u091f\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u094b \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u0905\u0938\u0902\u092a\u0940\u0921\u093f\u0924 \u091b\u093e\u092f\u093e\u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924\u093f \u090f\u0915 \u0926\u0930\u094d\u091c\u0928 \u0938\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0921\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u0940 \u0908\u092e\u0947\u0932-\u0938\u0902\u0932\u0917\u094d\u0928\u0915 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e \u092a\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr style=\"background:#f3f8ff;\">\n <td>SmartArt<\/strong><\/td>\n <td>Converts a list of text into a ready-made diagram<\/strong>. The categories are List, Process, Cycle, Hierarchy, Relationship, Matrix and Pyramid<\/strong>. Hierarchy<\/strong> produces an organisation chart \u2014 the school's staff structure, or the five tiers of an implementation body \u2014 in a few clicks, and the text remains editable as text.<\/span>\u092a\u093e\u0920 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0940 \u0915\u094b \u0924\u0948\u092f\u093e\u0930 \u0906\u0930\u0947\u0916<\/strong> \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0926\u0932 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0936\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0923\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0932\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0938\u0947\u0938, \u0938\u093e\u0907\u0915\u093f\u0932, \u0939\u093e\u092f\u0930\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0915\u0940, \u0930\u093f\u0932\u0947\u0936\u0928\u0936\u093f\u092a, \u092e\u0948\u091f\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0938 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u093f\u0930\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0921<\/strong>\u0964 \u0939\u093e\u092f\u0930\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0915\u0940<\/strong> \u0915\u0941\u091b \u0939\u0940 \u0915\u094d\u0932\u093f\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u0917\u0920\u0928-\u091a\u093e\u0930\u094d\u091f \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u091f\u093e\u092b\u093c-\u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e, \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0928\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0928-\u0928\u093f\u0915\u093e\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u0901\u091a \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u2014 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u093e\u0920 \u092a\u093e\u0920 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0928\u0940\u092f \u092c\u0928\u093e \u0930\u0939\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td>Charts and tables<\/span>\u091a\u093e\u0930\u094d\u091f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u093e\u0930\u0923\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n <td>A chart inserted here opens a miniature spreadsheet<\/strong> for its data, and every chart type from \u00a74.7 is available. A chart may instead be pasted from a spreadsheet with a link<\/strong>, so that it updates when the source workbook changes.<\/span>\u092f\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0921\u093e\u0932\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0930\u094d\u091f \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u094b\u0902 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0932\u0918\u0941 \u0938\u094d\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0921\u0936\u0940\u091f<\/strong> \u0916\u094b\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u00a74.7 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u091a\u093e\u0930\u094d\u091f-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0909\u092a\u0932\u092c\u094d\u0927 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u091a\u093e\u0930\u094d\u091f \u0915\u094b \u0907\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092c\u091c\u093e\u092f \u0938\u094d\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0921\u0936\u0940\u091f \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927 \u0938\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u091a\u093f\u092a\u0915\u093e\u092f\u093e<\/strong> \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0924-\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u092a\u0941\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0915\u093e \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u0935\u0939 \u0905\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0924\u0928 \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u090f\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td>Video<\/span>\u0935\u0940\u0921\u093f\u092f\u094b<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n <td>Inserted from the device or embedded from an online source. The playback settings decide whether it starts on a click or automatically<\/strong>, plays full screen<\/strong>, or loops<\/strong>. Trim Video<\/strong> shortens it without editing the original file, and a poster frame<\/strong> sets the still image shown before it plays.<\/span>\u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0938\u0947 \u0921\u093e\u0932\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0911\u0928\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u0938\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0924 \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0903\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u093f\u0924\u0964 \u092a\u094d\u0932\u0947\u092c\u0948\u0915 \u0938\u0947\u091f\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0924\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0915\u093f \u0935\u0939 \u0915\u094d\u0932\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u0930 \u0906\u0930\u0902\u092d \u0939\u094b \u092f\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0924\u0903<\/strong>, \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u092a\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0947<\/strong> \u092a\u0930 \u091a\u0932\u0947, \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u093e\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924<\/strong> \u0939\u094b\u0964 Trim Video<\/strong> \u092e\u0942\u0932 \u092b\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0932 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u093e\u0926\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u090f \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u091b\u094b\u091f\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092a\u094b\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0930 \u092b\u093c\u094d\u0930\u0947\u092e<\/strong> \u0935\u0939 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0930 \u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0924\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u091a\u0932\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u0926\u093f\u0916\u0947\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td>Audio<\/span>\u0936\u094d\u0930\u0935\u094d\u092f<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n <td>A sound clip or recorded narration. Play Across Slides<\/strong> lets music continue behind several slides, and Hide During Show<\/strong> removes the speaker icon from view.<\/span>\u0927\u094d\u0935\u0928\u093f-\u0905\u0902\u0936 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0932\u093f\u0916\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0925\u0928\u0964 Play Across Slides<\/strong> \u0938\u0902\u0917\u0940\u0924 \u0915\u094b \u0905\u0928\u0947\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0921\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0940\u091b\u0947 \u091a\u0932\u0924\u0947 \u0930\u0939\u0928\u0947 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u0925\u093e Hide During Show<\/strong> \u0935\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093e-\u091a\u093f\u0939\u094d\u0928 \u0926\u0943\u0936\u094d\u092f \u0938\u0947 \u0939\u091f\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td>Hyperlink and Action<\/span>\u0939\u093e\u0907\u092a\u0930\u0932\u093f\u0902\u0915 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0910\u0915\u094d\u0936\u0928<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n <td><kbd>Ctrl<\/kbd>+<kbd>K<\/kbd> links selected text or an object to another slide, a file, a web page or an email address<\/strong>. Action buttons<\/strong> are ready-made shapes that jump forward, back, home or to a chosen slide \u2014 the way a non-linear presentation is built for a kiosk or a self-paced lesson.<\/span><kbd>Ctrl<\/kbd>+<kbd>K<\/kbd> \u091a\u092f\u0928\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u093e\u0920 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u094b \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0921, \u092b\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0932, \u0935\u0947\u092c \u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0908\u092e\u0947\u0932 \u092a\u0924\u0947<\/strong> \u0938\u0947 \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0910\u0915\u094d\u0936\u0928 \u092c\u091f\u0928<\/strong> \u0924\u0948\u092f\u093e\u0930 \u0906\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u091c\u094b \u0906\u0917\u0947, \u092a\u0940\u091b\u0947, \u0906\u0930\u0902\u092d \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u091a\u0941\u0928\u0940 \u0939\u0941\u0908 \u0938\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u092a\u0930 \u0932\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u2014 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0938\u094d\u0915 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0935-\u0917\u0924\u093f \u092a\u093e\u0920 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0905\u0930\u0948\u0916\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924\u093f \u0907\u0938\u0940 \u0930\u0940\u0924\u093f \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0928\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr style=\"background:#faf6ff;\">\n <td>Alt text<\/span>\u0935\u0948\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u093e\u0920<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n <td>A written description attached to every image, chart and diagram, read aloud by a screen reader. Without it a visually impaired pupil or colleague receives nothing at all<\/strong> from that part of the slide. Set through the right-click menu, and taken up fully in \u00a714.5.<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930, \u091a\u093e\u0930\u094d\u091f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0906\u0930\u0947\u0916 \u0938\u0947 \u091c\u0941\u0921\u093c\u093e \u0932\u093f\u0916\u093f\u0924 \u0935\u093f\u0935\u0930\u0923, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0915\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0928 \u0930\u0940\u0921\u0930 \u092a\u0922\u093c\u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0941\u0928\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0926\u0943\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093f\u092c\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0938\u0939\u0915\u0930\u094d\u092e\u0940 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u0915\u0947 \u0909\u0938 \u092d\u093e\u0917 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0941\u091b \u092d\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902<\/strong> \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0924\u093e\u0964 \u0926\u093e\u092f\u093e\u0901-\u0915\u094d\u0932\u093f\u0915 \u092e\u0947\u0928\u0942 \u0938\u0947 \u0924\u092f \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u00a714.5 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0935\u093f\u0935\u0947\u091a\u0928\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <\/tbody>\n <\/table>\n <hr class=\"section-divider\">\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d5-5\">\n 5.5<\/span>\n <h3>Animations and Transitions<\/span>\u091a\u0947\u0924\u0928\u093e\u0902\u0915\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0923<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n \n These two are constantly confused, and the confusion is the point of most questions on this item. The distinction is exact and easy once seen: a transition is the movement from one slide to the next; an animation is the movement of an object inside a single slide<\/strong>.<\/span>\n \u092f\u0947 \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u0902\u0924\u0930 \u092d\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u090f \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0914\u0930 \u092f\u0939\u0940 \u092d\u094d\u0930\u092e \u0907\u0938 \u092e\u0926 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0902\u0936 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092d\u0947\u0926 \u092f\u0925\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u090f\u0915 \u092c\u093e\u0930 \u0926\u0947\u0916 \u0932\u0947\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u0938\u0930\u0932: \u0938\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0923 \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0917\u0932\u0940 \u0924\u0915 \u0915\u0940 \u0917\u0924\u093f \u0939\u0948; \u091a\u0947\u0924\u0928\u093e\u0902\u0915\u0928 \u090f\u0915 \u0939\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u0915\u0947 \u092d\u0940\u0924\u0930 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u0940 \u0917\u0924\u093f \u0939\u0948<\/strong>\u0964<\/span>\n <\/p>\n\n <svg class=\"full-diagram\" viewBox=\"0 0 700 300\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"The difference between a transition and an animation\">\n <rect x=\"20\" y=\"14\" width=\"660\" height=\"128\" rx=\"9\" fill=\"#f7fbff\" stroke=\"#1f5fa9\" stroke-width=\"1.6\"\/>\n <rect x=\"20\" y=\"14\" width=\"660\" height=\"20\" rx=\"9\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\"\/><rect x=\"20\" y=\"26\" width=\"660\" height=\"8\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\"\/>\n <text x=\"36\" y=\"28\" font-size=\"10\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#fff\" letter-spacing=\".6\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">TRANSITION \u2014 the move BETWEEN two slides \u00b7 one per slide \u00b7 Transitions tab<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"52\" y=\"48\" width=\"150\" height=\"84\" rx=\"4\" fill=\"#fff\" stroke=\"#adb8c4\" stroke-width=\"1.4\"\/>\n <rect x=\"52\" y=\"48\" width=\"150\" height=\"18\" fill=\"#14243f\"\/>\n <text x=\"62\" y=\"61\" font-size=\"8\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">ATTENDANCE TRENDS<\/text>\n <g fill=\"#2f92d1\"><rect x=\"70\" y=\"100\" width=\"16\" height=\"22\"\/><rect x=\"94\" y=\"92\" width=\"16\" height=\"30\"\/><rect x=\"118\" y=\"84\" width=\"16\" height=\"38\"\/><rect x=\"142\" y=\"88\" width=\"16\" height=\"34\"\/><\/g>\n <line x1=\"64\" y1=\"122\" x2=\"190\" y2=\"122\" stroke=\"#adb8c4\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/>\n <text x=\"127\" y=\"144\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#5a6d80\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Slide 2<\/text>\n\n <defs>\n <marker id=\"tr\" markerWidth=\"10\" markerHeight=\"10\" refX=\"9\" refY=\"3.4\" orient=\"auto\"><path d=\"M0,0 L0,6.8 L9,3.4 z\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\"\/><\/marker>\n <\/defs>\n <g stroke=\"#1f5fa9\" stroke-width=\"2.6\" fill=\"none\">\n <line x1=\"214\" y1=\"90\" x2=\"292\" y2=\"90\" marker-end=\"url(#tr)\"\/>\n <\/g>\n <rect x=\"222\" y=\"60\" width=\"64\" height=\"20\" rx=\"10\" fill=\"#fff\" stroke=\"#1f5fa9\" stroke-width=\"1.4\"\/>\n <text x=\"254\" y=\"74\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Fade \u00b7 Push<\/text>\n <text x=\"254\" y=\"112\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#5a6d80\" font-style=\"italic\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">the whole slide<\/text>\n <text x=\"254\" y=\"124\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#5a6d80\" font-style=\"italic\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">changes at once<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"304\" y=\"48\" width=\"150\" height=\"84\" rx=\"4\" fill=\"#fff\" stroke=\"#adb8c4\" stroke-width=\"1.4\"\/>\n <rect x=\"304\" y=\"48\" width=\"150\" height=\"18\" fill=\"#14243f\"\/>\n <text x=\"314\" y=\"61\" font-size=\"8\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">RESULT ANALYSIS<\/text>\n <g fill=\"#14243f\" opacity=\".3\"><rect x=\"316\" y=\"80\" width=\"120\" height=\"5\"\/><rect x=\"316\" y=\"94\" width=\"98\" height=\"5\"\/><rect x=\"316\" y=\"108\" width=\"110\" height=\"5\"\/><\/g>\n <text x=\"379\" y=\"144\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#5a6d80\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Slide 3<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"480\" y=\"48\" width=\"180\" height=\"84\" rx=\"6\" fill=\"#fff\" stroke=\"#a8c4e4\" stroke-width=\"1.2\"\/>\n <text x=\"494\" y=\"64\" font-size=\"8.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">SETTINGS AVAILABLE<\/text>\n <g font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">\n <text x=\"494\" y=\"80\">Effect Options \u2014 direction<\/text>\n <text x=\"494\" y=\"94\">Duration \u00b7 Sound<\/text>\n <text x=\"494\" y=\"108\">Advance: On Click \/ After time<\/text>\n <text x=\"494\" y=\"122\" font-weight=\"700\">Apply To All<\/text>\n <\/g>\n\n <rect x=\"20\" y=\"156\" width=\"660\" height=\"132\" rx=\"9\" fill=\"#f2fdfa\" stroke=\"#0d8f79\" stroke-width=\"1.6\"\/>\n <rect x=\"20\" y=\"156\" width=\"660\" height=\"20\" rx=\"9\" fill=\"#0d8f79\"\/><rect x=\"20\" y=\"168\" width=\"660\" height=\"8\" fill=\"#0d8f79\"\/>\n <text x=\"36\" y=\"170\" font-size=\"10\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#fff\" letter-spacing=\".6\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">ANIMATION \u2014 the move of an OBJECT WITHIN one slide \u00b7 many per slide \u00b7 Animations tab<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"52\" y=\"190\" width=\"150\" height=\"84\" rx=\"4\" fill=\"#fff\" stroke=\"#adb8c4\" stroke-width=\"1.4\"\/>\n <rect x=\"52\" y=\"190\" width=\"150\" height=\"18\" fill=\"#14243f\"\/>\n <text x=\"62\" y=\"203\" font-size=\"8\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">RESULT ANALYSIS<\/text>\n <rect x=\"64\" y=\"220\" width=\"120\" height=\"5\" rx=\"2\" fill=\"#14243f\" opacity=\".3\"\/>\n <circle cx=\"58\" cy=\"222\" r=\"6\" fill=\"#0d8f79\"\/><text x=\"58\" y=\"225\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">1<\/text>\n <text x=\"127\" y=\"286\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#5a6d80\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">click 1<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"222\" y=\"190\" width=\"150\" height=\"84\" rx=\"4\" fill=\"#fff\" stroke=\"#adb8c4\" stroke-width=\"1.4\"\/>\n <rect x=\"222\" y=\"190\" width=\"150\" height=\"18\" fill=\"#14243f\"\/>\n <text x=\"232\" y=\"203\" font-size=\"8\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">RESULT ANALYSIS<\/text>\n <rect x=\"234\" y=\"220\" width=\"120\" height=\"5\" rx=\"2\" fill=\"#14243f\" opacity=\".3\"\/>\n <rect x=\"234\" y=\"236\" width=\"98\" height=\"5\" rx=\"2\" fill=\"#14243f\" opacity=\".3\"\/>\n <circle cx=\"228\" cy=\"238\" r=\"6\" fill=\"#0d8f79\"\/><text x=\"228\" y=\"241\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">2<\/text>\n <text x=\"297\" y=\"286\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#5a6d80\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">click 2<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"392\" y=\"190\" width=\"150\" height=\"84\" rx=\"4\" fill=\"#fff\" stroke=\"#adb8c4\" stroke-width=\"1.4\"\/>\n <rect x=\"392\" y=\"190\" width=\"150\" height=\"18\" fill=\"#14243f\"\/>\n <text x=\"402\" y=\"203\" font-size=\"8\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">RESULT ANALYSIS<\/text>\n <rect x=\"404\" y=\"220\" width=\"120\" height=\"5\" rx=\"2\" fill=\"#14243f\" opacity=\".3\"\/>\n <rect x=\"404\" y=\"236\" width=\"98\" height=\"5\" rx=\"2\" fill=\"#14243f\" opacity=\".3\"\/>\n <rect x=\"404\" y=\"252\" width=\"110\" height=\"5\" rx=\"2\" fill=\"#14243f\" opacity=\".3\"\/>\n <circle cx=\"398\" cy=\"254\" r=\"6\" fill=\"#0d8f79\"\/><text x=\"398\" y=\"257\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">3<\/text>\n <text x=\"467\" y=\"286\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#5a6d80\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">click 3<\/text>\n\n <g stroke=\"#0d8f79\" stroke-width=\"2\" fill=\"none\">\n <line x1=\"208\" y1=\"232\" x2=\"216\" y2=\"232\" marker-end=\"url(#tr)\" stroke=\"#0d8f79\"\/>\n <line x1=\"378\" y1=\"232\" x2=\"386\" y2=\"232\" marker-end=\"url(#tr)\" stroke=\"#0d8f79\"\/>\n <\/g>\n\n <rect x=\"560\" y=\"190\" width=\"100\" height=\"84\" rx=\"6\" fill=\"#fff\" stroke=\"#a3dbcc\" stroke-width=\"1.2\"\/>\n <text x=\"572\" y=\"205\" font-size=\"8\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#0a6d5c\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">SAME SLIDE<\/text>\n <g font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">\n <text x=\"572\" y=\"221\">Three bullets,<\/text>\n <text x=\"572\" y=\"234\">three animations,<\/text>\n <text x=\"572\" y=\"247\">revealed one at<\/text>\n <text x=\"572\" y=\"260\">a time by the<\/text>\n <text x=\"572\" y=\"270\">speaker.<\/text>\n <\/g>\n <\/svg>\n A slide can carry only one transition but any number of animations, each with its own order and timing.<\/span>\u090f\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0923 \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0941 \u091a\u0947\u0924\u0928\u093e\u0902\u0915\u0928 \u0915\u093f\u0924\u0928\u0947 \u092d\u0940, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u092e\u092f \u0938\u0939\u093f\u0924\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n\n <h4>The four categories of animation<\/span>\u091a\u0947\u0924\u0928\u093e\u0902\u0915\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0936\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0923\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901<\/span><\/h4>\n\n <div class=\"scale-strip\">\n <div class=\"scale-step\">\n GREEN<\/span>\u0939\u0930\u093e<\/span><\/span>\n <h6>Entrance<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0947\u0936<\/span><\/h6>\n The object arrives<\/strong>. Appear, Fade, Fly In, Float In, Wipe, Zoom.<\/span>\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u0906\u0924\u0940<\/strong> \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0905\u092a\u093f\u092f\u0930, \u092b\u093c\u0947\u0921, \u092b\u093c\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0908 \u0907\u0928, \u092b\u093c\u094d\u0932\u094b\u091f \u0907\u0928, \u0935\u093e\u0907\u092a, \u091c\u093c\u0942\u092e\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"scale-step\">\n YELLOW<\/span>\u092a\u0940\u0932\u093e<\/span><\/span>\n <h6>Emphasis<\/span>\u092c\u0932\u093e\u0918\u093e\u0924<\/span><\/h6>\n An object already visible<\/strong> draws attention. Pulse, Spin, Grow, Colour Pulse.<\/span>\u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u0926\u093f\u0916\u0924\u0940<\/strong> \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0928 \u0916\u0940\u0902\u091a\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092a\u0932\u094d\u0938, \u0938\u094d\u092a\u093f\u0928, \u0917\u094d\u0930\u094b, \u0915\u0932\u0930 \u092a\u0932\u094d\u0938\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"scale-step\">\n RED<\/span>\u0932\u093e\u0932<\/span><\/span>\n <h6>Exit<\/span>\u0928\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938<\/span><\/h6>\n The object leaves<\/strong>. Disappear, Fade Out, Fly Out, Shrink.<\/span>\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u091a\u0932\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940<\/strong> \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0921\u093f\u0938\u0905\u092a\u093f\u092f\u0930, \u092b\u093c\u0947\u0921 \u0906\u0909\u091f, \u092b\u093c\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0908 \u0906\u0909\u091f, \u0936\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0902\u0915\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"scale-step\">\n PATH<\/span>\u092a\u0925<\/span><\/span>\n <h6>Motion Path<\/span>\u0917\u0924\u093f-\u092a\u0925<\/span><\/h6>\n The object travels along a drawn route<\/strong>. Line, Arc, Turn, Loop, Custom.<\/span>\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u0916\u0940\u0902\u091a\u0947 \u0917\u090f \u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0917 \u092a\u0930 \u091a\u0932\u0924\u0940<\/strong> \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0932\u093e\u0907\u0928, \u0906\u0930\u094d\u0915, \u091f\u0930\u094d\u0928, \u0932\u0942\u092a, \u0915\u0938\u094d\u091f\u092e\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"callout teal\">\n <div class=\"callout-label\">\u23f1\ufe0f The Animation Pane and the three start options<\/span>\u23f1\ufe0f \u091a\u0947\u0924\u0928\u093e\u0902\u0915\u0928 \u092b\u0932\u0915 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0924\u0940\u0928 \u0906\u0930\u0902\u092d-\u0935\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a<\/span><\/div>\n The Animation Pane<\/strong> lists every animation on the slide in the order it will run, and allows each to be reordered, retimed or removed. Each carries one of three start settings, and questions turn on the difference:<\/span>\n \u091a\u0947\u0924\u0928\u093e\u0902\u0915\u0928 \u092b\u0932\u0915<\/strong> \u0938\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u091a\u0947\u0924\u0928\u093e\u0902\u0915\u0928 \u0915\u094b \u0909\u0938\u0940 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0940\u092c\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u0939 \u091a\u0932\u0947\u0917\u093e, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0915\u093e \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e, \u0938\u092e\u092f \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0928\u0947 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0939\u091f\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u092a\u0930 \u0924\u0940\u0928 \u0906\u0930\u0902\u092d-\u0938\u0947\u091f\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u090f\u0915 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u0909\u0938\u0940 \u092d\u0947\u0926 \u092a\u0930 \u091f\u093f\u0915\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902:<\/span>\n <ul class=\"split-list\" style=\"margin-top:8px;\">\n <li>1<\/span>On Click<\/strong> \u2014 waits for the speaker. The right choice when each point is to be discussed before the next appears.<\/span>\u0911\u0928 \u0915\u094d\u0932\u093f\u0915<\/strong> \u2014 \u0935\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0924\u092c \u0909\u092a\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u091c\u092c \u0905\u0917\u0932\u093e \u092c\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0941 \u0906\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u092a\u0930 \u091a\u0930\u094d\u091a\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0940 \u0939\u094b\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n <li>2<\/span>With Previous<\/strong> \u2014 runs at the same time<\/em> as the animation before it, so two objects move together.<\/span>\u0935\u093f\u0926 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0935\u093f\u092f\u0938<\/strong> \u2014 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u091a\u0947\u0924\u0928\u093e\u0902\u0915\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0939\u0940<\/em> \u091a\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0926\u094b \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u090f\u0901 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0939\u093f\u0932\u0947\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n <li>3<\/span>After Previous<\/strong> \u2014 runs automatically once the one before it has finished<\/em>, with no click. This is how a self-running display is built.<\/span>\u0906\u092b\u093c\u094d\u091f\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0935\u093f\u092f\u0938<\/strong> \u2014 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0924\u0903<\/em> \u091a\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0915\u094d\u0932\u093f\u0915\u0964 \u0938\u094d\u0935-\u091a\u093e\u0932\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u0928 \u0907\u0938\u0940 \u0930\u0940\u0924\u093f \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0928\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n <li>4<\/span>Duration<\/strong> sets how long the effect takes and Delay<\/strong> how long it waits before starting. The Animation Painter<\/strong> copies a whole animation setting from one object to another, exactly as the Format Painter copies formatting.<\/span>\u0921\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0930\u0947\u0936\u0928<\/strong> \u0924\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935 \u0915\u093f\u0924\u0928\u093e \u0938\u092e\u092f \u0932\u0947 \u0914\u0930 \u0921\u093f\u0932\u0947<\/strong> \u0915\u093f \u0906\u0930\u0902\u092d \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u0915\u093f\u0924\u0928\u093e \u0930\u0941\u0915\u0947\u0964 \u0910\u0928\u093f\u092e\u0947\u0936\u0928 \u092a\u0947\u0902\u091f\u0930<\/strong> \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u091a\u0947\u0924\u0928\u093e\u0902\u0915\u0928-\u0938\u0947\u091f\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u090f\u0915 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u0938\u0947 \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u0940 \u092a\u0930 \u0932\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0920\u0940\u0915 \u0935\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u092b\u093c\u0949\u0930\u094d\u092e\u0948\u091f \u092a\u0947\u0902\u091f\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u0942\u092a\u0923 \u0932\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n\n <hr class=\"section-divider\">\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d5-6\">\n 5.6<\/span>\n <h3>Slide Show, Rehearsal and Presenter View<\/span>\u0938\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u0936\u094b, \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u092d\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0926\u0943\u0936\u094d\u092f<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n <svg class=\"full-diagram\" viewBox=\"0 0 700 268\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Presenter view on the speaker's screen against the audience projection\">\n <text x=\"24\" y=\"20\" font-size=\"10\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#5a6d80\" letter-spacing=\".5\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">WHAT THE AUDIENCE SEES \u2014 the projector<\/text>\n <rect x=\"24\" y=\"30\" width=\"266\" height=\"150\" rx=\"4\" fill=\"#fff\" stroke=\"#14243f\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\n <rect x=\"24\" y=\"30\" width=\"266\" height=\"30\" fill=\"#14243f\"\/>\n <text x=\"40\" y=\"50\" font-size=\"12\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"Georgia, serif\">Attendance Trends, 2023 \u2013 2026<\/text>\n <line x1=\"60\" y1=\"158\" x2=\"270\" y2=\"158\" stroke=\"#adb8c4\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/>\n <g fill=\"#2f92d1\"><rect x=\"76\" y=\"122\" width=\"26\" height=\"36\"\/><rect x=\"116\" y=\"112\" width=\"26\" height=\"46\"\/><rect x=\"156\" y=\"100\" width=\"26\" height=\"58\"\/><rect x=\"196\" y=\"92\" width=\"26\" height=\"66\"\/><\/g>\n <rect x=\"236\" y=\"82\" width=\"26\" height=\"76\" fill=\"#0d8f79\"\/>\n <text x=\"157\" y=\"196\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#5a6d80\" font-style=\"italic\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">the slide alone, filling the screen<\/text>\n\n <text x=\"330\" y=\"20\" font-size=\"10\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#c9760f\" letter-spacing=\".5\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">WHAT THE SPEAKER SEES \u2014 Presenter View on the laptop<\/text>\n <rect x=\"330\" y=\"30\" width=\"346\" height=\"206\" rx=\"5\" fill=\"#2b2b2b\" stroke=\"#14243f\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\n\n <rect x=\"342\" y=\"42\" width=\"196\" height=\"110\" rx=\"3\" fill=\"#fff\"\/>\n <rect x=\"342\" y=\"42\" width=\"196\" height=\"22\" fill=\"#14243f\"\/>\n <text x=\"352\" y=\"57\" font-size=\"8.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"Georgia, serif\">Attendance Trends, 2023 \u2013 2026<\/text>\n <line x1=\"360\" y1=\"138\" x2=\"522\" y2=\"138\" stroke=\"#adb8c4\" stroke-width=\".8\"\/>\n <g fill=\"#2f92d1\"><rect x=\"372\" y=\"114\" width=\"18\" height=\"24\"\/><rect x=\"400\" y=\"107\" width=\"18\" height=\"31\"\/><rect x=\"428\" y=\"98\" width=\"18\" height=\"40\"\/><rect x=\"456\" y=\"93\" width=\"18\" height=\"45\"\/><\/g>\n <rect x=\"484\" y=\"86\" width=\"18\" height=\"52\" fill=\"#0d8f79\"\/>\n <text x=\"440\" y=\"164\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#c9daf0\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">current slide<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"550\" y=\"42\" width=\"114\" height=\"64\" rx=\"3\" fill=\"#fff\" opacity=\".92\"\/>\n <rect x=\"550\" y=\"42\" width=\"114\" height=\"14\" fill=\"#14243f\"\/>\n <text x=\"557\" y=\"52\" font-size=\"6\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">RESULT ANALYSIS<\/text>\n <g fill=\"#14243f\" opacity=\".3\"><rect x=\"558\" y=\"68\" width=\"86\" height=\"4\"\/><rect x=\"558\" y=\"79\" width=\"70\" height=\"4\"\/><rect x=\"558\" y=\"90\" width=\"78\" height=\"4\"\/><\/g>\n <text x=\"607\" y=\"118\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#c9daf0\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">next slide<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"550\" y=\"128\" width=\"114\" height=\"42\" rx=\"4\" fill=\"#3a3a3a\" stroke=\"#5a5a5a\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/>\n <text x=\"607\" y=\"146\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"15\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#8ee0c8\" font-family=\"JetBrains Mono, monospace\">04:17<\/text>\n <text x=\"607\" y=\"160\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7\" fill=\"#adb8c4\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">elapsed \u00b7 slide 2 of 12<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"342\" y=\"176\" width=\"322\" height=\"48\" rx=\"4\" fill=\"#3a3a3a\" stroke=\"#5a5a5a\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/>\n <text x=\"352\" y=\"190\" font-size=\"7\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#ffd970\" letter-spacing=\".5\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">SPEAKER NOTES<\/text>\n <g font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#e4e8ee\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">\n <text x=\"352\" y=\"204\">Mention the mid-day meal effect on class VI. Keep to 90 seconds \u2014 the<\/text>\n <text x=\"352\" y=\"216\">infrastructure slide needs the remaining time.<\/text>\n <\/g>\n <text x=\"503\" y=\"248\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#5a6d80\" font-style=\"italic\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">notes, timing and the slide ahead \u2014 none of it visible to the audience<\/text>\n <\/svg>\n Presenter View requires two displays. It appears automatically when a projector is connected, and can be switched off from the Slide Show tab.<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0926\u0943\u0936\u094d\u092f \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0926\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936 \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f\u0964 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u092a\u0915 \u091c\u0941\u0921\u093c\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u092f\u0939 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0924\u0903 \u0906 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 Slide Show \u091f\u0948\u092c \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0902\u0926 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n\n <div class=\"feat-grid\">\n <div class=\"feat-card\">1<\/span>Running the show<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u0928 \u091a\u0932\u093e\u0928\u093e<\/span><\/strong><kbd>F5<\/kbd> starts from the first slide, <kbd>Shift<\/kbd>+<kbd>F5<\/kbd> from the slide currently open. During the show, click, Space, N or the right arrow<\/strong> advance; Backspace, P or the left arrow<\/strong> go back; typing a slide number and pressing Enter<\/strong> jumps straight to it; and <kbd>Esc<\/kbd> ends the show.<\/span><kbd>F5<\/kbd> \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u0938\u0947 \u0906\u0930\u0902\u092d \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, <kbd>Shift<\/kbd>+<kbd>F5<\/kbd> \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0916\u0941\u0932\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u0938\u0947\u0964 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u094c\u0930\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u094d\u0932\u093f\u0915, \u0938\u094d\u092a\u0947\u0938, N \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0926\u093e\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u0924\u0940\u0930<\/strong> \u0906\u0917\u0947 \u092c\u0922\u093c\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902; \u092c\u0948\u0915\u0938\u094d\u092a\u0947\u0938, P \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u092c\u093e\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u0924\u0940\u0930<\/strong> \u092a\u0940\u091b\u0947 \u0932\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902; \u0938\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0921-\u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u091f\u0902\u0915\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930 \u090f\u0902\u091f\u0930<\/strong> \u0926\u092c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0940\u0927\u0947 \u0935\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948; \u0924\u0925\u093e <kbd>Esc<\/kbd> \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u0928 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"feat-card\">2<\/span>Blanking the screen<\/span>\u092a\u0930\u094d\u0926\u093e \u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e<\/span><\/strong>Pressing <kbd>B<\/kbd> turns the screen black<\/strong> and <kbd>W<\/kbd> turns it white<\/strong>; pressing the same key again restores the slide. This is how attention is brought back to the speaker during a discussion, and it is a frequently asked pair.<\/span><kbd>B<\/kbd> \u0926\u092c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u094d\u0926\u093e \u0915\u093e\u0932\u093e<\/strong> \u0924\u0925\u093e <kbd>W<\/kbd> \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u092b\u093c\u0947\u0926<\/strong> \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948; \u0935\u0939\u0940 \u0915\u0941\u0902\u091c\u0940 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0903 \u0926\u092c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u0932\u094c\u091f \u0906\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u091a\u0930\u094d\u091a\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u094c\u0930\u093e\u0928 \u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0928 \u0935\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093e \u092a\u0930 \u0932\u094c\u091f\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u092f\u0939\u0940 \u0930\u0940\u0924\u093f \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u092f\u0939 \u092f\u0941\u0917\u094d\u092e \u092c\u093e\u0930-\u092c\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u0942\u091b\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"feat-card\">3<\/span>Pointer and ink<\/span>\u0938\u0902\u0915\u0947\u0924\u0915 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0939\u0940<\/span><\/strong>The pointer can become a laser<\/strong>, a pen<\/strong> or a highlighter<\/strong> during the show. Marks made with the pen are ink annotations<\/strong>, and on ending the show there is an option to keep or discard<\/strong> them \u2014 a small feature of real use when a diagram is annotated while teaching.<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u094c\u0930\u093e\u0928 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0947\u0924\u0915 \u0932\u0947\u091c\u093c\u0930<\/strong>, \u0915\u0932\u092e<\/strong> \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0939\u093e\u0907\u0932\u093e\u0907\u091f\u0930<\/strong> \u092c\u0928 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0915\u0932\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u093f\u090f \u091a\u093f\u0939\u094d\u0928 \u0938\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0939\u0940-\u091f\u093f\u092a\u094d\u092a\u0923\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901<\/strong> \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u0928 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u092f \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u0930\u0916\u0928\u0947 \u092f\u093e \u091b\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0928\u0947<\/strong> \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u094c\u0930\u093e\u0928 \u0906\u0930\u0947\u0916 \u092a\u0930 \u091f\u093f\u092a\u094d\u092a\u0923\u0940 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u092f \u092f\u0939 \u091b\u094b\u091f\u0940 \u0938\u0941\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093e \u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u093e\u092e \u0915\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"feat-card\">4<\/span>Rehearse Timings<\/span>\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u092d\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938-\u0938\u092e\u092f<\/span><\/strong>Runs the show while recording how long is spent on each slide<\/strong>. The recorded timings can then advance the slides automatically. Record Slide Show<\/strong> goes further and captures narration and ink as well.<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u0928 \u091a\u0932\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0939\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u092a\u0930 \u0932\u0917\u093e \u0938\u092e\u092f \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0932\u093f\u0916\u093f\u0924<\/strong> \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092b\u093f\u0930 \u0935\u0939\u0940 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0932\u093f\u0916\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u092e\u092f \u0938\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0921\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0924\u0903 \u0906\u0917\u0947 \u092c\u0922\u093c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 Record Slide Show<\/strong> \u0907\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0906\u0917\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0915\u0930 \u0915\u0925\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0939\u0940 \u092d\u0940 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0932\u093f\u0916\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"feat-card\">5<\/span>Set Up Slide Show<\/span>\u0938\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u0936\u094b \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902<\/span><\/strong>Three modes: presented by a speaker<\/strong> (full screen, the normal case), browsed by an individual<\/strong> (in a window), and browsed at a kiosk<\/strong> (full screen and looping continuously<\/strong>) \u2014 the setting for an unattended display at an exhibition or in a school foyer.<\/span>\u0924\u0940\u0928 \u0935\u093f\u0927\u093e\u090f\u0901: \u0935\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924<\/strong> (\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u092a\u0930\u094d\u0926\u093e, \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f), \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0916\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0928\u093e<\/strong> (\u0935\u093f\u0902\u0921\u094b \u092e\u0947\u0902), \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0915\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0938\u094d\u0915 \u092a\u0930 \u0926\u0947\u0916\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0928\u093e<\/strong> (\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u092a\u0930\u094d\u0926\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0924\u0924 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u093e\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f<\/strong>) \u2014 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u0928\u0940 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0947\u0936-\u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0917\u0930\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u0928 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u092f\u0939\u0940 \u0938\u0947\u091f\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"feat-card\">6<\/span>Printing and exporting<\/span>\u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0923 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0924<\/span><\/strong>Printing offers full-page slides, notes pages, an outline, or handouts<\/strong> at 1, 2, 3, 4, 6 or 9 slides per page. The 3-per-page handout carries ruled lines beside each slide<\/strong> for the audience to write on \u2014 the layout to choose for a training session. The deck can also be exported as PDF or as a video<\/strong>.<\/span>\u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0923 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923-\u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u0938\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0921, \u0928\u094b\u091f\u094d\u0938 \u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920, \u0930\u0942\u092a\u0930\u0947\u0916\u093e, \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0921\u0906\u0909\u091f<\/strong> \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u2014 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f \u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920 1, 2, 3, 4, 6 \u092f\u093e 9 \u0938\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0921\u0964 3-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f-\u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0921\u0906\u0909\u091f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0917\u0932 \u0930\u0947\u0916\u093e\u0902\u0915\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901<\/strong> \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u091c\u093f\u0928 \u092a\u0930 \u0936\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0932\u093f\u0916 \u0938\u0915\u0947\u0902 \u2014 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923-\u0938\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u092f\u0939\u0940 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938 \u091a\u0941\u0928\u0947\u0902\u0964 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924\u093f PDF \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0935\u0940\u0921\u093f\u092f\u094b<\/strong> \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092d\u0940 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0924 \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <hr class=\"section-divider\">\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d5-7\">\n 5.7<\/span>\n <h3>Principles of Effective Presentation Design<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924\u093f-\u0905\u092d\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n \n The commands in the preceding sections say what the software can<\/em> do. This section says what it should<\/em> do, and the reasoning is not aesthetic but cognitive<\/strong>: an audience has a limited working memory, and a slide that competes with the speaker for that memory reduces learning rather than aiding it. The principles below rest on Mayer's research into multimedia learning, which recurs in the Pedagogy paper.<\/span>\n \u092a\u093f\u091b\u0932\u0947 \u092d\u093e\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0906\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u092c\u0924\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0915\u093f \u0938\u0949\u092b\u093c\u094d\u091f\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e<\/em> \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u092d\u093e\u0917 \u092c\u0924\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f<\/em>, \u0914\u0930 \u0924\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0938\u094c\u0902\u0926\u0930\u094d\u092f\u092a\u0930\u0915 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0938\u0902\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915<\/strong> \u0939\u0948: \u0936\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u092e\u0943\u0924\u093f \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u091c\u094b \u0938\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u0909\u0938 \u0938\u094d\u092e\u0943\u0924\u093f \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0935\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0938\u094d\u092a\u0930\u094d\u0927\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0947 \u0935\u0939 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0939\u093e\u092f\u0924\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0915\u092e\u0940 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0928\u0940\u091a\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924 \u092e\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0939\u0941\u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0940 \u0936\u094b\u0927 \u092a\u0930 \u091f\u093f\u0915\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u091c\u094b \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928-\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0903 \u0906\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\n <\/p>\n\n <div class=\"pc-grid\">\n <div class=\"pc-panel con\">\n <div class=\"pc-head\">\u2717<\/span>What makes a slide fail<\/span>\u0938\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u092b\u0932 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n <ul>\n <li>Paragraphs of text.<\/strong> The audience reads and stops listening, because reading and listening compete for the same channel<\/span>\u092a\u093e\u0920 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u091a\u094d\u091b\u0947\u0926\u0964<\/strong> \u0936\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0924\u093e \u092a\u0922\u093c\u0928\u0947 \u0932\u0917\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0941\u0928\u0928\u093e \u092c\u0902\u0926 \u0915\u0930 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u092a\u0922\u093c\u0928\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0941\u0928\u0928\u093e \u090f\u0915 \u0939\u0940 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0938\u094d\u092a\u0930\u094d\u0927\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902<\/span><\/li>\n <li>The speaker reading the slide aloud.<\/strong> This is the redundancy effect<\/em>, and it measurably lowers retention<\/span>\u0935\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u092a\u0922\u093c\u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0941\u0928\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0964<\/strong> \u092f\u0939 \u0905\u0924\u093f\u0930\u0947\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935<\/em> \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u092f\u0939 \u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923-\u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e\u0924\u093e \u092e\u093e\u092a\u0928\u0940\u092f \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0918\u091f\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/li>\n <li>Decorative images, background music and heavy animation<\/strong> that carry no information \u2014 the coherence<\/em> principle says every element that does not teach, distracts<\/span>\u0938\u091c\u093e\u0935\u091f\u0940 \u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930, \u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920\u092d\u0942\u092e\u093f-\u0938\u0902\u0917\u0940\u0924 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u091a\u0947\u0924\u0928\u093e\u0902\u0915\u0928<\/strong> \u091c\u094b \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0928 \u0926\u0947\u0902 \u2014 \u0938\u0902\u0917\u0924\u093f<\/em> \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924 \u0915\u0939\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u091c\u094b \u0924\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u0938\u093f\u0916\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0935\u0939 \u092d\u091f\u0915\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/li>\n <li>Body text below 24 points<\/strong>, which is unreadable from the back of a hall<\/span>24 \u092a\u0949\u0907\u0902\u091f \u0938\u0947 \u091b\u094b\u091f\u093e \u092e\u0942\u0932 \u092a\u093e\u0920<\/strong>, \u091c\u094b \u0938\u092d\u093e\u0917\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0940\u091b\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0922\u093c\u093e \u0939\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e<\/span><\/li>\n <li>Red text on a green background<\/strong> or any similar pairing, invisible to a colour-blind viewer<\/span>\u0939\u0930\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u0932\u093e\u0932 \u092a\u093e\u0920<\/strong> \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u092d\u0940 \u0910\u0938\u093e \u092f\u0941\u0917\u094d\u092e, \u091c\u094b \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0923\u093e\u0902\u0927 \u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u0915 \u0915\u094b \u0926\u093f\u0916\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902<\/span><\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"pc-panel pro\">\n <div class=\"pc-head\">\u2713<\/span>What makes a slide work<\/span>\u0938\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u092e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n <ul>\n <li>One idea per slide<\/strong>, and the 6\u00d76 guide<\/strong> \u2014 at most about six bullets of about six words<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f \u0938\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u090f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u091a\u093e\u0930<\/strong>, \u0924\u0925\u093e 6\u00d76 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936<\/strong> \u2014 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u0924\u092e \u0932\u0917\u092d\u0917 \u091b\u0939 \u092c\u0941\u0932\u0947\u091f, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0932\u0917\u092d\u0917 \u091b\u0939 \u0936\u092c\u094d\u0926\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e<\/span><\/li>\n <li>A title that states a claim<\/strong>, not a label. \"Attendance rose nine points in three years\" teaches; \"Attendance\" does not<\/span>\u0910\u0938\u093e \u0936\u0940\u0930\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u091c\u094b \u0926\u093e\u0935\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0947<\/strong>, \u0928\u093e\u092e \u092d\u0930 \u0928 \u0939\u094b\u0964 \"\u0924\u0940\u0928 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u092a\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u0928\u094c \u0905\u0902\u0915 \u092c\u0922\u093c\u0940\" \u0938\u093f\u0916\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948; \"\u0909\u092a\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f\" \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902<\/span><\/li>\n <li>A graph rather than a table of figures<\/strong>, since shape is grasped faster than number<\/span>\u0905\u0902\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u093e\u0930\u0923\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u091c\u093e\u092f \u0906\u0932\u0947\u0916<\/strong>, \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u0906\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u0936\u0940\u0918\u094d\u0930 \u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939\u0923 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/li>\n <li>Labels placed next to what they describe<\/strong>, not gathered in a legend far away \u2014 the spatial contiguity<\/em> principle<\/span>\u0928\u093e\u092e \u0935\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0930\u0916\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0935\u0947 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0923\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902<\/strong>, \u0926\u0942\u0930 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0932\u0947\u091c\u0947\u0902\u0921 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u090f\u0915\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u2014 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0928\u094d\u0928\u093f\u0915\u091f\u0924\u093e<\/em> \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924<\/span><\/li>\n <li>Detail moved to the notes pane and the handout<\/strong>, where it can be read at leisure, leaving the slide clear<\/span>\u0935\u093f\u0935\u0930\u0923 \u0928\u094b\u091f\u094d\u0938 \u092b\u0932\u0915 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0921\u0906\u0909\u091f \u092e\u0947\u0902<\/strong> \u0932\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u090f, \u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0905\u0935\u0915\u093e\u0936 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0922\u093c\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0947, \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u091a\u094d\u091b \u0930\u0939\u0947<\/span><\/li>\n <li>Consistency imposed through the Slide Master<\/strong>, so no attention is spent on a shifting design<\/span>\u0938\u0902\u0917\u0924\u093f \u0938\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u092e\u093e\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0930 \u0938\u0947 \u0932\u093e\u0917\u0942<\/strong> \u0915\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u090f, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0924\u0947 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a \u092a\u0930 \u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0928 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u092f \u0928 \u0939\u094b<\/span><\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"enrich-box\">\n Cross-paper link \u2014 Mayer's multimedia principles<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928-\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927 \u2014 \u092e\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0939\u0941\u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924<\/span><\/span>\n <div class=\"abbr-grid\" style=\"margin-bottom:0;\">\n <table>\n <thead><tr><th>Principle<\/span>\u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924<\/span><\/th><th>What it holds<\/span>\u092f\u0939 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0939\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/th><\/tr><\/thead>\n <tbody>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">Coherence<\/span>\u0938\u0902\u0917\u0924\u093f<\/span><\/td><td>Remove whatever does not serve the point.<\/span>\u091c\u094b \u092c\u093e\u0924 \u0915\u094b \u0928 \u0938\u093e\u0927\u0947, \u0939\u091f\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">Signalling<\/span>\u0938\u0902\u0915\u0947\u0924\u0928<\/span><\/td><td>Mark what matters \u2014 a highlight, an arrow.<\/span>\u091c\u094b \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0939\u094b \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u091a\u093f\u0939\u094d\u0928\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902 \u2014 \u0909\u092d\u093e\u0930, \u0924\u0940\u0930\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">Redundancy<\/span>\u0905\u0924\u093f\u0930\u0947\u0915<\/span><\/td><td>Do not narrate text the audience is reading.<\/span>\u091c\u094b \u092a\u093e\u0920 \u0936\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0924\u093e \u092a\u0922\u093c \u0930\u0939\u0947 \u0939\u094b\u0902, \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u092c\u094b\u0932\u0915\u0930 \u0928 \u0938\u0941\u0928\u093e\u090f\u0901\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">Segmenting<\/span>\u0916\u0902\u0921\u0928<\/span><\/td><td>Break the material into speaker-paced parts.<\/span>\u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u094b \u0935\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093e-\u0917\u0924\u093f \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u092d\u093e\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0924\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0947\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <\/tbody>\n <\/table>\n <table>\n <thead><tr><th>Principle<\/span>\u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924<\/span><\/th><th>What it holds<\/span>\u092f\u0939 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0939\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/th><\/tr><\/thead>\n <tbody>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">Spatial contiguity<\/span>\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0928\u094d\u0928\u093f\u0915\u091f\u0924\u093e<\/span><\/td><td>Keep a label beside its picture.<\/span>\u0928\u093e\u092e \u0915\u094b \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u0938 \u0930\u0916\u0947\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">Temporal contiguity<\/span>\u0915\u093e\u0932\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0928\u094d\u0928\u093f\u0915\u091f\u0924\u093e<\/span><\/td><td>Show the image while speaking of it.<\/span>\u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u091a\u0930\u094d\u091a\u093e \u0939\u094b, \u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0924\u092d\u0940 \u0926\u093f\u0916\u093e\u090f\u0901\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">Modality<\/span>\u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e\u093f\u0915\u0924\u093e<\/span><\/td><td>Picture with spoken words beats picture with written ones.<\/span>\u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u092c\u094b\u0932\u0947 \u0936\u092c\u094d\u0926, \u0932\u093f\u0916\u0947 \u0936\u092c\u094d\u0926\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0947\u0939\u0924\u0930 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">Personalisation<\/span>\u0935\u0948\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0915\u0930\u0923<\/span><\/td><td>Conversational wording aids learning.<\/span>\u0938\u0902\u0935\u093e\u0926\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0936\u092c\u094d\u0926\u093e\u0935\u0932\u0940 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0939\u093e\u092f\u0915 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <\/tbody>\n <\/table>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <hr class=\"section-divider\">\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d5-8\">\n 5.8<\/span>\n <h3>Presentation Shortcut Keys<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0940 \u0936\u0949\u0930\u094d\u091f\u0915\u091f \u0915\u0941\u0902\u091c\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"abbr-grid\">\n <table>\n <thead><tr><th>Editing<\/span>\u0938\u0902\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0928<\/span><\/th><th>Action<\/span>\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e<\/span><\/th><\/tr><\/thead>\n <tbody>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">Ctrl + M<\/td><td>Insert a new slide<\/strong><\/span>\u0928\u0908 \u0938\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u0921\u093e\u0932\u0947\u0902<\/strong><\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">Ctrl + D<\/td><td>Duplicate the selected slide or object<\/span>\u091a\u092f\u0928\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0932\u093f\u092a\u093f<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">Ctrl + K<\/td><td>Insert a hyperlink<\/span>\u0939\u093e\u0907\u092a\u0930\u0932\u093f\u0902\u0915 \u0921\u093e\u0932\u0947\u0902<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">Ctrl + G \u00b7 Ctrl + Shift + G<\/td><td>Group \u00b7 ungroup objects<\/span>\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u090f\u0901 \u0938\u092e\u0942\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u00b7 \u0905\u0938\u092e\u0942\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">Tab<\/td><td>Move to the next placeholder or object<\/span>\u0905\u0917\u0932\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928-\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0915 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u092a\u0930 \u091c\u093e\u090f\u0901<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">Tab \u00b7 Shift + Tab in a list<\/span>\u0938\u0942\u091a\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902<\/span><\/td><td>Demote \u00b7 promote a bullet level<\/span>\u092c\u0941\u0932\u0947\u091f-\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0928\u0940\u091a\u0947 \u00b7 \u090a\u092a\u0930 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <\/tbody>\n <\/table>\n <table>\n <thead><tr><th>During the slide show<\/span>\u0938\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u0936\u094b \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u094c\u0930\u093e\u0928<\/span><\/th><th>Action<\/span>\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e<\/span><\/th><\/tr><\/thead>\n <tbody>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">F5 \u00b7 Shift + F5<\/td><td>Start from the beginning \u00b7 from this slide<\/strong><\/span>\u0906\u0930\u0902\u092d \u0938\u0947 \u00b7 \u0907\u0938\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u0938\u0947 \u0906\u0930\u0902\u092d \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902<\/strong><\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">N \u00b7 Space \u00b7 \u2192<\/td><td>Next slide or next animation<\/span>\u0905\u0917\u0932\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0905\u0917\u0932\u093e \u091a\u0947\u0924\u0928\u093e\u0902\u0915\u0928<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">P \u00b7 Backspace \u00b7 \u2190<\/td><td>Previous slide or animation<\/span>\u092a\u093f\u091b\u0932\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u091a\u0947\u0924\u0928\u093e\u0902\u0915\u0928<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">number + Enter<\/span>\u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e + Enter<\/span><\/td><td>Jump directly to that slide<\/span>\u0938\u0940\u0927\u0947 \u0909\u0938\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u092a\u0930 \u091c\u093e\u090f\u0901<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">B \u00b7 W<\/td><td>Black screen \u00b7 white screen<\/strong><\/span>\u0915\u093e\u0932\u093e \u092a\u0930\u094d\u0926\u093e \u00b7 \u0938\u092b\u093c\u0947\u0926 \u092a\u0930\u094d\u0926\u093e<\/strong><\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">Ctrl + P \u00b7 Ctrl + A<\/td><td>Pen pointer \u00b7 arrow pointer<\/span>\u0915\u0932\u092e \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0947\u0924\u0915 \u00b7 \u0924\u0940\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0947\u0924\u0915<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">Esc<\/td><td>End the slide show<\/span>\u0938\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u0936\u094b \u0938\u092e\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <\/tbody>\n <\/table>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"mcq-box\">\n <div class=\"mcq-title\">\n Practice<\/span>\u0905\u092d\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938<\/span><\/span>\n Questions on presentations<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928<\/span><\/span>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"mcq-note\">Objective questions in the pattern of the examination. Click to reveal the answer and its explanation.<\/span>\u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u0930 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928\u0964 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0916\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u094d\u0932\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u0940\u091c\u093f\u090f\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <details class=\"mcq-q\">\n <summary>48<\/span>To place the school emblem so that it appears on every slide of a presentation, it should be inserted in the:<\/span><\/summary>\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\n <li>(a) First slide<\/li>\n <li>(b) Slide Master<\/li>\n <li>(c) Notes Page<\/li>\n <li>(d) Handout Master<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\">(b) Slide Master<\/b> Anything placed on the Slide Master appears on every slide and can be repositioned for all of them at once. The Handout Master governs only printed handouts, and inserting on the first slide affects that slide alone.<\/span>\u0938\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u092e\u093e\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u0930\u0916\u0940 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u092a\u0930 \u0906\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u092c\u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0903\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0940 \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0921\u0906\u0909\u091f \u092e\u093e\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0930 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0921\u0906\u0909\u091f \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u092a\u0930 \u0921\u093e\u0932\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0935\u0939\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\u00a75.3<\/span><\/div>\n <\/details>\n <details class=\"mcq-q\">\n <summary>49<\/span>The effect applied to control how one slide replaces another is called a:<\/span><\/summary>\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\n <li>(a) Animation<\/li>\n <li>(b) Transition<\/li>\n <li>(c) Motion path<\/li>\n <li>(d) Trigger<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\">(b) Transition<\/b> A transition acts between slides, and a slide may carry only one. An animation acts on an object within a slide, and a slide may carry many. A motion path is one of the four categories of animation.<\/span>\u0938\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0923 \u0938\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0921\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u0932\u0917\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u090f\u0915 \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u091a\u0947\u0924\u0928\u093e\u0902\u0915\u0928 \u0938\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u0915\u0947 \u092d\u0940\u0924\u0930 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u092a\u0930 \u0932\u0917\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u092a\u0930 \u0905\u0928\u0947\u0915 \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0917\u0924\u093f-\u092a\u0925 \u091a\u0947\u0924\u0928\u093e\u0902\u0915\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0936\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0923\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u090f\u0915 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\u00a75.5<\/span><\/div>\n <\/details>\n <details class=\"mcq-q\">\n <summary>50<\/span>Which view displays all the slides of a presentation as thumbnails on one screen for reordering?<\/span><\/summary>\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\n <li>(a) Normal view<\/li>\n <li>(b) Outline view<\/li>\n <li>(c) Slide Sorter view<\/li>\n <li>(d) Reading view<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\">(c) Slide Sorter view<\/b> Slide Sorter is used to reorder, duplicate, delete and hide slides and to apply transitions to several at once. Outline view shows only the text of the placeholders, and Normal view shows one slide at a time.<\/span>\u0938\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u0938\u0949\u0930\u094d\u091f\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0921\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0928\u0947, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0932\u093f\u092a\u093f \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0928\u0947, \u092e\u093f\u091f\u093e\u0928\u0947, \u091b\u093f\u092a\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0905\u0928\u0947\u0915 \u092a\u0930 \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0923 \u0932\u0917\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0906\u0909\u091f\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u0926\u0943\u0936\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928-\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u093e\u0920 \u0926\u093f\u0916\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0926\u0943\u0936\u094d\u092f \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u092e\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0921\u0964<\/span>\u00a75.1<\/span><\/div>\n <\/details>\n <details class=\"mcq-q\">\n <summary>51<\/span>During a slide show, pressing the B key will:<\/span><\/summary>\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\n <li>(a) Move to the beginning<\/li>\n <li>(b) Turn the screen black<\/li>\n <li>(c) Make the text bold<\/li>\n <li>(d) End the show<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\">(b) Turn the screen black<\/b> Pressing B again restores the slide, and W does the same in white. This is used to return the audience's attention to the speaker during a discussion. Esc ends the show.<\/span>B \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0903 \u0926\u092c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u0932\u094c\u091f \u0906\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u0925\u093e W \u0935\u0939\u0940 \u0915\u093e\u092e \u0938\u092b\u093c\u0947\u0926 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u091a\u0930\u094d\u091a\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u094c\u0930\u093e\u0928 \u0936\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0924\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0928 \u0935\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093e \u092a\u0930 \u0932\u094c\u091f\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 Esc \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u0928 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\u00a75.6<\/span><\/div>\n <\/details>\n <details class=\"mcq-q\">\n <summary>52<\/span>An animation set to start \"After Previous\" will:<\/span><\/summary>\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\n <li>(a) Wait for a mouse click<\/li>\n <li>(b) Run at the same time as the animation before it<\/li>\n <li>(c) Run automatically when the animation before it finishes<\/li>\n <li>(d) Run only on the last slide<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\">(c) Run automatically when the animation before it finishes<\/b> \"On Click\" waits for the speaker and \"With Previous\" runs simultaneously with the preceding effect. \"After Previous\" is what makes a self-running presentation possible without any clicking.<\/span>\"\u0911\u0928 \u0915\u094d\u0932\u093f\u0915\" \u0935\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0924\u0925\u093e \"\u0935\u093f\u0926 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0935\u093f\u092f\u0938\" \u092a\u093f\u091b\u0932\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925-\u0938\u093e\u0925 \u091a\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \"\u0906\u092b\u093c\u094d\u091f\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0935\u093f\u092f\u0938\" \u0939\u0940 \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0915\u094d\u0932\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0935-\u091a\u093e\u0932\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924\u093f \u0938\u0902\u092d\u0935 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\u00a75.5<\/span><\/div>\n <\/details>\n <details class=\"mcq-q\">\n <summary>53<\/span>Which feature allows a speaker to see the speaker notes and the next slide while the audience sees only the current slide?<\/span><\/summary>\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\n <li>(a) Reading view<\/li>\n <li>(b) Presenter View<\/li>\n <li>(c) Slide Sorter view<\/li>\n <li>(d) Rehearse Timings<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\">(b) Presenter View<\/b> It requires two displays and shows the current slide, the next slide, the notes and an elapsed timer on the speaker's screen while the projector carries the slide alone. Rehearse Timings records how long each slide takes but does not display notes.<\/span>\u0907\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0926\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936 \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f \u0914\u0930 \u092f\u0939 \u0935\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0938\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0921, \u0905\u0917\u0932\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0921, \u0928\u094b\u091f\u094d\u0938 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092c\u0940\u0924\u093e \u0938\u092e\u092f \u0926\u093f\u0916\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u092c\u0915\u093f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u092a\u0915 \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0938\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u0930\u0939\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u092d\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938-\u0938\u092e\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u092a\u0930 \u0932\u0917\u093e \u0938\u092e\u092f \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0932\u093f\u0916\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0941 \u0928\u094b\u091f\u094d\u0938 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0926\u093f\u0916\u093e\u0924\u093e\u0964<\/span>\u00a75.6<\/span><\/div>\n <\/details>\n <\/div>\n\n <\/section>\n\n \n <section class=\"chapter-content\" data-chap=\"6\" id=\"c6\">\n <div class=\"chapter-heading-block\">\n SYLLABUS ITEM 6<\/span>\u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u092e\u0926 6<\/span><\/span>\n <h2>Internet and Networking<\/span>\u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u0928\u0947\u091f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915\u093f\u0902\u0917<\/span><\/h2>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"callout amber\">\n <div class=\"callout-label\">\ud83d\udccc What this chapter covers<\/span>\ud83d\udccc \u0907\u0938 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/div>\n Web browsers, search engines, URLs, IP addresses, Wi-Fi, LAN, WAN, modems, routers, and cloud storage<\/span>\n \u0935\u0947\u092c \u092c\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0909\u091c\u093c\u0930, \u0916\u094b\u091c-\u0907\u0902\u091c\u0928, URL, IP \u092a\u0924\u0947, \u0935\u093e\u0908-\u092b\u093c\u093e\u0908, LAN, WAN, \u092e\u0949\u0921\u0947\u092e, \u0930\u093e\u0909\u091f\u0930 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0915\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0909\u0921 \u092d\u0902\u0921\u093e\u0930\u0923<\/span>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"keyfact-grid\">\n <div class=\"keyfact-card navy-hi\">\n \ud83c\udf10<\/span>\n <div class=\"kf-label\">The Distinction to Fix First<\/span>\u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0924\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u092f\u094b\u0917\u094d\u092f \u092d\u0947\u0926<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"kf-value\" style=\"font-size:12.5px;\">Internet \u2260 World Wide Web<\/span>\u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u0928\u0947\u091f \u2260 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0932\u094d\u0921 \u0935\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u0935\u0947\u092c<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"kf-sub\">The Internet is the network itself; the Web is one service running on it<\/span>\u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u0928\u0947\u091f \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0939\u0948; \u0935\u0947\u092c \u0909\u0938 \u092a\u0930 \u091a\u0932\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"keyfact-card teal-hi\">\n \ud83d\udd22<\/span>\n <div class=\"kf-label\">Address Sizes<\/span>\u092a\u0924\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0906\u0915\u093e\u0930<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"kf-value\" style=\"font-size:14px;\">IPv4 = 32 \u00b7 IPv6 = 128<\/div>\n <div class=\"kf-sub\">Bits. And a MAC address is 48 bits, written in hexadecimal<\/span>\u092c\u093f\u091f\u0964 \u0924\u0925\u093e MAC \u092a\u0924\u093e 48 \u092c\u093f\u091f \u0915\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0937\u094b\u0921\u0936\u093e\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0932\u093f\u0916\u093e \u0939\u0941\u0906<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"keyfact-card amber-hi\">\n \ud83c\uddee\ud83c\uddf3<\/span>\n <div class=\"kf-label\">Internet in India<\/span>\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u0928\u0947\u091f<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"kf-value\" style=\"font-size:14px;\">15 Aug 1995<\/div>\n <div class=\"kf-sub\">Public access launched by VSNL. ERNET had begun in 1986<\/span>VSNL \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0938\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0935\u091c\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a \u0906\u0930\u0902\u092d\u0964 ERNET 1986 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0936\u0941\u0930\u0942 \u0939\u094b \u091a\u0941\u0915\u093e \u0925\u093e<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d6-0\">\n 6.0<\/span>\n <h3>Introduction<\/span>\u092a\u0930\u093f\u091a\u092f<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n <ul class=\"icon-list\">\n <li>\u25b8<\/span>\n Everything in the previous five chapters happens on one machine<\/strong>. This chapter is about what changes when machines are joined: a file becomes shareable, a printer serves twenty rooms, a result sheet can be filled in by six teachers at once, and a school's records become reachable from the Directorate.<\/span>\n \u092a\u093f\u091b\u0932\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u0901\u091a \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u092c \u0915\u0941\u091b \u090f\u0915 \u0939\u0940 \u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930<\/strong> \u092a\u0930 \u0918\u091f\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f \u092c\u0924\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u091c\u0941\u0921\u093c\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948: \u092b\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0932 \u0938\u093e\u091d\u093e-\u092f\u094b\u0917\u094d\u092f \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u090f\u0915 \u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0915 \u092c\u0940\u0938 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u090f\u0915 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e-\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0915 \u091b\u0939 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u092d\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0932\u0947\u0916 \u0928\u093f\u0926\u0947\u0936\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0906 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span>\n <\/span><\/li>\n <li>\u25b8<\/span>\n A computer network<\/strong> is two or more computing devices connected so as to share data and resources<\/strong>. The Internet<\/strong> is simply the largest such network \u2014 a network of networks spanning the world \u2014 and everything from \u00a76.5 onward is a description of how it works.<\/span>\n \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915<\/strong> \u0926\u094b \u092f\u093e \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0917\u0923\u0928-\u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0910\u0938\u093e \u0938\u0902\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u093e\u0927\u0928 \u0938\u093e\u091d\u093e<\/strong> \u0915\u093f\u090f \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0947\u0902\u0964 \u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u0928\u0947\u091f<\/strong> \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0921\u093c\u093e \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0935\u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u0940 \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u2014 \u0914\u0930 \u00a76.5 \u0938\u0947 \u0906\u0917\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u092c \u0915\u0941\u091b \u092f\u0939\u0940 \u092c\u0924\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0935\u0939 \u0915\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u092e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\n <\/span><\/li>\n <li>\u25b8<\/span>\n This item yields the most full-form and matching questions<\/strong> of any in the syllabus \u2014 LAN, WAN, TCP\/IP, HTTP, DNS, ISP, URL, Wi-Fi, MAC. The tables in this chapter are built for that, and \u00a7R.4 gathers every abbreviation in one place.<\/span>\n \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092d\u0940 \u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f \u092e\u0926 \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923-\u0930\u0942\u092a \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928<\/strong> \u0907\u0938\u0940 \u092e\u0926 \u0938\u0947 \u0906\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u2014 LAN, WAN, TCP\/IP, HTTP, DNS, ISP, URL, Wi-Fi, MAC\u0964 \u0907\u0938 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u093e\u0930\u0923\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u0909\u0938\u0940 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u092c\u0928\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u00a7R.4 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u092a\u093e\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0930 \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u0930 \u090f\u0915\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\n <\/span><\/li>\n <\/ul>\n\n <hr class=\"section-divider\">\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d6-1\">\n 6.1<\/span>\n <h3>Computer Networks: Concept and Components<\/span>\u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915: \u0938\u0902\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u092f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0918\u091f\u0915<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"callout\">\n <div class=\"callout-label\">\ud83d\udcd8 The five components of data communication<\/span>\ud83d\udcd8 \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u093e-\u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u0901\u091a \u0918\u091f\u0915<\/span><\/div>\n Every act of communication over a network, from a chat message to a video call, has exactly five parts: the sender<\/strong>, the receiver<\/strong>, the message<\/strong> itself, the transmission medium<\/strong> along which it travels, and the protocol<\/strong> \u2014 the agreed set of rules without which the two ends could not interpret each other. Remove any one and communication fails.<\/span>\n \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u092a\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e, \u091a\u0948\u091f \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u0938\u0947 \u0935\u0940\u0921\u093f\u092f\u094b \u0915\u0949\u0932 \u0924\u0915, \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0920\u0940\u0915 \u092a\u093e\u0901\u091a \u0905\u0902\u0917 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902: \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0937\u0915<\/strong>, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e<\/strong>, \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0947\u0936<\/strong>, \u0935\u0939 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u0930\u0923 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e<\/strong> \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0935\u0939 \u091a\u0932\u0947, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091f\u094b\u0915\u0949\u0932<\/strong> \u2014 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u0939 \u0938\u0939\u092e\u0924 \u0938\u092e\u0941\u091a\u094d\u091a\u092f \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u093f\u0930\u0947 \u090f\u0915-\u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u0947 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u092e\u091d \u0939\u0940 \u0928 \u0938\u0915\u0947\u0902\u0964 \u0907\u0928\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u090f\u0915 \u092d\u0940 \u0939\u091f\u093e \u0926\u0940\u091c\u093f\u090f, \u0938\u0902\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0937\u0923 \u0935\u093f\u092b\u0932 \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"pc-grid\">\n <div class=\"pc-panel pro\">\n <div class=\"pc-head\">\u2713<\/span>What a network gives a school<\/span>\u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0915\u094b \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n <ul>\n <li>Resource sharing<\/strong> \u2014 one printer, one scanner and one internet connection serve the whole office<\/span>\u0938\u0902\u0938\u093e\u0927\u0928-\u0938\u093e\u091d\u093e\u0915\u0930\u0923<\/strong> \u2014 \u090f\u0915 \u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0915, \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u0915\u0948\u0928\u0930 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u090f\u0915 \u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u0928\u0947\u091f \u0938\u0902\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902<\/span><\/li>\n <li>Central storage<\/strong> \u2014 records live on one server, so there is a single authoritative copy rather than six versions on six desktops<\/span>\u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u092d\u0902\u0921\u093e\u0930\u0923<\/strong> \u2014 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0932\u0947\u0916 \u090f\u0915 \u0939\u0940 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u0930\u0939\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0905\u0924\u0903 \u091b\u0939 \u0921\u0947\u0938\u094d\u0915\u091f\u0949\u092a\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u091b\u0939 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0930\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u091c\u093e\u092f \u090f\u0915 \u0939\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0923\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/li>\n <li>Communication<\/strong> \u2014 email, messaging and video conferencing within and beyond the institution<\/span>\u0938\u0902\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0937\u0923<\/strong> \u2014 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u092d\u0940\u0924\u0930 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092c\u093e\u0939\u0930 \u0908\u092e\u0947\u0932, \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0947\u0936\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0935\u0940\u0921\u093f\u092f\u094b \u0915\u0949\u0928\u094d\u092b\u093c\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0902\u0938\u093f\u0902\u0917<\/span><\/li>\n <li>Centralised backup and administration<\/strong> \u2014 one nightly backup covers everyone, and software is updated from one point<\/span>\u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0915\u0943\u0924 \u092c\u0948\u0915\u0905\u092a \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u093e\u0938\u0928<\/strong> \u2014 \u090f\u0915 \u0930\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0932\u0940\u0928 \u092c\u0948\u0915\u0905\u092a \u0938\u092c\u0915\u094b \u0906\u0935\u0943\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0949\u092b\u093c\u094d\u091f\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u090f\u0915 \u0939\u0940 \u092c\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0941 \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0924\u0928 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"pc-panel con\">\n <div class=\"pc-head\">\u2717<\/span>What it costs<\/span>\u0907\u0938\u0915\u093e \u092e\u0942\u0932\u094d\u092f \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n <ul>\n <li>Setup and maintenance cost<\/strong> \u2014 cabling, switches, a server, and someone competent to look after them<\/span>\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u0928\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u0940 \u0932\u093e\u0917\u0924<\/strong> \u2014 \u0924\u093e\u0930, \u0938\u094d\u0935\u093f\u091a, \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0930, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0940 \u0926\u0947\u0916\u092d\u093e\u0932 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e \u0938\u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f<\/span><\/li>\n <li>Security exposure<\/strong> \u2014 a network is a path inward as much as outward, which is why Chapter 8 exists<\/span>\u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e-\u091c\u094b\u0916\u093f\u092e<\/strong> \u2014 \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u091c\u093f\u0924\u0928\u093e \u092c\u093e\u0939\u0930 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0917 \u0939\u0948 \u0909\u0924\u0928\u093e \u0939\u0940 \u092d\u0940\u0924\u0930 \u0906\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u093e, \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f 8 \u0907\u0938\u0940\u0932\u093f\u090f \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/li>\n <li>Rapid spread of infection<\/strong> \u2014 malware reaching one machine can reach all of them<\/span>\u0938\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0923 \u0915\u093e \u0924\u0940\u0935\u094d\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u093e\u0930<\/strong> \u2014 \u090f\u0915 \u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0924\u0915 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a\u093e \u092e\u093e\u0932\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u0938\u092c \u0924\u0915 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/li>\n <li>Dependence<\/strong> \u2014 when the server or the link fails, work stops everywhere at once<\/span>\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092d\u0930\u0924\u093e<\/strong> \u2014 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0930 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0938\u0902\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u0935\u093f\u092b\u0932 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0930\u0941\u0915 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <table class=\"data-table\">\n <thead>\n <tr>\n <th>Term<\/span>\u092a\u0926<\/span><\/th>\n <th>Meaning<\/span>\u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925<\/span><\/th>\n <\/tr>\n <\/thead>\n <tbody>\n <tr><td>Node and host<\/span>\u0928\u094b\u0921 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0939\u094b\u0938\u094d\u091f<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>A node<\/strong> is any device attached to the network; a host<\/strong> is a node that can send or receive data on its own account.<\/span>\u0928\u094b\u0921<\/strong> \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0938\u0947 \u091c\u0941\u0921\u093c\u093e \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u092d\u0940 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0939\u0948; \u0939\u094b\u0938\u094d\u091f<\/strong> \u0935\u0939 \u0928\u094b\u0921 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0940 \u0913\u0930 \u0938\u0947 \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u092d\u0947\u091c \u092f\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0947\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>Server and client<\/span>\u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0930 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0915\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0902\u091f<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>A server provides<\/strong> a service \u2014 files, printing, web pages, a database; a client requests<\/strong> it. A server is defined by its role, not its size<\/strong>.<\/span>\u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0930<\/strong> \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e<\/strong> \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u092b\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0932, \u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0923, \u0935\u0947\u092c \u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920, \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e\u092c\u0947\u0938; \u0915\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0902\u091f<\/strong> \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u092e\u093e\u0901\u0917<\/strong> \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0930 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u092d\u0942\u092e\u093f\u0915\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0906\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u0947 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902<\/strong>\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr style=\"background:#f3f8ff;\"><td>Client-server and peer-to-peer<\/span>\u0915\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0902\u091f-\u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0930 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u092e\u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937-\u0938\u0947-\u0938\u092e\u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>In a client-server<\/strong> network a central server holds the data and controls access \u2014 the arrangement of any school office. In a peer-to-peer<\/strong> network every machine is equal and shares directly with the others; cheaper and simpler, but with no central control or backup.<\/span>\u0915\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0902\u091f-\u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0930<\/strong> \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0930 \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u0930\u0916\u0924\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092d\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0915\u0940 \u092f\u0939\u0940 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0938\u092e\u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937-\u0938\u0947-\u0938\u092e\u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937<\/strong> \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092c\u0930\u093e\u092c\u0930 \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0940\u0927\u0947 \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u091d\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948; \u0938\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0930\u0932, \u0915\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0941 \u0928 \u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0923 \u0928 \u092c\u0948\u0915\u0905\u092a\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>Bandwidth, throughput and latency<\/span>\u092c\u0948\u0902\u0921\u0935\u093f\u0921\u094d\u0925, \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0917\u092e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0932\u0902\u092c\u0924\u093e<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>Bandwidth<\/strong> is the maximum capacity of a link, measured in bits per second<\/strong>. Throughput<\/strong> is what is actually achieved, always less. Latency<\/strong> is the delay before data begins to arrive \u2014 the reason a video call stutters even on a fast connection.<\/span>\u092c\u0948\u0902\u0921\u0935\u093f\u0921\u094d\u0925<\/strong> \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u0924\u092e \u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u094b \u092c\u093f\u091f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f \u0938\u0947\u0915\u0902\u0921<\/strong> \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u093e\u092a\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0917\u092e<\/strong> \u0935\u0939 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924\u0903 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u094b, \u0938\u0926\u0948\u0935 \u0915\u092e\u0964 \u0935\u093f\u0932\u0902\u092c\u0924\u093e<\/strong> \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u0906\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u0915\u093e \u0920\u0939\u0930\u093e\u0935 \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u0924\u0947\u091c\u093c \u0938\u0902\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u092a\u0930 \u092d\u0940 \u0935\u0940\u0921\u093f\u092f\u094b \u0915\u0949\u0932 \u0905\u091f\u0915\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u092f\u0939\u0940 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>Simplex, half-duplex, full-duplex<\/span>\u090f\u0915\u0932, \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0927-\u0926\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0915, \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923-\u0926\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0915<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>Simplex<\/strong> \u2014 one direction only, as in a radio broadcast or a keyboard. Half-duplex<\/strong> \u2014 both directions but one at a time<\/strong>, as in a walkie-talkie. Full-duplex<\/strong> \u2014 both directions simultaneously<\/strong>, as in a telephone call. A standard matching question.<\/span>\u090f\u0915\u0932<\/strong> \u2014 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u090f\u0915 \u0926\u093f\u0936\u093e, \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0930\u0947\u0921\u093f\u092f\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0915\u0941\u0902\u091c\u0940\u092a\u091f\u0932\u0964 \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0927-\u0926\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0915<\/strong> \u2014 \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0926\u093f\u0936\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u0915\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0941 \u090f\u0915 \u092c\u093e\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u090f\u0915<\/strong>, \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0935\u0949\u0915\u0940-\u091f\u0949\u0915\u0940\u0964 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923-\u0926\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0915<\/strong> \u2014 \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0926\u093f\u0936\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u0925<\/strong>, \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0926\u0942\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0937 \u0935\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0915 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u093e\u0928-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <\/tbody>\n <\/table>\n\n <hr class=\"section-divider\">\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d6-2\">\n 6.2<\/span>\n <h3>Types of Networks: PAN, LAN, MAN, WAN<\/span>\u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930: PAN, LAN, MAN, WAN<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n <table class=\"data-table\">\n <thead>\n <tr>\n <th class=\"narrow\">Type<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930<\/span><\/th>\n <th>Full form and reach<\/span>\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0930<\/span><\/th>\n <th>Characteristics<\/span>\u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937\u0924\u093e\u090f\u0901<\/span><\/th>\n <th>Example<\/span>\u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923<\/span><\/th>\n <\/tr>\n <\/thead>\n <tbody>\n <tr>\n <td class=\"narrow\">PAN<\/strong><\/td>\n <td>Personal Area Network<\/strong> \u2014 about 10 metres<\/strong>, around one person.<\/span>\u092a\u0930\u094d\u0938\u0928\u0932 \u090f\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915<\/strong> \u2014 \u0932\u0917\u092d\u0917 10 \u092e\u0940\u091f\u0930<\/strong>, \u090f\u0915 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0947 \u0906\u0938\u092a\u093e\u0938\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <td>Very short range, usually wireless, owned by an individual.<\/span>\u0905\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0902\u0924 \u0905\u0932\u094d\u092a \u092a\u0930\u093e\u0938, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092f\u0903 \u092c\u0947\u0924\u093e\u0930, \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u092e\u0947\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <td>Bluetooth earphones; a phone hotspot; a smartwatch.<\/span>\u092c\u094d\u0932\u0942\u091f\u0942\u0925 \u0908\u092f\u0930\u092b\u093c\u094b\u0928; \u092b\u093c\u094b\u0928 \u0939\u0949\u091f\u0938\u094d\u092a\u0949\u091f; \u0938\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u091f\u0935\u0949\u091a\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr style=\"background:#f3f8ff;\">\n <td class=\"narrow\">LAN<\/strong><\/td>\n <td>Local Area Network<\/strong> \u2014 one building or campus, up to a few kilometres.<\/span>\u0932\u094b\u0915\u0932 \u090f\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915<\/strong> \u2014 \u090f\u0915 \u092d\u0935\u0928 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0938\u0930, \u0915\u0941\u091b \u0915\u093f\u0932\u094b\u092e\u0940\u091f\u0930 \u0924\u0915\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <td>Highest speed, lowest error rate, privately owned<\/strong> by the organisation itself. Built on Ethernet cable or Wi-Fi.<\/span>\u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0917\u0924\u093f, \u0928\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0928\u0924\u092e \u0924\u094d\u0930\u0941\u091f\u093f-\u0926\u0930, \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0935<\/strong> \u092e\u0947\u0902\u0964 \u0908\u0925\u0930\u0928\u0947\u091f \u0924\u093e\u0930 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0935\u093e\u0908-\u092b\u093c\u093e\u0908 \u092a\u0930 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <td>A school computer laboratory<\/strong>; an office floor.<\/span>\u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0936\u093e\u0932\u093e<\/strong>; \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0915\u093e \u090f\u0915 \u0924\u0932\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td class=\"narrow\">MAN<\/strong><\/td>\n <td>Metropolitan Area Network<\/strong> \u2014 a city or large town, up to about 50 km.<\/span>\u092e\u0947\u091f\u094d\u0930\u094b\u092a\u0949\u0932\u093f\u091f\u0928 \u090f\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915<\/strong> \u2014 \u090f\u0915 \u0928\u0917\u0930 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u092c\u0921\u093c\u093e \u0915\u0938\u094d\u092c\u093e, \u0932\u0917\u092d\u0917 50 \u0915\u093f\u092e\u0940 \u0924\u0915\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <td>Larger than a LAN, smaller than a WAN; often owned by a single provider or authority.<\/span>LAN \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0921\u093c\u093e, WAN \u0938\u0947 \u091b\u094b\u091f\u093e; \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092f\u0903 \u090f\u0915\u0932 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u092e\u0947\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <td>A cable television network; the branches of a bank across one city.<\/span>\u0915\u0947\u092c\u0932 \u091f\u0947\u0932\u0940\u0935\u093f\u091c\u093c\u0928 \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915; \u090f\u0915 \u0928\u0917\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092c\u0948\u0902\u0915 \u0915\u0940 \u0936\u093e\u0916\u093e\u090f\u0901\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td class=\"narrow\">WAN<\/strong><\/td>\n <td>Wide Area Network<\/strong> \u2014 across states, countries or the world, with no limit of distance.<\/span>\u0935\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u090f\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915<\/strong> \u2014 \u0930\u093e\u091c\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902, \u0926\u0947\u0936\u094b\u0902 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0935 \u092d\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902, \u0926\u0942\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <td>Lowest speed and highest error rate<\/strong> of the four, and usually leased from a telecom provider rather than owned.<\/span>\u091a\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0928\u0924\u092e \u0917\u0924\u093f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0924\u094d\u0930\u0941\u091f\u093f-\u0926\u0930<\/strong>, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092f\u0903 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u091c\u093e\u092f \u0926\u0942\u0930\u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u091f\u094d\u091f\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <td>The Internet is the largest WAN in existence.<\/strong> Also railway reservation and banking networks.<\/span>\u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u0928\u0947\u091f \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0921\u093c\u093e WAN \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/strong> \u0930\u0947\u0932\u0935\u0947 \u0906\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092c\u0948\u0902\u0915\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u092d\u0940\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <\/tbody>\n <\/table>\n\n <div class=\"callout teal\">\n <div class=\"callout-label\">\ud83d\udd10 Internet, Intranet and Extranet \u2014 a recurring three-way question<\/span>\ud83d\udd10 \u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u0928\u0947\u091f, \u0907\u0902\u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0928\u0947\u091f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u090f\u0915\u094d\u0938\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0928\u0947\u091f \u2014 \u092c\u093e\u0930-\u092c\u093e\u0930 \u0906\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e \u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f-\u092d\u0947\u0926 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928<\/span><\/div>\n <ul class=\"split-list\" style=\"margin-top:4px;\">\n <li>1<\/span>The Internet<\/strong> is public and global<\/strong> \u2014 open to anyone with a connection.<\/span>\u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u0928\u0947\u091f<\/strong> \u0938\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0935\u091c\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0935\u0948\u0936\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0915<\/strong> \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u0938\u0902\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u0930\u0916\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092d\u0940 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0916\u0941\u0932\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n <li>2<\/span>An intranet<\/strong> is a private network confined to one organisation<\/strong>, using the same technologies but closed to outsiders \u2014 a Directorate portal that only its own staff can reach.<\/span>\u0907\u0902\u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0928\u0947\u091f<\/strong> \u090f\u0915 \u0939\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0917\u0920\u0928 \u0924\u0915 \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0928\u093f\u091c\u0940 \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915<\/strong> \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u094b \u0935\u0939\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0941 \u092c\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0940 \u0932\u094b\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u092c\u0902\u0926 \u0930\u0939\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u0910\u0938\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0926\u0947\u0936\u093e\u0932\u092f \u092a\u094b\u0930\u094d\u091f\u0932 \u091c\u093f\u0938 \u0924\u0915 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0930\u094d\u092e\u091a\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a \u0938\u0915\u0947\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n <li>3<\/span>An extranet<\/strong> is an intranet extended to selected outsiders<\/strong> \u2014 the same portal opened to accredited schools or to a vendor, but to no one else.<\/span>\u090f\u0915\u094d\u0938\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0928\u0947\u091f<\/strong> \u0935\u0939 \u0907\u0902\u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0928\u0947\u091f \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u091a\u0941\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0941\u090f \u092c\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0940 \u0932\u094b\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u0924\u0915 \u092c\u0922\u093c\u093e\u092f\u093e<\/strong> \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0939\u094b \u2014 \u0935\u0939\u0940 \u092a\u094b\u0930\u094d\u091f\u0932 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0924\u093e-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0916\u0941\u0932\u093e, \u0915\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0941 \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n\n <hr class=\"section-divider\">\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d6-3\">\n 6.3<\/span>\n <h3>Topologies and Transmission Media<\/span>\u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u0930\u0923 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n \n A topology<\/strong> is the arrangement in which the nodes of a network are connected<\/strong>. It determines the cost of cabling, the ease of adding a device, and \u2014 most examinably \u2014 what happens when one part fails<\/strong>.<\/span>\n \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f<\/strong> \u0935\u0939 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u094b\u0921 \u091c\u0941\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902<\/strong>\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0924\u093e\u0930-\u092c\u093f\u091b\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0932\u093e\u0917\u0924, \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0941\u0917\u092e\u0924\u093e, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u2014 \u091c\u094b \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e-\u092f\u094b\u0917\u094d\u092f \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u092f\u0939 \u0924\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u090f\u0915 \u092d\u093e\u0917 \u0935\u093f\u092b\u0932 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/strong>\u0964<\/span>\n <\/p>\n\n <svg class=\"full-diagram\" viewBox=\"0 0 700 330\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"The five network topologies\">\n <g fill=\"#1f5fa9\">\n <rect x=\"26\" y=\"14\" width=\"212\" height=\"18\" rx=\"4\"\/>\n <rect x=\"250\" y=\"14\" width=\"212\" height=\"18\" rx=\"4\"\/>\n <rect x=\"474\" y=\"14\" width=\"200\" height=\"18\" rx=\"4\"\/>\n <\/g>\n <g font-size=\"9.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\" text-anchor=\"middle\">\n <text x=\"132\" y=\"27\">BUS<\/text><text x=\"356\" y=\"27\">STAR<\/text><text x=\"574\" y=\"27\">RING<\/text>\n <\/g>\n\n <line x1=\"40\" y1=\"82\" x2=\"224\" y2=\"82\" stroke=\"#14243f\" stroke-width=\"3.5\"\/>\n <line x1=\"40\" y1=\"76\" x2=\"40\" y2=\"88\" stroke=\"#c0392b\" stroke-width=\"3\"\/>\n <line x1=\"224\" y1=\"76\" x2=\"224\" y2=\"88\" stroke=\"#c0392b\" stroke-width=\"3\"\/>\n <g stroke=\"#5a6d80\" stroke-width=\"1.6\">\n <line x1=\"72\" y1=\"82\" x2=\"72\" y2=\"60\"\/><line x1=\"120\" y1=\"82\" x2=\"120\" y2=\"60\"\/>\n <line x1=\"168\" y1=\"82\" x2=\"168\" y2=\"60\"\/><line x1=\"96\" y1=\"82\" x2=\"96\" y2=\"104\"\/><line x1=\"192\" y1=\"82\" x2=\"192\" y2=\"104\"\/>\n <\/g>\n <g fill=\"#eef4fc\" stroke=\"#1f5fa9\" stroke-width=\"1.4\">\n <rect x=\"62\" y=\"46\" width=\"20\" height=\"15\" rx=\"2\"\/><rect x=\"110\" y=\"46\" width=\"20\" height=\"15\" rx=\"2\"\/>\n <rect x=\"158\" y=\"46\" width=\"20\" height=\"15\" rx=\"2\"\/><rect x=\"86\" y=\"104\" width=\"20\" height=\"15\" rx=\"2\"\/><rect x=\"182\" y=\"104\" width=\"20\" height=\"15\" rx=\"2\"\/>\n <\/g>\n <text x=\"132\" y=\"136\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#c0392b\" font-weight=\"700\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">backbone fails \u2192 whole network down<\/text>\n <text x=\"132\" y=\"147\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#5a6d80\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">cheapest \u00b7 red ends are terminators<\/text>\n\n <circle cx=\"356\" cy=\"82\" r=\"15\" fill=\"#0d8f79\"\/>\n <text x=\"356\" y=\"86\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">SW<\/text>\n <g stroke=\"#5a6d80\" stroke-width=\"1.6\">\n <line x1=\"356\" y1=\"67\" x2=\"356\" y2=\"52\"\/><line x1=\"343\" y1=\"74\" x2=\"300\" y2=\"58\"\/><line x1=\"343\" y1=\"90\" x2=\"300\" y2=\"106\"\/>\n <line x1=\"369\" y1=\"74\" x2=\"412\" y2=\"58\"\/><line x1=\"369\" y1=\"90\" x2=\"412\" y2=\"106\"\/>\n <\/g>\n <g fill=\"#eef4fc\" stroke=\"#1f5fa9\" stroke-width=\"1.4\">\n <rect x=\"346\" y=\"36\" width=\"20\" height=\"15\" rx=\"2\"\/><rect x=\"280\" y=\"50\" width=\"20\" height=\"15\" rx=\"2\"\/>\n <rect x=\"280\" y=\"102\" width=\"20\" height=\"15\" rx=\"2\"\/><rect x=\"412\" y=\"50\" width=\"20\" height=\"15\" rx=\"2\"\/><rect x=\"412\" y=\"102\" width=\"20\" height=\"15\" rx=\"2\"\/>\n <\/g>\n <text x=\"356\" y=\"136\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#0a6d5c\" font-weight=\"700\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">one cable fails \u2192 only that node lost<\/text>\n <text x=\"356\" y=\"147\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#5a6d80\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">most common today \u00b7 switch failure kills all<\/text>\n\n <circle cx=\"574\" cy=\"80\" r=\"38\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#14243f\" stroke-width=\"3\"\/>\n <g fill=\"#eef4fc\" stroke=\"#1f5fa9\" stroke-width=\"1.4\">\n <rect x=\"564\" y=\"34\" width=\"20\" height=\"15\" rx=\"2\"\/><rect x=\"606\" y=\"62\" width=\"20\" height=\"15\" rx=\"2\"\/>\n <rect x=\"590\" y=\"106\" width=\"20\" height=\"15\" rx=\"2\"\/><rect x=\"538\" y=\"106\" width=\"20\" height=\"15\" rx=\"2\"\/><rect x=\"522\" y=\"62\" width=\"20\" height=\"15\" rx=\"2\"\/>\n <\/g>\n <path d=\"M596 52 a10 10 0 0 1 6 8\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#c9760f\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\n <path d=\"M602 60 l4 -3 l-4 -3 z\" fill=\"#c9760f\"\/>\n <text x=\"574\" y=\"136\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#c0392b\" font-weight=\"700\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">a break stops the ring<\/text>\n <text x=\"574\" y=\"147\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#5a6d80\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">data travels one way \u00b7 token passing<\/text>\n\n <g fill=\"#1f5fa9\">\n <rect x=\"26\" y=\"166\" width=\"318\" height=\"18\" rx=\"4\"\/>\n <rect x=\"356\" y=\"166\" width=\"318\" height=\"18\" rx=\"4\"\/>\n <\/g>\n <g font-size=\"9.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\" text-anchor=\"middle\">\n <text x=\"185\" y=\"179\">MESH<\/text><text x=\"515\" y=\"179\">TREE<\/text>\n <\/g>\n\n <g stroke=\"#8a95a3\" stroke-width=\"1.2\">\n <line x1=\"96\" y1=\"212\" x2=\"200\" y2=\"212\"\/><line x1=\"96\" y1=\"212\" x2=\"96\" y2=\"278\"\/><line x1=\"96\" y1=\"212\" x2=\"200\" y2=\"278\"\/><line x1=\"96\" y1=\"212\" x2=\"148\" y2=\"245\"\/>\n <line x1=\"200\" y1=\"212\" x2=\"200\" y2=\"278\"\/><line x1=\"200\" y1=\"212\" x2=\"96\" y2=\"278\"\/><line x1=\"200\" y1=\"212\" x2=\"148\" y2=\"245\"\/>\n <line x1=\"96\" y1=\"278\" x2=\"200\" y2=\"278\"\/><line x1=\"96\" y1=\"278\" x2=\"148\" y2=\"245\"\/><line x1=\"200\" y1=\"278\" x2=\"148\" y2=\"245\"\/>\n <\/g>\n <g fill=\"#eef4fc\" stroke=\"#1f5fa9\" stroke-width=\"1.4\">\n <rect x=\"86\" y=\"204\" width=\"20\" height=\"15\" rx=\"2\"\/><rect x=\"190\" y=\"204\" width=\"20\" height=\"15\" rx=\"2\"\/>\n <rect x=\"86\" y=\"271\" width=\"20\" height=\"15\" rx=\"2\"\/><rect x=\"190\" y=\"271\" width=\"20\" height=\"15\" rx=\"2\"\/><rect x=\"138\" y=\"238\" width=\"20\" height=\"15\" rx=\"2\"\/>\n <\/g>\n <rect x=\"238\" y=\"204\" width=\"96\" height=\"82\" rx=\"6\" fill=\"#fffbf0\" stroke=\"#c9760f\" stroke-width=\"1.3\"\/>\n <text x=\"286\" y=\"221\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#8f5409\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">LINKS NEEDED<\/text>\n <text x=\"286\" y=\"244\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"14\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#c9760f\" font-family=\"JetBrains Mono, monospace\">n(n\u22121)\/2<\/text>\n <text x=\"286\" y=\"262\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#5a6d80\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">5 nodes \u2192 10 links<\/text>\n <text x=\"286\" y=\"276\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#5a6d80\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">most reliable, most costly<\/text>\n\n <g stroke=\"#5a6d80\" stroke-width=\"1.6\">\n <line x1=\"515\" y1=\"212\" x2=\"440\" y2=\"238\"\/><line x1=\"515\" y1=\"212\" x2=\"590\" y2=\"238\"\/>\n <line x1=\"440\" y1=\"252\" x2=\"404\" y2=\"272\"\/><line x1=\"440\" y1=\"252\" x2=\"476\" y2=\"272\"\/>\n <line x1=\"590\" y1=\"252\" x2=\"554\" y2=\"272\"\/><line x1=\"590\" y1=\"252\" x2=\"626\" y2=\"272\"\/>\n <\/g>\n <circle cx=\"515\" cy=\"206\" r=\"12\" fill=\"#0d8f79\"\/><text x=\"515\" y=\"210\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">RT<\/text>\n <circle cx=\"440\" cy=\"245\" r=\"10\" fill=\"#2f92d1\"\/><text x=\"440\" y=\"248\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"6\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">SW<\/text>\n <circle cx=\"590\" cy=\"245\" r=\"10\" fill=\"#2f92d1\"\/><text x=\"590\" y=\"248\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"6\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">SW<\/text>\n <g fill=\"#eef4fc\" stroke=\"#1f5fa9\" stroke-width=\"1.4\">\n <rect x=\"394\" y=\"272\" width=\"20\" height=\"15\" rx=\"2\"\/><rect x=\"466\" y=\"272\" width=\"20\" height=\"15\" rx=\"2\"\/>\n <rect x=\"544\" y=\"272\" width=\"20\" height=\"15\" rx=\"2\"\/><rect x=\"616\" y=\"272\" width=\"20\" height=\"15\" rx=\"2\"\/>\n <\/g>\n <text x=\"515\" y=\"308\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#5a6d80\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">hierarchical \u2014 stars joined to a backbone; how a multi-storey school is wired<\/text>\n <\/svg>\n Star is the topology of nearly every modern LAN. Mesh appears where failure cannot be tolerated, and the Internet itself is partly mesh.<\/span>\u0924\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0932\u0917\u092d\u0917 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0906\u0927\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0915 LAN \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u091c\u093e\u0932 \u0935\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0906\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0935\u093f\u092b\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0938\u0939\u0928\u0940\u092f \u0928 \u0939\u094b, \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u0928\u0947\u091f \u0905\u0902\u0936\u0924\u0903 \u091c\u093e\u0932 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n\n <h4>Transmission media<\/span>\u0938\u0902\u091a\u0930\u0923 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e<\/span><\/h4>\n\n <div class=\"vs-compare\">\n <div class=\"vs-side left\">\n Guided \u00b7 wired<\/span>\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u093f\u0924 \u00b7 \u0924\u093e\u0930\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924<\/span><\/span>\n <h5>Signal travels along a physical path<\/span>\u0938\u0902\u0915\u0947\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092d\u094c\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0917 \u0938\u0947 \u091a\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/h5>\n <ul>\n <li>Twisted pair<\/strong> \u2014 pairs of copper wires twisted to cancel interference. UTP<\/strong> is unshielded and STP<\/strong> shielded; grades run Cat5e, Cat6, Cat6a, and the connector is RJ-45<\/strong>. The commonest LAN cable.<\/strong><\/span>\u091f\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0947\u0921 \u092a\u0947\u092f\u0930<\/strong> \u2014 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0924\u093f\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0930\u094b\u0915\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0910\u0902\u0920\u0947 \u0924\u093e\u0901\u092c\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0924\u093e\u0930-\u092f\u0941\u0917\u094d\u092e\u0964 UTP<\/strong> \u0905\u092a\u0930\u093f\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u090f\u0935\u0902 STP<\/strong> \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924; \u0936\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0923\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 Cat5e, Cat6, Cat6a, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0915\u0928\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u0930 RJ-45<\/strong>\u0964 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u091a\u0932\u093f\u0924 LAN \u0924\u093e\u0930\u0964<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n <li>Coaxial<\/strong> \u2014 a central conductor within a braided shield; once used for cable television and older networks.<\/span>\u0938\u092e\u093e\u0915\u094d\u0937<\/strong> \u2014 \u0917\u0941\u0901\u0925\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u092d\u0940\u0924\u0930 \u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u091a\u093e\u0932\u0915; \u0915\u092d\u0940 \u0915\u0947\u092c\u0932 \u091f\u0947\u0932\u0940\u0935\u093f\u091c\u093c\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u0941\u0930\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n <li>Fibre optic<\/strong> \u2014 carries data as pulses of light<\/strong> through glass. Fastest, longest range and completely immune to electromagnetic interference<\/strong>, but costly and fragile. The backbone of the modern internet.<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0936\u093f\u0915 \u0924\u0902\u0924\u0941<\/strong> \u2014 \u0915\u093e\u0901\u091a \u0938\u0947 \u0939\u094b\u0915\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0936-\u0938\u094d\u092a\u0902\u0926\u094b\u0902<\/strong> \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u0932\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0924\u0940\u0935\u094d\u0930, \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u0930\u093e\u0938 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924\u094d-\u091a\u0941\u0902\u092c\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0924\u093f\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923\u0924\u0903 \u0905\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u093f\u0924<\/strong>, \u0915\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0941 \u092e\u0939\u0901\u0917\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0928\u093e\u091c\u093c\u0941\u0915\u0964 \u0906\u0927\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u0928\u0947\u091f \u0915\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0930\u0941\u0926\u0902\u0921\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"vs-mid\">VS<\/div>\n <div class=\"vs-side right\">\n Unguided \u00b7 wireless<\/span>\u0905\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u093f\u0924 \u00b7 \u092c\u0947\u0924\u093e\u0930<\/span><\/span>\n <h5>Signal travels through free space<\/span>\u0938\u0902\u0915\u0947\u0924 \u092e\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0906\u0915\u093e\u0936 \u0938\u0947 \u091a\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/h5>\n <ul>\n <li>Radio waves<\/strong> \u2014 omnidirectional and able to pass through walls; the basis of Wi-Fi and mobile telephony.<\/span>\u0930\u0947\u0921\u093f\u092f\u094b \u0924\u0930\u0902\u0917\u0947\u0902<\/strong> \u2014 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0926\u093f\u0936\u0940\u092f \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0926\u0940\u0935\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u0930 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e; \u0935\u093e\u0908-\u092b\u093c\u093e\u0908 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092e\u094b\u092c\u093e\u0907\u0932 \u0926\u0942\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0937 \u0915\u093e \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n <li>Microwaves<\/strong> \u2014 travel in a straight line and need an unobstructed path between towers.<\/span>\u0938\u0942\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u092e \u0924\u0930\u0902\u0917\u0947\u0902<\/strong> \u2014 \u0938\u0940\u0927\u0940 \u0930\u0947\u0916\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091a\u0932\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u092e\u0940\u0928\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u0905\u092c\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0917 \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n <li>Infrared<\/strong> \u2014 very short range and cannot pass through walls<\/strong>, as in a television remote.<\/span>\u0905\u0935\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0924<\/strong> \u2014 \u0905\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0902\u0924 \u0905\u0932\u094d\u092a \u092a\u0930\u093e\u0938 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0926\u0940\u0935\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u0930 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940<\/strong>, \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u091f\u0947\u0932\u0940\u0935\u093f\u091c\u093c\u0928 \u0930\u093f\u092e\u094b\u091f \u092e\u0947\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n <li>Satellite<\/strong> \u2014 covers remote and inaccessible areas where cable cannot reach, at the cost of high latency.<\/span>\u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939<\/strong> \u2014 \u0909\u0928 \u0926\u0942\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0925 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0926\u0941\u0930\u094d\u0917\u092e \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0906\u0935\u0943\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0924\u093e\u0930 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e, \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u0935\u093f\u0932\u0902\u092c\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u093c\u0940\u092e\u0924 \u092a\u0930\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <hr class=\"section-divider\">\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d6-4\">\n 6.4<\/span>\n <h3>Networking Devices<\/span>\u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n <svg class=\"full-diagram\" viewBox=\"0 0 700 262\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"How a school network is put together, from the internet connection to the classroom\">\n <path d=\"M40 44 a20 20 0 0 1 38 -9 a16 16 0 0 1 13 25 H42 a16 16 0 0 1 -2 -16 z\" fill=\"#e8f3fb\" stroke=\"#1f5fa9\" stroke-width=\"1.8\"\/>\n <text x=\"66\" y=\"52\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">INTERNET<\/text>\n <text x=\"66\" y=\"78\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#5a6d80\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">via the ISP<\/text>\n\n <defs><marker id=\"nw\" markerWidth=\"8\" markerHeight=\"8\" refX=\"7\" refY=\"2.6\" orient=\"auto\"><path d=\"M0,0 L0,5.2 L7,2.6 z\" fill=\"#5a6d80\"\/><\/marker><\/defs>\n <g stroke=\"#5a6d80\" stroke-width=\"1.8\" fill=\"none\">\n <line x1=\"96\" y1=\"46\" x2=\"138\" y2=\"46\" marker-end=\"url(#nw)\"\/>\n <line x1=\"196\" y1=\"46\" x2=\"238\" y2=\"46\" marker-end=\"url(#nw)\"\/>\n <line x1=\"296\" y1=\"46\" x2=\"338\" y2=\"46\" marker-end=\"url(#nw)\"\/>\n <line x1=\"368\" y1=\"70\" x2=\"368\" y2=\"100\"\/>\n <line x1=\"160\" y1=\"118\" x2=\"576\" y2=\"118\"\/>\n <line x1=\"200\" y1=\"118\" x2=\"200\" y2=\"150\" marker-end=\"url(#nw)\"\/>\n <line x1=\"296\" y1=\"118\" x2=\"296\" y2=\"150\" marker-end=\"url(#nw)\"\/>\n <line x1=\"392\" y1=\"118\" x2=\"392\" y2=\"150\" marker-end=\"url(#nw)\"\/>\n <line x1=\"512\" y1=\"118\" x2=\"512\" y2=\"150\" marker-end=\"url(#nw)\"\/>\n <\/g>\n\n <rect x=\"140\" y=\"32\" width=\"56\" height=\"28\" rx=\"4\" fill=\"#fffbf0\" stroke=\"#c9760f\" stroke-width=\"1.8\"\/>\n <text x=\"168\" y=\"43\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#c9760f\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">MODEM<\/text>\n <text x=\"168\" y=\"54\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"6\" fill=\"#8f5409\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">analog \u21c4 digital<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"240\" y=\"32\" width=\"56\" height=\"28\" rx=\"4\" fill=\"#fff6f4\" stroke=\"#c0392b\" stroke-width=\"1.8\"\/>\n <text x=\"268\" y=\"43\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#c0392b\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">FIREWALL<\/text>\n <text x=\"268\" y=\"54\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"6\" fill=\"#8e2318\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">filters traffic<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"340\" y=\"32\" width=\"56\" height=\"38\" rx=\"4\" fill=\"#eefbf7\" stroke=\"#0d8f79\" stroke-width=\"1.8\"\/>\n <text x=\"368\" y=\"46\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#0d8f79\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">ROUTER<\/text>\n <text x=\"368\" y=\"57\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"6\" fill=\"#0a6d5c\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">joins networks<\/text>\n <text x=\"368\" y=\"66\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"6\" fill=\"#0a6d5c\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">uses IP address<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"300\" y=\"100\" width=\"136\" height=\"18\" rx=\"4\" fill=\"#eef4fc\" stroke=\"#1f5fa9\" stroke-width=\"1.8\"\/>\n <text x=\"368\" y=\"113\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">SWITCH \u2014 uses MAC address<\/text>\n\n <g fill=\"#f5f6f8\" stroke=\"#8a95a3\" stroke-width=\"1.4\">\n <rect x=\"176\" y=\"150\" width=\"48\" height=\"34\" rx=\"3\"\/><rect x=\"272\" y=\"150\" width=\"48\" height=\"34\" rx=\"3\"\/><rect x=\"368\" y=\"150\" width=\"48\" height=\"34\" rx=\"3\"\/>\n <\/g>\n <g fill=\"#c9daf0\"><rect x=\"181\" y=\"155\" width=\"38\" height=\"20\"\/><rect x=\"277\" y=\"155\" width=\"38\" height=\"20\"\/><rect x=\"373\" y=\"155\" width=\"38\" height=\"20\"\/><\/g>\n <g font-size=\"7\" fill=\"#5a6d80\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\" text-anchor=\"middle\">\n <text x=\"200\" y=\"196\">Lab PC 1<\/text><text x=\"296\" y=\"196\">Lab PC 2<\/text><text x=\"392\" y=\"196\">Office PC<\/text>\n <\/g>\n\n <rect x=\"486\" y=\"150\" width=\"52\" height=\"26\" rx=\"4\" fill=\"#faf6ff\" stroke=\"#6b3a8f\" stroke-width=\"1.8\"\/>\n <text x=\"512\" y=\"161\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#6b3a8f\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">ACCESS<\/text>\n <text x=\"512\" y=\"171\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#6b3a8f\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">POINT<\/text>\n <g fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#6b3a8f\" stroke-width=\"1.4\" stroke-linecap=\"round\">\n <path d=\"M498 146 a20 20 0 0 1 28 0\"\/><path d=\"M504 140 a12 12 0 0 1 16 0\"\/>\n <\/g>\n <g stroke=\"#6b3a8f\" stroke-width=\"1.4\" stroke-dasharray=\"3 3\" fill=\"none\">\n <line x1=\"500\" y1=\"176\" x2=\"470\" y2=\"206\"\/><line x1=\"524\" y1=\"176\" x2=\"556\" y2=\"206\"\/>\n <\/g>\n <rect x=\"446\" y=\"206\" width=\"42\" height=\"28\" rx=\"3\" fill=\"#f5f6f8\" stroke=\"#8a95a3\" stroke-width=\"1.4\"\/>\n <rect x=\"450\" y=\"210\" width=\"34\" height=\"17\" fill=\"#c9daf0\"\/>\n <text x=\"467\" y=\"246\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7\" fill=\"#5a6d80\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Laptop<\/text>\n <rect x=\"542\" y=\"206\" width=\"24\" height=\"34\" rx=\"3\" fill=\"#f5f6f8\" stroke=\"#8a95a3\" stroke-width=\"1.4\"\/>\n <rect x=\"545\" y=\"211\" width=\"18\" height=\"24\" fill=\"#c9daf0\"\/>\n <text x=\"554\" y=\"252\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7\" fill=\"#5a6d80\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Tablet<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"590\" y=\"150\" width=\"80\" height=\"34\" rx=\"4\" fill=\"#f5f6f8\" stroke=\"#8a95a3\" stroke-width=\"1.4\"\/>\n <text x=\"630\" y=\"164\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#444\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Shared printer<\/text>\n <text x=\"630\" y=\"176\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#444\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">and file server<\/text>\n <line x1=\"576\" y1=\"118\" x2=\"630\" y2=\"118\" stroke=\"#5a6d80\" stroke-width=\"1.8\"\/>\n <line x1=\"630\" y1=\"118\" x2=\"630\" y2=\"150\" stroke=\"#5a6d80\" stroke-width=\"1.8\" marker-end=\"url(#nw)\"\/>\n\n <rect x=\"24\" y=\"206\" width=\"396\" height=\"46\" rx=\"6\" fill=\"#f7fbff\" stroke=\"#c3d2e2\" stroke-width=\"1.2\"\/>\n <text x=\"38\" y=\"222\" font-size=\"8.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#14243f\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">READING THE CHAIN<\/text>\n <text x=\"38\" y=\"237\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">The modem converts the signal \u00b7 the router decides which network traffic goes to \u00b7<\/text>\n <text x=\"38\" y=\"248\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">the switch decides which machine inside the school it goes to.<\/text>\n <\/svg>\n A typical school network. In domestic use a single box combines the modem, router, switch and access point, which is why the four are so often confused.<\/span>\u090f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f\u0940 \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915\u0964 \u0918\u0930\u0947\u0932\u0942 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u090f\u0915 \u0939\u0940 \u0921\u093f\u092c\u094d\u092c\u093e \u092e\u0949\u0921\u0947\u092e, \u0930\u093e\u0909\u091f\u0930, \u0938\u094d\u0935\u093f\u091a \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0910\u0915\u094d\u0938\u0947\u0938 \u092a\u0949\u0907\u0902\u091f \u0915\u094b \u092e\u093f\u0932\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0907\u0938\u0940\u0932\u093f\u090f \u092f\u0947 \u091a\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0907\u0924\u0928\u0940 \u092c\u093e\u0930 \u092d\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n\n <table class=\"data-table\">\n <thead>\n <tr>\n <th>Device<\/span>\u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923<\/span><\/th>\n <th>What it does<\/span>\u092f\u0939 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/th>\n <\/tr>\n <\/thead>\n <tbody>\n <tr><td>Modem<\/span>\u092e\u0949\u0921\u0947\u092e<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>From MO<\/strong>dulator\u2013DEM<\/strong>odulator. Modulates<\/strong> the computer's digital signal into analog form for the telephone or cable line, and demodulates<\/strong> the incoming analog signal back to digital. Because it does both, it is an input and an output device at once<\/strong>.<\/span>MO<\/strong>dulator\u2013DEM<\/strong>odulator \u0938\u0947\u0964 \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0902\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0947\u0924 \u0915\u094b \u0926\u0942\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0937 \u092f\u093e \u0915\u0947\u092c\u0932 \u0932\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u090f\u0928\u093e\u0932\u0949\u0917 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u0949\u0921\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0932\u093f\u0924<\/strong> \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0906\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0941\u090f \u090f\u0928\u093e\u0932\u0949\u0917 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0947\u0924 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0903 \u0905\u0902\u0915\u0940\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u092e\u0949\u0921\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0932\u093f\u0924<\/strong> \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u092f\u0939 \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0928\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0936 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0924 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923<\/strong> \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr style=\"background:#f3f8ff;\"><td>Router<\/span>\u0930\u093e\u0909\u091f\u0930<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>Connects two different networks<\/strong> \u2014 the school's LAN to the Internet \u2014 and decides the path a packet should take. It works at the Network layer<\/strong> and uses IP addresses<\/strong>.<\/span>\u0926\u094b \u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/strong> \u2014 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0915\u0947 LAN \u0915\u094b \u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u0928\u0947\u091f \u0938\u0947 \u2014 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0924\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u092a\u0948\u0915\u0947\u091f \u0915\u093f\u0938 \u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0917 \u0938\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u090f\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u092a\u0930\u0924<\/strong> \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u093e\u092e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 IP \u092a\u0924\u0947<\/strong> \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr style=\"background:#f3f8ff;\"><td>Switch<\/span>\u0938\u094d\u0935\u093f\u091a<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>Connects devices within one LAN<\/strong> and sends each frame only to the port of the intended machine<\/strong>. It works at the Data Link layer<\/strong> and uses MAC addresses<\/strong>. This selectivity is what makes it \"intelligent\".<\/span>\u090f\u0915 \u0939\u0940 LAN \u0915\u0947 \u092d\u0940\u0924\u0930<\/strong> \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u092b\u093c\u094d\u0930\u0947\u092e \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0905\u092d\u0940\u0937\u094d\u091f \u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094b\u0930\u094d\u091f \u092a\u0930<\/strong> \u092d\u0947\u091c\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u0932\u093f\u0902\u0915 \u092a\u0930\u0924<\/strong> \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u093e\u092e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 MAC \u092a\u0924\u0947<\/strong> \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939\u0940 \u091a\u092f\u0928\u0936\u0940\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0909\u0938\u0947 \"\u092c\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0928\" \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr style=\"background:#f3f8ff;\"><td>Hub<\/span>\u0939\u092c<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>The switch's obsolete predecessor. It broadcasts every incoming signal to every port<\/strong> without regard to the destination, wasting bandwidth and exposing traffic to all. Described as a \"dumb\" device for exactly this reason.<\/span>\u0938\u094d\u0935\u093f\u091a \u0915\u093e \u0905\u092a\u094d\u0930\u091a\u0932\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0940\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0917\u0902\u0924\u0935\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0939 \u0915\u093f\u090f \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0906\u0924\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0947\u0924 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u092a\u094b\u0930\u094d\u091f \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924<\/strong> \u0915\u0930 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0948\u0902\u0921\u0935\u093f\u0921\u094d\u0925 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u092f\u093e\u0924\u093e\u092f\u093e\u0924 \u0938\u092c\u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0928\u0947 \u0916\u0941\u0932 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0920\u0940\u0915 \u0907\u0938\u0940 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0907\u0938\u0947 \"\u092e\u0942\u0922\u093c\" \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0939\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>Repeater<\/span>\u0930\u093f\u092a\u0940\u091f\u0930<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>Regenerates a weakening signal<\/strong> so that it can travel further, working at the Physical layer<\/strong>. It adds distance but no intelligence.<\/span>\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0940\u0923 \u092a\u0921\u093c\u0924\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0947\u0924 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u094d\u091c\u0928\u093f\u0924<\/strong> \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0935\u0939 \u0906\u0917\u0947 \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0947, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092d\u094c\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u0930\u0924<\/strong> \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u093e\u092e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0926\u0942\u0930\u0940 \u092c\u0922\u093c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u092c\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093f \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>Bridge and Gateway<\/span>\u092c\u094d\u0930\u093f\u091c \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0917\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0947<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>A bridge<\/strong> joins two segments of the same<\/em> kind of network. A gateway<\/strong> joins networks that use different protocols<\/em> and translates between them \u2014 the most general of all the connecting devices.<\/span>\u092c\u094d\u0930\u093f\u091c<\/strong> \u090f\u0915 \u0939\u0940<\/em> \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u094b \u0916\u0902\u0921 \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0917\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0947<\/strong> \u0909\u0928 \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091f\u094b\u0915\u0949\u0932<\/em> \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u094b\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0935\u093e\u0926 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u0938\u092e\u0938\u094d\u0924 \u0938\u0902\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0915 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>NIC<\/strong><\/td><td>Network Interface Card<\/strong> \u2014 the hardware inside a computer that connects it to the network, and the component that carries the machine's MAC address<\/strong>.<\/span>\u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u092b\u093c\u0947\u0938 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0921<\/strong> \u2014 \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u092d\u0940\u0924\u0930 \u0935\u0939 \u0939\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0921\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u091c\u094b \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0938\u0947 \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0935\u0939\u0940 \u0918\u091f\u0915 \u091c\u094b \u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u093e MAC \u092a\u0924\u093e \u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/strong>\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <\/tbody>\n <\/table>\n\n <div class=\"exam-tip\">\n <div class=\"et-icon\">\ud83c\udff7\ufe0f<\/div>\n <div class=\"et-body\">\n MAC address and IP address are not alternatives; every machine has both.<\/strong> A MAC address<\/strong> is 48 bits, written as six pairs of hexadecimal digits<\/strong> such as <code>3C:5A:B4:0F:2E:19<\/code>. It is burnt into the network card at manufacture, is physical and permanent<\/strong>, and identifies the device itself. An IP address<\/strong> is logical and changeable<\/strong>: it identifies where the device currently is on the network, and it changes when the machine moves to a different network. The switch uses the MAC address to deliver inside the building; the router uses the IP address to deliver between buildings.<\/span>\n MAC \u092a\u0924\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 IP \u092a\u0924\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u0948\u0902; \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u0938 \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/strong> MAC \u092a\u0924\u093e<\/strong> 48 \u092c\u093f\u091f \u0915\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0937\u094b\u0921\u0936\u093e\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0905\u0902\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u091b\u0939 \u092f\u0941\u0917\u094d\u092e\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0932\u093f\u0916\u093e<\/strong>, \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 <code>3C:5A:B4:0F:2E:19<\/code>\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u092f \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0921 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0902\u0915\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u092d\u094c\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092f\u0940<\/strong> \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0939\u091a\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 IP \u092a\u0924\u093e<\/strong> \u0924\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0915\u093f\u0915 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928\u0940\u092f<\/strong> \u0939\u0948: \u092f\u0939 \u092c\u0924\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0907\u0938 \u0938\u092e\u092f \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u0947 \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0940 \u092c\u0926\u0932 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u093f\u091a \u092d\u0935\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u092d\u0940\u0924\u0930 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 MAC \u092a\u0924\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948; \u0930\u093e\u0909\u091f\u0930 \u092d\u0935\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 IP \u092a\u0924\u093e\u0964<\/span>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <hr class=\"section-divider\">\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d6-5\">\n 6.5<\/span>\n <h3>Protocols, IP Addresses and Domain Names<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091f\u094b\u0915\u0949\u0932, IP \u092a\u0924\u0947 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0921\u094b\u092e\u0947\u0928 \u0928\u093e\u092e<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n <h4>A. Protocols<\/span>\u0915. \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091f\u094b\u0915\u0949\u0932<\/span><\/h4>\n\n \n A protocol<\/strong> is an agreed set of rules governing how data is formatted, transmitted and received<\/strong>. Two machines that do not share a protocol cannot communicate, however well they are connected.<\/span>\n \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091f\u094b\u0915\u0949\u0932<\/strong> \u0909\u0928 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0939\u092e\u0924 \u0938\u092e\u0941\u091a\u094d\u091a\u092f \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0924\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0915\u093f \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u0915\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u0942\u092a\u093f\u0924, \u0938\u0902\u091a\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0902<\/strong>\u0964 \u091c\u094b \u0926\u094b \u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u090f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091f\u094b\u0915\u0949\u0932 \u0938\u093e\u091d\u093e \u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u094b\u0902, \u0935\u0947 \u0915\u093f\u0924\u0928\u0947 \u092d\u0940 \u0905\u091a\u094d\u091b\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u091c\u0941\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u0939\u094b\u0902, \u0938\u0902\u0935\u093e\u0926 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0947\u0964<\/span>\n <\/p>\n\n <div class=\"abbr-grid\">\n <table>\n <thead><tr><th>Protocol<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091f\u094b\u0915\u0949\u0932<\/span><\/th><th>Full form and purpose<\/span>\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928<\/span><\/th><\/tr><\/thead>\n <tbody>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">TCP\/IP<\/td><td>Transmission Control Protocol \/ Internet Protocol \u2014 the foundational suite of the Internet<\/strong>.<\/span>\u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0938\u092e\u093f\u0936\u0928 \u0915\u0902\u091f\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0932 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091f\u094b\u0915\u0949\u0932 \/ \u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u0928\u0947\u091f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091f\u094b\u0915\u0949\u0932 \u2014 \u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u0928\u0947\u091f \u0915\u093e \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u092d\u0942\u0924 \u0938\u092e\u0941\u091a\u094d\u091a\u092f<\/strong>\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">HTTP<\/td><td>HyperText Transfer Protocol \u2014 transfers web pages<\/strong>.<\/span>\u0939\u093e\u0907\u092a\u0930\u091f\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0938\u094d\u091f \u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0938\u092b\u093c\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091f\u094b\u0915\u0949\u0932 \u2014 \u0935\u0947\u092c \u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920<\/strong> \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">HTTPS<\/td><td>The same, secured by encryption<\/strong>. The padlock in the address bar.<\/span>\u0935\u0939\u0940, \u0915\u0942\u091f\u0932\u0947\u0916\u0928 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924<\/strong>\u0964 \u092a\u0924\u093e-\u092a\u091f\u094d\u091f\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u0924\u093e\u0932\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">FTP<\/td><td>File Transfer Protocol \u2014 moves files<\/strong> between machines.<\/span>\u092b\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0932 \u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0938\u092b\u093c\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091f\u094b\u0915\u0949\u0932 \u2014 \u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u092b\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0932\u0947\u0902<\/strong> \u0932\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">SMTP<\/td><td>Simple Mail Transfer Protocol \u2014 sends<\/strong> email.<\/span>\u0938\u093f\u0902\u092a\u0932 \u092e\u0947\u0932 \u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0938\u092b\u093c\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091f\u094b\u0915\u0949\u0932 \u2014 \u0908\u092e\u0947\u0932 \u092d\u0947\u091c\u0924\u093e<\/strong> \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <\/tbody>\n <\/table>\n <table>\n <thead><tr><th>Protocol<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091f\u094b\u0915\u0949\u0932<\/span><\/th><th>Full form and purpose<\/span>\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928<\/span><\/th><\/tr><\/thead>\n <tbody>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">POP3 \u00b7 IMAP<\/td><td>Post Office Protocol \u00b7 Internet Message Access Protocol \u2014 retrieve<\/strong> email. Compared in \u00a77.1.<\/span>\u092a\u094b\u0938\u094d\u091f \u0911\u092b\u093c\u093f\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091f\u094b\u0915\u0949\u0932 \u00b7 \u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u0928\u0947\u091f \u092e\u0948\u0938\u0947\u091c \u0910\u0915\u094d\u0938\u0947\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091f\u094b\u0915\u0949\u0932 \u2014 \u0908\u092e\u0947\u0932 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924<\/strong> \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0924\u0941\u0932\u0928\u093e \u00a77.1 \u092e\u0947\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">DNS<\/td><td>Domain Name System \u2014 translates a name into an IP address<\/strong>.<\/span>\u0921\u094b\u092e\u0947\u0928 \u0928\u0947\u092e \u0938\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u092e \u2014 \u0928\u093e\u092e \u0915\u094b IP \u092a\u0924\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/strong>\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">DHCP<\/td><td>Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol \u2014 assigns IP addresses automatically<\/strong>.<\/span>\u0921\u093e\u092f\u0928\u0948\u092e\u093f\u0915 \u0939\u094b\u0938\u094d\u091f \u0915\u0949\u0928\u094d\u092b\u093c\u093f\u0917\u0930\u0947\u0936\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091f\u094b\u0915\u0949\u0932 \u2014 IP \u092a\u0924\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0924\u0903 \u0906\u0935\u0902\u091f\u093f\u0924<\/strong> \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">TELNET \u00b7 SSH<\/td><td>Remote login to another machine; SSH is the encrypted, secure form<\/strong>.<\/span>\u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u0947 \u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0926\u0942\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0925 \u0932\u0949\u0917\u093f\u0928; SSH \u0915\u0942\u091f\u092c\u0926\u094d\u0927, \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0939\u0948<\/strong>\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">VoIP<\/td><td>Voice over Internet Protocol \u2014 voice calls carried over the internet<\/strong>.<\/span>\u0935\u0949\u0907\u0938 \u0913\u0935\u0930 \u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u0928\u0947\u091f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091f\u094b\u0915\u0949\u0932 \u2014 \u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u0928\u0947\u091f \u092a\u0930 \u0932\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0908 \u0917\u0908 \u0927\u094d\u0935\u0928\u093f-\u0935\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e<\/strong>\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <\/tbody>\n <\/table>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"callout amber\">\n <div class=\"callout-label\">\ud83d\udcda The OSI model \u2014 seven layers<\/span>\ud83d\udcda OSI \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u0942\u092a \u2014 \u0938\u093e\u0924 \u092a\u0930\u0924\u0947\u0902<\/span><\/div>\n The Open Systems Interconnection<\/strong> model divides network communication into seven layers, from the bottom upward: Physical, Data Link, Network, Transport, Session, Presentation, Application<\/strong>. The practical TCP\/IP model compresses these into four<\/strong>: Network Access, Internet, Transport and Application. Questions usually ask which layer a device belongs to \u2014 repeater at Physical, switch and bridge at Data Link, router at Network<\/strong>.<\/span>\n \u0913\u092a\u0928 \u0938\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u092e\u094d\u0938 \u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u0915\u0928\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0936\u0928<\/strong> \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u0942\u092a \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u093e\u0924 \u092a\u0930\u0924\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u093e\u0901\u091f\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0928\u0940\u091a\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u090a\u092a\u0930: \u092d\u094c\u0924\u093f\u0915, \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u0932\u093f\u0902\u0915, \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915, \u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0938\u092a\u094b\u0930\u094d\u091f, \u0938\u0924\u094d\u0930, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924\u093f, \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917<\/strong>\u0964 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0915 TCP\/IP \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u0942\u092a \u0907\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u091a\u093e\u0930<\/strong> \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u092e\u0947\u091f\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948: \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0910\u0915\u094d\u0938\u0947\u0938, \u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u0928\u0947\u091f, \u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0938\u092a\u094b\u0930\u094d\u091f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0910\u092a\u094d\u0932\u093f\u0915\u0947\u0936\u0928\u0964 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092f\u0903 \u092a\u0942\u091b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0915\u093f \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u093f\u0938 \u092a\u0930\u0924 \u0915\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u0930\u093f\u092a\u0940\u091f\u0930 \u092d\u094c\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u0930, \u0938\u094d\u0935\u093f\u091a \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092c\u094d\u0930\u093f\u091c \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u0932\u093f\u0902\u0915 \u092a\u0930, \u0930\u093e\u0909\u091f\u0930 \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u092a\u0930<\/strong>\u0964<\/span>\n <\/div>\n\n <h4>B. IP addresses<\/span>\u0916. IP \u092a\u0924\u0947<\/span><\/h4>\n\n <div class=\"formula-card\">\n <div class=\"fx-eyebrow\">The two versions, and the figures that are asked<\/span>\u0926\u094b \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0930\u0923, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0935\u0947 \u0905\u0902\u0915 \u091c\u094b \u092a\u0942\u091b\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"fx-body\">\n IPv4<\/em> \u2014 32 bits \u00b7 four octets \u00b7 each 0 to 255 \u00b7 192.168.1.10<\/em> IPv6<\/em> \u2014 128 bits \u00b7 eight groups \u00b7 hexadecimal \u00b7 2001:0db8:85a3::8a2e:0370:7334<\/em><\/span>\n IPv4<\/em> \u2014 32 \u092c\u093f\u091f \u00b7 \u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0905\u0937\u094d\u091f\u0915 \u00b7 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 0 \u0938\u0947 255 \u00b7 192.168.1.10<\/em> IPv6<\/em> \u2014 128 \u092c\u093f\u091f \u00b7 \u0906\u0920 \u0938\u092e\u0942\u0939 \u00b7 \u0937\u094b\u0921\u0936\u093e\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u00b7 2001:0db8:85a3::8a2e:0370:7334<\/em><\/span>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"fx-note\">\n IPv6 exists because the roughly 4.3 billion addresses of IPv4 were exhausted. Classes: A<\/b> 1\u2013126, B<\/b> 128\u2013191, C<\/b> 192\u2013223, D<\/b> 224\u2013239 (multicast), E<\/b> 240\u2013255 (experimental). 127.0.0.1 is the loopback address<\/b>, meaning \"this machine itself\", and 127 belongs to no class.<\/span>\n IPv6 \u0907\u0938\u0932\u093f\u090f \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f IPv4 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u0917\u092d\u0917 4.3 \u0905\u0930\u092c \u092a\u0924\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u094b \u0917\u090f\u0964 \u0936\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0923\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901: A<\/b> 1\u2013126, B<\/b> 128\u2013191, C<\/b> 192\u2013223, D<\/b> 224\u2013239 (\u092e\u0932\u094d\u091f\u0940\u0915\u093e\u0938\u094d\u091f), E<\/b> 240\u2013255 (\u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915)\u0964 127.0.0.1 \u0932\u0942\u092a\u092c\u0948\u0915 \u092a\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/b>, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u0939\u0948 \"\u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u092f\u0939\u0940 \u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\", \u0914\u0930 127 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0936\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0923\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964<\/span>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <ul class=\"icon-list\">\n <li>1<\/span>\n Public and private.<\/strong> A public<\/strong> address is unique across the whole Internet. A private<\/strong> address is used only inside a local network and is not routable on the Internet; the reserved private ranges begin 10.<\/strong>, 172.16\u2013172.31<\/strong> and 192.168.<\/strong> \u2014 which is why almost every school router hands out addresses beginning 192.168.<\/span>\n \u0938\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0935\u091c\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0928\u093f\u091c\u0940\u0964<\/strong> \u0938\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0935\u091c\u0928\u093f\u0915<\/strong> \u092a\u0924\u093e \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u0928\u0947\u091f \u092a\u0930 \u0905\u0926\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0928\u093f\u091c\u0940<\/strong> \u092a\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u0940\u092f \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u092d\u0940\u0924\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u0928\u0947\u091f \u092a\u0930 \u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0917\u093f\u0924 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e; \u0906\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0928\u093f\u091c\u0940 \u092a\u0930\u093e\u0938 10.<\/strong>, 172.16\u2013172.31<\/strong> \u0924\u0925\u093e 192.168.<\/strong> \u0938\u0947 \u0906\u0930\u0902\u092d \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u2014 \u0907\u0938\u0940\u0932\u093f\u090f \u0932\u0917\u092d\u0917 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f\u0940 \u0930\u093e\u0909\u091f\u0930 192.168 \u0938\u0947 \u0906\u0930\u0902\u092d \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u092a\u0924\u0947 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\n <\/span><\/li>\n <li>2<\/span>\n Static and dynamic.<\/strong> A static<\/strong> address is fixed by hand and stays the same \u2014 appropriate for a server or a network printer. A dynamic<\/strong> address is issued automatically by DHCP<\/strong> each time a device joins, and may differ from one day to the next.<\/span>\n \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0930 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0917\u0924\u093f\u0915\u0964<\/strong> \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0930<\/strong> \u092a\u0924\u093e \u0939\u093e\u0925 \u0938\u0947 \u0924\u092f \u0939\u094b\u0915\u0930 \u0935\u0939\u0940 \u092c\u0928\u093e \u0930\u0939\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0930 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0915 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924\u0964 \u0917\u0924\u093f\u0915<\/strong> \u092a\u0924\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u092c\u093e\u0930 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u091c\u0941\u0921\u093c\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 DHCP<\/strong> \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0924\u0903 \u091c\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u090f\u0915 \u0926\u093f\u0928 \u0938\u0947 \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u0947 \u0926\u093f\u0928 \u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\n <\/span><\/li>\n <\/ul>\n\n <h4>C. Domain names and the anatomy of a URL<\/span>\u0917. \u0921\u094b\u092e\u0947\u0928 \u0928\u093e\u092e \u090f\u0935\u0902 URL \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e<\/span><\/h4>\n\n \n People remember names; machines route by numbers. The Domain Name System<\/strong> bridges the two by translating a domain name into its IP address<\/strong> \u2014 for which reason it is often called the telephone directory of the Internet<\/strong>.<\/span>\n \u0932\u094b\u0917 \u0928\u093e\u092e \u092f\u093e\u0926 \u0930\u0916\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902; \u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0917 \u0924\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0921\u094b\u092e\u0947\u0928 \u0928\u0947\u092e \u0938\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u092e<\/strong> \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u092f\u0939 \u0921\u094b\u092e\u0947\u0928 \u0928\u093e\u092e \u0915\u094b \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 IP \u092a\u0924\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/strong> \u2014 \u0907\u0938\u0940\u0932\u093f\u090f \u0907\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092f\u0903 \u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u0928\u0947\u091f \u0915\u0940 \u0926\u0942\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0937-\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e<\/strong> \u0915\u0939\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\n <\/p>\n\n <svg class=\"full-diagram\" viewBox=\"0 0 740 228\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"The parts of a web address dissected\">\n <rect x=\"20\" y=\"16\" width=\"700\" height=\"44\" rx=\"8\" fill=\"#14243f\"\/>\n <g font-family=\"JetBrains Mono, monospace\" font-size=\"14.5\" font-weight=\"700\">\n <text x=\"38\" y=\"45\" fill=\"#7fc4e8\">https:\/\/<\/text>\n <text x=\"112\" y=\"45\" fill=\"#8ee0c8\">www.<\/text>\n <text x=\"158\" y=\"45\" fill=\"#ffd970\">education<\/text>\n <text x=\"258\" y=\"45\" fill=\"#f0a8c4\">.gov<\/text>\n <text x=\"300\" y=\"45\" fill=\"#f5b58a\">.in<\/text>\n <text x=\"330\" y=\"45\" fill=\"#c9daf0\">\/circulars\/2026\/<\/text>\n <text x=\"494\" y=\"45\" fill=\"#a8e6a0\">rte-notice.pdf<\/text>\n <\/g>\n\n <g stroke=\"#5a6d80\" stroke-width=\"1\" stroke-dasharray=\"2 2\" fill=\"none\">\n <path d=\"M70 60 L70 74\"\/><path d=\"M132 60 L132 90\"\/><path d=\"M204 60 L204 106\"\/>\n <path d=\"M276 60 L276 122\"\/><path d=\"M312 60 L312 138\"\/><path d=\"M408 60 L408 154\"\/><path d=\"M556 60 L556 170\"\/>\n <\/g>\n\n <g font-size=\"8.5\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">\n <text x=\"74\" y=\"78\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#2f92d1\">Protocol<\/text>\n <text x=\"146\" y=\"78\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">\u2014 HTTPS, the secure form of HTTP. The padlock in the browser depends on this.<\/text>\n\n <text x=\"136\" y=\"94\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#0d8f79\">Subdomain<\/text>\n <text x=\"216\" y=\"94\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">\u2014 a subdivision of the site; \"www\" is conventional but not compulsory.<\/text>\n\n <text x=\"208\" y=\"110\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#c9760f\">Second-level domain<\/text>\n <text x=\"336\" y=\"110\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">\u2014 the registered name of the organisation.<\/text>\n\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"126\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#8e2f5a\">Top-level domain (TLD)<\/text>\n <text x=\"418\" y=\"126\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">\u2014 .gov marks a government body.<\/text>\n\n <text x=\"316\" y=\"142\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#c9760f\">Country code (ccTLD)<\/text>\n <text x=\"446\" y=\"142\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">\u2014 .in for India, .uk, .au.<\/text>\n\n <text x=\"412\" y=\"158\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#5a6d80\">Path<\/text>\n <text x=\"446\" y=\"158\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">\u2014 the folders on the server leading to the file.<\/text>\n\n <text x=\"560\" y=\"174\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#0a6d5c\">File name<\/text>\n <text x=\"632\" y=\"174\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">\u2014 the resource itself.<\/text>\n <\/g>\n\n <rect x=\"20\" y=\"184\" width=\"700\" height=\"36\" rx=\"6\" fill=\"#f7fbff\" stroke=\"#c3d2e2\" stroke-width=\"1.1\"\/>\n <text x=\"34\" y=\"198\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\"><tspan font-weight=\"700\">URL<\/tspan> = Uniform Resource Locator \u2014 the full address of a resource on the web.<\/text>\n <text x=\"34\" y=\"211\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\"><tspan font-weight=\"700\">Indian domains to know:<\/tspan> .in \u00b7 .co.in \u00b7 .gov.in \u00b7 .nic.in \u00b7 .ac.in \u00b7 .edu.in \u00b7 .res.in<\/text>\n <\/svg>\n Reading a URL before clicking is the single most effective defence against a phishing link, as \u00a78.3 explains.<\/span>\u0915\u094d\u0932\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 URL \u092a\u0922\u093c \u0932\u0947\u0928\u093e \u092b\u093c\u093f\u0936\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0932\u093f\u0902\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0930\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0940 \u092c\u091a\u093e\u0935 \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u0948\u0938\u093e \u00a78.3 \u092c\u0924\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n <hr class=\"section-divider\">\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d6-6\">\n 6.6<\/span>\n <h3>The Internet and the World Wide Web<\/span>\u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u0928\u0947\u091f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0932\u094d\u0921 \u0935\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u0935\u0947\u092c<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"vs-compare\">\n <div class=\"vs-side left\">\n The network<\/span>\u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915<\/span><\/span>\n <h5>The Internet<\/span>\u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u0928\u0947\u091f<\/span><\/h5>\n <ul>\n <li>A global network of interconnected networks<\/strong> \u2014 the physical and logical infrastructure of cables, satellites, routers and addresses.<\/span>\u092a\u0930\u0938\u094d\u092a\u0930 \u091c\u0941\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u0948\u0936\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915<\/strong> \u2014 \u0924\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902, \u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939\u094b\u0902, \u0930\u093e\u0909\u091f\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u0924\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u092d\u094c\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0924\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0915\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u0935\u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n <li>Began as ARPANET in 1969<\/strong>, funded by the United States Department of Defense.<\/span>1969 \u092e\u0947\u0902 ARPANET<\/strong> \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0906\u0930\u0902\u092d, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u0905\u092e\u0947\u0930\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0917 \u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0924-\u092a\u094b\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n <li>The Web is only one of the services it carries<\/strong>. Email, FTP, VoIP and online gaming are others, and none of them is the Web.<\/span>\u0935\u0947\u092c \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u0905\u0928\u0947\u0915 \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u090f\u0915<\/strong> \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0908\u092e\u0947\u0932, FTP, VoIP \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0911\u0928\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u0917\u0947\u092e\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0928\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0935\u0947\u092c \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"vs-mid\">\u2260<\/div>\n <div class=\"vs-side right\">\n A service on it<\/span>\u0909\u0938 \u092a\u0930 \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e<\/span><\/span>\n <h5>The World Wide Web<\/span>\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0932\u094d\u0921 \u0935\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u0935\u0947\u092c<\/span><\/h5>\n <ul>\n <li>A system of interlinked hypertext documents<\/strong> \u2014 web pages \u2014 reached through browsers and identified by URLs.<\/span>\u092a\u0930\u0938\u094d\u092a\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0939\u093e\u0907\u092a\u0930\u091f\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0938\u094d\u091f \u0926\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0947\u091c\u093c\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940<\/strong> \u2014 \u0935\u0947\u092c \u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u2014 \u091c\u093f\u0928 \u0924\u0915 \u092c\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0909\u091c\u093c\u0930 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u091c\u093f\u0928\u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0939\u091a\u093e\u0928 URL \u0938\u0947 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n <li>Invented by Tim Berners-Lee at CERN in 1989<\/strong> and opened to the public in 1991<\/strong>.<\/span>1989 \u092e\u0947\u0902 CERN \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091f\u093f\u092e \u092c\u0930\u094d\u0928\u0930\u094d\u0938-\u0932\u0940<\/strong> \u0928\u0947 \u0906\u0935\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0914\u0930 1991<\/strong> \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091c\u0928\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0916\u094b\u0932\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n <li>Rests on three inventions of his: HTML<\/strong> to write pages, HTTP<\/strong> to transfer them, and the URL<\/strong> to address them.<\/span>\u0909\u0928\u0915\u0947 \u0924\u0940\u0928 \u0906\u0935\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u091f\u093f\u0915\u093e \u0939\u0948: \u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u0932\u093f\u0916\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 HTML<\/strong>, \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 HTTP<\/strong>, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0909\u0928\u0915\u093e \u092a\u0924\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 URL<\/strong>\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"enrich-box\">\n Dates and firsts worth memorising<\/span>\u0915\u0902\u0920\u0938\u094d\u0925 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u092f\u094b\u0917\u094d\u092f \u0924\u093f\u0925\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0925\u092e<\/span><\/span>\n <ul class=\"split-list\">\n <li>1<\/span>1969<\/strong> \u2014 ARPANET<\/strong>, the ancestor of the Internet, connects four American universities.<\/span>1969<\/strong> \u2014 \u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u0928\u0947\u091f \u0915\u093e \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935\u091c ARPANET<\/strong> \u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0905\u092e\u0947\u0930\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0935\u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n <li>2<\/span>1983<\/strong> \u2014 TCP\/IP<\/strong> is adopted as the standard, the date usually given as the birth of the Internet proper. Vinton Cerf and Robert Kahn<\/strong> are called its fathers.<\/span>1983<\/strong> \u2014 TCP\/IP<\/strong> \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u093e\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u092f\u0939\u0940 \u0924\u093f\u0925\u093f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092f\u0903 \u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u0928\u0947\u091f \u0915\u093e \u091c\u0928\u094d\u092e \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0935\u093f\u0902\u091f\u0928 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u092b\u093c \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0930\u0949\u092c\u0930\u094d\u091f \u0915\u093e\u0939\u094d\u0928<\/strong> \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u091c\u0928\u0915 \u0915\u0939\u0932\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n <li>3<\/span>1989\u201391<\/strong> \u2014 Tim Berners-Lee<\/strong> invents the World Wide Web<\/strong> at CERN in Switzerland.<\/span>1989\u201391<\/strong> \u2014 \u091f\u093f\u092e \u092c\u0930\u094d\u0928\u0930\u094d\u0938-\u0932\u0940<\/strong> \u0938\u094d\u0935\u093f\u091f\u094d\u091c\u093c\u0930\u0932\u0948\u0902\u0921 \u0915\u0947 CERN \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0932\u094d\u0921 \u0935\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u0935\u0947\u092c<\/strong> \u0915\u093e \u0906\u0935\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n <li>4<\/span>1986<\/strong> \u2014 ERNET<\/strong>, the Education and Research Network, brings the first internet connectivity to India, for academic use.<\/span>1986<\/strong> \u2014 ERNET<\/strong>, \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u0902\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915, \u0936\u0948\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u093f\u0915 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0925\u092e \u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u0928\u0947\u091f \u0938\u0902\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0932\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n <li>5<\/span>15 August 1995<\/strong> \u2014 VSNL launches public internet access in India<\/strong>. This date is asked directly.<\/span>15 \u0905\u0917\u0938\u094d\u0924 1995<\/strong> \u2014 VSNL \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0935\u091c\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u0928\u0947\u091f \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a \u0906\u0930\u0902\u092d \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/strong>\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0924\u093f\u0925\u093f \u0938\u0940\u0927\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u091b\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n <li>6<\/span>The generations of the Web: Web 1.0<\/strong> was read-only, a page to be consumed. Web 2.0<\/strong> is read-and-write and participatory \u2014 social media, wikis, comments. Web 3.0<\/strong> is the emerging semantic and decentralised web.<\/span>\u0935\u0947\u092c \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0940\u0922\u093c\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901: \u0935\u0947\u092c 1.0<\/strong> \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932-\u092a\u0920\u0928 \u0925\u093e, \u0909\u092a\u092d\u094b\u0917 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920\u0964 \u0935\u0947\u092c 2.0<\/strong> \u092a\u0920\u0928-\u0932\u0947\u0916\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0939\u092d\u093e\u0917\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u0938\u094b\u0936\u0932 \u092e\u0940\u0921\u093f\u092f\u093e, \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093f, \u091f\u093f\u092a\u094d\u092a\u0923\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901\u0964 \u0935\u0947\u092c 3.0<\/strong> \u0909\u092d\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0941\u0906 \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0935\u0947\u092c \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n\n <hr class=\"section-divider\">\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d6-7\">\n 6.7<\/span>\n <h3>Browsers, URLs and Search Engines<\/span>\u092c\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0909\u091c\u093c\u0930, URL \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0916\u094b\u091c-\u0907\u0902\u091c\u0928<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n <svg class=\"full-diagram\" viewBox=\"0 0 753 350\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Realistic view of a web browser with parts labelled\">\n <rect x=\"86\" y=\"24\" width=\"548\" height=\"302\" rx=\"6\" fill=\"#fff\" stroke=\"#b9c6d6\" stroke-width=\"1.5\"\/>\n\n <rect x=\"86\" y=\"24\" width=\"548\" height=\"26\" rx=\"6\" fill=\"#dee1e6\"\/>\n <rect x=\"86\" y=\"40\" width=\"548\" height=\"10\" fill=\"#dee1e6\"\/>\n <path d=\"M96 50 v-12 a5 5 0 0 1 5 -5 h108 a5 5 0 0 1 5 5 v12 z\" fill=\"#fff\"\/>\n <circle cx=\"106\" cy=\"42\" r=\"4\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\"\/>\n <text x=\"118\" y=\"45\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#333\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Directorate of Education<\/text>\n <path d=\"M203 39 l7 7 M210 39 l-7 7\" stroke=\"#777\" stroke-width=\"1.2\"\/>\n <path d=\"M222 50 v-12 a5 5 0 0 1 5 -5 h92 a5 5 0 0 1 5 5 v12 z\" fill=\"#c9ced6\" opacity=\".55\"\/>\n <text x=\"234\" y=\"45\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#555\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">DIKSHA<\/text>\n <text x=\"340\" y=\"45\" font-size=\"13\" fill=\"#555\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">+<\/text>\n <g fill=\"#777\"><rect x=\"576\" y=\"36\" width=\"9\" height=\"1.4\"\/><rect x=\"596\" y=\"33\" width=\"8\" height=\"8\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#777\" stroke-width=\"1.2\"\/><\/g>\n <path d=\"M616 33 l9 9 M625 33 l-9 9\" stroke=\"#777\" stroke-width=\"1.4\"\/>\n\n <rect x=\"86\" y=\"50\" width=\"548\" height=\"28\" fill=\"#f1f3f4\"\/>\n <g stroke=\"#5f6368\" stroke-width=\"1.6\" fill=\"none\" stroke-linecap=\"round\">\n <path d=\"M106 64 l-6 -6 M106 64 l-6 6 M100 64 h14\"\/>\n <path d=\"M130 64 l6 -6 M130 64 l6 6 M136 64 h-14\" opacity=\".35\"\/>\n <path d=\"M158 60 a7 7 0 1 0 3 -5\" \/><path d=\"M158 55 v6 h6\"\/>\n <\/g>\n <rect x=\"180\" y=\"56\" width=\"404\" height=\"18\" rx=\"9\" fill=\"#fff\" stroke=\"#dadce0\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/>\n <g fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#0d8f79\" stroke-width=\"1.5\">\n <rect x=\"190\" y=\"61\" width=\"7\" height=\"6\" rx=\"1\"\/><path d=\"M191.5 61 v-2 a2 2 0 0 1 4 0 v2\"\/>\n <\/g>\n <text x=\"204\" y=\"69\" font-size=\"8.5\" font-family=\"JetBrains Mono, monospace\"><tspan fill=\"#5f6368\">https:\/\/www.<\/tspan><tspan fill=\"#202124\" font-weight=\"700\">education.delhi.gov.in<\/tspan><tspan fill=\"#5f6368\">\/circulars\/2026<\/tspan><\/text>\n <g fill=\"#5f6368\"><circle cx=\"562\" cy=\"61\" r=\"1.4\"\/><circle cx=\"562\" cy=\"65\" r=\"1.4\"\/><circle cx=\"562\" cy=\"69\" r=\"1.4\"\/><\/g>\n <path d=\"M596 60 l6 6 l6 -6\" stroke=\"#5f6368\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" fill=\"none\"\/>\n\n <rect x=\"86\" y=\"78\" width=\"548\" height=\"18\" fill=\"#f8f9fa\"\/>\n <g font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#3c4043\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">\n <rect x=\"98\" y=\"83\" width=\"7\" height=\"7\" rx=\"1\" fill=\"#c9760f\"\/><text x=\"110\" y=\"90\">UDISE+<\/text>\n <rect x=\"156\" y=\"83\" width=\"7\" height=\"7\" rx=\"1\" fill=\"#0d8f79\"\/><text x=\"168\" y=\"90\">DIKSHA<\/text>\n <rect x=\"216\" y=\"83\" width=\"7\" height=\"7\" rx=\"1\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\"\/><text x=\"228\" y=\"90\">DigiLocker<\/text>\n <rect x=\"288\" y=\"83\" width=\"7\" height=\"7\" rx=\"1\" fill=\"#8e2f5a\"\/><text x=\"300\" y=\"90\">SWAYAM<\/text>\n <\/g>\n\n <rect x=\"86\" y=\"96\" width=\"548\" height=\"206\" fill=\"#fff\"\/>\n <rect x=\"86\" y=\"96\" width=\"548\" height=\"42\" fill=\"#14243f\"\/>\n <circle cx=\"116\" cy=\"117\" r=\"12\" fill=\"#c9760f\"\/>\n <text x=\"140\" y=\"114\" font-size=\"11\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"Georgia, serif\">Directorate of Education<\/text>\n <text x=\"140\" y=\"128\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#c9daf0\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Government of NCT of Delhi<\/text>\n <g font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#c9daf0\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">\n <text x=\"420\" y=\"121\">Home<\/text><text x=\"462\" y=\"121\">Circulars<\/text><text x=\"516\" y=\"121\">Schemes<\/text><text x=\"574\" y=\"121\">Contact<\/text>\n <\/g>\n\n <text x=\"110\" y=\"164\" font-size=\"11\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#14243f\" font-family=\"Georgia, serif\">Latest Circulars<\/text>\n <line x1=\"110\" y1=\"170\" x2=\"180\" y2=\"170\" stroke=\"#c9760f\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\n <g font-size=\"8\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">\n <rect x=\"110\" y=\"180\" width=\"6\" height=\"6\" fill=\"#c9760f\"\/>\n <text x=\"124\" y=\"186\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\" text-decoration=\"underline\">Revised examination schedule for classes IX and XI<\/text>\n <text x=\"450\" y=\"186\" fill=\"#8a95a3\">22 Aug 2026<\/text>\n <rect x=\"110\" y=\"200\" width=\"6\" height=\"6\" fill=\"#c9760f\"\/>\n <text x=\"124\" y=\"206\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\" text-decoration=\"underline\">Guidelines on UDISE+ data entry, session 2026\u201327<\/text>\n <text x=\"450\" y=\"206\" fill=\"#8a95a3\">19 Aug 2026<\/text>\n <rect x=\"110\" y=\"220\" width=\"6\" height=\"6\" fill=\"#c9760f\"\/>\n <text x=\"124\" y=\"226\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\" text-decoration=\"underline\">Admission notice under the RTE Act, 2009<\/text>\n <text x=\"450\" y=\"226\" fill=\"#8a95a3\">14 Aug 2026<\/text>\n <\/g>\n <rect x=\"110\" y=\"246\" width=\"180\" height=\"40\" rx=\"5\" fill=\"#eefbf7\" stroke=\"#0d8f79\" stroke-width=\"1.2\"\/>\n <text x=\"122\" y=\"262\" font-size=\"8\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#0a6d5c\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Download the school calendar<\/text>\n <text x=\"122\" y=\"276\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#0a6d5c\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">PDF \u00b7 1.8 MB<\/text>\n <rect x=\"308\" y=\"246\" width=\"180\" height=\"40\" rx=\"5\" fill=\"#fffbf0\" stroke=\"#c9760f\" stroke-width=\"1.2\"\/>\n <text x=\"320\" y=\"262\" font-size=\"8\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#8f5409\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Grievance redressal portal<\/text>\n <text x=\"320\" y=\"276\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#8f5409\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Log in with school code<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"620\" y=\"96\" width=\"14\" height=\"206\" fill=\"#f5f6f8\"\/>\n <rect x=\"622\" y=\"102\" width=\"10\" height=\"58\" rx=\"5\" fill=\"#b8c2ce\"\/>\n\n <rect x=\"86\" y=\"302\" width=\"548\" height=\"24\" rx=\"0\" fill=\"#f1f3f4\"\/>\n <rect x=\"86\" y=\"316\" width=\"548\" height=\"10\" rx=\"6\" fill=\"#f1f3f4\"\/>\n <text x=\"98\" y=\"318\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#5f6368\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">school-calendar-2026.pdf \u00b7 downloaded<\/text>\n\n <defs><marker id=\"br\" markerWidth=\"8\" markerHeight=\"8\" refX=\"7\" refY=\"2.6\" orient=\"auto\"><path d=\"M0,0 L0,5.2 L7,2.6 z\" fill=\"#8e2f5a\"\/><\/marker><\/defs>\n <g stroke=\"#8e2f5a\" stroke-width=\"1.2\" fill=\"none\">\n <line x1=\"52\" y1=\"40\" x2=\"92\" y2=\"40\" marker-end=\"url(#br)\"\/>\n <line x1=\"52\" y1=\"64\" x2=\"96\" y2=\"64\" marker-end=\"url(#br)\"\/>\n <line x1=\"52\" y1=\"88\" x2=\"92\" y2=\"88\" marker-end=\"url(#br)\"\/>\n <line x1=\"52\" y1=\"316\" x2=\"92\" y2=\"316\" marker-end=\"url(#br)\"\/>\n <line x1=\"690\" y1=\"64\" x2=\"196\" y2=\"64\" marker-end=\"url(#br)\"\/>\n <line x1=\"690\" y1=\"122\" x2=\"612\" y2=\"122\" marker-end=\"url(#br)\"\/>\n <line x1=\"690\" y1=\"192\" x2=\"486\" y2=\"188\" marker-end=\"url(#br)\"\/>\n <\/g>\n <g font-size=\"8.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#8e2f5a\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">\n <text x=\"0\" y=\"43\">Tabs<\/text>\n <text x=\"0\" y=\"60\">Back \u00b7 Forward<\/text>\n <text x=\"0\" y=\"72\">\u00b7 Reload<\/text>\n <text x=\"0\" y=\"91\">Bookmarks bar<\/text>\n <text x=\"0\" y=\"319\">Downloads<\/text>\n <text x=\"694\" y=\"60\">Address bar<\/text>\n <text x=\"694\" y=\"72\">+ padlock<\/text>\n <text x=\"694\" y=\"125\">Web page<\/text>\n <text x=\"694\" y=\"189\">Hyperlinks<\/text>\n <\/g>\n <\/svg>\n The padlock beside the address confirms only that the connection is encrypted. It does not certify that the site is honest \u2014 a point \u00a78.3 returns to.<\/span>\u092a\u0924\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0917\u0932 \u0915\u093e \u0924\u093e\u0932\u093e \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u092f\u0939 \u092c\u0924\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0938\u0902\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u0915\u0942\u091f\u092c\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u093f\u0924 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0915\u093f \u0938\u093e\u0907\u091f \u0908\u092e\u093e\u0928\u0926\u093e\u0930 \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u00a78.3 \u0907\u0938\u0940 \u092c\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0941 \u092a\u0930 \u0932\u094c\u091f\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n\n <div class=\"feat-grid\">\n <div class=\"feat-card\">1<\/span>Browser<\/span>\u092c\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0909\u091c\u093c\u0930<\/span><\/strong>The software that requests, interprets and displays web pages. The common ones are Chrome, Firefox, Edge, Safari and Opera<\/strong>. The first was written by Tim Berners-Lee himself; Mosaic<\/strong> in 1993 made the Web popular.<\/span>\u0935\u0939 \u0938\u0949\u092b\u093c\u094d\u091f\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u091c\u094b \u0935\u0947\u092c \u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u092e\u093e\u0901\u0917\u0924\u093e, \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0940 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u0926\u093f\u0916\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u091a\u0932\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u094b\u092e, \u092b\u093c\u093e\u092f\u0930\u092b\u093c\u0949\u0915\u094d\u0938, \u090f\u091c, \u0938\u092b\u093c\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0913\u092a\u0947\u0930\u093e<\/strong>\u0964 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0925\u092e \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u091f\u093f\u092e \u092c\u0930\u094d\u0928\u0930\u094d\u0938-\u0932\u0940 \u0928\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u0916\u093e; 1993 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u094b\u091c\u093c\u0947\u0915<\/strong> \u0928\u0947 \u0935\u0947\u092c \u0915\u094b \u0932\u094b\u0915\u092a\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f \u092c\u0928\u093e\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"feat-card\">2<\/span>Cache and cookies<\/span>\u0915\u0948\u0936 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0915\u0941\u0915\u0940\u091c\u093c<\/span><\/strong>The cache<\/strong> stores page elements locally so a repeat visit loads faster. A cookie<\/strong> is a small file a site stores on the device to remember a login or a preference. Third-party cookies<\/strong> track across sites and are the basis of targeted advertising \u2014 the privacy point taken up in \u00a711.3.<\/span>\u0915\u0948\u0936<\/strong> \u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0902\u0936 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u0940\u092f \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0930\u0916\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0926\u094b\u092c\u093e\u0930\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u0935\u0939 \u0936\u0940\u0918\u094d\u0930 \u0916\u0941\u0932\u0947\u0964 \u0915\u0941\u0915\u0940<\/strong> \u0935\u0939 \u091b\u094b\u091f\u0940 \u092b\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0932 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0938\u093e\u0907\u091f \u0932\u0949\u0917\u093f\u0928 \u092f\u093e \u0935\u0930\u0940\u092f\u0924\u093e \u092f\u093e\u0926 \u0930\u0916\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u092a\u0930 \u0930\u0916\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0924\u0943\u0924\u0940\u092f-\u092a\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0915\u0941\u0915\u0940\u091c\u093c<\/strong> \u0938\u093e\u0907\u091f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0906\u0930-\u092a\u093e\u0930 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0930\u0947\u0916\u0923 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0935\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u092a\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u2014 \u0928\u093f\u091c\u0924\u093e \u0915\u093e \u092f\u0939\u0940 \u092c\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0941 \u00a711.3 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0932\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"feat-card\">3<\/span>Private or incognito mode<\/span>\u0928\u093f\u091c\u0940 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0917\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0935\u093f\u0927\u093e<\/span><\/strong>Keeps no history, cookies or form data on the device<\/strong> after the window closes. It does not<\/strong> make browsing anonymous: the internet provider, the employer's network and the sites visited can all still see the activity. This is the commonest misunderstanding about it.<\/span>\u0935\u093f\u0902\u0921\u094b \u092c\u0902\u0926 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u092a\u0930 \u0928 \u0907\u0924\u093f\u0939\u093e\u0938, \u0928 \u0915\u0941\u0915\u0940, \u0928 \u092b\u093c\u0949\u0930\u094d\u092e-\u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u0947<\/strong> \u0930\u0916\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u092c\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0909\u091c\u093c\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0915\u094b \u0917\u0941\u092e\u0928\u093e\u092e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902<\/strong> \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u093e: \u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u0928\u0947\u091f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u093e\u0924\u093e, \u0928\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0916\u0940 \u0917\u0908 \u0938\u093e\u0907\u091f\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u092c \u0917\u0924\u093f\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f \u0926\u0947\u0916 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092f\u0939\u0940 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u091a\u0932\u093f\u0924 \u092d\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0924\u093f \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"feat-card\">4<\/span>Search engine<\/span>\u0916\u094b\u091c-\u0907\u0902\u091c\u0928<\/span><\/strong>A site that finds web pages matching a query \u2014 Google, Bing, DuckDuckGo, Yahoo<\/strong>. It works in three stages: crawling<\/strong> the web with automated programs, indexing<\/strong> what is found, and ranking<\/strong> the results by relevance.<\/span>\u0935\u0939 \u0938\u093e\u0907\u091f \u091c\u094b \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u0938\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0932 \u0916\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0935\u0947\u092c \u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u0916\u094b\u091c\u0947 \u2014 \u0917\u0942\u0917\u0932, \u092c\u093f\u0902\u0917, \u0921\u0915\u0921\u0915\u0917\u094b, \u092f\u093e\u0939\u0942<\/strong>\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0924\u0940\u0928 \u091a\u0930\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u093e\u092e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948: \u0938\u094d\u0935\u091a\u093e\u0932\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0935\u0947\u092c \u0915\u093e \u0915\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0932\u093f\u0902\u0917<\/strong>, \u091c\u094b \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0947 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0923<\/strong>, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0938\u0902\u0917\u093f\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0936\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0923\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923<\/strong>\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"callout teal\">\n <div class=\"callout-label\">\ud83d\udd0e Search operators that repay learning<\/span>\ud83d\udd0e \u0938\u0940\u0916\u0928\u0947 \u092f\u094b\u0917\u094d\u092f \u0916\u094b\u091c-\u0938\u0902\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0915<\/span><\/div>\n These turn a vague search into a precise one, and are of daily use when a specific circular or rule has to be traced.<\/span>\n \u092f\u0947 \u0905\u0938\u094d\u092a\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0916\u094b\u091c \u0915\u094b \u092f\u0925\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u092c\u0928\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0914\u0930 \u0924\u092c \u0926\u0948\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u093e\u092e \u0906\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u091c\u092c \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e \u0922\u0942\u0901\u0922\u093c\u0928\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0964<\/span>\n <div class=\"abbr-grid\" style=\"margin:10px 0 0;\">\n <table>\n <thead><tr><th>Operator<\/span>\u0938\u0902\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0915<\/span><\/th><th>Effect<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935<\/span><\/th><\/tr><\/thead>\n <tbody>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">\"exact phrase\"<\/td><td>Finds the words in that exact order<\/strong>.<\/span>\u0936\u092c\u094d\u0926 \u0920\u0940\u0915 \u0909\u0938\u0940 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e<\/strong> \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0916\u094b\u091c\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">site:gov.in<\/td><td>Restricts results to one site or domain<\/strong>.<\/span>\u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u0907\u091f \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0921\u094b\u092e\u0947\u0928<\/strong> \u0924\u0915 \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">filetype:pdf<\/td><td>Returns only files of that format<\/strong>.<\/span>\u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0909\u0938\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0930\u0942\u092a<\/strong> \u0915\u0940 \u092b\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0932\u0947\u0902 \u0932\u094c\u091f\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <\/tbody>\n <\/table>\n <table>\n <thead><tr><th>Operator<\/span>\u0938\u0902\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0915<\/span><\/th><th>Effect<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935<\/span><\/th><\/tr><\/thead>\n <tbody>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">\u2212word<\/td><td>Excludes<\/strong> pages containing that word.<\/span>\u0909\u0938 \u0936\u092c\u094d\u0926 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u092c\u093e\u0939\u0930<\/strong> \u0915\u0930 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">A OR B<\/td><td>Finds pages with either<\/strong> term.<\/span>\u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092d\u0940<\/strong> \u092a\u0926 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u0916\u094b\u091c\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">Tools \u2192 time<\/span>Tools \u2192 \u0938\u092e\u092f<\/span><\/td><td>Limits results to a recent period<\/strong> \u2014 vital for rules that change.<\/span>\u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e \u0939\u093e\u0932 \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u0935\u0927\u093f<\/strong> \u0924\u0915 \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0924\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e\u094b\u0902 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0905\u0928\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <\/tbody>\n <\/table>\n <\/div>\n A worked example: <code>site:education.delhi.gov.in filetype:pdf \"admission\" 2026<\/code> returns official admission circulars in PDF from that department alone, and nothing else.<\/span>\n \u090f\u0915 \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923: <code>site:education.delhi.gov.in filetype:pdf \"admission\" 2026<\/code> \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0909\u0938\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0917 \u0915\u0947 \u0906\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0947\u0936-\u092a\u0930\u093f\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930 PDF \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0932\u094c\u091f\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u0941\u091b \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964<\/span>\n <\/div>\n\n <hr class=\"section-divider\">\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d6-8\">\n 6.8<\/span>\n <h3>Wi-Fi, Mobile Networks and Broadband<\/span>\u0935\u093e\u0908-\u092b\u093c\u093e\u0908, \u092e\u094b\u092c\u093e\u0907\u0932 \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092c\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0921\u092c\u0948\u0902\u0921<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n <table class=\"data-table\">\n <thead>\n <tr>\n <th>Technology<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u0940<\/span><\/th>\n <th>What to know<\/span>\u091c\u093e\u0928\u0928\u0947 \u092f\u094b\u0917\u094d\u092f \u092c\u093e\u0924\u0947\u0902<\/span><\/th>\n <\/tr>\n <\/thead>\n <tbody>\n <tr>\n <td>Wi-Fi<\/strong><\/td>\n <td>Wireless networking over the IEEE 802.11<\/strong> family of standards, running on the 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz<\/strong> bands. 2.4 GHz travels further and penetrates walls better; 5 GHz is faster but shorter in range<\/strong> \u2014 the practical reason a classroom at the far end of a corridor connects but loads slowly. The network's name is its SSID<\/strong>, and security should be WPA2 or WPA3<\/strong>; the older WEP is broken and must not be used.<\/span>IEEE 802.11<\/strong> \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0915-\u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u092c\u0947\u0924\u093e\u0930 \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915\u093f\u0902\u0917, \u091c\u094b 2.4 GHz \u090f\u0935\u0902 5 GHz<\/strong> \u092c\u0948\u0902\u0921 \u092a\u0930 \u091a\u0932\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 2.4 GHz \u0926\u0942\u0930 \u0924\u0915 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0926\u0940\u0935\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u092c\u0947\u0939\u0924\u0930 \u092d\u0947\u0926\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948; 5 GHz \u0924\u0940\u0935\u094d\u0930 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0941 \u092a\u0930\u093e\u0938 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u092e<\/strong> \u2014 \u0917\u0932\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0930\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u0947 \u091b\u094b\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u091c\u0941\u0921\u093c \u0924\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u092a\u0930 \u0927\u0940\u0930\u0947 \u0916\u0941\u0932\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0907\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u092f\u0939\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093e\u092e \u0909\u0938\u0915\u093e SSID<\/strong> \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e WPA2 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e WPA3<\/strong> \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0940 \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f; \u092a\u0941\u0930\u093e\u0928\u093e WEP \u091f\u0942\u091f \u091a\u0941\u0915\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td>Bluetooth<\/strong><\/td>\n <td>Short-range wireless under IEEE 802.15<\/strong>, reaching about 10 metres<\/strong>, used for earphones, keyboards and file transfer between phones. The connecting process is called pairing<\/strong>.<\/span>IEEE 802.15<\/strong> \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u0940\u0928 \u0905\u0932\u094d\u092a-\u092a\u0930\u093e\u0938 \u092c\u0947\u0924\u093e\u0930, \u091c\u094b \u0932\u0917\u092d\u0917 10 \u092e\u0940\u091f\u0930<\/strong> \u0924\u0915 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0908\u092f\u0930\u092b\u093c\u094b\u0928, \u0915\u0941\u0902\u091c\u0940\u092a\u091f\u0932 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092b\u093c\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u092b\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0932-\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930\u0923 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924\u0964 \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u092a\u0947\u092f\u0930\u093f\u0902\u0917<\/strong> \u0915\u0939\u0932\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr style=\"background:#f3f8ff;\">\n <td>Mobile generations<\/span>\u092e\u094b\u092c\u093e\u0907\u0932 \u092a\u0940\u0922\u093c\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n <td>1G<\/strong> analog voice only \u00b7 2G<\/strong> digital voice and SMS \u00b7 3G<\/strong> mobile internet and video calling \u00b7 4G LTE<\/strong> high-speed data and streaming \u00b7 5G<\/strong> very high speed with very low latency<\/strong>, which is what enables remote surgery, autonomous vehicles and large-scale IoT. India's 5G rollout began in October 2022<\/strong>.<\/span>1G<\/strong> \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u090f\u0928\u093e\u0932\u0949\u0917 \u0927\u094d\u0935\u0928\u093f \u00b7 2G<\/strong> \u0905\u0902\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0927\u094d\u0935\u0928\u093f \u090f\u0935\u0902 SMS \u00b7 3G<\/strong> \u092e\u094b\u092c\u093e\u0907\u0932 \u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u0928\u0947\u091f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0935\u0940\u0921\u093f\u092f\u094b \u0915\u0949\u0932 \u00b7 4G LTE<\/strong> \u0924\u0940\u0935\u094d\u0930-\u0917\u0924\u093f \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092e\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u00b7 5G<\/strong> \u0905\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0902\u0924 \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u0917\u0924\u093f \u0938\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u0905\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0932\u094d\u092a \u0935\u093f\u0932\u0902\u092c\u0924\u093e<\/strong>, \u091c\u094b \u0926\u0942\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0925 \u0936\u0932\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e, \u0938\u094d\u0935\u091a\u093e\u0932\u093f\u0924 \u0935\u093e\u0939\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0935\u0943\u0939\u0924\u094d-\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930\u0940\u092f IoT \u0938\u0902\u092d\u0935 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u092e\u0947\u0902 5G \u0915\u093e \u0906\u0930\u0902\u092d \u0905\u0915\u094d\u091f\u0942\u092c\u0930 2022<\/strong> \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u0941\u0906\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td>Broadband<\/span>\u092c\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0921\u092c\u0948\u0902\u0921<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n <td>High-speed, always-on<\/strong> internet, as against the old dial-up<\/strong> which occupied the telephone line and reached only 56 kbps. Its forms are DSL<\/strong> over telephone copper, cable<\/strong>, fibre to the home<\/strong>, and a leased line<\/strong> for guaranteed institutional bandwidth.<\/span>\u0924\u0940\u0935\u094d\u0930-\u0917\u0924\u093f, \u0938\u0926\u0948\u0935-\u091a\u093e\u0932\u0942<\/strong> \u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u0928\u0947\u091f, \u0909\u0938 \u092a\u0941\u0930\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0921\u093e\u092f\u0932-\u0905\u092a<\/strong> \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u092a\u0930\u0940\u0924 \u091c\u094b \u0926\u0942\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0937 \u0932\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u0918\u0947\u0930 \u0932\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0925\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 56 kbps \u0924\u0915 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a\u0924\u093e \u0925\u093e\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0926\u0942\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0937 \u0915\u0947 \u0924\u093e\u0901\u092c\u0947 \u092a\u0930 DSL<\/strong>, \u0915\u0947\u092c\u0932<\/strong>, \u0918\u0930 \u0924\u0915 \u0924\u0902\u0924\u0941<\/strong>, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0917\u0924 \u092c\u0948\u0902\u0921\u0935\u093f\u0921\u094d\u0925 \u0915\u0940 \u0917\u093e\u0930\u0902\u091f\u0940 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u092a\u091f\u094d\u091f\u093e-\u0930\u0947\u0916\u093e<\/strong>\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td>BharatNet<\/strong><\/td>\n <td>The national programme to lay optical fibre to every gram panchayat<\/strong> in India, so that broadband reaches rural schools, health centres and common service centres. It is the physical foundation on which digital education in rural areas rests.<\/span>\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e \u092a\u0902\u091a\u093e\u092f\u0924 \u0924\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0936\u093f\u0915 \u0924\u0902\u0924\u0941<\/strong> \u092c\u093f\u091b\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u092c\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0921\u092c\u0948\u0902\u0921 \u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e\u0940\u0923 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f\u094b\u0902, \u0938\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0925\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e \u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0924\u0915 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a\u0947\u0964 \u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e\u0940\u0923 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0907\u0938\u0940 \u092d\u094c\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0928\u0940\u0902\u0935 \u092a\u0930 \u091f\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <\/tbody>\n <\/table>\n\n <div class=\"exam-tip\">\n <div class=\"et-icon\">\ud83e\uddee<\/div>\n <div class=\"et-body\">\n Mbps and MBps are not the same, and the difference is a factor of eight.<\/strong> Network speed is measured in megabits<\/strong> per second, written Mbps<\/strong> with a small b. File size is measured in megabytes<\/strong>, written MB<\/strong> with a capital B. Since one byte is eight bits<\/strong>, a connection sold as 100 Mbps delivers at best about 12.5 MB per second<\/strong>. A school comparing a broadband quotation against the size of the files it must upload to a portal needs this conversion, and a question may test it directly.<\/span>\n Mbps \u090f\u0935\u0902 MBps \u090f\u0915 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930 \u0906\u0920 \u0917\u0941\u0928\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/strong> \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915-\u0917\u0924\u093f \u092e\u0947\u0917\u093e\u092c\u093f\u091f<\/strong> \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f \u0938\u0947\u0915\u0902\u0921 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u093e\u092a\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u094b \u091b\u094b\u091f\u0947 b \u0938\u0939\u093f\u0924 Mbps<\/strong> \u0932\u093f\u0916\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092b\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0932-\u0906\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0917\u093e\u092c\u093e\u0907\u091f<\/strong> \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u093e\u092a\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u094b \u092c\u0921\u093c\u0947 B \u0938\u0939\u093f\u0924 MB<\/strong> \u0932\u093f\u0916\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u091a\u0942\u0901\u0915\u093f \u090f\u0915 \u092c\u093e\u0907\u091f \u0906\u0920 \u092c\u093f\u091f \u0915\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/strong>, \u0905\u0924\u0903 100 Mbps \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0947\u091a\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0938\u0902\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0932\u0917\u092d\u0917 12.5 MB \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f \u0938\u0947\u0915\u0902\u0921<\/strong> \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u091c\u093f\u0938 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0915\u094b \u092a\u094b\u0930\u094d\u091f\u0932 \u092a\u0930 \u091a\u0922\u093c\u093e\u0908 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u092b\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0932\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0906\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u092c\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0921\u092c\u0948\u0902\u0921 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u0926\u094d\u0927\u0930\u0923 \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0928\u093e \u0939\u094b, \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u092f\u0939 \u0930\u0942\u092a\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930\u0923 \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f, \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u0907\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0940\u0927\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u0916 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <hr class=\"section-divider\">\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d6-9\">\n 6.9<\/span>\n <h3>Cloud Computing and Cloud Storage<\/span>\u0915\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0909\u0921 \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0915\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0909\u0921 \u092d\u0902\u0921\u093e\u0930\u0923<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"callout purple\">\n <div class=\"callout-label\">\ud83d\udcd8 Concept<\/span>\ud83d\udcd8 \u0905\u0935\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923\u093e<\/span><\/div>\n Cloud computing<\/strong> is the delivery of computing services \u2014 storage, processing, software, databases \u2014 over the internet, on demand, and paid for according to use<\/strong> rather than owned outright. Cloud storage<\/strong> is the branch of it that concerns files: data is held on servers maintained by a provider and reached from any device with a connection. The service models are set out in \u00a712.2; this section deals with storage.<\/span>\n \u0915\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0909\u0921 \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u093f\u0902\u0917<\/strong> \u0938\u0902\u0917\u0923\u0928-\u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u2014 \u092d\u0902\u0921\u093e\u0930\u0923, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0930\u0923, \u0938\u0949\u092b\u093c\u094d\u091f\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930, \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e\u092c\u0947\u0938 \u2014 \u0915\u0940 \u0935\u0939 \u0906\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u0928\u0947\u091f \u092a\u0930, \u092e\u093e\u0901\u0917 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u093e\u0930, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0935\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u091c\u093e\u092f \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u093e\u0930 \u092d\u0941\u0917\u0924\u093e\u0928<\/strong> \u092a\u0930 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0915\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0909\u0921 \u092d\u0902\u0921\u093e\u0930\u0923<\/strong> \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u0935\u0939 \u0936\u093e\u0916\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u092b\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0932\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948: \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u0930\u0939\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092d\u0940 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a\u0947 \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u0942\u092a \u00a712.2 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0926\u093f\u090f \u0939\u0948\u0902; \u092f\u0939 \u092d\u093e\u0917 \u092d\u0902\u0921\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"pc-grid\">\n <div class=\"pc-panel pro\">\n <div class=\"pc-head\">\u2713<\/span>Advantages<\/span>\u0932\u093e\u092d<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n <ul>\n <li>Access from anywhere<\/strong> and from any device \u2014 a circular drafted in the office can be finished at home<\/span>\u0915\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u092d\u0940<\/strong> \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092d\u0940 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a \u2014 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0932\u093f\u0916\u093e \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0918\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u093e \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/li>\n <li>Automatic off-site backup<\/strong>, which satisfies the third condition of the 3-2-1 rule from \u00a72.8 without any effort<\/span>\u0938\u094d\u0935\u0924\u0903 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0938\u0930-\u092c\u093e\u0939\u094d\u092f \u092c\u0948\u0915\u0905\u092a<\/strong>, \u091c\u094b \u00a72.8 \u0915\u0947 3-2-1 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e \u0915\u0940 \u0924\u0940\u0938\u0930\u0940 \u0936\u0930\u094d\u0924 \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u093e\u0938 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u0930 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/li>\n <li>Simultaneous collaboration<\/strong> \u2014 six teachers entering marks into one result sheet at the same moment<\/span>\u090f\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0938\u0939\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f<\/strong> \u2014 \u091b\u0939 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u090f\u0915 \u0939\u0940 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u090f\u0915 \u0939\u0940 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e-\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0915 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0902\u0915 \u092d\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0941\u090f<\/span><\/li>\n <li>Scalable and cheap to start<\/strong> \u2014 no server to buy, and capacity added as needed<\/span>\u0935\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0930-\u092f\u094b\u0917\u094d\u092f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0906\u0930\u0902\u092d \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e<\/strong> \u2014 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0930 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0916\u0930\u0940\u0926\u0928\u093e \u092a\u0921\u093c\u0924\u093e, \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e\u0924\u093e \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0924\u093e\u0928\u0941\u0938\u093e\u0930 \u092c\u0922\u093c\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/li>\n <li>Version history<\/strong>, so an earlier draft can be recovered after a mistaken edit<\/span>\u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0930\u0923-\u0907\u0924\u093f\u0939\u093e\u0938<\/strong>, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u092d\u0942\u0932 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u093f\u090f \u0938\u0902\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0930\u0942\u092a \u0932\u094c\u091f\u093e\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0947<\/span><\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"pc-panel con\">\n <div class=\"pc-head\">\u2717<\/span>Limitations<\/span>\u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e\u090f\u0901<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n <ul>\n <li>Nothing works without a connection<\/strong> \u2014 a serious constraint where bandwidth is unreliable<\/span>\u0938\u0902\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0915\u0941\u091b \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u091a\u0932\u0924\u093e<\/strong> \u2014 \u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u092c\u0948\u0902\u0921\u0935\u093f\u0921\u094d\u0925 \u0905\u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0935\u0938\u0928\u0940\u092f \u0939\u094b \u0935\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0917\u0902\u092d\u0940\u0930 \u092c\u093e\u0927\u093e<\/span><\/li>\n <li>Privacy and custody<\/strong> \u2014 student data sits on someone else's servers, which raises the questions \u00a78.8 examines<\/span>\u0928\u093f\u091c\u0924\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e<\/strong> \u2014 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u0930\u0939\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0935\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u0909\u0920\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u091c\u093f\u0928\u0915\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0935\u0947\u091a\u0928\u093e \u00a78.8 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/li>\n <li>Data sovereignty<\/strong> \u2014 the servers may be outside India, which matters for official records<\/span>\u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u093e-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u0941\u0938\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093e<\/strong> \u2014 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0930 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0939\u0930 \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u091c\u094b \u0936\u093e\u0938\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0932\u0947\u0916\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/li>\n <li>Recurring cost and vendor lock-in<\/strong> \u2014 the subscription never ends, and migrating away later is difficult<\/span>\u0906\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0940 \u0932\u093e\u0917\u0924 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0924\u093e-\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0928<\/strong> \u2014 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u092d\u0940 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e, \u0914\u0930 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u091f\u0928\u093e \u0915\u0920\u093f\u0928 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"callout red\">\n <div class=\"callout-label\">\u26a0\ufe0f Synchronisation is not backup<\/span>\u26a0\ufe0f \u0938\u092e\u0915\u093e\u0932\u0928 \u092c\u0948\u0915\u0905\u092a \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/div>\n A synchronised folder such as Google Drive or OneDrive mirrors whatever happens on the device<\/strong>. If a file is deleted locally, or corrupted, or encrypted by ransomware, that change is faithfully copied to the cloud within seconds<\/strong> \u2014 and the cloud copy is destroyed along with the original. Sync gives availability, not protection. A true backup is a separate copy that the working system cannot alter<\/strong>, which is why \u00a72.8 insisted on three copies rather than two locations of the same one. Most cloud services keep deleted files in a bin and hold version history for a limited period, and knowing that retention window is part of knowing whether the data is actually safe.<\/span>\n \u0917\u0942\u0917\u0932 \u0921\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0907\u0935 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0935\u0928\u0921\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0907\u0935 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u093e \u0938\u092e\u0915\u093e\u0932\u093f\u0924 \u092b\u093c\u094b\u0932\u094d\u0921\u0930 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u092a\u0930 \u091c\u094b \u092d\u0940 \u0939\u094b \u0909\u0938\u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092c\u093f\u0902\u092c \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/strong>\u0964 \u092f\u0926\u093f \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u092b\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0932 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u0940\u092f \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u092e\u093f\u091f \u091c\u093e\u090f, \u092f\u093e \u0926\u0942\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u090f, \u092f\u093e \u0930\u0948\u0928\u0938\u092e\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0942\u091f\u092c\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0915\u0930 \u0926\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u090f, \u0924\u094b \u0935\u0939 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u0915\u0941\u091b \u0939\u0940 \u0938\u0947\u0915\u0902\u0921\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0920\u093e\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0915 \u0915\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0909\u0921 \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0932\u093f\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/strong> \u2014 \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0909\u0921 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f \u092e\u0942\u0932 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0939\u0940 \u0928\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0938\u092e\u0915\u093e\u0932\u0928 \u0909\u092a\u0932\u092c\u094d\u0927\u0924\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0938\u0902\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964 \u0938\u091a\u094d\u091a\u093e \u092c\u0948\u0915\u0905\u092a \u0935\u0939 \u092a\u0943\u0925\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u0930\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u092c\u0926\u0932 \u0928 \u0938\u0915\u0947<\/strong>, \u0907\u0938\u0940\u0932\u093f\u090f \u00a72.8 \u0928\u0947 \u090f\u0915 \u0939\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u094b \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u091c\u093e\u092f \u0924\u0940\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u0906\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0925\u093e\u0964 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0902\u0936 \u0915\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0909\u0921 \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u092e\u093f\u091f\u093e\u0908 \u092b\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0932\u0947\u0902 \u090f\u0915 \u092a\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0930\u0916\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0905\u0935\u0927\u093f \u0924\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0930\u0923-\u0907\u0924\u093f\u0939\u093e\u0938 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0909\u0938 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923-\u0905\u0935\u0927\u093f \u0915\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0928\u093e \u092f\u0939 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0902\u0917 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924\u0903 \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u092f\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964<\/span>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"mcq-box\">\n <div class=\"mcq-title\">\n Practice<\/span>\u0905\u092d\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938<\/span><\/span>\n Questions on networking and the internet<\/span>\u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u0928\u0947\u091f \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928<\/span><\/span>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"mcq-note\">Objective questions in the pattern of the examination. Click to reveal the answer and its explanation.<\/span>\u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u0930 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928\u0964 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0916\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u094d\u0932\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u0940\u091c\u093f\u090f\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <details class=\"mcq-q\">\n <summary>54<\/span>In which topology does the failure of the central device bring down the entire network?<\/span><\/summary>\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\n <li>(a) Bus<\/li>\n <li>(b) Star<\/li>\n <li>(c) Ring<\/li>\n <li>(d) Mesh<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\">(b) Star<\/b> In a star every node connects to a central hub or switch, so a single cable failure isolates only one machine but a failure of the central device disconnects all. In a bus it is the backbone whose failure is fatal, and in a mesh no single failure is.<\/span>\u0924\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0928\u094b\u0921 \u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0939\u092c \u092f\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0935\u093f\u091a \u0938\u0947 \u091c\u0941\u0921\u093c\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0905\u0924\u0903 \u090f\u0915 \u0924\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u092b\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u090f\u0915 \u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0905\u0932\u0917 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u092b\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0938\u092c\u0915\u094b \u0915\u093e\u091f \u0926\u0947\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092c\u0938 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0930\u0941\u0926\u0902\u0921 \u0915\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u092b\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0918\u093e\u0924\u0915 \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0932 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u090f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u092b\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0918\u093e\u0924\u0915 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964<\/span>\u00a76.3<\/span><\/div>\n <\/details>\n <details class=\"mcq-q\">\n <summary>55<\/span>A device that connects two different networks and forwards data between them using IP addresses is a:<\/span><\/summary>\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\n <li>(a) Hub<\/li>\n <li>(b) Switch<\/li>\n <li>(c) Router<\/li>\n <li>(d) Repeater<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\">(c) Router<\/b> The router joins networks and works at the Network layer with IP addresses. A switch works inside one LAN using MAC addresses, a hub broadcasts blindly to every port, and a repeater only regenerates a weakening signal.<\/span>\u0930\u093e\u0909\u091f\u0930 \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 IP \u092a\u0924\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u092a\u0930\u0924 \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u093e\u092e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u093f\u091a \u090f\u0915 \u0939\u0940 LAN \u0915\u0947 \u092d\u0940\u0924\u0930 MAC \u092a\u0924\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u092e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0939\u092c \u0906\u0901\u0916 \u092e\u0942\u0901\u0926\u0915\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u092a\u094b\u0930\u094d\u091f \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0930\u093f\u092a\u0940\u091f\u0930 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0940\u0923 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0947\u0924 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u094d\u091c\u0928\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\u00a76.4<\/span><\/div>\n <\/details>\n <details class=\"mcq-q\">\n <summary>56<\/span>An IPv4 address consists of how many bits?<\/span><\/summary>\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\n <li>(a) 16<\/li>\n <li>(b) 32<\/li>\n <li>(c) 48<\/li>\n <li>(d) 128<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\">(b) 32<\/b> IPv4 is 32 bits in four octets. 48 bits is the size of a MAC address, and 128 bits is IPv6. All three figures appear in the options of this question in various combinations, so all three should be held separately in memory.<\/span>IPv4 \u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0905\u0937\u094d\u091f\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 32 \u092c\u093f\u091f \u0915\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 48 \u092c\u093f\u091f MAC \u092a\u0924\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u0906\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u0925\u093e 128 \u092c\u093f\u091f IPv6 \u0915\u093e\u0964 \u0924\u0940\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0905\u0902\u0915 \u0907\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0935\u093f\u0927 \u0938\u0902\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0906\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0905\u0924\u0903 \u0924\u0940\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0905\u0932\u0917-\u0905\u0932\u0917 \u0938\u094d\u092e\u0930\u0923 \u0930\u0916\u0928\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f\u0964<\/span>\u00a76.5 B<\/span><\/div>\n <\/details>\n <details class=\"mcq-q\">\n <summary>57<\/span>Which protocol translates a domain name into an IP address?<\/span><\/summary>\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\n <li>(a) DHCP<\/li>\n <li>(b) DNS<\/li>\n <li>(c) FTP<\/li>\n <li>(d) SMTP<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\">(b) DNS<\/b> The Domain Name System is the telephone directory of the Internet. DHCP assigns IP addresses to devices, FTP transfers files, and SMTP sends email. DHCP and DNS are the pair most often confused because both concern addresses.<\/span>\u0921\u094b\u092e\u0947\u0928 \u0928\u0947\u092e \u0938\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u092e \u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u0928\u0947\u091f \u0915\u0940 \u0926\u0942\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0937-\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 DHCP \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b IP \u092a\u0924\u0947 \u0906\u0935\u0902\u091f\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, FTP \u092b\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0932\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u0925\u093e SMTP \u0908\u092e\u0947\u0932 \u092d\u0947\u091c\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 DHCP \u090f\u0935\u0902 DNS \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092d\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u092f\u0941\u0917\u094d\u092e \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0924\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span>\u00a76.5<\/span><\/div>\n <\/details>\n <details class=\"mcq-q\">\n <summary>58<\/span>Public internet access was launched in India on:<\/span><\/summary>\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\n <li>(a) 15 August 1995<\/li>\n <li>(b) 26 January 1991<\/li>\n <li>(c) 15 August 1986<\/li>\n <li>(d) 1 April 1999<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\">(a) 15 August 1995<\/b> Launched by VSNL. ERNET had brought connectivity to India in 1986, but for academic and research use only, not for the public.<\/span>VSNL \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0906\u0930\u0902\u092d\u0964 ERNET 1986 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0932\u093e \u091a\u0941\u0915\u093e \u0925\u093e, \u0915\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0936\u0948\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u093f\u0915 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u0902\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941, \u091c\u0928\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964<\/span>\u00a76.6<\/span><\/div>\n <\/details>\n <details class=\"mcq-q\">\n <summary>59<\/span>In a mesh topology with 6 nodes, the number of links required is:<\/span><\/summary>\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\n <li>(a) 6<\/li>\n <li>(b) 12<\/li>\n <li>(c) 15<\/li>\n <li>(d) 30<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\">(c) 15<\/b> The formula is n(n\u22121)\/2, so 6 \u00d7 5 \u00f7 2 = 15. Option (d) is the trap for anyone who forgets to halve, since a link between two nodes is counted once, not twice.<\/span>\u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930 n(n\u22121)\/2 \u0939\u0948, \u0905\u0924\u0903 6 \u00d7 5 \u00f7 2 = 15\u0964 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a (\u0918) \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u091c\u093e\u0932 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0906\u0927\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u092d\u0942\u0932 \u091c\u093e\u090f\u0901, \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u0926\u094b \u0928\u094b\u0921\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0902\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u090f\u0915 \u092c\u093e\u0930 \u0917\u093f\u0928\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0926\u094b \u092c\u093e\u0930 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964<\/span>\u00a76.3<\/span><\/div>\n <\/details>\n <details class=\"mcq-q\">\n <summary>60<\/span>Which statement about a synchronised cloud folder is correct?<\/span><\/summary>\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\n <li>(a) It protects files against accidental deletion<\/li>\n <li>(b) A file deleted on the device is also removed from the cloud<\/li>\n <li>(c) It works without an internet connection at all times<\/li>\n <li>(d) It is the same as an offline backup<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\">(b) A file deleted on the device is also removed from the cloud<\/b> Synchronisation mirrors every change, including deletion and corruption. It provides availability rather than protection, which is why a genuine backup must be a separate copy the working system cannot alter.<\/span>\u0938\u092e\u0915\u093e\u0932\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092c\u093f\u0902\u092c \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0935\u093f\u0932\u094b\u092a\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0926\u0942\u0937\u0923 \u0938\u0939\u093f\u0924\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0909\u092a\u0932\u092c\u094d\u0927\u0924\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0907\u0938\u0940\u0932\u093f\u090f \u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u092c\u0948\u0915\u0905\u092a \u0910\u0938\u0940 \u092a\u0943\u0925\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0940 \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u0930\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u092c\u0926\u0932 \u0928 \u0938\u0915\u0947\u0964<\/span>\u00a76.9<\/span><\/div>\n <\/details>\n <\/div>\n\n <\/section>\n\n \n <section class=\"chapter-content\" data-chap=\"7\" id=\"c7\">\n <div class=\"chapter-heading-block\">\n SYLLABUS ITEM 7<\/span>\u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u092e\u0926 7<\/span><\/span>\n <h2>Email and Digital Communication<\/span>\u0908\u092e\u0947\u0932 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0937\u0923<\/span><\/h2>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"callout amber\">\n <div class=\"callout-label\">\ud83d\udccc What this chapter covers<\/span>\ud83d\udccc \u0907\u0938 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/div>\n CC, BCC, attachments, spam management, professional email writing, video conferencing, and online collaboration tools<\/span>\n CC, BCC, \u0938\u0902\u0932\u0917\u094d\u0928\u0915, \u0938\u094d\u092a\u0948\u092e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0928, \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0935\u0938\u093e\u092f\u093f\u0915 \u0908\u092e\u0947\u0932 \u0932\u0947\u0916\u0928, \u0935\u0940\u0921\u093f\u092f\u094b \u0915\u0949\u0928\u094d\u092b\u093c\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0902\u0938\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0911\u0928\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u0938\u0939\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923<\/span>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"keyfact-grid\">\n <div class=\"keyfact-card navy-hi\">\n \ud83d\udc41\ufe0f<\/span>\n <div class=\"kf-label\">The Rule Behind Every CC\/BCC Question<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 CC\/BCC \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0940\u091b\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"kf-value\" style=\"font-size:12.5px;\">CC is visible to all BCC is visible to none<\/span>CC \u0938\u092c\u0915\u094b \u0926\u093f\u0916\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 BCC \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0915\u094b \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"kf-sub\">A BCC recipient sees everyone else; no one else sees them<\/span>BCC \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0938\u092c\u0915\u094b \u0926\u0947\u0916\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948; \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0926\u0947\u0916\u0924\u093e<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"keyfact-card teal-hi\">\n \ud83d\udcee<\/span>\n <div class=\"kf-label\">The Three Protocols<\/span>\u0924\u0940\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091f\u094b\u0915\u0949\u0932<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"kf-value\" style=\"font-size:13.5px;\">SMTP \u00b7 POP3 \u00b7 IMAP<\/div>\n <div class=\"kf-sub\">One sends; two retrieve, and only one of those keeps devices in step<\/span>\u090f\u0915 \u092d\u0947\u091c\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948; \u0926\u094b \u0932\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0928\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u090f\u0915 \u0939\u0940 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u092e\u093f\u0932\u093e\u0915\u0930 \u0930\u0916\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"keyfact-card amber-hi\">\n \ud83d\udcce<\/span>\n <div class=\"kf-label\">Usual Attachment Limit<\/span>\u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0938\u0902\u0932\u0917\u094d\u0928\u0915-\u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"kf-value\" style=\"font-size:16px;\">25 MB<\/div>\n <div class=\"kf-sub\">Beyond it, compress the file or send a cloud link instead<\/span>\u0909\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0939\u094b \u0924\u094b \u092b\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0932 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0940\u0921\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0915\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0909\u0921 \u0932\u093f\u0902\u0915 \u092d\u0947\u091c\u0947\u0902<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d7-0\">\n 7.0<\/span>\n <h3>Introduction<\/span>\u092a\u0930\u093f\u091a\u092f<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n <ul class=\"icon-list\">\n <li>\u25b8<\/span>\n Electronic mail<\/strong> is the exchange of written messages between computers over a network. It is asynchronous<\/strong> \u2014 the sender and the receiver need not be present at the same moment \u2014 and that is precisely what makes it the medium of official correspondence, as against a telephone call which leaves no record.<\/span>\n \u0907\u0932\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u092e\u0947\u0932<\/strong> \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u0932\u093f\u0916\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0906\u0926\u093e\u0928-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0905\u0924\u0941\u0932\u094d\u092f\u0915\u093e\u0932\u093f\u0915<\/strong> \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0937\u0915 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0915\u093e \u090f\u0915 \u0939\u0940 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0909\u092a\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u093e \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u2014 \u0914\u0930 \u092f\u0939\u0940 \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0936\u093e\u0938\u0915\u0940\u092f \u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093e\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0909\u0938 \u0926\u0942\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0937-\u0935\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u092a\u0930\u0940\u0924 \u091c\u094b \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0932\u0947\u0916 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u091b\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0924\u0940\u0964<\/span>\n <\/span><\/li>\n <li>\u25b8<\/span>\n The first network email was sent by Ray Tomlinson in 1971<\/strong>, who chose the @ symbol<\/strong> to separate the user from the machine because it appeared in no name and meant \"at\". Every email address in the world still follows that decision.<\/span>\n \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0925\u092e \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0908\u092e\u0947\u0932 1971 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0930\u0947 \u091f\u0949\u092e\u0932\u093f\u0902\u0938\u0928<\/strong> \u0928\u0947 \u092d\u0947\u091c\u093e, \u091c\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0939\u094b\u0902\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0915\u094b \u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0943\u0925\u0915 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 @ \u091a\u093f\u0939\u094d\u0928<\/strong> \u091a\u0941\u0928\u093e \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u0935\u0939 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0928\u093e\u092e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0906\u0924\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0925\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u0925\u093e \"\u092a\u0930\"\u0964 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0935 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0908\u092e\u0947\u0932 \u092a\u0924\u093e \u0906\u091c \u092d\u0940 \u0909\u0938\u0940 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0923\u092f \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\n <\/span><\/li>\n <li>\u25b8<\/span>\n For a school head the governing fact is this: an official email is a record<\/strong>. It can be produced in a departmental enquiry, called for under the Right to Information Act, and forwarded beyond its intended reader without any further consent. Everything in \u00a77.5 and \u00a77.8 follows from that single circumstance.<\/span>\n \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0941\u0916 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0923\u093e\u092f\u0915 \u0924\u0925\u094d\u092f \u092f\u0939 \u0939\u0948: \u0936\u093e\u0938\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0908\u092e\u0947\u0932 \u090f\u0915 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0932\u0947\u0916 \u0939\u0948<\/strong>\u0964 \u0935\u0939 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0917\u0940\u092f \u091c\u093e\u0901\u091a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u0940\u0928 \u092e\u093e\u0901\u0917\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0905\u0924\u093f\u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0938\u0939\u092e\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u0905\u092d\u0940\u0937\u094d\u091f \u092a\u093e\u0920\u0915 \u0938\u0947 \u0906\u0917\u0947 \u0905\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u00a77.5 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u00a77.8 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u092c \u0915\u0941\u091b \u0907\u0938\u0940 \u090f\u0915 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u0938\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\n <\/span><\/li>\n <\/ul>\n\n <hr class=\"section-divider\">\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d7-1\">\n 7.1<\/span>\n <h3>Email: The Address and the Message<\/span>\u0908\u092e\u0947\u0932: \u092a\u0924\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0947\u0936<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n <svg class=\"full-diagram\" viewBox=\"0 0 740 150\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"The parts of an email address\">\n <rect x=\"20\" y=\"16\" width=\"700\" height=\"42\" rx=\"8\" fill=\"#14243f\"\/>\n <g font-family=\"JetBrains Mono, monospace\" font-size=\"16\" font-weight=\"700\">\n <text x=\"112\" y=\"44\" fill=\"#ffd970\">principal<\/text>\n <text x=\"216\" y=\"44\" fill=\"#fff\">@<\/text>\n <text x=\"240\" y=\"44\" fill=\"#8ee0c8\">gssschool<\/text>\n <text x=\"352\" y=\"44\" fill=\"#f0a8c4\">.edu<\/text>\n <text x=\"398\" y=\"44\" fill=\"#f5b58a\">.in<\/text>\n <\/g>\n <g stroke=\"#5a6d80\" stroke-width=\"1\" stroke-dasharray=\"2 2\" fill=\"none\">\n <path d=\"M156 58 L156 72\"\/><path d=\"M222 58 L222 90\"\/><path d=\"M292 58 L292 108\"\/><path d=\"M418 58 L418 126\"\/>\n <\/g>\n <g font-size=\"9\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">\n <text x=\"160\" y=\"76\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#c9760f\">Username<\/text>\n <text x=\"234\" y=\"76\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">\u2014 identifies the account holder. Case is usually ignored, and no spaces are allowed.<\/text>\n <text x=\"226\" y=\"94\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#14243f\">@<\/text>\n <text x=\"242\" y=\"94\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">\u2014 the separator, read aloud as \"at\". Every address has exactly one.<\/text>\n <text x=\"296\" y=\"112\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#0d8f79\">Domain<\/text>\n <text x=\"348\" y=\"112\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">\u2014 the organisation or provider that holds the mailbox.<\/text>\n <text x=\"422\" y=\"130\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#8e2f5a\">TLD and country code<\/text>\n <text x=\"552\" y=\"130\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">\u2014 .edu.in marks an Indian institution.<\/text>\n <\/g>\n <\/svg>\n\n <table class=\"data-table\">\n <thead>\n <tr>\n <th>Part of the message<\/span>\u0938\u0902\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0902\u0917<\/span><\/th>\n <th>What it holds<\/span>\u0907\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/th>\n <\/tr>\n <\/thead>\n <tbody>\n <tr><td>From<\/strong><\/td><td>The sender's address, filled in automatically by the account in use.<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0937\u0915 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u0924\u093e, \u091c\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093e\u0927\u0940\u0928 \u0916\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0924\u0903 \u092d\u0930 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>To \u00b7 Cc \u00b7 Bcc<\/strong><\/td><td>The three recipient fields, distinguished in \u00a77.2 \u2014 the most examinable part of this whole item.<\/span>\u0924\u0940\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e-\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930, \u091c\u093f\u0928\u0915\u093e \u092d\u0947\u0926 \u00a77.2 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u0907\u0938 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u092e\u0926 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e-\u092f\u094b\u0917\u094d\u092f \u0905\u0902\u0936\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr style=\"background:#f3f8ff;\"><td>Subject<\/span>\u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>A one-line statement of what the message concerns. It determines whether the message is opened, whether it can be found six months later, and how it is filed. An email sent without a subject is often filtered as spam.<\/strong><\/span>\u090f\u0915 \u092a\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0915\u093e \u0915\u0925\u0928 \u0915\u093f \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u0915\u093f\u0938 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939\u0940 \u0924\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u0916\u094b\u0932\u093e \u091c\u093e\u090f\u0917\u093e \u092f\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u091b\u0939 \u092e\u093e\u0938 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u0935\u0939 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0947\u0917\u093e \u092f\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0928\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0939\u094b\u0917\u093e\u0964 \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f \u092d\u0947\u091c\u093e \u0908\u092e\u0947\u0932 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092f\u0903 \u0938\u094d\u092a\u0948\u092e \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0915\u0930 \u091b\u093e\u0928 \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/strong><\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>Body<\/span>\u092e\u0942\u0932 \u092a\u093e\u0920<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>The message itself, in plain text or formatted HTML.<\/span>\u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0947\u0936, \u0938\u093e\u0926\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u0920 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0938\u0902\u0930\u0942\u092a\u093f\u0924 HTML \u092e\u0947\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>Signature<\/span>\u0939\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0930<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>A block appended automatically to every message \u2014 name, designation, institution, telephone. It saves retyping and it establishes authority.<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0902\u0924 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0924\u0903 \u091c\u0941\u0921\u093c\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e \u0916\u0902\u0921 \u2014 \u0928\u093e\u092e, \u092a\u0926\u0928\u093e\u092e, \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e, \u0926\u0942\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0937\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0903\u091f\u0902\u0915\u0923 \u092c\u091a\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>Attachment<\/span>\u0938\u0902\u0932\u0917\u094d\u0928\u0915<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>Any file carried with the message. Treated in \u00a77.3.<\/span>\u0938\u0902\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u092d\u0940 \u092b\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0932\u0964 \u0935\u093f\u0935\u0947\u091a\u0928 \u00a77.3 \u092e\u0947\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>Header and timestamp<\/span>\u0936\u0940\u0930\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u092e\u092f-\u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930\u093e<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>Technical information travelling with every message \u2014 the route it took, the servers it passed through, and the exact date and time. This is what makes an email traceable and is why it carries evidential weight.<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u091a\u0932\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0924\u0915\u0928\u0940\u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e \u2014 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u093e \u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0917, \u0935\u0947 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0930 \u091c\u093f\u0928\u0938\u0947 \u0935\u0939 \u0917\u0941\u091c\u093c\u0930\u093e, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0920\u0940\u0915-\u0920\u0940\u0915 \u0924\u093f\u0925\u093f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u092e\u092f\u0964 \u092f\u0939\u0940 \u0908\u092e\u0947\u0932 \u0915\u094b \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0930\u0947\u0916\u0923\u0940\u092f \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0907\u0938\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u092f-\u092e\u0942\u0932\u094d\u092f \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <\/tbody>\n <\/table>\n\n <h4>POP3 and IMAP \u2014 the distinction that decides how mail behaves<\/span>POP3 \u090f\u0935\u0902 IMAP \u2014 \u0935\u0939 \u092d\u0947\u0926 \u091c\u094b \u0924\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u092e\u0947\u0932 \u0915\u0948\u0938\u093e \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0930\u0947<\/span><\/h4>\n\n <div class=\"vs-compare\">\n <div class=\"vs-side left\">\n POP3<\/span>\n <h5>Post Office Protocol<\/span>\u092a\u094b\u0938\u094d\u091f \u0911\u092b\u093c\u093f\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091f\u094b\u0915\u0949\u0932<\/span><\/h5>\n <ul>\n <li>Downloads mail to one device and, by default, removes it from the server.<\/strong><\/span>\u092e\u0947\u0932 \u0915\u094b \u090f\u0915 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u092a\u0930 \u0909\u0924\u093e\u0930 \u0932\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0930 \u0938\u0947 \u0939\u091f\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n <li>Mail is then available only on that machine<\/strong>, and a message read on the office desktop will not appear on the phone.<\/span>\u0924\u092c \u092e\u0947\u0932 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0909\u0938\u0940 \u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u0909\u092a\u0932\u092c\u094d\u0927<\/strong> \u0930\u0939\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u0921\u0947\u0938\u094d\u0915\u091f\u0949\u092a \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u0922\u093c\u093e \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u092b\u093c\u094b\u0928 \u092a\u0930 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0906\u090f\u0917\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n <li>Suits a single computer with limited connectivity<\/strong>, since mail can be read offline once downloaded.<\/span>\u0938\u0940\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u0902\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u090f\u0915\u0932 \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930<\/strong> \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924, \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u090f\u0915 \u092c\u093e\u0930 \u0909\u0924\u0930 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0932 \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0938\u0902\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u092a\u0922\u093c\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"vs-mid\">VS<\/div>\n <div class=\"vs-side right\">\n IMAP<\/span>\n <h5>Internet Message Access Protocol<\/span>\u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u0928\u0947\u091f \u092e\u0948\u0938\u0947\u091c \u0910\u0915\u094d\u0938\u0947\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091f\u094b\u0915\u0949\u0932<\/span><\/h5>\n <ul>\n <li>Keeps the mail on the server and synchronises every device with it.<\/strong><\/span>\u092e\u0947\u0932 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u0930\u0916\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u094b \u0909\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u0915\u093e\u0932\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n <li>A message read, filed or deleted on one device shows the same state everywhere<\/strong>.<\/span>\u090f\u0915 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u0922\u093c\u093e, \u0928\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0940\u092c\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u092e\u093f\u091f\u093e\u092f\u093e \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0935\u0939\u0940 \u0905\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u0926\u093f\u0916\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/strong>\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n <li>The right choice for anyone using a desktop and a phone<\/strong>, which today is nearly everyone. Consumes server storage against the account quota.<\/span>\u0921\u0947\u0938\u094d\u0915\u091f\u0949\u092a \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092b\u093c\u094b\u0928 \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u091a\u092f\u0928<\/strong>, \u091c\u094b \u0906\u091c \u0932\u0917\u092d\u0917 \u0938\u092d\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0916\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0930-\u092d\u0902\u0921\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0916\u0930\u094d\u091a \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"exam-tip\">\n <div class=\"et-icon\">\ud83d\udce4<\/div>\n <div class=\"et-body\">\n SMTP is not an alternative to these two; it does the opposite job.<\/strong> SMTP sends<\/strong> mail outward from the client to the server and between servers. POP3 and IMAP retrieve<\/strong> mail inward from the server to the client. A question asking which protocol is used to send<\/em> email is answered by SMTP; one asking which is used to receive<\/em> it has two possible answers, and the distinguishing word will be synchronise<\/em> for IMAP or download and delete<\/em> for POP3.<\/span>\n SMTP \u0907\u0928 \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u0948; \u0935\u0939 \u0909\u0932\u091f\u093e \u0915\u093e\u092e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/strong> SMTP<\/strong> \u092e\u0947\u0932 \u0915\u094b \u0915\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0902\u091f \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0930 \u0924\u0915 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u092c\u093e\u0939\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0913\u0930 \u092d\u0947\u091c\u0924\u093e<\/strong> \u0939\u0948\u0964 POP3 \u090f\u0935\u0902 IMAP<\/strong> \u092e\u0947\u0932 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0930 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0902\u091f \u0924\u0915 \u092d\u0940\u0924\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0913\u0930 \u0932\u093e\u0924\u0947<\/strong> \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u091c\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u092a\u0942\u091b\u0947 \u0915\u093f \u0908\u092e\u0947\u0932 \u092d\u0947\u091c\u0928\u0947<\/em> \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u094c\u0928-\u0938\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091f\u094b\u0915\u0949\u0932 \u0939\u0948, \u0909\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 SMTP \u0939\u0948; \u091c\u094b \u092a\u0942\u091b\u0947 \u0915\u093f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947<\/em> \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u094c\u0928-\u0938\u093e, \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0926\u094b \u0938\u0902\u092d\u093e\u0935\u093f\u0924 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u0947\u0926\u0915 \u0936\u092c\u094d\u0926 \u0939\u094b\u0917\u093e IMAP \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0938\u092e\u0915\u093e\u0932\u0928<\/em> \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e POP3 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0909\u0924\u093e\u0930\u0928\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092e\u093f\u091f\u093e\u0928\u093e<\/em>\u0964<\/span>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <hr class=\"section-divider\">\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d7-2\">\n 7.2<\/span>\n <h3>To, CC and BCC<\/span>To, CC \u090f\u0935\u0902 BCC<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n <svg class=\"full-diagram\" viewBox=\"0 0 720 380\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"A realistic compose window showing the To, Cc and Bcc fields\">\n <rect x=\"150\" y=\"20\" width=\"440\" height=\"342\" rx=\"6\" fill=\"#fff\" stroke=\"#b9c6d6\" stroke-width=\"1.5\"\/>\n <rect x=\"150\" y=\"20\" width=\"440\" height=\"26\" rx=\"6\" fill=\"#404040\"\/>\n <rect x=\"150\" y=\"36\" width=\"440\" height=\"10\" fill=\"#404040\"\/>\n <text x=\"164\" y=\"38\" font-size=\"10\" font-weight=\"600\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">New Message<\/text>\n <g fill=\"#fff\" opacity=\".8\"><rect x=\"536\" y=\"31\" width=\"8\" height=\"1.3\"\/><rect x=\"554\" y=\"28\" width=\"7\" height=\"7\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#fff\" stroke-width=\"1.1\"\/><\/g>\n <path d=\"M572 28 l8 8 M580 28 l-8 8\" stroke=\"#fff\" stroke-width=\"1.3\"\/>\n\n <line x1=\"150\" y1=\"70\" x2=\"590\" y2=\"70\" stroke=\"#e0e4e9\"\/>\n <text x=\"164\" y=\"62\" font-size=\"9\" fill=\"#5f6368\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">To<\/text>\n <rect x=\"190\" y=\"52\" width=\"130\" height=\"14\" rx=\"7\" fill=\"#e8f1fb\" stroke=\"#a8c4e4\" stroke-width=\".8\"\/>\n <text x=\"198\" y=\"62\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#14243f\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">ddeast@education...in<\/text>\n <text x=\"536\" y=\"62\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#5f6368\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Cc Bcc<\/text>\n\n <line x1=\"150\" y1=\"94\" x2=\"590\" y2=\"94\" stroke=\"#e0e4e9\"\/>\n <text x=\"164\" y=\"86\" font-size=\"9\" fill=\"#5f6368\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Cc<\/text>\n <rect x=\"190\" y=\"76\" width=\"112\" height=\"14\" rx=\"7\" fill=\"#eefbf7\" stroke=\"#a3dbcc\" stroke-width=\".8\"\/>\n <text x=\"198\" y=\"86\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#0a6d5c\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">vp@gssschool.edu.in<\/text>\n <rect x=\"308\" y=\"76\" width=\"118\" height=\"14\" rx=\"7\" fill=\"#eefbf7\" stroke=\"#a3dbcc\" stroke-width=\".8\"\/>\n <text x=\"316\" y=\"86\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#0a6d5c\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">hoi@gssschool.edu.in<\/text>\n\n <line x1=\"150\" y1=\"118\" x2=\"590\" y2=\"118\" stroke=\"#e0e4e9\"\/>\n <text x=\"164\" y=\"110\" font-size=\"9\" fill=\"#5f6368\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Bcc<\/text>\n <rect x=\"190\" y=\"100\" width=\"126\" height=\"14\" rx=\"7\" fill=\"#faf6ff\" stroke=\"#c3b0d8\" stroke-width=\".8\"\/>\n <text x=\"198\" y=\"110\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#4b2766\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">records@gssschool.edu.in<\/text>\n\n <line x1=\"150\" y1=\"142\" x2=\"590\" y2=\"142\" stroke=\"#e0e4e9\"\/>\n <text x=\"164\" y=\"134\" font-size=\"9\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#202124\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Submission of UDISE+ data for session 2026\u201327 \u2014 GSSS Malviya Nagar<\/text>\n\n <g font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#202124\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">\n <text x=\"164\" y=\"164\">Respected Sir,<\/text>\n <text x=\"164\" y=\"184\">The UDISE+ data card for this school, duly verified by the undersigned, is<\/text>\n <text x=\"164\" y=\"198\">enclosed for kind perusal. The details are as follows:<\/text>\n <text x=\"176\" y=\"218\">\u2022 Total enrolment as on 30 September 2026 \u2014 1,248<\/text>\n <text x=\"176\" y=\"232\">\u2022 Teaching posts sanctioned 46, filled 41<\/text>\n <text x=\"176\" y=\"246\">\u2022 Data entry completed on 22 August 2026<\/text>\n <text x=\"164\" y=\"268\">It is requested that the same may kindly be taken on record.<\/text>\n <text x=\"164\" y=\"292\">Yours faithfully,<\/text>\n <text x=\"164\" y=\"306\" font-weight=\"700\">Neetu Sharma<\/text>\n <text x=\"164\" y=\"318\" fill=\"#5f6368\">Principal, GSSS Malviya Nagar \u00b7 011-2668 XXXX<\/text>\n <\/g>\n\n <rect x=\"164\" y=\"328\" width=\"128\" height=\"20\" rx=\"4\" fill=\"#f1f3f4\" stroke=\"#dadce0\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/>\n <path d=\"M174 334 v8 a3 3 0 0 0 6 0 v-9 a2 2 0 0 0 -4 0 v8\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#c9760f\" stroke-width=\"1.3\"\/>\n <text x=\"186\" y=\"341\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#202124\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">UDISE-datacard.pdf \u00b7 1.2 MB<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"164\" y=\"356\" width=\"56\" height=\"0\" fill=\"none\"\/>\n <rect x=\"150\" y=\"348\" width=\"440\" height=\"14\" rx=\"0\" fill=\"#fff\"\/>\n <rect x=\"164\" y=\"349\" width=\"52\" height=\"0\" fill=\"none\"\/>\n\n <rect x=\"410\" y=\"328\" width=\"60\" height=\"20\" rx=\"10\" fill=\"#1a73e8\"\/>\n <text x=\"440\" y=\"342\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Send<\/text>\n <g stroke=\"#5f6368\" stroke-width=\"1.3\" fill=\"none\">\n <path d=\"M486 334 h10 M486 338 h10 M486 342 h7\"\/>\n <path d=\"M508 332 v12 M502 338 h12\"\/>\n <circle cx=\"532\" cy=\"338\" r=\"5\"\/>\n <\/g>\n <g fill=\"#5f6368\"><circle cx=\"560\" cy=\"334\" r=\"1.3\"\/><circle cx=\"560\" cy=\"338\" r=\"1.3\"\/><circle cx=\"560\" cy=\"342\" r=\"1.3\"\/><\/g>\n\n <defs><marker id=\"em\" markerWidth=\"8\" markerHeight=\"8\" refX=\"7\" refY=\"2.6\" orient=\"auto\"><path d=\"M0,0 L0,5.2 L7,2.6 z\" fill=\"#8e2f5a\"\/><\/marker><\/defs>\n <g stroke=\"#8e2f5a\" stroke-width=\"1.2\" fill=\"none\">\n <line x1=\"118\" y1=\"60\" x2=\"158\" y2=\"60\" marker-end=\"url(#em)\"\/>\n <line x1=\"118\" y1=\"84\" x2=\"186\" y2=\"84\" marker-end=\"url(#em)\"\/>\n <line x1=\"118\" y1=\"108\" x2=\"186\" y2=\"108\" marker-end=\"url(#em)\"\/>\n <line x1=\"118\" y1=\"132\" x2=\"158\" y2=\"132\" marker-end=\"url(#em)\"\/>\n <line x1=\"118\" y1=\"338\" x2=\"160\" y2=\"338\" marker-end=\"url(#em)\"\/>\n <line x1=\"672\" y1=\"300\" x2=\"330\" y2=\"308\" marker-end=\"url(#em)\"\/>\n <line x1=\"672\" y1=\"340\" x2=\"476\" y2=\"338\" marker-end=\"url(#em)\"\/>\n <\/g>\n <g font-size=\"8.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#8e2f5a\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">\n <text x=\"0\" y=\"56\">To \u2014 action<\/text>\n <text x=\"0\" y=\"67\">expected<\/text>\n <text x=\"0\" y=\"80\">Cc \u2014 for<\/text>\n <text x=\"0\" y=\"91\">information only<\/text>\n <text x=\"0\" y=\"104\">Bcc \u2014 hidden<\/text>\n <text x=\"0\" y=\"115\">from everyone<\/text>\n <text x=\"0\" y=\"135\">Subject line<\/text>\n <text x=\"0\" y=\"341\">Attachment<\/text>\n <text x=\"676\" y=\"297\">Signature<\/text>\n <text x=\"676\" y=\"337\">Send<\/text>\n <\/g>\n <\/svg>\n A single message may carry all three recipient fields at once. What differs is who can see whom.<\/span>\u090f\u0915 \u0939\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u0924\u0940\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e-\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0930\u0916 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092d\u0947\u0926 \u092f\u0939 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0915\u094c\u0928 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u0926\u0947\u0916 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n\n <svg class=\"full-diagram\" viewBox=\"0 0 723 292\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Who can see whom when a message is sent to To, Cc and Bcc recipients\">\n <rect x=\"20\" y=\"76\" width=\"96\" height=\"52\" rx=\"7\" fill=\"#14243f\"\/>\n <text x=\"68\" y=\"98\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">SENDER<\/text>\n <text x=\"68\" y=\"114\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#c9daf0\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">the Principal<\/text>\n\n <defs><marker id=\"cc\" markerWidth=\"9\" markerHeight=\"9\" refX=\"8\" refY=\"3\" orient=\"auto\"><path d=\"M0,0 L0,6 L8,3 z\" fill=\"#5a6d80\"\/><\/marker><\/defs>\n <g stroke=\"#5a6d80\" stroke-width=\"1.6\" fill=\"none\">\n <path d=\"M120 92 L150 92 L150 46 L182 46\" marker-end=\"url(#cc)\"\/>\n <path d=\"M120 102 L150 102 L150 122 L182 122\" marker-end=\"url(#cc)\"\/>\n <path d=\"M120 112 L150 112 L150 208 L182 208\" marker-end=\"url(#cc)\"\/>\n <\/g>\n\n <rect x=\"186\" y=\"20\" width=\"200\" height=\"56\" rx=\"7\" fill=\"#eef4fc\" stroke=\"#1f5fa9\" stroke-width=\"1.8\"\/>\n <text x=\"198\" y=\"38\" font-size=\"9.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">To<\/text>\n <text x=\"222\" y=\"38\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#14243f\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">\u2014 action is expected of them<\/text>\n <g fill=\"#1f5fa9\"><circle cx=\"212\" cy=\"58\" r=\"9\"\/><circle cx=\"240\" cy=\"58\" r=\"9\"\/><\/g>\n <text x=\"212\" y=\"61\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">A<\/text>\n <text x=\"240\" y=\"61\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">B<\/text>\n <text x=\"262\" y=\"61\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#5a6d80\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Deputy Director, Section Officer<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"186\" y=\"96\" width=\"200\" height=\"56\" rx=\"7\" fill=\"#eefbf7\" stroke=\"#0d8f79\" stroke-width=\"1.8\"\/>\n <text x=\"198\" y=\"114\" font-size=\"9.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#0d8f79\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Cc<\/text>\n <text x=\"222\" y=\"114\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#14243f\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">\u2014 informed, no action required<\/text>\n <g fill=\"#0d8f79\"><circle cx=\"212\" cy=\"134\" r=\"9\"\/><circle cx=\"240\" cy=\"134\" r=\"9\"\/><\/g>\n <text x=\"212\" y=\"137\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">C<\/text>\n <text x=\"240\" y=\"137\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">D<\/text>\n <text x=\"262\" y=\"137\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#5a6d80\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Vice-Principal, Head of Institution<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"186\" y=\"182\" width=\"200\" height=\"56\" rx=\"7\" fill=\"#faf6ff\" stroke=\"#6b3a8f\" stroke-width=\"1.8\" stroke-dasharray=\"5 3\"\/>\n <text x=\"198\" y=\"200\" font-size=\"9.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#6b3a8f\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Bcc<\/text>\n <text x=\"228\" y=\"200\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#14243f\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">\u2014 present but invisible<\/text>\n <g fill=\"#6b3a8f\"><circle cx=\"212\" cy=\"220\" r=\"9\"\/><\/g>\n <text x=\"212\" y=\"223\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">E<\/text>\n <text x=\"234\" y=\"223\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#5a6d80\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Records section<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"410\" y=\"20\" width=\"270\" height=\"218\" rx=\"8\" fill=\"#fff\" stroke=\"#adb8c4\" stroke-width=\"1.4\"\/>\n <rect x=\"410\" y=\"20\" width=\"270\" height=\"22\" rx=\"8\" fill=\"#14243f\"\/><rect x=\"410\" y=\"34\" width=\"270\" height=\"8\" fill=\"#14243f\"\/>\n <text x=\"545\" y=\"35\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#fff\" letter-spacing=\".5\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">WHO CAN SEE WHOM<\/text>\n\n <g font-size=\"8\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#5a6d80\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\" text-anchor=\"middle\">\n <text x=\"452\" y=\"60\">Recipient<\/text><text x=\"536\" y=\"60\">sees To<\/text><text x=\"592\" y=\"60\">sees Cc<\/text><text x=\"648\" y=\"60\">sees Bcc<\/text>\n <\/g>\n <line x1=\"422\" y1=\"66\" x2=\"668\" y2=\"66\" stroke=\"#e0e4e9\"\/>\n\n <g font-size=\"8.5\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">\n <text x=\"452\" y=\"86\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\">To (A, B)<\/text>\n <text x=\"536\" y=\"86\" text-anchor=\"middle\" fill=\"#0d8f79\" font-weight=\"700\">\u2713<\/text>\n <text x=\"592\" y=\"86\" text-anchor=\"middle\" fill=\"#0d8f79\" font-weight=\"700\">\u2713<\/text>\n <text x=\"648\" y=\"86\" text-anchor=\"middle\" fill=\"#c0392b\" font-weight=\"700\">\u2717<\/text>\n\n <text x=\"452\" y=\"112\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#0d8f79\">Cc (C, D)<\/text>\n <text x=\"536\" y=\"112\" text-anchor=\"middle\" fill=\"#0d8f79\" font-weight=\"700\">\u2713<\/text>\n <text x=\"592\" y=\"112\" text-anchor=\"middle\" fill=\"#0d8f79\" font-weight=\"700\">\u2713<\/text>\n <text x=\"648\" y=\"112\" text-anchor=\"middle\" fill=\"#c0392b\" font-weight=\"700\">\u2717<\/text>\n\n <text x=\"452\" y=\"138\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#6b3a8f\">Bcc (E)<\/text>\n <text x=\"536\" y=\"138\" text-anchor=\"middle\" fill=\"#0d8f79\" font-weight=\"700\">\u2713<\/text>\n <text x=\"592\" y=\"138\" text-anchor=\"middle\" fill=\"#0d8f79\" font-weight=\"700\">\u2713<\/text>\n <text x=\"648\" y=\"138\" text-anchor=\"middle\" fill=\"#c9760f\" font-weight=\"700\">only self<\/text>\n <\/g>\n <line x1=\"422\" y1=\"94\" x2=\"668\" y2=\"94\" stroke=\"#f0f2f5\"\/>\n <line x1=\"422\" y1=\"120\" x2=\"668\" y2=\"120\" stroke=\"#f0f2f5\"\/>\n <rect x=\"422\" y=\"126\" width=\"246\" height=\"20\" fill=\"#faf6ff\" opacity=\".55\"\/>\n\n <rect x=\"422\" y=\"158\" width=\"246\" height=\"68\" rx=\"6\" fill=\"#fffbf0\" stroke=\"#c9760f\" stroke-width=\"1.2\"\/>\n <text x=\"434\" y=\"175\" font-size=\"8.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#8f5409\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">THE TWO CONSEQUENCES<\/text>\n <g font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">\n <text x=\"434\" y=\"192\">1. E receives the message and can read the whole<\/text>\n <text x=\"444\" y=\"204\">recipient list \u2014 but A, B, C and D never learn E exists.<\/text>\n <text x=\"434\" y=\"220\">2. If E presses Reply All, the concealment collapses.<\/text>\n <\/g>\n\n <rect x=\"20\" y=\"252\" width=\"683\" height=\"30\" rx=\"6\" fill=\"#f7fbff\" stroke=\"#c3d2e2\" stroke-width=\"1.2\"\/>\n <text x=\"34\" y=\"271\" font-size=\"9\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\"><tspan font-weight=\"700\">The names come from carbon paper:<\/tspan> CC = Carbon Copy, a duplicate everyone knew about \u00b7 BCC = Blind Carbon Copy, a duplicate no one was told of.<\/text>\n <\/svg>\n A BCC recipient sits inside the conversation while remaining outside the record of it that the others can see.<\/span>BCC \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0935\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0932\u093e\u092a \u0915\u0947 \u092d\u0940\u0924\u0930 \u092c\u0948\u0920\u093e \u0930\u0939\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0915\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0941 \u0909\u0938 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0932\u0947\u0916 \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0939\u0930 \u091c\u094b \u0936\u0947\u0937 \u0932\u094b\u0917 \u0926\u0947\u0916 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n\n <div class=\"callout red\">\n <div class=\"callout-label\">\u26a0\ufe0f The one use of BCC a school head must not get wrong<\/span>\u26a0\ufe0f BCC \u0915\u093e \u0935\u0939 \u090f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0941\u0916 \u0915\u094b \u092d\u0942\u0932 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0940 \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f<\/span><\/div>\n When a single notice is sent to all the parents of a class<\/strong>, their addresses must go in BCC, never in To or Cc<\/strong>. Putting four hundred parent addresses in the To field discloses every one of them to every other recipient<\/strong> \u2014 a disclosure of personal data made without consent, and one that cannot be recalled once sent. It also invites a Reply All storm in which a private grievance reaches four hundred families. The correct construction is: the school's own address in To<\/strong>, and all the parents in BCC<\/strong>.<\/span>\n \u091c\u092c \u090f\u0915 \u0939\u0940 \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u0938\u094d\u0924 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0915\u094b\u0902<\/strong> \u0915\u094b \u092d\u0947\u091c\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u090f, \u0924\u094b \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0924\u0947 BCC \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f, To \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e Cc \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u092d\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902<\/strong>\u0964 \u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u094c \u0905\u092d\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0924\u0947 To \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0930\u0916\u0928\u093e \u0909\u0928\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0915\u094b \u0936\u0947\u0937 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u091f<\/strong> \u0915\u0930 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u0935\u0948\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0910\u0938\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u091f\u0928 \u091c\u094b \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0938\u0939\u092e\u0924\u093f \u0939\u0941\u0906 \u0914\u0930 \u091c\u094b \u092d\u0947\u091c\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u0935\u093e\u092a\u0938 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0932\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0938\u0947 Reply All \u0915\u0940 \u0935\u0939 \u0906\u0901\u0927\u0940 \u092d\u0940 \u0906\u092e\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0928\u093f\u091c\u0940 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e\u092f\u0924 \u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u094c \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0924\u0915 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0938\u0939\u0940 \u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e \u092f\u0939 \u0939\u0948: To<\/strong> \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0915\u093e \u092a\u0924\u093e, \u0924\u0925\u093e BCC<\/strong> \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u092e\u0938\u094d\u0924 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0915\u0964<\/span>\n <\/div>\n\n <hr class=\"section-divider\">\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d7-3\">\n 7.3<\/span>\n <h3>Attachments and Size Limits<\/span>\u0938\u0902\u0932\u0917\u094d\u0928\u0915 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0906\u0915\u093e\u0930-\u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e\u090f\u0901<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"feat-grid\">\n <div class=\"feat-card\">1<\/span>The usual limit<\/span>\u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e<\/span><\/strong>Most services allow about 25 MB<\/strong> per message, counting all attachments together. A message that exceeds it is rejected outright or silently held, and the sender may not be told.<\/span>\u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0902\u0936 \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u0932\u0917\u092d\u0917 25 MB<\/strong> \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092e\u0924\u093f \u0926\u0947\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0938\u092e\u0938\u094d\u0924 \u0938\u0902\u0932\u0917\u094d\u0928\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u092e\u093f\u0932\u093e\u0915\u0930\u0964 \u0909\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u092f\u093e \u0924\u094b \u0938\u0940\u0927\u0947 \u0905\u0938\u094d\u0935\u0940\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u092f\u093e \u091a\u0941\u092a\u091a\u093e\u092a \u0930\u094b\u0915 \u0932\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0937\u0915 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u0924\u093e \u092d\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u091a\u0932\u0924\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"feat-card\">2<\/span>When the file is too large<\/span>\u091c\u092c \u092b\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0932 \u092c\u0939\u0941\u0924 \u092c\u0921\u093c\u0940 \u0939\u094b<\/span><\/strong>Four remedies in order of preference: compress to a ZIP archive<\/strong>; reduce the resolution of scans and photographs<\/strong>, which usually cuts the size by most of it; send a cloud link<\/strong> instead of the file; or split the material across several messages.<\/span>\u0935\u0930\u0940\u092f\u0924\u093e-\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0909\u092a\u093e\u092f: ZIP \u0938\u0902\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0940\u0921\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902<\/strong>; \u0938\u094d\u0915\u0948\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u091b\u093e\u092f\u093e\u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u092d\u0947\u0926\u0928 \u0918\u091f\u093e\u090f\u0901<\/strong>, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092f\u0903 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0902\u0936 \u0906\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u091f \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948; \u092b\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0932 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u091c\u093e\u092f \u0915\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0909\u0921 \u0932\u093f\u0902\u0915 \u092d\u0947\u091c\u0947\u0902<\/strong>; \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0905\u0928\u0947\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u093e\u0901\u091f \u0926\u0947\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"feat-card\">3<\/span>Blocked file types<\/span>\u0905\u0935\u0930\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u092b\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0932-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930<\/span><\/strong>Executable formats such as .exe, .bat and .msi are refused by nearly every mail service<\/strong>, including inside a ZIP, because they are the standard carrier of malware. A legitimate program must therefore be shared by another route.<\/span>.exe, .bat \u090f\u0935\u0902 .msi<\/strong> \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0928\u0940\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0930\u0942\u092a \u0932\u0917\u092d\u0917 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u092e\u0947\u0932 \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0905\u0938\u094d\u0935\u0940\u0915\u0943\u0924<\/strong> \u0915\u0930 \u0926\u093f\u090f \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, ZIP \u0915\u0947 \u092d\u0940\u0924\u0930 \u092d\u0940, \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u0935\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0932\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0915 \u0935\u093e\u0939\u0915 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0905\u0924\u0903 \u0935\u0948\u0927 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f \u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0917 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u091d\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u092a\u0921\u093c\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"feat-card\">4<\/span>Naming and format<\/span>\u0928\u093e\u092e\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0930\u0942\u092a<\/span><\/strong>An attachment named scan001.pdf<\/em> is untraceable a month later; UDISE-datacard-GSSS-MalviyaNagar-2026.pdf<\/em> files itself. Official documents should travel as PDF<\/strong>, for the reasons given in \u00a72.6.<\/span>scan001.pdf<\/em> \u0928\u093e\u092e \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0902\u0932\u0917\u094d\u0928\u0915 \u090f\u0915 \u092e\u093e\u0938 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0930\u0947\u0916\u0923\u0940\u092f \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0930\u0939\u0924\u093e; UDISE-datacard-GSSS-MalviyaNagar-2026.pdf<\/em> \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u093e \u0928\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0930 \u0932\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0936\u093e\u0938\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0926\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0947\u091c\u093c PDF<\/strong> \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f, \u00a72.6 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0926\u093f\u090f \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"feat-card\">5<\/span>Never open an unexpected attachment<\/span>\u0905\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0936\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u0902\u0932\u0917\u094d\u0928\u0915 \u0915\u092d\u0940 \u0928 \u0916\u094b\u0932\u0947\u0902<\/span><\/strong>An attachment from an unknown sender, or an unexpected one from a known sender whose account may have been compromised, is the commonest entry point for ransomware<\/strong>. The reasoning is set out fully in \u00a78.3.<\/span>\u0905\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0937\u0915 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0902\u0932\u0917\u094d\u0928\u0915, \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0937\u0915 \u0915\u093e \u0910\u0938\u093e \u0905\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0936\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u0902\u0932\u0917\u094d\u0928\u0915 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0916\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0938\u092e\u091d\u094c\u0924\u093e-\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u094b, \u0930\u0948\u0928\u0938\u092e\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u091a\u0932\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0947\u0936-\u092c\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0941<\/strong> \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0924\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u00a78.3 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"feat-card\">6<\/span>The forgotten attachment<\/span>\u092d\u0942\u0932\u093e \u0939\u0941\u0906 \u0938\u0902\u0932\u0917\u094d\u0928\u0915<\/span><\/strong>The commonest error in official email. Most clients now scan the body for the word \"attached\" and warn if nothing is attached, but the habit of attaching the file first and writing the message afterwards<\/strong> removes the problem entirely.<\/span>\u0936\u093e\u0938\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0908\u092e\u0947\u0932 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u091a\u0932\u093f\u0924 \u092d\u0942\u0932\u0964 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0902\u0936 \u0915\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0902\u091f \u0905\u092c \u092e\u0942\u0932 \u092a\u093e\u0920 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \"\u0938\u0902\u0932\u0917\u094d\u0928\" \u0936\u092c\u094d\u0926 \u0916\u094b\u091c\u0915\u0930 \u091a\u0947\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0928\u0940 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u092f\u0926\u093f \u0915\u0941\u091b \u0938\u0902\u0932\u0917\u094d\u0928 \u0928 \u0939\u094b, \u0915\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0941 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u092b\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0932 \u0938\u0902\u0932\u0917\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u0930 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u0932\u093f\u0916\u0928\u0947<\/strong> \u0915\u0940 \u0906\u0926\u0924 \u0938\u092e\u0938\u094d\u092f\u093e \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923\u0924\u0903 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0930 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <hr class=\"section-divider\">\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d7-4\">\n 7.4<\/span>\n <h3>Spam, Filters and Mailbox Management<\/span>\u0938\u094d\u092a\u0948\u092e, \u092b\u093c\u093f\u0932\u094d\u091f\u0930 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0932\u092c\u0949\u0915\u094d\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0928<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n <svg class=\"full-diagram\" viewBox=\"0 0 782 300\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Realistic view of a mailbox with its folders and message list\">\n <rect x=\"20\" y=\"18\" width=\"742\" height=\"266\" rx=\"6\" fill=\"#fff\" stroke=\"#b9c6d6\" stroke-width=\"1.5\"\/>\n\n <rect x=\"20\" y=\"18\" width=\"742\" height=\"32\" fill=\"#f6f8fc\"\/>\n <rect x=\"150\" y=\"26\" width=\"376\" height=\"18\" rx=\"9\" fill=\"#eaf1fb\"\/>\n <circle cx=\"164\" cy=\"35\" r=\"4.5\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#5f6368\" stroke-width=\"1.3\"\/>\n <line x1=\"167\" y1=\"38\" x2=\"170\" y2=\"41\" stroke=\"#5f6368\" stroke-width=\"1.4\"\/>\n <text x=\"178\" y=\"38\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#5f6368\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">from:education.delhi.gov.in has:attachment<\/text>\n <circle cx=\"666\" cy=\"34\" r=\"9\" fill=\"#14243f\"\/>\n <text x=\"666\" y=\"37\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">NS<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"20\" y=\"50\" width=\"132\" height=\"234\" fill=\"#f6f8fc\"\/>\n <rect x=\"32\" y=\"60\" width=\"72\" height=\"20\" rx=\"10\" fill=\"#c2e7ff\"\/>\n <text x=\"68\" y=\"74\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#001d35\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Compose<\/text>\n <rect x=\"20\" y=\"92\" width=\"132\" height=\"20\" rx=\"0\" fill=\"#d3e3fd\"\/>\n <g font-size=\"8.5\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">\n <text x=\"42\" y=\"106\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#001d35\">Inbox<\/text><text x=\"132\" y=\"106\" text-anchor=\"end\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#001d35\">12<\/text>\n <text x=\"42\" y=\"128\" fill=\"#444\">Starred<\/text>\n <text x=\"42\" y=\"148\" fill=\"#444\">Sent<\/text>\n <text x=\"42\" y=\"168\" fill=\"#444\">Drafts<\/text><text x=\"132\" y=\"168\" text-anchor=\"end\" fill=\"#c0392b\">3<\/text>\n <text x=\"42\" y=\"188\" fill=\"#444\">Spam<\/text><text x=\"132\" y=\"188\" text-anchor=\"end\" fill=\"#5f6368\">41<\/text>\n <text x=\"42\" y=\"208\" fill=\"#444\">Trash<\/text>\n <\/g>\n <line x1=\"32\" y1=\"220\" x2=\"140\" y2=\"220\" stroke=\"#dde3ea\"\/>\n <text x=\"32\" y=\"236\" font-size=\"7.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#5f6368\" letter-spacing=\".5\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">LABELS<\/text>\n <g font-size=\"8\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">\n <rect x=\"34\" y=\"245\" width=\"7\" height=\"7\" rx=\"1.5\" fill=\"#c9760f\"\/><text x=\"48\" y=\"252\" fill=\"#444\">Directorate<\/text>\n <rect x=\"34\" y=\"261\" width=\"7\" height=\"7\" rx=\"1.5\" fill=\"#0d8f79\"\/><text x=\"48\" y=\"268\" fill=\"#444\">Examination<\/text>\n <\/g>\n\n <rect x=\"152\" y=\"50\" width=\"548\" height=\"234\" fill=\"#fff\"\/>\n <g stroke=\"#eef0f3\" stroke-width=\"1\">\n <line x1=\"152\" y1=\"88\" x2=\"700\" y2=\"88\"\/><line x1=\"152\" y1=\"126\" x2=\"700\" y2=\"126\"\/><line x1=\"152\" y1=\"164\" x2=\"700\" y2=\"164\"\/>\n <line x1=\"152\" y1=\"202\" x2=\"700\" y2=\"202\"\/><line x1=\"152\" y1=\"240\" x2=\"700\" y2=\"240\"\/>\n <\/g>\n\n <rect x=\"152\" y=\"50\" width=\"548\" height=\"38\" fill=\"#f8fbff\"\/>\n <path d=\"M168 64 l4 4 l7 -8\" stroke=\"#5f6368\" stroke-width=\"1.4\" fill=\"none\"\/>\n <path d=\"M192 62 l5 5 l5 -5 z\" fill=\"#c9760f\"\/>\n <text x=\"212\" y=\"66\" font-size=\"8.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#202124\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Directorate of Education<\/text>\n <text x=\"212\" y=\"79\" font-size=\"8\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#202124\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Revised schedule \u2014 Class IX and XI examinations<\/text>\n <text x=\"470\" y=\"79\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#5f6368\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">\u2014 kindly circulate among all\u2026<\/text>\n <path d=\"M646 68 v8 a3 3 0 0 0 6 0 v-9 a2 2 0 0 0 -4 0 v8\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#5f6368\" stroke-width=\"1.2\"\/>\n <text x=\"686\" y=\"72\" text-anchor=\"end\" font-size=\"8\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#202124\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">10:42<\/text>\n\n <text x=\"212\" y=\"104\" font-size=\"8.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#202124\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Vice-Principal<\/text>\n <text x=\"212\" y=\"117\" font-size=\"8\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#202124\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Staff meeting minutes for approval<\/text>\n <text x=\"686\" y=\"110\" text-anchor=\"end\" font-size=\"8\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#202124\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">09:15<\/text>\n\n <text x=\"212\" y=\"142\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#5f6368\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">SCERT Delhi<\/text>\n <text x=\"212\" y=\"155\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#5f6368\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">NISHTHA module 4 \u2014 nomination of teachers<\/text>\n <text x=\"686\" y=\"148\" text-anchor=\"end\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#5f6368\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">21 Aug<\/text>\n\n <text x=\"212\" y=\"180\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#5f6368\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Accounts Section<\/text>\n <text x=\"212\" y=\"193\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#5f6368\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Utilisation certificate \u2014 composite grant<\/text>\n <text x=\"686\" y=\"186\" text-anchor=\"end\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#5f6368\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">20 Aug<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"152\" y=\"240\" width=\"548\" height=\"44\" fill=\"#fff6f4\"\/>\n <path d=\"M170 258 l6 -10 l6 10 z\" fill=\"#c0392b\"\/>\n <text x=\"176\" y=\"257\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"6\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">!<\/text>\n <text x=\"212\" y=\"258\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#c0392b\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">no-reply@educati0n-delhi-gov.co<\/text>\n <text x=\"212\" y=\"271\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#c0392b\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">URGENT: salary account will be suspended \u2014 verify within 24 hrs<\/text>\n <text x=\"686\" y=\"264\" text-anchor=\"end\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#c0392b\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Spam<\/text>\n\n <defs><marker id=\"mbx\" markerWidth=\"8\" markerHeight=\"8\" refX=\"7\" refY=\"2.6\" orient=\"auto\"><path d=\"M0,0 L0,5.2 L7,2.6 z\" fill=\"#8e2f5a\"\/><\/marker><\/defs>\n <g stroke=\"#8e2f5a\" stroke-width=\"1.2\" fill=\"none\">\n <line x1=\"710\" y1=\"36\" x2=\"536\" y2=\"36\" marker-end=\"url(#mbx)\"\/>\n <line x1=\"710\" y1=\"262\" x2=\"452\" y2=\"262\" marker-end=\"url(#mbx)\"\/>\n <\/g>\n <g font-size=\"8.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#8e2f5a\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">\n <text x=\"714\" y=\"33\">Search with<\/text>\n <text x=\"714\" y=\"45\">operators<\/text>\n <text x=\"714\" y=\"259\">Caught by the<\/text>\n <text x=\"714\" y=\"271\">spam filter<\/text>\n <\/g>\n <\/svg>\n Note the address of the last message: educati0n<\/strong> with a zero, and .co<\/strong> rather than .gov.in<\/strong>. Two characters separate a real notice from a fraudulent one.<\/span>\u0905\u0902\u0924\u093f\u092e \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u0924\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0916\u093f\u090f: \u0936\u0942\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0938\u0939\u093f\u0924 educati0n<\/strong>, \u0924\u0925\u093e .gov.in<\/strong> \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u091c\u093e\u092f .co<\/strong>\u0964 \u0926\u094b \u0905\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0930 \u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0915\u092a\u091f\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0932\u0917 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n\n <table class=\"data-table\">\n <thead>\n <tr>\n <th>Tool<\/span>\u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923<\/span><\/th>\n <th>What it does<\/span>\u092f\u0939 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/th>\n <\/tr>\n <\/thead>\n <tbody>\n <tr><td>Spam or junk filter<\/span>\u0938\u094d\u092a\u0948\u092e \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u091c\u0902\u0915 \u092b\u093c\u093f\u0932\u094d\u091f\u0930<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>Spam<\/strong> is unsolicited bulk email. The filter diverts it to a separate folder, and marking a message as spam trains the filter<\/strong> for the future. The folder should still be glanced at occasionally, because a genuine circular is sometimes caught in it.<\/span>\u0938\u094d\u092a\u0948\u092e<\/strong> \u0905\u0935\u093e\u0902\u091b\u093f\u0924 \u0925\u094b\u0915 \u0908\u092e\u0947\u0932 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092b\u093c\u093f\u0932\u094d\u091f\u0930 \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0943\u0925\u0915 \u092b\u093c\u094b\u0932\u094d\u0921\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u094b\u0921\u093c \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u094d\u092a\u0948\u092e \u091a\u093f\u0939\u094d\u0928\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u092b\u093c\u093f\u0932\u094d\u091f\u0930 \u0915\u094b \u092d\u0935\u093f\u0937\u094d\u092f \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924<\/strong> \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092b\u093f\u0930 \u092d\u0940 \u0909\u0938 \u092b\u093c\u094b\u0932\u094d\u0921\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u092d\u0940-\u0915\u092d\u0940 \u0926\u0943\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093f \u0921\u093e\u0932\u0928\u0940 \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f, \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092d\u0940 \u0909\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092b\u0901\u0938 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>Filters or rules<\/span>\u092b\u093c\u093f\u0932\u094d\u091f\u0930 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>Instructions applied automatically to incoming mail \u2014 anything from the Directorate is labelled and starred; anything from the examination branch goes to its own folder<\/em>. Ten minutes spent setting these up saves an hour a week of sorting.<\/span>\u0906\u0924\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0932 \u092a\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0924\u0903 \u0932\u0917\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u2014 \u0928\u093f\u0926\u0947\u0936\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0938\u0947 \u0906\u092f\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u0928\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0902\u0915\u093f\u0924 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0924\u093e\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0915\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b; \u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0936\u093e\u0916\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u0906\u092f\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u092b\u093c\u094b\u0932\u094d\u0921\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091c\u093e\u090f<\/em>\u0964 \u0907\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0932\u0917\u0947 \u0926\u0938 \u092e\u093f\u0928\u091f \u0938\u092a\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0939 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u090f\u0915 \u0918\u0902\u091f\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u091b\u0901\u091f\u093e\u0908 \u092c\u091a\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>Labels and folders<\/span>\u0928\u093e\u092e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092b\u093c\u094b\u0932\u094d\u0921\u0930<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>Categories for filing. A label<\/strong> can be applied several at a time to one message; a folder<\/strong> holds a message in one place only.<\/span>\u0928\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0940 \u0936\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0923\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901\u0964 \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u092a\u0930 \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0905\u0928\u0947\u0915 \u0928\u093e\u092e<\/strong> \u0932\u0917\u093e\u090f \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902; \u092b\u093c\u094b\u0932\u094d\u0921\u0930<\/strong> \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u0915\u094b \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u090f\u0915 \u0939\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u0930 \u0930\u0916\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr style=\"background:#f3f8ff;\"><td>Archive and delete<\/span>\u0905\u092d\u093f\u0932\u0947\u0916\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0932\u094b\u092a\u0928<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>Archiving removes a message from the inbox but keeps it, searchable, for ever. Deleting sends it to Trash, from which it is purged after about thirty days.<\/strong> For anything that is an official record, archive; never delete.<\/span>\u0905\u092d\u093f\u0932\u0947\u0916\u0928 \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u0915\u094b \u0907\u0928\u092c\u0949\u0915\u094d\u0938 \u0938\u0947 \u0939\u091f\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0941 \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0916\u094b\u091c\u0928\u0947-\u092f\u094b\u0917\u094d\u092f \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0926\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0930\u0916\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0935\u093f\u0932\u094b\u092a\u0928 \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u091f\u094d\u0930\u0948\u0936 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092d\u0947\u091c\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0938\u0947 \u0935\u0939 \u0932\u0917\u092d\u0917 \u0924\u0940\u0938 \u0926\u093f\u0928 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0932 \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/strong> \u091c\u094b \u092d\u0940 \u0936\u093e\u0938\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0932\u0947\u0916 \u0939\u094b, \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0932\u0947\u0916\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902; \u0915\u092d\u0940 \u092e\u093f\u091f\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>Search operators<\/span>\u0916\u094b\u091c-\u0938\u0902\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0915<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>The same idea as \u00a76.7, applied to mail: <code>from:<\/code>, <code>to:<\/code>, <code>subject:<\/code>, <code>has:attachment<\/code>, <code>is:unread<\/code>, <code>before:<\/code> and <code>after:<\/code>. Combining two of them locates a circular from eight months ago in seconds.<\/span>\u0935\u0939\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u091c\u094b \u00a76.7 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0925\u093e, \u092e\u0947\u0932 \u092a\u0930 \u0932\u093e\u0917\u0942: <code>from:<\/code>, <code>to:<\/code>, <code>subject:<\/code>, <code>has:attachment<\/code>, <code>is:unread<\/code>, <code>before:<\/code> \u0924\u0925\u093e <code>after:<\/code>\u0964 \u0907\u0928\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0926\u094b \u092e\u093f\u0932\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u0906\u0920 \u092e\u093e\u0938 \u092a\u0941\u0930\u093e\u0928\u093e \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0938\u0947\u0915\u0902\u0921\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u093f\u0932 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>Auto-reply<\/span>\u0938\u094d\u0935\u0924\u0903-\u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>An out-of-office message sent automatically during leave, stating the period of absence and who may be contacted meanwhile. Courtesy, and in an office with deadlines, a practical necessity.<\/span>\u0905\u0935\u0915\u093e\u0936 \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u094c\u0930\u093e\u0928 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0924\u0903 \u092d\u0947\u091c\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f-\u092c\u093e\u0939\u094d\u092f \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0947\u0936, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u0935\u0927\u093f \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0907\u0938 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u090f, \u092f\u0939 \u0932\u093f\u0916\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0964 \u0936\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093e\u091a\u093e\u0930, \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u092e\u092f-\u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0924\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <\/tbody>\n <\/table>\n <hr class=\"section-divider\">\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d7-5\">\n 7.5<\/span>\n <h3>Writing a Professional Email<\/span>\u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0935\u0938\u093e\u092f\u093f\u0915 \u0908\u092e\u0947\u0932 \u0932\u0947\u0916\u0928<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"flow-wrap\">\n <div class=\"flow-note\">\n \u270d\ufe0f An official email has a settled structure, and departing from it costs the writer credibility before the content is read at all.<\/span>\n \u270d\ufe0f \u0936\u093e\u0938\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0908\u092e\u0947\u0932 \u0915\u0940 \u090f\u0915 \u0928\u093f\u0936\u094d\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u091a\u0932\u0928 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u092a\u0922\u093c\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u0939\u0940 \u0932\u0947\u0916\u0915 \u0915\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0935\u0938\u0928\u0940\u092f\u0924\u093e \u0918\u091f\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"flow-steps\">\n <div class=\"flow-step\">\n 1<\/span>\n <div class=\"fs-body\">\n Subject line \u2014 specific, and dated where it matters<\/span>\u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f-\u092a\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u2014 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915 \u0939\u094b \u0935\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0926\u093f\u0928\u093e\u0902\u0915\u093f\u0924<\/span><\/strong>\n \"Submission of UDISE+ data for session 2026\u201327 \u2014 GSSS Malviya Nagar\"<\/em> can be found and filed. \"Regarding data\"<\/em> cannot.<\/span>\"\u0938\u0924\u094d\u0930 2026\u201327 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 UDISE+ \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0937\u0923 \u2014 GSSS \u092e\u093e\u0932\u0935\u0940\u092f \u0928\u0917\u0930\"<\/em> \u0916\u094b\u091c\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0928\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0940\u092c\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \"\u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927 \u092e\u0947\u0902\"<\/em> \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/span>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"flow-step\">\n 2<\/span>\n <div class=\"fs-body\">\n Salutation appropriate to the relationship<\/span>\u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0902\u092c\u094b\u0927\u0928<\/span><\/strong>\n Respected Sir \/ Madam<\/em> upward; Dear Colleagues<\/em> laterally; Dear Parents<\/em> outward. Never open an official message without a salutation.<\/span>\u090a\u092a\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0913\u0930 \u092e\u0939\u094b\u0926\u092f \/ \u092e\u0939\u094b\u0926\u092f\u093e<\/em>; \u0938\u092e\u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f \u0938\u0939\u0915\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093f\u092f\u094b<\/em>; \u092c\u093e\u0939\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0913\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f \u0905\u092d\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0915\u0917\u0923<\/em>\u0964 \u0936\u093e\u0938\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u0915\u092d\u0940 \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0938\u0902\u092c\u094b\u0927\u0928 \u0906\u0930\u0902\u092d \u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/span>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"flow-step\">\n 3<\/span>\n <div class=\"fs-body\">\n The purpose in the first two lines<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0940 \u0926\u094b \u092a\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902<\/span><\/strong>\n A reader in a busy office decides within seconds whether to act now or later. The reason for writing belongs at the top, not after three paragraphs of background.<\/span>\u0935\u094d\u092f\u0938\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0915\u093e \u092a\u093e\u0920\u0915 \u0938\u0947\u0915\u0902\u0921\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0924\u092f \u0915\u0930 \u0932\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0905\u092d\u0940 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u092f\u093e \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u092e\u0947\u0902\u0964 \u0932\u093f\u0916\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u090a\u092a\u0930 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f, \u0924\u0940\u0928 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u091a\u094d\u091b\u0947\u0926\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920\u092d\u0942\u092e\u093f \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/span>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"flow-step\">\n 4<\/span>\n <div class=\"fs-body\">\n The body \u2014 one subject, short paragraphs, action in bullets<\/span>\u092e\u0942\u0932 \u092a\u093e\u0920 \u2014 \u090f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f, \u091b\u094b\u091f\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u091a\u094d\u091b\u0947\u0926, \u092c\u0941\u0932\u0947\u091f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f<\/span><\/strong>\n One email, one matter.<\/strong> Two unrelated subjects in a single message means one of them will be forgotten, and the message can be filed under only one heading.<\/span>\u090f\u0915 \u0908\u092e\u0947\u0932, \u090f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f\u0964<\/strong> \u090f\u0915 \u0939\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0926\u094b \u0905\u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0909\u0928\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u090f\u0915 \u092d\u0941\u0932\u093e \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u090f\u0917\u093e, \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u090f\u0915 \u0939\u0940 \u0936\u0940\u0930\u094d\u0937 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u0940\u0928 \u0928\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0940\u092c\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0947\u0917\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/span>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"flow-step\">\n 5<\/span>\n <div class=\"fs-body\">\n State the action and the date explicitly<\/span>\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0924\u093f\u0925\u093f \u0938\u094d\u092a\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u0916\u0947\u0902<\/span><\/strong>\n \"Kindly forward the nomination by 5 September 2026\"<\/em> is a request that can be complied with. \"Kindly do the needful at the earliest\"<\/em> is not, and it is the phrase that most often produces no action at all.<\/span>\"\u0915\u0943\u092a\u092f\u093e \u0928\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0902\u0915\u0928 5 \u0938\u093f\u0924\u0902\u092c\u0930 2026 \u0924\u0915 \u0905\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902\"<\/em> \u0910\u0938\u0940 \u092e\u093e\u0901\u0917 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u093e\u0932\u0928 \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \"\u0915\u0943\u092a\u092f\u093e \u0936\u0940\u0918\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0924\u093f\u0936\u0940\u0918\u094d\u0930 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u0935\u093e\u0939\u0940 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902\"<\/em> \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0914\u0930 \u092f\u0939\u0940 \u0935\u0939 \u0935\u093e\u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0936 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092c\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u0935\u093e\u0939\u0940 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/span>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"flow-step\">\n 6<\/span>\n <div class=\"fs-body\">\n Close, sign, and check the recipient before sending<\/span>\u0938\u092e\u093e\u092a\u0928, \u0939\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0930, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092d\u0947\u091c\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0901\u091a<\/span><\/strong>\n Yours faithfully<\/em> to a superior, Yours sincerely<\/em> where the name is known, followed by name, designation and school. The recipient field should be the last thing checked, not the first thing filled<\/strong>.<\/span>\u0935\u0930\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u0915\u094b \u092d\u0935\u0926\u0940\u092f<\/em>, \u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0928\u093e\u092e \u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0924 \u0939\u094b \u0935\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0938\u093e\u0926\u0930<\/em>, \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u0928\u093e\u092e, \u092a\u0926\u0928\u093e\u092e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f\u0964 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e-\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0905\u0902\u0924 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091c\u093e\u0901\u091a\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0940 \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f, \u0906\u0930\u0902\u092d \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092d\u0930\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902<\/strong>\u0964<\/span><\/span>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"pc-grid\">\n <div class=\"pc-panel con\">\n <div class=\"pc-head\">\u2717<\/span>A message that will fail<\/span>\u0935\u0939 \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u091c\u094b \u0935\u093f\u092b\u0932 \u0939\u094b\u0917\u093e<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n <ul>\n <li>Subject:<\/strong> \"Important!!!\"<\/em> \u2014 unsearchable, and the exclamation marks may trip the spam filter<\/span>\u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f:<\/strong> \"\u091c\u0930\u0942\u0930\u0940!!!\"<\/em> \u2014 \u0916\u094b\u091c\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e, \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0938\u094d\u092e\u092f\u093e\u0926\u093f\u092c\u094b\u0927\u0915 \u091a\u093f\u0939\u094d\u0928 \u0938\u094d\u092a\u0948\u092e \u092b\u093c\u093f\u0932\u094d\u091f\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902<\/span><\/li>\n <li>No salutation; the message opens straight into the demand<\/span>\u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u094b\u0927\u0928 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902; \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u0938\u0940\u0927\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0901\u0917 \u0938\u0947 \u0906\u0930\u0902\u092d \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/li>\n <li>Three unrelated matters<\/strong> in one message \u2014 a grant, a leave application and a broken projector<\/span>\u090f\u0915 \u0939\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0924\u0940\u0928 \u0905\u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f<\/strong> \u2014 \u090f\u0915 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0926\u093e\u0928, \u090f\u0915 \u0905\u0935\u0915\u093e\u0936-\u0906\u0935\u0947\u0926\u0928 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u090f\u0915 \u091f\u0942\u091f\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u092a\u0915<\/span><\/li>\n <li>Written in capital letters throughout<\/strong>, which reads as shouting<\/span>\u092a\u0942\u0930\u093e \u092c\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u0905\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0930\u094b\u0902<\/strong> \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0932\u093f\u0916\u093e \u0939\u0941\u0906, \u091c\u094b \u091a\u093f\u0932\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u093e \u092a\u0922\u093c\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/li>\n <li>Sent from a personal address<\/strong> such as sharmaji1978@\u2026<\/em> rather than the official school account<\/span>\u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u0936\u093e\u0938\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0916\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u091c\u093e\u092f sharmaji1978@\u2026<\/em> \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u091c\u0940 \u092a\u0924\u0947<\/strong> \u0938\u0947 \u092d\u0947\u091c\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e<\/span><\/li>\n <li>No deadline, no signature, and the attachment forgotten<\/span>\u0928 \u0938\u092e\u092f-\u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e, \u0928 \u0939\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0930, \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u0932\u0917\u094d\u0928\u0915 \u092d\u0942\u0932\u093e \u0939\u0941\u0906<\/span><\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"pc-panel pro\">\n <div class=\"pc-head\">\u2713<\/span>The same message, written properly<\/span>\u0935\u0939\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0947\u0936, \u0920\u0940\u0915 \u0922\u0902\u0917 \u0938\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u0916\u093e \u0939\u0941\u0906<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n <ul>\n <li>Subject:<\/strong> \"Repair of LCD projector, Room 14 \u2014 request for sanction of \u20b98,400\"<\/em><\/span>\u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f:<\/strong> \"\u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937 14 \u0915\u0947 LCD \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u092a\u0915 \u0915\u0940 \u092e\u0930\u092e\u094d\u092e\u0924 \u2014 \u20b98,400 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0940\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0930\u094b\u0927\"<\/em><\/span><\/li>\n <li>Opens Respected Sir<\/em>, and states the request in the first sentence<\/span>\u092e\u0939\u094b\u0926\u092f<\/em> \u0938\u0947 \u0906\u0930\u0902\u092d \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0939\u0940 \u0935\u093e\u0915\u094d\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0930\u094b\u0927 \u0930\u0916\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/li>\n <li>One matter only<\/strong>; the leave application and the grant go as separate messages<\/span>\u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u090f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f<\/strong>; \u0905\u0935\u0915\u093e\u0936-\u0906\u0935\u0947\u0926\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u0943\u0925\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902<\/span><\/li>\n <li>The quotation is attached as a PDF, named for what it is<\/strong><\/span>\u0909\u0926\u094d\u0927\u0930\u0923 PDF \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u0932\u0917\u094d\u0928 \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0928\u093e\u092e \u092c\u0924\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0935\u0939 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n <li>Carries a date by which sanction is sought<\/strong>, with the reason for the urgency<\/span>\u0935\u0939 \u0924\u093f\u0925\u093f \u0932\u093f\u0916\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938 \u0924\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0940\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f<\/strong>, \u0914\u0930 \u0924\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0915\u093e\u0932\u093f\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u092d\u0940<\/span><\/li>\n <li>Closes with the full signature block<\/strong> and is sent from the school account<\/span>\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0939\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0930-\u0916\u0902\u0921<\/strong> \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u0916\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u092d\u0947\u091c\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"exam-tip\">\n <div class=\"et-icon\">\u23f8\ufe0f<\/div>\n <div class=\"et-body\">\n The rule about writing in anger.<\/strong> An email written in irritation reads worse a week later than it felt at the time, cannot be recalled once sent, and can be forwarded to anyone by its recipient. A draft written to relieve feeling should be saved, not sent<\/strong>, and read again the next morning. Where a matter is genuinely contentious, the safer instrument is a measured letter through the proper channel<\/strong>, of which a copy is kept \u2014 and where a reply is likely to be forwarded, every word should be written on the assumption that it will be<\/strong>.<\/span>\n \u0915\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0927 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0932\u093f\u0916\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e\u0964<\/strong> \u091d\u0941\u0901\u091d\u0932\u093e\u0939\u091f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0932\u093f\u0916\u093e \u0908\u092e\u0947\u0932 \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u092a\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0939 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u0909\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u092c\u0941\u0930\u093e \u092a\u0922\u093c\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0924\u0928\u093e \u0909\u0938 \u0938\u092e\u092f \u0932\u0917\u093e \u0925\u093e, \u092d\u0947\u091c\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u0935\u093e\u092a\u0938 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0932\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e, \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0915\u094b \u092d\u0940 \u0905\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092d\u093e\u0935 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0932\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0932\u093f\u0916\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u090f, \u092d\u0947\u091c\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902<\/strong>, \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u0917\u0932\u0940 \u0938\u0941\u092c\u0939 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0903 \u092a\u0922\u093c\u093e \u091c\u093e\u090f\u0964 \u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u092e\u093e\u092e\u0932\u093e \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924\u0903 \u0935\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0926\u093e\u0938\u094d\u092a\u0926 \u0939\u094b \u0935\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u093e\u0927\u0928 \u0939\u0948 \u0909\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u092d\u0947\u091c\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0938\u0902\u092f\u0924 \u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930<\/strong>, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f \u0930\u0916\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u090f \u2014 \u0914\u0930 \u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0928\u093e \u0939\u094b, \u0935\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0936\u092c\u094d\u0926 \u092f\u0939 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0915\u0930 \u0932\u093f\u0916\u093e \u091c\u093e\u090f \u0915\u093f \u0935\u0939 \u0905\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0917\u093e \u0939\u0940<\/strong>\u0964<\/span>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <hr class=\"section-divider\">\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d7-6\">\n 7.6<\/span>\n <h3>Video Conferencing<\/span>\u0935\u0940\u0921\u093f\u092f\u094b \u0915\u0949\u0928\u094d\u092b\u093c\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0902\u0938\u093f\u0902\u0917<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n <svg class=\"full-diagram\" viewBox=\"0 0 700 316\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Realistic view of a video conference window with its controls\">\n <rect x=\"20\" y=\"18\" width=\"660\" height=\"280\" rx=\"7\" fill=\"#202124\" stroke=\"#14243f\" stroke-width=\"1.5\"\/>\n\n <rect x=\"34\" y=\"30\" width=\"120\" height=\"16\" rx=\"8\" fill=\"#3c4043\"\/>\n <circle cx=\"44\" cy=\"38\" r=\"4\" fill=\"#c0392b\"\/>\n <text x=\"54\" y=\"42\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Recording \u00b7 32:14<\/text>\n <text x=\"666\" y=\"42\" text-anchor=\"end\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#c9daf0\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Staff Meeting \u2014 22 August<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"34\" y=\"56\" width=\"196\" height=\"112\" rx=\"5\" fill=\"#2f3336\" stroke=\"#0d8f79\" stroke-width=\"2.5\"\/>\n <circle cx=\"132\" cy=\"104\" r=\"26\" fill=\"#0d8f79\"\/>\n <text x=\"132\" y=\"110\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"16\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">NS<\/text>\n <rect x=\"42\" y=\"148\" width=\"66\" height=\"13\" rx=\"3\" fill=\"rgba(0,0,0,.55)\"\/>\n <text x=\"48\" y=\"158\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">N. Sharma<\/text>\n <g fill=\"#0d8f79\"><rect x=\"200\" y=\"150\" width=\"2.5\" height=\"9\" rx=\"1\"\/><rect x=\"205\" y=\"146\" width=\"2.5\" height=\"13\" rx=\"1\"\/><rect x=\"210\" y=\"149\" width=\"2.5\" height=\"10\" rx=\"1\"\/><\/g>\n <text x=\"224\" y=\"70\" text-anchor=\"end\" font-size=\"7\" fill=\"#8ee0c8\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">speaking<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"238\" y=\"56\" width=\"140\" height=\"80\" rx=\"5\" fill=\"#2f3336\"\/>\n <circle cx=\"308\" cy=\"90\" r=\"18\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\"\/>\n <text x=\"308\" y=\"95\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"11\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">RV<\/text>\n <rect x=\"244\" y=\"118\" width=\"56\" height=\"12\" rx=\"3\" fill=\"rgba(0,0,0,.55)\"\/>\n <text x=\"250\" y=\"127\" font-size=\"7\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">R. Verma<\/text>\n <path d=\"M362 120 l8 8 M370 120 l-8 8\" stroke=\"#c0392b\" stroke-width=\"1.6\"\/>\n\n <rect x=\"386\" y=\"56\" width=\"140\" height=\"80\" rx=\"5\" fill=\"#2f3336\"\/>\n <circle cx=\"456\" cy=\"90\" r=\"18\" fill=\"#c9760f\"\/>\n <text x=\"456\" y=\"95\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"11\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">MK<\/text>\n <rect x=\"392\" y=\"118\" width=\"52\" height=\"12\" rx=\"3\" fill=\"rgba(0,0,0,.55)\"\/>\n <text x=\"398\" y=\"127\" font-size=\"7\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">M. Khan<\/text>\n <text x=\"510\" y=\"72\" font-size=\"12\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">\u270b<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"534\" y=\"56\" width=\"132\" height=\"80\" rx=\"5\" fill=\"#2f3336\"\/>\n <circle cx=\"600\" cy=\"90\" r=\"18\" fill=\"#8e2f5a\"\/>\n <text x=\"600\" y=\"95\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"11\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">AP<\/text>\n <rect x=\"540\" y=\"118\" width=\"50\" height=\"12\" rx=\"3\" fill=\"rgba(0,0,0,.55)\"\/>\n <text x=\"546\" y=\"127\" font-size=\"7\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">A. Patel<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"238\" y=\"144\" width=\"140\" height=\"72\" rx=\"5\" fill=\"#2f3336\"\/>\n <circle cx=\"308\" cy=\"174\" r=\"16\" fill=\"#6b3a8f\"\/>\n <text x=\"308\" y=\"179\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">SG<\/text>\n <rect x=\"244\" y=\"198\" width=\"50\" height=\"12\" rx=\"3\" fill=\"rgba(0,0,0,.55)\"\/>\n <text x=\"250\" y=\"207\" font-size=\"7\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">S. Gupta<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"386\" y=\"144\" width=\"140\" height=\"72\" rx=\"5\" fill=\"#2f3336\"\/>\n <circle cx=\"456\" cy=\"174\" r=\"16\" fill=\"#2f92d1\"\/>\n <text x=\"456\" y=\"179\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">TD<\/text>\n <rect x=\"392\" y=\"198\" width=\"52\" height=\"12\" rx=\"3\" fill=\"rgba(0,0,0,.55)\"\/>\n <text x=\"398\" y=\"207\" font-size=\"7\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">T. Das<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"534\" y=\"144\" width=\"132\" height=\"72\" rx=\"5\" fill=\"#3c4043\" stroke=\"#5f6368\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/>\n <text x=\"600\" y=\"176\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"14\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#9aa0a6\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">+ 12<\/text>\n <text x=\"600\" y=\"192\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#9aa0a6\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">others<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"34\" y=\"176\" width=\"196\" height=\"40\" rx=\"5\" fill=\"#3c4043\" stroke=\"#5f6368\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/>\n <text x=\"46\" y=\"192\" font-size=\"7.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#ffd970\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">SCREEN SHARE ACTIVE<\/text>\n <text x=\"46\" y=\"206\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#c9daf0\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Attendance-Analysis.xlsx<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"20\" y=\"236\" width=\"660\" height=\"62\" rx=\"0\" fill=\"#1a1a1a\"\/>\n <rect x=\"20\" y=\"286\" width=\"660\" height=\"12\" rx=\"7\" fill=\"#1a1a1a\"\/>\n\n <g>\n <circle cx=\"190\" cy=\"264\" r=\"17\" fill=\"#3c4043\"\/>\n <path d=\"M190 256 a4 4 0 0 1 4 4 v4 a4 4 0 0 1 -8 0 v-4 a4 4 0 0 1 4 -4 z\" fill=\"#fff\"\/>\n <path d=\"M183 265 a7 7 0 0 0 14 0 M190 272 v3\" stroke=\"#fff\" stroke-width=\"1.4\" fill=\"none\"\/>\n <text x=\"190\" y=\"292\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7\" fill=\"#9aa0a6\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Mute<\/text>\n\n <circle cx=\"240\" cy=\"264\" r=\"17\" fill=\"#3c4043\"\/>\n <rect x=\"232\" y=\"258\" width=\"12\" height=\"11\" rx=\"2\" fill=\"#fff\"\/><path d=\"M245 261 l5 -3 v11 l-5 -3 z\" fill=\"#fff\"\/>\n <text x=\"240\" y=\"292\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7\" fill=\"#9aa0a6\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Camera<\/text>\n\n <circle cx=\"290\" cy=\"264\" r=\"17\" fill=\"#3c4043\"\/>\n <rect x=\"281\" y=\"257\" width=\"18\" height=\"12\" rx=\"1.5\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#fff\" stroke-width=\"1.5\"\/><path d=\"M287 274 h6\" stroke=\"#fff\" stroke-width=\"1.5\"\/>\n <text x=\"290\" y=\"292\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7\" fill=\"#9aa0a6\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Share<\/text>\n\n <circle cx=\"340\" cy=\"264\" r=\"17\" fill=\"#3c4043\"\/>\n <path d=\"M331 258 h18 v10 h-11 l-5 4 v-4 h-2 z\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#fff\" stroke-width=\"1.4\"\/>\n <text x=\"340\" y=\"292\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7\" fill=\"#9aa0a6\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Chat<\/text>\n\n <circle cx=\"390\" cy=\"264\" r=\"17\" fill=\"#3c4043\"\/>\n <circle cx=\"386\" cy=\"261\" r=\"3.4\" fill=\"#fff\"\/><circle cx=\"395\" cy=\"262\" r=\"2.8\" fill=\"#fff\"\/>\n <path d=\"M380 271 a6 6 0 0 1 12 0 M392 270 a5 5 0 0 1 8 1\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#fff\" stroke-width=\"1.3\"\/>\n <text x=\"390\" y=\"292\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7\" fill=\"#9aa0a6\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">People<\/text>\n\n <circle cx=\"440\" cy=\"264\" r=\"17\" fill=\"#3c4043\"\/>\n <circle cx=\"440\" cy=\"264\" r=\"6\" fill=\"#c0392b\"\/>\n <text x=\"440\" y=\"292\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7\" fill=\"#9aa0a6\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Record<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"472\" y=\"250\" width=\"46\" height=\"28\" rx=\"14\" fill=\"#c0392b\"\/>\n <path d=\"M485 268 a12 8 0 0 1 20 -6\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#fff\" stroke-width=\"2\" transform=\"rotate(135 495 264)\"\/>\n <text x=\"495\" y=\"292\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7\" fill=\"#9aa0a6\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Leave<\/text>\n <\/g>\n <text x=\"46\" y=\"268\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#9aa0a6\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">18 participants<\/text>\n <\/svg>\n Note the crossed camera on one tile, the raised hand on another, and the recording indicator at the top left \u2014 three states every participant should be able to read.<\/span>\u090f\u0915 \u091f\u093e\u0907\u0932 \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u091f\u093e \u0939\u0941\u0906 \u0915\u0948\u092e\u0930\u093e, \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u0940 \u092a\u0930 \u0909\u0920\u093e \u0939\u0941\u0906 \u0939\u093e\u0925, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u090a\u092a\u0930 \u092c\u093e\u0908\u0902 \u0913\u0930 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0932\u0947\u0916\u0928-\u0938\u0942\u091a\u0915 \u0926\u0947\u0916\u093f\u090f \u2014 \u0924\u0940\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0905\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0917\u0940 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u0922\u093c\u0928\u0940 \u0906\u0928\u0940 \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n\n <div class=\"feat-grid\">\n <div class=\"feat-card\">1<\/span>The platforms<\/span>\u092e\u0902\u091a<\/span><\/strong>Google Meet, Zoom, Microsoft Teams, Cisco Webex<\/strong> and the open-source Jitsi<\/strong>. All provide the same core: audio, video, screen sharing, chat and recording.<\/span>\u0917\u0942\u0917\u0932 \u092e\u0940\u091f, \u091c\u093c\u0942\u092e, \u092e\u093e\u0907\u0915\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0938\u0949\u092b\u093c\u094d\u091f \u091f\u0940\u092e\u094d\u0938, \u0938\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0915\u094b \u0935\u0947\u092c\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0938<\/strong> \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0913\u092a\u0928-\u0938\u094b\u0930\u094d\u0938 \u091c\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0938\u0940<\/strong>\u0964 \u0938\u092d\u0940 \u0935\u0939\u0940 \u092e\u0942\u0932 \u0938\u0941\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902: \u0936\u094d\u0930\u0935\u094d\u092f, \u0926\u0943\u0936\u094d\u092f, \u0938\u094d\u0915\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0928 \u0938\u093e\u091d\u093e\u0915\u0930\u0923, \u091a\u0948\u091f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0932\u0947\u0916\u0928\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"feat-card\">2<\/span>Host controls<\/span>\u0906\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0915-\u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0923<\/span><\/strong>The host can mute participants, remove them, lock the meeting, restrict who may share the screen<\/strong>, and admit people from a waiting room. In a class or a parent meeting these are not conveniences but necessities.<\/span>\u0906\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0917\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u092e\u094c\u0928 \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0939\u091f\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u092c\u0948\u0920\u0915 \u092c\u0902\u0926 \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0938\u094d\u0915\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0928 \u0938\u093e\u091d\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/strong>, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e-\u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0938\u0947 \u0932\u094b\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0947\u0936 \u0926\u0947 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0905\u092d\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0915-\u092c\u0948\u0920\u0915 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092f\u0947 \u0938\u0941\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0924\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"feat-card\">3<\/span>Breakout rooms<\/span>\u0909\u092a-\u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937<\/span><\/strong>Divide the participants into smaller groups for discussion and bring them back together \u2014 the online equivalent of group work, and the feature that makes a training session participatory rather than a lecture.<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0917\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u091a\u0930\u094d\u091a\u093e \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u091b\u094b\u091f\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u0942\u0939\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u093e\u0901\u091f\u0915\u0930 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0903 \u090f\u0915\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0930 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u2014 \u0938\u092e\u0942\u0939-\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u093e \u0911\u0928\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u0924\u0941\u0932\u094d\u092f, \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u0939\u0940 \u0938\u0941\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093e \u091c\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923-\u0938\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u094b \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u091c\u093e\u092f \u0938\u0939\u092d\u093e\u0917\u0940 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"feat-card\">4<\/span>Meeting security<\/span>\u092c\u0948\u0920\u0915-\u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e<\/span><\/strong>A link posted publicly can be joined by anyone. The safeguards are a waiting room, a passcode, a restriction on screen sharing, and locking the meeting once everyone has joined<\/strong>. The disruption of an open meeting by an intruder is common enough to have a name.<\/span>\u0938\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0935\u091c\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0921\u093e\u0932\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0932\u093f\u0902\u0915 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u092d\u0940 \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092c\u091a\u093e\u0935 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e-\u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937, \u092a\u093e\u0938\u0915\u094b\u0921, \u0938\u094d\u0915\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0928 \u0938\u093e\u091d\u093e\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092c\u0902\u0927, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0938\u092c\u0915\u0947 \u091c\u0941\u0921\u093c \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u092c\u0948\u0920\u0915 \u092c\u0902\u0926 \u0915\u0930 \u0926\u0947\u0928\u093e<\/strong>\u0964 \u0916\u0941\u0932\u0940 \u092c\u0948\u0920\u0915 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0918\u0941\u0938\u092a\u0948\u0920\u093f\u090f \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u0907\u0924\u0928\u093e \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0909\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0928\u093e\u092e \u0924\u0915 \u092a\u0921\u093c \u091a\u0941\u0915\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"feat-card\">5<\/span>Recording and consent<\/span>\u0905\u092d\u093f\u0932\u0947\u0916\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0939\u092e\u0924\u093f<\/span><\/strong>Participants must be told before a session is recorded<\/strong>, and where children are present the purpose, the storage and the period of retention should all be settled beforehand. A recording of a class is personal data about every child in it.<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0917\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0932\u093f\u0916\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u092c\u0924\u093e\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0928\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f<\/strong>, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u092c\u091a\u094d\u091a\u0947 \u0909\u092a\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0902 \u0935\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928, \u092d\u0902\u0921\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923-\u0905\u0935\u0927\u093f \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0939\u0940 \u0924\u092f \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f\u0964 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0932\u0947\u0916\u0928 \u0909\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u092a\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u092c\u093e\u0932\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0930\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u0948\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"feat-card\">6<\/span>Conduct on camera<\/span>\u0915\u0948\u092e\u0930\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0906\u091a\u0930\u0923<\/span><\/strong>Mute when not speaking<\/strong> \u2014 background noise from thirty open microphones makes a meeting unusable. Join a minute early, set the displayed name to the real one, keep the light in front rather than behind, and use the raise-hand button rather than interrupting.<\/span>\u0928 \u092c\u094b\u0932\u0924\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u092f \u092e\u094c\u0928 \u0930\u0939\u0947\u0902<\/strong> \u2014 \u0924\u0940\u0938 \u0916\u0941\u0932\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0907\u0915\u094d\u0930\u094b\u092b\u093c\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920\u092d\u0942\u092e\u093f-\u0936\u094b\u0930 \u092c\u0948\u0920\u0915 \u0915\u094b \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0940 \u092c\u0928\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u090f\u0915 \u092e\u093f\u0928\u091f \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u091c\u0941\u0921\u093c\u0947\u0902, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u093f\u0924 \u0928\u093e\u092e \u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u0930\u0916\u0947\u0902, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0936 \u092a\u0940\u091b\u0947 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0928\u0947 \u0930\u0916\u0947\u0902, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092c\u0940\u091a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u094b\u0932\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u091c\u093e\u092f \u0939\u093e\u0925 \u0909\u0920\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u092c\u091f\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <hr class=\"section-divider\">\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d7-7\">\n 7.7<\/span>\n <h3>Online Collaboration Tools<\/span>\u0911\u0928\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u0938\u0939\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n <table class=\"data-table\">\n <thead>\n <tr>\n <th>Tool<\/span>\u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923<\/span><\/th>\n <th>What it does and how a school uses it<\/span>\u092f\u0939 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0907\u0938\u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/th>\n <\/tr>\n <\/thead>\n <tbody>\n <tr>\n <td>Shared documents<\/span>\u0938\u093e\u091d\u093e \u0926\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0947\u091c\u093c<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n <td>Google Docs, Sheets and Slides, or Microsoft 365, allow several people to edit the same file at the same moment<\/strong>, each seeing the others' cursors. Version history<\/strong> records who changed what and permits any earlier state to be restored \u2014 the collaborative equivalent of Track Changes from \u00a73.8.<\/span>\u0917\u0942\u0917\u0932 \u0921\u0949\u0915\u094d\u0938, \u0936\u0940\u091f\u094d\u0938 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0921\u094d\u0938, \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u092e\u093e\u0907\u0915\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0938\u0949\u092b\u093c\u094d\u091f 365, \u0905\u0928\u0947\u0915 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u090f\u0915 \u0939\u0940 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u090f\u0915 \u0939\u0940 \u092b\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0932 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u093e\u0926\u093f\u0924<\/strong> \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u0930\u094d\u0938\u0930 \u0926\u0947\u0916\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0930\u0923-\u0907\u0924\u093f\u0939\u093e\u0938<\/strong> \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0932\u093f\u0916\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u092c\u0926\u0932\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092d\u0940 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0940 \u0905\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0932\u094c\u091f\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u00a73.8 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928-\u0905\u0928\u0941\u0930\u0947\u0916\u0923 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0939\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0940 \u0924\u0941\u0932\u094d\u092f\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr style=\"background:#f3f8ff;\">\n <td>Sharing permissions<\/span>\u0938\u093e\u091d\u093e\u0915\u0930\u0923-\u0905\u0928\u0941\u092e\u0924\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n <td>Three levels, and the choice matters: Viewer<\/strong> can read only, Commenter<\/strong> can suggest without altering, Editor<\/strong> can change anything. A link set to \"anyone with the link can edit\"<\/em> on a result sheet is an open door \u2014 the correct setting for anything containing student data is named individuals only<\/strong>.<\/span>\u0924\u0940\u0928 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930, \u0914\u0930 \u091a\u092f\u0928 \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0939\u0948: \u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u0915<\/strong> \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u092a\u0922\u093c \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091f\u093f\u092a\u094d\u092a\u0923\u0940\u0915\u093e\u0930<\/strong> \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0947 \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0938\u0941\u091d\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0938\u0902\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0915<\/strong> \u0915\u0941\u091b \u092d\u0940 \u092c\u0926\u0932 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e-\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0915 \u092a\u0930 \"\u0932\u093f\u0902\u0915 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u092d\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u093e\u0926\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\"<\/em> \u0938\u0947\u091f \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0932\u093f\u0902\u0915 \u0916\u0941\u0932\u093e \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930 \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u0930\u0916\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092d\u0940 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0938\u0939\u0940 \u0938\u0947\u091f\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0928\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f<\/strong>\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td>Forms and surveys<\/span>\u092b\u093c\u0949\u0930\u094d\u092e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n <td>Google Forms and similar tools collect responses straight into a spreadsheet<\/strong>, with charts generated automatically. Of direct use for admission enquiries, parent feedback, staff availability, option subject choices, and quick classroom quizzes.<\/span>\u0917\u0942\u0917\u0932 \u092b\u093c\u0949\u0930\u094d\u092e\u094d\u0938 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0938\u0940\u0927\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0921\u0936\u0940\u091f \u092e\u0947\u0902<\/strong> \u090f\u0915\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0914\u0930 \u091a\u093e\u0930\u094d\u091f \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0924\u0903 \u092c\u0928 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0947\u0936-\u092a\u0942\u091b\u0924\u093e\u091b, \u0905\u092d\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0915-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e, \u0915\u0930\u094d\u092e\u091a\u093e\u0930\u0940-\u0909\u092a\u0932\u092c\u094d\u0927\u0924\u093e, \u0910\u091a\u094d\u091b\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u091a\u092f\u0928 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0924\u094d\u0935\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928\u094b\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0940\u0927\u0947 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0940\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td>Shared calendars<\/span>\u0938\u093e\u091d\u093e \u0915\u0948\u0932\u0947\u0902\u0921\u0930<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n <td>A single school calendar visible to all staff, carrying examination dates, meetings, holidays and inspections. Invitations sent from it appear directly in each recipient's own calendar with a reminder attached.<\/span>\u0938\u092e\u0938\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u094d\u092e\u091a\u093e\u0930\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0926\u093f\u0916\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e \u090f\u0915\u0932 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f\u0940 \u0915\u0948\u0932\u0947\u0902\u0921\u0930, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e-\u0924\u093f\u0925\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901, \u092c\u0948\u0920\u0915\u0947\u0902, \u0905\u0935\u0915\u093e\u0936 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0939\u094b\u0902\u0964 \u0909\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u092d\u0947\u091c\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u092e\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0923 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0948\u0932\u0947\u0902\u0921\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u092e\u0930\u0923-\u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0938\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u0940\u0927\u0947 \u0906 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td>Messaging groups<\/span>\u0938\u0902\u0926\u0947\u0936-\u0938\u092e\u0942\u0939<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n <td>Useful for immediacy, unsuitable as a record. A decision announced only in a messaging group has no place in the file<\/strong>, and anything that must be traceable should be confirmed by email afterwards.<\/span>\u0924\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0915\u093e\u0932\u093f\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0940, \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0932\u0947\u0916 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924\u0964 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0947\u0936-\u0938\u092e\u0942\u0939 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0918\u094b\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0923\u092f \u0915\u093e \u0928\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902<\/strong>, \u0914\u0930 \u091c\u094b \u0915\u0941\u091b \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0930\u0947\u0916\u0923\u0940\u092f \u0939\u094b\u0928\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0941\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093f \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0908\u092e\u0947\u0932 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <\/tbody>\n <\/table>\n\n <div class=\"callout amber\">\n <div class=\"callout-label\">\ud83d\udd11 Two governance points that are easy to overlook<\/span>\ud83d\udd11 \u0926\u094b \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0936\u093e\u0938\u0928-\u092c\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0941 \u091c\u093f\u0928\u0915\u0940 \u0909\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0938\u0939\u091c \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/div>\n <ul class=\"split-list\" style=\"margin-top:4px;\">\n <li>1<\/span>Official work belongs in official accounts.<\/strong> A result sheet created in a teacher's personal account remains that teacher's property when they transfer out, and the school may lose access to its own records. Institutional accounts and a shared drive owned by the school prevent this entirely.<\/span>\u0936\u093e\u0938\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0936\u093e\u0938\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0916\u093e\u0924\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f\u0964<\/strong> \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u091c\u0940 \u0916\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0928\u093e \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e-\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0915 \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930\u0923 \u092a\u0930 \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f \u092c\u0928\u093e \u0930\u0939\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0940 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0932\u0947\u0916\u094b\u0902 \u0924\u0915 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a \u0916\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0917\u0924 \u0916\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0938\u093e\u091d\u093e \u0921\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0907\u0935 \u0907\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923\u0924\u0903 \u0930\u094b\u0915 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n <li>2<\/span>Access must be reviewed when people leave.<\/strong> A shared folder accumulates editors over years. When a member of staff is transferred, their access should be removed on the same day the charge is handed over, exactly as keys and cash books are.<\/span>\u0932\u094b\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u092e\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0940 \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f\u0964<\/strong> \u0938\u093e\u091d\u093e \u092b\u093c\u094b\u0932\u094d\u0921\u0930 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0915 \u091c\u092e\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0915\u0930\u094d\u092e\u091a\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930\u0923 \u092a\u0930 \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a \u0909\u0938\u0940 \u0926\u093f\u0928 \u0939\u091f\u093e \u0926\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f \u091c\u093f\u0938 \u0926\u093f\u0928 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u092d\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u094c\u0902\u092a\u093e \u091c\u093e\u090f, \u0920\u0940\u0915 \u0935\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0939\u0940 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u091a\u093e\u092c\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0930\u094b\u0915\u0921\u093c-\u092c\u0939\u0940 \u0938\u094c\u0902\u092a\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n\n <hr class=\"section-divider\">\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d7-8\">\n 7.8<\/span>\n <h3>Netiquette in Digital Communication<\/span>\u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0937\u0923 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u0947\u091f\u093f\u0915\u0947\u091f<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"callout\">\n <div class=\"callout-label\">\ud83d\udcd8 Definition<\/span>\ud83d\udcd8 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e<\/span><\/div>\n Netiquette<\/strong> \u2014 a compound of network<\/em> and etiquette<\/em> \u2014 is the body of conventions governing courteous and responsible conduct in online communication. The best-known statement of it is the set of ten core rules formulated by Virginia Shea<\/strong>, of which the first governs all the rest.<\/span>\n \u0928\u0947\u091f\u093f\u0915\u0947\u091f<\/strong> \u2014 \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915<\/em> \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0936\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093e\u091a\u093e\u0930<\/em> \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0902\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0936\u092c\u094d\u0926 \u2014 \u0909\u0928 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092a\u093e\u091f\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u092e\u0942\u0939 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0911\u0928\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0937\u0923 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0936\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930\u0926\u093e\u092f\u0940 \u0906\u091a\u0930\u0923 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0924 \u0915\u0925\u0928 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u091c\u0940\u0928\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0936\u0940\u0906 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092a\u093e\u0926\u093f\u0924 \u0926\u0938 \u092e\u0942\u0932 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e<\/strong> \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u091c\u093f\u0928\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0925\u092e \u0936\u0947\u0937 \u0938\u092c\u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"abbr-grid\">\n <table>\n <thead><tr><th>Rule<\/span>\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e<\/span><\/th><th>What it requires<\/span>\u092f\u0939 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0905\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/th><\/tr><\/thead>\n <tbody>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">1<\/td><td>Remember the human<\/strong> \u2014 a person, not a screen, reads what is written.<\/span>\u092e\u0928\u0941\u0937\u094d\u092f \u0915\u094b \u0938\u094d\u092e\u0930\u0923 \u0930\u0916\u0947\u0902<\/strong> \u2014 \u091c\u094b \u0932\u093f\u0916\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u092a\u0922\u093c\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u092a\u0930\u094d\u0926\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">2<\/td><td>Keep the same standards of behaviour online as in person<\/strong>.<\/span>\u0911\u0928\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u092d\u0940 \u0935\u0939\u0940 \u0906\u091a\u0930\u0923-\u092e\u093e\u0928\u0915<\/strong> \u0930\u0916\u0947\u0902 \u091c\u094b \u0906\u092e\u0928\u0947-\u0938\u093e\u092e\u0928\u0947 \u0930\u0916\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">3<\/td><td>Know where one is<\/strong> \u2014 the register of a staff group is not that of a public forum.<\/span>\u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u093f \u0915\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0939\u0948\u0902<\/strong> \u2014 \u0915\u0930\u094d\u092e\u091a\u093e\u0930\u0940-\u0938\u092e\u0942\u0939 \u0915\u0940 \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e-\u0936\u0948\u0932\u0940 \u0938\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0935\u091c\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u092e\u0902\u091a \u0915\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">4<\/td><td>Respect others' time<\/strong> \u2014 no unnecessary Reply All, no forwarded chain messages.<\/span>\u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u092f \u0915\u093e \u0906\u0926\u0930 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902<\/strong> \u2014 \u0905\u0928\u093e\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915 Reply All \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0905\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0936\u0943\u0902\u0916\u0932\u093e-\u0938\u0902\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">5<\/td><td>Write well<\/strong> \u2014 spelling and grammar are read as a measure of care.<\/span>\u0905\u091a\u094d\u091b\u093e \u0932\u093f\u0916\u0947\u0902<\/strong> \u2014 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928\u0940 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0938\u093e\u0935\u0927\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u092e\u093e\u092a \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0922\u093c\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <\/tbody>\n <\/table>\n <table>\n <thead><tr><th>Rule<\/span>\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e<\/span><\/th><th>What it requires<\/span>\u092f\u0939 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0905\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/th><\/tr><\/thead>\n <tbody>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">6<\/td><td>Share knowledge<\/strong> where it is useful to others.<\/span>\u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u092e \u0906\u090f \u0935\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u0938\u093e\u091d\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902<\/strong>\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">7<\/td><td>Keep disputes under control<\/strong> \u2014 an argument in a group thread rarely ends well.<\/span>\u0935\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0926 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0923 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0930\u0916\u0947\u0902<\/strong> \u2014 \u0938\u092e\u0942\u0939-\u0935\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0939\u0938 \u0935\u093f\u0930\u0932\u0947 \u0939\u0940 \u092d\u0932\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">8<\/td><td>Respect privacy<\/strong> \u2014 hence BCC for mass mail, and no forwarding of a private message.<\/span>\u0928\u093f\u091c\u0924\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0906\u0926\u0930 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902<\/strong> \u2014 \u0905\u0924\u0903 \u0925\u094b\u0915 \u092e\u0947\u0932 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 BCC, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0928\u093f\u091c\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0937\u0923 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">9<\/td><td>Do not abuse a position of power<\/strong> \u2014 a head's message carries weight a colleague's does not.<\/span>\u092a\u0926\u0940\u092f \u0936\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0915\u093e \u0926\u0941\u0930\u0941\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902<\/strong> \u2014 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0941\u0916 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u0915\u093e \u092d\u093e\u0930 \u0935\u0939 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0938\u0939\u0915\u0930\u094d\u092e\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">10<\/td><td>Be forgiving of others' mistakes<\/strong>, particularly of those new to the medium.<\/span>\u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u092d\u0942\u0932\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902<\/strong>, \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937\u0915\u0930 \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0940 \u091c\u094b \u0907\u0938 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u090f \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <\/tbody>\n <\/table>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"callout red\">\n <div class=\"callout-label\">\u26a0\ufe0f Communication with students \u2014 a safeguarding rule, not a matter of style<\/span>\u26a0\ufe0f \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0937\u0923 \u2014 \u092f\u0939 \u0936\u0948\u0932\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0938\u0902\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/div>\n Where a teacher must communicate with a pupil outside the classroom, three conditions should hold without exception. The channel must be official<\/strong> \u2014 the school account, the learning platform or the class group, not a personal number. The communication must be visible<\/strong> \u2014 addressed to a group or copied to a parent or the class teacher, never a private one-to-one exchange conducted where no record exists. The timing must be reasonable<\/strong> \u2014 within the working day, save in a genuine emergency. These are not conventions of politeness; they protect the pupil, and they equally protect the teacher against an allegation that cannot be disproved because nothing was recorded. A school's policy on this should be written down and known to every member of staff.<\/span>\n \u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0915\u094b \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0939\u0930 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u0935\u093e\u0926 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u0939\u094b, \u0935\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0924\u0940\u0928 \u0936\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0905\u092a\u0935\u093e\u0926 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u0940 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0940 \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f\u0964 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0936\u093e\u0938\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0939\u094b<\/strong> \u2014 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0915\u093e \u0916\u093e\u0924\u093e, \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e-\u092e\u0902\u091a \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e-\u0938\u092e\u0942\u0939, \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0928\u093f\u091c\u0940 \u0928\u0902\u092c\u0930 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0937\u0923 \u0926\u0943\u0936\u094d\u092f \u0939\u094b<\/strong> \u2014 \u0938\u092e\u0942\u0939 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0902\u092c\u094b\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0905\u092d\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0915 \u092f\u093e \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e-\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0932\u093f\u092a\u093f\u0924, \u0915\u092d\u0940 \u0910\u0938\u093e \u0928\u093f\u091c\u0940 \u0906\u092e\u0928\u0947-\u0938\u093e\u092e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u0906\u0926\u093e\u0928-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0932\u0947\u0916 \u0939\u0940 \u0928 \u0939\u094b\u0964 \u0938\u092e\u092f \u0909\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b<\/strong> \u2014 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f-\u0926\u093f\u0935\u0938 \u0915\u0947 \u092d\u0940\u0924\u0930, \u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u0906\u092a\u093e\u0924 \u0915\u094b \u091b\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0915\u0930\u0964 \u092f\u0947 \u0936\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093e\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092a\u093e\u091f\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u0948\u0902; \u092f\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0924\u0928\u0940 \u0939\u0940 \u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0915\u0940 \u0909\u0938 \u0906\u0930\u094b\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0916\u0902\u0921\u0928 \u0907\u0938\u0932\u093f\u090f \u0928 \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093f \u0915\u0941\u091b \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0932\u093f\u0916\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0925\u093e\u0964 \u0907\u0938 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0915\u0940 \u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f \u0932\u093f\u0916\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0940 \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0915\u0930\u094d\u092e\u091a\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u094b \u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0940 \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f\u0964<\/span>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"mcq-box\">\n <div class=\"mcq-title\">\n Practice<\/span>\u0905\u092d\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938<\/span><\/span>\n Questions on email and digital communication<\/span>\u0908\u092e\u0947\u0932 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0937\u0923 \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928<\/span><\/span>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"mcq-note\">Objective questions in the pattern of the examination. Click to reveal the answer and its explanation.<\/span>\u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u0930 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928\u0964 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0916\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u094d\u0932\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u0940\u091c\u093f\u090f\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <details class=\"mcq-q\">\n <summary>61<\/span>A message is sent with two addresses in To, two in Cc and one in Bcc. Which statement is correct?<\/span><\/summary>\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\n <li>(a) The Bcc recipient cannot see the To and Cc recipients<\/li>\n <li>(b) The To and Cc recipients can see the Bcc recipient<\/li>\n <li>(c) The Bcc recipient sees all the others, but none of them sees the Bcc recipient<\/li>\n <li>(d) Only the sender can see any of the addresses<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\">(c) The Bcc recipient sees all the others, but none of them sees the Bcc recipient<\/b> Concealment runs in one direction only. This is why Bcc protects the privacy of a mass mailing, and also why a Bcc recipient pressing Reply All destroys the concealment at once.<\/span>\u0917\u094b\u092a\u0928\u0940\u092f\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u090f\u0915 \u0926\u093f\u0936\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091a\u0932\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0940\u0932\u093f\u090f BCC \u0925\u094b\u0915 \u092e\u0947\u0932 \u0915\u0940 \u0928\u093f\u091c\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0907\u0938\u0940\u0932\u093f\u090f BCC \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0915\u093e Reply All \u0926\u092c\u093e\u0928\u093e \u0909\u0938 \u0917\u094b\u092a\u0928\u0940\u092f\u0924\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0924\u0924\u094d\u0915\u093e\u0932 \u0928\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0915\u0930 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\u00a77.2<\/span><\/div>\n <\/details>\n <details class=\"mcq-q\">\n <summary>62<\/span>Which protocol is used to send an email?<\/span><\/summary>\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\n <li>(a) POP3<\/li>\n <li>(b) IMAP<\/li>\n <li>(c) SMTP<\/li>\n <li>(d) HTTP<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\">(c) SMTP<\/b> Simple Mail Transfer Protocol sends. POP3 and IMAP retrieve, and the two differ in that IMAP keeps mail on the server and synchronises every device, while POP3 downloads to one device and by default deletes the server copy.<\/span>\u0938\u093f\u0902\u092a\u0932 \u092e\u0947\u0932 \u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0938\u092b\u093c\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091f\u094b\u0915\u0949\u0932 \u092d\u0947\u091c\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 POP3 \u090f\u0935\u0902 IMAP \u0932\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0914\u0930 \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930 \u092f\u0939 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f IMAP \u092e\u0947\u0932 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u0930\u0916\u0915\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0938\u092e\u0915\u093e\u0932\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u092c\u0915\u093f POP3 \u090f\u0915 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u092a\u0930 \u0909\u0924\u093e\u0930\u0915\u0930 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f \u092e\u093f\u091f\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\u00a77.1<\/span><\/div>\n <\/details>\n <details class=\"mcq-q\">\n <summary>63<\/span>A notice is to be emailed to four hundred parents without disclosing their addresses to one another. The addresses should be placed in:<\/span><\/summary>\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\n <li>(a) To<\/li>\n <li>(b) Cc<\/li>\n <li>(c) Bcc<\/li>\n <li>(d) The subject line<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\">(c) Bcc<\/b> The school's own address goes in To and every parent in Bcc. Placing them in To or Cc discloses four hundred personal email addresses to four hundred people without consent, and the disclosure cannot be withdrawn once the message is sent.<\/span>\u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0915\u093e \u0905\u092a\u0928\u093e \u092a\u0924\u093e To \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0915 BCC \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 To \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e Cc \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0930\u0916\u0928\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u094c \u0935\u0948\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0908\u092e\u0947\u0932 \u092a\u0924\u0947 \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0938\u0939\u092e\u0924\u093f \u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u094c \u0932\u094b\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u091f \u0915\u0930 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u092d\u0947\u091c\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u0935\u0939 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u091f\u0928 \u0935\u093e\u092a\u0938 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0932\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e\u0964<\/span>\u00a77.2<\/span><\/div>\n <\/details>\n <details class=\"mcq-q\">\n <summary>64<\/span>In an email address, the symbol @ separates:<\/span><\/summary>\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\n <li>(a) The subject from the body<\/li>\n <li>(b) The username from the domain name<\/li>\n <li>(c) The domain from the country code<\/li>\n <li>(d) The sender from the recipient<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\">(b) The username from the domain name<\/b> Chosen by Ray Tomlinson in 1971 because it appeared in no personal name and could be read as \"at\". Every address contains exactly one @.<\/span>\u0930\u0947 \u091f\u0949\u092e\u0932\u093f\u0902\u0938\u0928 \u0928\u0947 1971 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0907\u0938\u0947 \u0907\u0938\u0932\u093f\u090f \u091a\u0941\u0928\u093e \u0915\u093f \u092f\u0939 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0935\u0948\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0928\u093e\u092e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0906\u0924\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0925\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0907\u0938\u0947 \"\u092a\u0930\" \u092a\u0922\u093c\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0925\u093e\u0964 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u092a\u0924\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0920\u0940\u0915 \u090f\u0915 @ \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\u00a77.0, \u00a77.1<\/span><\/div>\n <\/details>\n <details class=\"mcq-q\">\n <summary>65<\/span>Archiving an email rather than deleting it means that the message:<\/span><\/summary>\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\n <li>(a) Is permanently destroyed<\/li>\n <li>(b) Leaves the inbox but remains stored and searchable<\/li>\n <li>(c) Is moved to the Spam folder<\/li>\n <li>(d) Is sent back to the sender<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\">(b) Leaves the inbox but remains stored and searchable<\/b> Deleting sends a message to Trash, from which it is purged after roughly thirty days. Anything constituting an official record should therefore be archived, never deleted.<\/span>\u0935\u093f\u0932\u094b\u092a\u0928 \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u0915\u094b \u091f\u094d\u0930\u0948\u0936 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092d\u0947\u091c\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0938\u0947 \u0935\u0939 \u0932\u0917\u092d\u0917 \u0924\u0940\u0938 \u0926\u093f\u0928 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0932 \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0905\u0924\u0903 \u091c\u094b \u0915\u0941\u091b \u0936\u093e\u0938\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0932\u0947\u0916 \u0939\u094b \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0932\u0947\u0916\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f, \u092e\u093f\u091f\u093e\u0928\u093e \u0915\u092d\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964<\/span>\u00a77.4<\/span><\/div>\n <\/details>\n <details class=\"mcq-q\">\n <summary>66<\/span>The term netiquette refers to:<\/span><\/summary>\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\n <li>(a) The technical rules governing network protocols<\/li>\n <li>(b) The conventions of courteous conduct in online communication<\/li>\n <li>(c) A method of encrypting email<\/li>\n <li>(d) The speed of an internet connection<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\">(b) The conventions of courteous conduct in online communication<\/b> A compound of \"network\" and \"etiquette\". The best-known formulation is Virginia Shea's ten core rules, of which the first \u2014 remember the human \u2014 governs the remainder.<\/span>\"\u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915\" \u090f\u0935\u0902 \"\u0936\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093e\u091a\u093e\u0930\" \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0902\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0936\u092c\u094d\u0926\u0964 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0928 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u091c\u0940\u0928\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0936\u0940\u0906 \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u0938 \u092e\u0942\u0932 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u091c\u093f\u0928\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0925\u092e \u2014 \u092e\u0928\u0941\u0937\u094d\u092f \u0915\u094b \u0938\u094d\u092e\u0930\u0923 \u0930\u0916\u0947\u0902 \u2014 \u0936\u0947\u0937 \u0938\u092c\u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\u00a77.8<\/span><\/div>\n <\/details>\n <\/div>\n\n <\/section>\n\n \n <section class=\"chapter-content\" data-chap=\"8\" id=\"c8\">\n <div class=\"chapter-heading-block\">\n SYLLABUS ITEM 8<\/span>\u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u092e\u0926 8<\/span><\/span>\n <h2>Cyber Security<\/span>\u0938\u093e\u0907\u092c\u0930 \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e<\/span><\/h2>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"callout amber\">\n <div class=\"callout-label\">\ud83d\udccc What this chapter covers<\/span>\ud83d\udccc \u0907\u0938 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/div>\n Viruses, malware, phishing, ransomware, strong passwords, OTP safety, firewalls, antivirus software, backups, and data privacy<\/span>\n \u0935\u093e\u092f\u0930\u0938, \u092e\u093e\u0932\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930, \u092b\u093c\u093f\u0936\u093f\u0902\u0917, \u0930\u0948\u0928\u0938\u092e\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930, \u0938\u0941\u0926\u0943\u0922\u093c \u092a\u093e\u0938\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0921, OTP \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e, \u092b\u093c\u093e\u092f\u0930\u0935\u0949\u0932, \u090f\u0902\u091f\u0940\u0935\u093e\u092f\u0930\u0938 \u0938\u0949\u092b\u093c\u094d\u091f\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930, \u092c\u0948\u0915\u0905\u092a \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u093e-\u0928\u093f\u091c\u0924\u093e<\/span>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"keyfact-grid\">\n <div class=\"keyfact-card navy-hi\">\n \ud83d\udee1\ufe0f<\/span>\n <div class=\"kf-label\">The Three Goals of Security<\/span>\u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0924\u0940\u0928 \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u092f<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"kf-value\" style=\"font-size:13.5px;\">C \u00b7 I \u00b7 A<\/span>C \u00b7 I \u00b7 A<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"kf-sub\">Confidentiality, Integrity, Availability \u2014 every control serves one of these<\/span>\u0917\u094b\u092a\u0928\u0940\u092f\u0924\u093e, \u0905\u0916\u0902\u0921\u0924\u093e, \u0909\u092a\u0932\u092c\u094d\u0927\u0924\u093e \u2014 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0923 \u0907\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u090f\u0915 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"keyfact-card teal-hi\">\n \ud83d\udcde<\/span>\n <div class=\"kf-label\">Cyber Fraud Helpline, India<\/span>\u0938\u093e\u0907\u092c\u0930 \u0927\u094b\u0916\u093e\u0927\u0921\u093c\u0940 \u0939\u0947\u0932\u094d\u092a\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0928, \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"kf-value\" style=\"font-size:20px;\">1930<\/div>\n <div class=\"kf-sub\">And the portal cybercrime.gov.in<\/strong>. The first hour matters most<\/span>\u0924\u0925\u093e \u092a\u094b\u0930\u094d\u091f\u0932 cybercrime.gov.in<\/strong>\u0964 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u093e \u0918\u0902\u091f\u093e \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"keyfact-card amber-hi\">\n \ud83d\udd11<\/span>\n <div class=\"kf-label\">The Rule Without Exception<\/span>\u0935\u0939 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0905\u092a\u0935\u093e\u0926 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"kf-value\" style=\"font-size:12.5px;\">No one legitimate ever asks for an OTP<\/span>\u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0935\u0948\u0927 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u0915\u092d\u0940 OTP \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u092e\u093e\u0901\u0917\u0924\u0940<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"kf-sub\">Not a bank, not a department, not a helpline. Nobody<\/span>\u0928 \u092c\u0948\u0902\u0915, \u0928 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0917, \u0928 \u0939\u0947\u0932\u094d\u092a\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0928\u0964 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d8-0\">\n 8.0<\/span>\n <h3>Introduction<\/span>\u092a\u0930\u093f\u091a\u092f<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n <ul class=\"icon-list\">\n <li>\u25b8<\/span>\n Cyber security<\/strong> is the protection of computers, networks and data against unauthorised access, damage, disruption and theft. Chapter 6 established that a network is a door; this chapter is about who may come through it and what should be stopped at the threshold.<\/span>\n \u0938\u093e\u0907\u092c\u0930 \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e<\/strong> \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930\u094b\u0902, \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u0928\u0927\u093f\u0915\u0943\u0924 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a, \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0924\u093f, \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u091a\u094b\u0930\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f 6 \u0928\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u093f \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u090f\u0915 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930 \u0939\u0948; \u092f\u0939 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f \u0907\u0938 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0909\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u094c\u0928 \u0906 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0926\u0947\u0939\u0930\u0940 \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0930\u094b\u0915\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0928\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f\u0964<\/span>\n <\/span><\/li>\n <li>\u25b8<\/span>\n A school is a more attractive target than it appears. It holds the names, addresses, photographs, dates of birth, Aadhaar references, health records and examination results of hundreds of children<\/strong>, it usually has no dedicated technical staff, and its computers are used by many people. The value of the data is high and the defences are thin.<\/span>\n \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u091c\u093f\u0924\u0928\u093e \u0926\u093f\u0916\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0909\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0906\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u092f \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u0938 \u0938\u0948\u0915\u0921\u093c\u094b\u0902 \u092c\u091a\u094d\u091a\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u093e\u092e, \u092a\u0924\u0947, \u091b\u093e\u092f\u093e\u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930, \u091c\u0928\u094d\u092e\u0924\u093f\u0925\u093f, \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0930\u094d\u092d, \u0938\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0925\u094d\u092f \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0932\u0947\u0916 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e-\u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e<\/strong> \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092f\u0903 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0938\u092e\u0930\u094d\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0924\u0915\u0928\u0940\u0915\u0940 \u0915\u0930\u094d\u092e\u091a\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e, \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u0905\u0928\u0947\u0915 \u0932\u094b\u0917 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u092e\u0942\u0932\u094d\u092f \u090a\u0901\u091a\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u092c\u091a\u093e\u0935 \u092a\u0924\u0932\u0947\u0964<\/span>\n <\/span><\/li>\n <li>\u25b8<\/span>\n The governing fact of the whole subject is that the weakest point is almost never the technology<\/strong>. Firewalls and antivirus programs are rarely defeated by technical means; they are bypassed because someone clicked a link, reused a password, or read out an OTP over the telephone. This is why \u00a78.3 and \u00a78.4 matter more in practice than \u00a78.5.<\/span>\n \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0923\u093e\u092f\u0915 \u0924\u0925\u094d\u092f \u092f\u0939 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u0926\u0941\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0932 \u092c\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0941 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092f\u0903 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902<\/strong>\u0964 \u092b\u093c\u093e\u092f\u0930\u0935\u0949\u0932 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u090f\u0902\u091f\u0940\u0935\u093e\u092f\u0930\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e \u0935\u093f\u0930\u0932\u0947 \u0939\u0940 \u0924\u0915\u0928\u0940\u0915\u0940 \u0938\u093e\u0927\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u093e\u091c\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902; \u0935\u0947 \u0907\u0938\u0932\u093f\u090f \u091b\u094b\u0921\u093c \u0926\u093f\u090f \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0915\u093f \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0928\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u0902\u0915 \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u094d\u0932\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u0930 \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e, \u092a\u093e\u0938\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0921 \u0926\u094b\u0939\u0930\u093e \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e, \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0926\u0942\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0937 \u092a\u0930 OTP \u092a\u0922\u093c\u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0941\u0928\u093e \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0940\u0932\u093f\u090f \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u00a78.3 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u00a78.4 \u0915\u093e \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u00a78.5 \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\n <\/span><\/li>\n <\/ul>\n\n <hr class=\"section-divider\">\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d8-1\">\n 8.1<\/span>\n <h3>The CIA Triad and the Threat Landscape<\/span>CIA \u0924\u094d\u0930\u092f\u0940 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u091f-\u092a\u0930\u093f\u0926\u0943\u0936\u094d\u092f<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n <svg class=\"full-diagram\" viewBox=\"0 0 700 300\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"The CIA triad of information security\">\n <polygon points=\"350,26 620,222 80,222\" fill=\"#f7fbff\" stroke=\"#1f5fa9\" stroke-width=\"2.5\"\/>\n\n <circle cx=\"350\" cy=\"26\" r=\"19\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\"\/>\n <text x=\"350\" y=\"32\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"15\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">C<\/text>\n <rect x=\"222\" y=\"52\" width=\"256\" height=\"52\" rx=\"7\" fill=\"#eef4fc\" stroke=\"#1f5fa9\" stroke-width=\"1.4\"\/>\n <text x=\"350\" y=\"68\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\" letter-spacing=\".5\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">CONFIDENTIALITY<\/text>\n <text x=\"350\" y=\"83\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Only those entitled to see the data can see it.<\/text>\n <text x=\"350\" y=\"96\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#5a6d80\" font-style=\"italic\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Failure: a leaked question paper, an exposed parent list<\/text>\n\n <circle cx=\"80\" cy=\"222\" r=\"19\" fill=\"#0d8f79\"\/>\n <text x=\"80\" y=\"228\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"15\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">I<\/text>\n <rect x=\"20\" y=\"244\" width=\"288\" height=\"48\" rx=\"7\" fill=\"#eefbf7\" stroke=\"#0d8f79\" stroke-width=\"1.4\"\/>\n <text x=\"164\" y=\"260\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#0d8f79\" letter-spacing=\".5\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">INTEGRITY<\/text>\n <text x=\"164\" y=\"274\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">The data is accurate and has not been altered.<\/text>\n <text x=\"164\" y=\"286\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#5a6d80\" font-style=\"italic\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Failure: marks changed in a result file<\/text>\n\n <circle cx=\"620\" cy=\"222\" r=\"19\" fill=\"#c9760f\"\/>\n <text x=\"620\" y=\"228\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"15\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">A<\/text>\n <rect x=\"392\" y=\"244\" width=\"288\" height=\"48\" rx=\"7\" fill=\"#fffbf0\" stroke=\"#c9760f\" stroke-width=\"1.4\"\/>\n <text x=\"536\" y=\"260\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#c9760f\" letter-spacing=\".5\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">AVAILABILITY<\/text>\n <text x=\"536\" y=\"274\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">The data is there when it is needed.<\/text>\n <text x=\"536\" y=\"286\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#5a6d80\" font-style=\"italic\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Failure: ransomware locks the office on results day<\/text>\n\n <text x=\"350\" y=\"150\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"12\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#14243f\" letter-spacing=\"1\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">THE CIA TRIAD<\/text>\n <text x=\"350\" y=\"168\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#5a6d80\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Every security control ever devised serves<\/text>\n <text x=\"350\" y=\"181\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#5a6d80\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">at least one of these three ends.<\/text>\n <line x1=\"290\" y1=\"192\" x2=\"410\" y2=\"192\" stroke=\"#c3d2e2\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/>\n <text x=\"350\" y=\"207\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#5a6d80\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Three further goals are often added:<\/text>\n <text x=\"350\" y=\"219\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#6b3a8f\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">authentication \u00b7 authorisation \u00b7 non-repudiation<\/text>\n <\/svg>\n A control that improves one goal may weaken another. A password so complex that it must be written down improves confidentiality on paper and destroys it in practice.<\/span>\u091c\u094b \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0923 \u090f\u0915 \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u092f \u0938\u0941\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0935\u0939 \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u0947 \u0915\u094b \u0926\u0941\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0932 \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0907\u0924\u0928\u093e \u091c\u091f\u093f\u0932 \u092a\u093e\u0938\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0921 \u0915\u093f \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u0916\u0928\u093e \u092a\u0921\u093c\u0947, \u0915\u093e\u0917\u093c\u091c\u093c \u092a\u0930 \u0917\u094b\u092a\u0928\u0940\u092f\u0924\u093e \u092c\u0922\u093c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0915\u0930 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n\n <div class=\"abbr-grid\">\n <table>\n <thead><tr><th>Term<\/span>\u092a\u0926<\/span><\/th><th>Meaning<\/span>\u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925<\/span><\/th><\/tr><\/thead>\n <tbody>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">Threat<\/span>\u0938\u0902\u0915\u091f<\/span><\/td><td>Anything that could cause harm \u2014 a person, an event, a program.<\/span>\u091c\u094b \u0915\u0941\u091b \u092d\u0940 \u0939\u093e\u0928\u093f \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0947 \u2014 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f, \u0918\u091f\u0928\u093e, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">Vulnerability<\/span>\u092d\u0947\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0924\u093e<\/span><\/td><td>A weakness<\/strong> the threat can exploit \u2014 an unpatched system, an untrained clerk.<\/span>\u0935\u0939 \u0926\u0941\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0932\u0924\u093e<\/strong> \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0938\u0902\u0915\u091f \u0932\u093e\u092d \u0909\u0920\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0947 \u2014 \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u092a\u0948\u091a \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940, \u0905\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0932\u093f\u092a\u093f\u0915\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">Risk<\/span>\u091c\u094b\u0916\u093f\u092e<\/span><\/td><td>The likelihood<\/strong> of a threat meeting a vulnerability, and the harm if it does.<\/span>\u0938\u0902\u0915\u091f \u0915\u0947 \u092d\u0947\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0924\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0928\u093e<\/strong>, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0939\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">Attack<\/span>\u0906\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0923<\/span><\/td><td>The threat actually being carried out.<\/span>\u0938\u0902\u0915\u091f \u0915\u093e \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924\u0903 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0928\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <\/tbody>\n <\/table>\n <table>\n <thead><tr><th>Actor<\/span>\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e<\/span><\/th><th>Description<\/span>\u0935\u093f\u0935\u0930\u0923<\/span><\/th><\/tr><\/thead>\n <tbody>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">Black hat<\/span>\u092c\u094d\u0932\u0948\u0915 \u0939\u0948\u091f<\/span><\/td><td>Breaks in for criminal gain or damage<\/strong>.<\/span>\u0906\u092a\u0930\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0932\u093e\u092d \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0924\u093f<\/strong> \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0938\u0947\u0902\u0927 \u0932\u0917\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">White hat<\/span>\u0935\u094d\u0939\u093e\u0907\u091f \u0939\u0948\u091f<\/span><\/td><td>Tests systems with permission<\/strong>, to find weaknesses before criminals do.<\/span>\u0905\u0928\u0941\u092e\u0924\u093f \u0938\u0939\u093f\u0924<\/strong> \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u092a\u0930\u0916\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u093e\u0915\u093f \u0905\u092a\u0930\u093e\u0927\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0926\u0941\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0932\u0924\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u092e\u093f\u0932 \u091c\u093e\u090f\u0901\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">Grey hat<\/span>\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u091f<\/span><\/td><td>Acts without permission but without criminal intent<\/strong>.<\/span>\u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092e\u0924\u093f \u0915\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0941 \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0906\u092a\u0930\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0906\u0936\u092f<\/strong> \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">Insider<\/span>\u0906\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0915<\/span><\/td><td>Someone already trusted with access<\/strong> \u2014 statistically a major source of loss, and the one a school is least prepared for.<\/span>\u0935\u0939 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a \u092a\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0938<\/strong> \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u0938\u093e\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093f\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0939\u093e\u0928\u093f \u0915\u093e \u092c\u0921\u093c\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0924, \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u092e \u0924\u0948\u092f\u093e\u0930 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <\/tbody>\n <\/table>\n <\/div>\n\n <hr class=\"section-divider\">\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d8-2\">\n 8.2<\/span>\n <h3>Malware: Virus, Worm, Trojan and Ransomware<\/span>\u092e\u093e\u0932\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930: \u0935\u093e\u092f\u0930\u0938, \u0935\u0930\u094d\u092e, \u091f\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0930\u0948\u0928\u0938\u092e\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n \n Malware<\/strong>, a contraction of malicious software<\/em>, is the general name for any program written to damage, disrupt or gain unauthorised access to a system. The types below are distinguished by how they spread<\/strong>, and that distinction is what examination questions turn on.<\/span>\n \u092e\u093e\u0932\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930<\/strong>, \u091c\u094b \u0926\u0941\u0930\u094d\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0928\u093e\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0938\u0949\u092b\u093c\u094d\u091f\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930<\/em> \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0939\u0948, \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092d\u0940 \u0910\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e \u0915\u093e \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0928\u093e\u092e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0915\u094b \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0924\u093f \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a\u093e\u0928\u0947, \u092c\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0909\u0938 \u0924\u0915 \u0905\u0928\u0927\u093f\u0915\u0943\u0924 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a \u092a\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0932\u093f\u0916\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0964 \u0928\u0940\u091a\u0947 \u0926\u093f\u090f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0907\u0938 \u092c\u093e\u0924 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0943\u0925\u0915 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0915\u093f \u0935\u0947 \u092b\u0948\u0932\u0924\u0947 \u0915\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902<\/strong>, \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u0909\u0938\u0940 \u092d\u0947\u0926 \u092a\u0930 \u091f\u093f\u0915\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span>\n <\/p>\n\n <table class=\"data-table\">\n <thead>\n <tr>\n <th>Type<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930<\/span><\/th>\n <th>How it spreads and what it does<\/span>\u092f\u0939 \u0915\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u092b\u0948\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/th>\n <\/tr>\n <\/thead>\n <tbody>\n <tr style=\"background:#f3f8ff;\">\n <td>Virus<\/span>\u0935\u093e\u092f\u0930\u0938<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n <td>Attaches itself to a host file or program<\/strong> and cannot spread on its own \u2014 a human must run the infected file<\/strong>. It is the biological analogy that gives it the name: it needs a host and it needs a carrier.<\/span>\u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0906\u0936\u094d\u0930\u092f-\u092b\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0932 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c \u0932\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/strong> \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u0906\u092a \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u092b\u0948\u0932 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u2014 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u092b\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0932 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092e\u0928\u0941\u0937\u094d\u092f \u0915\u094b \u091a\u0932\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u092a\u0921\u093c\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948<\/strong>\u0964 \u092f\u0939\u0940 \u091c\u0948\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u0909\u092a\u092e\u093e \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0928\u093e\u092e \u0926\u0947\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948: \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0906\u0936\u094d\u0930\u092f \u092d\u0940 \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u093e\u0939\u0915 \u092d\u0940\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr style=\"background:#f3f8ff;\">\n <td>Worm<\/span>\u0935\u0930\u094d\u092e<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n <td>Stands alone and replicates itself across a network without any human action.<\/strong> This is the single distinction from a virus, and it is why a worm can cross an entire school laboratory in minutes while a virus waits to be carried.<\/span>\u0938\u094d\u0935\u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0930\u0939\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0935\u0940\u092f \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u092d\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/strong> \u0935\u093e\u092f\u0930\u0938 \u0938\u0947 \u092f\u0939\u0940 \u090f\u0915\u092e\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092d\u0947\u0926 \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0907\u0938\u0940\u0932\u093f\u090f \u0935\u0930\u094d\u092e \u092e\u093f\u0928\u091f\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0936\u093e\u0932\u093e \u092a\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0930 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u092c\u0915\u093f \u0935\u093e\u092f\u0930\u0938 \u0932\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u090f \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr style=\"background:#f3f8ff;\">\n <td>Trojan horse<\/span>\u091f\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u0939\u0949\u0930\u094d\u0938<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n <td>Disguises itself as legitimate software<\/strong> \u2014 a free utility, a cracked program, a game \u2014 and is installed willingly by the user. It does not replicate at all<\/strong>; its purpose is to open a backdoor<\/strong> for later entry.<\/span>\u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0935\u0948\u0927 \u0938\u0949\u092b\u093c\u094d\u091f\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u0947\u0936 \u092e\u0947\u0902<\/strong> \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0928\u093f:\u0936\u0941\u0932\u094d\u0915 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0924\u093e, \u0915\u094d\u0930\u0948\u0915 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e, \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0916\u0947\u0932 \u2014 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0947\u091a\u094d\u091b\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930 \u0932\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902<\/strong>; \u0909\u0938\u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0947\u0936 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u092a\u093f\u091b\u0932\u093e \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930<\/strong> \u0916\u094b\u0932\u0928\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td>Ransomware<\/span>\u0930\u0948\u0928\u0938\u092e\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n <td>Encrypts the victim's files and demands payment for the key.<\/strong> The best-known instance is WannaCry, 2017<\/strong>, which struck hospitals and institutions worldwide. Payment is no guarantee of recovery and funds further crime; the only reliable defence is a backup the malware cannot reach<\/strong>.<\/span>\u092a\u0940\u0921\u093c\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0940 \u092b\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0932\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u0942\u091f\u092c\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0915\u0930 \u0915\u0941\u0902\u091c\u0940 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u092d\u0941\u0917\u0924\u093e\u0928 \u092e\u093e\u0901\u0917\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/strong> \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0924 \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923 \u0935\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0908, 2017<\/strong> \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0935 \u092d\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u091a\u093f\u0915\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0938\u093e\u0932\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0939\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0964 \u092d\u0941\u0917\u0924\u093e\u0928 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u094d\u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0917\u093e\u0930\u0902\u091f\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0906\u0917\u0947 \u0905\u092a\u0930\u093e\u0927 \u0915\u094b \u0927\u0928 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948; \u090f\u0915\u092e\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0935\u0938\u0928\u0940\u092f \u092c\u091a\u093e\u0935 \u0910\u0938\u093e \u092c\u0948\u0915\u0905\u092a \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938 \u0924\u0915 \u092e\u093e\u0932\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a \u0928 \u0938\u0915\u0947<\/strong>\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td>Spyware and keylogger<\/span>\u0938\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0907\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0915\u0940\u0932\u0949\u0917\u0930<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n <td>Runs silently and reports the user's activity<\/strong>. A keylogger<\/strong> records every keystroke, which is how a password typed on a compromised machine is captured however strong it is.<\/span>\u091a\u0941\u092a\u091a\u093e\u092a \u091a\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u0917\u0924\u093f\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/strong>\u0964 \u0915\u0940\u0932\u0949\u0917\u0930<\/strong> \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0915\u0941\u0902\u091c\u0940-\u0926\u093e\u092c \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0932\u093f\u0916\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0907\u0938\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u091d\u094c\u0924\u093e-\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924 \u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u091f\u0902\u0915\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u093e\u0938\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0921 \u0915\u093f\u0924\u0928\u093e \u092d\u0940 \u0938\u0941\u0926\u0943\u0922\u093c \u0939\u094b, \u092a\u0915\u0921\u093c \u0932\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td>Adware and rootkit<\/span>\u090f\u0921\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0930\u0942\u091f\u0915\u093f\u091f<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n <td>Adware<\/strong> forces unwanted advertisements and is usually bundled with free software. A rootkit<\/strong> buries itself deep in the operating system to conceal other malware<\/strong> from detection, which makes it the hardest class to remove.<\/span>\u090f\u0921\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930<\/strong> \u0905\u0935\u093e\u0902\u091b\u093f\u0924 \u0935\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u092a\u0928 \u0925\u094b\u092a\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092f\u0903 \u0928\u093f:\u0936\u0941\u0932\u094d\u0915 \u0938\u0949\u092b\u093c\u094d\u091f\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0906\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0930\u0942\u091f\u0915\u093f\u091f<\/strong> \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u091a\u093e\u0932\u0928 \u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0917\u0939\u0930\u0947 \u0917\u093e\u0921\u093c \u0932\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0924\u093e\u0915\u093f \u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f \u092e\u093e\u0932\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u0939\u091a\u093e\u0928 \u0938\u0947 \u091b\u093f\u092a\u093e<\/strong> \u0938\u0915\u0947, \u0914\u0930 \u0907\u0938\u0940\u0932\u093f\u090f \u0935\u0939 \u0939\u091f\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0920\u093f\u0928 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0917 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td>Botnet<\/span>\u092c\u0949\u091f\u0928\u0947\u091f<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n <td>A network of infected machines, each called a zombie<\/strong>, controlled remotely and used together to send spam or to mount a distributed denial of service<\/strong> attack. An infected school computer may be part of one without any visible symptom.<\/span>\u0938\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915, \u091c\u093f\u0928\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u091c\u093c\u0949\u092e\u094d\u092c\u0940<\/strong> \u0915\u0939\u0932\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u094b \u0926\u0942\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0925 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0915\u0930 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0915\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u092a\u0948\u092e \u092d\u0947\u091c\u0928\u0947 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e-\u0905\u0935\u0930\u094b\u0927<\/strong> \u0906\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0923 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f\u0940 \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0926\u0943\u0936\u094d\u092f \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0905\u0902\u0917 \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <\/tbody>\n <\/table>\n\n <div class=\"exam-tip\">\n <div class=\"et-icon\">\ud83c\udfaf<\/div>\n <div class=\"et-body\">\n Virus, worm and trojan \u2014 the three-way distinction, in one line each.<\/strong> A virus needs a host file and a human to run it<\/strong>. A worm needs neither and spreads by itself across a network<\/strong>. A trojan does not replicate at all; it is invited in under a false name<\/strong>. Any question describing malware that \"spreads automatically without user intervention\" is answered by worm; one describing software that \"appears useful but conceals a harmful function\" is answered by trojan.<\/span>\n \u0935\u093e\u092f\u0930\u0938, \u0935\u0930\u094d\u092e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u091f\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u2014 \u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f-\u092d\u0947\u0926, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u090f\u0915 \u092a\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u092e\u0947\u0902\u0964<\/strong> \u0935\u093e\u092f\u0930\u0938 \u0915\u094b \u0906\u0936\u094d\u0930\u092f-\u092b\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0932 \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f \u0914\u0930 \u091a\u0932\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u092e\u0928\u0941\u0937\u094d\u092f<\/strong>\u0964 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u092e \u0915\u094b \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0941\u091b \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u0939 \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u092d\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u092b\u0948\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/strong>\u0964 \u091f\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902; \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u091d\u0942\u0920\u0947 \u0928\u093e\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u0906\u092e\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/strong>\u0964 \u091c\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u0910\u0938\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0932\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0923\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0947 \u091c\u094b \"\u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093e-\u0939\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u092a \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0924\u0903 \u092b\u0948\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\", \u0909\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u092e \u0939\u0948; \u091c\u094b \u0910\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0949\u092b\u093c\u094d\u091f\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0923\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0947 \u091c\u094b \"\u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u0940\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0941 \u0939\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0915 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u091b\u093f\u092a\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\", \u0909\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u091f\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <hr class=\"section-divider\">\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d8-3\">\n 8.3<\/span>\n <h3>Social Engineering: Phishing and Its Variants<\/span>\u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u091c\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0915\u0940: \u092b\u093c\u093f\u0936\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"callout purple\">\n <div class=\"callout-label\">\ud83d\udcd8 Concept<\/span>\ud83d\udcd8 \u0905\u0935\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923\u093e<\/span><\/div>\n Social engineering<\/strong> is the manipulation of people rather than machines<\/strong>. It works by exploiting ordinary human responses \u2014 deference to authority, fear of consequence, urgency, helpfulness and curiosity. No firewall protects against it, because nothing technical is being broken: the victim is persuaded to open the door and does so willingly.<\/span>\n \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u091c\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0915\u0940<\/strong> \u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0932\u094b\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940<\/strong> \u0924\u094b\u0921\u093c-\u092e\u0930\u094b\u0921\u093c \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0935\u0940\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0932\u093e\u092d \u0909\u0920\u093e\u0915\u0930 \u0915\u093e\u092e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f \u0906\u0926\u0930, \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e \u0915\u093e \u092d\u092f, \u0924\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0915\u093e\u0932\u093f\u0915\u0924\u093e, \u0938\u0939\u093e\u092f\u0924\u093e-\u092d\u093e\u0935 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0915\u094c\u0924\u0942\u0939\u0932\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0930\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u092b\u093c\u093e\u092f\u0930\u0935\u0949\u0932 \u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e, \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u0924\u0915\u0928\u0940\u0915\u0940 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0941\u091b \u0924\u094b\u0921\u093c\u093e \u0939\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u091c\u093e \u0930\u0939\u093e: \u092a\u0940\u0921\u093c\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u094b \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930 \u0916\u094b\u0932\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u092e\u0928\u093e \u0932\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u0939 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0947\u091a\u094d\u091b\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u0916\u094b\u0932 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\n <\/div>\n\n <svg class=\"full-diagram\" viewBox=\"0 0 720 356\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"A phishing email with its warning signs marked\">\n <rect x=\"150\" y=\"18\" width=\"420\" height=\"322\" rx=\"6\" fill=\"#fff\" stroke=\"#c0392b\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\n <rect x=\"150\" y=\"18\" width=\"420\" height=\"24\" rx=\"6\" fill=\"#fff6f4\"\/>\n <rect x=\"150\" y=\"34\" width=\"420\" height=\"8\" fill=\"#fff6f4\"\/>\n <path d=\"M166 24 l7 12 h-14 z\" fill=\"#c0392b\"\/>\n <text x=\"166\" y=\"35\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"6.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">!<\/text>\n <text x=\"182\" y=\"34\" font-size=\"8\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#c0392b\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">This message appears to be fraudulent. Do not click any link.<\/text>\n\n <line x1=\"150\" y1=\"66\" x2=\"570\" y2=\"66\" stroke=\"#eef0f3\"\/>\n <text x=\"164\" y=\"58\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#5f6368\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">From<\/text>\n <text x=\"206\" y=\"58\" font-size=\"8.5\" font-family=\"JetBrains Mono, monospace\"><tspan fill=\"#202124\">Directorate of Education <\/tspan><tspan fill=\"#c0392b\" font-weight=\"700\"><alert@educati0n-delhi-gov.co><\/tspan><\/text>\n\n <line x1=\"150\" y1=\"88\" x2=\"570\" y2=\"88\" stroke=\"#eef0f3\"\/>\n <text x=\"164\" y=\"80\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#5f6368\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">To<\/text>\n <text x=\"206\" y=\"80\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#202124\" font-family=\"JetBrains Mono, monospace\">undisclosed-recipients<\/text>\n\n <line x1=\"150\" y1=\"112\" x2=\"570\" y2=\"112\" stroke=\"#eef0f3\"\/>\n <text x=\"164\" y=\"104\" font-size=\"9\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#202124\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">URGENT!! Your salary account will be SUSPENDED within 24 hours<\/text>\n\n <g font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#202124\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">\n <text x=\"164\" y=\"134\">Dear User,<\/text>\n <text x=\"164\" y=\"154\">Due to a sistem upgrade, your salary account has been temporarily put on<\/text>\n <text x=\"164\" y=\"168\">hold. If verification is not completed within 24 hours your September salary<\/text>\n <text x=\"164\" y=\"182\">will be witheld and the account permanently closed.<\/text>\n <text x=\"164\" y=\"204\">Click below and enter your employee ID, password and the OTP sent to your<\/text>\n <text x=\"164\" y=\"218\">registered mobile to restore access immediately.<\/text>\n <\/g>\n\n <rect x=\"164\" y=\"232\" width=\"180\" height=\"26\" rx=\"4\" fill=\"#c0392b\"\/>\n <text x=\"254\" y=\"249\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">VERIFY ACCOUNT NOW<\/text>\n <rect x=\"352\" y=\"236\" width=\"204\" height=\"18\" rx=\"3\" fill=\"#3c4043\"\/>\n <text x=\"360\" y=\"248\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"JetBrains Mono, monospace\">http:\/\/delhi-gov-verify.xyz\/login<\/text>\n\n <g font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#202124\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">\n <text x=\"164\" y=\"280\">Failure to comply will be treated as non-cooperation.<\/text>\n <text x=\"164\" y=\"302\">Regards,<\/text>\n <text x=\"164\" y=\"316\">Accounts Department<\/text>\n <\/g>\n <rect x=\"164\" y=\"322\" width=\"112\" height=\"14\" rx=\"3\" fill=\"#f1f3f4\" stroke=\"#dadce0\"\/>\n <text x=\"172\" y=\"332\" font-size=\"7\" fill=\"#202124\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Salary_Form.pdf.exe<\/text>\n\n <defs><marker id=\"ph\" markerWidth=\"8\" markerHeight=\"8\" refX=\"7\" refY=\"2.6\" orient=\"auto\"><path d=\"M0,0 L0,5.2 L7,2.6 z\" fill=\"#c0392b\"\/><\/marker><\/defs>\n <g stroke=\"#c0392b\" stroke-width=\"1.3\" fill=\"none\">\n <line x1=\"146\" y1=\"56\" x2=\"290\" y2=\"56\" marker-end=\"url(#ph)\" stroke-dasharray=\"3 2\"\/>\n <line x1=\"146\" y1=\"102\" x2=\"300\" y2=\"102\" marker-end=\"url(#ph)\" stroke-dasharray=\"3 2\"\/>\n <line x1=\"146\" y1=\"132\" x2=\"200\" y2=\"132\" marker-end=\"url(#ph)\" stroke-dasharray=\"3 2\"\/>\n <line x1=\"146\" y1=\"160\" x2=\"290\" y2=\"156\" marker-end=\"url(#ph)\" stroke-dasharray=\"3 2\"\/>\n <line x1=\"146\" y1=\"211\" x2=\"300\" y2=\"211\" marker-end=\"url(#ph)\" stroke-dasharray=\"3 2\"\/>\n <line x1=\"600\" y1=\"245\" x2=\"562\" y2=\"245\" marker-end=\"url(#ph)\" stroke-dasharray=\"3 2\"\/>\n <line x1=\"600\" y1=\"330\" x2=\"282\" y2=\"330\" marker-end=\"url(#ph)\" stroke-dasharray=\"3 2\"\/>\n <\/g>\n <g font-size=\"8\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#c0392b\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">\n <text x=\"0\" y=\"46\">1 \u00b7 Look-alike domain \u2014<\/text>\n <text x=\"0\" y=\"58\">a zero for the o, and<\/text>\n <text x=\"0\" y=\"70\">.co, not .gov.in<\/text>\n <text x=\"0\" y=\"99\">2 \u00b7 Manufactured<\/text>\n <text x=\"0\" y=\"111\">urgency and threat<\/text>\n <text x=\"0\" y=\"135\">3 \u00b7 Generic greeting<\/text>\n <text x=\"0\" y=\"153\">4 \u00b7 Spelling errors \u2014<\/text>\n <text x=\"0\" y=\"165\">\"sistem\", \"witheld\"<\/text>\n <text x=\"0\" y=\"208\">5 \u00b7 Asks for password<\/text>\n <text x=\"0\" y=\"220\">and OTP. Nobody<\/text>\n <text x=\"0\" y=\"232\">legitimate ever does<\/text>\n <text x=\"604\" y=\"242\">6 \u00b7 Link text and real<\/text>\n <text x=\"604\" y=\"254\">address do not match<\/text>\n <text x=\"604\" y=\"327\">7 \u00b7 Double extension<\/text>\n <text x=\"604\" y=\"339\">\u2014 it is a program<\/text>\n <\/g>\n <\/svg>\n Seven marks of a fraudulent message in one specimen. A genuine departmental communication carries none of them.<\/span>\u090f\u0915 \u0939\u0940 \u0928\u092e\u0942\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u092a\u091f\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0924 \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u0964 \u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0917\u0940\u092f \u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093e\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0907\u0928\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n\n <table class=\"data-table\">\n <thead>\n <tr>\n <th>Variant<\/span>\u0930\u0942\u092a<\/span><\/th>\n <th>Medium and target<\/span>\u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u092f<\/span><\/th>\n <\/tr>\n <\/thead>\n <tbody>\n <tr><td>Phishing<\/span>\u092b\u093c\u093f\u0936\u093f\u0902\u0917<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>Fraudulent email<\/strong> sent in bulk to whoever will bite. The name comes from \"fishing\" with a wide net.<\/span>\u0915\u092a\u091f\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0908\u092e\u0947\u0932<\/strong>, \u091c\u094b \u0925\u094b\u0915 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u0928 \u0938\u092c\u0915\u094b \u092d\u0947\u091c\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u092b\u0901\u0938 \u091c\u093e\u090f\u0901\u0964 \u0928\u093e\u092e \u0935\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0943\u0924 \u091c\u093e\u0932 \u0938\u0947 \"\u092e\u091b\u0932\u0940 \u092a\u0915\u0921\u093c\u0928\u0947\" \u0938\u0947 \u0906\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr style=\"background:#fff6f4;\"><td>Spear phishing<\/span>\u0938\u094d\u092a\u0940\u092f\u0930 \u092b\u093c\u093f\u0936\u093f\u0902\u0917<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>Aimed at one named person<\/strong>, using details gathered about them so that the message appears to come from a known colleague.<\/span>\u090f\u0915 \u0928\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f<\/strong> \u092a\u0930 \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924, \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u090f\u0915\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0935\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0930, \u0924\u093e\u0915\u093f \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u0939\u0915\u0930\u094d\u092e\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u0906\u092f\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u0940\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr style=\"background:#fff6f4;\"><td>Whaling<\/span>\u0935\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0932\u093f\u0902\u0917<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>Spear phishing aimed at a senior officer<\/strong> \u2014 a principal, a director, a head of accounts \u2014 because that person can authorise payments and access the most data. A school head is a whaling target by virtue of the post.<\/strong><\/span>\u0935\u0930\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940<\/strong> \u092a\u0930 \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u094d\u092a\u0940\u092f\u0930 \u092b\u093c\u093f\u0936\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u2014 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0927\u093e\u0928\u093e\u091a\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f, \u0928\u093f\u0926\u0947\u0936\u0915, \u0932\u0947\u0916\u093e-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0941\u0916 \u2014 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u0935\u0939 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u092d\u0941\u0917\u0924\u093e\u0928 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0940\u0915\u0943\u0924 \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u094b\u0902 \u0924\u0915 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a \u0930\u0916\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0941\u0916 \u092a\u0926 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0939\u0940 \u0935\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0932\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0915\u093e \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u092f \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/strong><\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>Vishing<\/span>\u0935\u093f\u0936\u093f\u0902\u0917<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>By voice call<\/strong> \u2014 a caller claiming to be from the bank, the department or a helpline, working on the victim in real time so that there is no chance to reflect.<\/span>\u0927\u094d\u0935\u0928\u093f-\u0915\u0949\u0932<\/strong> \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u2014 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0915\u0949\u0932 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e \u092c\u0948\u0902\u0915, \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0917 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0939\u0947\u0932\u094d\u092a\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u0938\u0947 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u0926\u093e\u0935\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u0940\u0921\u093c\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u0930 \u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u092e\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u093e\u092e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0924\u093e\u0915\u093f \u0938\u094b\u091a\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0935\u0938\u0930 \u0928 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0947\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>Smishing<\/span>\u0938\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0936\u093f\u0902\u0917<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>By SMS<\/strong>, usually carrying a shortened link and a claim about a parcel, a refund, an electricity bill or a KYC update.<\/span>SMS<\/strong> \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092f\u0903 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0932\u093f\u0902\u0915 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092a\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0938\u0932, \u0935\u093e\u092a\u0938\u0940, \u092c\u093f\u091c\u0932\u0940 \u092c\u093f\u0932 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e KYC \u0905\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0924\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u0926\u093e\u0935\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>Pretexting and baiting<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0940\u091f\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0938\u094d\u091f\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092c\u0947\u091f\u093f\u0902\u0917<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>Pretexting<\/strong> invents a scenario to justify the request \u2014 an auditor needing figures urgently. Baiting<\/strong> leaves an infected pen drive where it will be found and plugged in out of curiosity.<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0940\u091f\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0938\u094d\u091f\u093f\u0902\u0917<\/strong> \u092e\u093e\u0901\u0917 \u0915\u094b \u0909\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0920\u0939\u0930\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u0917\u0922\u093c\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0905\u0902\u0915\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u0924\u0941\u0930\u0902\u0924 \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f\u0964 \u092c\u0947\u091f\u093f\u0902\u0917<\/strong> \u0938\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u0947\u0928 \u0921\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0907\u0935 \u0935\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u091b\u094b\u0921\u093c \u0926\u0947\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0935\u0939 \u092e\u093f\u0932 \u091c\u093e\u090f \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u094c\u0924\u0942\u0939\u0932\u0935\u0936 \u0932\u0917\u093e \u0932\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u090f\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <\/tbody>\n <\/table>\n\n <div class=\"callout red\">\n <div class=\"callout-label\">\u26a0\ufe0f What to do when a message of this kind arrives<\/span>\u26a0\ufe0f \u0910\u0938\u093e \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u0906\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902<\/span><\/div>\n <ul class=\"split-list\" style=\"margin-top:4px;\">\n <li>1<\/span>Do not click, do not reply, do not open the attachment.<\/strong> Merely opening a message is generally safe; acting on it is not.<\/span>\u0928 \u0915\u094d\u0932\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902, \u0928 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0926\u0947\u0902, \u0928 \u0938\u0902\u0932\u0917\u094d\u0928\u0915 \u0916\u094b\u0932\u0947\u0902\u0964<\/strong> \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u0916\u094b\u0932\u0928\u093e \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0924\u0903 \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948; \u0909\u0938 \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n <li>2<\/span>Verify through a channel obtained independently.<\/strong> Telephone the department on the number printed in the official circular file \u2014 never on the number given in the suspicious message itself.<\/span>\u0938\u094d\u0935\u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902\u0964<\/strong> \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0917 \u0915\u094b \u0909\u0938\u0940 \u0928\u0902\u092c\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u0926\u0942\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0937 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902 \u091c\u094b \u0906\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930-\u0928\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u0915\u092d\u0940 \u0909\u0938 \u0928\u0902\u092c\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u091c\u094b \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u0926\u093f\u0917\u094d\u0927 \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n <li>3<\/span>Report it and warn the staff.<\/strong> A phishing message sent to one address in a school has almost certainly gone to all of them, and a single warning circulated at once prevents the second and third victim.<\/span>\u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u0930\u094d\u092e\u091a\u093e\u0930\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u093e\u0935\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902\u0964<\/strong> \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u090f\u0915 \u092a\u0924\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u0906\u092f\u093e \u092b\u093c\u093f\u0936\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u0932\u0917\u092d\u0917 \u0928\u093f\u0936\u094d\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u092c\u0915\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u0938 \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0924\u0924\u094d\u0915\u093e\u0932 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u091a\u093e\u0932\u093f\u0924 \u090f\u0915 \u091a\u0947\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0928\u0940 \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u0947 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0924\u0940\u0938\u0930\u0947 \u092a\u0940\u0921\u093c\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u094b \u092c\u091a\u093e \u0932\u0947\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n <li>4<\/span>If credentials have already been entered, change that password immediately<\/strong> \u2014 and change it anywhere else it was reused. Then report to the portal named in \u00a78.9.<\/span>\u092f\u0926\u093f \u092a\u0930\u093f\u091a\u092f-\u0935\u093f\u0935\u0930\u0923 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0939\u0940 \u092d\u0930\u0947 \u091c\u093e \u091a\u0941\u0915\u0947 \u0939\u094b\u0902 \u0924\u094b \u0935\u0939 \u092a\u093e\u0938\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0921 \u0924\u0924\u094d\u0915\u093e\u0932 \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0947\u0902<\/strong> \u2014 \u0914\u0930 \u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901-\u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0935\u0939\u0940 \u0926\u094b\u0939\u0930\u093e\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0939\u094b \u0935\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u092d\u0940 \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0947\u0902\u0964 \u092b\u093f\u0930 \u00a78.9 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u094b\u0930\u094d\u091f\u0932 \u092a\u0930 \u0938\u0942\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n\n <hr class=\"section-divider\">\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d8-4\">\n 8.4<\/span>\n <h3>Passwords, OTP and Multi-Factor Authentication<\/span>\u092a\u093e\u0938\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0921, OTP \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092c\u0939\u0941-\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u0928<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n <svg class=\"full-diagram\" viewBox=\"0 0 700 246\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"The three factors of authentication\">\n <text x=\"350\" y=\"20\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"11\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#14243f\" letter-spacing=\"1\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">THE THREE FACTORS OF AUTHENTICATION<\/text>\n <text x=\"350\" y=\"36\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#5a6d80\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Multi-factor authentication means using two or more of these \u2014 never two of the same kind.<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"24\" y=\"52\" width=\"204\" height=\"128\" rx=\"9\" fill=\"#eef4fc\" stroke=\"#1f5fa9\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\n <circle cx=\"126\" cy=\"86\" r=\"21\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\"\/>\n <text x=\"126\" y=\"93\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"17\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">\ud83e\udde0<\/text>\n <text x=\"126\" y=\"122\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">SOMETHING KNOWN<\/text>\n <text x=\"126\" y=\"140\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Password \u00b7 PIN \u00b7 security<\/text>\n <text x=\"126\" y=\"152\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">question<\/text>\n <text x=\"126\" y=\"170\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#c0392b\" font-style=\"italic\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">can be guessed or stolen<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"248\" y=\"52\" width=\"204\" height=\"128\" rx=\"9\" fill=\"#eefbf7\" stroke=\"#0d8f79\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\n <circle cx=\"350\" cy=\"86\" r=\"21\" fill=\"#0d8f79\"\/>\n <text x=\"350\" y=\"93\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"17\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">\ud83d\udcf1<\/text>\n <text x=\"350\" y=\"122\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#0d8f79\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">SOMETHING HELD<\/text>\n <text x=\"350\" y=\"140\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Mobile phone \u00b7 OTP \u00b7<\/text>\n <text x=\"350\" y=\"152\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">authenticator app \u00b7 token<\/text>\n <text x=\"350\" y=\"170\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#c0392b\" font-style=\"italic\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">can be lost \u2014 or handed over<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"472\" y=\"52\" width=\"204\" height=\"128\" rx=\"9\" fill=\"#faf6ff\" stroke=\"#6b3a8f\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\n <circle cx=\"574\" cy=\"86\" r=\"21\" fill=\"#6b3a8f\"\/>\n <text x=\"574\" y=\"93\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"17\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">\ud83d\udc46<\/text>\n <text x=\"574\" y=\"122\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#6b3a8f\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">SOMETHING INHERENT<\/text>\n <text x=\"574\" y=\"140\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Fingerprint \u00b7 iris \u00b7 face \u00b7<\/text>\n <text x=\"574\" y=\"152\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">voice<\/text>\n <text x=\"574\" y=\"170\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#c0392b\" font-style=\"italic\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">cannot be changed if leaked<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"24\" y=\"192\" width=\"652\" height=\"44\" rx=\"7\" fill=\"#fffbf0\" stroke=\"#c9760f\" stroke-width=\"1.3\"\/>\n <text x=\"38\" y=\"205\" font-size=\"8.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#8f5409\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">WHY THE COMBINATION MATTERS<\/text>\n <text x=\"38\" y=\"217\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">A stolen password alone is useless if the second factor is a code on a phone the thief does not hold.<\/text>\n <text x=\"38\" y=\"229\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">This is why a password plus a security question is <tspan font-weight=\"700\">not<\/tspan> multi-factor \u2014 both are things known.<\/text>\n <\/svg>\n\n <div class=\"pc-grid\">\n <div class=\"pc-panel pro\">\n <div class=\"pc-head\">\u2713<\/span>What makes a password strong<\/span>\u092a\u093e\u0938\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0921 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0941\u0926\u0943\u0922\u093c \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n <ul>\n <li>Length matters more than complexity.<\/strong> A passphrase of four unrelated words is both easier to remember and harder to break than a short string of symbols<\/span>\u091c\u091f\u093f\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0932\u0902\u092c\u093e\u0908 \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/strong> \u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0905\u0938\u0902\u092c\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0936\u092c\u094d\u0926\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093e\u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0936 \u092f\u093e\u0926 \u0930\u0916\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092d\u0940 \u0938\u0930\u0932 \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0924\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u0940\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u091b\u094b\u091f\u0940 \u0936\u0943\u0902\u0916\u0932\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0920\u093f\u0928 \u092d\u0940<\/span><\/li>\n <li>A different password for every account.<\/strong> One reused password turns a single breach anywhere into a breach everywhere<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0916\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u092a\u093e\u0938\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0921\u0964<\/strong> \u090f\u0915 \u0926\u094b\u0939\u0930\u093e\u092f\u093e \u092a\u093e\u0938\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0921 \u0915\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u0947\u0902\u0927 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0947\u0902\u0927 \u092c\u0928\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/li>\n <li>A password manager<\/strong> removes the need to remember them, and is safer than any notebook<\/span>\u092a\u093e\u0938\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0921 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0915<\/strong> \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u092f\u093e\u0926 \u0930\u0916\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0938\u092e\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0930 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092d\u0940 \u0928\u094b\u091f\u092c\u0941\u0915 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/li>\n <li>Change every default password<\/strong> on a new router, projector, camera or portal account before it is used<\/span>\u0928\u090f \u0930\u093e\u0909\u091f\u0930, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u092a\u0915, \u0915\u0948\u092e\u0930\u093e \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u092a\u094b\u0930\u094d\u091f\u0932-\u0916\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u093e\u0938\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0921<\/strong> \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0947\u0902<\/span><\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"pc-panel con\">\n <div class=\"pc-head\">\u2717<\/span>What defeats it<\/span>\u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u092a\u0930\u093e\u091c\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n <ul>\n <li>Names, dates of birth, the school's name, admin<\/em>, 123456<\/em>, password<\/em> \u2014 the first entries in every attacker's dictionary<\/span>\u0928\u093e\u092e, \u091c\u0928\u094d\u092e\u0924\u093f\u0925\u093f, \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093e\u092e, admin<\/em>, 123456<\/em>, password<\/em> \u2014 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0906\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0923\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u0936\u092c\u094d\u0926-\u0938\u0942\u091a\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901<\/span><\/li>\n <li>A shared account<\/strong> used by the whole office \u2014 no act can then be attributed to any individual<\/span>\u092a\u0942\u0930\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0938\u093e\u091d\u093e \u0916\u093e\u0924\u093e<\/strong> \u2014 \u0924\u092c \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u093e\u092e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0932\u093f\u0916\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e<\/span><\/li>\n <li>The password on a slip of paper under the keyboard<\/strong>, which is the first place anyone looks<\/span>\u0915\u0941\u0902\u091c\u0940\u092a\u091f\u0932 \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u0940\u091a\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0917\u093c\u091c\u093c \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0930\u094d\u091a\u0940<\/strong> \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u093e\u0938\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0921, \u091c\u094b \u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0926\u0947\u0916\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/li>\n <li>A brute force<\/strong> attack tries every combination; a dictionary attack<\/strong> tries likely words first. Length defeats the first, unpredictability the second<\/span>\u092c\u0932\u093e\u0924\u094d<\/strong> \u0906\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0923 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u0906\u091c\u093c\u092e\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948; \u0936\u092c\u094d\u0926\u0915\u094b\u0936<\/strong> \u0906\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0923 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u092d\u093e\u0935\u093f\u0924 \u0936\u092c\u094d\u0926\u0964 \u0932\u0902\u092c\u093e\u0908 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u0930\u093e\u091c\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0905\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0936\u093f\u0924\u0924\u093e \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u0947 \u0915\u094b<\/span><\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"callout red\">\n <div class=\"callout-label\">\u26a0\ufe0f The OTP rule, stated without qualification<\/span>\u26a0\ufe0f OTP \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e, \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0936\u0930\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0947<\/span><\/div>\n A One-Time Password<\/strong> is a short code, valid for a few minutes, sent to prove that the person acting holds the registered phone. Because it is the second factor, it is the single thing an attacker who already has the password still needs \u2014 which is why the entire fraud consists of persuading the victim to read it out.<\/span>\n \u090f\u0915\u092c\u093e\u0930\u0917\u0940 \u092a\u093e\u0938\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0921<\/strong> \u0915\u0941\u091b \u092e\u093f\u0928\u091f\u094b\u0902 \u0924\u0915 \u0935\u0948\u0927 \u091b\u094b\u091f\u093e \u0915\u0942\u091f \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u094b \u092f\u0939 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u092d\u0947\u091c\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u0938 \u092a\u0902\u091c\u0940\u0915\u0943\u0924 \u092b\u093c\u094b\u0928 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u091a\u0942\u0901\u0915\u093f \u092f\u0939\u0940 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0915 \u0939\u0948, \u0905\u0924\u0903 \u091c\u093f\u0938 \u0906\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0923\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u0938 \u092a\u093e\u0938\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0921 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u0939\u0948 \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u092f\u0939\u0940 \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f \u2014 \u0914\u0930 \u0907\u0938\u0940\u0932\u093f\u090f \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0927\u094b\u0916\u093e\u0927\u0921\u093c\u0940 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0907\u0924\u0928\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u092a\u0940\u0921\u093c\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u094b \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0922\u093c\u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0941\u0928\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u092e\u0928\u093e \u0932\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u090f\u0964<\/span>\n No bank, no government department, no telecom company, no delivery service and no helpline will ever ask for an OTP<\/strong> \u2014 not by call, not by SMS, not by email, not from a person who arrives in an office and produces an identity card. Anyone asking for one is committing a fraud, whatever they claim to be. The same holds for a CVV, a PIN, a UPI PIN or a password<\/strong>. A UPI PIN is never needed to receive<\/em> money, only to send it, and any request to enter it \"to receive a refund\" is theft in progress.<\/span>\n \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u092c\u0948\u0902\u0915, \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0938\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0917, \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0926\u0942\u0930\u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0902\u092a\u0928\u0940, \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0935\u093f\u0924\u0930\u0923 \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0939\u0947\u0932\u094d\u092a\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u0915\u092d\u0940 OTP \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u092e\u093e\u0901\u0917\u0947\u0917\u0940<\/strong> \u2014 \u0928 \u0915\u0949\u0932 \u0938\u0947, \u0928 SMS \u0938\u0947, \u0928 \u0908\u092e\u0947\u0932 \u0938\u0947, \u0928 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0906\u0915\u0930 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u091a\u092f-\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0926\u093f\u0916\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e\u0964 \u091c\u094b \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u092d\u0940 \u092e\u093e\u0901\u0917\u0947, \u0935\u0939 \u0927\u094b\u0916\u093e\u0927\u0921\u093c\u0940 \u0915\u0930 \u0930\u0939\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091a\u093e\u0939\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0915\u0941\u091b \u092d\u0940 \u092c\u0924\u093e\u090f\u0964 \u092f\u0939\u0940 \u092c\u093e\u0924 CVV, PIN, UPI PIN \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u092a\u093e\u0938\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0921<\/strong> \u092a\u0930 \u0932\u093e\u0917\u0942 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0927\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924<\/em> \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 UPI PIN \u0915\u092d\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f, \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u092d\u0947\u091c\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941, \u0914\u0930 \"\u0935\u093e\u092a\u0938\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941\" \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u092d\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u092d\u0940 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0930\u094b\u0927 \u091a\u0932\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0941\u0908 \u091a\u094b\u0930\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\n <\/div>\n <hr class=\"section-divider\">\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d8-5\">\n 8.5<\/span>\n <h3>Firewalls, Antivirus and Encryption<\/span>\u092b\u093c\u093e\u092f\u0930\u0935\u0949\u0932, \u090f\u0902\u091f\u0940\u0935\u093e\u092f\u0930\u0938 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0915\u0942\u091f\u0932\u0947\u0916\u0928<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"feat-grid\">\n <div class=\"feat-card\">1<\/span>Firewall<\/span>\u092b\u093c\u093e\u092f\u0930\u0935\u0949\u0932<\/span><\/strong>Hardware or software that sits between a network and the outside world and permits or blocks traffic according to a set of rules<\/strong>. It is the gate, not the guard: it controls what may pass, but cannot judge whether what passes is honest.<\/span>\u0939\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0921\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0938\u0949\u092b\u093c\u094d\u091f\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u091c\u094b \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092c\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0940 \u091c\u0917\u0924\u094d \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u092c\u0948\u0920\u0915\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u0941\u091a\u094d\u091a\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u093e\u0930 \u092f\u093e\u0924\u093e\u092f\u093e\u0924 \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092e\u0924\u093f \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u092f\u093e \u0930\u094b\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/strong>\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930 \u0939\u0948, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0939\u0930\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902: \u092f\u0939 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0915\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0941 \u092f\u0939 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0906\u0901\u0915 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0915\u093f \u091c\u094b \u091c\u093e \u0930\u0939\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0935\u0939 \u0908\u092e\u093e\u0928\u0926\u093e\u0930 \u0939\u0948 \u092f\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"feat-card\">2<\/span>Antivirus and anti-malware<\/span>\u090f\u0902\u091f\u0940\u0935\u093e\u092f\u0930\u0938 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u090f\u0902\u091f\u0940-\u092e\u093e\u0932\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930<\/span><\/strong>Detects and removes malicious software by three means: matching known signatures<\/strong>, heuristic<\/strong> analysis of suspicious structure, and behavioural<\/strong> monitoring of what a program actually does. An antivirus that is not updated is close to useless<\/strong>, since the signature list is what does most of the work.<\/span>\u0924\u0940\u0928 \u0938\u093e\u0927\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0926\u0941\u0930\u094d\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0928\u093e\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0938\u0949\u092b\u093c\u094d\u091f\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u092a\u0939\u091a\u093e\u0928\u0915\u0930 \u0939\u091f\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948: \u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0924 \u0939\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0930\u094b\u0902<\/strong> \u0915\u093e \u092e\u093f\u0932\u093e\u0928, \u0938\u0902\u0926\u093f\u0917\u094d\u0927 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092e\u093e\u0928\u092a\u0930\u0915<\/strong> \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0937\u0923, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924\u0903 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930\u0917\u0924<\/strong> \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0935\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u0964 \u091c\u094b \u090f\u0902\u091f\u0940\u0935\u093e\u092f\u0930\u0938 \u0905\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0924\u0928 \u0928 \u0939\u094b \u0935\u0939 \u0932\u0917\u092d\u0917 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0915 \u0939\u0948<\/strong>, \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0902\u0936 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0939\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0930-\u0938\u0942\u091a\u0940 \u0939\u0940 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"feat-card\">3<\/span>Encryption<\/span>\u0915\u0942\u091f\u0932\u0947\u0916\u0928<\/span><\/strong>Converts readable plaintext<\/strong> into unreadable ciphertext<\/strong> using a key. Symmetric<\/strong> encryption uses the same key to lock and unlock; asymmetric<\/strong> uses a public key to encrypt and a private key to decrypt<\/strong>, which is what makes HTTPS and digital signatures possible.<\/span>\u0915\u0941\u0902\u091c\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0939\u093e\u092f\u0924\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0920\u0928\u0940\u092f \u0938\u093e\u0926\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u0920<\/strong> \u0915\u094b \u0905\u092a\u0920\u0928\u0940\u092f \u0915\u0942\u091f-\u092a\u093e\u0920<\/strong> \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0938\u092e\u092e\u093f\u0924<\/strong> \u0915\u0942\u091f\u0932\u0947\u0916\u0928 \u092c\u0902\u0926 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0916\u094b\u0932\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u090f\u0915 \u0939\u0940 \u0915\u0941\u0902\u091c\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948; \u0905\u0938\u092e\u092e\u093f\u0924<\/strong> \u0915\u0942\u091f\u092c\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0938\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0935\u091c\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u0941\u0902\u091c\u0940 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0942\u091f\u0928 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0928\u093f\u091c\u0940 \u0915\u0941\u0902\u091c\u0940<\/strong> \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u092f\u0939\u0940 HTTPS \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0905\u0902\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0939\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u092d\u0935 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"feat-card\">4<\/span>End-to-end encryption<\/span>\u091b\u094b\u0930-\u0938\u0947-\u091b\u094b\u0930 \u0915\u0942\u091f\u0932\u0947\u0916\u0928<\/span><\/strong>The message is encrypted on the sender's device and decrypted only on the recipient's, so that not even the service carrying it can read the content<\/strong>. This is what the padlock in a messaging application refers to.<\/span>\u0938\u0902\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0937\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u0942\u091f\u092c\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0939\u094b\u0915\u0930 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u092a\u0930 \u0916\u0941\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0932\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e \u092d\u0940 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u092a\u0922\u093c \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940<\/strong>\u0964 \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0947\u0936-\u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u093e \u0924\u093e\u0932\u093e \u0907\u0938\u0940 \u0913\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0947\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"feat-card\">5<\/span>Patching<\/span>\u092a\u0948\u091a\u093f\u0902\u0917<\/span><\/strong>Applying the security updates described in \u00a72.7. WannaCry spread through a flaw for which a patch already existed<\/strong>; the machines that fell were the ones that had not installed it. Patching is the least glamorous control and among the most effective.<\/span>\u00a72.7 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0923\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e-\u0905\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0924\u0928 \u0932\u0917\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0964 \u0935\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0908 \u0909\u0938 \u0926\u094b\u0937 \u0938\u0947 \u092b\u0948\u0932\u093e \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u093e \u092a\u0948\u091a \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u0909\u092a\u0932\u092c\u094d\u0927 \u0925\u093e<\/strong>; \u0917\u093f\u0930\u0947 \u0935\u0939\u0940 \u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u091c\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0939\u094b\u0902\u0928\u0947 \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0925\u093e\u0964 \u092a\u0948\u091a\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u092e \u0906\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0923 \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0940 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"feat-card\">6<\/span>Least privilege<\/span>\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0928\u0924\u092e \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930<\/span><\/strong>Every person is given only the access their duty requires, and no more<\/strong>. A clerk entering marks needs no administrator rights, and a machine used without administrator rights cannot install malware even if a wrong link is clicked.<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0915\u094b \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0909\u0924\u0928\u0940 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a \u0926\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u090f \u091c\u093f\u0924\u0928\u0940 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0935\u094d\u092f \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915 \u0939\u094b, \u0909\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902<\/strong>\u0964 \u0905\u0902\u0915 \u092d\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u092a\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u093e\u0938\u0915-\u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f, \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u093e\u0938\u0915-\u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0917\u093c\u0932\u0924 \u0932\u093f\u0902\u0915 \u0915\u094d\u0932\u093f\u0915 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u092d\u0940 \u092e\u093e\u0932\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <hr class=\"section-divider\">\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d8-6\">\n 8.6<\/span>\n <h3>Safe Browsing and Wi-Fi Safety<\/span>\u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u092c\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0909\u091c\u093c\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0935\u093e\u0908-\u092b\u093c\u093e\u0908 \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"vs-compare\">\n <div class=\"vs-side left\">\n On the web<\/span>\u0935\u0947\u092c \u092a\u0930<\/span><\/span>\n <h5>Safe browsing<\/span>\u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u092c\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0909\u091c\u093c\u093f\u0902\u0917<\/span><\/h5>\n <ul>\n <li>Read the address before clicking.<\/strong> Hovering over a link shows its true destination at the foot of the window, which is how the mismatch in \u00a78.3 is caught.<\/span>\u0915\u094d\u0932\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u092a\u0924\u093e \u092a\u0922\u093c\u0947\u0902\u0964<\/strong> \u0932\u093f\u0902\u0915 \u092a\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0947\u0924\u0915 \u0932\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0902\u0921\u094b \u0915\u0947 \u0924\u0932 \u092a\u0930 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u0917\u0902\u0924\u0935\u094d\u092f \u0926\u093f\u0916\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u00a78.3 \u0915\u093e \u092c\u0947\u092e\u0947\u0932 \u0907\u0938\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0915\u0921\u093c\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n <li>The padlock proves the connection is encrypted, not that the site is honest<\/strong>. A fraudulent site can obtain a certificate as easily as a genuine one.<\/span>\u0924\u093e\u0932\u093e \u092f\u0939 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0938\u0902\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u0915\u0942\u091f\u092c\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0939\u0948, \u092f\u0939 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u093f \u0938\u093e\u0907\u091f \u0908\u092e\u093e\u0928\u0926\u093e\u0930 \u0939\u0948<\/strong>\u0964 \u0915\u092a\u091f\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0938\u093e\u0907\u091f \u092d\u0940 \u0909\u0924\u0928\u0940 \u0939\u0940 \u0938\u0930\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092a\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0924\u0928\u0940 \u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0935\u093f\u0915\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n <li>Download only from the publisher's own site<\/strong> or an official store. A \"free full version\" from an unknown site is the classic trojan.<\/span>\u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0936\u0915 \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0940 \u0938\u093e\u0907\u091f<\/strong> \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0906\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u091f\u094b\u0930 \u0938\u0947 \u0921\u093e\u0909\u0928\u0932\u094b\u0921 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902\u0964 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0905\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0924 \u0938\u093e\u0907\u091f \u0938\u0947 \"\u092e\u0941\u092b\u093c\u094d\u0924 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0930\u0923\" \u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u091f\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n <li>A pop-up announcing that the computer is infected is itself the attack<\/strong>. No web page can scan a machine, and the button offered installs the very thing it warns of.<\/span>\u092f\u0939 \u0918\u094b\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e \u092a\u0949\u092a-\u0905\u092a \u0915\u093f \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948, \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u0939\u0940 \u0906\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0923 \u0939\u0948<\/strong>\u0964 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0935\u0947\u092c \u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u094d\u0915\u0948\u0928 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e, \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924 \u092c\u091f\u0928 \u0935\u0939\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u0935\u0939 \u091a\u0947\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0928\u0940 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"vs-mid\">+<\/div>\n <div class=\"vs-side right\">\n On the network<\/span>\u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u092a\u0930<\/span><\/span>\n <h5>Wi-Fi safety<\/span>\u0935\u093e\u0908-\u092b\u093c\u093e\u0908 \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e<\/span><\/h5>\n <ul>\n <li>Change the router's default administrator password<\/strong> the day it is installed. Default credentials for every model are published openly.<\/span>\u0930\u093e\u0909\u091f\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u093f\u0928 \u0939\u0940 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u093e \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u093e\u0938\u0915 \u092a\u093e\u0938\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0921 \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0947\u0902<\/strong>\u0964 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u0942\u092a \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u091a\u092f-\u0935\u093f\u0935\u0930\u0923 \u0916\u0941\u0932\u0947 \u0924\u094c\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0936\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n <li>Use WPA2 or WPA3<\/strong>. WEP is broken and offers no real protection.<\/span>WPA2 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e WPA3<\/strong> \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902\u0964 WEP \u091f\u0942\u091f \u091a\u0941\u0915\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n <li>Give visitors a separate guest network<\/strong> so that a visitor's infected phone cannot reach the office computers.<\/span>\u0906\u0917\u0902\u0924\u0941\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u0943\u0925\u0915 \u0905\u0924\u093f\u0925\u093f \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915<\/strong> \u0926\u0947\u0902 \u0924\u093e\u0915\u093f \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0906\u0917\u0902\u0924\u0941\u0915 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u092b\u093c\u094b\u0928 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0924\u0915 \u0928 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a \u0938\u0915\u0947\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n <li>On public Wi-Fi<\/strong>, assume the traffic can be observed. An attacker can set up a network named to look official \u2014 an evil twin<\/strong> \u2014 and read everything that passes. No banking, no salary portal, no admission data on a public network.<\/strong><\/span>\u0938\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0935\u091c\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u093e\u0908-\u092b\u093c\u093e\u0908<\/strong> \u092a\u0930 \u092f\u0939 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0915\u0930 \u091a\u0932\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u093f \u092f\u093e\u0924\u093e\u092f\u093e\u0924 \u0926\u0947\u0916\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0906\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0923\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0910\u0938\u093e \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u092c\u0928\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0928\u093e\u092e \u0906\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0932\u0917\u0947 \u2014 \u0926\u0941\u0937\u094d\u091f \u092f\u092e\u091c<\/strong> \u2014 \u0914\u0930 \u0917\u0941\u091c\u093c\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e \u0938\u092c \u0915\u0941\u091b \u092a\u0922\u093c \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0938\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0935\u091c\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u092a\u0930 \u0928 \u092c\u0948\u0902\u0915\u093f\u0902\u0917, \u0928 \u0935\u0947\u0924\u0928-\u092a\u094b\u0930\u094d\u091f\u0932, \u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0947\u0936-\u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u0947\u0964<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <hr class=\"section-divider\">\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d8-7\">\n 8.7<\/span>\n <h3>Backup Strategy and Data Recovery<\/span>\u092c\u0948\u0915\u0905\u092a \u0930\u0923\u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u093e-\u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u094d\u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924\u093f<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"callout teal\">\n <div class=\"callout-label\">\ud83d\udedf Why backup is the answer to ransomware<\/span>\ud83d\udedf \u0930\u0948\u0928\u0938\u092e\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u092c\u0948\u0915\u0905\u092a \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/div>\n Ransomware succeeds only because the victim has no other copy. An institution that can restore yesterday's data has lost a day; one that cannot has lost everything and is left choosing between paying criminals and rebuilding from paper. The 3-2-1 rule from \u00a72.8<\/strong> applies unchanged, with one addition: at least one copy must be offline or otherwise beyond the reach of the running system<\/strong>, because ransomware encrypts every drive it can see, including the synchronised cloud folder and the backup disk left permanently plugged in.<\/span>\n \u0930\u0948\u0928\u0938\u092e\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0907\u0938\u0932\u093f\u090f \u0938\u092b\u0932 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u092a\u0940\u0921\u093c\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940\u0964 \u091c\u094b \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u0915\u0932 \u0915\u0947 \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u0932\u094c\u091f\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0909\u0938\u0928\u0947 \u090f\u0915 \u0926\u093f\u0928 \u0916\u094b\u092f\u093e; \u091c\u094b \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0932\u094c\u091f\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940 \u0909\u0938\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u092c \u0915\u0941\u091b \u0916\u094b\u092f\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0928\u0947 \u0905\u092a\u0930\u093e\u0927\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0927\u0928 \u0926\u0947\u0928\u0947 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0915\u093e\u0917\u093c\u091c\u093c \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u092c \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u094d\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u0939\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a \u092c\u091a\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u00a72.8 \u0915\u093e 3-2-1 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e<\/strong> \u0905\u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0924 \u0932\u093e\u0917\u0942 \u0939\u0948, \u090f\u0915 \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925: \u0915\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u092e \u090f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f \u0911\u092b\u093c\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0925\u093e \u091a\u0932 \u0930\u0939\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0939\u0930 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0940 \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f<\/strong>, \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u0930\u0948\u0928\u0938\u092e\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0926\u093f\u0916\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0921\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0907\u0935 \u0915\u0942\u091f\u092c\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0915\u0930 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0938\u092e\u0915\u093e\u0932\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0909\u0921 \u092b\u093c\u094b\u0932\u094d\u0921\u0930 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092f\u0940 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0932\u0917\u0940 \u0930\u0939\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u092c\u0948\u0915\u0905\u092a \u0921\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0915 \u0938\u0939\u093f\u0924\u0964<\/span>\n And a further rule that costs nothing: a backup that has never been restored is not known to be a backup<\/strong>. A test restore of one folder, once a term, is the difference between a plan and an assumption.<\/span>\n \u0924\u0925\u093e \u090f\u0915 \u0914\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u092e\u0942\u0932\u094d\u092f \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0932\u0917\u0924\u093e: \u091c\u093f\u0938 \u092c\u0948\u0915\u0905\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u092d\u0940 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u094d\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u0928 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e, \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0948\u0915\u0905\u092a \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u0948<\/strong>\u0964 \u0938\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u090f\u0915 \u092c\u093e\u0930 \u090f\u0915 \u092b\u093c\u094b\u0932\u094d\u0921\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923-\u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u094d\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u0928 \u0939\u0940 \u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"flow-wrap\">\n <div class=\"flow-note\">\n \ud83d\udea8 What to do when a machine is found infected, in order. The sequence matters: acting out of order destroys evidence or spreads the infection.<\/span>\n \ud83d\udea8 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902\u0964 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0939\u0948: \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u0924\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u0938\u093e\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u092f \u0928\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0938\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0923 \u092b\u0948\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"flow-steps\">\n <div class=\"flow-step\">\n 1<\/span>\n <div class=\"fs-body\">\n Isolate<\/span>\u092a\u0943\u0925\u0915 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902<\/span><\/strong>\n Disconnect the machine from the network<\/strong> \u2014 unplug the cable, switch off the Wi-Fi. Do not shut it down, since some evidence exists only in memory.<\/span>\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u094b \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0932\u0917 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902<\/strong> \u2014 \u0924\u093e\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0932\u0947\u0902, \u0935\u093e\u0908-\u092b\u093c\u093e\u0908 \u092c\u0902\u0926 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902\u0964 \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0902\u0926 \u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902, \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u0915\u0941\u091b \u0938\u093e\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0938\u094d\u092e\u0943\u0924\u093f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0930\u0939\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/span>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"flow-step\">\n 2<\/span>\n <div class=\"fs-body\">\n Preserve and record<\/span>\u0938\u0902\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0932\u093f\u0916\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902<\/span><\/strong>\n Photograph the screen, note the exact time<\/strong>, and record what was being done when it appeared. Do not delete the message or the file \u2014 it is the evidence.<\/span>\u092a\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u091b\u093e\u092f\u093e\u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0932\u0947\u0902, \u0920\u0940\u0915 \u0938\u092e\u092f \u0932\u093f\u0916\u0947\u0902<\/strong>, \u0914\u0930 \u092f\u0939 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0932\u093f\u0916\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u093f \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u091f \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u092f \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0930\u0939\u093e \u0925\u093e\u0964 \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u092b\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0932 \u0928 \u092e\u093f\u091f\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u2014 \u0935\u0939\u0940 \u0938\u093e\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u092f \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/span>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"flow-step\">\n 3<\/span>\n <div class=\"fs-body\">\n Report<\/span>\u0938\u0942\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902<\/span><\/strong>\n To the head of institution, to the department, and where money or personal data is involved, to 1930 and cybercrime.gov.in<\/strong> without delay.<\/span>\u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0941\u0916 \u0915\u094b, \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0917 \u0915\u094b, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0927\u0928 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0935\u0948\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u0932\u0917\u094d\u0928 \u0939\u094b\u0902 \u0935\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0932\u0902\u092c 1930 \u090f\u0935\u0902 cybercrime.gov.in<\/strong> \u092a\u0930\u0964<\/span><\/span>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"flow-step\">\n 4<\/span>\n <div class=\"fs-body\">\n Eradicate and restore<\/span>\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u0942\u0932\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u094d\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u0928<\/span><\/strong>\n Clean or rebuild the machine, then restore from a backup taken before the infection<\/strong>. Change every password that was used on that machine.<\/span>\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u094d\u0935\u091a\u094d\u091b \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u094d\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902, \u092b\u093f\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0923 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0917\u090f \u092c\u0948\u0915\u0905\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u094d\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u093f\u0924<\/strong> \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902\u0964 \u0909\u0938 \u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u092a\u093e\u0938\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0921 \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0947\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/span>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"flow-step\">\n 5<\/span>\n <div class=\"fs-body\">\n Review<\/span>\u0938\u092e\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e<\/span><\/strong>\n Establish how it entered and close that route for everyone. An incident that teaches nothing will recur.<\/span>\u092f\u0939 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u093f \u0935\u0939 \u092d\u0940\u0924\u0930 \u0915\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0906\u092f\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u0939 \u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0917 \u0938\u092c\u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u092c\u0902\u0926 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902\u0964 \u091c\u094b \u0918\u091f\u0928\u093e \u0915\u0941\u091b \u0928 \u0938\u093f\u0916\u093e\u090f \u0935\u0939 \u0926\u094b\u0939\u0930\u093e\u0908 \u091c\u093e\u090f\u0917\u0940\u0964<\/span><\/span>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <hr class=\"section-divider\">\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d8-8\">\n 8.8<\/span>\n <h3>Data Privacy and the Legal Framework<\/span>\u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u093e-\u0928\u093f\u091c\u0924\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0922\u093e\u0901\u091a\u093e<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n <h4>A. The Information Technology Act, 2000<\/span>\u0915. \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e, 2000<\/span><\/h4>\n\n \n India's principal cyber law is the Information Technology Act, 2000<\/strong>, substantially amended in 2008<\/strong>. It gave legal recognition to electronic records and digital signatures and created the offences below. The sections most often asked are set out here.<\/span>\n \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0941\u0916 \u0938\u093e\u0907\u092c\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e, 2000<\/strong> \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 2008<\/strong> \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0938\u0902\u0936\u094b\u0927\u0928 \u0939\u0941\u0906\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0928\u0947 \u0907\u0932\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0932\u0947\u0916\u094b\u0902 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0905\u0902\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0939\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0924\u093e \u0926\u0940 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0928\u0940\u091a\u0947 \u0926\u093f\u090f \u0905\u092a\u0930\u093e\u0927 \u0938\u0943\u091c\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u090f\u0964 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u0942\u091b\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u092f\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0926\u0940 \u0917\u0908 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span>\n <\/p>\n\n <div class=\"abbr-grid\">\n <table>\n <thead><tr><th>Section<\/span>\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093e<\/span><\/th><th>What it covers<\/span>\u092f\u0939 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/th><\/tr><\/thead>\n <tbody>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">43<\/td><td>Damage to a computer or network \u2014 unauthorised access, downloading, introducing a virus. Attracts civil compensation<\/strong>.<\/span>\u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0915\u094b \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0924\u093f \u2014 \u0905\u0928\u0927\u093f\u0915\u0943\u0924 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a, \u0921\u093e\u0909\u0928\u0932\u094b\u0921\u093f\u0902\u0917, \u0935\u093e\u092f\u0930\u0938 \u0921\u093e\u0932\u0928\u093e\u0964 \u0938\u093f\u0935\u093f\u0932 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0915\u0930<\/strong> \u0906\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">65<\/td><td>Tampering with computer source documents<\/strong>.<\/span>\u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0924 \u0926\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0947\u091c\u093c\u094b\u0902<\/strong> \u0938\u0947 \u091b\u0947\u0921\u093c\u091b\u093e\u0921\u093c\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">66<\/td><td>Computer-related offences \u2014 the criminal counterpart of section 43, committed dishonestly or fraudulently.<\/span>\u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0940 \u0905\u092a\u0930\u093e\u0927 \u2014 \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093e 43 \u0915\u093e \u0906\u092a\u0930\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u0942\u092a, \u091c\u094b \u092c\u0947\u0908\u092e\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0915\u092a\u091f\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0915 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">66C<\/td><td>Identity theft<\/strong> \u2014 dishonest use of another's password, digital signature or unique identification.<\/span>\u092a\u0939\u091a\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u091a\u094b\u0930\u0940<\/strong> \u2014 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u0938\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0921, \u0905\u0902\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0939\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0930 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0905\u0926\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0924\u0940\u092f \u092a\u0939\u091a\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u092c\u0947\u0908\u092e\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <\/tbody>\n <\/table>\n <table>\n <thead><tr><th>Section<\/span>\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093e<\/span><\/th><th>What it covers<\/span>\u092f\u0939 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/th><\/tr><\/thead>\n <tbody>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">66D<\/td><td>Cheating by personation<\/strong> using a computer resource \u2014 the section under which most phishing is charged.<\/span>\u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u093e\u0927\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u0942\u092a\u0923 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u091b\u0932<\/strong> \u2014 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0902\u0936 \u092b\u093c\u093f\u0936\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0907\u0938\u0940 \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0932\u0917\u093e\u0908 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">66E<\/td><td>Violation of privacy<\/strong> \u2014 capturing or publishing an image of a private area without consent.<\/span>\u0928\u093f\u091c\u0924\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0909\u0932\u094d\u0932\u0902\u0918\u0928<\/strong> \u2014 \u0938\u0939\u092e\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0928\u093f\u091c\u0940 \u0905\u0902\u0917 \u0915\u093e \u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0932\u0947\u0928\u093e \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0936\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">67<\/td><td>Publishing or transmitting obscene material<\/strong> in electronic form.<\/span>\u0907\u0932\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0936\u094d\u0932\u0940\u0932 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940<\/strong> \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0936\u0928 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0938\u0902\u091a\u0930\u0923\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">67B<\/td><td>Material depicting children in a sexually explicit act<\/strong> \u2014 read with the POCSO Act, and among the gravest offences in the statute.<\/span>\u0910\u0938\u0940 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u091c\u094b \u092c\u091a\u094d\u091a\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u092f\u094c\u0928 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u092a\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0915\u0943\u0924\u094d\u092f<\/strong> \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u093e\u090f \u2014 POCSO \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u092a\u0920\u093f\u0924, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0907\u0938 \u0935\u093f\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0917\u0902\u092d\u0940\u0930\u0924\u092e \u0905\u092a\u0930\u093e\u0927\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">72<\/td><td>Breach of confidentiality and privacy<\/strong> by a person who obtained access under the Act.<\/span>\u0905\u0927\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u0940\u0928 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0917\u094b\u092a\u0928\u0940\u092f\u0924\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0928\u093f\u091c\u0924\u093e \u0915\u093e \u092d\u0902\u0917<\/strong>\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <\/tbody>\n <\/table>\n <\/div>\n\n <h4>B. The Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023<\/span>\u0916. \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u0935\u0948\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u093e \u0938\u0902\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e, 2023<\/span><\/h4>\n\n <div class=\"enrich-box\">\n The provisions that bind a school directly<\/span>\u0935\u0947 \u0909\u092a\u092c\u0902\u0927 \u091c\u094b \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0940\u0927\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0901\u0927\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902<\/span><\/span>\n \n The Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023<\/strong> is India's first comprehensive data protection statute. A school that holds the digital records of its pupils is a Data Fiduciary<\/strong> under it, and every pupil and parent whose data it holds is a Data Principal<\/strong>. The Act creates a Data Protection Board of India<\/strong> to adjudicate breaches.<\/span>\n \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u0935\u0948\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u093e \u0938\u0902\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e, 2023<\/strong> \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0925\u092e \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u0915 \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u093e-\u0938\u0902\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0935\u093f\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u091c\u094b \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0902\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0932\u0947\u0916 \u0930\u0916\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0935\u0939 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u0940\u0928 \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u093e \u0928\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938\u0940<\/strong> \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u091c\u093f\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u0935\u0939 \u0930\u0916\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0935\u0947 \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u093e \u092e\u0942\u0932\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0940<\/strong> \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e \u0909\u0932\u094d\u0932\u0902\u0918\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0923\u092f\u0928 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u093e \u0938\u0902\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u092c\u094b\u0930\u094d\u0921<\/strong> \u0938\u0943\u091c\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\n <\/p>\n <ul class=\"split-list\">\n <li>1<\/span>Consent must be free, specific, informed and unambiguous<\/strong>, and given for a stated purpose. Data collected for admission may not be used for something else without fresh consent.<\/span>\u0938\u0939\u092e\u0924\u093f \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930, \u0935\u093f\u0936\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f, \u0938\u0942\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0905\u0938\u0902\u0926\u093f\u0917\u094d\u0927<\/strong> \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0940 \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0915\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0926\u0940 \u0917\u0908 \u0939\u094b\u0964 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0947\u0936 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u090f\u0915\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u0928\u0908 \u0938\u0939\u092e\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0947\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n <li>2<\/span>Purpose limitation and data minimisation<\/strong> \u2014 only what is necessary may be collected, and only for as long as the purpose lasts.<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928-\u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u093e-\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0928\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923<\/strong> \u2014 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915 \u0939\u0940 \u090f\u0915\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u090f, \u0914\u0930 \u0924\u092d\u0940 \u0924\u0915 \u091c\u092c \u0924\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u0930\u0939\u0947\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n <li>3<\/span>For a child, meaning anyone below eighteen, verifiable consent of the parent or guardian is required<\/strong>. This is the provision most directly relevant to a school.<\/span>\u092c\u093e\u0932\u0915, \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0924\u094d \u0905\u0920\u093e\u0930\u0939 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u092e \u0906\u092f\u0941 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092d\u0940 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f<\/strong> \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941, \u0905\u092d\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0915 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0938\u0902\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u0928-\u092f\u094b\u0917\u094d\u092f \u0938\u0939\u092e\u0924\u093f \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915<\/strong> \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0940\u0927\u093e \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927 \u0907\u0938\u0940 \u0909\u092a\u092c\u0902\u0927 \u0915\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n <li>4<\/span>A Data Fiduciary must not undertake tracking or behavioural monitoring of children, or targeted advertising directed at them<\/strong>, nor any processing likely to cause a detrimental effect on a child's well-being.<\/span>\u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u093e \u0928\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938\u0940 \u092c\u091a\u094d\u091a\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0930\u0947\u0916\u0923 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930\u0917\u0924 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0935\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923, \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0909\u0928 \u092a\u0930 \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0935\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u092a\u0928<\/strong> \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e, \u0928 \u0939\u0940 \u0910\u0938\u093e \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u091c\u094b \u092c\u093e\u0932\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u0932\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0923 \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0915\u0942\u0932 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935 \u0921\u093e\u0932 \u0938\u0915\u0947\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n <li>5<\/span>The Data Principal holds rights of access, correction, erasure and grievance redressal<\/strong>, and the Fiduciary must maintain reasonable security safeguards<\/strong> and report a breach.<\/span>\u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u093e \u092e\u0942\u0932\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a, \u0938\u0902\u0936\u094b\u0927\u0928, \u092e\u093f\u091f\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e\u092f\u0924-\u0928\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0930\u0923<\/strong> \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0928\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938\u0940 \u0915\u094b \u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e-\u0909\u092a\u093e\u092f<\/strong> \u0930\u0916\u0928\u0947 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0909\u0932\u094d\u0932\u0902\u0918\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u094b\u0902\u0917\u0947\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"exam-tip\">\n <div class=\"et-icon\">\ud83c\udfdb\ufe0f<\/div>\n <div class=\"et-body\">\n Two bodies worth naming.<\/strong> CERT-In<\/strong> \u2014 the Indian Computer Emergency Response Team, under the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology \u2014 is the national nodal agency for cyber security incidents<\/strong>, issuing advisories and coordinating response. I4C<\/strong>, the Indian Cyber Crime Coordination Centre<\/strong> under the Ministry of Home Affairs, coordinates the police response to cybercrime and runs the reporting portal named in \u00a78.9. A third, Cyber Swachhta Kendra<\/strong>, is the botnet cleaning and malware analysis centre.<\/span>\n \u0926\u094b \u0928\u093e\u092e \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0928\u0947 \u092f\u094b\u0917\u094d\u092f\u0964<\/strong> CERT-In<\/strong> \u2014 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u0906\u092a\u093e\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0926\u0932, \u0907\u0932\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0928\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u092e\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u0940\u0928 \u2014 \u0938\u093e\u0907\u092c\u0930 \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0918\u091f\u0928\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0928\u094b\u0921\u0932 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0915\u0930\u0923<\/strong> \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u094b \u092a\u0930\u093e\u092e\u0930\u094d\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u091c\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0938\u092e\u0928\u094d\u0935\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0917\u0943\u0939 \u092e\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u0940\u0928 I4C<\/strong>, \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0924\u094d \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0938\u093e\u0907\u092c\u0930 \u0905\u092a\u0930\u093e\u0927 \u0938\u092e\u0928\u094d\u0935\u092f \u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930<\/strong>, \u0938\u093e\u0907\u092c\u0930 \u0905\u092a\u0930\u093e\u0927 \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u0941\u0932\u093f\u0938-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0938\u092e\u0928\u094d\u0935\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u00a78.9 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e-\u092a\u094b\u0930\u094d\u091f\u0932 \u091a\u0932\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0924\u0940\u0938\u0930\u093e, \u0938\u093e\u0907\u092c\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u091a\u094d\u091b\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930<\/strong>, \u092c\u0949\u091f\u0928\u0947\u091f \u0938\u092b\u093c\u093e\u0908 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092e\u093e\u0932\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <hr class=\"section-divider\">\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d8-9\">\n 8.9<\/span>\n <h3>Cyber Safety for Students and Reporting<\/span>\u091b\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0938\u093e\u0907\u092c\u0930 \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e\u092f\u0924-\u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n <table class=\"data-table\">\n <thead>\n <tr>\n <th>Channel<\/span>\u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e<\/span><\/th>\n <th>What it is for<\/span>\u092f\u0939 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0932\u093f\u090f \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/th>\n <\/tr>\n <\/thead>\n <tbody>\n <tr style=\"background:#f3f8ff;\">\n <td>1930<\/strong><\/td>\n <td>The national cyber financial fraud helpline<\/strong>. Where money has been lost, the first hour is decisive: a report made quickly can allow the transaction to be held before it is withdrawn. This number should be displayed in the school office.<\/strong><\/span>\u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0938\u093e\u0907\u092c\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0927\u094b\u0916\u093e\u0927\u0921\u093c\u0940 \u0939\u0947\u0932\u094d\u092a\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0928<\/strong>\u0964 \u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0927\u0928 \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0939\u094b \u0935\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u093e \u0918\u0902\u091f\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0923\u093e\u092f\u0915 \u0939\u0948: \u0936\u0940\u0918\u094d\u0930 \u0926\u0940 \u0917\u0908 \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u0932\u0947\u0928-\u0926\u0947\u0928 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u0930\u094b\u0915\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0928\u0902\u092c\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f\u0964<\/strong><\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr style=\"background:#f3f8ff;\">\n <td>cybercrime.gov.in<\/strong><\/td>\n <td>The National Cyber Crime Reporting Portal<\/strong>, run by I4C. It accepts complaints of every kind of cybercrime, and has a separate channel for reporting crimes against women and children<\/strong>, under which a report may be made anonymously.<\/span>I4C \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0932\u093f\u0924 \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0938\u093e\u0907\u092c\u0930 \u0905\u092a\u0930\u093e\u0927 \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e \u092a\u094b\u0930\u094d\u091f\u0932<\/strong>\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0907\u092c\u0930 \u0905\u092a\u0930\u093e\u0927 \u0915\u0940 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e\u092f\u0924 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0940\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0907\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u0939\u093f\u0932\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092c\u091a\u094d\u091a\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0930\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0905\u092a\u0930\u093e\u0927\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u092a\u0943\u0925\u0915 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e<\/strong> \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u0940\u0928 \u0917\u0941\u092e\u0928\u093e\u092e \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u092d\u0940 \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0926\u0940 \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td>1098<\/strong><\/td>\n <td>CHILDLINE<\/strong> \u2014 the round-the-clock helpline for a child in distress, including distress arising online.<\/span>\u091a\u093e\u0907\u0932\u094d\u0921\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0928<\/strong> \u2014 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u091f\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924 \u092c\u093e\u0932\u0915 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u091a\u094c\u092c\u0940\u0938\u094b\u0902 \u0918\u0902\u091f\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0939\u0947\u0932\u094d\u092a\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0928, \u0911\u0928\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u091f \u0938\u0939\u093f\u0924\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td>POCSO e-Box<\/span>POCSO \u0908-\u092c\u0949\u0915\u094d\u0938<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n <td>The National Commission for Protection of Child Rights facility for reporting sexual offences against children<\/strong>, designed so that a child can use it directly.<\/span>\u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u092c\u093e\u0932 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0906\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0940 \u0935\u0939 \u0938\u0941\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093e \u091c\u094b \u092c\u091a\u094d\u091a\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0930\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u092f\u094c\u0928 \u0905\u092a\u0930\u093e\u0927\u094b\u0902<\/strong> \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0907\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u092c\u0928\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u092c\u093e\u0932\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0947\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td>The platform itself<\/span>\u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u092e\u0902\u091a<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n <td>Every social media service carries a report and block<\/strong> facility. Reporting within the platform is faster than any external route and should be done in addition to<\/strong>, never instead of, a formal complaint.<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0938\u094b\u0936\u0932 \u092e\u0940\u0921\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0928\u0947 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0905\u0935\u0930\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947<\/strong> \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0941\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092e\u0902\u091a \u0915\u0947 \u092d\u0940\u0924\u0930 \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0928\u093e \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092d\u0940 \u092c\u093e\u0939\u094d\u092f \u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0917 \u0938\u0947 \u0924\u0940\u0935\u094d\u0930 \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u092f\u0939 \u0914\u092a\u091a\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e\u092f\u0924 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0924\u093f\u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0924<\/strong> \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u090f, \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u092d\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <\/tbody>\n <\/table>\n\n <div class=\"callout amber\">\n <div class=\"callout-label\">\ud83c\udf92 What a school owes a child in this situation<\/span>\ud83c\udf92 \u0910\u0938\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u092c\u093e\u0932\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0947<\/span><\/div>\n <ul class=\"split-list\" style=\"margin-top:4px;\">\n <li>1<\/span>Believe the child and do not punish the disclosure.<\/strong> A pupil who fears that reporting an incident will cost them their phone or bring a reprimand will not report the next one, and the next one is usually worse.<\/span>\u092c\u093e\u0932\u0915 \u092a\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u092c\u0924\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u0926\u0902\u0921 \u0928 \u0926\u0947\u0902\u0964<\/strong> \u091c\u094b \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u092f\u0939 \u0921\u0930\u0947 \u0915\u093f \u0918\u091f\u0928\u093e \u092c\u0924\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u093e \u092b\u093c\u094b\u0928 \u091b\u093f\u0928 \u091c\u093e\u090f\u0917\u093e \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u092b\u091f\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0947\u0917\u0940, \u0935\u0939 \u0905\u0917\u0932\u0940 \u0918\u091f\u0928\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u092c\u0924\u093e\u090f\u0917\u093e, \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u0917\u0932\u0940 \u0918\u091f\u0928\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092f\u0903 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0917\u0902\u092d\u0940\u0930 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n <li>2<\/span>Preserve the evidence before anything is deleted.<\/strong> Screenshots with the date, the profile name and the message visible. A child's instinct is to erase what distresses them, and the evidence goes with it.<\/span>\u0915\u0941\u091b \u092d\u0940 \u092e\u093f\u091f\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u0938\u093e\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u092f \u0938\u0902\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902\u0964<\/strong> \u0910\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0915\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0928\u0936\u0949\u091f \u091c\u093f\u0928\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0924\u093f\u0925\u093f, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u092b\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0932-\u0928\u093e\u092e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u0926\u093f\u0916\u0947\u0902\u0964 \u092c\u093e\u0932\u0915 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0939\u091c \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u092e\u093f\u091f\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0926\u0947, \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u093e\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u092f \u0909\u0938\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u091a\u0932\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n <li>3<\/span>Inform the parents and record the action taken.<\/strong> A written note in the school's own record protects the child, the parent and the institution alike.<\/span>\u0905\u092d\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0942\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0917\u0908 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u0935\u093e\u0939\u0940 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0932\u093f\u0916\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902\u0964<\/strong> \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0932\u0947\u0916 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0932\u093f\u0916\u093f\u0924 \u091f\u093f\u092a\u094d\u092a\u0923\u0940 \u092c\u093e\u0932\u0915, \u0905\u092d\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0915 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u0924\u0940\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n <li>4<\/span>Teach before the incident, not after it.<\/strong> Privacy settings, the permanence of what is posted, the refusal to share a password even with a friend, and the rule that an adult who asks a child to keep a conversation secret is to be reported at once \u2014 these belong in the school's regular programme, and the ground for them is laid in Chapter 11.<\/span>\u0918\u091f\u0928\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0909\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u0938\u093f\u0916\u093e\u090f\u0901\u0964<\/strong> \u0928\u093f\u091c\u0924\u093e-\u0938\u0947\u091f\u093f\u0902\u0917, \u091c\u094b \u0921\u093e\u0932\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092f\u093f\u0924\u093e, \u092e\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0938\u0947 \u092d\u0940 \u092a\u093e\u0938\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0921 \u0938\u093e\u091d\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0937\u0947\u0927, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092f\u0939 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e \u0915\u093f \u091c\u094b \u0935\u092f\u0938\u094d\u0915 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092c\u093e\u0932\u0915 \u0938\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0932\u093e\u092a \u0917\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0930\u0916\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u094b \u0915\u0939\u0947 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0924\u0924\u094d\u0915\u093e\u0932 \u0926\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u090f \u2014 \u092f\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0902\u0917 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0940 \u092d\u0942\u092e\u093f \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f 11 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0924\u0948\u092f\u093e\u0930 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"mcq-box\">\n <div class=\"mcq-title\">\n Practice<\/span>\u0905\u092d\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938<\/span><\/span>\n Questions on cyber security<\/span>\u0938\u093e\u0907\u092c\u0930 \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928<\/span><\/span>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"mcq-note\">Objective questions in the pattern of the examination. Click to reveal the answer and its explanation.<\/span>\u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u0930 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928\u0964 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0916\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u094d\u0932\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u0940\u091c\u093f\u090f\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <details class=\"mcq-q\">\n <summary>67<\/span>Which type of malware spreads across a network by itself, without any action by a user?<\/span><\/summary>\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\n <li>(a) Virus<\/li>\n <li>(b) Worm<\/li>\n <li>(c) Trojan horse<\/li>\n <li>(d) Adware<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\">(b) Worm<\/b> Self-replication without human action is the defining feature of a worm. A virus needs a host file and someone to run it; a trojan does not replicate at all and is installed willingly under a false description.<\/span>\u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0935\u0940\u092f \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0928\u093e \u0935\u0930\u094d\u092e \u0915\u093e \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u0915 \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0935\u093e\u092f\u0930\u0938 \u0915\u094b \u0906\u0936\u094d\u0930\u092f-\u092b\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0932 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u091a\u0932\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f; \u091f\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u091d\u0942\u0920\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0935\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0947\u091a\u094d\u091b\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\u00a78.2<\/span><\/div>\n <\/details>\n <details class=\"mcq-q\">\n <summary>68<\/span>The CIA triad in information security stands for:<\/span><\/summary>\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\n <li>(a) Control, Inspection, Audit<\/li>\n <li>(b) Confidentiality, Integrity, Availability<\/li>\n <li>(c) Cryptography, Identity, Authentication<\/li>\n <li>(d) Computer, Internet, Access<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\">(b) Confidentiality, Integrity, Availability<\/b> Confidentiality is that only the entitled may see the data; integrity that it has not been altered; availability that it is there when needed. Ransomware is an attack chiefly on availability.<\/span>\u0917\u094b\u092a\u0928\u0940\u092f\u0924\u093e \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0924\u094d \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0939\u0940 \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u0926\u0947\u0916 \u0938\u0915\u0947\u0902; \u0905\u0916\u0902\u0921\u0924\u093e \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0924\u094d \u0935\u0947 \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0947 \u0928 \u0917\u090f \u0939\u094b\u0902; \u0909\u092a\u0932\u092c\u094d\u0927\u0924\u093e \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0924\u094d \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u092f \u0935\u0947 \u0909\u092a\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0902\u0964 \u0930\u0948\u0928\u0938\u092e\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f\u0924\u0903 \u0909\u092a\u0932\u092c\u094d\u0927\u0924\u093e \u092a\u0930 \u0906\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0923 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\u00a78.1<\/span><\/div>\n <\/details>\n <details class=\"mcq-q\">\n <summary>69<\/span>A fraudulent email aimed specifically at a senior official such as a principal is called:<\/span><\/summary>\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\n <li>(a) Phishing<\/li>\n <li>(b) Smishing<\/li>\n <li>(c) Whaling<\/li>\n <li>(d) Pharming<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\">(c) Whaling<\/b> Ordinary phishing is sent in bulk; spear phishing targets one named person; whaling is spear phishing directed at a senior officer who can authorise payments or reach the most data. Smishing is by SMS.<\/span>\u0938\u093e\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u092b\u093c\u093f\u0936\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0925\u094b\u0915 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092d\u0947\u091c\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948; \u0938\u094d\u092a\u0940\u092f\u0930 \u092b\u093c\u093f\u0936\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u090f\u0915 \u0928\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u092a\u0930 \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948; \u0935\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0932\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0935\u0939 \u0938\u094d\u092a\u0940\u092f\u0930 \u092b\u093c\u093f\u0936\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0910\u0938\u0947 \u0935\u0930\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u092a\u0930 \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b \u091c\u094b \u092d\u0941\u0917\u0924\u093e\u0928 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0940\u0915\u0943\u0924 \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u094b\u0902 \u0924\u0915 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a \u0930\u0916\u0924\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0964 \u0938\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0936\u093f\u0902\u0917 SMS \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\u00a78.3<\/span><\/div>\n <\/details>\n <details class=\"mcq-q\">\n <summary>70<\/span>Which of the following is an example of two-factor authentication?<\/span><\/summary>\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\n <li>(a) A password and a security question<\/li>\n <li>(b) A password and an OTP sent to the registered mobile<\/li>\n <li>(c) A PIN and a passphrase<\/li>\n <li>(d) Two different passwords<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\">(b) A password and an OTP sent to the registered mobile<\/b> Multi-factor authentication requires factors of different kinds. A password and a security question are both things known, so they form a single factor used twice. A password plus an OTP combines something known with something held.<\/span>\u092c\u0939\u0941-\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u0928 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0915 \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f\u0964 \u092a\u093e\u0938\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0921 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0924 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u090f\u0901 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0905\u0924\u0903 \u0935\u0947 \u0926\u094b \u092c\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u090f\u0915 \u0939\u0940 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0915 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u092a\u093e\u0938\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0921 \u090f\u0935\u0902 OTP \u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0924 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u094b \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u0938\u0947 \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span>\u00a78.4<\/span><\/div>\n <\/details>\n <details class=\"mcq-q\">\n <summary>71<\/span>The national helpline number for reporting cyber financial fraud in India is:<\/span><\/summary>\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\n <li>(a) 1098<\/li>\n <li>(b) 1930<\/li>\n <li>(c) 1091<\/li>\n <li>(d) 100<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\">(b) 1930<\/b> Complaints may also be filed at cybercrime.gov.in. 1098 is CHILDLINE, the helpline for a child in distress. Reporting a financial fraud within the first hour materially improves the chance of the transaction being held.<\/span>\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e\u092f\u0924 cybercrime.gov.in \u092a\u0930 \u092d\u0940 \u0926\u0930\u094d\u091c \u0915\u0940 \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 1098 \u091a\u093e\u0907\u0932\u094d\u0921\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u094b \u0938\u0902\u0915\u091f\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924 \u092c\u093e\u0932\u0915 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0935\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0927\u094b\u0916\u093e\u0927\u0921\u093c\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0918\u0902\u091f\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0926\u0947\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u0932\u0947\u0928-\u0926\u0947\u0928 \u0930\u0941\u0915\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0928\u093e \u092a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0922\u093c \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\u00a78.9<\/span><\/div>\n <\/details>\n <details class=\"mcq-q\">\n <summary>72<\/span>Under the Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023, processing the data of a child requires:<\/span><\/summary>\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\n <li>(a) No consent at all<\/li>\n <li>(b) The child's own consent<\/li>\n <li>(c) Verifiable consent of the parent or lawful guardian<\/li>\n <li>(d) Consent of the school management<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\">(c) Verifiable consent of the parent or lawful guardian<\/b> A child under the Act is anyone below eighteen. The Act further forbids tracking, behavioural monitoring and targeted advertising directed at children. A school holding pupil records is a Data Fiduciary under the Act.<\/span>\u0905\u0927\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u0940\u0928 \u092c\u093e\u0932\u0915 \u0935\u0939 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0905\u0920\u093e\u0930\u0939 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u092e \u0906\u092f\u0941 \u0915\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0964 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e \u0906\u0917\u0947 \u092c\u091a\u094d\u091a\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0930\u0947\u0916\u0923, \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930\u0917\u0924 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0935\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0909\u0928 \u092a\u0930 \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0935\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u092a\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0937\u0947\u0927 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0932\u0947\u0916 \u0930\u0916\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0907\u0938 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u0940\u0928 \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u093e \u0928\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\u00a78.8 B<\/span><\/div>\n <\/details>\n <details class=\"mcq-q\">\n <summary>73<\/span>The national nodal agency for responding to cyber security incidents in India is:<\/span><\/summary>\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\n <li>(a) CERT-In<\/li>\n <li>(b) C-DAC<\/li>\n <li>(c) NIC<\/li>\n <li>(d) TRAI<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\">(a) CERT-In<\/b> The Indian Computer Emergency Response Team, under the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology. C-DAC built PARAM and BOSS Linux, NIC provides government IT infrastructure, and TRAI regulates telecom.<\/span>\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u0906\u092a\u093e\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0926\u0932, \u0907\u0932\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0928\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u092e\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u0940\u0928\u0964 C-DAC \u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u092e \u090f\u0935\u0902 BOSS \u0932\u093f\u0928\u0915\u094d\u0938 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u092f\u093e, NIC \u0938\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u0905\u0935\u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u0925\u093e TRAI \u0926\u0942\u0930\u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\u00a78.8<\/span><\/div>\n <\/details>\n <\/div>\n\n <\/section>\n\n \n <section class=\"chapter-content\" data-chap=\"9\" id=\"c9\">\n <div class=\"chapter-heading-block\">\n SYLLABUS ITEM 9<\/span>\u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u092e\u0926 9<\/span><\/span>\n <h2>Digital Education<\/span>\u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e<\/span><\/h2>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"callout amber\">\n <div class=\"callout-label\">\ud83d\udccc What this chapter covers<\/span>\ud83d\udccc \u0907\u0938 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/div>\n DIKSHA, SWAYAM, PM e-VIDYA, e-Pathshala, learning management systems, smart classrooms, and blended learning<\/span>\n \u0926\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e, \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902, \u092a\u0940\u090f\u092e \u0908-\u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e, \u0908-\u092a\u093e\u0920\u0936\u093e\u0932\u093e, \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901, \u0938\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u091f \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0938\u092e\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e<\/span>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"keyfact-grid\">\n <div class=\"keyfact-card navy-hi\">\n \ud83d\udcda<\/span>\n <div class=\"kf-label\">The National School Platform<\/span>\u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f\u0940 \u092e\u0902\u091a<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"kf-value\" style=\"font-size:15px;\">DIKSHA \u00b7 2017<\/div>\n <div class=\"kf-sub\">\"One Nation, One Digital Platform\" \u2014 launched 5 September 2017<\/span>\"\u090f\u0915 \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930, \u090f\u0915 \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u092e\u0902\u091a\" \u2014 5 \u0938\u093f\u0924\u0902\u092c\u0930 2017 \u0915\u094b \u0906\u0930\u0902\u092d<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"keyfact-card teal-hi\">\n \ud83c\udfac<\/span>\n <div class=\"kf-label\">SWAYAM's Structure<\/span>\u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"kf-value\" style=\"font-size:15px;\">4 Quadrants<\/span>4 \u091a\u0924\u0941\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0902\u0936<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"kf-sub\">Video \u00b7 reading \u00b7 self-assessment \u00b7 discussion forum<\/span>\u0935\u0940\u0921\u093f\u092f\u094b \u00b7 \u092a\u0920\u0928 \u00b7 \u0938\u094d\u0935-\u0906\u0915\u0932\u0928 \u00b7 \u091a\u0930\u094d\u091a\u093e-\u092e\u0902\u091a<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"keyfact-card amber-hi\">\n \ud83d\udc69\u200d\ud83c\udfeb<\/span>\n <div class=\"kf-label\">The Teacher Training Mission<\/span>\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u092e\u093f\u0936\u0928<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"kf-value\" style=\"font-size:15px;\">NISHTHA \u00b7 2019<\/div>\n <div class=\"kf-sub\">Launched 21 August 2019; among the largest such programmes anywhere<\/span>21 \u0905\u0917\u0938\u094d\u0924 2019 \u0915\u094b \u0906\u0930\u0902\u092d; \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0935 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u093e\u0932\u0924\u092e \u0910\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d9-0\">\n 9.0<\/span>\n <h3>Introduction<\/span>\u092a\u0930\u093f\u091a\u092f<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n <ul class=\"icon-list\">\n <li>\u25b8<\/span>\n The eight chapters so far have described the machine, the software and the network. This chapter turns to the purpose those things exist for in a school<\/strong>, and its character is different: the content is schemes, bodies, dates and figures<\/strong> rather than commands and shortcuts.<\/span>\n \u0905\u092c \u0924\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u0906\u0920 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0928\u0947 \u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930, \u0938\u0949\u092b\u093c\u094d\u091f\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0923\u0928 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f \u0909\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u0913\u0930 \u092e\u0941\u0921\u093c\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u0947 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u090f\u0901 \u0939\u0948\u0902<\/strong>, \u0914\u0930 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0930\u0942\u092a \u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0939\u0948: \u092f\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u0906\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0936\u0949\u0930\u094d\u091f\u0915\u091f \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0905\u092a\u093f\u0924\u0941 \u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928\u093e\u090f\u0901, \u0928\u093f\u0915\u093e\u092f, \u0924\u093f\u0925\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u0947<\/strong> \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span>\n <\/span><\/li>\n <li>\u25b8<\/span>\n This is also the item where Digital Literacy overlaps most heavily with the other papers<\/strong> of the same examination. NEP 2020, NISHTHA, NIPUN Bharat and the structure of NCERT all appear elsewhere in the syllabus; what is asked here is the technological arm<\/strong> of each.<\/span>\n \u092f\u0939\u0940 \u0935\u0939 \u092e\u0926 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u0938\u093e\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0909\u0938\u0940 \u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928-\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u0924\u093f\u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924<\/strong> \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 NEP 2020, \u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0920\u093e, \u0928\u093f\u092a\u0941\u0923 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u0924\u0925\u093e NCERT \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092d\u0940 \u0906\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902; \u092f\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0936\u093e\u0916\u093e<\/strong> \u092a\u0942\u091b\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\n <\/span><\/li>\n <li>\u25b8<\/span>\n The questions are almost entirely factual, and they cluster on four things: what an abbreviation expands to, which ministry or body runs a platform, the year it was launched, and the number of components or channels it has<\/strong>. The tables here are built for exactly that.<\/span>\n \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u0932\u0917\u092d\u0917 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923\u0924\u0903 \u0924\u0925\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0914\u0930 \u091a\u093e\u0930 \u092c\u093e\u0924\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0930\u0939\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902: \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u092a\u093e\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0930\u0942\u092a, \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u092e\u0902\u091a \u0915\u093f\u0938 \u092e\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0915\u093e\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u0940\u0928 \u0939\u0948, \u0935\u0939 \u0915\u093f\u0938 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937 \u0906\u0930\u0902\u092d \u0939\u0941\u0906, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093f\u0924\u0928\u0947 \u0918\u091f\u0915 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u091a\u0948\u0928\u0932 \u0939\u0948\u0902<\/strong>\u0964 \u092f\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u093e\u0930\u0923\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u0920\u0940\u0915 \u0909\u0938\u0940 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u092c\u0928\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span>\n <\/span><\/li>\n <\/ul>\n\n <hr class=\"section-divider\">\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d9-1\">\n 9.1<\/span>\n <h3>ICT in Education: Concept and Rationale<\/span>\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 ICT: \u0938\u0902\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u092f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0914\u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u092f<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"callout\">\n <div class=\"callout-label\">\ud83d\udcd8 Concept<\/span>\ud83d\udcd8 \u0905\u0935\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923\u093e<\/span><\/div>\n ICT \u2014 Information and Communication Technology<\/strong> \u2014 in education means the use of digital tools to support teaching, learning, assessment and administration<\/strong>. The word support<\/em> carries the weight: technology is a means to a pedagogical end, and equipment installed without a purpose in view becomes furniture within a term.<\/span>\n \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 ICT \u2014 \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u0940<\/strong> \u2014 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u0939\u0948 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923, \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e, \u0906\u0915\u0932\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u093e\u0938\u0928 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0939\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0928\u0947<\/strong> \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0905\u0902\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0964 \u092d\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u0939\u093e\u0930\u093e<\/em> \u0936\u092c\u094d\u0926 \u092a\u0930 \u0939\u0948: \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u0936\u0948\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u093f\u0915 \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u092f \u0915\u093e \u0938\u093e\u0927\u0928 \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u092d\u0940\u0924\u0930 \u092b\u093c\u0930\u094d\u0928\u0940\u091a\u0930 \u092c\u0928 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"pc-grid\">\n <div class=\"pc-panel pro\">\n <div class=\"pc-head\">\u2713<\/span>What ICT genuinely adds<\/span>ICT \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924\u0903 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n <ul>\n <li>Visualisation of the invisible<\/strong> \u2014 the working of a heart, the motion of planets, a chemical reaction too dangerous to perform<\/span>\u0905\u0926\u0943\u0936\u094d\u092f \u0915\u093e \u0926\u0943\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923<\/strong> \u2014 \u0939\u0943\u0926\u092f \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e, \u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0917\u0924\u093f, \u0910\u0938\u0940 \u0930\u093e\u0938\u093e\u092f\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u094b \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0902\u0924 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u091f\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0939\u094b<\/span><\/li>\n <li>Access irrespective of place<\/strong> \u2014 a village school reaches the same content as a metropolitan one<\/span>\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928 \u0938\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a<\/strong> \u2014 \u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e\u0940\u0923 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0935\u0939\u0940 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u092a\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u092e\u0939\u093e\u0928\u0917\u0930\u0940\u092f<\/span><\/li>\n <li>Repetition without impatience<\/strong> \u2014 a recorded explanation can be replayed as often as a slow learner needs<\/span>\u0905\u0927\u0940\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0930\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u093e\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f<\/strong> \u2014 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0932\u093f\u0916\u093f\u0924 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0909\u0924\u0928\u0940 \u092c\u093e\u0930 \u0926\u094b\u0939\u0930\u093e\u0908 \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0924\u0928\u0940 \u092e\u0902\u0926 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0915\u094b \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f<\/span><\/li>\n <li>Immediate feedback<\/strong> in assessment, and data that shows which concept a whole class has missed<\/span>\u0906\u0915\u0932\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0924\u0924\u094d\u0915\u093e\u0932 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092a\u0941\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093f<\/strong>, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0935\u0947 \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u091c\u094b \u092c\u0924\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u0915\u093f \u092a\u0942\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u094c\u0928-\u0938\u093e \u0938\u0902\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u092f \u091b\u0942\u091f\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/li>\n <li>Support for children with disabilities<\/strong> \u2014 the subject of Chapter 14, and the area where technology changes access most decisively<\/span>\u0926\u093f\u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0917 \u092c\u091a\u094d\u091a\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0939\u093e\u0930\u093e<\/strong> \u2014 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f 14 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0935\u0939 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0923\u093e\u092f\u0915 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"pc-panel con\">\n <div class=\"pc-head\">\u2717<\/span>Where it fails, and why<\/span>\u092f\u0939 \u0915\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0935\u093f\u092b\u0932 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n <ul>\n <li>Equipment without training.<\/strong> An interactive panel used as a projection screen is the commonest sight in an ICT-equipped school<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923\u0964<\/strong> \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u092a\u0923-\u092a\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0903\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u092a\u0948\u0928\u0932 ICT-\u0938\u091c\u094d\u091c\u093f\u0924 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0926\u0943\u0936\u094d\u092f \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/li>\n <li>Equipment without maintenance.<\/strong> One failed bulb or one expired licence removes a facility for a whole session<\/span>\u0905\u0928\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923\u0964<\/strong> \u090f\u0915 \u091c\u0932\u093e \u092c\u0932\u094d\u092c \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u091c\u094d\u091e\u092a\u094d\u0924\u093f \u092a\u0942\u0930\u0947 \u0938\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0938\u0941\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093e \u091b\u0940\u0928 \u0932\u0947\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/li>\n <li>The digital divide.<\/strong> Content delivered only online reaches the children who least need help and misses those who most do \u2014 the reason PM e-VIDYA is deliberately multi-modal<\/span>\u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093e\u091c\u0928\u0964<\/strong> \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0911\u0928\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u0926\u0940 \u0917\u0908 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0909\u0928 \u092c\u091a\u094d\u091a\u094b\u0902 \u0924\u0915 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0939\u093e\u092f\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u092e \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u091b\u094b\u0921\u093c \u0926\u0947\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u2014 \u092a\u0940\u090f\u092e \u0908-\u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0928\u092c\u0942\u091d\u0915\u0930 \u092c\u0939\u0941-\u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e\u0940 \u0907\u0938\u0940\u0932\u093f\u090f \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/li>\n <li>Substitution for teaching rather than support of it.<\/strong> A video played while the teacher marks registers is not ICT-enabled pedagogy<\/span>\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0939\u093e\u0930\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u091c\u093e\u092f \u0909\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u093e\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928\u0964<\/strong> \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u091c\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0930 \u091c\u093e\u0901\u091a\u0924\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u092f \u091a\u0932\u093e\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0935\u0940\u0921\u093f\u092f\u094b ICT-\u0938\u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <hr class=\"section-divider\">\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d9-2\">\n 9.2<\/span>\n <h3>DIKSHA<\/span>\u0926\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n <svg class=\"full-diagram\" viewBox=\"0 0 700 314\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"The Indian digital education landscape, showing which body runs which platform\">\n <rect x=\"230\" y=\"14\" width=\"240\" height=\"34\" rx=\"7\" fill=\"#14243f\"\/>\n <text x=\"350\" y=\"30\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">MINISTRY OF EDUCATION<\/text>\n <text x=\"350\" y=\"42\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#c9daf0\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Government of India<\/text>\n\n <defs><marker id=\"de\" markerWidth=\"8\" markerHeight=\"8\" refX=\"7\" refY=\"2.8\" orient=\"auto\"><path d=\"M0,0 L0,5.6 L7,2.8 z\" fill=\"#8a95a3\"\/><\/marker><\/defs>\n <g stroke=\"#8a95a3\" stroke-width=\"1.4\" fill=\"none\">\n <path d=\"M350 48 L350 62 L140 62 L140 76\" marker-end=\"url(#de)\"\/>\n <path d=\"M350 48 L350 76\" marker-end=\"url(#de)\"\/>\n <path d=\"M350 48 L350 62 L560 62 L560 76\" marker-end=\"url(#de)\"\/>\n <\/g>\n\n <rect x=\"60\" y=\"78\" width=\"160\" height=\"30\" rx=\"6\" fill=\"#eef4fc\" stroke=\"#1f5fa9\" stroke-width=\"1.8\"\/>\n <text x=\"140\" y=\"92\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">NCERT<\/text>\n <text x=\"140\" y=\"103\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7\" fill=\"#5a6d80\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">school education \u00b7 CIET<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"270\" y=\"78\" width=\"160\" height=\"30\" rx=\"6\" fill=\"#eefbf7\" stroke=\"#0d8f79\" stroke-width=\"1.8\"\/>\n <text x=\"350\" y=\"92\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#0d8f79\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">NDEAR<\/text>\n <text x=\"350\" y=\"103\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7\" fill=\"#5a6d80\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">the architecture, 2021<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"480\" y=\"78\" width=\"160\" height=\"30\" rx=\"6\" fill=\"#faf6ff\" stroke=\"#6b3a8f\" stroke-width=\"1.8\"\/>\n <text x=\"560\" y=\"92\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#6b3a8f\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">UGC \u00b7 AICTE \u00b7 IGNOU<\/text>\n <text x=\"560\" y=\"103\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7\" fill=\"#5a6d80\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">higher education<\/text>\n\n <g stroke=\"#8a95a3\" stroke-width=\"1.2\" fill=\"none\">\n <path d=\"M140 108 L140 122 L84 122 L84 138\" marker-end=\"url(#de)\"\/>\n <path d=\"M140 108 L140 122 L200 122 L200 138\" marker-end=\"url(#de)\"\/>\n <path d=\"M560 108 L560 122 L500 122 L500 138\" marker-end=\"url(#de)\"\/>\n <path d=\"M560 108 L560 122 L616 122 L616 138\" marker-end=\"url(#de)\"\/>\n <\/g>\n <path d=\"M350 108 L350 250\" stroke=\"#0d8f79\" stroke-width=\"1.6\" stroke-dasharray=\"5 4\" fill=\"none\"\/>\n <text x=\"358\" y=\"180\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#0d8f79\" font-style=\"italic\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">the common framework<\/text>\n <text x=\"358\" y=\"191\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#0d8f79\" font-style=\"italic\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">beneath all of them<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"20\" y=\"140\" width=\"128\" height=\"54\" rx=\"6\" fill=\"#fff\" stroke=\"#c9760f\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\n <text x=\"84\" y=\"158\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#c9760f\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">DIKSHA<\/text>\n <text x=\"84\" y=\"171\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">school education<\/text>\n <text x=\"84\" y=\"182\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">for teachers and pupils<\/text>\n <text x=\"84\" y=\"191\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#5a6d80\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">2017<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"156\" y=\"140\" width=\"128\" height=\"54\" rx=\"6\" fill=\"#fff\" stroke=\"#c9760f\" stroke-width=\"1.4\"\/>\n <text x=\"220\" y=\"158\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#c9760f\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">e-Pathshala<\/text>\n <text x=\"220\" y=\"171\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">digital textbooks and<\/text>\n <text x=\"220\" y=\"182\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">NCERT periodicals<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"416\" y=\"140\" width=\"128\" height=\"54\" rx=\"6\" fill=\"#fff\" stroke=\"#6b3a8f\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\n <text x=\"480\" y=\"158\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#6b3a8f\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">SWAYAM<\/text>\n <text x=\"480\" y=\"171\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">MOOCs, class 9 to<\/text>\n <text x=\"480\" y=\"182\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">post-graduation<\/text>\n <text x=\"480\" y=\"191\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#5a6d80\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">2017<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"552\" y=\"140\" width=\"128\" height=\"54\" rx=\"6\" fill=\"#fff\" stroke=\"#6b3a8f\" stroke-width=\"1.4\"\/>\n <text x=\"616\" y=\"158\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#6b3a8f\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">SWAYAM PRABHA<\/text>\n <text x=\"616\" y=\"171\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">DTH television<\/text>\n <text x=\"616\" y=\"182\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">channels, 24 \u00d7 7<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"20\" y=\"210\" width=\"264\" height=\"48\" rx=\"6\" fill=\"#f7fbff\" stroke=\"#c3d2e2\" stroke-width=\"1.2\"\/>\n <text x=\"34\" y=\"226\" font-size=\"8.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#14243f\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">ALSO UNDER NCERT<\/text>\n <text x=\"34\" y=\"240\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">NROER \u2014 repository of open resources, 2013<\/text>\n <text x=\"34\" y=\"252\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">NISHTHA \u2014 teacher training, delivered on DIKSHA<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"416\" y=\"210\" width=\"264\" height=\"48\" rx=\"6\" fill=\"#f7fbff\" stroke=\"#c3d2e2\" stroke-width=\"1.2\"\/>\n <text x=\"430\" y=\"226\" font-size=\"8.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#14243f\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">ALSO IN HIGHER EDUCATION<\/text>\n <text x=\"430\" y=\"240\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">NPTEL \u2014 IITs and IISc, engineering and science<\/text>\n <text x=\"430\" y=\"252\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">NDLI \u2014 National Digital Library, IIT Kharagpur<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"20\" y=\"270\" width=\"660\" height=\"36\" rx=\"6\" fill=\"#fffbf0\" stroke=\"#c9760f\" stroke-width=\"1.2\"\/>\n <text x=\"34\" y=\"284\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#8f5409\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\"><tspan font-weight=\"700\">PM e-VIDYA (2020)<\/tspan> is not a platform but an umbrella programme that ties DIKSHA, television, radio<\/text>\n <text x=\"34\" y=\"297\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#8f5409\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">and accessible content into a single multi-modal scheme.<\/text>\n <\/svg>\n The distinction most often confused: NDEAR is an architecture, PM e-VIDYA is a programme, and DIKSHA and SWAYAM are the platforms people actually use.<\/strong><\/span>\u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092d\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u092d\u0947\u0926: NDEAR \u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0936\u093f\u0932\u094d\u092a \u0939\u0948, \u092a\u0940\u090f\u092e \u0908-\u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0926\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u0935\u0947 \u092e\u0902\u091a \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u091c\u093f\u0928\u0915\u093e \u0932\u094b\u0917 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924\u0903 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n\n <table class=\"data-table\">\n <thead>\n <tr>\n <th>Aspect<\/span>\u092a\u0915\u094d\u0937<\/span><\/th>\n <th>Detail<\/span>\u0935\u093f\u0935\u0930\u0923<\/span><\/th>\n <\/tr>\n <\/thead>\n <tbody>\n <tr><td>Full form<\/span>\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0930\u0942\u092a<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>D<\/strong>igital I<\/strong>nfrastructure for K<\/strong>nowledge Sha<\/strong>ring.<\/span>\u0921\u093f<\/strong>\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u0907\u0928\u094d\u092b\u093c\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0938\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u091a\u0930 \u092b\u093c\u0949\u0930 \u0915<\/strong>\u0928\u0949\u0932\u0947\u091c \u0936\u093e<\/strong>\u0930\u093f\u0902\u0917\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr style=\"background:#f3f8ff;\"><td>Launched<\/span>\u0906\u0930\u0902\u092d<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>5 September 2017<\/strong> \u2014 Teachers' Day \u2014 by the Ministry of Education. Originally conceived as a national digital infrastructure for teachers<\/strong>, it was later opened to pupils and parents as well.<\/span>5 \u0938\u093f\u0924\u0902\u092c\u0930 2017<\/strong> \u2014 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0926\u093f\u0935\u0938 \u2014 \u0915\u094b \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u092e\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e\u0964 \u092e\u0942\u0932\u0924\u0903 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941<\/strong> \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0905\u0902\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0905\u0935\u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a\u093f\u0924, \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092f\u0939 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u092d\u0940 \u0916\u094b\u0932 \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>Managed by<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0928<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>NCERT<\/strong>, through its constituent unit CIET<\/strong> \u2014 the Central Institute of Educational Technology. Built on the open-source Sunbird<\/strong> platform.<\/span>NCERT<\/strong> \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e, \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u0918\u091f\u0915 \u0907\u0915\u093e\u0908 CIET<\/strong> \u2014 \u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0936\u0948\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928 \u2014 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0947\u0964 \u0913\u092a\u0928-\u0938\u094b\u0930\u094d\u0938 \u0938\u0928\u092c\u0930\u094d\u0921<\/strong> \u092e\u0902\u091a \u092a\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0924\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr style=\"background:#f3f8ff;\"><td>The QR-coded textbook<\/span>QR-\u0915\u0942\u091f\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u092a\u0941\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0915<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>The feature most worth knowing. Textbooks carry QR codes printed on the page<\/strong>; scanning one with the DIKSHA app opens the video, animation or practice set for that exact topic. Such a book is called an Energised Textbook (ETB)<\/strong>, and it joins the printed and the digital without requiring either to replace the other.<\/span>\u091c\u093e\u0928\u0928\u0947 \u092f\u094b\u0917\u094d\u092f \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0938\u0941\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093e\u0964 \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u092a\u0941\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u092a\u0930 \u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 QR \u0915\u0942\u091f<\/strong> \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902; \u0926\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0910\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u0915\u0948\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u0920\u0940\u0915 \u0909\u0938\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u0940\u0921\u093f\u092f\u094b, \u091a\u0947\u0924\u0928\u093e\u0902\u0915\u0928 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0905\u092d\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938-\u0938\u092e\u0941\u091a\u094d\u091a\u092f \u0916\u0941\u0932 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0910\u0938\u0940 \u092a\u0941\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0915 \u090a\u0930\u094d\u091c\u0940\u0915\u0943\u0924 \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u092a\u0941\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0915 (ETB)<\/strong> \u0915\u0939\u0932\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u0939 \u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0905\u0902\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0915\u094b \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u090f\u0915-\u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c \u0926\u0947\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>Languages<\/span>\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e\u090f\u0901<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>Content is available in more than thirty Indian languages<\/strong>, which is what makes a national platform usable in a state classroom.<\/span>\u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0924\u0940\u0938 \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e\u0913\u0902<\/strong> \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u092a\u0932\u092c\u094d\u0927 \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u092f\u0939\u0940 \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u092e\u0902\u091a \u0915\u094b \u0930\u093e\u091c\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917-\u092f\u094b\u0917\u094d\u092f \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>What it carries<\/span>\u0907\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>Lesson content and explainer videos; teacher training courses including NISHTHA<\/strong>; question banks and practice; state-specific material uploaded by each state; and Vidyadaan<\/strong>, through which teachers contribute content of their own.<\/span>\u092a\u093e\u0920-\u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e-\u0935\u0940\u0921\u093f\u092f\u094b; \u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0920\u093e<\/strong> \u0938\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e; \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928-\u092c\u0948\u0902\u0915 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0905\u092d\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938; \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0930\u093e\u091c\u094d\u092f \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u091a\u0922\u093c\u093e\u0908 \u0917\u0908 \u0930\u093e\u091c\u094d\u092f-\u0935\u093f\u0936\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940; \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0926\u093e\u0928<\/strong>, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0940 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u092f\u094b\u0917\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>Its place in policy<\/span>\u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>Designated the \"One Nation, One Digital Platform\"<\/strong> for school education under PM e-VIDYA<\/strong>, and one of the building blocks of NDEAR<\/strong>.<\/span>\u092a\u0940\u090f\u092e \u0908-\u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e<\/strong> \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u0940\u0928 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f\u0940 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \"\u090f\u0915 \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930, \u090f\u0915 \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u092e\u0902\u091a\"<\/strong> \u0928\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0924, \u0924\u0925\u093e NDEAR<\/strong> \u0915\u0947 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930-\u0916\u0902\u0921\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u090f\u0915\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <\/tbody>\n <\/table>\n\n <hr class=\"section-divider\">\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d9-3\">\n 9.3<\/span>\n <h3>SWAYAM, SWAYAM PRABHA and NPTEL<\/span>\u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902, \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 NPTEL<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n <svg class=\"full-diagram\" viewBox=\"0 0 700 250\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"The four quadrants of every SWAYAM course\">\n <text x=\"350\" y=\"20\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"11\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#14243f\" letter-spacing=\".8\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">THE FOUR QUADRANTS OF EVERY SWAYAM COURSE<\/text>\n <text x=\"350\" y=\"36\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#5a6d80\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">A course is not accepted on the platform unless all four are present.<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"86\" y=\"48\" width=\"252\" height=\"88\" rx=\"8\" fill=\"#eef4fc\" stroke=\"#1f5fa9\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\n <circle cx=\"112\" cy=\"74\" r=\"13\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\"\/>\n <text x=\"112\" y=\"79\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"11\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">1<\/text>\n <text x=\"136\" y=\"72\" font-size=\"11\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">VIDEO LECTURE<\/text>\n <text x=\"136\" y=\"86\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">The recorded teaching itself, delivered by<\/text>\n <text x=\"136\" y=\"98\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">a faculty member of a recognised institution.<\/text>\n <text x=\"112\" y=\"120\" font-size=\"20\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">\ud83c\udfac<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"350\" y=\"48\" width=\"252\" height=\"88\" rx=\"8\" fill=\"#eefbf7\" stroke=\"#0d8f79\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\n <circle cx=\"376\" cy=\"74\" r=\"13\" fill=\"#0d8f79\"\/>\n <text x=\"376\" y=\"79\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"11\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">2<\/text>\n <text x=\"400\" y=\"72\" font-size=\"11\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#0d8f79\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">READING MATERIAL<\/text>\n <text x=\"400\" y=\"86\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Text that can be downloaded, printed and<\/text>\n <text x=\"400\" y=\"98\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">read without a connection.<\/text>\n <text x=\"376\" y=\"120\" font-size=\"20\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">\ud83d\udcd6<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"86\" y=\"146\" width=\"252\" height=\"88\" rx=\"8\" fill=\"#fffbf0\" stroke=\"#c9760f\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\n <circle cx=\"112\" cy=\"172\" r=\"13\" fill=\"#c9760f\"\/>\n <text x=\"112\" y=\"177\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"11\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">3<\/text>\n <text x=\"136\" y=\"170\" font-size=\"11\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#c9760f\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">SELF-ASSESSMENT<\/text>\n <text x=\"136\" y=\"184\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Tests and quizzes through which the learner<\/text>\n <text x=\"136\" y=\"196\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">checks understanding as the course proceeds.<\/text>\n <text x=\"112\" y=\"218\" font-size=\"20\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">\u2713<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"350\" y=\"146\" width=\"252\" height=\"88\" rx=\"8\" fill=\"#faf6ff\" stroke=\"#6b3a8f\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\n <circle cx=\"376\" cy=\"172\" r=\"13\" fill=\"#6b3a8f\"\/>\n <text x=\"376\" y=\"177\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"11\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">4<\/text>\n <text x=\"400\" y=\"170\" font-size=\"11\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#6b3a8f\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">DISCUSSION FORUM<\/text>\n <text x=\"400\" y=\"184\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">An online forum for clearing doubts, which<\/text>\n <text x=\"400\" y=\"196\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">supplies the interaction a recording cannot.<\/text>\n <text x=\"376\" y=\"218\" font-size=\"20\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">\ud83d\udcac<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"20\" y=\"48\" width=\"58\" height=\"186\" rx=\"7\" fill=\"#14243f\"\/>\n <text x=\"49\" y=\"141\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#fff\" transform=\"rotate(-90 49 141)\" letter-spacing=\"1.5\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">SWAYAM<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"612\" y=\"48\" width=\"66\" height=\"186\" rx=\"7\" fill=\"#f7fbff\" stroke=\"#c3d2e2\" stroke-width=\"1.2\"\/>\n <text x=\"645\" y=\"72\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#14243f\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">FREE<\/text>\n <text x=\"645\" y=\"86\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#5a6d80\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">to study<\/text>\n <line x1=\"622\" y1=\"98\" x2=\"668\" y2=\"98\" stroke=\"#dbe4ee\"\/>\n <text x=\"645\" y=\"116\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#14243f\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">FEE<\/text>\n <text x=\"645\" y=\"130\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#5a6d80\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">only for the<\/text>\n <text x=\"645\" y=\"141\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#5a6d80\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">proctored<\/text>\n <text x=\"645\" y=\"152\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#5a6d80\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">examination<\/text>\n <line x1=\"622\" y1=\"164\" x2=\"668\" y2=\"164\" stroke=\"#dbe4ee\"\/>\n <text x=\"645\" y=\"182\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#14243f\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">CREDIT<\/text>\n <text x=\"645\" y=\"196\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#5a6d80\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">transferable<\/text>\n <text x=\"645\" y=\"207\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#5a6d80\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">to a degree<\/text>\n <text x=\"645\" y=\"222\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#5a6d80\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">under UGC<\/text>\n <text x=\"645\" y=\"232\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#5a6d80\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">regulations<\/text>\n <\/svg>\n\n <table class=\"data-table\">\n <thead>\n <tr>\n <th>Platform<\/span>\u092e\u0902\u091a<\/span><\/th>\n <th>What to know<\/span>\u091c\u093e\u0928\u0928\u0947 \u092f\u094b\u0917\u094d\u092f \u092c\u093e\u0924\u0947\u0902<\/span><\/th>\n <\/tr>\n <\/thead>\n <tbody>\n <tr>\n <td>SWAYAM<\/strong><\/td>\n <td>S<\/strong>tudy W<\/strong>ebs of A<\/strong>ctive-learning for Y<\/strong>oung A<\/strong>spiring M<\/strong>inds. Launched 9 July 2017<\/strong>. India's national MOOC<\/strong> \u2014 Massive Open Online Course \u2014 platform, covering class 9 to post-graduation<\/strong>. Courses are free to study; a fee is charged only for the proctored examination<\/strong> that leads to a certificate, and credits earned may be transferred to a degree. Nine national coordinators<\/strong> commission the courses, among them NCERT and NIOS for school education, UGC and CEC for undergraduate, AICTE and NPTEL for technical, IGNOU for out-of-school learners and IIM Bangalore for management<\/strong>.<\/span>S<\/strong>tudy W<\/strong>ebs of A<\/strong>ctive-learning for Y<\/strong>oung A<\/strong>spiring M<\/strong>inds\u0964 9 \u091c\u0941\u0932\u093e\u0908 2017<\/strong> \u0915\u094b \u0906\u0930\u0902\u092d\u0964 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u0915\u093e \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f MOOC<\/strong> \u2014 \u0935\u0943\u0939\u0924\u094d \u092e\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0911\u0928\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u2014 \u092e\u0902\u091a, \u091c\u094b \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e 9 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0928\u093e\u0924\u0915\u094b\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0924\u0915<\/strong> \u0906\u0935\u0943\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u092a\u0922\u093c\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0928\u093f:\u0936\u0941\u0932\u094d\u0915 \u0939\u0948\u0902; \u0936\u0941\u0932\u094d\u0915 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0909\u0938 \u092a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e<\/strong> \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0932\u0917\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0905\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0921\u093f\u091f \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0909\u092a\u093e\u0927\u093f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u090f \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0928\u094c \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0938\u092e\u0928\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0915<\/strong> \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u0924\u0948\u092f\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0930\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u091c\u093f\u0928\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f\u0940 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 NCERT \u090f\u0935\u0902 NIOS, \u0938\u094d\u0928\u093e\u0924\u0915 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 UGC \u090f\u0935\u0902 CEC, \u0924\u0915\u0928\u0940\u0915\u0940 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 AICTE \u090f\u0935\u0902 NPTEL, \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f-\u092c\u093e\u0939\u094d\u092f \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0907\u0917\u094d\u0928\u0942 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0928 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 IIM \u092c\u0947\u0902\u0917\u0932\u0941\u0930\u0941<\/strong> \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr style=\"background:#f3f8ff;\">\n <td>SWAYAM PRABHA<\/strong><\/td>\n <td>A group of DTH television channels broadcasting educational content 24 hours a day, seven days a week<\/strong>, carried on the GSAT-15<\/strong> satellite. Fresh content is telecast for four hours daily and repeated five times<\/strong> so that a learner may choose a convenient hour. Its importance is that it reaches homes with a television but without a reliable internet connection<\/strong> \u2014 the precise gap that online-only delivery leaves open.<\/span>DTH \u091f\u0947\u0932\u0940\u0935\u093f\u091c\u093c\u0928 \u091a\u0948\u0928\u0932\u094b\u0902<\/strong> \u0915\u093e \u0938\u092e\u0942\u0939 \u091c\u094b \u0926\u093f\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u091a\u094c\u092c\u0940\u0938\u094b\u0902 \u0918\u0902\u091f\u0947, \u0938\u092a\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0939 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0924\u094b\u0902 \u0926\u093f\u0928 \u0936\u0948\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924<\/strong> \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 GSAT-15<\/strong> \u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939 \u092a\u0930 \u0935\u093e\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0928\u0908 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0926\u093f\u0928 \u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0918\u0902\u091f\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0915\u0930 \u092a\u093e\u0901\u091a \u092c\u093e\u0930 \u0926\u094b\u0939\u0930\u093e\u0908<\/strong> \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0924\u093e\u0915\u093f \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0938\u0941\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093e\u091c\u0928\u0915 \u0938\u092e\u092f \u091a\u0941\u0928 \u0938\u0915\u0947\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u093e \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u092f\u0939 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u092f\u0939 \u0909\u0928 \u0918\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0924\u0915 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u091f\u0947\u0932\u0940\u0935\u093f\u091c\u093c\u0928 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0941 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0935\u0938\u0928\u0940\u092f \u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u0928\u0947\u091f \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902<\/strong> \u2014 \u0920\u0940\u0915 \u0935\u0939\u0940 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093e\u0932 \u091c\u094b \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932-\u0911\u0928\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u0906\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0916\u0941\u0932\u093e \u091b\u094b\u0921\u093c \u0926\u0947\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td>NPTEL<\/strong><\/td>\n <td>National Programme on Technology Enhanced Learning<\/strong> \u2014 a joint venture of the IITs and IISc Bangalore<\/strong>, providing courses chiefly in engineering, science and management. It is one of SWAYAM's national coordinators and predates it.<\/span>\u0928\u0947\u0936\u0928\u0932 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e \u0911\u0928 \u091f\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0928\u094b\u0932\u0949\u091c\u0940 \u090f\u0928\u094d\u0939\u093e\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0921 \u0932\u0930\u094d\u0928\u093f\u0902\u0917<\/strong> \u2014 IIT \u090f\u0935\u0902 IISc \u092c\u0947\u0902\u0917\u0932\u0941\u0930\u0941<\/strong> \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0902\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e, \u091c\u094b \u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f\u0924\u0903 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0915\u0940, \u0935\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0938\u092e\u0928\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u090f\u0915 \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <\/tbody>\n <\/table>\n\n <hr class=\"section-divider\">\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d9-4\">\n 9.4<\/span>\n <h3>PM e-VIDYA and the Multi-Modal Approach<\/span>\u092a\u0940\u090f\u092e \u0908-\u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092c\u0939\u0941-\u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0909\u092a\u093e\u0917\u092e<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n <svg class=\"full-diagram\" viewBox=\"0 0 700 268\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"The five components of PM e-VIDYA\">\n <rect x=\"20\" y=\"14\" width=\"660\" height=\"40\" rx=\"8\" fill=\"#14243f\"\/>\n <text x=\"350\" y=\"33\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"12\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#fff\" letter-spacing=\".8\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">PM e-VIDYA \u00b7 announced 17 May 2020<\/text>\n <text x=\"350\" y=\"47\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#c9daf0\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Part of the Atmanirbhar Bharat package \u2014 multi-modal access so that no child is excluded by the medium<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"20\" y=\"66\" width=\"126\" height=\"130\" rx=\"7\" fill=\"#eef4fc\" stroke=\"#1f5fa9\" stroke-width=\"1.8\"\/>\n <circle cx=\"83\" cy=\"90\" r=\"14\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\"\/><text x=\"83\" y=\"95\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"11\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">1<\/text>\n <text x=\"83\" y=\"118\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"20\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">\ud83d\udcbb<\/text>\n <text x=\"83\" y=\"140\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">DIKSHA<\/text>\n <text x=\"83\" y=\"156\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">One Nation,<\/text>\n <text x=\"83\" y=\"167\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">One Digital Platform<\/text>\n <text x=\"83\" y=\"184\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7\" fill=\"#5a6d80\" font-style=\"italic\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">for those with internet<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"154\" y=\"66\" width=\"126\" height=\"130\" rx=\"7\" fill=\"#eefbf7\" stroke=\"#0d8f79\" stroke-width=\"1.8\"\/>\n <circle cx=\"217\" cy=\"90\" r=\"14\" fill=\"#0d8f79\"\/><text x=\"217\" y=\"95\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"11\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">2<\/text>\n <text x=\"217\" y=\"118\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"20\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">\ud83d\udcfa<\/text>\n <text x=\"217\" y=\"140\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#0d8f79\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">TELEVISION<\/text>\n <text x=\"217\" y=\"156\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">One Class,<\/text>\n <text x=\"217\" y=\"167\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">One TV Channel<\/text>\n <text x=\"217\" y=\"184\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7\" fill=\"#5a6d80\" font-style=\"italic\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">SWAYAM PRABHA<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"288\" y=\"66\" width=\"126\" height=\"130\" rx=\"7\" fill=\"#fffbf0\" stroke=\"#c9760f\" stroke-width=\"1.8\"\/>\n <circle cx=\"351\" cy=\"90\" r=\"14\" fill=\"#c9760f\"\/><text x=\"351\" y=\"95\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"11\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">3<\/text>\n <text x=\"351\" y=\"118\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"20\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">\ud83d\udcfb<\/text>\n <text x=\"351\" y=\"140\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#c9760f\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">RADIO<\/text>\n <text x=\"351\" y=\"156\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Community radio<\/text>\n <text x=\"351\" y=\"167\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">and podcast<\/text>\n <text x=\"351\" y=\"184\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7\" fill=\"#5a6d80\" font-style=\"italic\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">CBSE Shiksha Vani<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"422\" y=\"66\" width=\"126\" height=\"130\" rx=\"7\" fill=\"#faf6ff\" stroke=\"#6b3a8f\" stroke-width=\"1.8\"\/>\n <circle cx=\"485\" cy=\"90\" r=\"14\" fill=\"#6b3a8f\"\/><text x=\"485\" y=\"95\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"11\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">4<\/text>\n <text x=\"485\" y=\"118\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"20\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">\u267f<\/text>\n <text x=\"485\" y=\"140\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#6b3a8f\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">ACCESSIBLE<\/text>\n <text x=\"485\" y=\"156\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">For the visually and<\/text>\n <text x=\"485\" y=\"167\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">hearing impaired<\/text>\n <text x=\"485\" y=\"184\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7\" fill=\"#5a6d80\" font-style=\"italic\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">DAISY \u00b7 sign language<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"556\" y=\"66\" width=\"124\" height=\"130\" rx=\"7\" fill=\"#fdf0f5\" stroke=\"#8e2f5a\" stroke-width=\"1.8\"\/>\n <circle cx=\"618\" cy=\"90\" r=\"14\" fill=\"#8e2f5a\"\/><text x=\"618\" y=\"95\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"11\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">5<\/text>\n <text x=\"618\" y=\"118\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"20\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">\ud83c\udf93<\/text>\n <text x=\"618\" y=\"140\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#8e2f5a\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">ONLINE DEGREES<\/text>\n <text x=\"618\" y=\"156\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Top-ranked<\/text>\n <text x=\"618\" y=\"167\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">universities permitted<\/text>\n <text x=\"618\" y=\"184\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7\" fill=\"#5a6d80\" font-style=\"italic\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">to teach online<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"20\" y=\"208\" width=\"660\" height=\"50\" rx=\"7\" fill=\"#f7fbff\" stroke=\"#c3d2e2\" stroke-width=\"1.3\"\/>\n <text x=\"34\" y=\"226\" font-size=\"9\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#14243f\" letter-spacing=\".5\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">WHY FIVE MODES AND NOT ONE<\/text>\n <text x=\"34\" y=\"241\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">A household may have a smartphone, or only a television, or only a radio, or a child who can use none of the three unaided. A scheme that<\/text>\n <text x=\"34\" y=\"253\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">delivers by one medium alone reaches the best-served children and misses the rest \u2014 which is the digital divide operating in practice.<\/text>\n <\/svg>\n The fourth component is the one most often omitted in an answer, and it is the one that matters most to a child who cannot see the screen.<\/span>\u091a\u094c\u0925\u093e \u0918\u091f\u0915 \u0935\u0939\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092c\u093e\u0930 \u091b\u0942\u091f \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u0939\u0940 \u0909\u0938 \u092c\u093e\u0932\u0915 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u092a\u0930\u094d\u0926\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0916 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n\n <hr class=\"section-divider\">\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d9-5\">\n 9.5<\/span>\n <h3>e-Pathshala, NROER, NDEAR and Repositories<\/span>\u0908-\u092a\u093e\u0920\u0936\u093e\u0932\u093e, NROER, NDEAR \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092d\u0902\u0921\u093e\u0930<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n <table class=\"data-table\">\n <thead>\n <tr>\n <th>Initiative<\/span>\u092a\u0939\u0932<\/span><\/th>\n <th>What it is<\/span>\u092f\u0939 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/th>\n <\/tr>\n <\/thead>\n <tbody>\n <tr>\n <td>e-Pathshala<\/span>\u0908-\u092a\u093e\u0920\u0936\u093e\u0932\u093e<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n <td>A joint initiative of the Ministry of Education and NCERT<\/strong> giving free access to NCERT textbooks, audio, video, periodicals and other print material<\/strong>, through a web portal and a mobile application in Hindi, English and Urdu. Its practical value is that a pupil who has lost a textbook can open the same book on a phone the same evening.<\/span>\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u092e\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0932\u092f \u090f\u0935\u0902 NCERT<\/strong> \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u092a\u0939\u0932, \u091c\u094b \u0935\u0947\u092c \u092a\u094b\u0930\u094d\u091f\u0932 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0939\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0940, \u0905\u0902\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0947\u091c\u093c\u0940 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0909\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0942 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u094b\u092c\u093e\u0907\u0932 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e NCERT \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u092a\u0941\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0915\u094b\u0902, \u0936\u094d\u0930\u0935\u094d\u092f, \u0926\u0943\u0936\u094d\u092f, \u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f \u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940<\/strong> \u0924\u0915 \u0928\u093f:\u0936\u0941\u0932\u094d\u0915 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a \u0926\u0947\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u092e\u0942\u0932\u094d\u092f \u092f\u0939 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u091c\u093f\u0938 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u092a\u0941\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0915 \u0916\u094b \u0917\u0908 \u0939\u094b \u0935\u0939 \u0909\u0938\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e \u092b\u093c\u094b\u0928 \u092a\u0930 \u0935\u0939\u0940 \u092a\u0941\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0915 \u0916\u094b\u0932 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td>NROER<\/strong><\/td>\n <td>National Repository of Open Educational Resources<\/strong>, launched in 2013<\/strong> and maintained by CIET-NCERT<\/strong>. It holds images, audio, video, documents and interactive material, contributed by institutions and by teachers, and released for free use and adaptation.<\/span>\u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u092e\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0936\u0948\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u093e\u0927\u0928 \u092d\u0902\u0921\u093e\u0930<\/strong>, \u091c\u094b 2013<\/strong> \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0906\u0930\u0902\u092d \u0939\u0941\u0906 \u0914\u0930 CIET-NCERT<\/strong> \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u092f\u094b\u0917\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u0917\u0908 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092c\u093f\u0902\u092c, \u0936\u094d\u0930\u0935\u094d\u092f, \u0926\u0943\u0936\u094d\u092f, \u0926\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0947\u091c\u093c \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0903\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u094b \u0928\u093f:\u0936\u0941\u0932\u094d\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0915\u0942\u0932\u0928 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u091c\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr style=\"background:#f3f8ff;\">\n <td>NDEAR<\/strong><\/td>\n <td>National Digital Education Architecture<\/strong>, announced in 2021<\/strong>. The point most often missed is that NDEAR is not a platform, an application or a website<\/strong>. It is a framework of standards and building blocks<\/strong> \u2014 for identity, registries, content and assessment \u2014 designed so that systems built separately by the Centre, the states and private bodies can talk to one another<\/strong>. A state's own portal and DIKSHA can exchange data because both are built to it.<\/span>\u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0936\u093f\u0932\u094d\u092a<\/strong>, \u091c\u094b 2021<\/strong> \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0918\u094b\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0941\u0906\u0964 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u091b\u0942\u091f\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e \u092c\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0941 \u092f\u0939 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f NDEAR \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u092e\u0902\u091a, \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0935\u0947\u092c\u0938\u093e\u0907\u091f \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u0948<\/strong>\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930-\u0916\u0902\u0921\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0922\u093e\u0901\u091a\u093e<\/strong> \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u092a\u0939\u091a\u093e\u0928, \u092a\u0902\u091c\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0913\u0902, \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0906\u0915\u0932\u0928 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u2014 \u091c\u094b \u0907\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930, \u0930\u093e\u091c\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0928\u093f\u091c\u0940 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u093e\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u092a\u0943\u0925\u0915 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0928\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u092a\u0930\u0938\u094d\u092a\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u0935\u093e\u0926 \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0947\u0902<\/strong>\u0964 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0930\u093e\u091c\u094d\u092f \u0915\u093e \u0905\u092a\u0928\u093e \u092a\u094b\u0930\u094d\u091f\u0932 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0926\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u0907\u0938\u0940\u0932\u093f\u090f \u0906\u0926\u093e\u0928-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0930 \u092a\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0915\u093f \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0907\u0938\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u093e\u0930 \u092c\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td>NDLI<\/strong><\/td>\n <td>National Digital Library of India<\/strong>, developed by IIT Kharagpur<\/strong> \u2014 a single search window over crores of academic items across languages and disciplines, from school level upward.<\/span>\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u092a\u0941\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0915\u093e\u0932\u092f<\/strong>, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 IIT \u0916\u0921\u093c\u0917\u092a\u0941\u0930<\/strong> \u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0938\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u2014 \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092b\u0948\u0932\u0940 \u0915\u0930\u094b\u0921\u093c\u094b\u0902 \u0936\u0948\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u090f\u0915 \u0939\u0940 \u0916\u094b\u091c-\u0916\u093f\u0921\u093c\u0915\u0940, \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f-\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0938\u0947 \u090a\u092a\u0930 \u0924\u0915\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td>Virtual labs and OLabs<\/span>\u0906\u092d\u093e\u0938\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0936\u093e\u0932\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u090f\u0935\u0902 OLabs<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n <td>Simulated science laboratories in which an experiment can be performed on screen. Of real use where apparatus is scarce, a reagent is hazardous, or an experiment must be repeated more often than materials allow \u2014 though a simulation is a supplement to the laboratory bench and not a replacement for it.<\/span>\u0905\u0928\u0941\u0930\u0942\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0935\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0936\u093e\u0932\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u091c\u093f\u0928\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u092a\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0935\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0940 \u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0905\u0932\u094d\u092a \u0939\u094b\u0902, \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0915\u0930\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u091f\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0939\u094b, \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092e\u0924\u093f \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092c\u093e\u0930 \u0926\u094b\u0939\u0930\u093e\u0928\u093e \u0939\u094b \u2014 \u092f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u092a\u093f \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0930\u0942\u092a\u0923 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0936\u093e\u0932\u093e-\u092e\u0947\u091c\u093c \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u0942\u0930\u0915 \u0939\u0948, \u0909\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u093e\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td>PRAGYATA<\/strong><\/td>\n <td>The guidelines on digital education<\/strong> issued by the Ministry of Education in 2020<\/strong>, prescribing among other things recommended limits on screen time by stage<\/strong> \u2014 shorter for the youngest children \u2014 and the balance to be kept between synchronous and asynchronous work.<\/span>\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u092e\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e 2020<\/strong> \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091c\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0940 \u0926\u093f\u0936\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936<\/strong>, \u091c\u094b \u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f \u092c\u093e\u0924\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u0930\u094d\u0926\u093e-\u0938\u092e\u092f \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0936\u0902\u0938\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e\u090f\u0901<\/strong> \u2014 \u091b\u094b\u091f\u0947 \u092c\u091a\u094d\u091a\u094b\u0902 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u092e \u2014 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0924\u0941\u0932\u094d\u092f\u0915\u093e\u0932\u093f\u0915 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0905\u0924\u0941\u0932\u094d\u092f\u0915\u093e\u0932\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u0930\u0916\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e \u0938\u0902\u0924\u0941\u0932\u0928 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td>Manodarpan<\/strong><\/td>\n <td>The initiative for psychosocial support to students, teachers and families<\/strong>, begun alongside the shift to online learning, providing counselling through a helpline and a directory of counsellors.<\/span>\u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902, \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u092e\u0928\u094b\u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u091c\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0939\u093e\u092f\u0924\u093e<\/strong> \u0926\u0947\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0939\u0932, \u091c\u094b \u0911\u0928\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e \u0915\u0940 \u0913\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0906\u0930\u0902\u092d \u0939\u0941\u0908, \u0914\u0930 \u0939\u0947\u0932\u094d\u092a\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092a\u0930\u093e\u092e\u0930\u094d\u0936\u0926\u093e\u0924\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u092a\u0930\u093e\u092e\u0930\u094d\u0936 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <\/tbody>\n <\/table>\n\n <div class=\"exam-tip\">\n <div class=\"et-icon\">\ud83e\udded<\/div>\n <div class=\"et-body\">\n Three things called by similar names, and how to keep them apart.<\/strong> NDEAR<\/strong> is an architecture<\/em> \u2014 a set of standards that other things are built to. PM e-VIDYA<\/strong> is a programme<\/em> \u2014 an umbrella of five delivery modes. DIKSHA<\/strong> is a platform<\/em> \u2014 an actual portal and application that a teacher opens. A question that describes \"a unified national framework enabling interoperability\" is answered by NDEAR; one that describes \"a multi-mode scheme including television and radio\" is answered by PM e-VIDYA; one that mentions QR-coded textbooks is answered by DIKSHA.<\/span>\n \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0928\u093e\u092e\u094b\u0902 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0924\u0940\u0928 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u090f\u0901, \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0932\u0917 \u0915\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0930\u0916\u0947\u0902\u0964<\/strong> NDEAR<\/strong> \u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0936\u093f\u0932\u094d\u092a<\/em> \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u092e\u0941\u091a\u094d\u091a\u092f \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u093e\u0930 \u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u090f\u0901 \u092c\u0928\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u092a\u0940\u090f\u092e \u0908-\u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e<\/strong> \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e<\/em> \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u092a\u093e\u0901\u091a \u0906\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093f-\u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u091b\u093e\u0924\u093e\u0964 \u0926\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e<\/strong> \u092e\u0902\u091a<\/em> \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094b\u0930\u094d\u091f\u0932 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0916\u094b\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u091c\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \"\u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u091a\u093e\u0932\u0928\u0940\u092f\u0924\u093e \u0938\u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e \u090f\u0915\u0940\u0915\u0943\u0924 \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0922\u093e\u0901\u091a\u093e\" \u092c\u0924\u093e\u090f \u0909\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 NDEAR \u0939\u0948; \u091c\u094b \"\u091f\u0947\u0932\u0940\u0935\u093f\u091c\u093c\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0930\u0947\u0921\u093f\u092f\u094b \u0938\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u092c\u0939\u0941-\u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928\u093e\" \u092c\u0924\u093e\u090f \u0909\u0938\u0915\u093e \u092a\u0940\u090f\u092e \u0908-\u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e; \u0914\u0930 \u091c\u094b QR-\u0915\u0942\u091f\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u092a\u0941\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u0932\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0916 \u0915\u0930\u0947 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0926\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0964<\/span>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <hr class=\"section-divider\">\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d9-6\">\n 9.6<\/span>\n <h3>Learning Management Systems<\/span>\u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"callout\">\n <div class=\"callout-label\">\ud83d\udcd8 Definition<\/span>\ud83d\udcd8 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e<\/span><\/div>\n A Learning Management System (LMS)<\/strong> is software that administers a course from end to end: it delivers content, enrols learners, sets and collects assignments, conducts assessment, records marks and tracks progress<\/strong>. What distinguishes it from a folder of shared files is that it knows who each learner is and what each has done<\/strong>.<\/span>\n \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940 (LMS)<\/strong> \u0935\u0939 \u0938\u0949\u092b\u093c\u094d\u091f\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u0915\u093e \u0906\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u092a\u093e\u0902\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u093e\u0938\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948: \u092f\u0939 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0902\u0915\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0926\u0947\u0924\u0940 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u090f\u0915\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0906\u0915\u0932\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0905\u0902\u0915 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0932\u093f\u0916\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0917\u0924\u093f \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0930\u0947\u0916\u0923 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948<\/strong>\u0964 \u0938\u093e\u091d\u093e \u092b\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0932\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092b\u093c\u094b\u0932\u094d\u0921\u0930 \u0938\u0947 \u0907\u0938\u0947 \u092f\u0939 \u092c\u093e\u0924 \u0905\u0932\u0917 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0907\u0938\u0947 \u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0924 \u0930\u0939\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0915\u094c\u0928 \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0928\u0947 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/strong>\u0964<\/span>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"feat-grid\">\n <div class=\"feat-card\">1<\/span>Content and course structure<\/span>\u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e-\u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e<\/span><\/strong>Material arranged by unit or by week, with resources released on a schedule rather than all at once.<\/span>\u0907\u0915\u093e\u0908 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0938\u092a\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0939 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u093e\u0930 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u093e\u0927\u0928 \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0924 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"feat-card\">2<\/span>Enrolment and roles<\/span>\u0928\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0902\u0915\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092d\u0942\u092e\u093f\u0915\u093e\u090f\u0901<\/span><\/strong>A roster of learners with defined roles \u2014 teacher, student, observer<\/strong> \u2014 and permissions attached to each, exactly as in \u00a77.7.<\/span>\u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0940, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u092d\u0942\u092e\u093f\u0915\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u2014 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915, \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915<\/strong> \u2014 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0938\u0947 \u091c\u0941\u0921\u093c\u0940 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092e\u0924\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u0939\u094b\u0902, \u0920\u0940\u0915 \u0935\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u00a77.7 \u092e\u0947\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"feat-card\">3<\/span>Assignments and submission<\/span>\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924\u093f<\/span><\/strong>Work set with a deadline<\/strong>, submitted online, and marked with feedback returned to the individual pupil.<\/span>\u0938\u092e\u092f-\u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e<\/strong> \u0938\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f, \u0911\u0928\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092a\u0941\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093f \u0938\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u091c\u093e\u0901\u091a\u0915\u0930 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0917\u0924 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0915\u094b \u0932\u094c\u091f\u093e\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"feat-card\">4<\/span>Gradebook<\/span>\u0905\u0902\u0915-\u092a\u0902\u091c\u0940<\/span><\/strong>A running record of every mark, from which the reports of \u00a74.9 can be produced without re-entering anything.<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0905\u0902\u0915 \u0915\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0932\u0942 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0932\u0947\u0916, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u00a74.9 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0926\u0928 \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0915\u0941\u091b \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0903 \u092d\u0930\u0947 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u090f \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"feat-card\">5<\/span>Analytics<\/span>\u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0937\u093f\u0915\u0940<\/span><\/strong>Reports showing who has not opened the material, who is falling behind, and which question the whole class answered wrongly<\/strong> \u2014 the last being the most useful single piece of information a teacher can have.<\/span>\u0935\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0926\u0928 \u091c\u094b \u092c\u0924\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u0915\u093f \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0916\u094b\u0932\u0940 \u0939\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0915\u094c\u0928 \u092a\u093f\u091b\u0921\u093c \u0930\u0939\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0915\u094c\u0928-\u0938\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0928\u0947 \u0917\u093c\u0932\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e<\/strong> \u2014 \u0907\u0928\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u093f\u092e \u0935\u0939 \u0905\u0915\u0947\u0932\u0940 \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"feat-card\">6<\/span>The common systems<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u091a\u0932\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901<\/span><\/strong>Moodle<\/strong> \u2014 free and open source, widely used by institutions that host their own; Google Classroom<\/strong> and Microsoft Teams for Education<\/strong>; and DIKSHA<\/strong>, which performs the same function for the school system nationally.<\/span>\u092e\u0942\u0921\u0932<\/strong> \u2014 \u0928\u093f:\u0936\u0941\u0932\u094d\u0915 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0913\u092a\u0928 \u0938\u094b\u0930\u094d\u0938, \u0909\u0928 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u091c\u094b \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u0939\u094b\u0938\u094d\u091f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902; \u0917\u0942\u0917\u0932 \u0915\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0938\u0930\u0942\u092e<\/strong> \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092e\u093e\u0907\u0915\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0938\u0949\u092b\u093c\u094d\u091f \u091f\u0940\u092e\u094d\u0938 \u092b\u093c\u0949\u0930 \u090f\u091c\u0941\u0915\u0947\u0936\u0928<\/strong>; \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0926\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e<\/strong>, \u091c\u094b \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f\u0940 \u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u092f\u0939\u0940 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <hr class=\"section-divider\">\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d9-7\">\n 9.7<\/span>\n <h3>Smart Classrooms and ICT Infrastructure<\/span>\u0938\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u091f \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u090f\u0935\u0902 ICT \u0905\u0935\u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n <svg class=\"full-diagram\" viewBox=\"0 0 700 282\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"The components of a smart classroom\">\n <rect x=\"20\" y=\"16\" width=\"660\" height=\"196\" rx=\"8\" fill=\"#f7f9fc\" stroke=\"#c3d2e2\" stroke-width=\"1.5\"\/>\n\n <rect x=\"196\" y=\"34\" width=\"216\" height=\"122\" rx=\"4\" fill=\"#1a2740\" stroke=\"#14243f\" stroke-width=\"2.5\"\/>\n <rect x=\"206\" y=\"44\" width=\"196\" height=\"94\" fill=\"#2f4a72\"\/>\n <text x=\"304\" y=\"82\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"11\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"Georgia, serif\">The Water Cycle<\/text>\n <g fill=\"#8ee0c8\"><circle cx=\"248\" cy=\"106\" r=\"8\"\/><circle cx=\"292\" cy=\"100\" r=\"11\"\/><circle cx=\"340\" cy=\"108\" r=\"9\"\/><\/g>\n <path d=\"M248 118 v10 M292 118 v14 M340 120 v9\" stroke=\"#7fc4e8\" stroke-width=\"1.6\"\/>\n <text x=\"304\" y=\"150\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7\" fill=\"#c9daf0\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">interactive flat panel \u2014 touch responsive<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"440\" y=\"46\" width=\"60\" height=\"34\" rx=\"4\" fill=\"#e8eaed\" stroke=\"#8a95a3\" stroke-width=\"1.4\"\/>\n <text x=\"470\" y=\"60\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#444\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">VISUALISER<\/text>\n <text x=\"470\" y=\"72\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"6.5\" fill=\"#5a6d80\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">document camera<\/text>\n <path d=\"M470 80 v14 M456 94 h28\" stroke=\"#8a95a3\" stroke-width=\"1.6\" fill=\"none\"\/>\n\n <rect x=\"440\" y=\"104\" width=\"60\" height=\"30\" rx=\"4\" fill=\"#e8eaed\" stroke=\"#8a95a3\" stroke-width=\"1.4\"\/>\n <text x=\"470\" y=\"117\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#444\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">SPEAKERS<\/text>\n <text x=\"470\" y=\"128\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"6.5\" fill=\"#5a6d80\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">+ microphone<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"520\" y=\"46\" width=\"60\" height=\"34\" rx=\"4\" fill=\"#eefbf7\" stroke=\"#0d8f79\" stroke-width=\"1.6\"\/>\n <text x=\"550\" y=\"60\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#0d8f79\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">COMPUTER<\/text>\n <text x=\"550\" y=\"72\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"6.5\" fill=\"#0a6d5c\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">+ internet<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"520\" y=\"104\" width=\"60\" height=\"30\" rx=\"4\" fill=\"#fff6f4\" stroke=\"#c0392b\" stroke-width=\"1.6\"\/>\n <text x=\"550\" y=\"117\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#c0392b\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">UPS<\/text>\n <text x=\"550\" y=\"128\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"6.5\" fill=\"#8e2318\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">power backup<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"600\" y=\"46\" width=\"62\" height=\"88\" rx=\"4\" fill=\"#fffbf0\" stroke=\"#c9760f\" stroke-width=\"1.6\"\/>\n <text x=\"631\" y=\"66\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#c9760f\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">CONTENT<\/text>\n <text x=\"631\" y=\"82\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"6.5\" fill=\"#8f5409\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">DIKSHA<\/text>\n <text x=\"631\" y=\"94\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"6.5\" fill=\"#8f5409\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">e-Pathshala<\/text>\n <text x=\"631\" y=\"106\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"6.5\" fill=\"#8f5409\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">NROER<\/text>\n <text x=\"631\" y=\"124\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"6.5\" fill=\"#8f5409\" font-style=\"italic\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">without this<\/text>\n <text x=\"631\" y=\"133\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"6.5\" fill=\"#8f5409\" font-style=\"italic\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">nothing works<\/text>\n\n <g fill=\"#c9daf0\" stroke=\"#8a95a3\" stroke-width=\"1\">\n <rect x=\"60\" y=\"60\" width=\"26\" height=\"18\" rx=\"2\"\/><rect x=\"98\" y=\"60\" width=\"26\" height=\"18\" rx=\"2\"\/><rect x=\"136\" y=\"60\" width=\"26\" height=\"18\" rx=\"2\"\/>\n <rect x=\"60\" y=\"92\" width=\"26\" height=\"18\" rx=\"2\"\/><rect x=\"98\" y=\"92\" width=\"26\" height=\"18\" rx=\"2\"\/><rect x=\"136\" y=\"92\" width=\"26\" height=\"18\" rx=\"2\"\/>\n <rect x=\"60\" y=\"124\" width=\"26\" height=\"18\" rx=\"2\"\/><rect x=\"98\" y=\"124\" width=\"26\" height=\"18\" rx=\"2\"\/><rect x=\"136\" y=\"124\" width=\"26\" height=\"18\" rx=\"2\"\/>\n <\/g>\n <text x=\"111\" y=\"160\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7\" fill=\"#5a6d80\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">pupils \u2014 seated so that all can see<\/text>\n\n <circle cx=\"304\" cy=\"180\" r=\"10\" fill=\"#c9760f\"\/>\n <text x=\"304\" y=\"184\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">T<\/text>\n <text x=\"304\" y=\"202\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#c9760f\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">the teacher \u2014 the component that decides whether the rest is used<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"20\" y=\"224\" width=\"324\" height=\"50\" rx=\"7\" fill=\"#eefbf7\" stroke=\"#0d8f79\" stroke-width=\"1.3\"\/>\n <text x=\"34\" y=\"241\" font-size=\"8.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#0a6d5c\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">WHAT MAKES IT WORK<\/text>\n <text x=\"34\" y=\"255\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Teacher training \u00b7 a named person responsible for upkeep \u00b7<\/text>\n <text x=\"34\" y=\"267\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">power backup \u00b7 a content plan mapped to the syllabus<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"356\" y=\"224\" width=\"324\" height=\"50\" rx=\"7\" fill=\"#fff6f4\" stroke=\"#c0392b\" stroke-width=\"1.3\"\/>\n <text x=\"370\" y=\"241\" font-size=\"8.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#c0392b\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">WHAT MAKES IT FAIL<\/text>\n <text x=\"370\" y=\"255\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">A panel used as a projection screen \u00b7 one dead bulb and no<\/text>\n <text x=\"370\" y=\"267\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">budget head for replacement \u00b7 a locked room \"to keep it safe\"<\/text>\n <\/svg>\n A smart classroom is a system, not a purchase. The failure mode most often seen in inspection is equipment in working order that nobody has been trained to use.<\/span>\u0938\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u091f \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u090f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0916\u093c\u0930\u0940\u0926 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0926\u093f\u0916\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u092b\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091a\u093e\u0932\u0942 \u0939\u093e\u0932\u0924 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u0935\u0947 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u091c\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u091a\u0932\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0915\u094b \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n\n <hr class=\"section-divider\">\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d9-8\">\n 9.8<\/span>\n <h3>Blended, Online and Flipped Learning<\/span>\u0938\u092e\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924, \u0911\u0928\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924\u094d\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"vs-compare\">\n <div class=\"vs-side left\">\n Mode 1<\/span>\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093e 1<\/span><\/span>\n <h5>Synchronous<\/span>\u0924\u0941\u0932\u094d\u092f\u0915\u093e\u0932\u093f\u0915<\/span><\/h5>\n <ul>\n <li>Teacher and learners are present at the same time<\/strong> \u2014 a live online class, a video conference.<\/span>\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e \u090f\u0915 \u0939\u0940 \u0938\u092e\u092f<\/strong> \u0909\u092a\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u0930\u0939\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u2014 \u0938\u091c\u0940\u0935 \u0911\u0928\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e, \u0935\u0940\u0921\u093f\u092f\u094b \u0915\u0949\u0928\u094d\u092b\u093c\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0902\u0938\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n <li>Allows immediate questions and correction; demands bandwidth and a fixed hour from everyone.<\/span>\u0924\u0924\u094d\u0915\u093e\u0932 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0941\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u092d\u0935; \u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0948\u0902\u0921\u0935\u093f\u0921\u094d\u0925 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0924 \u0938\u092e\u092f \u0915\u0940 \u092e\u093e\u0901\u0917 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"vs-mid\">VS<\/div>\n <div class=\"vs-side right\">\n Mode 2<\/span>\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093e 2<\/span><\/span>\n <h5>Asynchronous<\/span>\u0905\u0924\u0941\u0932\u094d\u092f\u0915\u093e\u0932\u093f\u0915<\/span><\/h5>\n <ul>\n <li>Learners work at a time of their own choosing<\/strong> \u2014 a recorded lesson, a reading, an assignment with a deadline.<\/span>\u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u091a\u0941\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u092f<\/strong> \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u2014 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0932\u093f\u0916\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u093e\u0920, \u092a\u0920\u0928, \u0938\u092e\u092f-\u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e \u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n <li>Fair to a household with one shared phone; loses the immediacy of a question answered on the spot.<\/span>\u090f\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u091d\u093e \u092b\u093c\u094b\u0928 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f \u0928\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f\u0938\u0902\u0917\u0924; \u0935\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u092a\u0942\u091b\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0924\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0915\u093e\u0932\u093f\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0916\u094b \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <svg class=\"full-diagram\" viewBox=\"0 0 700 236\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"The traditional classroom compared with the flipped classroom\">\n <text x=\"350\" y=\"18\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"11\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#14243f\" letter-spacing=\".6\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">THE FLIPPED CLASSROOM \u2014 WHAT MOVES WHERE<\/text>\n\n <text x=\"24\" y=\"52\" font-size=\"9.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#5a6d80\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">TRADITIONAL<\/text>\n <rect x=\"130\" y=\"36\" width=\"176\" height=\"46\" rx=\"6\" fill=\"#eef4fc\" stroke=\"#1f5fa9\" stroke-width=\"1.6\"\/>\n <text x=\"218\" y=\"54\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">IN CLASS<\/text>\n <text x=\"218\" y=\"70\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">the teacher explains new content<\/text>\n\n <defs><marker id=\"fl\" markerWidth=\"9\" markerHeight=\"9\" refX=\"8\" refY=\"3\" orient=\"auto\"><path d=\"M0,0 L0,6 L8,3 z\" fill=\"#8a95a3\"\/><\/marker><\/defs>\n <line x1=\"312\" y1=\"59\" x2=\"348\" y2=\"59\" stroke=\"#8a95a3\" stroke-width=\"1.8\" marker-end=\"url(#fl)\"\/>\n\n <rect x=\"354\" y=\"36\" width=\"176\" height=\"46\" rx=\"6\" fill=\"#f3f6fb\" stroke=\"#adb8c4\" stroke-width=\"1.6\"\/>\n <text x=\"442\" y=\"54\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#5a6d80\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">AT HOME<\/text>\n <text x=\"442\" y=\"70\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">the pupil practises, alone and unaided<\/text>\n <text x=\"566\" y=\"63\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#c0392b\" font-style=\"italic\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">\u2014 help is furthest away<\/text>\n <text x=\"566\" y=\"74\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#c0392b\" font-style=\"italic\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">exactly when it is needed<\/text>\n\n <line x1=\"24\" y1=\"98\" x2=\"676\" y2=\"98\" stroke=\"#dbe4ee\" stroke-width=\"1.4\" stroke-dasharray=\"5 4\"\/>\n\n <text x=\"24\" y=\"134\" font-size=\"9.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#c9760f\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">FLIPPED<\/text>\n <rect x=\"130\" y=\"118\" width=\"176\" height=\"46\" rx=\"6\" fill=\"#fffbf0\" stroke=\"#c9760f\" stroke-width=\"1.6\"\/>\n <text x=\"218\" y=\"136\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#c9760f\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">AT HOME<\/text>\n <text x=\"218\" y=\"152\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">the pupil watches or reads the content<\/text>\n\n <line x1=\"312\" y1=\"141\" x2=\"348\" y2=\"141\" stroke=\"#c9760f\" stroke-width=\"1.8\" marker-end=\"url(#fl)\"\/>\n\n <rect x=\"354\" y=\"118\" width=\"176\" height=\"46\" rx=\"6\" fill=\"#eefbf7\" stroke=\"#0d8f79\" stroke-width=\"1.8\"\/>\n <text x=\"442\" y=\"136\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#0d8f79\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">IN CLASS<\/text>\n <text x=\"442\" y=\"152\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">discussion, problems, doubts, group work<\/text>\n <text x=\"566\" y=\"145\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#0a6d5c\" font-style=\"italic\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">\u2014 the teacher is present<\/text>\n <text x=\"566\" y=\"156\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#0a6d5c\" font-style=\"italic\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">for the difficult part<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"24\" y=\"180\" width=\"652\" height=\"46\" rx=\"7\" fill=\"#f7fbff\" stroke=\"#c3d2e2\" stroke-width=\"1.2\"\/>\n <text x=\"38\" y=\"197\" font-size=\"8.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#14243f\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">THE PRINCIPLE, AND THE CONDITION<\/text>\n <text x=\"38\" y=\"211\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Transmission of content is the part a recording does well; application and doubt-clearing are the parts that need a teacher. The flip puts<\/text>\n <text x=\"38\" y=\"222\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">each where it belongs \u2014 <tspan font-weight=\"700\">but it collapses entirely if some pupils cannot access the material at home<\/tspan>, which must be checked before adopting it.<\/text>\n <\/svg>\n\n <table class=\"data-table\">\n <thead>\n <tr>\n <th>Mode<\/span>\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093e<\/span><\/th>\n <th>Meaning<\/span>\u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925<\/span><\/th>\n <\/tr>\n <\/thead>\n <tbody>\n <tr><td>Blended learning<\/span>\u0938\u092e\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>A deliberate combination of face-to-face teaching and online learning<\/strong>, in which each is used for what it does best. It is not the same as putting a textbook on a screen; the online element must replace some classroom time, not merely be added to it.<\/span>\u0906\u092e\u0928\u0947-\u0938\u093e\u092e\u0928\u0947 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0911\u0928\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0941\u0935\u093f\u091a\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u0902\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928<\/strong>, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0909\u0938\u0940 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0939\u094b \u091c\u094b \u0935\u0939 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u094b\u0924\u094d\u0924\u092e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u092a\u0941\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0915 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u0921\u093e\u0932 \u0926\u0947\u0928\u0947 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u0948; \u0911\u0928\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u0905\u0902\u0936 \u0915\u094b \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u0941\u091b \u0938\u092e\u092f \u0915\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928 \u0932\u0947\u0928\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f, \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0909\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091c\u0941\u0921\u093c \u091c\u093e\u0928\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr style=\"background:#f3f8ff;\"><td>Flipped classroom<\/span>\u0935\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924\u094d\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>A form of blended learning in which what was homework and what was classwork exchange places<\/strong>. Associated with Jonathan Bergmann and Aaron Sams<\/strong>, who developed it to serve pupils who had missed lessons.<\/span>\u0938\u092e\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e \u0915\u093e \u0935\u0939 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091c\u094b \u0917\u0943\u0939\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0925\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u091c\u094b \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e-\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f, \u0935\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928 \u092c\u0926\u0932 \u0932\u0947\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902<\/strong>\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u091c\u094b\u0928\u093e\u0925\u0928 \u092c\u0930\u094d\u0917\u092e\u0948\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0906\u0930\u094b\u0928 \u0938\u0948\u092e\u094d\u0938<\/strong> \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0939\u094b\u0902\u0928\u0947 \u0907\u0938\u0947 \u0909\u0928 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0938\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093f\u0928\u0915\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u0920 \u091b\u0942\u091f \u0917\u090f \u0925\u0947\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>Station rotation<\/span>\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0947\u0936\u0928 \u0906\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>The class is divided into groups that move between stations<\/strong> in the same room \u2014 one online, one with the teacher, one working collaboratively. The model best suited to a school with few devices<\/strong>, since only one group needs them at a time.<\/span>\u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0909\u0928 \u0938\u092e\u0942\u0939\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0901\u091f\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0909\u0938\u0940 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u091f\u0947\u0936\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u0918\u0942\u092e\u0924\u0947<\/strong> \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u2014 \u090f\u0915 \u0911\u0928\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0928, \u090f\u0915 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925, \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u0939\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0941\u0906\u0964 \u0915\u092e \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u0942\u092a<\/strong>, \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u092e\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u092e\u0942\u0939 \u0915\u094b \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0940 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>Online learning<\/span>\u0911\u0928\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>Teaching conducted entirely at a distance<\/strong>. Suited to adult and self-directed learners; for young children it demands supervision at home, and PRAGYATA accordingly recommends limits on screen time by stage.<\/span>\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923\u0924\u0903 \u0926\u0942\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0925<\/strong> \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u0964 \u0935\u092f\u0938\u094d\u0915 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u0935-\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u093f\u0924 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924; \u091b\u094b\u091f\u0947 \u092c\u091a\u094d\u091a\u094b\u0902 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0907\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0918\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f, \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0924\u0926\u0928\u0941\u0938\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u0930\u094d\u0926\u093e-\u0938\u092e\u092f \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0936\u0902\u0938\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <\/tbody>\n <\/table>\n\n <hr class=\"section-divider\">\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d9-9\">\n 9.9<\/span>\n <h3>Teacher Capacity Building: NISHTHA<\/span>\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e\u0924\u093e-\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923: \u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0920\u093e<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"enrich-box\">\n NISHTHA \u2014 the facts asked<\/span>\u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0920\u093e \u2014 \u092a\u0942\u091b\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0924\u0925\u094d\u092f<\/span><\/span>\n <ul class=\"split-list\">\n <li>1<\/span>Full form:<\/strong> N<\/strong>ational I<\/strong>nitiative for S<\/strong>chool H<\/strong>eads' and T<\/strong>eachers' H<\/strong>olistic A<\/strong>dvancement. Note that school heads are named in the title<\/strong>, not only teachers.<\/span>\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0930\u0942\u092a:<\/strong> \u0928\u0947\u0936\u0928\u0932 \u0907\u0928\u093f\u0936\u093f\u090f\u091f\u093f\u0935 \u092b\u093c\u0949\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u0915\u0942\u0932 \u0939\u0947\u0921\u094d\u0938' \u090f\u0902\u0921 \u091f\u0940\u091a\u0930\u094d\u0938' \u0939\u094b\u0932\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u093f\u0915 \u090f\u0921\u0935\u093e\u0902\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902\u091f\u0964 \u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0928 \u0926\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u093f \u0936\u0940\u0930\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0941\u0916 \u0928\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948\u0902<\/strong>, \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n <li>2<\/span>Launched 21 August 2019<\/strong> by the Ministry of Education, and described as among the largest teacher training programmes undertaken anywhere<\/strong>, covering some forty-two lakh teachers at the elementary stage.<\/span>\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u092e\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e 21 \u0905\u0917\u0938\u094d\u0924 2019<\/strong> \u0915\u094b \u0906\u0930\u0902\u092d, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0915\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u092d\u0940 \u0915\u093f\u090f \u0917\u090f \u0935\u093f\u0936\u093e\u0932\u0924\u092e \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u094b\u0902<\/strong> \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0923\u093f\u0924, \u091c\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0930\u0902\u092d\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u0917\u092d\u0917 \u092c\u092f\u093e\u0932\u0940\u0938 \u0932\u093e\u0916 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0906\u0935\u0943\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n <li>3<\/span>Begun as face-to-face training, it moved online and is delivered through DIKSHA<\/strong> \u2014 which is the point where this scheme joins the rest of the chapter.<\/span>\u0906\u092e\u0928\u0947-\u0938\u093e\u092e\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0906\u0930\u0902\u092d \u0939\u094b\u0915\u0930 \u092f\u0939 \u0911\u0928\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u0939\u0941\u0906 \u0914\u0930 \u0926\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/strong> \u2014 \u092f\u0939\u0940 \u0935\u0939 \u092c\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0941 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u092f\u0939 \u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928\u093e \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u0936\u0947\u0937 \u092d\u093e\u0917 \u0938\u0947 \u091c\u0941\u0921\u093c\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n <li>4<\/span>Its versions: NISHTHA 1.0 for the elementary stage<\/strong>, NISHTHA 2.0 for the secondary stage<\/strong>, and NISHTHA 3.0 devoted to Foundational Literacy and Numeracy<\/strong>, aligned to the NIPUN Bharat mission. A further edition addresses early childhood care and education.<\/span>\u0907\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0930\u0923: \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0930\u0902\u092d\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0920\u093e 1.0<\/strong>, \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0920\u093e 2.0<\/strong>, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092c\u0941\u0928\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0926\u0940 \u0938\u093e\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0930\u0924\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e-\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u092e\u0930\u094d\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0920\u093e 3.0<\/strong>, \u091c\u094b \u0928\u093f\u092a\u0941\u0923 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u092e\u093f\u0936\u0928 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u0947\u0916\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u090f\u0915 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0930\u0902\u092d\u093f\u0915 \u092c\u093e\u0932\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0916\u092d\u093e\u0932 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n <li>5<\/span>Its modules cover pedagogy, learning outcomes, competency-based education, school leadership, inclusive education, ICT in teaching and learning, art-integrated learning, health and well-being, and personal-social qualities.<\/span>\u0907\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092e\u0949\u0921\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0932 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930, \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092b\u0932, \u0926\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0924\u093e-\u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e, \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f\u0940 \u0928\u0947\u0924\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0935, \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0935\u0947\u0936\u0940 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e, \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923-\u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e \u092e\u0947\u0902 ICT, \u0915\u0932\u093e-\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0915\u093f\u0924 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e, \u0938\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0925\u094d\u092f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0915\u0932\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0923, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0935\u0948\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0915-\u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u091c\u093f\u0915 \u0917\u0941\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0906\u0935\u0943\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n\n <hr class=\"section-divider\">\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d9-10\">\n 9.10<\/span>\n <h3>NEP 2020, NETF and Digital Education Policy<\/span>NEP 2020, NETF \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n \n The National Education Policy 2020<\/strong>, approved on 29 July 2020<\/strong>, devotes a full chapter to technology use and integration<\/strong>. The provisions below are the ones from which questions in this item are drawn.<\/span>\n \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f 2020<\/strong>, \u091c\u094b 29 \u091c\u0941\u0932\u093e\u0908 2020<\/strong> \u0915\u094b \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092e\u094b\u0926\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0941\u0908, \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u092e\u0947\u0915\u0928<\/strong> \u0915\u094b \u0938\u092e\u0930\u094d\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0928\u0940\u091a\u0947 \u0926\u093f\u090f \u0909\u092a\u092c\u0902\u0927 \u0935\u0939\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u091c\u093f\u0928\u0938\u0947 \u0907\u0938 \u092e\u0926 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span>\n <\/p>\n\n <table class=\"data-table\">\n <thead>\n <tr>\n <th>Provision<\/span>\u0909\u092a\u092c\u0902\u0927<\/span><\/th>\n <th>What it says<\/span>\u092f\u0939 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0939\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/th>\n <\/tr>\n <\/thead>\n <tbody>\n <tr style=\"background:#f3f8ff;\">\n <td>NETF<\/strong><\/td>\n <td>The National Educational Technology Forum<\/strong> \u2014 an autonomous body<\/strong> created by the Policy to provide a platform for the free exchange of ideas on the use of technology to enhance learning, assessment, planning and administration<\/strong>. Its role is advisory: it builds an evidence base and issues guidance, rather than running any platform itself. This is the single most asked item from NEP 2020 in a digital literacy paper.<\/strong><\/span>\u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0936\u0948\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u092e\u0902\u091a<\/strong> \u2014 \u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0938\u0943\u091c\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u093e\u092f\u0924\u094d\u0924 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u093e\u092f<\/strong>, \u091c\u094b \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e, \u0906\u0915\u0932\u0928, \u0928\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u093e\u0938\u0928 \u0915\u094b \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0928\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u092a\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u091a\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0906\u0926\u093e\u0928-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u092e\u0902\u091a<\/strong> \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u092d\u0942\u092e\u093f\u0915\u093e \u092a\u0930\u093e\u092e\u0930\u094d\u0936\u0940 \u0939\u0948: \u092f\u0939 \u0938\u093e\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u092f-\u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u0928 \u091c\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u092e\u0902\u091a \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u091a\u0932\u093e\u0924\u093e\u0964 \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u0938\u093e\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0930\u0924\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928-\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 NEP 2020 \u0938\u0947 \u092f\u0939\u0940 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u0942\u091b\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e \u092e\u0926 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/strong><\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td>Coding and computational thinking<\/span>\u0915\u094b\u0921\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u0917\u0923\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u091a\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0928<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n <td>The Policy provides for the introduction of coding from Class 6<\/strong>, as part of a wider emphasis on computational thinking and vocational exposure at the middle stage.<\/span>\u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e 6 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u094b\u0921\u093f\u0902\u0917<\/strong> \u0906\u0930\u0902\u092d \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092c\u0902\u0927 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u094b \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e\u093f\u0915-\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u0917\u0923\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u091a\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0935\u0938\u093e\u092f\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u091a\u092f \u092a\u0930 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u0915 \u092c\u0932 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0902\u0917 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td>Digital infrastructure and content<\/span>\u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u0905\u0935\u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n <td>Existing platforms including DIKSHA and SWAYAM are to be strengthened and extended<\/strong>; a digital repository of content, virtual laboratories and a national assessment centre are to be developed; and content is to be created in all major Indian languages<\/strong>.<\/span>\u0926\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902<\/strong> \u0938\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092e\u0902\u091a\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0941\u0926\u0943\u0922\u093c \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924<\/strong> \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u090f; \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0902\u0915\u0940\u092f \u092d\u0902\u0921\u093e\u0930, \u0906\u092d\u093e\u0938\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0936\u093e\u0932\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0906\u0915\u0932\u0928 \u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0938\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u090f \u091c\u093e\u090f\u0901; \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0938\u092d\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0941\u0916 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e\u0913\u0902<\/strong> \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0908 \u091c\u093e\u090f\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td>The digital divide<\/span>\u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093e\u091c\u0928<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n <td>The Policy is explicit that the benefits of technology cannot be realised unless the divide is addressed<\/strong>, and that the medium must not itself become a cause of exclusion<\/strong>. This is the reasoning behind the multi-modal design of PM e-VIDYA in \u00a79.4.<\/span>\u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f \u0938\u094d\u092a\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093e\u092d \u0924\u092c \u0924\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0947 \u091c\u092c \u0924\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093e\u091c\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u0928 \u0939\u094b<\/strong>, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u092c\u0939\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u093e \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u092c\u0928\u0928\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f<\/strong>\u0964 \u00a79.4 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0940\u090f\u092e \u0908-\u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0939\u0941-\u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0940\u091b\u0947 \u092f\u0939\u0940 \u0924\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td>Teacher preparation<\/span>\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915-\u0924\u0948\u092f\u093e\u0930\u0940<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n <td>Teachers are to be prepared to become high-quality online content creators as well as users<\/strong>, and technology is to be integrated into teacher education rather than taught as a separate subject.<\/span>\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a-\u0917\u0941\u0923\u0935\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0911\u0928\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0924\u093e<\/strong> \u092c\u0928\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0924\u0948\u092f\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u090f, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u0943\u0925\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0922\u093c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u091c\u093e\u092f \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915-\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u092e\u0947\u0915\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u090f\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <\/tbody>\n <\/table>\n\n <div class=\"mcq-box\">\n <div class=\"mcq-title\">\n Practice<\/span>\u0905\u092d\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938<\/span><\/span>\n Questions on digital education<\/span>\u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928<\/span><\/span>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"mcq-note\">Objective questions in the pattern of the examination. Click to reveal the answer and its explanation.<\/span>\u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u0930 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928\u0964 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0916\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u094d\u0932\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u0940\u091c\u093f\u090f\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <details class=\"mcq-q\">\n <summary>74<\/span>DIKSHA stands for:<\/span><\/summary>\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\n <li>(a) Digital Infrastructure for Knowledge Sharing<\/li>\n <li>(b) Digital Initiative for Knowledge and Skill Advancement<\/li>\n <li>(c) Directorate of Instruction, Knowledge and School Assessment<\/li>\n <li>(d) Digital India Knowledge Sharing Application<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\">(a) Digital Infrastructure for Knowledge Sharing<\/b> Launched on 5 September 2017, Teachers' Day, and managed by NCERT through CIET. Its best-known feature is the QR code printed in textbooks, which opens the matching digital content.<\/span>5 \u0938\u093f\u0924\u0902\u092c\u0930 2017, \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0926\u093f\u0935\u0938, \u0915\u094b \u0906\u0930\u0902\u092d, \u0924\u0925\u093e NCERT \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e CIET \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092c\u0902\u0927\u093f\u0924\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0924 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937\u0924\u093e \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u092a\u0941\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 QR \u0915\u0942\u091f \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u094b \u0924\u0924\u094d\u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0940 \u0905\u0902\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0916\u094b\u0932 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\u00a79.2<\/span><\/div>\n <\/details>\n <details class=\"mcq-q\">\n <summary>75<\/span>Every course on SWAYAM is required to contain how many quadrants?<\/span><\/summary>\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\n <li>(a) Two<\/li>\n <li>(b) Three<\/li>\n <li>(c) Four<\/li>\n <li>(d) Five<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\">(c) Four<\/b> Video lecture, reading material, self-assessment tests, and an online discussion forum. A course lacking any one of the four is not accepted on the platform.<\/span>\u0935\u0940\u0921\u093f\u092f\u094b \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0928, \u092a\u0920\u0928-\u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940, \u0938\u094d\u0935-\u0906\u0915\u0932\u0928 \u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0911\u0928\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u091a\u0930\u094d\u091a\u093e-\u092e\u0902\u091a\u0964 \u091c\u093f\u0938 \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0907\u0928 \u091a\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u090f\u0915 \u092d\u0940 \u0928 \u0939\u094b \u0935\u0939 \u092e\u0902\u091a \u092a\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0940\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e\u0964<\/span>\u00a79.3<\/span><\/div>\n <\/details>\n <details class=\"mcq-q\">\n <summary>76<\/span>Under PM e-VIDYA, the component described as \"One Nation, One Digital Platform\" is:<\/span><\/summary>\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\n <li>(a) SWAYAM PRABHA<\/li>\n <li>(b) DIKSHA<\/li>\n <li>(c) NROER<\/li>\n <li>(d) NDEAR<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\">(b) DIKSHA<\/b> SWAYAM PRABHA is the television component, \"One Class, One TV Channel\". NROER is a repository of open resources, and NDEAR is an architecture of standards rather than a platform at all.<\/span>\u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e \u091f\u0947\u0932\u0940\u0935\u093f\u091c\u093c\u0928 \u0918\u091f\u0915 \u0939\u0948, \"\u090f\u0915 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e, \u090f\u0915 \u091f\u0940\u0935\u0940 \u091a\u0948\u0928\u0932\"\u0964 NROER \u092e\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u093e\u0927\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u092d\u0902\u0921\u093e\u0930 \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u0925\u093e NDEAR \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092e\u0902\u091a \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u091c\u093e\u092f \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0936\u093f\u0932\u094d\u092a \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\u00a79.4<\/span><\/div>\n <\/details>\n <details class=\"mcq-q\">\n <summary>77<\/span>NISHTHA was launched in which year?<\/span><\/summary>\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\n <li>(a) 2017<\/li>\n <li>(b) 2018<\/li>\n <li>(c) 2019<\/li>\n <li>(d) 2020<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\">(c) 2019<\/b> Launched on 21 August 2019. Note that its full form names school heads as well as teachers \u2014 National Initiative for School Heads' and Teachers' Holistic Advancement \u2014 and that it is delivered online through DIKSHA.<\/span>21 \u0905\u0917\u0938\u094d\u0924 2019 \u0915\u094b \u0906\u0930\u0902\u092d\u0964 \u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0928 \u0926\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u093f \u0907\u0938\u0915\u093e \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0941\u0916\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u092d\u0940 \u0928\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u0928\u0947\u0936\u0928\u0932 \u0907\u0928\u093f\u0936\u093f\u090f\u091f\u093f\u0935 \u092b\u093c\u0949\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u0915\u0942\u0932 \u0939\u0947\u0921\u094d\u0938' \u090f\u0902\u0921 \u091f\u0940\u091a\u0930\u094d\u0938' \u0939\u094b\u0932\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u093f\u0915 \u090f\u0921\u0935\u093e\u0902\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902\u091f \u2014 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092f\u0939 \u0926\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u0911\u0928\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\u00a79.9<\/span><\/div>\n <\/details>\n <details class=\"mcq-q\">\n <summary>78<\/span>The National Educational Technology Forum (NETF) was proposed by:<\/span><\/summary>\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\n <li>(a) The Right to Education Act, 2009<\/li>\n <li>(b) The National Education Policy, 2020<\/li>\n <li>(c) The Information Technology Act, 2000<\/li>\n <li>(d) NIPUN Bharat, 2021<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\">(b) The National Education Policy, 2020<\/b> NETF is an autonomous body meant to provide a platform for the free exchange of ideas on using technology to enhance learning, assessment, planning and administration. Its role is advisory rather than operational.<\/span>NETF \u0938\u094d\u0935\u093e\u092f\u0924\u094d\u0924 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u093e\u092f \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e, \u0906\u0915\u0932\u0928, \u0928\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u093e\u0938\u0928 \u0915\u094b \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0928\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u092a\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u091a\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0906\u0926\u093e\u0928-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u092e\u0902\u091a \u0926\u0947\u0928\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u092d\u0942\u092e\u093f\u0915\u093e \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0932\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u092a\u0930\u093e\u092e\u0930\u094d\u0936\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\u00a79.10<\/span><\/div>\n <\/details>\n <details class=\"mcq-q\">\n <summary>79<\/span>In a flipped classroom, the content is:<\/span><\/summary>\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\n <li>(a) Taught in class and practised at home<\/li>\n <li>(b) Studied at home and applied in class<\/li>\n <li>(c) Taught entirely online<\/li>\n <li>(d) Delivered only through television<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\">(b) Studied at home and applied in class<\/b> Homework and classwork exchange places, so that the teacher is present for the difficult part rather than for the transmission of content. The model fails, however, if some pupils cannot access the material at home, which must be verified before it is adopted.<\/span>\u0917\u0943\u0939\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e-\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928 \u092c\u0926\u0932 \u0932\u0947\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u092f \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0915\u0920\u093f\u0928 \u092d\u093e\u0917 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u092f \u0909\u092a\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u0930\u0939\u0947\u0964 \u0915\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0941 \u092f\u0926\u093f \u0915\u0941\u091b \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0918\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0924\u0915 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a \u0928 \u0938\u0915\u0947\u0902 \u0924\u094b \u092f\u0939 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u0942\u092a \u0935\u093f\u092b\u0932 \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0901\u091a \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\u00a79.8<\/span><\/div>\n <\/details>\n <details class=\"mcq-q\">\n <summary>80<\/span>NDEAR is best described as:<\/span><\/summary>\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\n <li>(a) A mobile application for students<\/li>\n <li>(b) A television channel for school education<\/li>\n <li>(c) An architecture of standards enabling different education systems to work together<\/li>\n <li>(d) A teacher training programme<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\">(c) An architecture of standards enabling different education systems to work together<\/b> Announced in 2021, NDEAR is a framework of building blocks for identity, registries, content and assessment, so that systems built separately by the Centre, the states and private bodies remain interoperable. It is not itself a platform that anyone logs into.<\/span>2021 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0918\u094b\u0937\u093f\u0924 NDEAR \u092a\u0939\u091a\u093e\u0928, \u092a\u0902\u091c\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0913\u0902, \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0906\u0915\u0932\u0928 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930-\u0916\u0902\u0921\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0922\u093e\u0901\u091a\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u093e\u0915\u093f \u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930, \u0930\u093e\u091c\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0928\u093f\u091c\u0940 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u093e\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u092a\u0943\u0925\u0915 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0928\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u091a\u093e\u0932\u0928\u0940\u092f \u092c\u0928\u0940 \u0930\u0939\u0947\u0902\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0910\u0938\u093e \u092e\u0902\u091a \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0932\u0949\u0917-\u0907\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0964<\/span>\u00a79.5<\/span><\/div>\n <\/details>\n <\/div>\n\n <\/section>\n\n \n <section class=\"chapter-content\" data-chap=\"10\" id=\"c10\">\n <div class=\"chapter-heading-block\">\n SYLLABUS ITEM 10<\/span>\u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u092e\u0926 10<\/span><\/span>\n <h2>Digital School Administration<\/span>\u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u093e\u0938\u0928<\/span><\/h2>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"callout amber\">\n <div class=\"callout-label\">\ud83d\udccc What this chapter covers<\/span>\ud83d\udccc \u0907\u0938 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/div>\n UDISE+, digital attendance, student records, online admissions, examination portals, and data-driven decision making<\/span>\n UDISE+, \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u0909\u092a\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f, \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0932\u0947\u0916, \u0911\u0928\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0947\u0936, \u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u092a\u094b\u0930\u094d\u091f\u0932 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u093e-\u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0923\u092f\u0928<\/span>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"keyfact-grid\">\n <div class=\"keyfact-card navy-hi\">\n \ud83c\udfeb<\/span>\n <div class=\"kf-label\">The School's Own Number<\/span>\u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"kf-value\" style=\"font-size:14px;\">11-digit UDISE code<\/span>11-\u0905\u0902\u0915\u0940\u092f UDISE \u0915\u094b\u0921<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"kf-sub\">Unique to every school in India, government and private alike<\/span>\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0905\u0926\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0924\u0940\u092f, \u0936\u093e\u0938\u0915\u0940\u092f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0928\u093f\u091c\u0940 \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"keyfact-card teal-hi\">\n \ud83d\udcc5<\/span>\n <div class=\"kf-label\">The Reference Date<\/span>\u0938\u0902\u0926\u0930\u094d\u092d \u0924\u093f\u0925\u093f<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"kf-value\" style=\"font-size:16px;\">30 September<\/span>\u0938\u093f\u0924\u0902\u092c\u0930<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"kf-sub\">UDISE+ data describes the school as it stood on this day<\/span>UDISE+ \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0915\u0940 \u0909\u0938\u0940 \u0926\u093f\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u092c\u0924\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"keyfact-card amber-hi\">\n \ud83c\udd94<\/span>\n <div class=\"kf-label\">One Nation, One Student ID<\/span>\u090f\u0915 \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930, \u090f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u092a\u0939\u091a\u093e\u0928<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"kf-value\" style=\"font-size:16px;\">APAAR<\/div>\n <div class=\"kf-sub\">A lifelong academic account, held in DigiLocker<\/span>\u0906\u091c\u0940\u0935\u0928 \u0936\u0948\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u093f\u0915 \u0916\u093e\u0924\u093e, \u091c\u094b \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u0932\u0949\u0915\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0930\u0939\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d10-0\">\n 10.0<\/span>\n <h3>Introduction<\/span>\u092a\u0930\u093f\u091a\u092f<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n <ul class=\"icon-list\">\n <li>\u25b8<\/span>\n Chapter 9 dealt with technology used for teaching<\/strong>. This chapter deals with technology used for running the school<\/strong> \u2014 the registers, returns, portals and records through which an institution reports itself to the system that funds and governs it.<\/span>\n \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f 9 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941<\/strong> \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u0925\u093e\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f-\u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0932\u0928 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941<\/strong> \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u0935\u0947 \u0930\u091c\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0930, \u0935\u093f\u0935\u0930\u0923\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901, \u092a\u094b\u0930\u094d\u091f\u0932 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0932\u0947\u0916 \u091c\u093f\u0928\u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0909\u0938 \u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0924 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0936\u093e\u0938\u0928 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\n <\/span><\/li>\n <li>\u25b8<\/span>\n The point that gives this item its weight is that the figures a school enters are the school, so far as the system is concerned<\/strong>. Teacher posts, grants, textbooks, meals, scholarships and infrastructure funds are all allotted on those figures. An enrolment entered wrongly does not produce an incorrect report; it produces the wrong number of teachers.<\/span>\n \u0907\u0938 \u092e\u0926 \u0915\u094b \u092d\u093e\u0930 \u0926\u0947\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e \u092c\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0941 \u092f\u0939 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0926\u0943\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0935\u0939\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u0935\u0939 \u092d\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/strong>\u0964 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915-\u092a\u0926, \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0926\u093e\u0928, \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u092a\u0941\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0915\u0947\u0902, \u092d\u094b\u091c\u0928, \u091b\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0905\u0935\u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e-\u0928\u093f\u0927\u093f \u0938\u092c \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u0906\u0935\u0902\u091f\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0917\u093c\u0932\u0924 \u092d\u0930\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0928\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0902\u0915\u0928 \u0917\u093c\u0932\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0926\u0928 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u093e; \u0935\u0939 \u0917\u093c\u0932\u0924 \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\n <\/span><\/li>\n <li>\u25b8<\/span>\n The head of institution is therefore not merely a user of these systems but their certifying authority<\/strong>. On UDISE+ the data is submitted under the signature of the head, and on the admission and examination portals the verification of a document is the head's own act. \u00a710.8 returns to what that responsibility means in practice.<\/span>\n \u0905\u0924\u0903 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0941\u0916 \u0907\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0905\u092a\u093f\u0924\u0941 \u0909\u0928\u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u0928\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940<\/strong> \u0939\u0948\u0964 UDISE+ \u092a\u0930 \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0941\u0916 \u0915\u0947 \u0939\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0930 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0947\u0936 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u092a\u094b\u0930\u094d\u091f\u0932\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0926\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0947\u091c\u093c \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u0928 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0941\u0916 \u0915\u093e \u0915\u0943\u0924\u094d\u092f \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u00a710.8 \u0907\u0938 \u092c\u093e\u0924 \u092a\u0930 \u0932\u094c\u091f\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u0938 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930\u0926\u093e\u092f\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\n <\/span><\/li>\n <\/ul>\n\n <hr class=\"section-divider\">\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d10-1\">\n 10.1<\/span>\n <h3>UDISE+<\/span>UDISE+<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n <svg class=\"full-diagram\" viewBox=\"0 0 700 314\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"How UDISE data travels upward and what it determines on the way back\">\n <text x=\"350\" y=\"18\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#14243f\" letter-spacing=\".6\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">THE CHAIN OF CERTIFICATION \u2014 AND WHAT THE FIGURES DECIDE<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"30\" y=\"34\" width=\"128\" height=\"66\" rx=\"7\" fill=\"#fffbf0\" stroke=\"#c9760f\" stroke-width=\"2.2\"\/>\n <text x=\"94\" y=\"52\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#c9760f\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">SCHOOL<\/text>\n <text x=\"94\" y=\"67\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">fills the Data Capture<\/text>\n <text x=\"94\" y=\"78\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Format and certifies it<\/text>\n <text x=\"94\" y=\"92\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#8f5409\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Head of Institution signs<\/text>\n\n <defs><marker id=\"ud\" markerWidth=\"9\" markerHeight=\"9\" refX=\"8\" refY=\"3\" orient=\"auto\"><path d=\"M0,0 L0,6 L8,3 z\" fill=\"#5a6d80\"\/><\/marker><\/defs>\n <g stroke=\"#5a6d80\" stroke-width=\"1.8\" fill=\"none\">\n <line x1=\"162\" y1=\"67\" x2=\"192\" y2=\"67\" marker-end=\"url(#ud)\"\/>\n <line x1=\"286\" y1=\"67\" x2=\"316\" y2=\"67\" marker-end=\"url(#ud)\"\/>\n <line x1=\"410\" y1=\"67\" x2=\"440\" y2=\"67\" marker-end=\"url(#ud)\"\/>\n <line x1=\"534\" y1=\"67\" x2=\"564\" y2=\"67\" marker-end=\"url(#ud)\"\/>\n <\/g>\n\n <rect x=\"196\" y=\"42\" width=\"90\" height=\"50\" rx=\"6\" fill=\"#eef4fc\" stroke=\"#1f5fa9\" stroke-width=\"1.5\"\/>\n <text x=\"241\" y=\"62\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">BLOCK<\/text>\n <text x=\"241\" y=\"76\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">verifies<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"320\" y=\"42\" width=\"90\" height=\"50\" rx=\"6\" fill=\"#eef4fc\" stroke=\"#1f5fa9\" stroke-width=\"1.5\"\/>\n <text x=\"365\" y=\"62\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">DISTRICT<\/text>\n <text x=\"365\" y=\"76\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">validates<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"444\" y=\"42\" width=\"90\" height=\"50\" rx=\"6\" fill=\"#eef4fc\" stroke=\"#1f5fa9\" stroke-width=\"1.5\"\/>\n <text x=\"489\" y=\"62\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">STATE<\/text>\n <text x=\"489\" y=\"76\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">approves<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"568\" y=\"34\" width=\"104\" height=\"66\" rx=\"7\" fill=\"#14243f\"\/>\n <text x=\"620\" y=\"54\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">NATIONAL<\/text>\n <text x=\"620\" y=\"68\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7\" fill=\"#c9daf0\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Ministry of Education<\/text>\n <text x=\"620\" y=\"80\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7\" fill=\"#c9daf0\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">with NIC<\/text>\n <text x=\"620\" y=\"93\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#ffd970\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">UDISE+ database<\/text>\n\n <path d=\"M620 100 L620 118 L94 118 L94 132\" stroke=\"#0d8f79\" stroke-width=\"2\" fill=\"none\" marker-end=\"url(#ud)\"\/>\n <rect x=\"252\" y=\"108\" width=\"196\" height=\"20\" rx=\"10\" fill=\"#eefbf7\" stroke=\"#0d8f79\" stroke-width=\"1.4\"\/>\n <text x=\"350\" y=\"122\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#0a6d5c\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">and the allocations come back down<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"30\" y=\"138\" width=\"642\" height=\"102\" rx=\"8\" fill=\"#f7fbff\" stroke=\"#c3d2e2\" stroke-width=\"1.4\"\/>\n <text x=\"46\" y=\"157\" font-size=\"9\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#14243f\" letter-spacing=\".5\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">WHAT THESE FIGURES DETERMINE<\/text>\n\n <g>\n <rect x=\"46\" y=\"166\" width=\"146\" height=\"30\" rx=\"5\" fill=\"#fff\" stroke=\"#adb8c4\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/>\n <text x=\"119\" y=\"185\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Sanctioned teacher posts<\/text>\n <rect x=\"200\" y=\"166\" width=\"146\" height=\"30\" rx=\"5\" fill=\"#fff\" stroke=\"#adb8c4\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/>\n <text x=\"273\" y=\"185\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Composite school grant<\/text>\n <rect x=\"354\" y=\"166\" width=\"146\" height=\"30\" rx=\"5\" fill=\"#fff\" stroke=\"#adb8c4\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/>\n <text x=\"427\" y=\"185\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Textbooks and uniforms<\/text>\n <rect x=\"508\" y=\"166\" width=\"146\" height=\"30\" rx=\"5\" fill=\"#fff\" stroke=\"#adb8c4\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/>\n <text x=\"581\" y=\"185\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">PM POSHAN provisioning<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"46\" y=\"202\" width=\"146\" height=\"30\" rx=\"5\" fill=\"#fff\" stroke=\"#adb8c4\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/>\n <text x=\"119\" y=\"221\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">RTE norm compliance<\/text>\n <rect x=\"200\" y=\"202\" width=\"146\" height=\"30\" rx=\"5\" fill=\"#fff\" stroke=\"#adb8c4\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/>\n <text x=\"273\" y=\"221\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Infrastructure funds<\/text>\n <rect x=\"354\" y=\"202\" width=\"146\" height=\"30\" rx=\"5\" fill=\"#fff\" stroke=\"#adb8c4\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/>\n <text x=\"427\" y=\"221\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Scholarship eligibility<\/text>\n <rect x=\"508\" y=\"202\" width=\"146\" height=\"30\" rx=\"5\" fill=\"#fff\" stroke=\"#adb8c4\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/>\n <text x=\"581\" y=\"221\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">PGI grading of the district<\/text>\n <\/g>\n\n <rect x=\"30\" y=\"252\" width=\"642\" height=\"50\" rx=\"7\" fill=\"#fff6f4\" stroke=\"#c0392b\" stroke-width=\"1.4\"\/>\n <text x=\"46\" y=\"270\" font-size=\"9\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#c0392b\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">THE CONSEQUENCE OF A WRONG ENTRY<\/text>\n <text x=\"46\" y=\"284\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">An enrolment figure entered ten per cent too low does not produce a report that is ten per cent wrong. It produces a school that is short of<\/text>\n <text x=\"46\" y=\"296\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">a teacher, short of textbooks and short of meals for a full session \u2014 and the error cannot be corrected until the next cycle.<\/text>\n <\/svg>\n The head of institution stands at the point where the data enters the system. Nothing above that point can correct what is wrong below it.<\/span>\u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0941\u0916 \u0909\u0938\u0940 \u092c\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0941 \u092a\u0930 \u0916\u0921\u093c\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0947\u0936 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0909\u0938 \u092c\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0941 \u0938\u0947 \u090a\u092a\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u092d\u0940 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0928\u0940\u091a\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0917\u093c\u0932\u0924\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0938\u0941\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n\n <table class=\"data-table\">\n <thead>\n <tr>\n <th>Aspect<\/span>\u092a\u0915\u094d\u0937<\/span><\/th>\n <th>Detail<\/span>\u0935\u093f\u0935\u0930\u0923<\/span><\/th>\n <\/tr>\n <\/thead>\n <tbody>\n <tr><td>Full form<\/span>\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0930\u0942\u092a<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>U<\/strong>nified D<\/strong>istrict I<\/strong>nformation S<\/strong>ystem for E<\/strong>ducation Plus<\/strong>.<\/span>\u092f\u0942<\/strong>\u0928\u093f\u092b\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u0921\u093f<\/strong>\u0938\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u091f \u0907<\/strong>\u0928\u094d\u092b\u093c\u0949\u0930\u094d\u092e\u0947\u0936\u0928 \u0938\u093f<\/strong>\u0938\u094d\u091f\u092e \u092b\u093c\u0949\u0930 \u090f<\/strong>\u091c\u0941\u0915\u0947\u0936\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0932\u0938<\/strong>\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr style=\"background:#f3f8ff;\"><td>What it is<\/span>\u092f\u0939 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>The national database of school education in India<\/strong>, maintained by the Department of School Education and Literacy under the Ministry of Education<\/strong> with technical support from NIC<\/strong>. It is among the largest management information systems of its kind in the world, covering every school from pre-primary to class 12, government and private alike<\/strong>.<\/span>\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f\u0940 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e\u092c\u0947\u0938<\/strong>, \u091c\u094b \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u092e\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0932\u092f<\/strong> \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u0940\u0928 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f\u0940 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u093e\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0917 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e, NIC<\/strong> \u0915\u0947 \u0924\u0915\u0928\u0940\u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0939\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0940 \u0924\u0930\u0939 \u0915\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0935 \u0915\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u093e\u0932\u0924\u092e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0928 \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0925\u092e\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e 12 \u0924\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f<\/strong> \u0915\u094b \u2014 \u0936\u093e\u0938\u0915\u0940\u092f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0928\u093f\u091c\u0940 \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u2014 \u0906\u0935\u0943\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>UDISE and UDISE+<\/span>UDISE \u090f\u0935\u0902 UDISE+<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>The original UDISE<\/strong> began in 2012\u201313<\/strong>, formed by merging the earlier elementary and secondary systems. UDISE+ replaced it from 2018\u201319<\/strong>, the essential change being that data is now entered online and in real time by the school itself<\/strong> rather than collected on paper and keyed in later.<\/span>\u092e\u0942\u0932 UDISE<\/strong> 2012\u201313<\/strong> \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0906\u0930\u0902\u092d \u0939\u0941\u0906, \u091c\u094b \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0930\u0902\u092d\u093f\u0915 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0932\u092f \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0964 2018\u201319 \u0938\u0947 UDISE+ \u0928\u0947 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928 \u0932\u093f\u092f\u093e<\/strong>, \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u0928\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u092f\u0939 \u0925\u093e \u0915\u093f \u0905\u092c \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0917\u093c\u091c\u093c \u092a\u0930 \u090f\u0915\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0930 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092d\u0930\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u091c\u093e\u092f \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0911\u0928\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u092e\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902<\/strong> \u092d\u0930\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>UDISE code<\/span>UDISE \u0915\u094b\u0921<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>An eleven-digit number unique to each school<\/strong>, in which the digits encode the state, district, block, village or ward and the school itself. It is the school's permanent identifier across every other system.<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0905\u0926\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0917\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0930\u0939-\u0905\u0902\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e<\/strong>, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0902\u0915 \u0930\u093e\u091c\u094d\u092f, \u091c\u093c\u093f\u0932\u093e, \u0916\u0902\u0921, \u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0935\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0921 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0915\u094b \u0915\u0942\u091f\u092c\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0915\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092f\u0940 \u092a\u0939\u091a\u093e\u0928\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr style=\"background:#f3f8ff;\"><td>Reference date<\/span>\u0938\u0902\u0926\u0930\u094d\u092d \u0924\u093f\u0925\u093f<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>30 September<\/strong> of the session. Every figure \u2014 enrolment, teachers in position, facilities \u2014 describes the school as it stood on that date<\/strong>, not as it stands when the form is filled. This is the detail most often got wrong in practice.<\/span>\u0938\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0940 30 \u0938\u093f\u0924\u0902\u092c\u0930<\/strong>\u0964 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u093e \u2014 \u0928\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0902\u0915\u0928, \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u0930\u0924 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915, \u0938\u0941\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u2014 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0915\u0940 \u0909\u0938\u0940 \u0924\u093f\u0925\u093f \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f<\/strong> \u092c\u0924\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0928 \u0915\u093f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092d\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u092f \u0915\u0940\u0964 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092f\u0939\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0935\u0930\u0923 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092c\u093e\u0930 \u0917\u093c\u0932\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>What is collected<\/span>\u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u090f\u0915\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>Through the Data Capture Format (DCF)<\/strong>: school profile and management; physical infrastructure \u2014 classrooms, toilets, drinking water, electricity, ramps, library, playground, computers<\/strong>; teachers by qualification, category and subject; enrolment by class, gender and social category<\/strong>; children with disabilities; incentives received; and examination results.<\/span>\u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u093e \u0938\u0902\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939\u0923 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930 (DCF)<\/strong> \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0947: \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f-\u092a\u0930\u093f\u091a\u092f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0928; \u092d\u094c\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u0935\u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e \u2014 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e-\u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937, \u0936\u094c\u091a\u093e\u0932\u092f, \u092a\u0947\u092f\u091c\u0932, \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924, \u0930\u0948\u0902\u092a, \u092a\u0941\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0915\u093e\u0932\u092f, \u0916\u0947\u0932-\u092e\u0948\u0926\u093e\u0928, \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930<\/strong>; \u092f\u094b\u0917\u094d\u092f\u0924\u093e, \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0917 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u093e\u0930 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915; \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e, \u0932\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u091c\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0917 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u093e\u0930 \u0928\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0902\u0915\u0928<\/strong>; \u0926\u093f\u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0917 \u092c\u093e\u0932\u0915; \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0924\u094d\u0938\u093e\u0939\u0928; \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e-\u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>PGI<\/strong><\/td><td>The Performance Grading Index<\/strong>, which grades states and districts<\/strong> \u2014 not individual schools \u2014 on outcomes, access, infrastructure, equity and governance, drawing largely on UDISE+ data. A district's grade therefore rests on the accuracy of the returns its schools file.<\/span>\u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0928 \u0936\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0923\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0915\u093e\u0902\u0915<\/strong>, \u091c\u094b \u0930\u093e\u091c\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u091c\u093c\u093f\u0932\u094b\u0902<\/strong> \u0915\u094b \u2014 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0917\u0924 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u2014 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092b\u0932, \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a, \u0905\u0935\u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e, \u0938\u092e\u0924\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0936\u093e\u0938\u0928 \u092a\u0930 \u0936\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0923\u0940\u092c\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f\u0924\u0903 UDISE+ \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0905\u0924\u0903 \u091c\u093c\u093f\u0932\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0936\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0923\u0940 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u092d\u0930\u0940 \u0917\u0908 \u0935\u093f\u0935\u0930\u0923\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u092f\u0925\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0924\u093e \u092a\u0930 \u091f\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <\/tbody>\n <\/table>\n\n <hr class=\"section-divider\">\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d10-2\">\n 10.2<\/span>\n <h3>Digital Attendance and Biometrics<\/span>\u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u0909\u092a\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092c\u093e\u092f\u094b\u092e\u0947\u091f\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0938<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"vs-compare\">\n <div class=\"vs-side left\">\n Method 1<\/span>\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f 1<\/span><\/span>\n <h5>Application-based attendance<\/span>\u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917-\u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0909\u092a\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f<\/span><\/h5>\n <ul>\n <li>The class teacher marks attendance on a mobile application<\/strong>, and it reaches the block and district the same morning<\/strong>.<\/span>\u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e-\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u092e\u094b\u092c\u093e\u0907\u0932 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917<\/strong> \u092a\u0930 \u0909\u092a\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u091a\u093f\u0939\u094d\u0928\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u0939 \u0909\u0938\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0924\u0903<\/strong> \u0916\u0902\u0921 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u091c\u093c\u093f\u0932\u0947 \u0924\u0915 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n <li>Feeds directly into PM POSHAN<\/strong> provisioning, so that the meal count matches the children actually present.<\/span>\u0938\u0940\u0927\u0947 \u092a\u0940\u090f\u092e \u092a\u094b\u0937\u0923<\/strong> \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u092d\u094b\u091c\u0928-\u0917\u0923\u0928\u093e \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924\u0903 \u0909\u092a\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u092c\u091a\u094d\u091a\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0932 \u0916\u093e\u090f\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n <li>Requires network coverage and a charged device \u2014 and a paper fallback that must never be abandoned<\/strong>.<\/span>\u0907\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915-\u0906\u0935\u0930\u0923 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0906\u0935\u0947\u0936\u093f\u0924 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f \u2014 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0910\u0938\u093e \u0915\u093e\u0917\u093c\u091c\u093c\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a \u091c\u094b \u0915\u092d\u0940 \u091b\u094b\u0921\u093c\u093e \u0928 \u091c\u093e\u090f<\/strong>\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"vs-mid\">VS<\/div>\n <div class=\"vs-side right\">\n Method 2<\/span>\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f 2<\/span><\/span>\n <h5>Biometric attendance<\/span>\u092c\u093e\u092f\u094b\u092e\u0947\u091f\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0909\u092a\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f<\/span><\/h5>\n <ul>\n <li>Identity is established by fingerprint, iris or face<\/strong>. AEBAS<\/strong> \u2014 the Aadhaar Enabled Biometric Attendance System \u2014 is the version used for government staff.<\/span>\u092a\u0939\u091a\u093e\u0928 \u0905\u0902\u0917\u0941\u0932\u0940-\u091b\u093e\u092a, \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0924\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0915\u093e \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u091a\u0947\u0939\u0930\u0947<\/strong> \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 AEBAS<\/strong> \u2014 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e \u092c\u093e\u092f\u094b\u092e\u0947\u091f\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0909\u092a\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u2014 \u0936\u093e\u0938\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0915\u0930\u094d\u092e\u091a\u093e\u0930\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n <li>Removes proxy marking entirely, which is its whole purpose.<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0928\u093f\u0927\u093f-\u0909\u092a\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923\u0924\u0903 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0930 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u092f\u0939\u0940 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n <li>For children<\/strong>, it raises questions that do not arise for adults \u2014 dealt with in the caution below.<\/span>\u092c\u091a\u094d\u091a\u094b\u0902<\/strong> \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092f\u0939 \u0935\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u0909\u0920\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0935\u092f\u0938\u094d\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0909\u0920\u0924\u0947 \u2014 \u091c\u093f\u0928\u0915\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0935\u0947\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0928\u0940\u091a\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u091a\u0947\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0928\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"callout red\">\n <div class=\"callout-label\">\u26a0\ufe0f Biometric data of children \u2014 what a head must weigh<\/span>\u26a0\ufe0f \u092c\u091a\u094d\u091a\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u092f\u094b\u092e\u0947\u091f\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u2014 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0941\u0916 \u0915\u094b \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0924\u094c\u0932\u0928\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f<\/span><\/div>\n A fingerprint or a facial template is personal data of the most sensitive kind, and unlike a password it cannot be changed if it leaks<\/strong>. Under the Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023 discussed in \u00a78.8, a child's data may be processed only with the verifiable consent of the parent or guardian<\/strong>, and behavioural monitoring of children is prohibited outright<\/strong>. Before any such system is adopted, four questions should be answered in writing: what is collected, where it is stored, who can reach it, and when it is destroyed<\/strong>. A biometric system also fails, and a child must never be marked absent because a scanner could not read a worn or injured finger \u2014 which is why the manual register remains the record of last resort, not a formality.<\/span>\n \u0905\u0902\u0917\u0941\u0932\u0940-\u091b\u093e\u092a \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u092e\u0941\u0916-\u091f\u0947\u092e\u094d\u092a\u0932\u0947\u091f \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0935\u0947\u0926\u0928\u0936\u0940\u0932 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u0948\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u093e\u0938\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0921 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u092a\u0930\u0940\u0924 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0932\u0940\u0915 \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0926\u0932\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e<\/strong>\u0964 \u00a78.8 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0935\u0947\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u0935\u0948\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u093e \u0938\u0902\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e, 2023 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u0940\u0928 \u092c\u093e\u0932\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0915 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0938\u0902\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u0928-\u092f\u094b\u0917\u094d\u092f \u0938\u0939\u092e\u0924\u093f<\/strong> \u0938\u0947 \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092c\u091a\u094d\u091a\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930\u0917\u0924 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0935\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0925\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0937\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0939\u0948<\/strong>\u0964 \u0910\u0938\u0940 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u091a\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0932\u093f\u0916\u093f\u0924 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f: \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u090f\u0915\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0939\u094b\u0917\u093e, \u0915\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0917\u093e, \u0915\u094c\u0928 \u0909\u0938 \u0924\u0915 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a \u0938\u0915\u0947\u0917\u093e, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0915\u092c \u0928\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0939\u094b\u0917\u093e<\/strong>\u0964 \u092c\u093e\u092f\u094b\u092e\u0947\u091f\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u092b\u0932 \u092d\u0940 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092c\u093e\u0932\u0915 \u0915\u094b \u0907\u0938\u0932\u093f\u090f \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u092d\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u091a\u093f\u0939\u094d\u0928\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f \u0915\u093f \u0938\u094d\u0915\u0948\u0928\u0930 \u0918\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092f\u093e \u091a\u094b\u091f\u093f\u0932 \u0905\u0902\u0917\u0941\u0932\u0940 \u0928 \u092a\u0922\u093c \u0938\u0915\u093e \u2014 \u0907\u0938\u0940\u0932\u093f\u090f \u0939\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0932\u093f\u0916\u093f\u0924 \u0930\u091c\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0930 \u0914\u092a\u091a\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0905\u0902\u0924\u093f\u092e \u0906\u0936\u094d\u0930\u092f \u0915\u093e \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0932\u0947\u0916 \u092c\u0928\u093e \u0930\u0939\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\n <\/div>\n\n <hr class=\"section-divider\">\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d10-3\">\n 10.3<\/span>\n <h3>Student Records and APAAR<\/span>\u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0932\u0947\u0916 \u090f\u0935\u0902 APAAR<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n <svg class=\"full-diagram\" viewBox=\"0 0 700 262\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"How the student identity systems fit together\">\n <rect x=\"228\" y=\"20\" width=\"244\" height=\"58\" rx=\"8\" fill=\"#14243f\"\/>\n <text x=\"350\" y=\"42\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"13\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#fff\" letter-spacing=\"1\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">APAAR<\/text>\n <text x=\"350\" y=\"57\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#c9daf0\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Automated Permanent Academic Account Registry<\/text>\n <text x=\"350\" y=\"70\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#ffd970\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">\"One Nation, One Student ID\"<\/text>\n\n <defs><marker id=\"ap\" markerWidth=\"8\" markerHeight=\"8\" refX=\"7\" refY=\"2.8\" orient=\"auto\"><path d=\"M0,0 L0,5.6 L7,2.8 z\" fill=\"#8a95a3\"\/><\/marker><\/defs>\n <g stroke=\"#8a95a3\" stroke-width=\"1.4\" fill=\"none\">\n <path d=\"M290 78 L290 96 L120 96 L120 112\" marker-end=\"url(#ap)\"\/>\n <path d=\"M350 78 L350 112\" marker-end=\"url(#ap)\"\/>\n <path d=\"M410 78 L410 96 L580 96 L580 112\" marker-end=\"url(#ap)\"\/>\n <\/g>\n\n <rect x=\"40\" y=\"114\" width=\"160\" height=\"70\" rx=\"7\" fill=\"#eef4fc\" stroke=\"#1f5fa9\" stroke-width=\"1.8\"\/>\n <text x=\"120\" y=\"134\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">UDISE+ and PEN<\/text>\n <text x=\"120\" y=\"150\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">The Permanent Education<\/text>\n <text x=\"120\" y=\"161\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Number is generated for<\/text>\n <text x=\"120\" y=\"172\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">every enrolled child<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"270\" y=\"114\" width=\"160\" height=\"70\" rx=\"7\" fill=\"#eefbf7\" stroke=\"#0d8f79\" stroke-width=\"1.8\"\/>\n <text x=\"350\" y=\"134\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#0d8f79\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">DigiLocker<\/text>\n <text x=\"350\" y=\"150\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Holds the certificates<\/text>\n <text x=\"350\" y=\"161\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">themselves \u2014 marksheets,<\/text>\n <text x=\"350\" y=\"172\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">TC, awards (\u00a713.5)<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"500\" y=\"114\" width=\"160\" height=\"70\" rx=\"7\" fill=\"#faf6ff\" stroke=\"#6b3a8f\" stroke-width=\"1.8\"\/>\n <text x=\"580\" y=\"134\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#6b3a8f\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">ABC<\/text>\n <text x=\"580\" y=\"150\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Academic Bank of Credits \u2014<\/text>\n <text x=\"580\" y=\"161\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">credits deposited, kept and<\/text>\n <text x=\"580\" y=\"172\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">transferred, as in a bank<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"40\" y=\"200\" width=\"620\" height=\"52\" rx=\"7\" fill=\"#f7fbff\" stroke=\"#c3d2e2\" stroke-width=\"1.3\"\/>\n <text x=\"56\" y=\"218\" font-size=\"9\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#14243f\" letter-spacing=\".5\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">WHAT THE ARRANGEMENT IS FOR<\/text>\n <text x=\"56\" y=\"232\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">A pupil who moves from one school to another, or from one state to another, carries a single academic account instead of a bundle of paper.<\/text>\n <text x=\"56\" y=\"245\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">A lost marksheet ceases to be a crisis, and a transfer ceases to require the reconstruction of a record that already exists.<\/text>\n <\/svg>\n\n <table class=\"data-table\">\n <thead>\n <tr>\n <th>System<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940<\/span><\/th>\n <th>What to know<\/span>\u091c\u093e\u0928\u0928\u0947 \u092f\u094b\u0917\u094d\u092f \u092c\u093e\u0924\u0947\u0902<\/span><\/th>\n <\/tr>\n <\/thead>\n <tbody>\n <tr style=\"background:#f3f8ff;\">\n <td>APAAR<\/strong><\/td>\n <td>Automated Permanent Academic Account Registry<\/strong> \u2014 a lifelong academic identity<\/strong> for every learner, envisaged under NEP 2020<\/strong> and built within the NDEAR<\/strong> framework of \u00a79.5. It is a twelve-digit ID<\/strong>, distinct from Aadhaar though generated with reference to it, and is popularly called \"One Nation, One Student ID\"<\/strong>. For a child, parental consent is required<\/strong>, and that consent is voluntary<\/strong> \u2014 a point a head should be able to state plainly to a parent who asks.<\/span>\u0911\u091f\u094b\u092e\u0947\u091f\u0947\u0921 \u092a\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0928\u0947\u0902\u091f \u090f\u0915\u0947\u0921\u092e\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u0915\u093e\u0909\u0902\u091f \u0930\u091c\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940<\/strong> \u2014 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0906\u091c\u0940\u0935\u0928 \u0936\u0948\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u0939\u091a\u093e\u0928<\/strong>, \u091c\u094b NEP 2020<\/strong> \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u0940\u0928 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u00a79.5 \u0915\u0947 NDEAR<\/strong> \u0922\u093e\u0901\u091a\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u092d\u0940\u0924\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0924\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u092c\u093e\u0930\u0939-\u0905\u0902\u0915\u0940\u092f \u092a\u0939\u091a\u093e\u0928<\/strong> \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u094b \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u0947 \u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0939\u0948 \u092f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u092a\u093f \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0930\u094d\u092d \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0928\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0932\u094b\u0915\u092a\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \"\u090f\u0915 \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930, \u090f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u092a\u0939\u091a\u093e\u0928\"<\/strong> \u0915\u0939\u0932\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092c\u093e\u0932\u0915 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0938\u0939\u092e\u0924\u093f \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915<\/strong> \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u0939 \u0938\u0939\u092e\u0924\u093f \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0948\u091a\u094d\u091b\u093f\u0915<\/strong> \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u092a\u0942\u091b\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0915 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0941\u0916 \u0907\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u092a\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0924\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0947, \u092f\u0939 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td>PEN<\/strong><\/td>\n <td>The Permanent Education Number<\/strong>, generated within UDISE+ for each enrolled child. It allows a pupil to be tracked across schools and across sessions<\/strong>, which is what makes it possible to distinguish a child who has transferred from one who has dropped out \u2014 a distinction the system previously could not make.<\/span>\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092f\u0940 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e<\/strong>, \u091c\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0928\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0902\u0915\u093f\u0924 \u092c\u093e\u0932\u0915 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 UDISE+ \u0915\u0947 \u092d\u0940\u0924\u0930 \u092c\u0928\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0915\u094b \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0906\u0930-\u092a\u093e\u0930<\/strong> \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0930\u0947\u0916\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0907\u0938\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u092f\u0939 \u092d\u0947\u0926 \u0938\u0902\u092d\u0935 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0915\u094c\u0928 \u092c\u093e\u0932\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0941\u0906 \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u094c\u0928 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u091b\u094b\u0921\u093c \u0917\u092f\u093e \u2014 \u092f\u0939 \u092d\u0947\u0926 \u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u0930 \u092a\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0925\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td>ABC<\/strong><\/td>\n <td>The Academic Bank of Credits<\/strong>, which holds credits earned by a learner as a bank holds deposits, permitting accumulation, transfer and redemption<\/strong> towards a qualification. It is what gives practical effect to the multiple entry and exit provided for by NEP 2020, and it is where SWAYAM credits from \u00a79.3 are deposited.<\/span>\u0936\u0948\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0921\u093f\u091f \u092c\u0948\u0902\u0915<\/strong>, \u091c\u094b \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0905\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0921\u093f\u091f \u0935\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0939\u0940 \u0930\u0916\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0948\u0902\u0915 \u091c\u092e\u093e \u0930\u0916\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0939\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u0913\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u092f, \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930\u0923 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092d\u0941\u0928\u093e\u0908<\/strong> \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092e\u0924\u093f \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 NEP 2020 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0926\u093f\u090f \u0917\u090f \u092c\u0939\u0941-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0947\u0936 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092c\u0939\u0941-\u0928\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u094b \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092f\u0939\u0940 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u00a79.3 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0921\u093f\u091f \u092f\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u091c\u092e\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td>The records a school must still keep<\/span>\u0935\u0947 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0932\u0947\u0916 \u091c\u094b \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0915\u094b \u0905\u092c \u092d\u0940 \u0930\u0916\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n <td>Digitisation adds a copy; it does not remove a duty. The admission and withdrawal register, the cumulative record card, the attendance register, the mark registers and the transfer certificate counterfoils<\/strong> remain records in the legal sense, and their retention periods are unaffected by the existence of a portal.<\/span>\u0905\u0902\u0915\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u090f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948; \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0935\u094d\u092f \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u091f\u093e\u0924\u093e\u0964 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0947\u0936 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0915\u093e\u0938\u0928 \u0930\u091c\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0930, \u0938\u0902\u091a\u092f\u0940 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0932\u0947\u0916 \u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0915, \u0909\u092a\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u0930\u091c\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0930, \u0905\u0902\u0915-\u0930\u091c\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0930 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930\u0923 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092a\u0930\u094d\u0923<\/strong> \u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0932\u0947\u0916 \u092c\u0928\u0947 \u0930\u0939\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092a\u094b\u0930\u094d\u091f\u0932 \u0915\u0947 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923-\u0905\u0935\u0927\u093f \u0905\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u093f\u0924 \u0930\u0939\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <\/tbody>\n <\/table>\n\n <hr class=\"section-divider\">\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d10-4\">\n 10.4<\/span>\n <h3>Online Admissions<\/span>\u0911\u0928\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0947\u0936<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"flow-wrap\">\n <div class=\"flow-note\">\n \ud83c\udf93 The sequence of an online admission cycle. Its purpose is to move the decision from discretion to rule<\/strong>, and every step exists to make that shift verifiable.<\/span>\n \ud83c\udf93 \u0911\u0928\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0947\u0936-\u091a\u0915\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0923\u092f \u0915\u094b \u0935\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0915\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e<\/strong> \u0915\u0940 \u0913\u0930 \u0932\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u091a\u0930\u0923 \u0909\u0938\u0940 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u0928-\u092f\u094b\u0917\u094d\u092f \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"flow-steps\">\n <div class=\"flow-step\">\n 1<\/span>\n <div class=\"fs-body\">\n Notification and schedule<\/span>\u0905\u0927\u093f\u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e<\/span><\/strong>\n The dates, the number of seats and the criteria are published before applications open<\/strong>, which removes the possibility of a rule being framed after the applicants are known.<\/span>\u0924\u093f\u0925\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901, \u0938\u0940\u091f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0915\u0938\u094c\u091f\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u0906\u0935\u0947\u0926\u0928 \u0916\u0941\u0932\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0936\u093f\u0924<\/strong> \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0906\u0935\u0947\u0926\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0924 \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e \u092c\u0928\u093e\u090f \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0928\u093e \u0938\u092e\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/span>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"flow-step\">\n 2<\/span>\n <div class=\"fs-body\">\n Online application and upload<\/span>\u0911\u0928\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u0906\u0935\u0947\u0926\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0926\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0947\u091c\u093c \u091a\u0922\u093c\u093e\u0928\u093e<\/span><\/strong>\n Birth certificate, proof of residence and, where applicable, income or category certificate. A single application per child<\/strong> is enforced by the system, which is what prevents multiple entries in a lottery.<\/span>\u091c\u0928\u094d\u092e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930, \u0928\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0932\u093e\u0917\u0942 \u0939\u094b \u0935\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0906\u092f \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0917 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0964 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f \u092c\u093e\u0932\u0915 \u090f\u0915 \u0939\u0940 \u0906\u0935\u0947\u0926\u0928<\/strong> \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u092f\u0939\u0940 \u0932\u0949\u091f\u0930\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0928\u0947\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0930\u094b\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/span>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"flow-step\">\n 3<\/span>\n <div class=\"fs-body\">\n Draw of lots or merit list<\/span>\u0932\u0949\u091f\u0930\u0940 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0927\u093e-\u0938\u0942\u091a\u0940<\/span><\/strong>\n For entry-level admissions and for the reserved category under section 12(1)(c) of the RTE Act<\/strong>, allotment is by computerised random draw<\/strong>, conducted openly and recorded. Randomisation is the mechanism by which fairness is made demonstrable rather than merely asserted.<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0947\u0936-\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u093e\u0916\u093c\u093f\u0932\u094b\u0902 \u0924\u0925\u093e RTE \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e \u0915\u0940 \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093e 12(1)(\u0917) \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u0940\u0928 \u0906\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0917<\/strong> \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0906\u0935\u0902\u091f\u0928 \u0938\u0902\u0917\u0923\u0915\u0940\u0915\u0943\u0924 \u092f\u093e\u0926\u0943\u091a\u094d\u091b\u093f\u0915 \u0932\u0949\u091f\u0930\u0940<\/strong> \u0938\u0947 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u094b \u0916\u0941\u0932\u0947 \u0924\u094c\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0932\u093f\u0916\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u093e\u0926\u0943\u091a\u094d\u091b\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0935\u0939 \u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u092a\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0915\u0939\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/span>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"flow-step\">\n 4<\/span>\n <div class=\"fs-body\">\n Allotment and verification<\/span>\u0906\u0935\u0902\u091f\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u0928<\/span><\/strong>\n The school's role begins here and is verification, not selection<\/strong> \u2014 checking that the uploaded document matches the original produced. A discrepancy is reported to the authority; it is not resolved at the school's discretion.<\/span>\u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0915\u0940 \u092d\u0942\u092e\u093f\u0915\u093e \u092f\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0906\u0930\u0902\u092d \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u0939 \u0938\u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u0928 \u0939\u0948, \u091a\u092f\u0928 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902<\/strong> \u2014 \u092f\u0939 \u091c\u093e\u0901\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0915\u093f \u091a\u0922\u093c\u093e\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0926\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0947\u091c\u093c \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924 \u092e\u0942\u0932 \u0938\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0932 \u0916\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0935\u093f\u0938\u0902\u0917\u0924\u093f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0942\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948; \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0915 \u0938\u0947 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u092a\u091f\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/span>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"flow-step\">\n 5<\/span>\n <div class=\"fs-body\">\n Admission and grievance<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0947\u0936 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e\u092f\u0924<\/span><\/strong>\n The child is admitted, entered in UDISE+ and given a PEN. A published grievance channel with stated timelines<\/strong> handles non-allotment and document disputes, and its existence is part of what makes the system defensible.<\/span>\u092c\u093e\u0932\u0915 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0947\u0936 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, UDISE+ \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093f \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0924\u0925\u093e PEN \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u092e\u092f-\u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0938\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0936\u093f\u0924 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e\u092f\u0924-\u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e<\/strong> \u0905\u0928\u093e\u0935\u0902\u091f\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0926\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0947\u091c\u093c-\u0935\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0926\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0926\u0947\u0916\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0928\u093e \u0939\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0915\u094b \u092c\u091a\u093e\u0935-\u092f\u094b\u0917\u094d\u092f \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/span>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"pc-grid\">\n <div class=\"pc-panel pro\">\n <div class=\"pc-head\">\u2713<\/span>What the online system gains<\/span>\u0911\u0928\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n <ul>\n <li>An audit trail.<\/strong> Every application, allotment and rejection carries a timestamp that cannot be altered afterwards<\/span>\u0905\u0902\u0915\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923-\u091a\u093f\u0939\u094d\u0928\u0964<\/strong> \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0906\u0935\u0947\u0926\u0928, \u0906\u0935\u0902\u091f\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0905\u0938\u094d\u0935\u0940\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f \u092a\u0930 \u0910\u0938\u0940 \u0938\u092e\u092f-\u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930\u093e \u0930\u0939\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940<\/span><\/li>\n <li>Discretion removed from the point of pressure.<\/strong> A head who cannot allot a seat cannot be pressed to allot one<\/span>\u0926\u092c\u093e\u0935 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0941 \u0938\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0915\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0939\u091f\u093e \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/strong> \u091c\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0941\u0916 \u0938\u0940\u091f \u0906\u0935\u0902\u091f\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930 \u0939\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0909\u0938 \u092a\u0930 \u0906\u0935\u0902\u091f\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u0926\u092c\u093e\u0935 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0921\u093e\u0932\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e<\/span><\/li>\n <li>No crowds at the gate<\/strong>, and no advantage to whoever can queue longest<\/span>\u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u092d\u0940\u0921\u093c \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902<\/strong>, \u0914\u0930 \u091c\u094b \u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u0926\u0947\u0930 \u0924\u0915 \u092a\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0916\u0921\u093c\u093e \u0930\u0939 \u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0932\u093e\u092d \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902<\/span><\/li>\n <li>Data flows onward automatically<\/strong> into UDISE+ and the student record, without re-entry<\/span>\u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0903\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093f \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0924\u0903 \u0906\u0917\u0947<\/strong> UDISE+ \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940-\u0905\u092d\u093f\u0932\u0947\u0916 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091a\u0932\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902<\/span><\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"pc-panel con\">\n <div class=\"pc-head\">\u2717<\/span>Where it still fails a family<\/span>\u092f\u0939 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0935\u093f\u092b\u0932 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n <ul>\n <li>A parent without a smartphone or the literacy to use one<\/strong> is excluded unless a facilitation counter exists<\/span>\u091c\u093f\u0938 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u0938 \u0938\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u091f\u092b\u093c\u094b\u0928 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u091a\u0932\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u093e\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0928 \u0939\u094b<\/strong> \u0935\u0939 \u0924\u092c \u0924\u0915 \u092c\u093e\u0939\u0930 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u092c \u0924\u0915 \u0938\u0939\u093e\u092f\u0924\u093e-\u0915\u093e\u0909\u0902\u091f\u0930 \u0928 \u0939\u094b<\/span><\/li>\n <li>A name spelt differently across two documents<\/strong> can cost a child a seat, and the correction takes longer than the admission window<\/span>\u0926\u094b \u0926\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0947\u091c\u093c\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928\u0940 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e \u0928\u093e\u092e<\/strong> \u092c\u093e\u0932\u0915 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0940\u091f \u0932\u0947 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0941\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0947\u0936-\u0905\u0935\u0927\u093f \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u092e\u092f \u0932\u0917\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/li>\n <li>Children without a birth certificate<\/strong> \u2014 the RTE Act is clear that no child may be denied admission for want of documents, and a portal must not become the means of doing so<\/span>\u0935\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0932\u0915 \u091c\u093f\u0928\u0915\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u0938 \u091c\u0928\u094d\u092e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902<\/strong> \u2014 RTE \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e \u0938\u094d\u092a\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0926\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0947\u091c\u093c\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u092d\u093e\u0935 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092c\u093e\u0932\u0915 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0947\u0936 \u0938\u0947 \u0935\u0902\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e, \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u092a\u094b\u0930\u094d\u091f\u0932 \u0910\u0938\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u093e\u0927\u0928 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u092c\u0928\u0928\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f<\/span><\/li>\n <li>Allotted seats not taken up<\/strong>, which leaves places empty while other children remain out of school<\/span>\u0906\u0935\u0902\u091f\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u0940\u091f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0928 \u092d\u0930\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0928\u093e<\/strong>, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928 \u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0930\u0939 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u091c\u092c\u0915\u093f \u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f \u092c\u093e\u0932\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0939\u0930 \u092c\u0928\u0947 \u0930\u0939\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902<\/span><\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <hr class=\"section-divider\">\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d10-5\">\n 10.5<\/span>\n <h3>Examination Portals and OMR<\/span>\u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u092a\u094b\u0930\u094d\u091f\u0932 \u090f\u0935\u0902 OMR<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n <table class=\"data-table\">\n <thead>\n <tr>\n <th>Stage<\/span>\u091a\u0930\u0923<\/span><\/th>\n <th>What happens on the portal, and where it goes wrong<\/span>\u092a\u094b\u0930\u094d\u091f\u0932 \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0935\u0939 \u0915\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u092c\u093f\u0917\u0921\u093c\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/th>\n <\/tr>\n <\/thead>\n <tbody>\n <tr style=\"background:#f3f8ff;\">\n <td>List of Candidates<\/span>\u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940-\u0938\u0942\u091a\u0940<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n <td>The school submits the LOC<\/strong> \u2014 the roll of pupils who will appear, with name, parentage, date of birth, subjects and category. This is the single most consequential data entry in a school year.<\/strong> Whatever is entered here is printed on the admit card, the marksheet and the certificate, and a spelling corrected later requires a formal correction application, a fee and months of waiting. The entry must be checked against the admission register<\/strong>, not against memory or a class list.<\/span>\u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f LOC<\/strong> \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u0909\u0928 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0940 \u091c\u094b \u0909\u092a\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0902\u0917\u0947, \u0928\u093e\u092e, \u092e\u093e\u0924\u093e-\u092a\u093f\u0924\u093e, \u091c\u0928\u094d\u092e\u0924\u093f\u0925\u093f, \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0917 \u0938\u0939\u093f\u0924\u0964 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f-\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937 \u0915\u0940 \u092f\u0939 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u093e-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093f \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/strong> \u092f\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u091c\u094b \u092d\u0930\u093e \u091c\u093e\u090f \u0935\u0939\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0947\u0936-\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930, \u0905\u0902\u0915-\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u091b\u092a\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0941\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0917\u0908 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928\u0940 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0914\u092a\u091a\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0941\u0927\u093e\u0930-\u0906\u0935\u0947\u0926\u0928, \u0936\u0941\u0932\u094d\u0915 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092e\u0939\u0940\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f\u0964 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0947\u0936-\u0930\u091c\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0930<\/strong> \u0938\u0947 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u093e\u0908 \u091c\u093e\u090f, \u0938\u094d\u092e\u0943\u0924\u093f \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e-\u0938\u0942\u091a\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td>Admit cards and centres<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0947\u0936-\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n <td>Roll numbers are allotted, admit cards generated for download, and the centre and seating plan published. The school's duty is distribution and verification of photographs<\/strong> before the examination, not after.<\/span>\u0905\u0928\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0902\u0915 \u0906\u0935\u0902\u091f\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0921\u093e\u0909\u0928\u0932\u094b\u0921 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0947\u0936-\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092c\u0928\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092c\u0948\u0920\u0915-\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0936\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0915\u093e \u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0935\u094d\u092f \u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935<\/strong> \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0947\u0936-\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0924\u0930\u0923 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u091b\u093e\u092f\u093e\u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u0928 \u0939\u0948, \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td>Internal assessment upload<\/span>\u0906\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0906\u0915\u0932\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0937\u0923<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n <td>Practical marks, project marks and internal assessment are uploaded within a stated window. The window does not reopen.<\/strong> A mark uploaded against the wrong roll number is an error in a public examination result, and the correction route is formal and slow.<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u0902\u0915, \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928\u093e-\u0905\u0902\u0915 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0906\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0906\u0915\u0932\u0928 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0905\u0935\u0927\u093f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091a\u0922\u093c\u093e\u090f \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0935\u0939 \u0905\u0935\u0927\u093f \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0903 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0916\u0941\u0932\u0924\u0940\u0964<\/strong> \u0917\u093c\u0932\u0924 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0902\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0928\u0947 \u091a\u0922\u093c\u093e\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0905\u0902\u0915 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0938\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0935\u091c\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e-\u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e \u0915\u0940 \u0924\u094d\u0930\u0941\u091f\u093f \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0941\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0917 \u0914\u092a\u091a\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0927\u0940\u092e\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td>OMR answer sheets<\/span>OMR \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930-\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0915\u093e\u090f\u0901<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n <td>Optical Mark Recognition<\/strong>, introduced in \u00a71.8, detects only the presence or absence of a mark in a defined position<\/strong> \u2014 it reads no characters and interprets nothing. Hence the rules that must be taught to candidates before the day: use only the specified pen, darken the bubble completely<\/strong>, make no stray marks anywhere on the sheet, do not fold or crease it, and never erase<\/strong>, since a partly erased mark may still be read.<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0936\u0940\u092f \u091a\u093f\u0939\u094d\u0928 \u092a\u0939\u091a\u093e\u0928<\/strong>, \u091c\u094b \u00a71.8 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0906\u0908 \u0925\u0940, \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u092f\u0939 \u092a\u0939\u091a\u093e\u0928\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u0930 \u091a\u093f\u0939\u094d\u0928 \u0939\u0948 \u092f\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902<\/strong> \u2014 \u0935\u0939 \u0928 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u092a\u0922\u093c\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0928 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0905\u0924\u0903 \u0935\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e \u091c\u094b \u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0926\u093f\u0928 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u0938\u093f\u0916\u093e\u090f \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f: \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0926\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0915\u0932\u092e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902, \u0917\u094b\u0932\u093e \u092a\u0942\u0930\u0940 \u0924\u0930\u0939 \u092d\u0930\u0947\u0902<\/strong>, \u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0915\u093e \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u092d\u091f\u0915\u093e \u091a\u093f\u0939\u094d\u0928 \u0928 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u090f\u0901, \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u092e\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0947\u0902 \u092f\u093e \u0938\u093f\u0915\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0915\u092d\u0940 \u0928 \u092e\u093f\u091f\u093e\u090f\u0901<\/strong>, \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u0905\u0927\u0942\u0930\u093e \u092e\u093f\u091f\u093e \u091a\u093f\u0939\u094d\u0928 \u092d\u0940 \u092a\u0922\u093c\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td>On-screen evaluation<\/span>\u092a\u0930\u094d\u0926\u093e-\u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u092e\u0942\u0932\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0915\u0928<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n <td>Answer scripts are scanned and marked on screen by examiners who never see the candidate's identity. It shortens the result cycle, allows the same script to be checked by a second examiner without physical movement, and leaves a record of every mark awarded.<\/span>\u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930-\u092a\u0941\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0915\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u0938\u094d\u0915\u0948\u0928 \u0915\u0930 \u092a\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u0909\u0928 \u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0901\u091a\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u091c\u094b \u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0939\u091a\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u092d\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0926\u0947\u0916\u0924\u0947\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e-\u091a\u0915\u094d\u0930 \u091b\u094b\u091f\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0935\u0939\u0940 \u092a\u0941\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0915\u093e \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u092d\u094c\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0906\u0935\u093e\u0917\u092e\u0928 \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0938\u0947 \u091c\u0901\u091a\u0935\u093e\u0908 \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0926\u093f\u090f \u0917\u090f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0905\u0902\u0915 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0932\u0947\u0916 \u092c\u0928\u093e \u0930\u0939\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td>Results and digital marksheets<\/span>\u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0905\u0902\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0905\u0902\u0915-\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n <td>Results are declared online and the marksheet, migration certificate and passing certificate are issued into DigiLocker<\/strong>, from which they can be produced anywhere without the original. Treated in \u00a713.5.<\/span>\u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e \u0911\u0928\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u0918\u094b\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0905\u0902\u0915-\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0940\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u0932\u0949\u0915\u0930<\/strong> \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091c\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0938\u0947 \u0935\u0947 \u092e\u0942\u0932 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0915\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u092d\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u090f \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0935\u093f\u0935\u0947\u091a\u0928 \u00a713.5 \u092e\u0947\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <\/tbody>\n <\/table>\n\n <hr class=\"section-divider\">\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d10-6\">\n 10.6<\/span>\n <h3>Data Dashboards and Decision Making<\/span>\u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u093e-\u0921\u0948\u0936\u092c\u094b\u0930\u094d\u0921 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0923\u092f\u0928<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n <svg class=\"full-diagram\" viewBox=\"0 0 720 340\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"A school dashboard showing key indicators\">\n <rect x=\"20\" y=\"18\" width=\"680\" height=\"304\" rx=\"7\" fill=\"#f5f7fa\" stroke=\"#b9c6d6\" stroke-width=\"1.5\"\/>\n <rect x=\"20\" y=\"18\" width=\"680\" height=\"34\" rx=\"7\" fill=\"#14243f\"\/>\n <rect x=\"20\" y=\"40\" width=\"680\" height=\"12\" fill=\"#14243f\"\/>\n <text x=\"38\" y=\"40\" font-size=\"10.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">GSSS Malviya Nagar \u2014 School Dashboard<\/text>\n <text x=\"682\" y=\"40\" text-anchor=\"end\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#c9daf0\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">UDISE 07030105 \u00b7 as on 22 Aug 2026<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"34\" y=\"64\" width=\"158\" height=\"58\" rx=\"6\" fill=\"#fff\" stroke=\"#dde3ea\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/>\n <text x=\"46\" y=\"80\" font-size=\"7.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#8a95a3\" letter-spacing=\".5\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">ENROLMENT<\/text>\n <text x=\"46\" y=\"102\" font-size=\"20\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#14243f\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">1,248<\/text>\n <text x=\"112\" y=\"102\" font-size=\"8\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#0d8f79\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">\u25b2 4.2%<\/text>\n <text x=\"46\" y=\"115\" font-size=\"7\" fill=\"#8a95a3\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">girls 631 \u00b7 boys 617<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"200\" y=\"64\" width=\"158\" height=\"58\" rx=\"6\" fill=\"#fff\" stroke=\"#dde3ea\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/>\n <text x=\"212\" y=\"80\" font-size=\"7.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#8a95a3\" letter-spacing=\".5\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">ATTENDANCE THIS MONTH<\/text>\n <text x=\"212\" y=\"102\" font-size=\"20\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#14243f\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">88.6%<\/text>\n <text x=\"286\" y=\"102\" font-size=\"8\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#c0392b\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">\u25bc 1.8%<\/text>\n <text x=\"212\" y=\"115\" font-size=\"7\" fill=\"#8a95a3\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">below 75% \u2014 84 pupils<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"366\" y=\"64\" width=\"158\" height=\"58\" rx=\"6\" fill=\"#fff\" stroke=\"#dde3ea\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/>\n <text x=\"378\" y=\"80\" font-size=\"7.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#8a95a3\" letter-spacing=\".5\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">TEACHERS IN POSITION<\/text>\n <text x=\"378\" y=\"102\" font-size=\"20\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#14243f\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">41<\/text>\n <text x=\"410\" y=\"102\" font-size=\"10\" fill=\"#8a95a3\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">\/ 46<\/text>\n <text x=\"378\" y=\"115\" font-size=\"7\" fill=\"#c0392b\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">5 vacant \u00b7 PTR 1:30<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"532\" y=\"64\" width=\"156\" height=\"58\" rx=\"6\" fill=\"#fff\" stroke=\"#dde3ea\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/>\n <text x=\"544\" y=\"80\" font-size=\"7.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#8a95a3\" letter-spacing=\".5\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">GRANT UTILISED<\/text>\n <text x=\"544\" y=\"102\" font-size=\"20\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#14243f\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">62%<\/text>\n <text x=\"544\" y=\"115\" font-size=\"7\" fill=\"#c9760f\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">UC due by 31 March<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"34\" y=\"132\" width=\"324\" height=\"120\" rx=\"6\" fill=\"#fff\" stroke=\"#dde3ea\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/>\n <text x=\"46\" y=\"150\" font-size=\"8.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#14243f\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Attendance by class, this month<\/text>\n <line x1=\"70\" y1=\"232\" x2=\"342\" y2=\"232\" stroke=\"#dde3ea\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/>\n <line x1=\"70\" y1=\"162\" x2=\"70\" y2=\"232\" stroke=\"#dde3ea\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/>\n <line x1=\"70\" y1=\"190\" x2=\"342\" y2=\"190\" stroke=\"#f0a8a0\" stroke-width=\"1\" stroke-dasharray=\"3 2\"\/>\n <text x=\"348\" y=\"192\" font-size=\"6.5\" fill=\"#c0392b\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">75%<\/text>\n <g fill=\"#2f92d1\">\n <rect x=\"84\" y=\"176\" width=\"26\" height=\"56\"\/><rect x=\"124\" y=\"170\" width=\"26\" height=\"62\"\/><rect x=\"164\" y=\"182\" width=\"26\" height=\"50\"\/>\n <rect x=\"204\" y=\"166\" width=\"26\" height=\"66\"\/><rect x=\"284\" y=\"174\" width=\"26\" height=\"58\"\/>\n <\/g>\n <rect x=\"244\" y=\"196\" width=\"26\" height=\"36\" fill=\"#c0392b\"\/>\n <g font-size=\"6.5\" fill=\"#5a6d80\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">\n <text x=\"97\" y=\"243\">VI<\/text><text x=\"137\" y=\"243\">VII<\/text><text x=\"177\" y=\"243\">VIII<\/text><text x=\"217\" y=\"243\">IX<\/text><text x=\"257\" y=\"243\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#c0392b\">X<\/text><text x=\"297\" y=\"243\">XI<\/text>\n <\/g>\n <text x=\"257\" y=\"192\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#c0392b\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">71%<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"366\" y=\"132\" width=\"322\" height=\"120\" rx=\"6\" fill=\"#fff\" stroke=\"#dde3ea\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/>\n <text x=\"378\" y=\"150\" font-size=\"8.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#14243f\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Enrolment, five sessions<\/text>\n <line x1=\"400\" y1=\"232\" x2=\"672\" y2=\"232\" stroke=\"#dde3ea\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/>\n <line x1=\"400\" y1=\"162\" x2=\"400\" y2=\"232\" stroke=\"#dde3ea\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/>\n <polyline points=\"420,212 480,204 540,196 600,186 656,172\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#0d8f79\" stroke-width=\"2.2\"\/>\n <g fill=\"#0d8f79\"><circle cx=\"420\" cy=\"212\" r=\"3\"\/><circle cx=\"480\" cy=\"204\" r=\"3\"\/><circle cx=\"540\" cy=\"196\" r=\"3\"\/><circle cx=\"600\" cy=\"186\" r=\"3\"\/><circle cx=\"656\" cy=\"172\" r=\"3.6\"\/><\/g>\n <g font-size=\"6.5\" fill=\"#5a6d80\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">\n <text x=\"420\" y=\"243\">2022<\/text><text x=\"480\" y=\"243\">2023<\/text><text x=\"540\" y=\"243\">2024<\/text><text x=\"600\" y=\"243\">2025<\/text><text x=\"656\" y=\"243\" font-weight=\"700\">2026<\/text>\n <\/g>\n\n <rect x=\"34\" y=\"262\" width=\"654\" height=\"48\" rx=\"6\" fill=\"#fffbf0\" stroke=\"#c9760f\" stroke-width=\"1.3\"\/>\n <text x=\"48\" y=\"279\" font-size=\"8.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#8f5409\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">WHAT THIS DASHBOARD IS ACTUALLY SAYING<\/text>\n <text x=\"48\" y=\"293\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Enrolment is rising and staffing has not followed \u2014 five posts vacant against a rising roll. Class X attendance has fallen below the<\/text>\n <text x=\"48\" y=\"304\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">threshold while every other class holds. Two facts, two decisions: pursue the vacancies, and find out what is happening in class X.<\/text>\n <\/svg>\n A dashboard earns its place only if a decision follows from it. One that is read and filed is a report wearing a different name.<\/span>\u0921\u0948\u0936\u092c\u094b\u0930\u094d\u0921 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928 \u0924\u092d\u0940 \u0938\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0915 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u092c \u0909\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0923\u092f \u0928\u093f\u0915\u0932\u0947\u0964 \u091c\u094b \u092a\u0922\u093c\u0915\u0930 \u0928\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0940\u092c\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0915\u0930 \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u090f \u0935\u0939 \u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0928\u093e\u092e \u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u093f\u090f \u0939\u0941\u090f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0926\u0928 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n\n <div class=\"feat-grid\">\n <div class=\"feat-card\">1<\/span>MIS<\/strong>A Management Information System<\/strong> collects, stores and presents the data an institution needs to run itself. A dashboard is its visible surface; the value lies in what is underneath.<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0928 \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940<\/strong> \u0909\u0928 \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u090f\u0915\u0924\u094d\u0930, \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u091a\u0932\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f\u0964 \u0921\u0948\u0936\u092c\u094b\u0930\u094d\u0921 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u0926\u0943\u0936\u094d\u092f \u0938\u0924\u0939 \u0939\u0948; \u092e\u0942\u0932\u094d\u092f \u0928\u0940\u091a\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"feat-card\">2<\/span>Vidya Samiksha Kendra<\/span>\u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0938\u092e\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930<\/span><\/strong>A centre for real-time monitoring of education data<\/strong>, established at national and state level and envisaged in NEP 2020. It brings attendance, learning outcomes, teacher deployment and scheme data onto one screen for the whole system.<\/span>\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e-\u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0935\u093f\u0915-\u0938\u092e\u092f \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0935\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u093e \u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930<\/strong>, \u091c\u094b \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0930\u093e\u091c\u094d\u092f \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948 \u0924\u0925\u093e NEP 2020 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a\u093f\u0924\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0909\u092a\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f, \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092b\u0932, \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915-\u0924\u0948\u0928\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928\u093e-\u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u090f\u0915 \u0939\u0940 \u092a\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u0932\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"feat-card\">3<\/span>The rule of few indicators<\/span>\u0915\u092e \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e<\/span><\/strong>A dashboard carrying forty numbers communicates nothing. Six to eight indicators, each with a comparison and a trend<\/strong>, is the working limit \u2014 the same discipline as the 6\u00d76 guide of \u00a75.7.<\/span>\u091a\u093e\u0932\u0940\u0938 \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u0930\u0916\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e \u0921\u0948\u0936\u092c\u094b\u0930\u094d\u0921 \u0915\u0941\u091b \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u092c\u0924\u093e\u0924\u093e\u0964 \u091b\u0939 \u0938\u0947 \u0906\u0920 \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0915, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0924\u0941\u0932\u0928\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0938\u0939\u093f\u0924<\/strong>, \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u0935\u0939\u0940 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0936\u093e\u0938\u0928 \u091c\u094b \u00a75.7 \u0915\u0947 6\u00d76 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0925\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"feat-card\">4<\/span>Reporting and deciding<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0926\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0923\u092f<\/span><\/strong>The distinction that matters. Data gathered to be reported upward<\/strong> tends toward whatever looks best; data gathered to be acted on<\/strong> must be honest, because the person acting on it is the person who collected it.<\/span>\u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u092d\u0947\u0926 \u092f\u0939\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u090a\u092a\u0930 \u092d\u0947\u091c\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941<\/strong> \u090f\u0915\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u0909\u0938\u0940 \u0913\u0930 \u091d\u0941\u0915\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u091c\u094b \u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u0905\u091a\u094d\u091b\u093e \u0926\u093f\u0916\u0947; \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u0935\u093e\u0939\u0940 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941<\/strong> \u090f\u0915\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0908\u092e\u093e\u0928\u0926\u093e\u0930 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u093e \u092a\u0921\u093c\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u0909\u0928 \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u0935\u093e\u0939\u0940 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e \u0935\u0939\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0928\u0947 \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u090f\u0915\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <hr class=\"section-divider\">\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d10-7\">\n 10.7<\/span>\n <h3>Financial and Office Automation<\/span>\u0935\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0940\u092f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u091a\u093e\u0932\u0928<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"abbr-grid\">\n <table>\n <thead><tr><th>System<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940<\/span><\/th><th>What it does<\/span>\u092f\u0939 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/th><\/tr><\/thead>\n <tbody>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">PFMS<\/td><td>Public Financial Management System<\/strong> \u2014 tracks the release and utilisation of government funds from sanction down to the final beneficiary.<\/span>\u0938\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0935\u091c\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0940\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940<\/strong> \u2014 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0940\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u093f\u092e \u0932\u093e\u092d\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0924\u0915 \u0936\u093e\u0938\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0928\u093f\u0927\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0930\u0947\u0916\u0923 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">DBT<\/td><td>Direct Benefit Transfer<\/strong> \u2014 scholarships, uniform and textbook allowances paid into the beneficiary's own bank account<\/strong>, removing intermediaries.<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0932\u093e\u092d \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u0923<\/strong> \u2014 \u091b\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901, \u0917\u0923\u0935\u0947\u0936 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u092a\u0941\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0915 \u092d\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0947 \u0932\u093e\u092d\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u092c\u0948\u0902\u0915 \u0916\u093e\u0924\u0947<\/strong> \u092e\u0947\u0902, \u092c\u093f\u091a\u094c\u0932\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0939\u091f\u093e\u0915\u0930\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">GeM<\/td><td>Government e-Marketplace<\/strong> \u2014 the portal through which government bodies procure goods and services, with rates and vendors visible to all.<\/span>\u0938\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0908-\u092c\u093e\u091c\u093c\u093e\u0930<\/strong> \u2014 \u0935\u0939 \u092a\u094b\u0930\u094d\u091f\u0932 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0936\u093e\u0938\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0928\u093f\u0915\u093e\u092f \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u090f\u0901 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u0916\u093c\u0930\u0940\u0926\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0926\u0930\u0947\u0902 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0938\u092c\u0915\u094b \u0926\u093f\u0916\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <\/tbody>\n <\/table>\n <table>\n <thead><tr><th>System<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940<\/span><\/th><th>What it does<\/span>\u092f\u0939 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/th><\/tr><\/thead>\n <tbody>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">e-Office<\/td><td>Files, notes and approvals moved electronically rather than on paper<\/strong>, each action carrying an identity and a timestamp.<\/span>\u0928\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901, \u091f\u093f\u092a\u094d\u092a\u0923\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092e\u094b\u0926\u0928 \u0915\u093e\u0917\u093c\u091c\u093c \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u091c\u093e\u092f \u0907\u0932\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0930\u0942\u092a<\/strong> \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091a\u0932\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u0939\u091a\u093e\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u092e\u092f-\u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930\u093e \u0930\u0939\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">e-Tendering<\/span>\u0908-\u0928\u093f\u0935\u093f\u0926\u093e<\/span><\/td><td>Tenders published, bids received and opened electronically at a fixed hour<\/strong>, so that no bid can be seen before the rest.<\/span>\u0928\u093f\u0935\u093f\u0926\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0936\u093f\u0924, \u092c\u094b\u0932\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0924 \u0938\u092e\u092f \u092a\u0930 \u0907\u0932\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0916\u094b\u0932\u0940<\/strong> \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u092c\u094b\u0932\u0940 \u0936\u0947\u0937 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u0926\u0947\u0916\u0940 \u0928 \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0947\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">Utilisation certificate<\/span>\u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0924\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930<\/span><\/td><td>The statement that a grant has been spent for the purpose sanctioned. Delay in filing it holds up the next release<\/strong>, which is why the dashboard above carries it as an indicator.<\/span>\u092f\u0939 \u0915\u0925\u0928 \u0915\u093f \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0940\u0915\u0943\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u092f \u0939\u0941\u0906\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0947 \u092d\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0932\u0902\u092c \u0905\u0917\u0932\u0940 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0930\u094b\u0915 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/strong>, \u0907\u0938\u0940\u0932\u093f\u090f \u090a\u092a\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u0921\u0948\u0936\u092c\u094b\u0930\u094d\u0921 \u0907\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0930\u0916\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <\/tbody>\n <\/table>\n <\/div>\n\n <hr class=\"section-divider\">\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d10-8\">\n 10.8<\/span>\n <h3>Data Quality and Governance<\/span>\u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u093e-\u0917\u0941\u0923\u0935\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0936\u093e\u0938\u0928<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"callout purple\">\n <div class=\"callout-label\">\ud83d\udcd8 GIGO, applied to a school<\/span>\ud83d\udcd8 GIGO, \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u092a\u0930 \u0932\u093e\u0917\u0942<\/span><\/div>\n The principle stated in \u00a71.1 \u2014 Garbage In, Garbage Out<\/strong> \u2014 reaches its sharpest application here. A portal performs no judgement: it accepts what is entered and computes faithfully upon it. A date of birth typed as 2013 instead of 2003 produces no error message, no warning and no visible fault. It produces, ten years later, a candidate refused an examination on grounds of age.<\/span>\n \u00a71.1 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u0939\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924 \u2014 \u0915\u091a\u0930\u093e \u092d\u0940\u0924\u0930, \u0915\u091a\u0930\u093e \u092c\u093e\u0939\u0930<\/strong> \u2014 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u0924\u0940\u0935\u094d\u0930\u0924\u092e \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092f\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0932\u093e\u0917\u0942 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092a\u094b\u0930\u094d\u091f\u0932 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0923\u092f \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e: \u0935\u0939 \u091c\u094b \u092d\u0930\u093e \u091c\u093e\u090f \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0940\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0930 \u0909\u0938 \u092a\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0920\u093e\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0915 \u0917\u0923\u0928\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 2003 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u0930 2013 \u091f\u0902\u0915\u093f\u0924 \u091c\u0928\u094d\u092e\u0924\u093f\u0925\u093f \u0928 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0924\u094d\u0930\u0941\u091f\u093f-\u0938\u0902\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0928 \u091a\u0947\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0928\u0940, \u0928 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0926\u0943\u0936\u094d\u092f \u0926\u094b\u0937\u0964 \u0935\u0939 \u0926\u0938 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u0910\u0938\u093e \u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u0906\u092f\u0941 \u0915\u0947 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u0935\u0902\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930 \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u090f\u0964<\/span>\n <\/div>\n\n <table class=\"data-table\">\n <thead>\n <tr>\n <th>Common error<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u091a\u0932\u093f\u0924 \u0924\u094d\u0930\u0941\u091f\u093f<\/span><\/th>\n <th>What it costs, and how it is prevented<\/span>\u0907\u0938\u0915\u093e \u092e\u0942\u0932\u094d\u092f \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0907\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0930\u094b\u0915\u093e \u091c\u093e\u090f<\/span><\/th>\n <\/tr>\n <\/thead>\n <tbody>\n <tr>\n <td>Name spelt differently across documents<\/span>\u0926\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0947\u091c\u093c\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928\u0940 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e \u0928\u093e\u092e<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n <td>A mismatch between the admission register, the Aadhaar record and the examination entry blocks scholarships, admission and certificate issue. Prevention: one authoritative source \u2014 the admission register \u2014 and every subsequent entry copied from it, never retyped from memory.<\/strong><\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0947\u0936-\u0930\u091c\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0930, \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0932\u0947\u0916 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093f \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u092c\u0947\u092e\u0947\u0932 \u091b\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0947\u0936 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930-\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0917\u092e\u0928 \u0930\u094b\u0915 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0930\u094b\u0915\u0925\u093e\u092e: \u090f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0923\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0924 \u2014 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0947\u0936-\u0930\u091c\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0930 \u2014 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0906\u0917\u093e\u092e\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093f \u0909\u0938\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0932\u093f\u092a\u093f\u0924, \u0938\u094d\u092e\u0943\u0924\u093f \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0903\u091f\u0902\u0915\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u092d\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964<\/strong><\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td>Duplicate enrolment<\/span>\u0926\u094b\u0939\u0930\u093e \u0928\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0902\u0915\u0928<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n <td>The same child entered twice, or retained on the roll after leaving. It inflates the figures that determine grants and is the first thing an audit looks for. Prevention: the PEN, and reconciliation of the portal against the admission and withdrawal register each term.<\/strong><\/span>\u0935\u0939\u0940 \u092c\u093e\u0932\u0915 \u0926\u094b \u092c\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f, \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u092d\u0940 \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0928\u093e \u0939\u0941\u0906\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0935\u0947 \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u092c\u0922\u093c \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u091c\u094b \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0924\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u0902\u0915\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u092f\u0939\u0940 \u0926\u0947\u0916\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0930\u094b\u0915\u0925\u093e\u092e: PEN, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0938\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094b\u0930\u094d\u091f\u0932 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0947\u0936 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0915\u093e\u0938\u0928 \u0930\u091c\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0930 \u0938\u0947 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u093e\u0928\u0964<\/strong><\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td>Wrong social category<\/span>\u0917\u093c\u0932\u0924 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u091c\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0917<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n <td>Denies a child a scholarship or a reserved benefit to which they are entitled, and the correction takes longer than the year in which it was needed. Prevention: entry only against the certificate produced, never against what is said at the counter.<\/strong><\/span>\u092c\u093e\u0932\u0915 \u0915\u094b \u0935\u0939 \u091b\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0906\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0932\u093e\u092d \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0924\u093e \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0935\u0939 \u0939\u0915\u093c\u0926\u093e\u0930 \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0941\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u092e\u092f \u0932\u0917\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0925\u0940\u0964 \u0930\u094b\u0915\u0925\u093e\u092e: \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093f \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u0930, \u0915\u093e\u0909\u0902\u091f\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u0939\u0940 \u0917\u0908 \u092c\u093e\u0924 \u0915\u0947 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u092d\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964<\/strong><\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td>Facility reported that does not function<\/span>\u0910\u0938\u0940 \u0938\u0941\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093e \u091c\u094b \u092c\u0924\u093e\u0908 \u0917\u0908 \u0915\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0941 \u091a\u093e\u0932\u0942 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n <td>A toilet recorded as available but locked, or a computer laboratory with no power. The school is then not counted as deficient and receives nothing to repair it<\/strong> \u2014 the reporting of a facility as present is what removes it from the queue for funds.<\/span>\u0910\u0938\u093e \u0936\u094c\u091a\u093e\u0932\u092f \u091c\u094b \u0909\u092a\u0932\u092c\u094d\u0927 \u0926\u0930\u094d\u091c \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0941 \u092c\u0902\u0926 \u092a\u0921\u093c\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0910\u0938\u0940 \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0936\u093e\u0932\u093e \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964 \u0924\u092c \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0905\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0917\u093f\u0928\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u092e\u0930\u092e\u094d\u092e\u0924 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u0941\u091b \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0924\u093e<\/strong> \u2014 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0938\u0941\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0909\u092a\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u092c\u0924\u093e\u0928\u093e \u0939\u0940 \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u0927\u093f \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0938\u0947 \u0939\u091f\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <\/tbody>\n <\/table>\n\n <div class=\"exam-tip\">\n <div class=\"et-icon\">\ud83d\udccb<\/div>\n <div class=\"et-body\">\n Four practices that hold data quality in place.<\/strong> (1) Named responsibility<\/strong> \u2014 one person by name is accountable for each return, not \"the office\". (2) Verification against source<\/strong> \u2014 every figure traced to a register, not to a previous year's return. (3) A calendar of deadlines<\/strong> kept where the whole staff can see it, since almost every portal window is fixed and does not reopen. (4) Certification read before it is signed<\/strong> \u2014 the head's signature on a UDISE+ return is a certification of accuracy, and it carries the same weight as a signature on any other official record.<\/span>\n \u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0905\u092d\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938 \u091c\u094b \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u093e-\u0917\u0941\u0923\u0935\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0930 \u0930\u0916\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/strong> (1) \u0928\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930\u0926\u093e\u092f\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0935<\/strong> \u2014 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0935\u0930\u0923\u0940 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0928\u093e\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u090f\u0915 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930\u0926\u093e\u092f\u0940 \u0939\u094b, \"\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f\" \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964 (2) \u0938\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0924 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u0928<\/strong> \u2014 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u093e \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0930\u091c\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0930 \u0924\u0915 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0930\u0947\u0916\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b, \u092a\u093f\u091b\u0932\u0947 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937 \u0915\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0935\u0930\u0923\u0940 \u0924\u0915 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964 (3) \u0938\u092e\u092f-\u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0915\u0948\u0932\u0947\u0902\u0921\u0930<\/strong> \u0935\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0930\u0916\u093e \u091c\u093e\u090f \u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0938\u092e\u0938\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u094d\u092e\u091a\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0926\u0947\u0916 \u0938\u0915\u0947\u0902, \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u0932\u0917\u092d\u0917 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u092a\u094b\u0930\u094d\u091f\u0932-\u0905\u0935\u0927\u093f \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0924 \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0903 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0916\u0941\u0932\u0924\u0940\u0964 (4) \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u0928 \u0939\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0930 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u092a\u0922\u093c\u093e \u091c\u093e\u090f<\/strong> \u2014 UDISE+ \u0935\u093f\u0935\u0930\u0923\u0940 \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0941\u0916 \u0915\u093e \u0939\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0930 \u092f\u0925\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0924\u093e \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u0928 \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u093e \u092d\u093e\u0930 \u0935\u0939\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0936\u093e\u0938\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0932\u0947\u0916 \u092a\u0930 \u0939\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0930 \u0915\u093e\u0964<\/span>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"mcq-box\">\n <div class=\"mcq-title\">\n Practice<\/span>\u0905\u092d\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938<\/span><\/span>\n Questions on digital school administration<\/span>\u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u093e\u0938\u0928 \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928<\/span><\/span>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"mcq-note\">Objective questions in the pattern of the examination. Click to reveal the answer and its explanation.<\/span>\u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u0930 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928\u0964 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0916\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u094d\u0932\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u0940\u091c\u093f\u090f\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <details class=\"mcq-q\">\n <summary>81<\/span>UDISE+ stands for:<\/span><\/summary>\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\n <li>(a) Unified District Information System for Education Plus<\/li>\n <li>(b) Universal Data Integration System for Education Plus<\/li>\n <li>(c) Unified Digital Information System for Enrolment Plus<\/li>\n <li>(d) Unique District Identity System for Education Plus<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\">(a) Unified District Information System for Education Plus<\/b> Maintained by the Department of School Education and Literacy under the Ministry of Education. UDISE began in 2012\u201313 and UDISE+ replaced it from 2018\u201319, the change being that schools now enter data online in real time.<\/span>\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u092e\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u0940\u0928 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f\u0940 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u093e\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0917 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924\u0964 UDISE 2012\u201313 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0906\u0930\u0902\u092d \u0939\u0941\u0906 \u0924\u0925\u093e 2018\u201319 \u0938\u0947 UDISE+ \u0928\u0947 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928 \u0932\u093f\u092f\u093e, \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u092f\u0939 \u0925\u093e \u0915\u093f \u0905\u092c \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u0911\u0928\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u092e\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092d\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span>\u00a710.1<\/span><\/div>\n <\/details>\n <details class=\"mcq-q\">\n <summary>82<\/span>The reference date for UDISE+ data collection is:<\/span><\/summary>\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\n <li>(a) 1 April<\/li>\n <li>(b) 30 June<\/li>\n <li>(c) 30 September<\/li>\n <li>(d) 31 December<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\">(c) 30 September<\/b> Every figure describes the school as it stood on that date, not as it stands when the form is filled. This is among the details most often got wrong in practice, and an entry made on a later basis is inaccurate even if the number itself is true today.<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0915\u0940 \u0909\u0938\u0940 \u0924\u093f\u0925\u093f \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u092c\u0924\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0928 \u0915\u093f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092d\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u092f \u0915\u0940\u0964 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092f\u0939 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0917\u093c\u0932\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0935\u0930\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u0915\u0947 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0917\u0908 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093f \u0924\u092c \u092d\u0940 \u0905\u092f\u0925\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u092c \u0906\u091c \u0935\u0939 \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0938\u0924\u094d\u092f \u0939\u094b\u0964<\/span>\u00a710.1<\/span><\/div>\n <\/details>\n <details class=\"mcq-q\">\n <summary>83<\/span>The UDISE code allotted to a school consists of how many digits?<\/span><\/summary>\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\n <li>(a) 8<\/li>\n <li>(b) 10<\/li>\n <li>(c) 11<\/li>\n <li>(d) 12<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\">(c) 11<\/b> The digits encode state, district, block, village or ward and the school itself. Twelve digits is the length of the APAAR student ID, and the two figures are commonly offered together as distractors.<\/span>\u0905\u0902\u0915 \u0930\u093e\u091c\u094d\u092f, \u091c\u093c\u093f\u0932\u093e, \u0916\u0902\u0921, \u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0935\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0921 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0915\u094b \u0915\u0942\u091f\u092c\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u092c\u093e\u0930\u0939 \u0905\u0902\u0915 APAAR \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940-\u092a\u0939\u091a\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u0932\u0902\u092c\u093e\u0908 \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u092f\u0947 \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0905\u0902\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092f\u0903 \u0938\u093e\u0925-\u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0926\u093f\u090f \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span>\u00a710.1<\/span><\/div>\n <\/details>\n <details class=\"mcq-q\">\n <summary>84<\/span>APAAR is popularly described as:<\/span><\/summary>\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\n <li>(a) One Nation, One Ration Card<\/li>\n <li>(b) One Nation, One Student ID<\/li>\n <li>(c) One Nation, One Digital Platform<\/li>\n <li>(d) One Class, One TV Channel<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\">(b) One Nation, One Student ID<\/b> Automated Permanent Academic Account Registry \u2014 a lifelong academic identity envisaged under NEP 2020 and built within NDEAR. \"One Nation, One Digital Platform\" describes DIKSHA, and \"One Class, One TV Channel\" is the SWAYAM PRABHA component of PM e-VIDYA.<\/span>\u0911\u091f\u094b\u092e\u0947\u091f\u0947\u0921 \u092a\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0928\u0947\u0902\u091f \u090f\u0915\u0947\u0921\u092e\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u0915\u093e\u0909\u0902\u091f \u0930\u091c\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u2014 NEP 2020 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u0940\u0928 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u090f\u0935\u0902 NDEAR \u0915\u0947 \u092d\u0940\u0924\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0906\u091c\u0940\u0935\u0928 \u0936\u0948\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u0939\u091a\u093e\u0928\u0964 \"\u090f\u0915 \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930, \u090f\u0915 \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u092e\u0902\u091a\" \u0926\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u094b \u092c\u0924\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u0925\u093e \"\u090f\u0915 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e, \u090f\u0915 \u091f\u0940\u0935\u0940 \u091a\u0948\u0928\u0932\" \u092a\u0940\u090f\u092e \u0908-\u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e \u0918\u091f\u0915 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\u00a710.3<\/span><\/div>\n <\/details>\n <details class=\"mcq-q\">\n <summary>85<\/span>The Performance Grading Index (PGI) grades:<\/span><\/summary>\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\n <li>(a) Individual schools<\/li>\n <li>(b) Individual teachers<\/li>\n <li>(c) States and districts<\/li>\n <li>(d) Students<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\">(c) States and districts<\/b> PGI assesses outcomes, access, infrastructure, equity and governance, drawing largely on UDISE+ data. A district's grade therefore depends directly on the accuracy of the returns filed by the schools within it.<\/span>PGI \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092b\u0932, \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a, \u0905\u0935\u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e, \u0938\u092e\u0924\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0936\u093e\u0938\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u0906\u0915\u0932\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f\u0924\u0903 UDISE+ \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0905\u0924\u0903 \u091c\u093c\u093f\u0932\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0936\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0923\u0940 \u0938\u0940\u0927\u0947 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092d\u0940\u0924\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u092d\u0930\u0940 \u0917\u0908 \u0935\u093f\u0935\u0930\u0923\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u092f\u0925\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0924\u093e \u092a\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092d\u0930 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\u00a710.1<\/span><\/div>\n <\/details>\n <details class=\"mcq-q\">\n <summary>86<\/span>PFMS is used for:<\/span><\/summary>\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\n <li>(a) Tracking the release and utilisation of government funds<\/li>\n <li>(b) Conducting online examinations<\/li>\n <li>(c) Recording student attendance<\/li>\n <li>(d) Storing digital certificates<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\">(a) Tracking the release and utilisation of government funds<\/b> Public Financial Management System, which follows money from sanction to final beneficiary. DigiLocker stores certificates, and GeM is the procurement portal.<\/span>\u0938\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0935\u091c\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0940\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940, \u091c\u094b \u0927\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0940\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u093f\u092e \u0932\u093e\u092d\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0924\u0915 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u0932\u0949\u0915\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0930\u0916\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u0925\u093e GeM \u0916\u093c\u0930\u0940\u0926-\u092a\u094b\u0930\u094d\u091f\u0932 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\u00a710.7<\/span><\/div>\n <\/details>\n <\/div>\n\n <\/section>\n\n \n <section class=\"chapter-content\" data-chap=\"11\" id=\"c11\">\n <div class=\"chapter-heading-block\">\n SYLLABUS ITEM 11<\/span>\u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u092e\u0926 11<\/span><\/span>\n <h2>Digital Ethics and Citizenship<\/span>\u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u0928\u0948\u0924\u093f\u0915\u0924\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0928\u093e\u0917\u0930\u093f\u0915\u0924\u093e<\/span><\/h2>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"callout amber\">\n <div class=\"callout-label\">\ud83d\udccc What this chapter covers<\/span>\ud83d\udccc \u0907\u0938 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/div>\n Digital footprint, privacy, copyright and plagiarism, cyberbullying, responsible social media use, screen time, and misinformation<\/span>\n \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u092a\u0926\u091a\u093f\u0939\u094d\u0928, \u0928\u093f\u091c\u0924\u093e, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0932\u093f\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u093e\u0939\u093f\u0924\u094d\u092f\u093f\u0915 \u091a\u094b\u0930\u0940, \u0938\u093e\u0907\u092c\u0930 \u0927\u094c\u0902\u0938, \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930\u0926\u093e\u092f\u0940 \u0938\u094b\u0936\u0932 \u092e\u0940\u0921\u093f\u092f\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917, \u092a\u0930\u094d\u0926\u093e-\u0938\u092e\u092f \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092e\u093f\u0925\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e<\/span>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"keyfact-grid\">\n <div class=\"keyfact-card navy-hi\">\n \ud83d\udc63<\/span>\n <div class=\"kf-label\">The Governing Fact<\/span>\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0923\u093e\u092f\u0915 \u0924\u0925\u094d\u092f<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"kf-value\" style=\"font-size:12.5px;\">Nothing posted is ever fully withdrawn<\/span>\u0921\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0917\u0908 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923\u0924\u0903 \u0935\u093e\u092a\u0938 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"kf-sub\">Deletion removes the copy on display, not the copies already taken<\/span>\u0935\u093f\u0932\u094b\u092a\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f \u0939\u091f\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0932\u0940 \u091c\u093e \u091a\u0941\u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"keyfact-card teal-hi\">\n \u00a9<\/span>\n <div class=\"kf-label\">Indian Copyright Law<\/span>\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0932\u093f\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"kf-value\" style=\"font-size:14px;\">Copyright Act, 1957<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0932\u093f\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e, 1957<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"kf-sub\">With \"fair dealing\" for education under section 52<\/span>\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093e 52 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u0940\u0928 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \"\u0909\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917\" \u0938\u0939\u093f\u0924<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"keyfact-card amber-hi\">\n \ud83d\udee1\ufe0f<\/span>\n <div class=\"kf-label\">For a Child in Distress<\/span>\u0938\u0902\u0915\u091f\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924 \u092c\u093e\u0932\u0915 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"kf-value\" style=\"font-size:19px;\">1098<\/div>\n <div class=\"kf-sub\">CHILDLINE. And cybercrime.gov.in for the offence itself<\/span>\u091a\u093e\u0907\u0932\u094d\u0921\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0928\u0964 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u0905\u092a\u0930\u093e\u0927 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 cybercrime.gov.in<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d11-0\">\n 11.0<\/span>\n <h3>Introduction<\/span>\u092a\u0930\u093f\u091a\u092f<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n <ul class=\"icon-list\">\n <li>\u25b8<\/span>\n Chapter 8 asked how a school protects itself. This chapter asks a different question: how a person ought to behave online, and what a school owes its pupils in teaching them to<\/strong>. The subject is not security but conduct<\/strong>, and its content is judgement rather than procedure.<\/span>\n \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f 8 \u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u091b\u093e \u0915\u093f \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f \u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u092a\u0942\u091b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948: \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0915\u094b \u0911\u0928\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u0915\u0948\u0938\u093e \u0906\u091a\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0935\u0939 \u0938\u093f\u0916\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0915\u093e \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0926\u093e\u092f\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u0939\u0948<\/strong>\u0964 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0906\u091a\u0930\u0923<\/strong> \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0935\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0915 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\n <\/span><\/li>\n <li>\u25b8<\/span>\n Digital citizenship<\/strong> is the name given to the norms of appropriate and responsible conduct in the use of technology. It rests on the same footing as citizenship generally: rights that a person holds, and duties that come with them<\/strong>. The child who has a right not to be harassed online has a duty not to harass.<\/span>\n \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u0928\u093e\u0917\u0930\u093f\u0915\u0924\u093e<\/strong> \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u092e\u0941\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930\u0926\u093e\u092f\u0940 \u0906\u091a\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0940 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0926\u0902\u0921-\u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093e\u092e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0909\u0938\u0940 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u091f\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938 \u092a\u0930 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0928\u093e\u0917\u0930\u093f\u0915\u0924\u093e: \u0935\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u091c\u094b \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u0938 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0906\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0935\u094d\u092f<\/strong>\u0964 \u091c\u093f\u0938 \u092c\u093e\u0932\u0915 \u0915\u094b \u0911\u0928\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0940\u0921\u093c\u0928 \u0938\u0947 \u092e\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0930\u0939\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0939\u0948, \u0909\u0938\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0935\u094d\u092f \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0935\u0939 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0915\u094b \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0940\u0921\u093c\u093f\u0924 \u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0964<\/span>\n <\/span><\/li>\n <li>\u25b8<\/span>\n For a head of institution this item has a practical edge that the others do not. The school will be the first place an incident surfaces<\/strong> \u2014 a photograph circulated in a class group, an assignment copied wholesale, a child who has stopped attending. What the school does in the first hour largely determines what follows.<\/span>\n \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0941\u0916 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0907\u0938 \u092e\u0926 \u0915\u0940 \u090f\u0915 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0927\u093e\u0930 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u092d\u0940 \u0918\u091f\u0928\u093e \u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u0940 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0928\u0947 \u0906\u090f\u0917\u0940<\/strong> \u2014 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e-\u0938\u092e\u0942\u0939 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u091a\u093e\u0932\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u091b\u093e\u092f\u093e\u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930, \u091c\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0924\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0909\u0924\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f, \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u092c\u093e\u0932\u0915 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0928\u0947 \u0906\u0928\u093e \u092c\u0902\u0926 \u0915\u0930 \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0964 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0918\u0902\u091f\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u091c\u094b \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0935\u0939\u0940 \u092c\u0939\u0941\u0924 \u0939\u0926 \u0924\u0915 \u0906\u0917\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\n <\/span><\/li>\n <\/ul>\n\n <hr class=\"section-divider\">\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d11-1\">\n 11.1<\/span>\n <h3>Digital Citizenship: Concept and Elements<\/span>\u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u0928\u093e\u0917\u0930\u093f\u0915\u0924\u093e: \u0938\u0902\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u092f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0924\u0924\u094d\u0935<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"scale-strip\">\n <div class=\"scale-step\">\n RESPECT<\/span>\u0906\u0926\u0930<\/span><\/span>\n <h6>Toward oneself and others<\/span>\u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f<\/span><\/h6>\n Etiquette, access for all, and lawful conduct. The netiquette of \u00a77.8 belongs here.<\/span>\u0936\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093e\u091a\u093e\u0930, \u0938\u092c\u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f\u0938\u092e\u094d\u092e\u0924 \u0906\u091a\u0930\u0923\u0964 \u00a77.8 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u0947\u091f\u093f\u0915\u0947\u091f \u092f\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0906\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"scale-step\">\n EDUCATE<\/span>\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e<\/span><\/span>\n <h6>Learning and communicating<\/span>\u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0937\u0923<\/span><\/h6>\n Literacy in the medium, honest communication, and respect for others' work \u2014 copyright and attribution.<\/span>\u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u093e\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0930\u0924\u093e, \u0908\u092e\u093e\u0928\u0926\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0937\u0923, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u093e \u0906\u0926\u0930 \u2014 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0932\u093f\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0936\u094d\u0930\u0947\u092f\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"scale-step\">\n PROTECT<\/span>\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e<\/span><\/span>\n <h6>Rights, safety and well-being<\/span>\u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930, \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0915\u0932\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0923<\/span><\/h6>\n Privacy and security, rights and responsibilities, and health \u2014 physical and mental.<\/span>\u0928\u093f\u091c\u0924\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e, \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0926\u093e\u092f\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0935, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0925\u094d\u092f \u2014 \u0936\u093e\u0930\u0940\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0938\u093f\u0915\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <table class=\"data-table\">\n <thead>\n <tr>\n <th>Element<\/span>\u0924\u0924\u094d\u0935<\/span><\/th>\n <th>What it means in a school<\/span>\u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925<\/span><\/th>\n <\/tr>\n <\/thead>\n <tbody>\n <tr><td>Digital access<\/span>\u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>Full electronic participation in society. The obligation runs against excluding anyone by the choice of medium<\/strong> \u2014 the reasoning behind PM e-VIDYA in \u00a79.4 and behind everything in Chapter 14.<\/span>\u0938\u092e\u093e\u091c \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0907\u0932\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0939\u092d\u093e\u0917\u093f\u0924\u093e\u0964 \u0926\u093e\u092f\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0930\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0915\u0947 \u091a\u092f\u0928 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0915\u094b \u092c\u093e\u0939\u0930 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u090f<\/strong> \u2014 \u00a79.4 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0940\u090f\u092e \u0908-\u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f 14 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u092c\u093e\u0924 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0940\u091b\u0947 \u092f\u0939\u0940 \u0924\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>Digital literacy<\/span>\u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u0938\u093e\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0930\u0924\u093e<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>The capacity not only to operate a device but to judge what is found on it<\/strong> \u2014 which is why \u00a711.7 on misinformation belongs to this chapter and not to Chapter 6.<\/span>\u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u091a\u0932\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0905\u092a\u093f\u0924\u0941 \u0909\u0938 \u092a\u0930 \u091c\u094b \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0947 \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u0916\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940<\/strong> \u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e\u0924\u093e \u2014 \u0907\u0938\u0940\u0932\u093f\u090f \u092e\u093f\u0925\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e \u092a\u0930 \u00a711.7 \u0907\u0938\u0940 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0902\u0917 \u0939\u0948, \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f 6 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>Digital law<\/span>\u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>Conduct that is unlawful offline remains unlawful online. The relevant provisions of the Information Technology Act, 2000<\/strong> were set out in \u00a78.8, and the Copyright Act, 1957<\/strong> is taken up in \u00a711.3.<\/span>\u091c\u094b \u0906\u091a\u0930\u0923 \u0911\u092b\u093c\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f\u0935\u093f\u0930\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0939\u0948 \u0935\u0939 \u0911\u0928\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u092d\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f\u0935\u093f\u0930\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0930\u0939\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e, 2000<\/strong> \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u0917\u0924 \u0909\u092a\u092c\u0902\u0927 \u00a78.8 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0926\u093f\u090f \u0917\u090f, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0932\u093f\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e, 1957<\/strong> \u00a711.3 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0932\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>Digital rights and responsibilities<\/span>\u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0926\u093e\u092f\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0935<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>Freedom of expression, privacy and access carry the corresponding duties of not defaming, not intruding and not excluding<\/strong>. The pairing is the whole of the concept.<\/span>\u0905\u092d\u093f\u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093e, \u0928\u093f\u091c\u0924\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0939\u093e\u0928\u093f \u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947, \u0905\u0924\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0923 \u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092c\u0939\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0915\u0943\u0924 \u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947<\/strong> \u0915\u0947 \u0924\u0924\u094d\u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0940 \u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0935\u094d\u092f \u0906\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u092f\u0939\u0940 \u092f\u0941\u0917\u094d\u092e \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u092f \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>Digital health and wellness<\/span>\u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0925\u094d\u092f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0915\u0932\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0923<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>Physical strain, sleep, attention and mental health. Treated in \u00a711.6.<\/span>\u0936\u093e\u0930\u0940\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0924\u0928\u093e\u0935, \u0928\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0930\u093e, \u0905\u0935\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0938\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0925\u094d\u092f\u0964 \u0935\u093f\u0935\u0947\u091a\u0928 \u00a711.6 \u092e\u0947\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <\/tbody>\n <\/table>\n\n <hr class=\"section-divider\">\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d11-2\">\n 11.2<\/span>\n <h3>Digital Footprint and Privacy<\/span>\u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u092a\u0926\u091a\u093f\u0939\u094d\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0928\u093f\u091c\u0924\u093e<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n <svg class=\"full-diagram\" viewBox=\"0 0 700 286\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"The active and passive digital footprint\">\n <text x=\"350\" y=\"20\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"11\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#14243f\" letter-spacing=\".7\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">THE DIGITAL FOOTPRINT \u2014 WHAT IS LEFT BEHIND<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"24\" y=\"34\" width=\"316\" height=\"128\" rx=\"8\" fill=\"#eef4fc\" stroke=\"#1f5fa9\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\n <rect x=\"24\" y=\"34\" width=\"316\" height=\"24\" rx=\"8\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\"\/><rect x=\"24\" y=\"50\" width=\"316\" height=\"8\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\"\/>\n <text x=\"182\" y=\"51\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#fff\" letter-spacing=\".5\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">ACTIVE \u2014 deliberately left<\/text>\n <g font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">\n <text x=\"42\" y=\"78\">\u00b7 A post, a photograph, a comment<\/text>\n <text x=\"42\" y=\"94\">\u00b7 A review, a rating, a public reply<\/text>\n <text x=\"42\" y=\"110\">\u00b7 A form filled in, a survey answered<\/text>\n <text x=\"42\" y=\"126\">\u00b7 An email sent, a document shared<\/text>\n <\/g>\n <text x=\"42\" y=\"150\" font-size=\"8\" font-style=\"italic\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">The person knows it is being created.<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"360\" y=\"34\" width=\"316\" height=\"128\" rx=\"8\" fill=\"#fff6f4\" stroke=\"#c0392b\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\n <rect x=\"360\" y=\"34\" width=\"316\" height=\"24\" rx=\"8\" fill=\"#c0392b\"\/><rect x=\"360\" y=\"50\" width=\"316\" height=\"8\" fill=\"#c0392b\"\/>\n <text x=\"518\" y=\"51\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#fff\" letter-spacing=\".5\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">PASSIVE \u2014 left without knowing<\/text>\n <g font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">\n <text x=\"378\" y=\"78\">\u00b7 Browsing history and search terms<\/text>\n <text x=\"378\" y=\"94\">\u00b7 Location recorded by a device<\/text>\n <text x=\"378\" y=\"110\">\u00b7 Cookies tracking across sites (\u00a76.7)<\/text>\n <text x=\"378\" y=\"126\">\u00b7 IP address, device details, time of use<\/text>\n <\/g>\n <text x=\"378\" y=\"150\" font-size=\"8\" font-style=\"italic\" fill=\"#c0392b\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">This one is larger, and it is the one that is sold.<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"24\" y=\"176\" width=\"652\" height=\"42\" rx=\"7\" fill=\"#14243f\"\/>\n <text x=\"350\" y=\"194\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">DELETION REMOVES THE COPY ON DISPLAY \u2014 NOT THE COPIES ALREADY TAKEN<\/text>\n <text x=\"350\" y=\"210\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#c9daf0\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">A screenshot, a forward, a cached page or an archive survives the delete button entirely.<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"24\" y=\"230\" width=\"652\" height=\"48\" rx=\"7\" fill=\"#fffbf0\" stroke=\"#c9760f\" stroke-width=\"1.3\"\/>\n <text x=\"40\" y=\"248\" font-size=\"9\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#8f5409\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">THE TEST WORTH TEACHING A CHILD<\/text>\n <text x=\"40\" y=\"262\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Before posting: would this be acceptable if it were seen by a parent, by a teacher, by an employer in ten years, and by the person it<\/text>\n <text x=\"40\" y=\"273\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">concerns? A rule a child can apply without an adult present is worth more than a rule an adult must enforce.<\/text>\n <text x=\"40\" y=\"286\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#5a6d80\" font-style=\"italic\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">The sum of this record is what is meant by a person's online reputation \u2014 assembled by others as much as by oneself.<\/text>\n <\/svg>\n\n <div class=\"callout teal\">\n <div class=\"callout-label\">\ud83d\udd12 Privacy settings \u2014 what to check, and what they cannot do<\/span>\ud83d\udd12 \u0928\u093f\u091c\u0924\u093e-\u0938\u0947\u091f\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u2014 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0901\u091a\u0947\u0902, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0935\u0947 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940\u0902<\/span><\/div>\n <ul class=\"split-list\" style=\"margin-top:4px;\">\n <li>1<\/span>Who can see a post<\/strong> \u2014 the default on most services is wider than a user expects, and it is reset by some updates. It is worth checking after every major change to an application.<\/span>\u092a\u094b\u0938\u094d\u091f \u0915\u094c\u0928 \u0926\u0947\u0916 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/strong> \u2014 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0902\u0936 \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u0947\u091f\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u0915 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u0941\u091b \u0905\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0924\u0928 \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0903 \u092c\u0926\u0932 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u092c\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u0907\u0938\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0901\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0909\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n <li>2<\/span>Location and photograph metadata.<\/strong> A photograph taken on a phone may carry the exact place and time it was taken, which travels with the file when it is shared.<\/span>\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u091b\u093e\u092f\u093e\u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u0930\u093f\u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u093e\u0964<\/strong> \u092b\u093c\u094b\u0928 \u092a\u0930 \u0932\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u091b\u093e\u092f\u093e\u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0935\u0939 \u0920\u0940\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u092e\u092f \u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0935\u0939 \u0932\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e, \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u093e\u091d\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u0935\u0939 \u092b\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0932 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u091a\u0932\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n <li>3<\/span>Application permissions.<\/strong> A torch application that requests contacts, messages and location is not asking for what it needs; it is collecting what it can sell.<\/span>\u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917-\u0905\u0928\u0941\u092e\u0924\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901\u0964<\/strong> \u091c\u094b \u091f\u0949\u0930\u094d\u091a \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0930\u094d\u0915, \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928 \u092e\u093e\u0901\u0917\u0947 \u0935\u0939 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u092e\u093e\u0901\u0917 \u0930\u0939\u093e; \u0935\u0939 \u0935\u0939\u0940 \u090f\u0915\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0930 \u0930\u0939\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u092c\u0947\u091a \u0938\u0915\u0947\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n <li>4<\/span>What settings cannot do.<\/strong> They govern who may see something on that platform. They do not govern what a viewer does next \u2014 and a private post screenshotted by one of its intended readers is no longer private in any sense that matters.<\/span>\u0938\u0947\u091f\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940\u0902\u0964<\/strong> \u0935\u0947 \u092f\u0939 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0915\u093f \u0909\u0938 \u092e\u0902\u091a \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u094c\u0928 \u0926\u0947\u0916 \u0938\u0915\u0947\u0964 \u0935\u0947 \u092f\u0939 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u093f \u0926\u0947\u0916\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e \u0906\u0917\u0947 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0947 \u2014 \u0914\u0930 \u091c\u093f\u0938 \u0928\u093f\u091c\u0940 \u092a\u094b\u0938\u094d\u091f \u0915\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0915\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0928\u0936\u0949\u091f \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0905\u092d\u0940\u0937\u094d\u091f \u092a\u093e\u0920\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0928\u0947 \u0932\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u092f\u093e, \u0935\u0939 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092d\u0940 \u0938\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0915 \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u093f\u091c\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0930\u0939\u0940\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"callout red\">\n <div class=\"callout-label\">\u26a0\ufe0f Photographs of children \u2014 the school's own duty<\/span>\u26a0\ufe0f \u092c\u091a\u094d\u091a\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u091b\u093e\u092f\u093e\u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u2014 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0915\u093e \u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0935\u094d\u092f<\/span><\/div>\n A school publishes photographs constantly \u2014 a function, a prize day, a sports meet \u2014 and each is personal data of every child in it<\/strong>. Four rules follow from the Digital Personal Data Protection Act of \u00a78.8. Obtain written parental consent<\/strong>, and record which children are covered by it. Do not caption a photograph with a child's full name together with the class and section<\/strong>, which together identify where that child can be found on any weekday morning. Never publish an image alongside details of a child's home address, medical condition or family circumstances.<\/strong> And respect a refusal without asking for a reason<\/strong> \u2014 a parent who withholds consent may have grounds they are not obliged to disclose, including a custody dispute or a protection order.<\/span>\n \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0928\u093f\u0930\u0902\u0924\u0930 \u091b\u093e\u092f\u093e\u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0936\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0939, \u092a\u0941\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0915\u093e\u0930-\u0926\u093f\u0935\u0938, \u0916\u0947\u0932\u0915\u0942\u0926 \u2014 \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0928\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0909\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u092a\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u092c\u093e\u0932\u0915 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u0948\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u093e<\/strong> \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u00a78.8 \u0915\u0947 \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u0935\u0948\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u093e \u0938\u0902\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e \u0928\u093f\u0915\u0932\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0932\u093f\u0916\u093f\u0924 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0938\u0939\u092e\u0924\u093f \u0932\u0947\u0902<\/strong>, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092f\u0939 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0932\u093f\u0916\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u093f \u0935\u0939 \u0915\u093f\u0928 \u092c\u093e\u0932\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u0932\u093e\u0917\u0942 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u091b\u093e\u092f\u093e\u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u0940\u091a\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0932\u0915 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u0942\u0930\u093e \u0928\u093e\u092e \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0917 \u0938\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u0928 \u0932\u093f\u0916\u0947\u0902<\/strong>, \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u092f\u0947 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0915\u0930 \u092c\u0924\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0915\u093f \u0935\u0939 \u092c\u093e\u0932\u0915 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092d\u0940 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f-\u0926\u093f\u0935\u0938 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0924\u0903 \u0915\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0947\u0917\u093e\u0964 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u092c\u093e\u0932\u0915 \u0915\u093e \u0918\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u0924\u093e, \u091a\u093f\u0915\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0938\u0940\u092f \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u092a\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u0915\u092d\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0936\u093f\u0924 \u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902\u0964<\/strong> \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u092a\u0942\u091b\u0947 \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0907\u0928\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u0906\u0926\u0930 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902<\/strong> \u2014 \u091c\u094b \u0905\u092d\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0915 \u0938\u0939\u092e\u0924\u093f \u0928 \u0926\u0947 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u0938 \u0910\u0938\u0947 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u091c\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u091f \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u094b \u0935\u0939 \u092c\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e-\u0935\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0926 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0938\u0902\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923-\u0906\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u0938\u0939\u093f\u0924\u0964<\/span>\n <\/div>\n\n <hr class=\"section-divider\">\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d11-3\">\n 11.3<\/span>\n <h3>Copyright, Plagiarism and Open Licences<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0932\u093f\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930, \u0938\u093e\u0939\u093f\u0924\u094d\u092f\u093f\u0915 \u091a\u094b\u0930\u0940 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092e\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u091c\u094d\u091e\u092a\u094d\u0924\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"vs-compare\">\n <div class=\"vs-side left\">\n A legal wrong<\/span>\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0926\u094b\u0937<\/span><\/span>\n <h5>Copyright infringement<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0932\u093f\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0909\u0932\u094d\u0932\u0902\u0918\u0928<\/span><\/h5>\n <ul>\n <li>Using protected work without permission<\/strong> \u2014 copying, distributing or performing it beyond what the law allows.<\/span>\u0938\u0902\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f \u0915\u093e \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092e\u0924\u093f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917<\/strong> \u2014 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0932\u093f\u092a\u093f, \u0935\u093f\u0924\u0930\u0923 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u0928 \u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092e\u0924\u093f \u0938\u0947 \u0906\u0917\u0947\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n <li>Governed in India by the Copyright Act, 1957<\/strong>. Protection is automatic on creation<\/strong> \u2014 registration is not required for a work to be protected.<\/span>\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0932\u093f\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e, 1957<\/strong> \u0938\u0947 \u0936\u093e\u0938\u093f\u0924\u0964 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0938\u0943\u091c\u0928 \u092a\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0924\u0903<\/strong> \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u092a\u0902\u091c\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n <li>Attribution does not cure it.<\/strong> Naming the author of a film still used without licence does not make the use lawful.<\/span>\u0936\u094d\u0930\u0947\u092f \u0926\u0947\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u092f\u0939 \u0920\u0940\u0915 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e\u0964<\/strong> \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0905\u0928\u0941\u091c\u094d\u091e\u092a\u094d\u0924\u093f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u091a\u0932\u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930-\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0930\u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u091a\u092f\u093f\u0924\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093e\u092e \u0932\u093f\u0916 \u0926\u0947\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u0935\u0939 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f\u0938\u092e\u094d\u092e\u0924 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"vs-mid\">VS<\/div>\n <div class=\"vs-side right\">\n An academic wrong<\/span>\u0936\u0948\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u093f\u0915 \u0926\u094b\u0937<\/span><\/span>\n <h5>Plagiarism<\/span>\u0938\u093e\u0939\u093f\u0924\u094d\u092f\u093f\u0915 \u091a\u094b\u0930\u0940<\/span><\/h5>\n <ul>\n <li>Presenting another's work or ideas as one's own<\/strong>, whether or not the work is under copyright.<\/span>\u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0935\u093f\u091a\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0905\u092a\u0928\u093e \u092c\u0924\u093e\u0915\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e<\/strong>, \u091a\u093e\u0939\u0947 \u0935\u0939 \u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0932\u093f\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u0940\u0928 \u0939\u094b \u092f\u093e \u0928 \u0939\u094b\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n <li>A matter of academic integrity rather than statute<\/strong>, dealt with by the institution.<\/span>\u092f\u0939 \u0935\u093f\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0936\u0948\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0920\u093e \u0915\u093e<\/strong> \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0916\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n <li>Attribution does cure it.<\/strong> A quotation properly cited is scholarship; the same quotation unacknowledged is plagiarism. Work out of copyright can still be plagiarised.<\/strong><\/span>\u0936\u094d\u0930\u0947\u092f \u0926\u0947\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u092f\u0939 \u0920\u0940\u0915 \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/strong> \u0920\u0940\u0915 \u0922\u0902\u0917 \u0938\u0947 \u0909\u0926\u094d\u0927\u0943\u0924 \u0909\u0926\u094d\u0927\u0930\u0923 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0935\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948; \u0935\u0939\u0940 \u0909\u0926\u094d\u0927\u0930\u0923 \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0940\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f \u0938\u093e\u0939\u093f\u0924\u094d\u092f\u093f\u0915 \u091a\u094b\u0930\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0932\u093f\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0939\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0940 \u092d\u0940 \u091a\u094b\u0930\u0940 \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"exam-tip\">\n <div class=\"et-icon\">\u2696\ufe0f<\/div>\n <div class=\"et-body\">\n The two are independent, and the four combinations are all possible.<\/strong> Copying a paragraph from a textbook into an assignment without acknowledgement is both<\/em>. Photocopying a whole novel for a class, openly and with the author named, is infringement but not plagiarism<\/em>. Submitting a friend's essay on a topic in the public domain, with permission, is plagiarism but not infringement<\/em>. Quoting three lines with a citation is neither<\/em>. A question offering an example and asking which wrong it constitutes is testing exactly this independence.<\/span>\n \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0914\u0930 \u091a\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u0938\u0902\u092d\u0935 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/strong> \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u092a\u0941\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0915 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0928\u0941\u091a\u094d\u091b\u0947\u0926 \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0940\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u0924\u093e\u0930\u0928\u093e \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902<\/em> \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u0947 \u0909\u092a\u0928\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0916\u0941\u0932\u0947 \u0924\u094c\u0930 \u092a\u0930, \u0930\u091a\u092f\u093f\u0924\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093e\u092e \u0926\u0947\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0941\u090f \u092b\u093c\u094b\u091f\u094b\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0930\u093e\u0928\u093e \u0909\u0932\u094d\u0932\u0902\u0918\u0928 \u0939\u0948, \u0938\u093e\u0939\u093f\u0924\u094d\u092f\u093f\u0915 \u091a\u094b\u0930\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902<\/em>\u0964 \u0938\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0935\u091c\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f \u092a\u0930 \u092e\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u092c\u0902\u0927, \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092e\u0924\u093f \u0938\u0947, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u0938\u093e\u0939\u093f\u0924\u094d\u092f\u093f\u0915 \u091a\u094b\u0930\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0909\u0932\u094d\u0932\u0902\u0918\u0928 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902<\/em>\u0964 \u0924\u0940\u0928 \u092a\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0930\u094d\u092d \u0938\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u0909\u0926\u094d\u0927\u0943\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0941\u091b \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902<\/em>\u0964 \u091c\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923 \u0926\u0947\u0915\u0930 \u092a\u0942\u091b\u0947 \u0915\u093f \u0935\u0939 \u0915\u094c\u0928-\u0938\u093e \u0926\u094b\u0937 \u0939\u0948, \u0935\u0939 \u0920\u0940\u0915 \u0907\u0938\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0915\u094b \u092a\u0930\u0916 \u0930\u0939\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <table class=\"data-table\">\n <thead>\n <tr>\n <th>Term<\/span>\u092a\u0926<\/span><\/th>\n <th>Meaning<\/span>\u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925<\/span><\/th>\n <\/tr>\n <\/thead>\n <tbody>\n <tr style=\"background:#f3f8ff;\"><td>Fair dealing<\/span>\u0909\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>Section 52 of the Copyright Act, 1957<\/strong> permits certain uses without the owner's permission, including use for private study, research, criticism, review and, importantly for a school, in the course of instruction<\/strong>. The exception is limited and not unlimited<\/strong>: it does not authorise reproducing an entire textbook for a class, nor uploading a whole work to a public site.<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0932\u093f\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e, 1957 \u0915\u0940 \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093e 52<\/strong> \u0938\u094d\u0935\u093e\u092e\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092e\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0915\u0941\u091b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092e\u0924\u093f \u0926\u0947\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0928\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u093f\u091c\u0940 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092f\u0928, \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u0902\u0927\u093e\u0928, \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0932\u094b\u091a\u0928\u093e, \u0938\u092e\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0924\u0925\u093e \u2014 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u2014 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917<\/strong> \u0938\u092e\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0932\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0905\u092a\u0935\u093e\u0926 \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948, \u0905\u0938\u0940\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902<\/strong>: \u092f\u0939 \u0928 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u0940 \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u092a\u0941\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0915 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u0941\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092e\u0924\u093f \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0928 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f \u0915\u094b \u0938\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0935\u091c\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u0907\u091f \u092a\u0930 \u091a\u0922\u093c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>Public domain<\/span>\u0938\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0935\u091c\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>Work whose copyright has expired<\/strong> or was never claimed, free for anyone to use. Copyright in India generally subsists for the life of the author and sixty years thereafter<\/strong>.<\/span>\u0935\u0939 \u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0932\u093f\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924<\/strong> \u0939\u094b \u091a\u0941\u0915\u093e \u0939\u094b \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0915\u092d\u0940 \u0926\u093e\u0935\u093e \u0928 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0939\u094b, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u092d\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0947\u0964 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0932\u093f\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0924\u0903 \u0930\u091a\u092f\u093f\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u091c\u0940\u0935\u0928\u0915\u093e\u0932 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0936\u094d\u091a\u093e\u0924\u094d \u0938\u093e\u0920 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937<\/strong> \u0924\u0915 \u0930\u0939\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>Creative Commons<\/span>\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u090f\u091f\u093f\u0935 \u0915\u0949\u092e\u0928\u094d\u0938<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>A family of licences by which a creator grants permission in advance on stated terms \u2014 BY<\/strong> requires attribution, SA<\/strong> requires the same licence on anything derived, NC<\/strong> forbids commercial use, and ND<\/strong> forbids alteration. Much of NROER and other open educational resources is released this way.<\/span>\u0905\u0928\u0941\u091c\u094d\u091e\u092a\u094d\u0924\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u0939 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0930 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0930\u091a\u092f\u093f\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0939\u0940 \u0917\u0908 \u0936\u0930\u094d\u0924\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0939\u0940 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092e\u0924\u093f \u0926\u0947 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u2014 BY<\/strong> \u0936\u094d\u0930\u0947\u092f \u0905\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, SA<\/strong> \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f \u092a\u0930 \u0935\u0939\u0940 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u091c\u094d\u091e\u092a\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0905\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, NC<\/strong> \u0935\u093e\u0923\u093f\u091c\u094d\u092f\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u0925\u093e ND<\/strong> \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 NROER \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f \u092e\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0936\u0948\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u093e\u0927\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u092c\u0939\u0941\u0924 \u0915\u0941\u091b \u0907\u0938\u0940 \u0930\u0940\u0924\u093f \u0938\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>OER<\/strong><\/td><td>Open Educational Resources<\/strong> \u2014 teaching material released for free use, adaptation and redistribution. The NROER<\/strong> of \u00a79.5 is India's national repository of these.<\/span>\u092e\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0936\u0948\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u093e\u0927\u0928<\/strong> \u2014 \u0935\u0939 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923-\u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u091c\u094b \u0928\u093f:\u0936\u0941\u0932\u094d\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917, \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0915\u0942\u0932\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0924\u0930\u0923 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u091c\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0939\u094b\u0964 \u00a79.5 \u0915\u093e NROER<\/strong> \u0907\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u092d\u0902\u0921\u093e\u0930 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <\/tbody>\n <\/table>\n\n <hr class=\"section-divider\">\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d11-4\">\n 11.4<\/span>\n <h3>Cyberbullying<\/span>\u0938\u093e\u0907\u092c\u0930 \u0927\u094c\u0902\u0938<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"callout purple\">\n <div class=\"callout-label\">\ud83d\udcd8 Definition, and why the medium changes the harm<\/span>\ud83d\udcd8 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0939\u093e\u0928\u093f \u0915\u094b \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092c\u0926\u0932 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/div>\n Cyberbullying<\/strong> is the use of electronic means to harass, humiliate, threaten or exclude another person, repeatedly and with intent to harm. Four features distinguish it from bullying in a corridor, and each makes it worse: it follows the child home<\/strong>, so there is no hour of the day that is safe; the audience is unlimited<\/strong>, and humiliation before four hundred is not the same as humiliation before four; the record is permanent<\/strong>, and can resurface years later; and the aggressor may be anonymous<\/strong>, so the child does not know whom to avoid.<\/span>\n \u0938\u093e\u0907\u092c\u0930 \u0927\u094c\u0902\u0938<\/strong> \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0915\u094b \u092c\u093e\u0930-\u092c\u093e\u0930 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0939\u093e\u0928\u093f \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0906\u0936\u092f \u0938\u0947 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0940\u0921\u093c\u093f\u0924, \u0905\u092a\u092e\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0924, \u0927\u092e\u0915\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u092c\u0939\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0915\u0943\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0907\u0932\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u0927\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0917\u0932\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0930\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0927\u094c\u0902\u0938 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0943\u0925\u0915 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092c\u0941\u0930\u093e \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948: \u0935\u0939 \u092c\u093e\u0932\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0918\u0930 \u0924\u0915 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948<\/strong>, \u0905\u0924\u0903 \u0926\u093f\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0918\u0902\u091f\u093e \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902; \u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u0915 \u0905\u0938\u0940\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948\u0902<\/strong>, \u0914\u0930 \u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u094c \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0905\u092a\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0905\u092a\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902; \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0932\u0947\u0916 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092f\u0940 \u0939\u0948<\/strong>, \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937\u094b\u0902 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0903 \u0909\u092d\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948; \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0906\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e\u0915 \u0917\u0941\u092e\u0928\u093e\u092e \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/strong>, \u0905\u0924\u0903 \u092c\u093e\u0932\u0915 \u0915\u094b \u092f\u0939 \u092a\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u093f \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u092c\u091a\u0947\u0964<\/span>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"feat-grid\">\n <div class=\"feat-card\">1<\/span>Its forms<\/span>\u0907\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a<\/span><\/strong>Harassment<\/strong> \u2014 repeated abusive messages. Impersonation<\/strong> \u2014 a fake profile in the victim's name. Outing<\/strong> \u2014 disclosing something private. Exclusion<\/strong> \u2014 deliberate removal from a group, which children feel acutely. Trolling and doxxing<\/strong> \u2014 provocation, and the publishing of personal details.<\/span>\u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0940\u0921\u093c\u0928<\/strong> \u2014 \u092c\u093e\u0930-\u092c\u093e\u0930 \u0905\u092a\u092e\u093e\u0928\u091c\u0928\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0947\u0936\u0964 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u0942\u092a\u0923<\/strong> \u2014 \u092a\u0940\u0921\u093c\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u093e\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0908 \u0917\u0908 \u0928\u0915\u093c\u0932\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u092b\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0932\u0964 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u091f\u0928<\/strong> \u2014 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0928\u093f\u091c\u0940 \u092c\u093e\u0924 \u0915\u094b \u0909\u091c\u093e\u0917\u0930 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e\u0964 \u092c\u0939\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0915\u0930\u0923<\/strong> \u2014 \u0938\u092e\u0942\u0939 \u0938\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u092c\u0942\u091d\u0915\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0932\u0928\u093e, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u092c\u091a\u094d\u091a\u0947 \u0924\u0940\u0935\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092d\u0935 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u091f\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0932\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0921\u0949\u0915\u094d\u0938\u093f\u0902\u0917<\/strong> \u2014 \u0909\u0915\u0938\u093e\u0935\u093e, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0935\u0948\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0935\u0930\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0936\u0928\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"feat-card\">2<\/span>Signs a teacher can see<\/span>\u0935\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0947\u0924 \u091c\u094b \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0926\u0947\u0916 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/strong>A child who withdraws from a device or from friends<\/strong>, whose attendance or marks fall without explanation, who becomes anxious after checking a phone, or who stops wanting to come to school. Most children do not report it<\/strong>, chiefly for fear that the device will be taken away.<\/span>\u0910\u0938\u093e \u092c\u093e\u0932\u0915 \u091c\u094b \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u092e\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0926\u0942\u0930 \u0939\u091f \u091c\u093e\u090f<\/strong>, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u0909\u092a\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u092f\u093e \u0905\u0902\u0915 \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0938\u094d\u092a\u0937\u094d\u091f\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0917\u093f\u0930\u0947\u0902, \u091c\u094b \u092b\u093c\u094b\u0928 \u0926\u0947\u0916\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u091a\u093f\u0902\u0924\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u090f, \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0906\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u092e\u0928 \u0928 \u0930\u0939\u0947\u0964 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0902\u0936 \u092c\u093e\u0932\u0915 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u0947<\/strong>, \u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f\u0924\u0903 \u0907\u0938 \u092d\u092f \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u093f \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u091b\u0940\u0928 \u0932\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u090f\u0917\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"feat-card\">3<\/span>What the school does first<\/span>\u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0947<\/span><\/strong>Listen without blame. Preserve the evidence before anything is deleted<\/strong> \u2014 screenshots showing the date, the profile and the message. Do not confront the aggressor's family before the facts are recorded.<\/strong> Inform the victim's parents, and put the action taken in writing.<\/span>\u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0926\u094b\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094b\u092a\u0923 \u0938\u0941\u0928\u0947\u0902\u0964 \u0915\u0941\u091b \u092d\u0940 \u092e\u093f\u091f\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u0938\u093e\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u092f \u0938\u0902\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902<\/strong> \u2014 \u0910\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0915\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0928\u0936\u0949\u091f \u091c\u093f\u0928\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0924\u093f\u0925\u093f, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u092b\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0932 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u0926\u093f\u0916\u0947\u0902\u0964 \u0924\u0925\u094d\u092f \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0932\u093f\u0916\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u0906\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u0947 \u0906\u092e\u0928\u093e-\u0938\u093e\u092e\u0928\u093e \u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902\u0964<\/strong> \u092a\u0940\u0921\u093c\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0942\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u0917\u0908 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u0935\u093e\u0939\u0940 \u0932\u093f\u0916\u093f\u0924 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0930\u0916\u0947\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"feat-card\">4<\/span>Where it goes<\/span>\u092f\u0939 \u0915\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/strong>Report on the platform itself, which is fastest; and where an offence is made out, to cybercrime.gov.in<\/strong>, which has a separate channel for crimes against women and children. 1098<\/strong> is CHILDLINE for a child in distress. Serious conduct may attract the provisions of the IT Act set out in \u00a78.8.<\/span>\u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u092e\u0902\u091a \u092a\u0930 \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0902, \u091c\u094b \u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u0924\u0940\u0935\u094d\u0930 \u0939\u0948; \u0914\u0930 \u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0905\u092a\u0930\u093e\u0927 \u092c\u0928\u0924\u093e \u0939\u094b \u0935\u0939\u093e\u0901 cybercrime.gov.in<\/strong> \u092a\u0930, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u0939\u093f\u0932\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092c\u091a\u094d\u091a\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0930\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0905\u092a\u0930\u093e\u0927\u094b\u0902 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u092a\u0943\u0925\u0915 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u091f\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924 \u092c\u093e\u0932\u0915 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 1098<\/strong> \u091a\u093e\u0907\u0932\u094d\u0921\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0917\u0902\u092d\u0940\u0930 \u0906\u091a\u0930\u0923 \u092a\u0930 \u00a78.8 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0926\u093f\u090f IT \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e \u0915\u0947 \u0909\u092a\u092c\u0902\u0927 \u0932\u093e\u0917\u0942 \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"callout red\">\n <div class=\"callout-label\">\u26a0\ufe0f The response that makes it worse<\/span>\u26a0\ufe0f \u0935\u0939 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u094b \u0907\u0938\u0947 \u0914\u0930 \u092c\u093f\u0917\u093e\u0921\u093c \u0926\u0947\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/div>\n Three responses are common and each does harm. Taking the child's phone away<\/strong> punishes the victim for reporting and guarantees that the next incident is concealed. Telling the child to ignore it<\/strong> leaves them alone with something they have already found unbearable enough to disclose. Treating it as a quarrel between two children<\/strong> misses that bullying is defined by an imbalance of power, and a mediation between unequal parties confirms the imbalance rather than correcting it. The aggressor also requires attention rather than only sanction \u2014 a child who bullies is frequently a child in difficulty, and a purely punitive response addresses the incident without touching the cause.<\/span>\n \u0924\u0940\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0939\u093e\u0928\u093f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092c\u093e\u0932\u0915 \u0915\u093e \u092b\u093c\u094b\u0928 \u091b\u0940\u0928 \u0932\u0947\u0928\u093e<\/strong> \u092a\u0940\u0921\u093c\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u094b \u092c\u0924\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u0926\u0902\u0921 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u092f\u0939 \u0938\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0936\u094d\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0905\u0917\u0932\u0940 \u0918\u091f\u0928\u093e \u091b\u093f\u092a\u093e\u0908 \u091c\u093e\u090f\u0917\u0940\u0964 \u092c\u093e\u0932\u0915 \u0938\u0947 \u092f\u0939 \u0915\u0939\u0928\u093e \u0915\u093f \u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0928 \u0928 \u0926\u0947<\/strong> \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0909\u0938 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0905\u0915\u0947\u0932\u093e \u091b\u094b\u0921\u093c \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0907\u0924\u0928\u0940 \u0905\u0938\u0939\u094d\u092f \u0932\u0917\u0940 \u0915\u093f \u0909\u0938\u0928\u0947 \u092c\u0924\u093e \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0947 \u0926\u094b \u092c\u093e\u0932\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u091d\u0917\u0921\u093c\u093e \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0928\u093e<\/strong> \u092f\u0939 \u091a\u0942\u0915 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0927\u094c\u0902\u0938 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e \u0936\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0938\u0902\u0924\u0941\u0932\u0928 \u0938\u0947 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u092e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u0938\u094d\u0925\u0924\u093e \u0905\u0938\u0902\u0924\u0941\u0932\u0928 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0941\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u091c\u093e\u092f \u092a\u0941\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0906\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e\u0915 \u0915\u094b \u092d\u0940 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0926\u0902\u0921 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0928 \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f \u2014 \u091c\u094b \u092c\u093e\u0932\u0915 \u0927\u094c\u0902\u0938 \u091c\u092e\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0935\u0939 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092f\u0903 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u0915\u0920\u093f\u0928\u093e\u0908 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0926\u0902\u0921\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0918\u091f\u0928\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0902\u092c\u094b\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u094b \u091b\u0941\u090f \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e\u0964<\/span>\n <\/div>\n <hr class=\"section-divider\">\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d11-5\">\n 11.5<\/span>\n <h3>Responsible Use of Social Media<\/span>\u0938\u094b\u0936\u0932 \u092e\u0940\u0921\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930\u0926\u093e\u092f\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"pc-grid\">\n <div class=\"pc-panel pro\">\n <div class=\"pc-head\">\u2713<\/span>What it offers<\/span>\u092f\u0939 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n <ul>\n <li>Communication and community<\/strong> \u2014 including for children who are isolated by geography, illness or disability<\/span>\u0938\u0902\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0937\u0923 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u092e\u0941\u0926\u093e\u092f<\/strong> \u2014 \u0909\u0928 \u092c\u093e\u0932\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u092d\u0940 \u091c\u094b \u092d\u0942\u0917\u094b\u0932, \u0930\u0941\u0917\u094d\u0923\u0924\u093e \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0926\u093f\u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0917\u0924\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u090f\u0915\u093e\u0915\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902<\/span><\/li>\n <li>Learning and access to expertise<\/strong> that a school library cannot hold<\/span>\u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0909\u0938 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937\u091c\u094d\u091e\u0924\u093e \u0924\u0915 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a<\/strong> \u091c\u094b \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f-\u092a\u0941\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0915\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0930\u0916 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e<\/span><\/li>\n <li>A voice<\/strong>, and a means of civic participation that did not previously exist for the young<\/span>\u090f\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0930<\/strong>, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0928\u093e\u0917\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0939\u092d\u093e\u0917\u093f\u0924\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0910\u0938\u093e \u0938\u093e\u0927\u0928 \u091c\u094b \u092f\u0941\u0935\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u0938 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0925\u093e<\/span><\/li>\n <li>For the school itself, a channel for notices, achievements and parent communication<\/strong> \u2014 subject to \u00a711.2<\/span>\u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e\u0913\u0902, \u0909\u092a\u0932\u092c\u094d\u0927\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0915-\u0938\u0902\u0935\u093e\u0926<\/strong> \u0915\u093e \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u2014 \u00a711.2 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u0940\u0928<\/span><\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"pc-panel con\">\n <div class=\"pc-head\">\u2717<\/span>What it costs<\/span>\u0907\u0938\u0915\u093e \u092e\u0942\u0932\u094d\u092f<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n <ul>\n <li>Designed to hold attention<\/strong>, not to serve it \u2014 infinite scroll, notifications and streaks exist to prolong use<\/span>\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0928 \u0930\u094b\u0915\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a\u093f\u0924<\/strong>, \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u2014 \u0905\u0928\u0902\u0924 \u0938\u094d\u0915\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0932, \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0936\u0943\u0902\u0916\u0932\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u092c\u0922\u093c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0939\u0948\u0902<\/span><\/li>\n <li>Comparison with edited lives<\/strong>, which bears hardest on adolescents and particularly on girls<\/span>\u0938\u0902\u092a\u093e\u0926\u093f\u0924 \u091c\u0940\u0935\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0924\u0941\u0932\u0928\u093e<\/strong>, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u093e \u092d\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u093f\u0936\u094b\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u0921\u093c\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937\u0915\u0930 \u092c\u093e\u0932\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u092a\u0930<\/span><\/li>\n <li>The echo chamber<\/strong> \u2014 an algorithm that shows more of what was engaged with narrows the view it was meant to widen<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0927\u094d\u0935\u0928\u093f-\u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937<\/strong> \u2014 \u091c\u094b \u090f\u0932\u094d\u0917\u094b\u0930\u093f\u0926\u092e \u0935\u0939\u0940 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0926\u093f\u0916\u093e\u090f \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u091c\u0941\u0921\u093c\u093e\u0935 \u0939\u0941\u0906, \u0935\u0939 \u0909\u0938 \u0926\u0943\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093f \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0901\u0915\u0930\u093e \u0915\u0930 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u091a\u094c\u0921\u093c\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u0925\u093e<\/span><\/li>\n <li>A permanent record made by a person too young to judge its consequences<\/strong> \u2014 the point of \u00a711.2<\/span>\u0910\u0938\u0947 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u092c\u0928\u093e\u092f\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092f\u0940 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0932\u0947\u0916 \u091c\u094b \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u092c\u0939\u0941\u0924 \u091b\u094b\u091f\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/strong> \u2014 \u00a711.2 \u0915\u093e \u092f\u0939\u0940 \u092c\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0941 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"callout amber\">\n <div class=\"callout-label\">\ud83d\udc69\u200d\ud83c\udfeb A teacher's own conduct on social media<\/span>\ud83d\udc69\u200d\ud83c\udfeb \u0938\u094b\u0936\u0932 \u092e\u0940\u0921\u093f\u092f\u093e \u092a\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0915\u093e \u0906\u091a\u0930\u0923<\/span><\/div>\n Four propositions that a school should settle in writing rather than leave to individual judgement. A teacher's account is not wholly private<\/strong> \u2014 a post visible to pupils or parents is a professional communication whatever its setting says. Photographs of pupils belong on the school's account, not a personal one.<\/strong> Criticism of a colleague, a parent or the department does not belong on a public platform at all<\/strong>, and a grievance has a channel that a timeline is not. And a teacher should not accept a pupil as a personal connection<\/strong> while that pupil is at the school \u2014 the reasoning is that of \u00a77.8: communication should be through official channels, visible, and capable of being accounted for.<\/span>\n \u091a\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u0928\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u091c\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0915\u094b \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0917\u0924 \u0935\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0915 \u092a\u0930 \u091b\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u091c\u093e\u092f \u0932\u093f\u0916\u093f\u0924 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0924\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f\u0964 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0915\u093e \u0916\u093e\u0924\u093e \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923\u0924\u0903 \u0928\u093f\u091c\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u0948<\/strong> \u2014 \u091c\u094b \u092a\u094b\u0938\u094d\u091f \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0905\u092d\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0926\u093f\u0916\u0947 \u0935\u0939 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0935\u0938\u093e\u092f\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0937\u0923 \u0939\u0948, \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0947\u091f\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u091a\u093e\u0939\u0947 \u0915\u0941\u091b \u092d\u0940 \u0915\u0939\u0947\u0964 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u091b\u093e\u092f\u093e\u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u0916\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0928\u093f\u091c\u0940 \u0916\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964<\/strong> \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0938\u0939\u0915\u0930\u094d\u092e\u0940, \u0905\u092d\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0915 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0917 \u0915\u0940 \u0906\u0932\u094b\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928 \u0938\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0935\u091c\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u092e\u0902\u091a \u092a\u0930 \u0939\u0948 \u0939\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902<\/strong>, \u0914\u0930 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e\u092f\u0924 \u0915\u093e \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u091f\u093e\u0907\u092e\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940\u0964 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0915\u094b \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0915\u094b \u0928\u093f\u091c\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0940\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f<\/strong> \u091c\u092c \u0924\u0915 \u0935\u0939 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0909\u0938\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u0924\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0935\u0939\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u00a77.8 \u0915\u093e: \u0938\u0902\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0937\u0923 \u0936\u093e\u0938\u0915\u0940\u092f \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947, \u0926\u0943\u0936\u094d\u092f, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u091c\u0935\u093e\u092c\u0926\u0947\u0939 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u092f\u094b\u0917\u094d\u092f \u0939\u094b\u0964<\/span>\n <\/div>\n\n <hr class=\"section-divider\">\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d11-6\">\n 11.6<\/span>\n <h3>Screen Time and Digital Wellbeing<\/span>\u092a\u0930\u094d\u0926\u093e-\u0938\u092e\u092f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u0915\u0932\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0923<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n <table class=\"data-table\">\n <thead>\n <tr>\n <th>Concern<\/span>\u091a\u093f\u0902\u0924\u093e<\/span><\/th>\n <th>What is known, and what follows<\/span>\u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0924 \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0909\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0915\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/th>\n <\/tr>\n <\/thead>\n <tbody>\n <tr><td>Physical strain<\/span>\u0936\u093e\u0930\u0940\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0924\u0928\u093e\u0935<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>Eye fatigue, headache and neck and back strain from sustained close work. The common remedy taught as the 20-20-20 rule<\/strong>: every 20 minutes<\/strong>, look at something 20 feet<\/strong> away for 20 seconds<\/strong>. Screen at eye level, and a break to stand at least once an hour.<\/span>\u0928\u093f\u0930\u0902\u0924\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u091f-\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0938\u0947 \u0928\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930-\u0925\u0915\u093e\u0928, \u0936\u093f\u0930\u0903\u0936\u0942\u0932 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0935\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u0915\u093e \u0924\u0928\u093e\u0935\u0964 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0909\u092a\u093e\u092f 20-20-20 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e<\/strong> \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u093f\u0916\u093e\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948: \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 20 \u092e\u093f\u0928\u091f<\/strong> \u092a\u0930, 20 \u092b\u093c\u0940\u091f<\/strong> \u0926\u0942\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u094b 20 \u0938\u0947\u0915\u0902\u0921<\/strong> \u0926\u0947\u0916\u0947\u0902\u0964 \u092a\u0930\u094d\u0926\u093e \u0928\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930-\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u092a\u0930, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0918\u0902\u091f\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u092e \u090f\u0915 \u092c\u093e\u0930 \u0916\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0930\u093e\u092e\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr style=\"background:#f3f8ff;\"><td>Sleep<\/span>\u0928\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0930\u093e<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>The strongest and most consistent finding. Screen use close to bedtime delays sleep onset and shortens sleep<\/strong>, and shortened sleep in an adolescent shows up as inattention, irritability and falling marks. The practical rule is that the device leaves the bedroom<\/strong>, which removes the difficulty rather than requiring it to be resisted nightly.<\/span>\u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0941\u0926\u0943\u0922\u093c \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0941\u0938\u0902\u0917\u0924 \u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0937\u0964 \u0936\u092f\u0928-\u0938\u092e\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u091f \u092a\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0928\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0930\u093e-\u0906\u0930\u0902\u092d \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0932\u0902\u092c \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0928\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0930\u093e \u091b\u094b\u091f\u0940 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/strong>, \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u093f\u0936\u094b\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091b\u094b\u091f\u0940 \u0928\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0930\u093e \u0905\u0928\u0935\u0927\u093e\u0928, \u091a\u093f\u0921\u093c\u091a\u093f\u0921\u093c\u0947\u092a\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0917\u093f\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0905\u0902\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u091f \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e \u092f\u0939 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0936\u092f\u0928-\u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0939\u0930 \u0930\u0939\u0947<\/strong>, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0920\u093f\u0928\u093e\u0908 \u0939\u091f \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0926\u093f\u0928 \u0930\u093e\u0924 \u0909\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0932\u0921\u093c\u0928\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u092a\u0921\u093c\u0924\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>Attention<\/span>\u0905\u0935\u0927\u093e\u0928<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>Frequent interruption trains against sustained concentration, which is the very capacity examinations and reading require. Notifications off during study<\/strong> is a larger intervention than it appears.<\/span>\u092c\u093e\u0930-\u092c\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u0902\u0924\u0930 \u090f\u0915\u093e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0930\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0905\u092d\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u0930\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u0939\u0940 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e\u0924\u093e \u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u0920\u0928 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0905\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092f\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u092f \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u092c\u0902\u0926<\/strong> \u0930\u0916\u0928\u093e \u091c\u093f\u0924\u0928\u093e \u0926\u093f\u0916\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0909\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0921\u093c\u093e \u0939\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u092a \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>Content, not only duration<\/span>\u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0905\u0935\u0927\u093f \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>An hour spent building something is not an hour spent scrolling, and counting minutes alone conceals the difference. PRAGYATA<\/strong>, noted in \u00a79.5, recommends limits by stage \u2014 shorter for the youngest \u2014 and these are guidance for planning a school day, not a diagnosis for an individual child.<\/span>\u0915\u0941\u091b \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0940\u0924\u093e \u0918\u0902\u091f\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0915\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0932 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0940\u0924\u0947 \u0918\u0902\u091f\u0947 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u092e\u093f\u0928\u091f \u0917\u093f\u0928\u0928\u093e \u092f\u0939 \u092d\u0947\u0926 \u091b\u093f\u092a\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u00a79.5 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u0932\u094d\u0932\u093f\u0916\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0924\u093e<\/strong> \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0936\u0902\u0938\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u091b\u094b\u091f\u094b\u0902 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u092e \u2014 \u0914\u0930 \u092f\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f\u0940 \u0926\u093f\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u0928 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937 \u092c\u093e\u0932\u0915 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>When it is more than habit<\/span>\u091c\u092c \u092f\u0939 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0906\u0926\u0924 \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0939\u094b<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>Where use displaces sleep, meals, school and friendship, and attempts to reduce it produce real distress, the matter has passed beyond classroom management. Manodarpan<\/strong>, noted in \u00a79.5, exists for psychosocial support, and a school should know how to make a referral rather than improvise one.<\/span>\u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0928\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0930\u093e, \u092d\u094b\u091c\u0928, \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092e\u0948\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928 \u0932\u0947 \u0932\u0947, \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0918\u091f\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u093e\u0938 \u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0925\u093e \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902, \u0935\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u092c\u093e\u0924 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0928 \u0938\u0947 \u0906\u0917\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u0932 \u091a\u0941\u0915\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u00a79.5 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u0932\u094d\u0932\u093f\u0916\u093f\u0924 \u092e\u0928\u094b\u0926\u0930\u094d\u092a\u0923<\/strong> \u092e\u0928\u094b\u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u091c\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0939\u093e\u092f\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0930\u094d\u092d\u0923 \u0915\u0940 \u0930\u0940\u0924\u093f \u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0940 \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f, \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0924\u0924\u094d\u0915\u093e\u0932 \u0917\u0922\u093c\u0928\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <\/tbody>\n <\/table>\n\n <hr class=\"section-divider\">\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d11-7\">\n 11.7<\/span>\n <h3>Misinformation and Verification<\/span>\u092e\u093f\u0925\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u0928<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n <svg class=\"full-diagram\" viewBox=\"0 0 700 300\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"The three kinds of false information and how to check a claim\">\n <text x=\"350\" y=\"18\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#14243f\" letter-spacing=\".6\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">THREE WORDS THAT ARE NOT INTERCHANGEABLE<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"24\" y=\"30\" width=\"208\" height=\"86\" rx=\"8\" fill=\"#fffbf0\" stroke=\"#c9760f\" stroke-width=\"1.8\"\/>\n <text x=\"128\" y=\"50\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"11\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#c9760f\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">MISINFORMATION<\/text>\n <text x=\"128\" y=\"70\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">False, but shared<\/text>\n <text x=\"128\" y=\"83\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">without intent to deceive<\/text>\n <text x=\"128\" y=\"103\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#8f5409\" font-style=\"italic\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">a forwarded health remedy \u2014 \"fake news\"<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"246\" y=\"30\" width=\"208\" height=\"86\" rx=\"8\" fill=\"#fff6f4\" stroke=\"#c0392b\" stroke-width=\"1.8\"\/>\n <text x=\"350\" y=\"50\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"11\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#c0392b\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">DISINFORMATION<\/text>\n <text x=\"350\" y=\"70\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">False, and spread<\/text>\n <text x=\"350\" y=\"83\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">deliberately to deceive<\/text>\n <text x=\"350\" y=\"103\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#8e2318\" font-style=\"italic\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">a fabricated circular<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"468\" y=\"30\" width=\"208\" height=\"86\" rx=\"8\" fill=\"#faf6ff\" stroke=\"#6b3a8f\" stroke-width=\"1.8\"\/>\n <text x=\"572\" y=\"50\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"11\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#6b3a8f\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">MALINFORMATION<\/text>\n <text x=\"572\" y=\"70\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">True, but published<\/text>\n <text x=\"572\" y=\"83\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">to cause harm<\/text>\n <text x=\"572\" y=\"103\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#4b2766\" font-style=\"italic\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">a private fact made public<\/text>\n\n <text x=\"350\" y=\"140\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#14243f\" letter-spacing=\".6\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">FIVE CHECKS BEFORE FORWARDING ANYTHING<\/text>\n\n <g>\n <circle cx=\"60\" cy=\"172\" r=\"14\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\"\/><text x=\"60\" y=\"177\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"11\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">1<\/text>\n <text x=\"86\" y=\"169\" font-size=\"9\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#14243f\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">WHO SAYS SO?<\/text>\n <text x=\"86\" y=\"182\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Trace it to a named, identifiable source. \"Forwarded as received\" names nobody.<\/text>\n\n <circle cx=\"60\" cy=\"206\" r=\"14\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\"\/><text x=\"60\" y=\"211\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"11\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">2<\/text>\n <text x=\"86\" y=\"203\" font-size=\"9\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#14243f\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">WHEN?<\/text>\n <text x=\"86\" y=\"216\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">An old notice recirculated as current is the commonest form of school-related falsehood.<\/text>\n\n <circle cx=\"60\" cy=\"240\" r=\"14\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\"\/><text x=\"60\" y=\"245\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"11\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">3<\/text>\n <text x=\"86\" y=\"237\" font-size=\"9\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#14243f\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">DOES THE OFFICIAL SOURCE SAY IT?<\/text>\n <text x=\"86\" y=\"250\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">A departmental order exists on the department's own site. If it is not there, it does not exist.<\/text>\n\n <circle cx=\"60\" cy=\"274\" r=\"14\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\"\/><text x=\"60\" y=\"279\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"11\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">4<\/text>\n <text x=\"86\" y=\"271\" font-size=\"9\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#14243f\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">WHAT IS IT ASKING FOR?<\/text>\n <text x=\"86\" y=\"284\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Urgency, outrage and a demand to forward immediately are the signature of a fabrication.<\/text>\n <\/g>\n <rect x=\"486\" y=\"156\" width=\"190\" height=\"52\" rx=\"7\" fill=\"#eefbf7\" stroke=\"#0d8f79\" stroke-width=\"1.4\"\/>\n <text x=\"581\" y=\"174\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#0a6d5c\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">5 \u00b7 CHECK THE IMAGE<\/text>\n <text x=\"581\" y=\"189\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">A reverse image search shows<\/text>\n <text x=\"581\" y=\"200\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">where a photograph came from.<\/text>\n <\/svg>\n Most false information is spread by people who believe it. The habit to teach is not suspicion of others but a pause before forwarding.<\/span>\u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0902\u0936 \u092e\u093f\u0925\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0935\u0947 \u0932\u094b\u0917 \u092b\u0948\u0932\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u091c\u094b \u0909\u0938 \u092a\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0938\u093f\u0916\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u092f\u094b\u0917\u094d\u092f \u0906\u0926\u0924 \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0947\u0939 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0905\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0937\u0923 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u0915\u093e \u0920\u0939\u0930\u093e\u0935 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n\n <div class=\"callout\">\n <div class=\"callout-label\">\ud83d\udcd8 Deepfakes and synthetic media<\/span>\ud83d\udcd8 \u0921\u0940\u092a\u092b\u093c\u0947\u0915 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u0936\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e<\/span><\/div>\n A deepfake<\/strong> is audio, image or video generated or altered by artificial intelligence to show a person saying or doing what they did not. Two consequences matter for a school. First, a photograph or a recording is no longer self-authenticating<\/strong>, and a claim resting on one must be checked as any other claim would be. Second, and more urgently, the technology has been used to fabricate images of real people, including children<\/strong>. Where such material concerns a child it is a grave offence under section 67B of the IT Act read with the POCSO Act, and the path is that of \u00a78.9: preserve, report, and do not circulate \u2014 not even to warn others<\/strong>, since forwarding such an image is itself the offence.<\/span>\n \u0921\u0940\u092a\u092b\u093c\u0947\u0915<\/strong> \u0935\u0939 \u0936\u094d\u0930\u0935\u094d\u092f, \u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0935\u0940\u0921\u093f\u092f\u094b \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0915\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092e \u092c\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093f \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0907\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u092f\u093e \u092f\u093e \u092c\u0926\u0932\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0939\u094b \u0915\u093f \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0915\u094b \u0935\u0939 \u0915\u0939\u0924\u0947 \u092f\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0926\u093f\u0916\u093e\u090f \u091c\u094b \u0909\u0938\u0928\u0947 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0964 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0926\u094b \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0925\u092e, \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u091b\u093e\u092f\u093e\u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0932\u0947\u0916\u0928 \u0905\u092c \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0924\u0903\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u093f\u0924 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0930\u0939\u093e<\/strong>, \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0938 \u092a\u0930 \u091f\u093f\u0915\u093e \u0926\u093e\u0935\u093e \u0935\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0939\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0901\u091a\u093e \u091c\u093e\u090f \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0926\u093e\u0935\u093e\u0964 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0924\u0940\u092f, \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0924\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0915\u093e\u0932\u093f\u0915, \u0907\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947, \u092c\u091a\u094d\u091a\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0939\u093f\u0924, \u0917\u0922\u093c\u0947 \u0939\u0941\u090f \u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u0941\u0906 \u0939\u0948<\/strong>\u0964 \u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0910\u0938\u0940 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092c\u093e\u0932\u0915 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b \u0935\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0935\u0939 IT \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e \u0915\u0940 \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093e 67B, POCSO \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u092a\u0920\u093f\u0924, \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u0940\u0928 \u0917\u0902\u092d\u0940\u0930 \u0905\u092a\u0930\u093e\u0927 \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0917 \u00a78.9 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e \u0939\u0948: \u0938\u0902\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902, \u0938\u0942\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092a\u0930\u093f\u091a\u093e\u0932\u093f\u0924 \u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902 \u2014 \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u093e\u0935\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u092d\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902<\/strong>, \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u0910\u0938\u093e \u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0905\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u0935\u0939\u0940 \u0905\u092a\u0930\u093e\u0927 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\n <\/div>\n\n <hr class=\"section-divider\">\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d11-8\">\n 11.8<\/span>\n <h3>Ethics of Artificial Intelligence in Education<\/span>\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092e \u092c\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093f \u0915\u0940 \u0928\u0948\u0924\u093f\u0915\u0924\u093e<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"feat-grid\">\n <div class=\"feat-card\">1<\/span>Academic honesty<\/span>\u0936\u0948\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u093f\u0915 \u0908\u092e\u093e\u0928\u0926\u093e\u0930\u0940<\/span><\/strong>Work generated by a machine and submitted as one's own is plagiarism on the definition in \u00a711.3<\/strong> \u2014 it presents another's production as the pupil's. The workable school position is not prohibition, which cannot be enforced, but a stated rule declared in advance<\/strong>: where such a tool may be used, for what, and how its use must be acknowledged.<\/span>\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0905\u092a\u0928\u093e \u092c\u0924\u093e\u0915\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u00a711.3 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u093e\u0939\u093f\u0924\u094d\u092f\u093f\u0915 \u091a\u094b\u0930\u0940<\/strong> \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u0935\u0939 \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0915\u094b \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u092c\u0924\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u0928\u093f\u0937\u0947\u0927 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u091c\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0924 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e, \u0905\u092a\u093f\u0924\u0941 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u0918\u094b\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u094d\u092a\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e<\/strong> \u0939\u0948: \u0910\u0938\u093e \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0932\u093f\u090f, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0940\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0926\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u090f\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"feat-card\">2<\/span>Accuracy<\/span>\u092f\u0925\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0924\u093e<\/span><\/strong>These systems produce fluent text that is sometimes confidently wrong<\/strong>, inventing citations, dates and provisions that do not exist. For a subject examined on exact figures \u2014 the dates of Chapter 9, the sections of Chapter 8 \u2014 an unverified answer is worse than no answer<\/strong>, because it is believed.<\/span>\u092f\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0939\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u092a\u093e\u0920 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u091c\u094b \u0915\u092d\u0940-\u0915\u092d\u0940 \u0906\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0917\u093c\u0932\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/strong>, \u0914\u0930 \u0910\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0930\u094d\u092d, \u0924\u093f\u0925\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0909\u092a\u092c\u0902\u0927 \u0917\u0922\u093c \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0939\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964 \u091c\u093f\u0938 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0920\u0940\u0915-\u0920\u0940\u0915 \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u0939\u094b \u2014 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f 9 \u0915\u0940 \u0924\u093f\u0925\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901, \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f 8 \u0915\u0940 \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u2014 \u0935\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0905\u0938\u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0928 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0941\u0930\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/strong>, \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u0909\u0938 \u092a\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u0930 \u0932\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"feat-card\">3<\/span>Bias<\/span>\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939<\/span><\/strong>A system trained on existing material reproduces the assumptions in that material. Where such a tool is used to shortlist, grade or predict<\/strong>, an unexamined bias becomes an administrative decision \u2014 and a decision no one can explain is one no one can appeal against.<\/span>\u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0909\u0938\u0940 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0924\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u0941\u0924\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0910\u0938\u093e \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u091b\u0901\u091f\u0928\u0940, \u0905\u0902\u0915\u0928 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0928\u0941\u092e\u093e\u0928<\/strong> \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u094b, \u0935\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0905\u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u093e\u0938\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0923\u092f \u092c\u0928 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u0914\u0930 \u091c\u093f\u0938 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0923\u092f \u0915\u0940 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0928 \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0930\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0905\u092a\u0940\u0932 \u092d\u0940 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"feat-card\">4<\/span>Data given away<\/span>\u0926\u0947 \u0926\u093f\u090f \u0917\u090f \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u0947<\/span><\/strong>Pupil work, marks or personal details typed into a public tool leave the school's custody<\/strong>. Under the DPDP Act of \u00a78.8 the school remains the Data Fiduciary regardless, and consent given for keeping a record does not extend to feeding it to a third party.<\/span>\u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0938\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0935\u091c\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091f\u0902\u0915\u093f\u0924 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940-\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f, \u0905\u0902\u0915 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0935\u0948\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0935\u0930\u0923 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u0932 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902<\/strong>\u0964 \u00a78.8 \u0915\u0947 DPDP \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u0940\u0928 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u092b\u093f\u0930 \u092d\u0940 \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u093e \u0928\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938\u0940 \u092c\u0928\u093e \u0930\u0939\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0932\u0947\u0916 \u0930\u0916\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0926\u0940 \u0917\u0908 \u0938\u0939\u092e\u0924\u093f \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0924\u0943\u0924\u0940\u092f \u092a\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0915\u094b \u0926\u0947\u0928\u0947 \u0924\u0915 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u092b\u0948\u0932\u0924\u0940\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <hr class=\"section-divider\">\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d11-9\">\n 11.9<\/span>\n <h3>Building a School Policy<\/span>\u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f\u0940 \u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"flow-wrap\">\n <div class=\"flow-note\">\n \ud83d\udcdc An Acceptable Use Policy<\/strong> is what converts everything in this chapter from opinion into a rule that can be applied consistently. Its value is that it exists before<\/strong> the incident, not after.<\/span>\n \ud83d\udcdc \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0940\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f<\/strong> \u0935\u0939\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0907\u0938 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u092c\u093e\u0924 \u0915\u094b \u092e\u0924 \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0915\u0930 \u0910\u0938\u093e \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u090f\u0915\u0930\u0942\u092a\u0924\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u0932\u093e\u0917\u0942 \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0947\u0964 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u093e \u092e\u0942\u0932\u094d\u092f \u092f\u0939 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0935\u0939 \u0918\u091f\u0928\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935<\/strong> \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0939\u094b, \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964<\/span>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"flow-steps\">\n <div class=\"flow-step\">\n 1<\/span>\n <div class=\"fs-body\">\n State what is permitted, not only what is forbidden<\/span>\u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093f\u0924 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092e\u0924 \u092d\u0940 \u092c\u0924\u093e\u090f\u0901<\/span><\/strong>\n A policy that is only a list of prohibitions is read as hostile and followed grudgingly. Naming the legitimate uses gives the prohibitions their reason.<\/span>\u091c\u094b \u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0928\u093f\u0937\u0947\u0927\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0940 \u0939\u094b \u0935\u0939 \u0936\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0941\u0924\u093e\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u092a\u0922\u093c\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u0928\u093f\u091a\u094d\u091b\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0935\u0948\u0927 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u0932\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0916 \u0928\u093f\u0937\u0947\u0927\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0909\u0928\u0915\u093e \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0926\u0947 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/span>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"flow-step\">\n 2<\/span>\n <div class=\"fs-body\">\n Cover staff and pupils separately<\/span>\u0915\u0930\u094d\u092e\u091a\u093e\u0930\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u0943\u0925\u0915 \u0930\u0916\u0947\u0902<\/span><\/strong>\n The obligations differ. A teacher's duties on communication, photographs and social media, per \u00a77.8 and \u00a711.5, are not a version of a pupil's rules.<\/span>\u0926\u093e\u092f\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u00a77.8 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u00a711.5 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0937\u0923, \u091b\u093e\u092f\u093e\u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u094b\u0936\u0932 \u092e\u0940\u0921\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0940 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0935\u094d\u092f \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/span>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"flow-step\">\n 3<\/span>\n <div class=\"fs-body\">\n Name the reporting route and protect the reporter<\/span>\u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0915\u093e \u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0917 \u092c\u0924\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0915 \u0915\u0940 \u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902<\/span><\/strong>\n Whom a child tells, whom a teacher tells, and an express assurance that reporting will not itself be punished<\/strong> \u2014 without which, as \u00a711.4 showed, nothing is reported at all.<\/span>\u092c\u093e\u0932\u0915 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0924\u093e\u090f, \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0924\u093e\u090f, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092f\u0939 \u0938\u094d\u092a\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0906\u0936\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0938\u0928 \u0915\u093f \u092c\u0924\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u0926\u0902\u0921 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0947\u0917\u093e<\/strong> \u2014 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e, \u091c\u0948\u0938\u093e \u00a711.4 \u0928\u0947 \u0926\u093f\u0916\u093e\u092f\u093e, \u0915\u0941\u091b \u092c\u0924\u093e\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/span>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"flow-step\">\n 4<\/span>\n <div class=\"fs-body\">\n Set out consent and data practice<\/span>\u0938\u0939\u092e\u0924\u093f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u093e-\u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902<\/span><\/strong>\n Photograph consent, what is collected, where it is stored, who may reach it and when it is destroyed \u2014 the four questions of \u00a710.2, answered once in writing rather than argued at each occasion.<\/span>\u091b\u093e\u092f\u093e\u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930-\u0938\u0939\u092e\u0924\u093f, \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u090f\u0915\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0939\u094b\u0917\u093e, \u0915\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0917\u093e, \u0915\u094c\u0928 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a \u0938\u0915\u0947\u0917\u093e \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0915\u092c \u0928\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0939\u094b\u0917\u093e \u2014 \u00a710.2 \u0915\u0947 \u091a\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0905\u0935\u0938\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u092c\u0939\u0938 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u091c\u093e\u092f \u090f\u0915 \u092c\u093e\u0930 \u0932\u093f\u0916\u093f\u0924 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0924\u0964<\/span><\/span>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"flow-step\">\n 5<\/span>\n <div class=\"fs-body\">\n Make it known, and review it<\/span>\u0907\u0938\u0947 \u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u093e\u090f\u0901, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0938\u092e\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902<\/span><\/strong>\n Read with pupils, sent to parents, acknowledged by staff, and revised annually \u2014 a policy in a file that nobody has read has no effect on any conduct whatever.<\/span>\u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u092a\u0922\u093c\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u090f, \u0905\u092d\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u092d\u0947\u091c\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u090f, \u0915\u0930\u094d\u092e\u091a\u093e\u0930\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0940\u0915\u0943\u0924 \u0939\u094b, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937 \u0938\u0902\u0936\u094b\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u2014 \u0928\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0921\u093c\u0940 \u0935\u0939 \u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0922\u093c\u093e \u0939\u0940 \u0928 \u0939\u094b, \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092d\u0940 \u0906\u091a\u0930\u0923 \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0921\u093e\u0932\u0924\u0940\u0964<\/span><\/span>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"mcq-box\">\n <div class=\"mcq-title\">\n Practice<\/span>\u0905\u092d\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938<\/span><\/span>\n Questions on digital ethics and citizenship<\/span>\u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u0928\u0948\u0924\u093f\u0915\u0924\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0928\u093e\u0917\u0930\u093f\u0915\u0924\u093e \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928<\/span><\/span>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"mcq-note\">Objective questions in the pattern of the examination. Click to reveal the answer and its explanation.<\/span>\u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u0930 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928\u0964 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0916\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u094d\u0932\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u0940\u091c\u093f\u090f\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <details class=\"mcq-q\">\n <summary>87<\/span>Data left behind without the user's knowledge, such as browsing history and location records, is called:<\/span><\/summary>\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\n <li>(a) Active digital footprint<\/li>\n <li>(b) Passive digital footprint<\/li>\n <li>(c) Digital signature<\/li>\n <li>(d) Metadata trail<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\">(b) Passive digital footprint<\/b> An active footprint is what a person deliberately posts or submits. The passive footprint is larger, is collected without the person's awareness, and is the portion that has commercial value.<\/span>\u0938\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f \u092a\u0926\u091a\u093f\u0939\u094d\u0928 \u0935\u0939 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u091c\u093e\u0928\u092c\u0942\u091d\u0915\u0930 \u0921\u093e\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f \u092a\u0926\u091a\u093f\u0939\u094d\u0928 \u092c\u0921\u093c\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u090f\u0915\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u0939\u0940 \u0905\u0902\u0936 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0935\u093e\u0923\u093f\u091c\u094d\u092f\u093f\u0915 \u092e\u0942\u0932\u094d\u092f \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\u00a711.2<\/span><\/div>\n <\/details>\n <details class=\"mcq-q\">\n <summary>88<\/span>Copyright in India is governed by:<\/span><\/summary>\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\n <li>(a) The Information Technology Act, 2000<\/li>\n <li>(b) The Copyright Act, 1957<\/li>\n <li>(c) The Patents Act, 1970<\/li>\n <li>(d) The Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\">(b) The Copyright Act, 1957<\/b> Protection arises automatically on creation and registration is not required. Section 52 provides for fair dealing, which permits limited use for private study, research, criticism, review and in the course of instruction.<\/span>\u0938\u0902\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0938\u0943\u091c\u0928 \u092a\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0924\u0903 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u0902\u091c\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964 \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093e 52 \u0909\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092c\u0902\u0927 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u094b \u0928\u093f\u091c\u0940 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092f\u0928, \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u0902\u0927\u093e\u0928, \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0932\u094b\u091a\u0928\u093e, \u0938\u092e\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092e\u0924\u093f \u0926\u0947\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\u00a711.3<\/span><\/div>\n <\/details>\n <details class=\"mcq-q\">\n <summary>89<\/span>A pupil submits an essay copied from a website but names the website as the source. This is:<\/span><\/summary>\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\n <li>(a) Plagiarism but not copyright infringement<\/li>\n <li>(b) Copyright infringement but not plagiarism<\/li>\n <li>(c) Both plagiarism and copyright infringement<\/li>\n <li>(d) Neither<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\">(b) Copyright infringement but not plagiarism<\/b> Attribution cures plagiarism, since the source has been acknowledged rather than concealed. It does not cure infringement, because reproducing an entire protected work without permission remains unlawful whether or not the author is named. The two wrongs are independent, and all four combinations are possible.<\/span>\u0936\u094d\u0930\u0947\u092f \u0926\u0947\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0939\u093f\u0924\u094d\u092f\u093f\u0915 \u091a\u094b\u0930\u0940 \u0920\u0940\u0915 \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u0938\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0924 \u091b\u093f\u092a\u093e\u092f\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0940\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e\u0964 \u0909\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0909\u0932\u094d\u0932\u0902\u0918\u0928 \u0920\u0940\u0915 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e, \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0940 \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092e\u0924\u093f \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u0941\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f\u0935\u093f\u0930\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0939\u0940 \u0930\u0939\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u091a\u093e\u0939\u0947 \u0930\u091a\u092f\u093f\u0924\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093e\u092e \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0939\u094b \u092f\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964 \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0926\u094b\u0937 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0914\u0930 \u091a\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u0938\u0902\u092d\u0935 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span>\u00a711.3<\/span><\/div>\n <\/details>\n <details class=\"mcq-q\">\n <summary>90<\/span>False information spread deliberately with the intention to deceive is termed:<\/span><\/summary>\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\n <li>(a) Misinformation<\/li>\n <li>(b) Disinformation<\/li>\n <li>(c) Malinformation<\/li>\n <li>(d) Metadata<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\">(b) Disinformation<\/b> Misinformation is false but shared without intent to deceive. Malinformation is true information published in order to cause harm, such as a private fact made public. The distinction rests on intent, not on truth.<\/span>\u092e\u093f\u0925\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0905\u0938\u0924\u094d\u092f \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0941 \u091b\u0932\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0906\u0936\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0938\u093e\u091d\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u0917\u0908\u0964 \u0926\u0941\u0930\u094d\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0928\u093e\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0938\u0924\u094d\u092f \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0941 \u0939\u093e\u0928\u093f \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0936\u093f\u0924, \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0928\u093f\u091c\u0940 \u0924\u0925\u094d\u092f \u0938\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0935\u091c\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u0930 \u0926\u0947\u0928\u093e\u0964 \u092d\u0947\u0926 \u0938\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0924\u093e \u092a\u0930 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0906\u0936\u092f \u092a\u0930 \u091f\u093f\u0915\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\u00a711.7<\/span><\/div>\n <\/details>\n <details class=\"mcq-q\">\n <summary>91<\/span>Under the 20-20-20 rule for reducing eye strain, one should look at something 20 feet away:<\/span><\/summary>\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\n <li>(a) Every 20 seconds, for 20 minutes<\/li>\n <li>(b) Every 20 minutes, for 20 seconds<\/li>\n <li>(c) Every 20 hours, for 20 minutes<\/li>\n <li>(d) Twenty times a day<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\">(b) Every 20 minutes, for 20 seconds<\/b> The three twenties are the interval, the distance and the duration. Of all the wellbeing measures, however, the best supported by evidence is keeping the device out of the bedroom, since disturbed sleep in an adolescent shows up as inattention and falling marks.<\/span>\u0924\u0940\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u092c\u0940\u0938 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093e\u0932, \u0926\u0942\u0930\u0940 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0905\u0935\u0927\u093f \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0915\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u0932\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u0938\u094d\u0924 \u0909\u092a\u093e\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u093e\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u092f \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u092e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u0909\u092a\u093e\u092f \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u094b \u0936\u092f\u0928-\u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0939\u0930 \u0930\u0916\u0928\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u0915\u093f\u0936\u094b\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u092c\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u0928\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0930\u093e \u0905\u0928\u0935\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0917\u093f\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0905\u0902\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u091f \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\u00a711.6<\/span><\/div>\n <\/details>\n <details class=\"mcq-q\">\n <summary>92<\/span>A Creative Commons licence marked \"BY-SA\" requires that the user:<\/span><\/summary>\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\n <li>(a) Pay a fee before use<\/li>\n <li>(b) Give attribution and release any derived work under the same licence<\/li>\n <li>(c) Use the work only for commercial purposes<\/li>\n <li>(d) Obtain written permission from the author<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\">(b) Give attribution and release any derived work under the same licence<\/b> BY requires attribution and SA requires the same licence on anything derived. NC forbids commercial use and ND forbids alteration. Much open educational resource material, including that on NROER, is released on these terms.<\/span>BY \u0936\u094d\u0930\u0947\u092f \u0905\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0924\u0925\u093e SA \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f \u092a\u0930 \u0935\u0939\u0940 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u091c\u094d\u091e\u092a\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0964 NC \u0935\u093e\u0923\u093f\u091c\u094d\u092f\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0924\u0925\u093e ND \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928\u0964 NROER \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0938\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u092c\u0939\u0941\u0924 \u0938\u0940 \u092e\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0936\u0948\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u093e\u0927\u0928-\u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0907\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0936\u0930\u094d\u0924\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u091c\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\u00a711.3<\/span><\/div>\n <\/details>\n <\/div>\n\n <\/section>\n\n \n <section class=\"chapter-content\" data-chap=\"12\" id=\"c12\">\n <div class=\"chapter-heading-block\">\n SYLLABUS ITEM 12<\/span>\u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u092e\u0926 12<\/span><\/span>\n <h2>Emerging Technologies<\/span>\u0909\u092d\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901<\/span><\/h2>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"callout amber\">\n <div class=\"callout-label\">\ud83d\udccc What this chapter covers<\/span>\ud83d\udccc \u0907\u0938 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/div>\n Artificial intelligence, cloud computing models, the Internet of Things, blockchain, augmented and virtual reality, robotics and big data<\/span>\n \u0915\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092e \u092c\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093f, \u0915\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0909\u0921 \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u0942\u092a, \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u0928\u0947\u091f, \u092c\u094d\u0932\u0949\u0915\u091a\u0947\u0928, \u0938\u0902\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0906\u092d\u093e\u0938\u0940 \u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0935\u093f\u0915\u0924\u093e, \u0930\u094b\u092c\u094b\u091f\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0936\u093e\u0932 \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u0947<\/span>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"keyfact-grid\">\n <div class=\"keyfact-card navy-hi\">\n \ud83e\udde0<\/span>\n <div class=\"kf-label\">The Nesting to Memorise<\/span>\u0915\u0902\u0920\u0938\u094d\u0925 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u092f\u094b\u0917\u094d\u092f \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0947\u0936\u0928<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"kf-value\" style=\"font-size:13px;\">AI \u2283 ML \u2283 DL<\/div>\n <div class=\"kf-sub\">Deep learning sits inside machine learning, which sits inside AI<\/span>\u0917\u0939\u0928 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e \u092e\u0936\u0940\u0928 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e \u0915\u0947 \u092d\u0940\u0924\u0930 \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u094b \u0915\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092e \u092c\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093f \u0915\u0947 \u092d\u0940\u0924\u0930 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"keyfact-card teal-hi\">\n \u2601\ufe0f<\/span>\n <div class=\"kf-label\">The Three Cloud Models<\/span>\u0924\u0940\u0928 \u0915\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0909\u0921 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u0942\u092a<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"kf-value\" style=\"font-size:14px;\">IaaS \u00b7 PaaS \u00b7 SaaS<\/div>\n <div class=\"kf-sub\">Infrastructure, platform, software \u2014 in that order of increasing service<\/span>\u0905\u0935\u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e, \u092e\u0902\u091a, \u0938\u0949\u092b\u093c\u094d\u091f\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u2014 \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0922\u093c\u0924\u0947 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u092e\u0947\u0902<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"keyfact-card amber-hi\">\n \ud83c\uddee\ud83c\uddf3<\/span>\n <div class=\"kf-label\">India's AI Strategy<\/span>\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u0915\u0940 AI \u0930\u0923\u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"kf-value\" style=\"font-size:14px;\">#AIforAll \u00b7 2018<\/div>\n <div class=\"kf-sub\">National Strategy for Artificial Intelligence, by NITI Aayog<\/span>\u0915\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092e \u092c\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093f \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0930\u0923\u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f, \u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f \u0906\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d12-0\">\n 12.0<\/span>\n <h3>Introduction<\/span>\u092a\u0930\u093f\u091a\u092f<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n <ul class=\"icon-list\">\n <li>\u25b8<\/span>\n The technologies gathered here are called emerging<\/strong> not because they are untried but because they are still changing shape<\/strong>. Their vocabulary, however, has settled, and that vocabulary is what an examination tests: what a term expands to, what it means, and which application belongs to which technology<\/strong>.<\/span>\n \u092f\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u090f\u0915\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u0909\u092d\u0930\u0924\u0940<\/strong> \u0907\u0938\u0932\u093f\u090f \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u0939\u0932\u093e\u0924\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u093f \u0935\u0947 \u0905\u092a\u0930\u0916\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0905\u092a\u093f\u0924\u0941 \u0907\u0938\u0932\u093f\u090f \u0915\u093f \u0935\u0947 \u0905\u092c \u092d\u0940 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092c\u0926\u0932 \u0930\u0939\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902<\/strong>\u0964 \u0915\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0941 \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0940 \u0936\u092c\u094d\u0926\u093e\u0935\u0932\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0930 \u0939\u094b \u091a\u0941\u0915\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0909\u0938\u0940 \u0936\u092c\u094d\u0926\u093e\u0935\u0932\u0940 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u0930\u0916\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948: \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092a\u0926 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0909\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0915\u094c\u0928-\u0938\u093e \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u093f\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/strong>\u0964<\/span>\n <\/span><\/li>\n <li>\u25b8<\/span>\n For a head of institution the useful question is rarely what is this<\/em> and almost always what should a school do about it<\/strong>. The honest answer for most of what follows is: understand it well enough to judge a proposal<\/strong>. A vendor's presentation is easier to assess when the terms in it are already familiar.<\/span>\n \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0941\u0916 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u0935\u093f\u0930\u0932\u0947 \u0939\u0940 \u092f\u0939 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/em> \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0932\u0917\u092d\u0917 \u0938\u0926\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0915\u094b \u0907\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f<\/strong>\u0964 \u0906\u0917\u0947 \u0906\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0902\u0936 \u092c\u093e\u0924\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0908\u092e\u093e\u0928\u0926\u093e\u0930 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u092f\u0939 \u0939\u0948: \u0907\u0924\u0928\u093e \u0938\u092e\u091d \u0932\u0940\u091c\u093f\u090f \u0915\u093f \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935 \u0915\u094b \u0906\u0901\u0915\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0947<\/strong>\u0964 \u091c\u092c \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0926 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0902 \u0924\u094b \u0935\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924\u093f \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0928\u093e \u0938\u0930\u0932 \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\n <\/span><\/li>\n <li>\u25b8<\/span>\n One caution runs through the whole chapter. Every technology here has been proposed to schools as a solution before its cost, its maintenance and its teacher training were settled.<\/strong> Chapter 9 recorded what happens then: the equipment works and nobody uses it.<\/span>\n \u090f\u0915 \u091a\u0947\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0928\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091a\u0932\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u0932\u093e\u0917\u0924, \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0924\u092f \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0940 \u091c\u093e \u091a\u0941\u0915\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/strong> \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f 9 \u0928\u0947 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0932\u093f\u0916\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u093f \u0924\u092c \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948: \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u091a\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e\u0964<\/span>\n <\/span><\/li>\n <\/ul>\n\n <hr class=\"section-divider\">\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d12-1\">\n 12.1<\/span>\n <h3>Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning<\/span>\u0915\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092e \u092c\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092e\u0936\u0940\u0928 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n <svg class=\"full-diagram\" viewBox=\"0 0 700 288\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Artificial intelligence contains machine learning, which contains deep learning\">\n <rect x=\"24\" y=\"20\" width=\"392\" height=\"248\" rx=\"12\" fill=\"#eef4fc\" stroke=\"#1f5fa9\" stroke-width=\"2.4\"\/>\n <text x=\"220\" y=\"44\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"12.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\" letter-spacing=\".8\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE<\/text>\n <text x=\"220\" y=\"60\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Any system performing tasks that would ordinarily require<\/text>\n <text x=\"220\" y=\"72\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">human intelligence \u2014 reasoning, perception, language.<\/text>\n <text x=\"220\" y=\"88\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#5a6d80\" font-style=\"italic\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Term coined by John McCarthy, 1956<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"52\" y=\"100\" width=\"336\" height=\"152\" rx=\"10\" fill=\"#eefbf7\" stroke=\"#0d8f79\" stroke-width=\"2.2\"\/>\n <text x=\"220\" y=\"122\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"11.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#0d8f79\" letter-spacing=\".6\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">MACHINE LEARNING<\/text>\n <text x=\"220\" y=\"138\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Systems that improve by <tspan font-weight=\"700\">learning from data<\/tspan> rather<\/text>\n <text x=\"220\" y=\"150\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">than by being explicitly programmed with rules.<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"82\" y=\"162\" width=\"276\" height=\"80\" rx=\"8\" fill=\"#faf6ff\" stroke=\"#6b3a8f\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\n <text x=\"220\" y=\"184\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"11\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#6b3a8f\" letter-spacing=\".6\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">DEEP LEARNING<\/text>\n <text x=\"220\" y=\"200\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Machine learning using <tspan font-weight=\"700\">artificial neural networks<\/tspan><\/text>\n <text x=\"220\" y=\"212\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">with many layers. What makes speech recognition,<\/text>\n <text x=\"220\" y=\"224\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">image recognition and generative systems work.<\/text>\n <text x=\"220\" y=\"238\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#6b3a8f\" font-style=\"italic\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">the innermost of the three<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"432\" y=\"20\" width=\"244\" height=\"118\" rx=\"9\" fill=\"#fffbf0\" stroke=\"#c9760f\" stroke-width=\"1.8\"\/>\n <text x=\"554\" y=\"40\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#c9760f\" letter-spacing=\".5\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">THE THREE KINDS OF LEARNING<\/text>\n <g font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">\n <text x=\"446\" y=\"60\"><tspan font-weight=\"700\">Supervised<\/tspan> \u2014 trained on labelled<\/text>\n <text x=\"446\" y=\"71\">examples. Classification, prediction.<\/text>\n <text x=\"446\" y=\"90\"><tspan font-weight=\"700\">Unsupervised<\/tspan> \u2014 finds patterns in<\/text>\n <text x=\"446\" y=\"101\">unlabelled data. Clustering.<\/text>\n <text x=\"446\" y=\"120\"><tspan font-weight=\"700\">Reinforcement<\/tspan> \u2014 learns by reward<\/text>\n <text x=\"446\" y=\"131\">and penalty, through trial.<\/text>\n <\/g>\n\n <rect x=\"432\" y=\"150\" width=\"244\" height=\"118\" rx=\"9\" fill=\"#f7fbff\" stroke=\"#c3d2e2\" stroke-width=\"1.5\"\/>\n <text x=\"554\" y=\"170\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#14243f\" letter-spacing=\".5\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">BY CAPABILITY<\/text>\n <g font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">\n <text x=\"446\" y=\"190\"><tspan font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#0d8f79\">Narrow AI (ANI)<\/tspan> \u2014 does one kind of<\/text>\n <text x=\"446\" y=\"201\">task. <tspan font-weight=\"700\">Every system that exists today.<\/tspan><\/text>\n <text x=\"446\" y=\"220\"><tspan font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#8a95a3\">General AI (AGI)<\/tspan> \u2014 human-level across<\/text>\n <text x=\"446\" y=\"231\">any task. Hypothetical.<\/text>\n <text x=\"446\" y=\"250\"><tspan font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#8a95a3\">Super AI (ASI)<\/tspan> \u2014 beyond human ability.<\/text>\n <text x=\"446\" y=\"261\">Hypothetical.<\/text>\n <\/g>\n <\/svg>\n The nesting is the point: all deep learning is machine learning, all machine learning is AI, and the reverse holds in neither case.<\/span>\u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0947\u0936\u0928 \u0939\u0940 \u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f \u092c\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0941 \u0939\u0948: \u0938\u092e\u0938\u094d\u0924 \u0917\u0939\u0928 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e \u092e\u0936\u0940\u0928 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e \u0939\u0948, \u0938\u092e\u0938\u094d\u0924 \u092e\u0936\u0940\u0928 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e \u0915\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092e \u092c\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093f \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0932\u091f\u093e \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092d\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0924\u094d\u092f \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n\n <table class=\"data-table\">\n <thead>\n <tr>\n <th>Branch or term<\/span>\u0936\u093e\u0916\u093e \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u092a\u0926<\/span><\/th>\n <th>Meaning and where it is met<\/span>\u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092f\u0939 \u0915\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/th>\n <\/tr>\n <\/thead>\n <tbody>\n <tr><td>NLP<\/strong><\/td><td>Natural Language Processing<\/strong> \u2014 enabling a machine to work with human language. Translation, speech recognition, text-to-speech and chatbots all rest on it, and so does much of the accessibility provision in Chapter 14.<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e \u0938\u0902\u0938\u093e\u0927\u0928<\/strong> \u2014 \u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u094b \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0935 \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0915\u093e\u092e \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0964 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0935\u093e\u0926, \u0935\u093e\u0915\u094d-\u092a\u0939\u091a\u093e\u0928, \u092a\u093e\u0920-\u0938\u0947-\u0935\u093e\u0923\u0940 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u091a\u0948\u091f\u092c\u0949\u091f \u0938\u092c \u0907\u0938\u0940 \u092a\u0930 \u091f\u093f\u0915\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f 14 \u0915\u0940 \u092c\u0939\u0941\u0924 \u0938\u0940 \u0938\u0941\u0917\u092e\u094d\u092f\u0924\u093e-\u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u092d\u0940\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>Computer vision<\/span>\u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u0926\u0943\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093f<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>Enabling a machine to interpret images and video \u2014 the basis of face recognition, of automatic number-plate reading, and of the OMR and OCR of \u00a71.8.<\/span>\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u094b \u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0935\u0940\u0921\u093f\u092f\u094b \u0915\u0940 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0928\u093e \u2014 \u092e\u0941\u0916-\u092a\u0939\u091a\u093e\u0928, \u0938\u094d\u0935\u091a\u093e\u0932\u093f\u0924 \u0928\u0902\u092c\u0930-\u092a\u094d\u0932\u0947\u091f \u092a\u0920\u0928, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u00a71.8 \u0915\u0947 OMR \u090f\u0935\u0902 OCR \u0915\u093e \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr style=\"background:#f3f8ff;\"><td>Generative AI<\/span>\u091c\u0928\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 AI<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>Systems that produce new content<\/strong> \u2014 text, image, audio, video \u2014 rather than only classify or predict. A Large Language Model (LLM)<\/strong> is the text variety. Its ethical implications for a school were dealt with in \u00a711.8, and its capacity to fabricate media in \u00a711.7.<\/span>\u0935\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u091c\u094b \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0928\u0941\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0905\u092a\u093f\u0924\u0941 \u0928\u0908 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u0940<\/strong> \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u2014 \u092a\u093e\u0920, \u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930, \u0936\u094d\u0930\u0935\u094d\u092f, \u0935\u0940\u0921\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0964 \u0935\u0943\u0939\u0924\u094d \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u0942\u092a (LLM)<\/strong> \u0909\u0938\u0915\u093e \u092a\u093e\u0920-\u0930\u0942\u092a \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0928\u0948\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0928\u093f\u0939\u093f\u0924\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u00a711.8 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0917\u0922\u093c\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e\u0924\u093e \u00a711.7 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0935\u0947\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0941\u0908\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>In education<\/span>\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>Adaptive learning<\/strong> that adjusts difficulty to the individual pupil; automated scoring<\/strong> of objective work; learning analytics<\/strong> that flag a child falling behind; and accessibility tools<\/strong> \u2014 speech-to-text, text-to-speech, live captioning.<\/span>\u0905\u0928\u0941\u0915\u0942\u0932\u0940 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e<\/strong> \u091c\u094b \u0915\u0920\u093f\u0928\u093e\u0908 \u0915\u094b \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0917\u0924 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0930\u0942\u092a \u0922\u093e\u0932\u0947; \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0935\u091a\u093e\u0932\u093f\u0924 \u0905\u0902\u0915\u0928<\/strong>; \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e-\u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0937\u093f\u0915\u0940<\/strong> \u091c\u094b \u092a\u093f\u091b\u0921\u093c\u0924\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0932\u0915 \u0915\u094b \u091a\u093f\u0939\u094d\u0928\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0947; \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0938\u0941\u0917\u092e\u094d\u092f\u0924\u093e-\u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923<\/strong> \u2014 \u0935\u093e\u0923\u0940-\u0938\u0947-\u092a\u093e\u0920, \u092a\u093e\u0920-\u0938\u0947-\u0935\u093e\u0923\u0940, \u0938\u091c\u0940\u0935 \u0909\u092a\u0936\u0940\u0930\u094d\u0937\u0915\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>Its limits<\/span>\u0907\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e\u090f\u0901<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>Bias<\/strong> inherited from the material it learned on; fabrication<\/strong> stated with confidence; a hunger for data<\/strong> that raises the custody questions of \u00a78.8; and opacity<\/strong> \u2014 a decision no one can explain is a decision no one can appeal against.<\/span>\u091c\u093f\u0938 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0940\u0916\u093e \u0909\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u093e \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939<\/strong>; \u0906\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0915\u0939\u0940 \u0917\u0908 \u0917\u0922\u093c\u0902\u0924<\/strong>; \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u092d\u0942\u0916<\/strong> \u091c\u094b \u00a78.8 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u0909\u0920\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948; \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0905\u092a\u093e\u0930\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u093f\u0924\u093e<\/strong> \u2014 \u091c\u093f\u0938 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0923\u092f \u0915\u0940 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0928 \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0930\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0905\u092a\u0940\u0932 \u092d\u0940 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <\/tbody>\n <\/table>\n\n <hr class=\"section-divider\">\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d12-2\">\n 12.2<\/span>\n <h3>Cloud Computing Service Models<\/span>\u0915\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0909\u0921 \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u0942\u092a<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n <svg class=\"full-diagram\" viewBox=\"0 0 700 330\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Who manages what across on-premises, IaaS, PaaS and SaaS\">\n <text x=\"350\" y=\"18\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#14243f\" letter-spacing=\".6\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">THE SAME STACK, DIVIDED FOUR WAYS<\/text>\n\n <g font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#5a6d80\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\" text-anchor=\"end\">\n <text x=\"96\" y=\"60\">Applications<\/text>\n <text x=\"96\" y=\"86\">Data<\/text>\n <text x=\"96\" y=\"112\">Runtime<\/text>\n <text x=\"96\" y=\"138\">Operating system<\/text>\n <text x=\"96\" y=\"164\">Virtualisation<\/text>\n <text x=\"96\" y=\"190\">Servers<\/text>\n <text x=\"96\" y=\"216\">Storage and network<\/text>\n <\/g>\n\n <g font-size=\"9\" font-weight=\"700\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">\n <text x=\"166\" y=\"38\" fill=\"#5a6d80\">ON-PREMISES<\/text>\n <text x=\"308\" y=\"38\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\">IaaS<\/text>\n <text x=\"450\" y=\"38\" fill=\"#0d8f79\">PaaS<\/text>\n <text x=\"592\" y=\"38\" fill=\"#c9760f\">SaaS<\/text>\n <\/g>\n\n <g stroke=\"#fff\" stroke-width=\"1.5\">\n <rect x=\"106\" y=\"46\" width=\"120\" height=\"22\" fill=\"#c0392b\"\/><rect x=\"106\" y=\"72\" width=\"120\" height=\"22\" fill=\"#c0392b\"\/>\n <rect x=\"106\" y=\"98\" width=\"120\" height=\"22\" fill=\"#c0392b\"\/><rect x=\"106\" y=\"124\" width=\"120\" height=\"22\" fill=\"#c0392b\"\/>\n <rect x=\"106\" y=\"150\" width=\"120\" height=\"22\" fill=\"#c0392b\"\/><rect x=\"106\" y=\"176\" width=\"120\" height=\"22\" fill=\"#c0392b\"\/>\n <rect x=\"106\" y=\"202\" width=\"120\" height=\"22\" fill=\"#c0392b\"\/>\n\n <rect x=\"248\" y=\"46\" width=\"120\" height=\"22\" fill=\"#c0392b\"\/><rect x=\"248\" y=\"72\" width=\"120\" height=\"22\" fill=\"#c0392b\"\/>\n <rect x=\"248\" y=\"98\" width=\"120\" height=\"22\" fill=\"#c0392b\"\/><rect x=\"248\" y=\"124\" width=\"120\" height=\"22\" fill=\"#c0392b\"\/>\n <rect x=\"248\" y=\"150\" width=\"120\" height=\"22\" fill=\"#0d8f79\"\/><rect x=\"248\" y=\"176\" width=\"120\" height=\"22\" fill=\"#0d8f79\"\/>\n <rect x=\"248\" y=\"202\" width=\"120\" height=\"22\" fill=\"#0d8f79\"\/>\n\n <rect x=\"390\" y=\"46\" width=\"120\" height=\"22\" fill=\"#c0392b\"\/><rect x=\"390\" y=\"72\" width=\"120\" height=\"22\" fill=\"#c0392b\"\/>\n <rect x=\"390\" y=\"98\" width=\"120\" height=\"22\" fill=\"#0d8f79\"\/><rect x=\"390\" y=\"124\" width=\"120\" height=\"22\" fill=\"#0d8f79\"\/>\n <rect x=\"390\" y=\"150\" width=\"120\" height=\"22\" fill=\"#0d8f79\"\/><rect x=\"390\" y=\"176\" width=\"120\" height=\"22\" fill=\"#0d8f79\"\/>\n <rect x=\"390\" y=\"202\" width=\"120\" height=\"22\" fill=\"#0d8f79\"\/>\n\n <rect x=\"532\" y=\"46\" width=\"120\" height=\"22\" fill=\"#0d8f79\"\/><rect x=\"532\" y=\"72\" width=\"120\" height=\"22\" fill=\"#0d8f79\"\/>\n <rect x=\"532\" y=\"98\" width=\"120\" height=\"22\" fill=\"#0d8f79\"\/><rect x=\"532\" y=\"124\" width=\"120\" height=\"22\" fill=\"#0d8f79\"\/>\n <rect x=\"532\" y=\"150\" width=\"120\" height=\"22\" fill=\"#0d8f79\"\/><rect x=\"532\" y=\"176\" width=\"120\" height=\"22\" fill=\"#0d8f79\"\/>\n <rect x=\"532\" y=\"202\" width=\"120\" height=\"22\" fill=\"#0d8f79\"\/>\n <\/g>\n\n <rect x=\"106\" y=\"234\" width=\"120\" height=\"18\" rx=\"4\" fill=\"#fff\" stroke=\"#c0392b\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/>\n <text x=\"166\" y=\"246\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#c0392b\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">the school runs it all<\/text>\n <rect x=\"248\" y=\"234\" width=\"120\" height=\"18\" rx=\"4\" fill=\"#fff\" stroke=\"#1f5fa9\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/>\n <text x=\"308\" y=\"246\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">rents the machines<\/text>\n <rect x=\"390\" y=\"234\" width=\"120\" height=\"18\" rx=\"4\" fill=\"#fff\" stroke=\"#0d8f79\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/>\n <text x=\"450\" y=\"246\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#0a6d5c\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">rents a place to build<\/text>\n <rect x=\"532\" y=\"234\" width=\"120\" height=\"18\" rx=\"4\" fill=\"#fff\" stroke=\"#c9760f\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/>\n <text x=\"592\" y=\"246\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#8f5409\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">just opens the browser<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"106\" y=\"262\" width=\"24\" height=\"12\" fill=\"#c0392b\"\/>\n <text x=\"138\" y=\"272\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">managed by the user<\/text>\n <rect x=\"268\" y=\"262\" width=\"24\" height=\"12\" fill=\"#0d8f79\"\/>\n <text x=\"300\" y=\"272\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">managed by the cloud provider<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"24\" y=\"284\" width=\"652\" height=\"38\" rx=\"6\" fill=\"#f7fbff\" stroke=\"#c3d2e2\" stroke-width=\"1.2\"\/>\n <text x=\"38\" y=\"299\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\"><tspan font-weight=\"700\">Examples:<\/tspan> IaaS \u2014 rented virtual servers and storage \u00b7 PaaS \u2014 a hosted environment for building an application<\/text>\n <text x=\"38\" y=\"311\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\"><tspan font-weight=\"700\">SaaS \u2014 Google Workspace, Microsoft 365, DIKSHA<\/tspan>: ready software used through a browser.<\/text>\n <\/svg>\n Read the columns left to right: the further right, the less the user manages and the less control the user retains. Almost everything a school touches is SaaS.<\/span>\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0902\u092d \u092c\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u0938\u0947 \u0926\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u092a\u0922\u093c\u093f\u090f: \u091c\u093f\u0924\u0928\u093e \u0926\u093e\u0908\u0902 \u0913\u0930, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0909\u0924\u0928\u093e \u0915\u092e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092c\u0902\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0924\u0928\u093e \u0939\u0940 \u0915\u092e \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0923 \u0930\u0916\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u091c\u094b \u0915\u0941\u091b \u091b\u0942\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0935\u0939 \u0932\u0917\u092d\u0917 \u0938\u092c SaaS \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n\n <div class=\"callout teal\">\n <div class=\"callout-label\">\ud83d\udcd8 The five essential characteristics, and the four deployment models<\/span>\ud83d\udcd8 \u092a\u093e\u0901\u091a \u0905\u0928\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u0942\u092a<\/span><\/div>\n A service is properly called cloud computing only if it shows all five of: on-demand self-service<\/strong> (obtained without human intervention), broad network access<\/strong>, resource pooling<\/strong>, rapid elasticity<\/strong> (capacity grows and shrinks with need), and measured service<\/strong> (usage is metered and billed).<\/span>\n \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0915\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0909\u0921 \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0924\u092d\u0940 \u0915\u0939\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u092c \u0909\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092f\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u0901\u091a\u094b\u0902 \u0939\u094b\u0902: \u092e\u093e\u0901\u0917 \u092a\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u0935-\u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e<\/strong> (\u092e\u093e\u0928\u0935\u0940\u092f \u0939\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u092a \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924), \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u0915 \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a<\/strong>, \u0938\u0902\u0938\u093e\u0927\u0928-\u0938\u092e\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0932\u0928<\/strong>, \u0924\u0940\u0935\u094d\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0925\u0924\u093e<\/strong> (\u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e\u0924\u093e \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u092c\u0922\u093c\u0924\u0940-\u0918\u091f\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948), \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092e\u093e\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e<\/strong> (\u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u092e\u093e\u092a\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092c\u093f\u0932 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948)\u0964<\/span>\n The deployment models are public<\/strong> (shared infrastructure open to all), private<\/strong> (dedicated to one organisation), hybrid<\/strong> (a combination, with data moving between them), and community<\/strong> (shared by bodies with a common concern). The Government of India's own cloud initiative is MeghRaj<\/strong>.<\/span>\n \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u0942\u092a \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0938\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0935\u091c\u0928\u093f\u0915<\/strong> (\u0938\u092c\u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0916\u0941\u0932\u0940 \u0938\u093e\u091d\u093e \u0905\u0935\u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e), \u0928\u093f\u091c\u0940<\/strong> (\u090f\u0915 \u0939\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0917\u0920\u0928 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u092e\u0930\u094d\u092a\u093f\u0924), \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0930<\/strong> (\u0938\u0902\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u091a\u0932\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902), \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0941\u0926\u093e\u092f\u093f\u0915<\/strong> (\u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0938\u0930\u094b\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u093e\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0938\u093e\u091d\u093e)\u0964 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u0938\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0940 \u0915\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0909\u0921 \u092a\u0939\u0932 \u092e\u0947\u0918\u0930\u093e\u091c<\/strong> \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\n <\/div>\n\n <hr class=\"section-divider\">\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d12-3\">\n 12.3<\/span>\n <h3>The Internet of Things<\/span>\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u0928\u0947\u091f<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"callout\">\n <div class=\"callout-label\">\ud83d\udcd8 Definition<\/span>\ud83d\udcd8 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e<\/span><\/div>\n The Internet of Things (IoT)<\/strong> is a network of physical objects embedded with sensors, software and connectivity<\/strong>, able to collect data and exchange it without human intervention. The defining shift is that the things connected are no longer computers<\/strong> \u2014 a water tank, a bus, a meter, a wristband.<\/span>\n \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u0928\u0947\u091f (IoT)<\/strong> \u0910\u0938\u0940 \u092d\u094c\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0928\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u0935\u0947\u0926\u0915, \u0938\u0949\u092b\u093c\u094d\u091f\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0903\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u093f\u0924<\/strong> \u0939\u094b\u0902, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u091c\u094b \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0935\u0940\u092f \u0939\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u092a \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u090f\u0915\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0930 \u0909\u0928\u0915\u093e \u0906\u0926\u093e\u0928-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0947\u0902\u0964 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u0915 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u092f\u0939 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u091c\u0941\u0921\u093c\u0940 \u0939\u0941\u0908 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u090f\u0901 \u0905\u092c \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0930\u0939\u0940\u0902<\/strong> \u2014 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u091c\u0932-\u091f\u0902\u0915\u0940, \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u092c\u0938, \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u092e\u0940\u091f\u0930, \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0915\u0932\u093e\u0908-\u092a\u091f\u094d\u091f\u0940\u0964<\/span>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"feat-grid\">\n <div class=\"feat-card\">1<\/span>Its four parts<\/span>\u0907\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0905\u0902\u0917<\/span><\/strong>Sensors<\/strong> that measure something and actuators<\/strong> that act on it; connectivity<\/strong> to carry the reading; data processing<\/strong> to make sense of it; and a user interface<\/strong> through which a person sees the result or gives an instruction.<\/span>\u0938\u0902\u0935\u0947\u0926\u0915<\/strong> \u091c\u094b \u0915\u0941\u091b \u092e\u093e\u092a\u0947\u0902 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0915<\/strong> \u091c\u094b \u0909\u0938 \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902; \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0915 \u0932\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0938\u0902\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0915\u0924\u093e<\/strong>; \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u0926\u0947\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u093e-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0930\u0923<\/strong>; \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0935\u0939 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093e-\u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u092b\u093c\u0947\u0938<\/strong> \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e \u0926\u0947\u0916\u0947 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u0926\u0947\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"feat-card\">2<\/span>In a school<\/span>\u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902<\/span><\/strong>GPS tracking of the school bus<\/strong>, which parents value more than any other application; water-tank level and pump control; electricity monitoring; RFID in the library<\/strong> for issue and return; air quality; and the smart classroom equipment of \u00a79.7.<\/span>\u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f\u0940 \u092c\u0938 \u0915\u093e GPS \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0930\u0947\u0916\u0923<\/strong>, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0915 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092d\u0940 \u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902; \u091c\u0932-\u091f\u0902\u0915\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u0902\u092a-\u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0923; \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924-\u0905\u0928\u0941\u0935\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923; \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0917\u092e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0935\u093e\u092a\u0938\u0940 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u092a\u0941\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0915\u093e\u0932\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 RFID<\/strong>; \u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941-\u0917\u0941\u0923\u0935\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093e; \u0924\u0925\u093e \u00a79.7 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u091f \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e-\u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"feat-card\">3<\/span>The security problem<\/span>\u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e-\u0938\u092e\u0938\u094d\u092f\u093e<\/span><\/strong>These devices are cheap, numerous, rarely updated and frequently left on their default password<\/strong> \u2014 the precise weakness of \u00a78.6. A compromised camera or recorder is an entry point to the whole network and a member of the botnet described in \u00a78.2.<\/span>\u092f\u0947 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0938\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0947, \u0905\u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f, \u0935\u093f\u0930\u0932\u0947 \u0939\u0940 \u0905\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0924\u0928 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092f\u0903 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u093e\u0938\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0921 \u092a\u0930 \u091b\u094b\u0921\u093c \u0926\u093f\u090f \u0917\u090f<\/strong> \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u2014 \u0920\u0940\u0915 \u0935\u0939\u0940 \u0926\u0941\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0932\u0924\u093e \u091c\u094b \u00a78.6 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0925\u0940\u0964 \u0938\u092e\u091d\u094c\u0924\u093e-\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0948\u092e\u0930\u093e \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0932\u0947\u0916\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0947\u0936-\u092c\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0941 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u00a78.2 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0923\u093f\u0924 \u092c\u0949\u091f\u0928\u0947\u091f \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0926\u0938\u094d\u092f \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"feat-card\">4<\/span>Related terms<\/span>\u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u0926<\/span><\/strong>M2M<\/strong> \u2014 machine-to-machine communication, the older and narrower idea. Edge computing<\/strong> \u2014 processing the data at or near the device rather than sending everything to a distant server, which reduces both delay and bandwidth.<\/span>M2M<\/strong> \u2014 \u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930-\u0938\u0947-\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0937\u0923, \u092a\u0941\u0930\u093e\u0928\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0901\u0915\u0930\u093e \u0935\u093f\u091a\u093e\u0930\u0964 \u090f\u091c \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u093f\u0902\u0917<\/strong> \u2014 \u0938\u092c \u0915\u0941\u091b \u0926\u0942\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0925 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0930 \u0915\u094b \u092d\u0947\u091c\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u091c\u093e\u092f \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u092a\u0930 \u092f\u093e \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u091f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0930\u0923, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0932\u0902\u092c \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092c\u0948\u0902\u0921\u0935\u093f\u0921\u094d\u0925 \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0918\u091f\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <hr class=\"section-divider\">\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d12-4\">\n 12.4<\/span>\n <h3>Blockchain<\/span>\u092c\u094d\u0932\u0949\u0915\u091a\u0947\u0928<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n <svg class=\"full-diagram\" viewBox=\"0 0 700 264\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"How blocks are linked and why altering one breaks the chain\">\n <text x=\"350\" y=\"18\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#14243f\" letter-spacing=\".6\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">WHY A BLOCKCHAIN CANNOT BE QUIETLY ALTERED<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"30\" y=\"32\" width=\"188\" height=\"96\" rx=\"7\" fill=\"#eefbf7\" stroke=\"#0d8f79\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\n <text x=\"124\" y=\"50\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#0d8f79\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">BLOCK 24<\/text>\n <line x1=\"44\" y1=\"56\" x2=\"204\" y2=\"56\" stroke=\"#a3dbcc\"\/>\n <text x=\"44\" y=\"72\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Data: certificate issued<\/text>\n <text x=\"44\" y=\"86\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Prev. hash: <tspan font-family=\"JetBrains Mono, monospace\" fill=\"#8a95a3\">00a4f\u2026<\/tspan><\/text>\n <text x=\"44\" y=\"102\" font-size=\"7.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#0a6d5c\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Own hash: <tspan font-family=\"JetBrains Mono, monospace\">7b1c9\u2026<\/tspan><\/text>\n <text x=\"44\" y=\"119\" font-size=\"7\" fill=\"#0d8f79\" font-style=\"italic\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">valid \u2713<\/text>\n\n <defs><marker id=\"bc\" markerWidth=\"9\" markerHeight=\"9\" refX=\"8\" refY=\"3\" orient=\"auto\"><path d=\"M0,0 L0,6 L8,3 z\" fill=\"#0d8f79\"\/><\/marker><\/defs>\n <line x1=\"222\" y1=\"80\" x2=\"252\" y2=\"80\" stroke=\"#0d8f79\" stroke-width=\"2.4\" marker-end=\"url(#bc)\"\/>\n\n <rect x=\"256\" y=\"32\" width=\"188\" height=\"96\" rx=\"7\" fill=\"#fff6f4\" stroke=\"#c0392b\" stroke-width=\"2.4\"\/>\n <text x=\"350\" y=\"50\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#c0392b\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">BLOCK 25 \u2014 ALTERED<\/text>\n <line x1=\"270\" y1=\"56\" x2=\"430\" y2=\"56\" stroke=\"#f0bcb4\"\/>\n <text x=\"270\" y=\"72\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#c0392b\" font-weight=\"700\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Data: marks changed<\/text>\n <text x=\"270\" y=\"86\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Prev. hash: <tspan font-family=\"JetBrains Mono, monospace\" fill=\"#0d8f79\">7b1c9\u2026<\/tspan><\/text>\n <text x=\"270\" y=\"102\" font-size=\"7.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#c0392b\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Own hash: <tspan font-family=\"JetBrains Mono, monospace\">e93d0\u2026<\/tspan><\/text>\n <text x=\"270\" y=\"119\" font-size=\"7\" fill=\"#c0392b\" font-style=\"italic\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">hash no longer matches its contents<\/text>\n\n <line x1=\"448\" y1=\"80\" x2=\"478\" y2=\"80\" stroke=\"#c0392b\" stroke-width=\"2.4\" stroke-dasharray=\"4 3\" marker-end=\"url(#bc)\"\/>\n <path d=\"M456 68 l14 14 M470 68 l-14 14\" stroke=\"#c0392b\" stroke-width=\"2.4\"\/>\n\n <rect x=\"482\" y=\"32\" width=\"188\" height=\"96\" rx=\"7\" fill=\"#f5f6f8\" stroke=\"#adb8c4\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-dasharray=\"5 3\"\/>\n <text x=\"576\" y=\"50\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#8a95a3\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">BLOCK 26<\/text>\n <line x1=\"496\" y1=\"56\" x2=\"656\" y2=\"56\" stroke=\"#dde3ea\"\/>\n <text x=\"496\" y=\"72\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#5a6d80\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Data: next transaction<\/text>\n <text x=\"496\" y=\"86\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#5a6d80\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Prev. hash: <tspan font-family=\"JetBrains Mono, monospace\" fill=\"#c0392b\">4f882\u2026<\/tspan><\/text>\n <text x=\"496\" y=\"102\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#5a6d80\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Own hash: <tspan font-family=\"JetBrains Mono, monospace\">c05ae\u2026<\/tspan><\/text>\n <text x=\"496\" y=\"119\" font-size=\"7\" fill=\"#c0392b\" font-style=\"italic\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">points to a hash that no longer exists<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"30\" y=\"144\" width=\"640\" height=\"44\" rx=\"7\" fill=\"#14243f\"\/>\n <text x=\"350\" y=\"163\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">EACH BLOCK CARRIES THE HASH OF THE ONE BEFORE IT<\/text>\n <text x=\"350\" y=\"179\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#c9daf0\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Change any block and its hash changes; every block after it now points to a value that is gone. The tampering announces itself.<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"30\" y=\"198\" width=\"640\" height=\"56\" rx=\"7\" fill=\"#fffbf0\" stroke=\"#c9760f\" stroke-width=\"1.3\"\/>\n <text x=\"46\" y=\"216\" font-size=\"8.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#8f5409\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">THE FIVE PROPERTIES<\/text>\n <text x=\"46\" y=\"231\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\"><tspan font-weight=\"700\">Decentralised<\/tspan> \u2014 no single owner \u00b7 <tspan font-weight=\"700\">distributed<\/tspan> \u2014 every participant holds a copy<\/text>\n <text x=\"46\" y=\"243\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\"><tspan font-weight=\"700\">immutable<\/tspan> \u2014 records cannot be edited, only added to \u00b7 <tspan font-weight=\"700\">transparent<\/tspan> \u00b7 <tspan font-weight=\"700\">consensus-based<\/tspan>.<\/text>\n <\/svg>\n\n <table class=\"data-table\">\n <thead>\n <tr>\n <th>Point<\/span>\u092c\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0941<\/span><\/th>\n <th>Detail<\/span>\u0935\u093f\u0935\u0930\u0923<\/span><\/th>\n <\/tr>\n <\/thead>\n <tbody>\n <tr><td>Definition<\/span>\u092a\u0930\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>A distributed digital ledger<\/strong> in which records are stored in blocks linked cryptographically<\/strong> and held simultaneously by many participants, so that no single party controls it and no record can be altered once entered.<\/span>\u0935\u093f\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0905\u0902\u0915\u0940\u092f \u092c\u0939\u0940\u0916\u093e\u0924\u093e<\/strong>, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0932\u0947\u0916 \u0915\u0942\u091f\u0932\u0947\u0916\u0928 \u0938\u0947 \u091c\u0941\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u092c\u094d\u0932\u0949\u0915\u094b\u0902<\/strong> \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u0928\u0947\u0915 \u0938\u0939\u092d\u093e\u0917\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u0938 \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0930\u0939\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0928 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u090f\u0915 \u092a\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0928 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0932\u0947\u0916 \u090f\u0915 \u092c\u093e\u0930 \u0926\u0930\u094d\u091c \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u092c\u0926\u0932\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr style=\"background:#f3f8ff;\"><td>Blockchain is not cryptocurrency<\/span>\u092c\u094d\u0932\u0949\u0915\u091a\u0947\u0928 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092a\u094d\u091f\u094b\u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902\u0938\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>The distinction is examined. Blockchain is the underlying technology; cryptocurrency is one application of it.<\/strong> Bitcoin<\/strong>, proposed under the name Satoshi Nakamoto in 2008<\/strong>, was the first, but land records, supply chains and academic certificates use the same technology and involve no currency at all.<\/span>\u092f\u0939 \u092d\u0947\u0926 \u092a\u0930\u0916\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092c\u094d\u0932\u0949\u0915\u091a\u0947\u0928 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u094d\u0928\u093f\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u0939\u0948; \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092a\u094d\u091f\u094b\u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902\u0938\u0940 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u093e \u090f\u0915 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0964<\/strong> \u092c\u093f\u091f\u0915\u0949\u0907\u0928<\/strong>, \u091c\u094b 2008 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0924\u094b\u0936\u0940 \u0928\u093e\u0915\u093e\u092e\u094b\u0924\u094b<\/strong> \u0928\u093e\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0941\u0906, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0925\u092e \u0925\u093e, \u0915\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0941 \u092d\u0942-\u0905\u092d\u093f\u0932\u0947\u0916, \u0906\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093f-\u0936\u0943\u0902\u0916\u0932\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0936\u0948\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0935\u0939\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0928\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0939\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>Smart contract<\/span>\u0938\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u091f \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092c\u0902\u0927<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>A contract written as code that executes itself automatically when its conditions are met<\/strong>, without an intermediary to enforce it.<\/span>\u0915\u0942\u091f \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0932\u093f\u0916\u093e \u0935\u0939 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092c\u0902\u0927 \u091c\u094b \u0936\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u0940 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u093f\u0924<\/strong> \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u090f, \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092c\u093f\u091a\u094c\u0932\u093f\u090f \u0915\u0947 \u091c\u094b \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>In education<\/span>\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>The natural application is the tamper-proof academic certificate<\/strong>: a degree or marksheet recorded on a chain can be verified by an employer in seconds and without contacting the issuing institution<\/strong>, and cannot be forged. This is the direction in which the credential systems of \u00a710.3 \u2014 APAAR, ABC and DigiLocker \u2014 are moving.<\/span>\u0938\u094d\u0935\u093e\u092d\u093e\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0939\u0948 \u091b\u0947\u0921\u093c\u091b\u093e\u0921\u093c-\u0930\u094b\u0927\u0940 \u0936\u0948\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930<\/strong>: \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0936\u0943\u0902\u0916\u0932\u093e \u092a\u0930 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0932\u093f\u0916\u093f\u0924 \u0909\u092a\u093e\u0927\u093f \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0905\u0902\u0915-\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0938\u0947\u0915\u0902\u0921\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0930\u0940\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0915\u093f\u090f \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e<\/strong> \u0938\u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0932\u0938\u093e\u091c\u093c\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940\u0964 \u00a710.3 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u2014 APAAR, ABC \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u0932\u0949\u0915\u0930 \u2014 \u0907\u0938\u0940 \u0926\u093f\u0936\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0922\u093c \u0930\u0939\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>In India<\/span>\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u092e\u0947\u0902<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>A National Blockchain Framework<\/strong> has been developed for government use, and the Reserve Bank of India<\/strong> has piloted the Digital Rupee<\/strong>, a central bank digital currency, which is distinct from a private cryptocurrency.<\/span>\u0936\u093e\u0938\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u092c\u094d\u0932\u0949\u0915\u091a\u0947\u0928 \u0922\u093e\u0901\u091a\u093e<\/strong> \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0938\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0930\u093f\u091c\u093c\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u092c\u0948\u0902\u0915<\/strong> \u0928\u0947 \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u0930\u0941\u092a\u092f\u093e<\/strong>, \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0924\u094d \u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u092c\u0948\u0902\u0915 \u0905\u0902\u0915\u0940\u092f \u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930\u093e, \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0932\u0928 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u094b \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0928\u093f\u091c\u0940 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092a\u094d\u091f\u094b\u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902\u0938\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <\/tbody>\n <\/table>\n <hr class=\"section-divider\">\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d12-5\">\n 12.5<\/span>\n <h3>Augmented and Virtual Reality<\/span>\u0938\u0902\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0906\u092d\u093e\u0938\u0940 \u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0935\u093f\u0915\u0924\u093e<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n <svg class=\"full-diagram\" viewBox=\"0 0 700 252\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Virtual reality replaces the real world while augmented reality overlays it\">\n <text x=\"350\" y=\"18\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#14243f\" letter-spacing=\".6\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">ONE WORD DECIDES THE ANSWER \u2014 REPLACES, OR OVERLAYS<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"24\" y=\"30\" width=\"208\" height=\"130\" rx=\"8\" fill=\"#faf6ff\" stroke=\"#6b3a8f\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\n <text x=\"128\" y=\"50\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"11\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#6b3a8f\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">VIRTUAL REALITY<\/text>\n <rect x=\"52\" y=\"60\" width=\"152\" height=\"58\" rx=\"4\" fill=\"#2b1d3d\"\/>\n <circle cx=\"128\" cy=\"89\" r=\"20\" fill=\"#6b3a8f\" opacity=\".55\"\/>\n <text x=\"128\" y=\"93\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"14\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">\ud83d\udd76\ufe0f<\/text>\n <text x=\"128\" y=\"134\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#4b2766\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">REPLACES the real world<\/text>\n <text x=\"128\" y=\"149\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Fully immersive. A headset shuts out<\/text>\n <text x=\"128\" y=\"159\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">the surroundings entirely.<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"246\" y=\"30\" width=\"208\" height=\"130\" rx=\"8\" fill=\"#eefbf7\" stroke=\"#0d8f79\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\n <text x=\"350\" y=\"50\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"11\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#0d8f79\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">AUGMENTED REALITY<\/text>\n <rect x=\"274\" y=\"60\" width=\"152\" height=\"58\" rx=\"4\" fill=\"#dce9dd\"\/>\n <g fill=\"#8a95a3\"><rect x=\"286\" y=\"92\" width=\"26\" height=\"26\"\/><rect x=\"320\" y=\"84\" width=\"26\" height=\"34\"\/><rect x=\"354\" y=\"96\" width=\"26\" height=\"22\"\/><\/g>\n <rect x=\"330\" y=\"66\" width=\"76\" height=\"24\" rx=\"3\" fill=\"#0d8f79\" opacity=\".85\"\/>\n <text x=\"368\" y=\"81\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">digital layer<\/text>\n <text x=\"350\" y=\"134\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#0a6d5c\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">OVERLAYS the real world<\/text>\n <text x=\"350\" y=\"149\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Seen through a phone or glasses.<\/text>\n <text x=\"350\" y=\"159\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">The room is still there.<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"468\" y=\"30\" width=\"208\" height=\"130\" rx=\"8\" fill=\"#eef4fc\" stroke=\"#1f5fa9\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\n <text x=\"572\" y=\"50\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"11\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">MIXED REALITY<\/text>\n <rect x=\"496\" y=\"60\" width=\"152\" height=\"58\" rx=\"4\" fill=\"#dce4ee\"\/>\n <g fill=\"#8a95a3\"><rect x=\"508\" y=\"92\" width=\"26\" height=\"26\"\/><rect x=\"542\" y=\"84\" width=\"26\" height=\"34\"\/><\/g>\n <circle cx=\"600\" cy=\"88\" r=\"16\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\" opacity=\".7\"\/>\n <path d=\"M584 104 q16 8 32 0\" stroke=\"#1f5fa9\" stroke-width=\"2\" fill=\"none\"\/>\n <text x=\"572\" y=\"134\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">The two INTERACT<\/text>\n <text x=\"572\" y=\"149\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">A digital object rests on a real table<\/text>\n <text x=\"572\" y=\"159\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">and is occluded by real things.<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"24\" y=\"172\" width=\"652\" height=\"24\" rx=\"6\" fill=\"#14243f\"\/>\n <text x=\"350\" y=\"188\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\"><tspan font-weight=\"700\">XR \u2014 Extended Reality<\/tspan> is the umbrella term covering all three. A question naming an immersive headset wants VR; one naming a phone camera overlay wants AR.<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"24\" y=\"204\" width=\"652\" height=\"40\" rx=\"6\" fill=\"#f7fbff\" stroke=\"#c3d2e2\" stroke-width=\"1.2\"\/>\n <text x=\"38\" y=\"220\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\"><tspan font-weight=\"700\">In a classroom:<\/tspan> a virtual field trip to a site no bus can reach \u00b7 a heart examined from inside<\/text>\n <text x=\"38\" y=\"232\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">a chemical reaction too hazardous to perform \u00b7 vocational practice before touching real equipment.<\/text>\n <\/svg>\n\n <hr class=\"section-divider\">\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d12-6\">\n 12.6<\/span>\n <h3>Robotics, Drones and 3D Printing<\/span>\u0930\u094b\u092c\u094b\u091f\u093f\u0915\u0940, \u0921\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 3\u0921\u0940 \u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0923<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n <table class=\"data-table\">\n <thead>\n <tr>\n <th>Technology<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u0940<\/span><\/th>\n <th>What to know<\/span>\u091c\u093e\u0928\u0928\u0947 \u092f\u094b\u0917\u094d\u092f \u092c\u093e\u0924\u0947\u0902<\/span><\/th>\n <\/tr>\n <\/thead>\n <tbody>\n <tr>\n <td>Robotics<\/span>\u0930\u094b\u092c\u094b\u091f\u093f\u0915\u0940<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n <td>A robot<\/strong> is a programmable machine that senses, processes and acts<\/strong>. Its parts are sensors<\/strong> to perceive, a controller<\/strong> to decide, actuators<\/strong> to move, and a power source. In school the value lies less in the robot than in what building one teaches \u2014 sequencing, testing, and the discovery that a machine does exactly what it was told and not what was meant<\/strong>. Common platforms are Arduino<\/strong> and Raspberry Pi<\/strong>.<\/span>\u0930\u094b\u092c\u094b\u091f<\/strong> \u0935\u0939 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e-\u092f\u094b\u0917\u094d\u092f \u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092d\u0935 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e<\/strong> \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0902\u0917 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092d\u0935 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0938\u0902\u0935\u0947\u0926\u0915<\/strong>, \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0923\u092f \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0915<\/strong>, \u0917\u0924\u093f \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0915<\/strong>, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0936\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f-\u0938\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0924\u0964 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u0942\u0932\u094d\u092f \u0930\u094b\u092c\u094b\u091f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u092e, \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u091c\u094b \u0938\u0940\u0916\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0909\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0923, \u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092f\u0939 \u0916\u094b\u091c \u0915\u093f \u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0920\u0940\u0915 \u0935\u0939\u0940 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0939\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e, \u0935\u0939 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u091c\u094b \u0905\u092d\u093f\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0924 \u0925\u093e<\/strong>\u0964 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u091a\u0932\u093f\u0924 \u092e\u0902\u091a \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0906\u0930\u094d\u0921\u0941\u0907\u0928\u094b<\/strong> \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0930\u093e\u0938\u094d\u092a\u092c\u0947\u0930\u0940 \u092a\u093e\u0908<\/strong>\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr style=\"background:#f3f8ff;\">\n <td>3D printing<\/span>3\u0921\u0940 \u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0923<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n <td>Also called additive manufacturing<\/strong>, because it builds an object layer upon layer from a digital model<\/strong> \u2014 as against traditional subtractive<\/strong> manufacturing, which cuts material away. The additive-versus-subtractive contrast is the examinable point.<\/strong> In education it produces geometric solids, anatomical models, working parts of a machine, and prototypes made by pupils themselves.<\/span>\u0907\u0938\u0947 \u092f\u094b\u091c\u094d\u092f \u0935\u093f\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923<\/strong> \u092d\u0940 \u0915\u0939\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u092f\u0939 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u094b \u0905\u0902\u0915\u0940\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u0924 \u0926\u0930 \u092a\u0930\u0924<\/strong> \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u0909\u0938 \u092a\u0930\u0902\u092a\u0930\u093e\u0917\u0924 \u0905\u092a\u0918\u091f\u0940<\/strong> \u0935\u093f\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u092a\u0930\u0940\u0924 \u091c\u094b \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u093e\u091f\u0915\u0930 \u0939\u091f\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u094b\u091c\u094d\u092f \u092c\u0928\u093e\u092e \u0905\u092a\u0918\u091f\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u092f\u0939 \u0935\u093f\u0930\u094b\u0927 \u0939\u0940 \u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e-\u092f\u094b\u0917\u094d\u092f \u092c\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0941 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/strong> \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092f\u0939 \u091c\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0920\u094b\u0938, \u0936\u093e\u0930\u0940\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u0942\u092a, \u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u091a\u093e\u0932\u0942 \u092d\u093e\u0917, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u092c\u0928\u093e\u090f \u0906\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0930\u0942\u092a \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td>Drones<\/span>\u0921\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0928<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n <td>An Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV)<\/strong>, flown without a pilot aboard. Used for surveying, agriculture, disaster response, delivery and photography. In India they are governed by the Drone Rules, 2021<\/strong>, administered through the Digital Sky<\/strong> platform, with airspace divided into green, yellow and red zones<\/strong> \u2014 green requiring no permission, red prohibited. Namo Drone Didi<\/strong> provides drones to women's self-help groups for agricultural use.<\/span>\u092e\u093e\u0928\u0935\u0930\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941\u092f\u093e\u0928 (UAV)<\/strong>, \u091c\u094b \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0932\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u0909\u0921\u093c\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923, \u0915\u0943\u0937\u093f, \u0906\u092a\u0926\u093e-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e, \u0935\u093f\u0924\u0930\u0923 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u091b\u093e\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0915\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924\u0964 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092f\u0947 \u0921\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0928 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e, 2021<\/strong> \u0938\u0947 \u0936\u093e\u0938\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u091c\u093f\u0928\u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u093e\u0938\u0928 \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u0938\u094d\u0915\u093e\u0908<\/strong> \u092e\u0902\u091a \u0938\u0947 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0939\u0930\u093f\u0924, \u092a\u0940\u0924 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0930\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902<\/strong> \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093e\u091c\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u0939\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092e\u0924\u093f \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f, \u0930\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0928\u093f\u0937\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0928\u092e\u094b \u0921\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0928 \u0926\u0940\u0926\u0940<\/strong> \u092e\u0939\u093f\u0932\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902-\u0938\u0939\u093e\u092f\u0924\u093e \u0938\u092e\u0942\u0939\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0915\u0943\u0937\u093f-\u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0921\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0928 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td>Atal Tinkering Labs<\/span>\u0905\u091f\u0932 \u091f\u093f\u0902\u0915\u0930\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0932\u0948\u092c<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n <td>The scheme under which these technologies actually reach a school. Established under the Atal Innovation Mission of NITI Aayog<\/strong>, an ATL is a workspace equipped with 3D printers, robotics kits, sensors, electronics and IoT components<\/strong>, intended for pupils to design and build rather than to be shown. This is the answer to a question asking where school-level innovation infrastructure comes from.<\/span>\u0935\u0939 \u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928\u093e \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u0940\u0928 \u092f\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924\u0903 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0924\u0915 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f \u0906\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u091f\u0932 \u0928\u0935\u093e\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u092e\u093f\u0936\u0928<\/strong> \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u0940\u0928 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u093f\u0924, ATL \u0935\u0939 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u0938\u094d\u0925\u0932 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b 3\u0921\u0940 \u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094b\u0902, \u0930\u094b\u092c\u094b\u091f\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u0915\u093f\u091f\u094b\u0902, \u0938\u0902\u0935\u0947\u0926\u0915\u094b\u0902, \u0907\u0932\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0928\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u090f\u0935\u0902 IoT \u0918\u091f\u0915\u094b\u0902<\/strong> \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u091c\u094d\u091c\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b, \u0914\u0930 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0905\u092d\u093f\u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092f \u092f\u0939 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a\u0928\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902, \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0926\u093f\u0916\u093e\u092f\u093e \u0928 \u091c\u093e\u090f\u0964 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f-\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0928\u0935\u093e\u091a\u093e\u0930-\u0905\u0935\u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0915\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0938\u0947 \u0906\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0907\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u092f\u0939\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <\/tbody>\n <\/table>\n\n <hr class=\"section-divider\">\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d12-7\">\n 12.7<\/span>\n <h3>Big Data and Analytics<\/span>\u0935\u093f\u0936\u093e\u0932 \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0937\u093f\u0915\u0940<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"formula-card\">\n <div class=\"fx-eyebrow\">The five V's of big data<\/span>\u0935\u093f\u0936\u093e\u0932 \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u0901\u091a V<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"fx-body\">\n Volume<\/em> \u00b7 Velocity<\/em> \u00b7 Variety<\/em> \u00b7 Veracity<\/em> \u00b7 Value<\/em>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"fx-note\">\n How much there is, how fast it arrives, how many forms it takes, how far it can be trusted, and what use it is. The first three were the original definition; veracity and value were added later<\/b>, and a question may ask for either three or five.<\/span>\n \u0915\u093f\u0924\u0928\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0915\u093f\u0924\u0928\u0940 \u0924\u0947\u091c\u093c\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u0906\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0915\u093f\u0924\u0928\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0932\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0915\u093f\u0924\u0928\u093e \u092d\u0930\u094b\u0938\u0947 \u092f\u094b\u0917\u094d\u092f \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0915\u093f\u0938 \u0915\u093e\u092e \u0915\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0924\u0940\u0928 \u092e\u0942\u0932 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e \u0925\u0947; \u0938\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0924\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092e\u0942\u0932\u094d\u092f \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u0917\u090f<\/b>, \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u0924\u0940\u0928 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u092a\u093e\u0901\u091a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0941\u091b \u092d\u0940 \u092a\u0942\u091b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"scale-strip\">\n <div class=\"scale-step\">\n DESCRIPTIVE<\/span>\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0923\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915<\/span><\/span>\n <h6>What happened?<\/span>\u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0941\u0906?<\/span><\/h6>\n Attendance fell to 71 per cent in class X last month.<\/span>\u092a\u093f\u091b\u0932\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e X \u0915\u0940 \u0909\u092a\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f 71 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0936\u0924 \u0924\u0915 \u0917\u093f\u0930\u0940\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"scale-step\">\n DIAGNOSTIC<\/span>\u0928\u093f\u0926\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915<\/span><\/span>\n <h6>Why did it happen?<\/span>\u0910\u0938\u093e \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0939\u0941\u0906?<\/span><\/h6>\n The fall is concentrated in one section and began after a change of timetable.<\/span>\u0917\u093f\u0930\u093e\u0935\u091f \u090f\u0915 \u0939\u0940 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0917 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u092e\u092f-\u0938\u093e\u0930\u0923\u0940 \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u0906\u0930\u0902\u092d \u0939\u0941\u0908\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"scale-step\">\n PREDICTIVE<\/span>\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0928\u0941\u092e\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915<\/span><\/span>\n <h6>What will happen?<\/span>\u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0917\u093e?<\/span><\/h6>\n On present trend, a stated number of these pupils will fall below the attendance requirement.<\/span>\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f \u092a\u0930 \u0907\u0928\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0939\u0940 \u0917\u0908 \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0909\u092a\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f-\u0905\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u0928\u0940\u091a\u0947 \u091a\u0932\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u090f\u0901\u0917\u0947\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"scale-step\">\n PRESCRIPTIVE<\/span>\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915<\/span><\/span>\n <h6>What should be done?<\/span>\u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f?<\/span><\/h6>\n Restore the earlier timetable for that section and contact the families concerned.<\/span>\u0909\u0938 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0917 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0940 \u0938\u092e\u092f-\u0938\u093e\u0930\u0923\u0940 \u0932\u094c\u091f\u093e\u0908 \u091c\u093e\u090f \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u090f\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"callout red\">\n <div class=\"callout-label\">\u26a0\ufe0f Two cautions before a prediction is acted on<\/span>\u26a0\ufe0f \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0928\u0941\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u0926\u094b \u091a\u0947\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0928\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901<\/span><\/div>\n Correlation is not causation.<\/strong> Two figures that move together need not be connected, and a pattern found in data is a question to investigate rather than an explanation already obtained. And a prediction about a child must never become a label attached to that child.<\/strong> A system that marks a pupil as likely to fail can produce the very outcome it forecast, if the adults around that child begin to expect less. Analytics of this kind is properly used to direct attention and support<\/strong>, never to sort children into categories they are then taught according to.<\/span>\n \u0938\u0939\u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923\u0924\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/strong> \u091c\u094b \u0926\u094b \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925-\u0938\u093e\u0925 \u091a\u0932\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u0928\u0915\u093e \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u093e \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0914\u0930 \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0905\u0928\u094d\u0935\u0947\u0937\u0923 \u092f\u094b\u0917\u094d\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u0939\u0948, \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0938\u094d\u092a\u0937\u094d\u091f\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092c\u093e\u0932\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0928\u0941\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u092d\u0940 \u0909\u0938 \u092c\u093e\u0932\u0915 \u092a\u0930 \u091a\u093f\u092a\u0915\u093e \u0932\u0947\u092c\u0932 \u0928 \u092c\u0928\u0947\u0964<\/strong> \u091c\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0902\u092d\u093e\u0935\u093f\u0924 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0940\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u091a\u093f\u0939\u094d\u0928\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0947 \u0935\u0939 \u0935\u0939\u0940 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0909\u0938\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0928\u0941\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0925\u093e, \u092f\u0926\u093f \u0909\u0938 \u092c\u093e\u0932\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u0906\u0938\u092a\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u092f\u0938\u094d\u0915 \u0909\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u092e \u0905\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0932\u0917\u0947\u0902\u0964 \u0907\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0937\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0939\u093e\u092f\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u0926\u093f\u0936\u093e \u0924\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947<\/strong> \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0939\u0948, \u092c\u091a\u094d\u091a\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0909\u0928 \u0936\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0923\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u093e\u0901\u091f\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u092d\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u091c\u093f\u0928\u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u093e\u0930 \u092b\u093f\u0930 \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0922\u093c\u093e\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u090f\u0964<\/span>\n <\/div>\n\n <hr class=\"section-divider\">\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d12-8\">\n 12.8<\/span>\n <h3>Emerging Technologies in the Indian Context<\/span>\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0930\u094d\u092d \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u092d\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"abbr-grid\">\n <table>\n <thead><tr><th>Initiative<\/span>\u092a\u0939\u0932<\/span><\/th><th>What it is<\/span>\u092f\u0939 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/th><\/tr><\/thead>\n <tbody>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">Digital India<\/span>\u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u0907\u0902\u0921\u093f\u092f\u093e<\/span><\/td><td>Launched 2015<\/strong>, to transform India into a digitally empowered society and knowledge economy. The umbrella under which much of Chapter 13 sits.<\/span>2015<\/strong> \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0906\u0930\u0902\u092d, \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u0915\u094b \u0905\u0902\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0936\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u091c \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928-\u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941\u0964 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f 13 \u0915\u093e \u092c\u0939\u0941\u0924 \u0915\u0941\u091b \u0907\u0938\u0940 \u091b\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u0940\u091a\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">National Strategy for AI<\/span>AI \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0930\u0923\u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f<\/span><\/td><td>NITI Aayog, 2018<\/strong>, under the banner #AIforAll<\/strong>, identifying healthcare, agriculture, education<\/strong>, smart cities and smart mobility as focus sectors.<\/span>\u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f \u0906\u092f\u094b\u0917, 2018<\/strong>, #AIforAll<\/strong> \u0927\u094d\u092f\u0947\u092f-\u0935\u093e\u0915\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u0940\u0928, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0925\u094d\u092f, \u0915\u0943\u0937\u093f, \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e<\/strong>, \u0938\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u091f \u0936\u0939\u0930 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u091f \u0917\u0924\u093f\u0936\u0940\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u091a\u093f\u0939\u094d\u0928\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">Atal Innovation Mission<\/span>\u0905\u091f\u0932 \u0928\u0935\u093e\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u092e\u093f\u0936\u0928<\/span><\/td><td>NITI Aayog's programme for innovation, under which Atal Tinkering Labs<\/strong> are established in schools.<\/span>\u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f \u0906\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u0935\u093e\u091a\u093e\u0930-\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u0940\u0928 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u091f\u0932 \u091f\u093f\u0902\u0915\u0930\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0932\u0948\u092c<\/strong> \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <\/tbody>\n <\/table>\n <table>\n <thead><tr><th>Initiative<\/span>\u092a\u0939\u0932<\/span><\/th><th>What it is<\/span>\u092f\u0939 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/th><\/tr><\/thead>\n <tbody>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">National Supercomputing Mission<\/span>\u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0938\u0941\u092a\u0930\u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u092e\u093f\u0936\u0928<\/span><\/td><td>Launched 2015<\/strong>, building indigenous supercomputing capacity \u2014 the PARAM<\/strong> series of \u00a71.4, with C-DAC.<\/span>2015<\/strong> \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0906\u0930\u0902\u092d, \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0926\u0947\u0936\u0940 \u0938\u0941\u092a\u0930\u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e\u0924\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u2014 \u00a71.4 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0930\u092e<\/strong> \u0936\u0943\u0902\u0916\u0932\u093e, C-DAC \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">National Quantum Mission<\/span>\u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0915\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0902\u091f\u092e \u092e\u093f\u0936\u0928<\/span><\/td><td>Approved 2023<\/strong>, for research in quantum computing, communication, sensing and materials.<\/span>2023<\/strong> \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092e\u094b\u0926\u093f\u0924, \u0915\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0902\u091f\u092e \u0938\u0902\u0917\u0923\u0928, \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930, \u0938\u0902\u0935\u0947\u0926\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u0926\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u0902\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">MeghRaj<\/td><td>The Government of India's own cloud initiative<\/strong>, so that departments may use cloud services within government infrastructure.<\/span>\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u0938\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0940 \u0915\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0909\u0921 \u092a\u0939\u0932<\/strong>, \u0924\u093e\u0915\u093f \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0917 \u0936\u093e\u0938\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0905\u0935\u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u092d\u0940\u0924\u0930 \u0915\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0909\u0921 \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0947\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <\/tbody>\n <\/table>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"exam-tip\">\n <div class=\"et-icon\">\ud83e\uddfe<\/div>\n <div class=\"et-body\">\n Four questions to put to any proposal involving these technologies.<\/strong> (1) What problem does this solve that the school actually has?<\/strong> \u2014 a solution in search of a problem is the commonest form of waste. (2) Who will maintain it, and from which budget head?<\/strong> \u2014 the answer \"the vendor, for the first year\" is not an answer. (3) Who will be trained, and when?<\/strong> \u2014 equipment installed in March and trained on in December is unused for nine months and unfamiliar thereafter. (4) What happens to the data?<\/strong> \u2014 the four questions of \u00a710.2, and the DPDP obligations of \u00a78.8, apply to every one of these systems without exception.<\/span>\n \u0907\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u091c\u0941\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092d\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u091b\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u091a\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928\u0964<\/strong> (1) \u092f\u0939 \u0909\u0938 \u0915\u094c\u0928-\u0938\u0940 \u0938\u092e\u0938\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u0938 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924\u0903 \u0939\u0948?<\/strong> \u2014 \u0938\u092e\u0938\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u0916\u094b\u091c \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u0932\u093e \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u0905\u092a\u0935\u094d\u092f\u092f \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u091a\u0932\u093f\u0924 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0939\u0948\u0964 (2) \u0907\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u094c\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0917\u093e, \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u093f\u0938 \u092c\u091c\u091f-\u0936\u0940\u0930\u094d\u0937 \u0938\u0947?<\/strong> \u2014 \"\u0935\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0924\u093e, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0925\u092e \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941\" \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u0948\u0964 (3) \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0947\u0917\u093e, \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u092c?<\/strong> \u2014 \u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u091a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0926\u093f\u0938\u0902\u092c\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0928\u094c \u092e\u093e\u0938 \u0905\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0930\u0939\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u0905\u092a\u0930\u093f\u091a\u093f\u0924\u0964 (4) \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0917\u093e?<\/strong> \u2014 \u00a710.2 \u0915\u0947 \u091a\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u00a78.8 \u0915\u0947 DPDP \u0926\u093e\u092f\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u0907\u0928\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u092a\u0930 \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0905\u092a\u0935\u093e\u0926 \u0932\u093e\u0917\u0942 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <hr class=\"section-divider\">\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d12-9\">\n 12.9<\/span>\n <h3>The Digital Economy and Sectoral Initiatives<\/span>\u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0917\u0924 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947\u0902<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n \n The technologies of this chapter reach ordinary life through sectors<\/strong> rather than in the abstract. The terms below carry the prefix e-<\/strong> or digital<\/strong> and denote the same movement in different fields: a transaction that once required attendance in person now does not<\/strong>.<\/span>\n \u0907\u0938 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u0905\u092e\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0924 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902<\/strong> \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u091c\u0940\u0935\u0928 \u0924\u0915 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0928\u0940\u091a\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0926 \u0908-<\/strong> \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932<\/strong> \u0909\u092a\u0938\u0930\u094d\u0917 \u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u0939\u0940 \u0917\u0924\u093f \u0938\u0942\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902: \u091c\u093f\u0938 \u0932\u0947\u0928-\u0926\u0947\u0928 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u092d\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u0909\u092a\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u093e \u092a\u0921\u093c\u0924\u093e \u0925\u093e, \u0905\u092c \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u092a\u0921\u093c\u0924\u093e<\/strong>\u0964<\/span>\n <\/p>\n\n <table class=\"data-table\">\n <thead>\n <tr>\n <th>Term<\/span>\u092a\u0926<\/span><\/th>\n <th>Meaning, and the Indian instance<\/span>\u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923<\/span><\/th>\n <\/tr>\n <\/thead>\n <tbody>\n <tr style=\"background:#f3f8ff;\">\n <td>E-commerce<\/span>\u0908-\u0915\u0949\u092e\u0930\u094d\u0938<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n <td>The buying and selling of goods and services over an electronic network<\/strong>. Its models are named by who deals with whom, and the naming parallels the e-governance models of \u00a713.1: B2C<\/strong> business to consumer, B2B<\/strong> business to business, C2C<\/strong> consumer to consumer through a marketplace, and C2B<\/strong> consumer to business. India's ONDC<\/strong> \u2014 the Open Network for Digital Commerce \u2014 is an attempt to make e-commerce interoperable across platforms<\/strong>, on the same reasoning that made NDEAR an architecture rather than a portal.<\/span>\u0907\u0932\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u092a\u0930 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0913\u0902 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092f-\u0935\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092f<\/strong>\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u0942\u092a \u0907\u0938 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u0928\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0915\u093f \u0915\u094c\u0928 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u092f\u0939 \u0928\u093e\u092e\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u00a713.1 \u0915\u0947 \u0908-\u0917\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0928\u0947\u0902\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u0942\u092a\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930 \u0939\u0948: B2C<\/strong> \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u093e\u092f \u0938\u0947 \u0909\u092a\u092d\u094b\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093e, B2B<\/strong> \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u093e\u092f \u0938\u0947 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u093e\u092f, C2C<\/strong> \u092c\u093e\u091c\u093c\u093e\u0930-\u092e\u0902\u091a \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u0909\u092a\u092d\u094b\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u0909\u092a\u092d\u094b\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093e, \u0924\u0925\u093e C2B<\/strong> \u0909\u092a\u092d\u094b\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u093e\u092f\u0964 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u0915\u093e ONDC<\/strong> \u2014 \u0913\u092a\u0928 \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u092b\u093c\u0949\u0930 \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u0915\u0949\u092e\u0930\u094d\u0938 \u2014 \u0908-\u0915\u0949\u092e\u0930\u094d\u0938 \u0915\u094b \u092e\u0902\u091a\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0906\u0930-\u092a\u093e\u0930 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u091a\u093e\u0932\u0928\u0940\u092f<\/strong> \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u093e\u0938 \u0939\u0948, \u0909\u0938\u0940 \u0924\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u092a\u0930 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0928\u0947 NDEAR \u0915\u094b \u092a\u094b\u0930\u094d\u091f\u0932 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0936\u093f\u0932\u094d\u092a \u092c\u0928\u093e\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td>E-learning<\/span>\u0908-\u0932\u0930\u094d\u0928\u093f\u0902\u0917<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n <td>Learning delivered electronically, whether synchronous or asynchronous<\/strong> as set out in \u00a79.8. India's public instances are the platforms of Chapter 9 \u2014 DIKSHA, SWAYAM, e-Pathshala and NPTEL<\/strong> \u2014 and the private sector adds commercial platforms alongside them.<\/span>\u0907\u0932\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e, \u091a\u093e\u0939\u0947 \u0924\u0941\u0932\u094d\u092f\u0915\u093e\u0932\u093f\u0915 \u0939\u094b \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0905\u0924\u0941\u0932\u094d\u092f\u0915\u093e\u0932\u093f\u0915<\/strong>, \u091c\u0948\u0938\u093e \u00a79.8 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0935\u091c\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f 9 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u0902\u091a \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u2014 \u0926\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e, \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902, \u0908-\u092a\u093e\u0920\u0936\u093e\u0932\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 NPTEL<\/strong> \u2014 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0928\u093f\u091c\u0940 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0935\u093e\u0923\u093f\u091c\u094d\u092f\u093f\u0915 \u092e\u0902\u091a \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td>Telemedicine and digital health<\/span>\u091f\u0947\u0932\u0940\u092e\u0947\u0921\u093f\u0938\u093f\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0925\u094d\u092f<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n <td>Consultation and care at a distance. eSanjeevani<\/strong> is the national telemedicine service. The Ayushman Bharat Digital Mission (ABDM)<\/strong> builds a national digital health architecture, in which a citizen holds an ABHA<\/strong> \u2014 Ayushman Bharat Health Account \u2014 number linking their health records, on the same building-block reasoning as NDEAR in education. CoWIN<\/strong> was the vaccination platform, and e-Hospital<\/strong> is the hospital management and appointment system used by government hospitals.<\/span>\u0926\u0942\u0930 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u093e\u092e\u0930\u094d\u0936 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0926\u0947\u0916\u092d\u093e\u0932\u0964 \u0908-\u0938\u0902\u091c\u0940\u0935\u0928\u0940<\/strong> \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u091f\u0947\u0932\u0940\u092e\u0947\u0921\u093f\u0938\u093f\u0928 \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0906\u092f\u0941\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u092e\u093f\u0936\u0928 (ABDM)<\/strong> \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0905\u0902\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0938\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0925\u094d\u092f \u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0936\u093f\u0932\u094d\u092a \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u093e\u0917\u0930\u093f\u0915 ABHA<\/strong> \u2014 \u0906\u092f\u0941\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u0939\u0947\u0932\u094d\u0925 \u0905\u0915\u093e\u0909\u0902\u091f \u2014 \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0930\u0916\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0925\u094d\u092f-\u0905\u092d\u093f\u0932\u0947\u0916 \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0909\u0938\u0940 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930-\u0916\u0902\u0921 \u0924\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u092a\u0930 \u091c\u093f\u0938 \u092a\u0930 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 NDEAR \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0915\u094b\u0935\u093f\u0928<\/strong> \u091f\u0940\u0915\u093e\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u092e\u0902\u091a \u0925\u093e, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0908-\u0939\u0949\u0938\u094d\u092a\u093f\u091f\u0932<\/strong> \u0935\u0939 \u091a\u093f\u0915\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0938\u093e\u0932\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092d\u0947\u0902\u091f-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u0936\u093e\u0938\u0915\u0940\u092f \u091a\u093f\u0915\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0938\u093e\u0932\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td>Digital agriculture<\/span>\u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u0915\u0943\u0937\u093f<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n <td>e-NAM<\/strong> \u2014 the electronic National Agriculture Market \u2014 links regulated markets into a single online trading platform, so that a farmer may sell beyond the local mandi. Soil health cards, weather advisories, drone spraying under Namo Drone Didi<\/strong> from \u00a712.6, and direct benefit transfer of crop support are the other principal instances.<\/span>\u0908-\u0928\u093e\u092e<\/strong> \u2014 \u0907\u0932\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0915\u0943\u0937\u093f \u092c\u093e\u091c\u093c\u093e\u0930 \u2014 \u0935\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u092e\u0902\u0921\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u090f\u0915\u0932 \u0911\u0928\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u093e\u0930-\u092e\u0902\u091a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u093e\u0928 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u0940\u092f \u092e\u0902\u0921\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u0906\u0917\u0947 \u092c\u0947\u091a \u0938\u0915\u0947\u0964 \u092e\u0943\u0926\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0925\u094d\u092f \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0921, \u092e\u094c\u0938\u092e \u092a\u0930\u093e\u092e\u0930\u094d\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e\u090f\u0901, \u00a712.6 \u0915\u0940 \u0928\u092e\u094b \u0921\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0928 \u0926\u0940\u0926\u0940<\/strong> \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u0940\u0928 \u0921\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0928 \u091b\u093f\u0921\u093c\u0915\u093e\u0935, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092b\u093c\u0938\u0932-\u0938\u0939\u093e\u092f\u0924\u093e \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0932\u093e\u092d \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u0923 \u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0941\u0916 \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td>Digital labour and welfare<\/span>\u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u0936\u094d\u0930\u092e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0915\u0932\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0923<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n <td>e-Shram<\/strong> is the national database of unorganised sector workers<\/strong>, on which a registered worker receives a Universal Account Number and becomes reachable for welfare schemes. It matters to a school because the parents of a great many pupils are registered on it<\/strong>, and a scholarship or welfare claim may turn on that registration.<\/span>\u0908-\u0936\u094d\u0930\u092e<\/strong> \u0905\u0938\u0902\u0917\u0920\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0936\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093f\u0915\u094b\u0902<\/strong> \u0915\u093e \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e\u092c\u0947\u0938 \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938 \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u0902\u091c\u0940\u0915\u0943\u0924 \u0936\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0935\u092d\u094c\u092e\u093f\u0915 \u0916\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u0939 \u0915\u0932\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0923-\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a-\u092f\u094b\u0917\u094d\u092f \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0907\u0938\u0915\u093e \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u092f\u0939 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u092c\u0939\u0941\u0924 \u0938\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0915 \u0907\u0938 \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u0902\u091c\u0940\u0915\u0943\u0924 \u0939\u0948\u0902<\/strong>, \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u091b\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0915\u0932\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0923-\u0926\u093e\u0935\u093e \u0909\u0938\u0940 \u092a\u0902\u091c\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u092a\u0930 \u091f\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <\/tbody>\n <\/table>\n\n <div class=\"exam-tip\">\n <div class=\"et-icon\">\ud83d\udd24<\/div>\n <div class=\"et-body\">\n The lettered models, kept apart.<\/strong> E-commerce<\/strong> uses B and C<\/strong> \u2014 business and consumer: B2C, B2B, C2C, C2B. E-governance<\/strong> uses G<\/strong> \u2014 government: G2C, G2B, G2G, G2E. A question offering both sets together is testing whether the first letter has been read: if it begins with G the subject is governance; if it begins with B or C the subject is commerce.<\/strong><\/span>\n \u0905\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0930-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u0942\u092a, \u092a\u0943\u0925\u0915 \u0930\u0916\u0947 \u0939\u0941\u090f\u0964<\/strong> \u0908-\u0915\u0949\u092e\u0930\u094d\u0938<\/strong> B \u090f\u0935\u0902 C<\/strong> \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u093e\u092f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0909\u092a\u092d\u094b\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093e: B2C, B2B, C2C, C2B\u0964 \u0908-\u0917\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0928\u0947\u0902\u0938<\/strong> G<\/strong> \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u0936\u093e\u0938\u0928: G2C, G2B, G2G, G2E\u0964 \u091c\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u092e\u0941\u091a\u094d\u091a\u092f \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0926\u0947 \u0935\u0939 \u092f\u0939 \u092a\u0930\u0916 \u0930\u0939\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0925\u092e \u0905\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0930 \u092a\u0922\u093c\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u092f\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902: \u092f\u0926\u093f \u0935\u0939 G \u0938\u0947 \u0906\u0930\u0902\u092d \u0939\u094b \u0924\u094b \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0936\u093e\u0938\u0928 \u0939\u0948; \u092f\u0926\u093f B \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e C \u0938\u0947, \u0924\u094b \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f \u0935\u093e\u0923\u093f\u091c\u094d\u092f\u0964<\/strong><\/span>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"mcq-box\">\n <div class=\"mcq-title\">\n Practice<\/span>\u0905\u092d\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938<\/span><\/span>\n Questions on emerging technologies<\/span>\u0909\u092d\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928<\/span><\/span>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"mcq-note\">Objective questions in the pattern of the examination. Click to reveal the answer and its explanation.<\/span>\u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u0930 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928\u0964 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0916\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u094d\u0932\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u0940\u091c\u093f\u090f\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <details class=\"mcq-q\">\n <summary>93<\/span>Which of the following correctly describes the relationship between the three terms?<\/span><\/summary>\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\n <li>(a) Machine learning contains artificial intelligence, which contains deep learning<\/li>\n <li>(b) Artificial intelligence contains machine learning, which contains deep learning<\/li>\n <li>(c) Deep learning contains machine learning, which contains artificial intelligence<\/li>\n <li>(d) The three are entirely separate fields<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\">(b) Artificial intelligence contains machine learning, which contains deep learning<\/b> All deep learning is machine learning and all machine learning is AI, but the reverse holds in neither case. Deep learning is machine learning that uses artificial neural networks with many layers.<\/span>\u0938\u092e\u0938\u094d\u0924 \u0917\u0939\u0928 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e \u092e\u0936\u0940\u0928 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e \u0939\u0948 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0938\u092e\u0938\u094d\u0924 \u092e\u0936\u0940\u0928 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e \u0915\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092e \u092c\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093f \u0939\u0948, \u0915\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0941 \u0909\u0932\u091f\u093e \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092d\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0924\u094d\u092f \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964 \u0917\u0939\u0928 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e \u0935\u0939 \u092e\u0936\u0940\u0928 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0905\u0928\u0947\u0915 \u092a\u0930\u0924\u094b\u0902 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0915\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092e \u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0915\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0932 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\u00a712.1<\/span><\/div>\n <\/details>\n <details class=\"mcq-q\">\n <summary>94<\/span>Google Workspace and Microsoft 365, used through a browser without any installation, are examples of:<\/span><\/summary>\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\n <li>(a) IaaS<\/li>\n <li>(b) PaaS<\/li>\n <li>(c) SaaS<\/li>\n <li>(d) On-premises computing<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\">(c) SaaS<\/b> Software as a Service \u2014 ready software delivered over the network, with the provider managing everything down to the hardware. IaaS supplies virtual machines and storage; PaaS supplies an environment in which to build an application.<\/span>\u0938\u0949\u092b\u093c\u094d\u091f\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u0910\u091c\u093c \u090f \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0938 \u2014 \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u092a\u0930 \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0924\u0948\u092f\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u0949\u092b\u093c\u094d\u091f\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0921\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u0924\u0915 \u0938\u092c \u0915\u0941\u091b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092c\u0902\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 IaaS \u0906\u092d\u093e\u0938\u0940 \u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092d\u0902\u0921\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948; PaaS \u0935\u0939 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0936 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u090f\u0964<\/span>\u00a712.2<\/span><\/div>\n <\/details>\n <details class=\"mcq-q\">\n <summary>95<\/span>The property of a blockchain by which a record, once entered, cannot be altered is called:<\/span><\/summary>\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\n <li>(a) Elasticity<\/li>\n <li>(b) Immutability<\/li>\n <li>(c) Encryption<\/li>\n <li>(d) Virtualisation<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\">(b) Immutability<\/b> Each block carries the hash of the block before it, so altering any block changes its hash and every subsequent block then points to a value that no longer exists. Note also that blockchain is the technology and cryptocurrency only one application of it.<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u092c\u094d\u0932\u0949\u0915 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0940 \u092c\u094d\u0932\u0949\u0915 \u0915\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0936 \u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0905\u0924\u0903 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092d\u0940 \u092c\u094d\u0932\u0949\u0915 \u0915\u094b \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0936 \u092c\u0926\u0932 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0924\u092c \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u092a\u0930\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0940 \u092c\u094d\u0932\u0949\u0915 \u0910\u0938\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u0913\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0947\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0905\u092c \u0939\u0948 \u0939\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u092d\u0940 \u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0928 \u0930\u0939\u0947 \u0915\u093f \u092c\u094d\u0932\u0949\u0915\u091a\u0947\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092a\u094d\u091f\u094b\u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902\u0938\u0940 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u090f\u0915 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0964<\/span>\u00a712.4<\/span><\/div>\n <\/details>\n <details class=\"mcq-q\">\n <summary>96<\/span>A technology that overlays digital information on the real world, seen through a phone camera, is:<\/span><\/summary>\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\n <li>(a) Virtual Reality<\/li>\n <li>(b) Augmented Reality<\/li>\n <li>(c) Artificial Intelligence<\/li>\n <li>(d) Blockchain<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\">(b) Augmented Reality<\/b> AR overlays the real world, which remains visible. VR replaces it entirely by means of an immersive headset. Mixed Reality allows digital and physical objects to interact, and XR is the umbrella term for all three.<\/span>AR \u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u091c\u0917\u0924\u094d \u092a\u0930 \u0906\u0935\u0930\u0923 \u091a\u0922\u093c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u094b \u0926\u093f\u0916\u0924\u093e \u0930\u0939\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 VR \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923\u0924\u0903 \u092c\u0926\u0932 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0928\u093f\u092e\u091c\u094d\u091c\u0915 \u0939\u0947\u0921\u0938\u0947\u091f \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0947\u0964 \u092e\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0935\u093f\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0905\u0902\u0915\u0940\u092f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092d\u094c\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u0930\u0938\u094d\u092a\u0930 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u0925\u093e XR \u0924\u0940\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u091b\u093e\u0924\u093e-\u092a\u0926 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\u00a712.5<\/span><\/div>\n <\/details>\n <details class=\"mcq-q\">\n <summary>97<\/span>3D printing is also known as:<\/span><\/summary>\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\n <li>(a) Subtractive manufacturing<\/li>\n <li>(b) Additive manufacturing<\/li>\n <li>(c) Reductive manufacturing<\/li>\n <li>(d) Injection manufacturing<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\">(b) Additive manufacturing<\/b> It builds an object layer upon layer from a digital model, as against traditional subtractive manufacturing which cuts material away. In schools it reaches pupils chiefly through Atal Tinkering Labs under the Atal Innovation Mission.<\/span>\u092f\u0939 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u094b \u0905\u0902\u0915\u0940\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u0924 \u0926\u0930 \u092a\u0930\u0924 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0909\u0938 \u092a\u0930\u0902\u092a\u0930\u093e\u0917\u0924 \u0905\u092a\u0918\u091f\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u092a\u0930\u0940\u0924 \u091c\u094b \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u093e\u091f\u0915\u0930 \u0939\u091f\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092f\u0939 \u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f\u0924\u0903 \u0905\u091f\u0932 \u0928\u0935\u093e\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u092e\u093f\u0936\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u0940\u0928 \u0905\u091f\u0932 \u091f\u093f\u0902\u0915\u0930\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0932\u0948\u092c \u0938\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0924\u0915 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\u00a712.6<\/span><\/div>\n <\/details>\n <details class=\"mcq-q\">\n <summary>98<\/span>The original three V's of big data are:<\/span><\/summary>\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\n <li>(a) Volume, Velocity, Variety<\/li>\n <li>(b) Volume, Value, Veracity<\/li>\n <li>(c) Variety, Veracity, Value<\/li>\n <li>(d) Velocity, Validity, Volume<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\">(a) Volume, Velocity, Variety<\/b> How much, how fast and in how many forms. Veracity and Value were added afterwards to make five, so a question may legitimately ask for either three or five.<\/span>\u0915\u093f\u0924\u0928\u093e, \u0915\u093f\u0924\u0928\u0940 \u0924\u0947\u091c\u093c\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0915\u093f\u0924\u0928\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902\u0964 \u0938\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0924\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092e\u0942\u0932\u094d\u092f \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u0917\u090f \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u0901\u091a \u0939\u0941\u090f, \u0905\u0924\u0903 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u0935\u0948\u0927 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0924\u0940\u0928 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u092a\u093e\u0901\u091a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0941\u091b \u092d\u0940 \u092a\u0942\u091b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\u00a712.7<\/span><\/div>\n <\/details>\n <details class=\"mcq-q\">\n <summary>99<\/span>Atal Tinkering Labs are set up under which body?<\/span><\/summary>\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\n <li>(a) NCERT<\/li>\n <li>(b) CBSE<\/li>\n <li>(c) NITI Aayog<\/li>\n <li>(d) UGC<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\">(c) NITI Aayog<\/b> Through the Atal Innovation Mission. An ATL provides 3D printers, robotics kits, sensors and electronics so that pupils design and build rather than merely observe. NITI Aayog also issued the National Strategy for Artificial Intelligence in 2018.<\/span>\u0905\u091f\u0932 \u0928\u0935\u093e\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u092e\u093f\u0936\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0947\u0964 ATL 3\u0921\u0940 \u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0915, \u0930\u094b\u092c\u094b\u091f\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u0915\u093f\u091f, \u0938\u0902\u0935\u0947\u0926\u0915 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0907\u0932\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0928\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0924\u093e\u0915\u093f \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0926\u0947\u0916\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0905\u092a\u093f\u0924\u0941 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a\u0928\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902\u0964 \u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f \u0906\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0928\u0947 2018 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092e \u092c\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093f \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0930\u0923\u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f \u092d\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u0925\u0940\u0964<\/span>\u00a712.6, \u00a712.8<\/span><\/div>\n <\/details>\n <details class=\"mcq-q\">\n <summary>100<\/span>The e-commerce model in which one business sells to another business is:<\/span><\/summary>\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\n <li>(a) B2C<\/li>\n <li>(b) B2B<\/li>\n <li>(c) C2C<\/li>\n <li>(d) G2B<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\">(b) B2B<\/b> B2C is business to consumer and C2C is consumer to consumer through a marketplace. G2B belongs to e-governance, not e-commerce \u2014 if the model begins with G the subject is governance, and if with B or C it is commerce.<\/span>B2C \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u093e\u092f \u0938\u0947 \u0909\u092a\u092d\u094b\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0924\u0925\u093e C2C \u092c\u093e\u091c\u093c\u093e\u0930-\u092e\u0902\u091a \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u0909\u092a\u092d\u094b\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u0909\u092a\u092d\u094b\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0964 G2B \u0908-\u0917\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0928\u0947\u0902\u0938 \u0915\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0908-\u0915\u0949\u092e\u0930\u094d\u0938 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u2014 \u092f\u0926\u093f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u0942\u092a G \u0938\u0947 \u0906\u0930\u0902\u092d \u0939\u094b \u0924\u094b \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0936\u093e\u0938\u0928 \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u092f\u0926\u093f B \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e C \u0938\u0947 \u0924\u094b \u0935\u093e\u0923\u093f\u091c\u094d\u092f\u0964<\/span>\u00a712.9<\/span><\/div>\n <\/details>\n <details class=\"mcq-q\">\n <summary>101<\/span>e-NAM is associated with which sector?<\/span><\/summary>\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\n <li>(a) Health<\/li>\n <li>(b) Agriculture<\/li>\n <li>(c) Education<\/li>\n <li>(d) Banking<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\">(b) Agriculture<\/b> The electronic National Agriculture Market links regulated markets into a single online trading platform so that a farmer may sell beyond the local mandi. eSanjeevani and ABDM belong to health, DIKSHA and SWAYAM to education.<\/span>\u0907\u0932\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0915\u0943\u0937\u093f \u092c\u093e\u091c\u093c\u093e\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u092e\u0902\u0921\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u090f\u0915\u0932 \u0911\u0928\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u093e\u0930-\u092e\u0902\u091a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u093e\u0928 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u0940\u092f \u092e\u0902\u0921\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u0906\u0917\u0947 \u092c\u0947\u091a \u0938\u0915\u0947\u0964 \u0908-\u0938\u0902\u091c\u0940\u0935\u0928\u0940 \u090f\u0935\u0902 ABDM \u0938\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0925\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0926\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0947\u0964<\/span>\u00a712.9<\/span><\/div>\n <\/details>\n <\/div>\n\n <\/section>\n\n \n <section class=\"chapter-content\" data-chap=\"13\" id=\"c13\">\n <div class=\"chapter-heading-block\">\n SYLLABUS ITEM 13<\/span>\u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u092e\u0926 13<\/span><\/span>\n <h2>Digital Services and e-Governance<\/span>\u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0908-\u0917\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0928\u0947\u0902\u0938<\/span><\/h2>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"callout amber\">\n <div class=\"callout-label\">\ud83d\udccc What this chapter covers<\/span>\ud83d\udccc \u0907\u0938 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/div>\n Aadhaar, DigiLocker, UPI and digital payments, digital signatures, citizen service portals, Digital India, and the digital divide<\/span>\n \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930, \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u0932\u0949\u0915\u0930, UPI \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u092d\u0941\u0917\u0924\u093e\u0928, \u0905\u0902\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0939\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0930, \u0928\u093e\u0917\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e \u092a\u094b\u0930\u094d\u091f\u0932, \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u0907\u0902\u0921\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093e\u091c\u0928<\/span>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"keyfact-grid\">\n <div class=\"keyfact-card navy-hi\">\n \ud83e\udeaa<\/span>\n <div class=\"kf-label\">What Aadhaar Is Not<\/span>\u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"kf-value\" style=\"font-size:12.5px;\">Not proof of citizenship<\/span>\u0928\u093e\u0917\u0930\u093f\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"kf-sub\">It establishes identity and residence, and nothing further<\/span>\u092f\u0939 \u092a\u0939\u091a\u093e\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0928\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0938 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0907\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0906\u0917\u0947 \u0915\u0941\u091b \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"keyfact-card teal-hi\">\n \ud83c\uddee\ud83c\uddf3<\/span>\n <div class=\"kf-label\">Digital India<\/span>\u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u0907\u0902\u0921\u093f\u092f\u093e<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"kf-value\" style=\"font-size:14px;\">1 July 2015 \u00b7 9 pillars<\/span>1 \u091c\u0941\u0932\u093e\u0908 2015 \u00b7 9 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0902\u092d<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"kf-sub\">Three vision areas, nine pillars, under MeitY<\/span>\u0924\u0940\u0928 \u0926\u0943\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093f-\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930, \u0928\u094c \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0902\u092d, MeitY \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u0940\u0928<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"keyfact-card amber-hi\">\n \ud83d\udcf1<\/span>\n <div class=\"kf-label\">UPI<\/span>UPI<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"kf-value\" style=\"font-size:14px;\">NPCI \u00b7 2016<\/span>NPCI \u00b7 2016<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"kf-sub\">And a UPI PIN is never required to receive<\/em> money<\/span>\u0924\u0925\u093e \u0927\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924<\/em> \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 UPI PIN \u0915\u092d\u0940 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d13-0\">\n 13.0<\/span>\n <h3>Introduction<\/span>\u092a\u0930\u093f\u091a\u092f<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n <ul class=\"icon-list\">\n <li>\u25b8<\/span>\n Chapter 12 dealt with technologies still taking shape. The subjects of this chapter have already arrived<\/strong>: a pension, a scholarship, a certificate, a payment and a complaint all now travel by routes that did not exist twenty years ago, and a citizen who cannot use those routes is cut off from what is owed to them.<\/span>\n \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f 12 \u0909\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u0925\u093e \u091c\u094b \u0905\u092c \u092d\u0940 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0932\u0947 \u0930\u0939\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0907\u0938 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f \u0906 \u091a\u0941\u0915\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902<\/strong>: \u092a\u0947\u0902\u0936\u0928, \u091b\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930, \u092d\u0941\u0917\u0924\u093e\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e\u092f\u0924 \u2014 \u0938\u092c \u0905\u092c \u0909\u0928 \u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u091a\u0932\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u091c\u094b \u092c\u0940\u0938 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u0925\u0947 \u0939\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0914\u0930 \u091c\u094b \u0928\u093e\u0917\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0909\u0928 \u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0928 \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0935\u0939 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u092f \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u091f \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\n <\/span><\/li>\n <li>\u25b8<\/span>\n A head of institution stands on both sides of this. As a citizen<\/strong>, these are services used; as an officer<\/strong>, the school is a point at which they are delivered \u2014 scholarships verified, certificates issued, payments received, information supplied under statute.<\/span>\n \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0941\u0916 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0913\u0930 \u0916\u0921\u093c\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0928\u093e\u0917\u0930\u093f\u0915<\/strong> \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092f\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u0939\u0948\u0902; \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940<\/strong> \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0935\u0939 \u092c\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0941 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0907\u0928\u0915\u0940 \u0906\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u091b\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u0928, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0917\u092e\u0928, \u092d\u0941\u0917\u0924\u093e\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924\u093f, \u0935\u093f\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u0940\u0928 \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u093e\u092f\u0964<\/span>\n <\/span><\/li>\n <li>\u25b8<\/span>\n The questions here are factual and unforgiving: which body runs a service, in what year it began, how many digits or pillars or days a provision specifies<\/strong>. The tables and diagrams that follow are arranged for exactly that, and \u00a713.9 closes on the reason all of it matters \u2014 that a service delivered only digitally reaches the people who need it least.<\/span>\n \u092f\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u0924\u0925\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0920\u0941\u0930 \u0939\u0948\u0902: \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e \u0915\u093f\u0938 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u093e\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u0940\u0928 \u0939\u0948, \u0935\u0939 \u0915\u093f\u0938 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937 \u0906\u0930\u0902\u092d \u0939\u0941\u0908, \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0909\u092a\u092c\u0902\u0927 \u0915\u093f\u0924\u0928\u0947 \u0905\u0902\u0915 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0902\u092d \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0926\u093f\u0928 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0926\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/strong>\u0964 \u0906\u0917\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u093e\u0930\u0923\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0906\u0930\u0947\u0916 \u0920\u0940\u0915 \u0909\u0938\u0940 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u00a713.9 \u0909\u0938\u0940 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u092a\u0930 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u092f\u0939 \u0938\u092c \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u0915\u093f \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0905\u0902\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0926\u0940 \u0917\u0908 \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e \u0909\u0928 \u0932\u094b\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u0924\u0915 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u092e \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\n <\/span><\/li>\n <\/ul>\n\n <hr class=\"section-divider\">\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d13-1\">\n 13.1<\/span>\n <h3>e-Governance: Concept and Models<\/span>\u0908-\u0917\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0928\u0947\u0902\u0938: \u0938\u0902\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u092f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u0942\u092a<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n <svg class=\"full-diagram\" viewBox=\"0 0 700 268\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"The four interaction models of e-governance\">\n <circle cx=\"350\" cy=\"128\" r=\"46\" fill=\"#14243f\"\/>\n <text x=\"350\" y=\"124\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"11\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">GOVERNMENT<\/text>\n <text x=\"350\" y=\"140\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#c9daf0\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">G<\/text>\n\n <defs><marker id=\"eg\" markerWidth=\"9\" markerHeight=\"9\" refX=\"8\" refY=\"3\" orient=\"auto\"><path d=\"M0,0 L0,6 L8,3 z\" fill=\"#8a95a3\"\/><\/marker><\/defs>\n <g stroke=\"#8a95a3\" stroke-width=\"1.6\" fill=\"none\">\n <line x1=\"304\" y1=\"112\" x2=\"228\" y2=\"82\" marker-end=\"url(#eg)\"\/>\n <line x1=\"396\" y1=\"112\" x2=\"472\" y2=\"82\" marker-end=\"url(#eg)\"\/>\n <line x1=\"304\" y1=\"144\" x2=\"228\" y2=\"174\" marker-end=\"url(#eg)\"\/>\n <line x1=\"396\" y1=\"144\" x2=\"472\" y2=\"174\" marker-end=\"url(#eg)\"\/>\n <\/g>\n\n <rect x=\"24\" y=\"34\" width=\"204\" height=\"72\" rx=\"8\" fill=\"#eef4fc\" stroke=\"#1f5fa9\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\n <text x=\"126\" y=\"54\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"11\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">G2C \u00b7 to Citizen<\/text>\n <text x=\"126\" y=\"72\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Certificates, pensions, ration,<\/text>\n <text x=\"126\" y=\"83\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">scholarships, admissions<\/text>\n <text x=\"126\" y=\"98\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\" font-style=\"italic\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">the largest of the four by volume<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"472\" y=\"34\" width=\"204\" height=\"72\" rx=\"8\" fill=\"#eefbf7\" stroke=\"#0d8f79\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\n <text x=\"574\" y=\"54\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"11\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#0d8f79\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">G2B \u00b7 to Business<\/text>\n <text x=\"574\" y=\"72\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Licences, tenders, taxes,<\/text>\n <text x=\"574\" y=\"83\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">procurement through GeM<\/text>\n <text x=\"574\" y=\"98\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#0a6d5c\" font-style=\"italic\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">a school buying supplies is here<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"24\" y=\"150\" width=\"204\" height=\"72\" rx=\"8\" fill=\"#fffbf0\" stroke=\"#c9760f\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\n <text x=\"126\" y=\"170\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"11\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#c9760f\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">G2G \u00b7 to Government<\/text>\n <text x=\"126\" y=\"188\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Between departments and levels \u2014<\/text>\n <text x=\"126\" y=\"199\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">e-Office, PFMS, UDISE+<\/text>\n <text x=\"126\" y=\"214\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#8f5409\" font-style=\"italic\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">a school's returns travel here<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"472\" y=\"150\" width=\"204\" height=\"72\" rx=\"8\" fill=\"#faf6ff\" stroke=\"#6b3a8f\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\n <text x=\"574\" y=\"170\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"11\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#6b3a8f\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">G2E \u00b7 to Employee<\/text>\n <text x=\"574\" y=\"188\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Salary, GPF, leave, service book,<\/text>\n <text x=\"574\" y=\"199\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">biometric attendance<\/text>\n <text x=\"574\" y=\"214\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#4b2766\" font-style=\"italic\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">a teacher's own dealings are here<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"24\" y=\"234\" width=\"652\" height=\"26\" rx=\"6\" fill=\"#f7fbff\" stroke=\"#c3d2e2\" stroke-width=\"1.2\"\/>\n <text x=\"350\" y=\"251\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">The aim is often summarised as <tspan font-weight=\"700\">SMART governance<\/tspan> \u2014 <tspan font-weight=\"700\">S<\/tspan>imple, <tspan font-weight=\"700\">M<\/tspan>oral, <tspan font-weight=\"700\">A<\/tspan>ccountable, <tspan font-weight=\"700\">R<\/tspan>esponsive, <tspan font-weight=\"700\">T<\/tspan>ransparent.<\/text>\n <\/svg>\n A single school touches all four in an ordinary week: admissions (G2C), procurement (G2B), returns (G2G) and salary (G2E).<\/span>\u090f\u0915 \u0939\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0938\u093e\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0938\u092a\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0939 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091a\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u091b\u0942\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948: \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0947\u0936 (G2C), \u0916\u093c\u0930\u0940\u0926 (G2B), \u0935\u093f\u0935\u0930\u0923\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 (G2G) \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0935\u0947\u0924\u0928 (G2E)\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n\n <div class=\"vs-compare\">\n <div class=\"vs-side left\">\n Narrower<\/span>\u0938\u0901\u0915\u0930\u093e<\/span><\/span>\n <h5>e-Government<\/span>\u0908-\u0917\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0928\u092e\u0947\u0902\u091f<\/span><\/h5>\n <ul>\n <li>The use of ICT to perform the existing functions of government more efficiently<\/strong> \u2014 the same work, done faster and at less cost.<\/span>\u0936\u093e\u0938\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0926\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0924\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947<\/strong> \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 ICT \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u2014 \u0935\u0939\u0940 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f, \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0936\u0940\u0918\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0915\u092e \u0932\u093e\u0917\u0924 \u0938\u0947\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n <li>Concerned with service delivery and administration<\/strong>.<\/span>\u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e-\u0906\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u093e\u0938\u0928<\/strong> \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u093f\u0924\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"vs-mid\">VS<\/div>\n <div class=\"vs-side right\">\n Broader<\/span>\u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u0915<\/span><\/span>\n <h5>e-Governance<\/span>\u0908-\u0917\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0928\u0947\u0902\u0938<\/span><\/h5>\n <ul>\n <li>The use of ICT to change how governing itself is done<\/strong> \u2014 including citizen participation, transparency and accountability.<\/span>\u0936\u093e\u0938\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0930\u0940\u0924\u093f \u0939\u0940 \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0928\u0947<\/strong> \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 ICT \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u2014 \u0928\u093e\u0917\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0939\u092d\u093e\u0917\u093f\u0924\u093e, \u092a\u093e\u0930\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u093f\u0924\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u091c\u0935\u093e\u092c\u0926\u0947\u0939\u0940 \u0938\u0939\u093f\u0924\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n <li>Concerned with the relationship between state and citizen<\/strong>. It contains e-government rather than standing beside it.<\/span>\u0930\u093e\u091c\u094d\u092f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0928\u093e\u0917\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927<\/strong> \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u093f\u0924\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0908-\u0917\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0928\u092e\u0947\u0902\u091f \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0917\u0932 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0915\u0947 \u0916\u0921\u093c\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"callout teal\">\n <div class=\"callout-label\">\ud83d\udcd8 The four stages of maturity, and NeGP<\/span>\ud83d\udcd8 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092a\u0915\u094d\u0935\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u091a\u093e\u0930 \u091a\u0930\u0923, \u0924\u0925\u093e NeGP<\/span><\/div>\n An e-governance service typically develops through four stages: presence<\/strong> (information published on a website), interaction<\/strong> (forms downloaded, queries answered), transaction<\/strong> (the whole service completed online, with payment), and transformation<\/strong> (departments integrated so that a citizen deals with the government once rather than with each office separately). The National e-Governance Plan (NeGP)<\/strong>, approved in 2006<\/strong>, organised this work into Mission Mode Projects<\/strong>, and was later subsumed within Digital India<\/strong>.<\/span>\n \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0908-\u0917\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0928\u0947\u0902\u0938 \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092f\u0903 \u091a\u093e\u0930 \u091a\u0930\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0938\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948: \u0909\u092a\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f<\/strong> (\u0935\u0947\u092c\u0938\u093e\u0907\u091f \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0936\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e), \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0903\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e<\/strong> (\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0909\u0924\u093e\u0930\u0947 \u0917\u090f, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0926\u093f\u090f \u0917\u090f), \u0932\u0947\u0928-\u0926\u0947\u0928<\/strong> (\u0938\u0902\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e \u092d\u0941\u0917\u0924\u093e\u0928 \u0938\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u0911\u0928\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923), \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0930\u0942\u092a\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930\u0923<\/strong> (\u0935\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0917 \u0907\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u092e\u0947\u0915\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f \u0928\u093e\u0917\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0932\u0917-\u0905\u0932\u0917 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0936\u093e\u0938\u0928 \u0938\u0947 \u090f\u0915 \u0939\u0940 \u092c\u093e\u0930 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0930\u0947)\u0964 \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0908-\u0917\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0928\u0947\u0902\u0938 \u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928\u093e (NeGP)<\/strong>, \u091c\u094b 2006<\/strong> \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092e\u094b\u0926\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0941\u0908, \u0928\u0947 \u0907\u0938 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u094b \u092e\u093f\u0936\u0928 \u092e\u094b\u0921 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928\u093e\u0913\u0902<\/strong> \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e, \u0914\u0930 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u0939 \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u0907\u0902\u0921\u093f\u092f\u093e<\/strong> \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b \u0917\u0908\u0964<\/span>\n <\/div>\n\n <hr class=\"section-divider\">\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d13-2\">\n 13.2<\/span>\n <h3>Aadhaar and Digital Identity<\/span>\u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u092a\u0939\u091a\u093e\u0928<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n <table class=\"data-table\">\n <thead>\n <tr>\n <th>Aspect<\/span>\u092a\u0915\u094d\u0937<\/span><\/th>\n <th>Detail<\/span>\u0935\u093f\u0935\u0930\u0923<\/span><\/th>\n <\/tr>\n <\/thead>\n <tbody>\n <tr><td>What it is<\/span>\u092f\u0939 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>A twelve-digit unique identity number<\/strong> issued to a resident of India, based on demographic information<\/strong> \u2014 name, date of birth, gender, address \u2014 and biometric information<\/strong>: ten fingerprints, two iris scans and a photograph.<\/span>\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0938\u0940 \u0915\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u092c\u093e\u0930\u0939-\u0905\u0902\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0905\u0926\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0924\u0940\u092f \u092a\u0939\u091a\u093e\u0928 \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e<\/strong>, \u091c\u094b \u091c\u0928\u0938\u093e\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093f\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e<\/strong> \u2014 \u0928\u093e\u092e, \u091c\u0928\u094d\u092e\u0924\u093f\u0925\u093f, \u0932\u093f\u0902\u0917, \u092a\u0924\u093e \u2014 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092c\u093e\u092f\u094b\u092e\u0947\u091f\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e<\/strong> \u092a\u0930 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948: \u0926\u0938 \u0905\u0902\u0917\u0941\u0932\u0940-\u091b\u093e\u092a, \u0926\u094b \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0924\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0915\u093e-\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0948\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u090f\u0915 \u091b\u093e\u092f\u093e\u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>Issued by<\/span>\u091c\u093e\u0930\u0940\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>The Unique Identification Authority of India (UIDAI)<\/strong>, under the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology<\/strong>. Constituted in 2009<\/strong> and given statutory standing by the Aadhaar Act, 2016<\/strong>.<\/span>\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0935\u093f\u0936\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f \u092a\u0939\u091a\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915\u0930\u0923 (UIDAI)<\/strong>, \u091c\u094b \u0907\u0932\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0928\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u092e\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0932\u092f<\/strong> \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u0940\u0928 \u0939\u0948\u0964 2009<\/strong> \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0917\u0920\u093f\u0924 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e, 2016<\/strong> \u0938\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr style=\"background:#fff6f4;\"><td>What it is not<\/span>\u092f\u0939 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>Aadhaar is proof of identity and of residence. It is not proof of citizenship, and it is not proof of date of birth for every purpose.<\/strong> This is asked directly, and it is also the point on which a school must be clear when a parent presents it as the only document held.<\/span>\u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u0939\u091a\u093e\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0928\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0928\u093e\u0917\u0930\u093f\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u091c\u0928\u094d\u092e\u0924\u093f\u0925\u093f \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u092d\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964<\/strong> \u092f\u0939 \u0938\u0940\u0927\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u091b\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u092f\u0939\u0940 \u0935\u0939 \u092c\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0941 \u092d\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938 \u092a\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0915\u094b \u0938\u094d\u092a\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0939\u094b\u0928\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f \u091c\u092c \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0915 \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u090f\u0915\u092e\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0909\u092a\u0932\u092c\u094d\u0927 \u0926\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0947\u091c\u093c \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>Authentication<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u0928<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>Identity may be verified in three ways: demographic<\/strong> (matching the details), OTP<\/strong> to the registered mobile, and biometric<\/strong> (fingerprint or iris). eKYC<\/strong> is the electronic verification of identity built on this.<\/span>\u092a\u0939\u091a\u093e\u0928 \u0924\u0940\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948: \u091c\u0928\u0938\u093e\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093f\u0915\u0940\u092f<\/strong> (\u0935\u093f\u0935\u0930\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u092e\u093f\u0932\u093e\u0928), \u092a\u0902\u091c\u0940\u0915\u0943\u0924 \u092e\u094b\u092c\u093e\u0907\u0932 \u092a\u0930 OTP<\/strong>, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092c\u093e\u092f\u094b\u092e\u0947\u091f\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0915<\/strong> (\u0905\u0902\u0917\u0941\u0932\u0940-\u091b\u093e\u092a \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0924\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0915\u093e)\u0964 eKYC<\/strong> \u0907\u0938\u0940 \u092a\u0930 \u092c\u0928\u093e \u092a\u0939\u091a\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u0907\u0932\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u0928 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>Protecting it<\/span>\u0907\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>A Virtual ID (VID)<\/strong> is a temporary number that can be quoted instead of the Aadhaar number itself; masked Aadhaar<\/strong> conceals the first eight digits; and biometric locking<\/strong> prevents authentication until unlocked. The rule of \u00a78.4 applies without exception: the OTP is never to be shared with anyone<\/strong>.<\/span>\u0906\u092d\u093e\u0938\u0940 \u092a\u0939\u091a\u093e\u0928 (VID)<\/strong> \u0935\u0939 \u0905\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092f\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u0930 \u0926\u0940 \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948; \u092e\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0915\u094d\u0921 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930<\/strong> \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0906\u0920 \u0905\u0902\u0915 \u091b\u093f\u092a\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948; \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092c\u093e\u092f\u094b\u092e\u0947\u091f\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0932\u0949\u0915\u093f\u0902\u0917<\/strong> \u0916\u094b\u0932\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0924\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u0928 \u0930\u094b\u0915 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u00a78.4 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0905\u092a\u0935\u093e\u0926 \u0932\u093e\u0917\u0942 \u0939\u0948: OTP \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0915\u094b \u092d\u0940 \u0915\u092d\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u092c\u0924\u093e\u0928\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/strong>\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <\/tbody>\n <\/table>\n\n <div class=\"callout red\">\n <div class=\"callout-label\">\u26a0\ufe0f What a school must know about Aadhaar and admission<\/span>\u26a0\ufe0f \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0947\u0936 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0915\u094b \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0928\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f<\/span><\/div>\n The Supreme Court, in its judgment on the Aadhaar Act in 2018<\/strong>, upheld the scheme but placed limits on it. For a school the operative consequence is this: a child may not be denied admission, an examination, a scholarship or a benefit for want of an Aadhaar number.<\/strong> Where a benefit is delivered through Aadhaar-based transfer, the authority must provide an alternative means of identification rather than exclude the child. This sits alongside the Right to Education Act's own provision that no child shall be denied admission for lack of documents<\/strong>, referred to in \u00a710.4. A portal that will not accept an application without an Aadhaar field completed is an administrative obstacle, not a legal requirement, and the correct response is to seek the alternative route rather than to turn the family away.<\/span>\n \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a\u0924\u092e \u0928\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0928\u0947 2018<\/strong> \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e \u092a\u0930 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0923\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928\u093e \u0915\u094b \u092c\u0928\u093e\u090f \u0930\u0916\u093e \u0915\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0941 \u0909\u0938 \u092a\u0930 \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u0932\u0917\u093e\u0908\u0902\u0964 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0940 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e \u092f\u0939 \u0939\u0948: \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092c\u093e\u0932\u0915 \u0915\u094b \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u092d\u093e\u0935 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0947\u0936, \u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e, \u091b\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0932\u093e\u092d \u0938\u0947 \u0935\u0902\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e\u0964<\/strong> \u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0932\u093e\u092d \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930-\u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u0923 \u0938\u0947 \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u094b \u0935\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u094b \u092c\u093e\u0932\u0915 \u0915\u094b \u092c\u093e\u0939\u0930 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u091c\u093e\u092f \u092a\u0939\u091a\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u0948\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u0927\u0928 \u0926\u0947\u0928\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0917\u093e\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e \u0915\u0947 \u0909\u0938 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u0909\u092a\u092c\u0902\u0927 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0926\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0947\u091c\u093c\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u092d\u093e\u0935 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092c\u093e\u0932\u0915 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0947\u0936 \u0938\u0947 \u0935\u0902\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u090f\u0917\u093e<\/strong>, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0909\u0932\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0916 \u00a710.4 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u091c\u094b \u092a\u094b\u0930\u094d\u091f\u0932 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930-\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092d\u0930\u0947 \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0906\u0935\u0947\u0926\u0928 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0940\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0947 \u0935\u0939 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u093e\u0938\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u092c\u093e\u0927\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0939\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u094b \u0932\u094c\u091f\u093e\u0928\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0935\u0948\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a\u093f\u0915 \u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0917 \u0916\u094b\u091c\u0928\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\n <\/div>\n\n <hr class=\"section-divider\">\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d13-3\">\n 13.3<\/span>\n <h3>Digital Signature and e-Sign<\/span>\u0905\u0902\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0939\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0930 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0908-\u0938\u093e\u0907\u0928<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n <svg class=\"full-diagram\" viewBox=\"0 0 700 276\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"How a digital signature is created and verified\">\n <text x=\"180\" y=\"18\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\" letter-spacing=\".5\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">SIGNING \u2014 by the sender<\/text>\n <text x=\"520\" y=\"18\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#0d8f79\" letter-spacing=\".5\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">VERIFYING \u2014 by the receiver<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"24\" y=\"30\" width=\"90\" height=\"52\" rx=\"5\" fill=\"#fff\" stroke=\"#adb8c4\" stroke-width=\"1.4\"\/>\n <text x=\"69\" y=\"52\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">DOCUMENT<\/text>\n <g fill=\"#c9daf0\"><rect x=\"36\" y=\"60\" width=\"66\" height=\"3\"\/><rect x=\"36\" y=\"68\" width=\"52\" height=\"3\"\/><\/g>\n\n <defs><marker id=\"ds\" markerWidth=\"8\" markerHeight=\"8\" refX=\"7\" refY=\"2.8\" orient=\"auto\"><path d=\"M0,0 L0,5.6 L7,2.8 z\" fill=\"#5a6d80\"\/><\/marker><\/defs>\n <g stroke=\"#5a6d80\" stroke-width=\"1.6\" fill=\"none\">\n <line x1=\"118\" y1=\"56\" x2=\"146\" y2=\"56\" marker-end=\"url(#ds)\"\/>\n <line x1=\"222\" y1=\"56\" x2=\"250\" y2=\"56\" marker-end=\"url(#ds)\"\/>\n <line x1=\"296\" y1=\"80\" x2=\"296\" y2=\"104\" marker-end=\"url(#ds)\"\/>\n <\/g>\n\n <rect x=\"150\" y=\"30\" width=\"72\" height=\"52\" rx=\"5\" fill=\"#fffbf0\" stroke=\"#c9760f\" stroke-width=\"1.6\"\/>\n <text x=\"186\" y=\"50\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#c9760f\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">HASH<\/text>\n <text x=\"186\" y=\"63\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7\" fill=\"#8f5409\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">a short fixed<\/text>\n <text x=\"186\" y=\"73\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7\" fill=\"#8f5409\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">fingerprint<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"254\" y=\"30\" width=\"84\" height=\"52\" rx=\"5\" fill=\"#eef4fc\" stroke=\"#1f5fa9\" stroke-width=\"1.8\"\/>\n <text x=\"296\" y=\"50\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">ENCRYPT WITH<\/text>\n <text x=\"296\" y=\"63\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">PRIVATE KEY<\/text>\n <text x=\"296\" y=\"75\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"6.5\" fill=\"#5a6d80\" font-style=\"italic\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">held only by the signer<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"234\" y=\"108\" width=\"124\" height=\"40\" rx=\"5\" fill=\"#14243f\"\/>\n <text x=\"296\" y=\"126\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">DIGITAL SIGNATURE<\/text>\n <text x=\"296\" y=\"139\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7\" fill=\"#c9daf0\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">travels with the document<\/text>\n\n <line x1=\"362\" y1=\"128\" x2=\"396\" y2=\"128\" stroke=\"#5a6d80\" stroke-width=\"1.6\" fill=\"none\" marker-end=\"url(#ds)\"\/>\n\n <rect x=\"400\" y=\"30\" width=\"90\" height=\"52\" rx=\"5\" fill=\"#fffbf0\" stroke=\"#c9760f\" stroke-width=\"1.6\"\/>\n <text x=\"445\" y=\"50\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#c9760f\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">HASH THE<\/text>\n <text x=\"445\" y=\"63\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#c9760f\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">DOCUMENT AGAIN<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"400\" y=\"108\" width=\"90\" height=\"52\" rx=\"5\" fill=\"#eefbf7\" stroke=\"#0d8f79\" stroke-width=\"1.8\"\/>\n <text x=\"445\" y=\"128\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#0d8f79\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">DECRYPT WITH<\/text>\n <text x=\"445\" y=\"141\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#0d8f79\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">PUBLIC KEY<\/text>\n <text x=\"445\" y=\"153\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"6.5\" fill=\"#5a6d80\" font-style=\"italic\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">known to everyone<\/text>\n\n <g stroke=\"#5a6d80\" stroke-width=\"1.6\" fill=\"none\">\n <line x1=\"494\" y1=\"56\" x2=\"524\" y2=\"70\" marker-end=\"url(#ds)\"\/>\n <line x1=\"494\" y1=\"134\" x2=\"524\" y2=\"118\" marker-end=\"url(#ds)\"\/>\n <\/g>\n\n <rect x=\"528\" y=\"66\" width=\"148\" height=\"56\" rx=\"6\" fill=\"#fff\" stroke=\"#0d8f79\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\n <text x=\"602\" y=\"86\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#0d8f79\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">DO THE TWO MATCH?<\/text>\n <text x=\"602\" y=\"103\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Yes \u2192 genuine and unaltered<\/text>\n <text x=\"602\" y=\"115\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#c0392b\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">No \u2192 tampered or forged<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"24\" y=\"170\" width=\"652\" height=\"48\" rx=\"7\" fill=\"#f7fbff\" stroke=\"#c3d2e2\" stroke-width=\"1.3\"\/>\n <text x=\"40\" y=\"187\" font-size=\"8.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#14243f\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">WHAT IT ESTABLISHES<\/text>\n <text x=\"40\" y=\"199\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\"><tspan font-weight=\"700\">Authentication<\/tspan> \u2014 the signer is who they claim \u00b7 <tspan font-weight=\"700\">Integrity<\/tspan> \u2014 the document has not changed since signing<\/text>\n <text x=\"40\" y=\"211\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\"><tspan font-weight=\"700\">Non-repudiation<\/tspan> \u2014 the signer cannot later deny having signed.<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"24\" y=\"230\" width=\"652\" height=\"36\" rx=\"7\" fill=\"#fff6f4\" stroke=\"#c0392b\" stroke-width=\"1.3\"\/>\n <text x=\"40\" y=\"247\" font-size=\"8.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#c0392b\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">A SCANNED SIGNATURE IS NOT A DIGITAL SIGNATURE<\/text>\n <text x=\"40\" y=\"260\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">An image of a handwritten signature pasted into a document proves nothing and can be copied from any other document in seconds.<\/text>\n <\/svg>\n\n <div class=\"feat-grid\">\n <div class=\"feat-card\">1<\/span>Legal standing<\/span>\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f<\/span><\/strong>Digital signatures are recognised by the Information Technology Act, 2000<\/strong>, which gave legal validity to electronic records and electronic signatures. This is what allows a departmental file to move without paper.<\/span>\u0905\u0902\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0939\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0930 \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e, 2000<\/strong> \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0924\u093e-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0928\u0947 \u0907\u0932\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0932\u0947\u0916\u094b\u0902 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0907\u0932\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0939\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u0948\u0927\u0924\u093e \u0926\u0940\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0917\u0940\u092f \u0928\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0940 \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0915\u093e\u0917\u093c\u091c\u093c \u091a\u0932 \u092a\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"feat-card\">2<\/span>DSC \u00b7 CA \u00b7 CCA<\/strong>A Digital Signature Certificate (DSC)<\/strong> is issued by a Certifying Authority (CA)<\/strong>, which is itself licensed by the Controller of Certifying Authorities (CCA)<\/strong>. The three-tier arrangement is what makes a signature trustworthy to a stranger.<\/span>\u0905\u0902\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0939\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930 (DSC)<\/strong> \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940 (CA)<\/strong> \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u094b \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0915 (CCA)<\/strong> \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u091c\u094d\u091e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939\u0940 \u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f-\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0939\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0930 \u0915\u094b \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0905\u092a\u0930\u093f\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0935\u0938\u0928\u0940\u092f \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"feat-card\">3<\/span>eSign<\/strong>An online service that lets a document be signed using Aadhaar authentication<\/strong>, without a physical token or a pre-issued certificate. It is what makes digital signing available to an ordinary citizen rather than only to an office.<\/span>\u0935\u0939 \u0911\u0928\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e \u091c\u094b \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0926\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0947\u091c\u093c \u092a\u0930 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u0928<\/strong> \u0938\u0947 \u0939\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0930 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092d\u094c\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u091f\u094b\u0915\u0928 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935-\u091c\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0947\u0964 \u092f\u0939\u0940 \u0905\u0902\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0939\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0930 \u0915\u094b \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0938\u093e\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0928\u093e\u0917\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0924\u0915 \u0909\u092a\u0932\u092c\u094d\u0927 \u0915\u0930\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"feat-card\">4<\/span>Where a school meets it<\/span>\u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0907\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/strong>e-Tendering and procurement, income tax filing, e-Office notings, and increasingly the issue of certificates and marksheets \u2014 which is where \u00a713.5 takes over.<\/span>\u0908-\u0928\u093f\u0935\u093f\u0926\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0916\u093c\u0930\u0940\u0926, \u0906\u092f\u0915\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0935\u0930\u0923\u0940, \u0908-\u0911\u092b\u093c\u093f\u0938 \u0915\u0940 \u091f\u093f\u092a\u094d\u092a\u0923\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092c\u0922\u093c\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0941\u090f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0905\u0902\u0915-\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0917\u092e\u0928 \u2014 \u0914\u0930 \u092f\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u00a713.5 \u0906\u0917\u0947 \u0932\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <hr class=\"section-divider\">\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d13-4\">\n 13.4<\/span>\n <h3>Digital Payments and UPI<\/span>\u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u092d\u0941\u0917\u0924\u093e\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 UPI<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n <table class=\"data-table\">\n <thead>\n <tr>\n <th>System<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940<\/span><\/th>\n <th>What to know<\/span>\u091c\u093e\u0928\u0928\u0947 \u092f\u094b\u0917\u094d\u092f \u092c\u093e\u0924\u0947\u0902<\/span><\/th>\n <\/tr>\n <\/thead>\n <tbody>\n <tr><td>NPCI<\/strong><\/td><td>The National Payments Corporation of India<\/strong>, established in 2008<\/strong> as the umbrella organisation for retail payments in India, promoted by the Reserve Bank of India and the Indian Banks' Association. UPI, RuPay, IMPS, AePS, FASTag and Bharat BillPay are all its products<\/strong>, and a question may ask for any one of them by that route.<\/span>\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u092d\u0941\u0917\u0924\u093e\u0928 \u0928\u093f\u0917\u092e<\/strong>, \u091c\u094b 2008<\/strong> \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0916\u0941\u0926\u0930\u093e \u092d\u0941\u0917\u0924\u093e\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u091b\u093e\u0924\u093e-\u0938\u0902\u0917\u0920\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0941\u0906, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0930\u093f\u091c\u093c\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u092c\u0948\u0902\u0915 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u092c\u0948\u0902\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0918 \u0928\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0964 UPI, \u0930\u0941\u092a\u0947, IMPS, AePS, \u092b\u093c\u093e\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0948\u0917 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u092c\u093f\u0932\u092a\u0947 \u0938\u092c \u0907\u0938\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926 \u0939\u0948\u0902<\/strong>, \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u0907\u0938\u0940 \u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0917 \u0938\u0947 \u0907\u0928\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u092d\u0940 \u092a\u0942\u091b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr style=\"background:#f3f8ff;\"><td>UPI<\/strong><\/td><td>The Unified Payments Interface<\/strong>, launched by NPCI in 2016<\/strong>. It allows instant transfer between bank accounts, at any hour of any day<\/strong>, using a Virtual Payment Address<\/strong> so that the account number itself need not be disclosed. BHIM<\/strong> is the NPCI's own application for it.<\/span>\u090f\u0915\u0940\u0915\u0943\u0924 \u092d\u0941\u0917\u0924\u093e\u0928 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093e\u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920<\/strong>, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 NPCI \u0928\u0947 2016<\/strong> \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0906\u0930\u0902\u092d \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u092c\u0948\u0902\u0915 \u0916\u093e\u0924\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092d\u0940 \u0926\u093f\u0928 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092d\u0940 \u0918\u0902\u091f\u0947 \u0924\u0924\u094d\u0915\u093e\u0932 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u0923<\/strong> \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092e\u0924\u093f \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0906\u092d\u093e\u0938\u0940 \u092d\u0941\u0917\u0924\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u0924\u093e<\/strong> \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u0916\u093e\u0924\u093e-\u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u092c\u0924\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u0928 \u092a\u0921\u093c\u0947\u0964 \u092d\u0940\u092e<\/strong> \u0907\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f NPCI \u0915\u093e \u0905\u092a\u0928\u093e \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>NEFT \u00b7 RTGS \u00b7 IMPS<\/strong><\/td><td>Three older transfer systems. NEFT<\/strong> settles in batches; RTGS<\/strong> settles individually and in real time, and is meant for large values<\/strong>, with a prescribed minimum; IMPS<\/strong> gives immediate transfer at any hour and preceded UPI.<\/span>\u0924\u0940\u0928 \u092a\u0941\u0930\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u0923-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901\u0964 NEFT<\/strong> \u0938\u092e\u0942\u0939\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u093f\u092a\u091f\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948; RTGS<\/strong> \u092a\u0943\u0925\u0915 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u092e\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u093f\u092a\u091f\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092c\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u092e\u0942\u0932\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902<\/strong> \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0928\u0924\u092e \u0930\u093e\u0936\u093f \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948; IMPS<\/strong> \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092d\u0940 \u0918\u0902\u091f\u0947 \u0924\u0924\u094d\u0915\u093e\u0932 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u0923 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 UPI \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>AePS<\/strong><\/td><td>The Aadhaar enabled Payment System<\/strong>, which allows a person to withdraw money, check a balance or make a payment using a fingerprint and an Aadhaar number, with no card and no smartphone<\/strong>. Its importance is that it serves precisely the population that \u00a713.9 is about.<\/span>\u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e \u092d\u0941\u0917\u0924\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940<\/strong>, \u091c\u094b \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0915\u094b \u0905\u0902\u0917\u0941\u0932\u0940-\u091b\u093e\u092a \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0938\u0947, \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0921 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0938\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u091f\u092b\u093c\u094b\u0928<\/strong> \u0927\u0928 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0932\u0928\u0947, \u0936\u0947\u0937 \u0926\u0947\u0916\u0928\u0947 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u092d\u0941\u0917\u0924\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u093e \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u092f\u0939 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u092f\u0939 \u0920\u0940\u0915 \u0909\u0938\u0940 \u091c\u0928\u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u00a713.9 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>e-RUPI<\/strong><\/td><td>A voucher-based digital payment<\/strong> delivered by SMS or QR code, which can be redeemed only for the stated purpose and only by the named person \u2014 useful where a benefit must reach a beneficiary without cash and without a bank account.<\/span>\u0935\u093e\u0909\u091a\u0930-\u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0905\u0902\u0915\u0940\u092f \u092d\u0941\u0917\u0924\u093e\u0928<\/strong>, \u091c\u094b SMS \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e QR \u0915\u0942\u091f \u0938\u0947 \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0915\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0928\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u092d\u0941\u0928\u093e\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u0935\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0940 \u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0932\u093e\u092d \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0928\u0915\u093c\u0926\u0940 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u092c\u0948\u0902\u0915 \u0916\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093e\u092d\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0924\u0915 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a\u093e\u0928\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <\/tbody>\n <\/table>\n\n <h4>A. Banking channels and instruments<\/span>\u0915. \u092c\u0948\u0902\u0915\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u093e\u0927\u0928<\/span><\/h4>\n\n <div class=\"abbr-grid\">\n <table>\n <thead><tr><th>Channel<\/span>\u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e<\/span><\/th><th>What it is<\/span>\u092f\u0939 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/th><\/tr><\/thead>\n <tbody>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">Net banking<\/span>\u0928\u0947\u091f \u092c\u0948\u0902\u0915\u093f\u0902\u0917<\/span><\/td><td>Banking through the bank's website on a browser<\/strong> \u2014 transfers, statements, fixed deposits, cheque requests.<\/span>\u092c\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0909\u091c\u093c\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u092c\u0948\u0902\u0915 \u0915\u0940 \u0935\u0947\u092c\u0938\u093e\u0907\u091f<\/strong> \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0948\u0902\u0915\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u2014 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u0923, \u0935\u093f\u0935\u0930\u0923, \u0938\u093e\u0935\u0927\u093f \u091c\u092e\u093e, \u091a\u0947\u0915-\u0905\u0928\u0941\u0930\u094b\u0927\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">Mobile banking<\/span>\u092e\u094b\u092c\u093e\u0907\u0932 \u092c\u0948\u0902\u0915\u093f\u0902\u0917<\/span><\/td><td>The same through the bank's own application<\/strong> on a phone, usually with a shorter set of functions and an app PIN or biometric lock.<\/span>\u0935\u0939\u0940, \u092b\u093c\u094b\u0928 \u092a\u0930 \u092c\u0948\u0902\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917<\/strong> \u0938\u0947, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092f\u0903 \u0915\u092e \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0910\u092a-PIN \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u092c\u093e\u092f\u094b\u092e\u0947\u091f\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0924\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0938\u0939\u093f\u0924\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">ATM<\/td><td>Automated Teller Machine<\/strong> \u2014 cash withdrawal and deposit, balance and PIN change, without a branch.<\/span>\u0938\u094d\u0935\u091a\u093e\u0932\u093f\u0924 \u0917\u0923\u0915 \u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930<\/strong> \u2014 \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0936\u093e\u0916\u093e \u0928\u0915\u093c\u0926\u0940 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938\u0940 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u091c\u092e\u093e, \u0936\u0947\u0937 \u090f\u0935\u0902 PIN \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">Digital wallet<\/span>\u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u092c\u091f\u0941\u0906<\/span><\/td><td>A prepaid store of value<\/strong> held with a non-bank provider, loaded from a bank account or a card and spent from the balance.<\/span>\u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0917\u093c\u0948\u0930-\u092c\u0948\u0902\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u0938 \u0930\u0916\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092a\u0947\u0921 \u092e\u0942\u0932\u094d\u092f-\u092d\u0902\u0921\u093e\u0930<\/strong>, \u091c\u094b \u092c\u0948\u0902\u0915 \u0916\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0921 \u0938\u0947 \u092d\u0930\u093e \u091c\u093e\u090f \u0914\u0930 \u0936\u0947\u0937 \u0938\u0947 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u092f \u0939\u094b\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <\/tbody>\n <\/table>\n <table>\n <thead><tr><th>Card<\/span>\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0921<\/span><\/th><th>The distinction that is asked<\/span>\u092a\u0942\u091b\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e \u092d\u0947\u0926<\/span><\/th><\/tr><\/thead>\n <tbody>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">Debit card<\/span>\u0921\u0947\u092c\u093f\u091f \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0921<\/span><\/td><td>Spends money already in the account<\/strong>. The account is debited at once.<\/span>\u0916\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0921\u093c\u093e \u0927\u0928<\/strong> \u0935\u094d\u092f\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0916\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0924\u0924\u094d\u0915\u093e\u0932 \u0928\u093e\u092e\u0947 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">Credit card<\/span>\u0915\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0921\u093f\u091f \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0921<\/span><\/td><td>Spends money lent by the bank<\/strong> up to a limit, repayable by a due date, with interest thereafter.<\/span>\u090f\u0915 \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e \u0924\u0915 \u092c\u0948\u0902\u0915 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0909\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0927\u0928<\/strong> \u0935\u094d\u092f\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u094b \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0924 \u0924\u093f\u0925\u093f \u0924\u0915 \u0926\u0947\u092f \u0939\u0948, \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u092c\u094d\u092f\u093e\u091c \u0938\u0939\u093f\u0924\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">Prepaid card<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092a\u0947\u0921 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0921<\/span><\/td><td>Spends only what was loaded onto it<\/strong>, and needs no bank account \u2014 which is what makes it useful for a beneficiary who has none.<\/span>\u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0909\u0924\u0928\u093e<\/strong> \u0935\u094d\u092f\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0924\u0928\u093e \u0909\u0938 \u092a\u0930 \u092d\u0930\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e<\/strong>, \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u092c\u0948\u0902\u0915 \u0916\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u2014 \u0907\u0938\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u0935\u0939 \u0909\u0938 \u0932\u093e\u092d\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u092e \u0906\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u0938 \u0916\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">RuPay<\/td><td>India's own card network<\/strong>, from NPCI, alongside the international networks. Cards issued under Jan Dhan accounts are RuPay cards.<\/span>NPCI \u0915\u093e \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u092a\u0928\u093e \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0921 \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915<\/strong>, \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925\u0964 \u091c\u0928 \u0927\u0928 \u0916\u093e\u0924\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u0940\u0928 \u091c\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0921 \u0930\u0941\u092a\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0921 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <\/tbody>\n <\/table>\n <\/div>\n\n <h4>B. Financial inclusion<\/span>\u0916. \u0935\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0935\u0947\u0936\u0928<\/span><\/h4>\n\n <div class=\"callout teal\">\n <div class=\"callout-label\">\ud83d\udcd8 The concept, and the trinity it rests on<\/span>\ud83d\udcd8 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u092f, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0935\u0939 \u0924\u094d\u0930\u092f\u0940 \u091c\u093f\u0938 \u092a\u0930 \u092f\u0939 \u091f\u093f\u0915\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/div>\n Financial inclusion<\/strong> is the delivery of banking and financial services to every section of society, particularly the poor and those previously outside the banking system<\/strong>, at affordable cost. Digital payment is the mechanism that made it practicable at scale, because a bank branch cannot be built in every village but a phone and a fingerprint can reach one.<\/span>\n \u0935\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0935\u0947\u0936\u0928<\/strong> \u092c\u0948\u0902\u0915\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u092e\u093e\u091c \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0917 \u0924\u0915, \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937\u0915\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0927\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0909\u0928 \u0924\u0915 \u091c\u094b \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u092c\u0948\u0902\u0915\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0939\u0930 \u0925\u0947<\/strong>, \u0935\u0939\u0928\u0940\u092f \u0932\u093e\u0917\u0924 \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a\u093e\u0928\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0905\u0902\u0915\u0940\u092f \u092d\u0941\u0917\u0924\u093e\u0928 \u0935\u0939\u0940 \u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0928\u0947 \u0907\u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u092a\u0948\u092e\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u092c\u0928\u093e\u092f\u093e, \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0917\u093e\u0901\u0935 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0948\u0902\u0915 \u0936\u093e\u0916\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0908 \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940 \u0915\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0941 \u092b\u093c\u094b\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0905\u0902\u0917\u0941\u0932\u0940-\u091b\u093e\u092a \u0935\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\n The architecture is commonly described as the JAM trinity<\/strong> \u2014 J<\/strong>an Dhan, A<\/strong>adhaar and M<\/strong>obile. Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana (PMJDY)<\/strong>, launched in 2014<\/strong>, opened basic savings accounts with no minimum balance, a RuPay debit card<\/strong> and accident insurance cover. Aadhaar supplied the identity against which those accounts could be verified, and the mobile phone supplied the channel. Together they made Direct Benefit Transfer possible<\/strong> \u2014 the mechanism by which a scholarship reaches a pupil's own account, as in \u00a710.7.<\/span>\n \u0907\u0938 \u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0936\u093f\u0932\u094d\u092a \u0915\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092f\u0903 JAM \u0924\u094d\u0930\u092f\u0940<\/strong> \u0915\u0939\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u091c<\/strong>\u0928 \u0927\u0928, \u0906<\/strong>\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092e\u094b<\/strong>\u092c\u093e\u0907\u0932\u0964 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0927\u093e\u0928\u092e\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u091c\u0928 \u0927\u0928 \u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928\u093e (PMJDY)<\/strong>, \u091c\u094b 2014<\/strong> \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0906\u0930\u0902\u092d \u0939\u0941\u0908, \u0928\u0947 \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0928\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0928\u0924\u092e \u0936\u0947\u0937 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u0942\u0932 \u092c\u091a\u0924 \u0916\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0916\u094b\u0932\u0947, \u0930\u0941\u092a\u0947 \u0921\u0947\u092c\u093f\u091f \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0921<\/strong> \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0926\u0941\u0930\u094d\u0918\u091f\u0928\u093e \u092c\u0940\u092e\u093e \u0906\u0935\u0930\u0923 \u0938\u0939\u093f\u0924\u0964 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u0928\u0947 \u0935\u0939 \u092a\u0939\u091a\u093e\u0928 \u0926\u0940 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0930\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0935\u0947 \u0916\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0938\u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0947\u0902, \u0914\u0930 \u092e\u094b\u092c\u093e\u0907\u0932 \u092b\u093c\u094b\u0928 \u0928\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e\u0964 \u0924\u0940\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0928\u0947 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0915\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0932\u093e\u092d \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u0923 \u0938\u0902\u092d\u0935 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e<\/strong> \u2014 \u0935\u0939 \u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u091b\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u0916\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u0948\u0938\u093e \u00a710.7 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"pc-grid\">\n <div class=\"pc-panel pro\">\n <div class=\"pc-head\">\u2713<\/span>What digital payment gains<\/span>\u0905\u0902\u0915\u0940\u092f \u092d\u0941\u0917\u0924\u093e\u0928 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n <ul>\n <li>A record of every transaction<\/strong>, which makes both audit and dispute possible<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0932\u0947\u0928-\u0926\u0947\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0932\u0947\u0916<\/strong>, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0902\u0915\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0926 \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u092d\u0935 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902<\/span><\/li>\n <li>Leakage removed<\/strong> \u2014 a benefit paid into the beneficiary's own account passes through no intermediary<\/span>\u0930\u093f\u0938\u093e\u0935 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924<\/strong> \u2014 \u0932\u093e\u092d\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u0916\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0932\u093e\u092d \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092c\u093f\u091a\u094c\u0932\u093f\u090f \u0938\u0947 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0917\u0941\u091c\u093c\u0930\u0924\u093e<\/span><\/li>\n <li>Availability at any hour<\/strong>, without a branch and without cash in hand<\/span>\u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092d\u0940 \u0918\u0902\u091f\u0947 \u0909\u092a\u0932\u092c\u094d\u0927\u0924\u093e<\/strong>, \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0936\u093e\u0916\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0939\u093e\u0925 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u0915\u093c\u0926\u0940<\/span><\/li>\n <li>A transaction history<\/strong>, which is what later makes a small borrower creditworthy<\/span>\u0932\u0947\u0928-\u0926\u0947\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u0907\u0924\u093f\u0939\u093e\u0938<\/strong>, \u091c\u094b \u0906\u0917\u0947 \u091a\u0932\u0915\u0930 \u091b\u094b\u091f\u0947 \u090b\u0923\u0940 \u0915\u094b \u090b\u0923-\u092f\u094b\u0917\u094d\u092f \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"pc-panel con\">\n <div class=\"pc-head\">\u2717<\/span>What it risks<\/span>\u0907\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u091c\u094b\u0916\u093f\u092e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n <ul>\n <li>Fraud reaches further than a pickpocket ever could<\/strong> \u2014 the three frauds set out below<\/span>\u0927\u094b\u0916\u093e\u0927\u0921\u093c\u0940 \u0909\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0926\u0942\u0930 \u0924\u0915 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u091c\u0947\u092c\u0915\u0924\u0930\u093e \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0925\u093e<\/strong> \u2014 \u0928\u0940\u091a\u0947 \u0926\u0940 \u0924\u0940\u0928 \u0927\u094b\u0916\u093e\u0927\u0921\u093c\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901<\/span><\/li>\n <li>A failed network or a server outage stops a payment that cash would have completed<\/strong><\/span>\u0935\u093f\u092b\u0932 \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0930-\u0905\u0935\u0930\u094b\u0927 \u0935\u0939 \u092d\u0941\u0917\u0924\u093e\u0928 \u0930\u094b\u0915 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0928\u0915\u093c\u0926\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u093e \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n <li>Every transaction is data about a person<\/strong>, and \u00a78.8 applies to it<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0932\u0947\u0928-\u0926\u0947\u0928 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u093e<\/strong> \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u00a78.8 \u0909\u0938 \u092a\u0930 \u0932\u093e\u0917\u0942 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/li>\n <li>Those least able to bear a loss are most often targeted<\/strong>, because unfamiliarity is what the fraud exploits<\/span>\u091c\u094b \u0939\u093e\u0928\u093f \u0938\u0939\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u092e \u0938\u092e\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0935\u0947 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092c\u093e\u0930 \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924<\/strong> \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u0927\u094b\u0916\u093e\u0927\u0921\u093c\u0940 \u0905\u092a\u0930\u093f\u091a\u092f \u0915\u093e \u0939\u0940 \u0932\u093e\u092d \u0909\u0920\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"callout red\">\n <div class=\"callout-label\">\u26a0\ufe0f The three payment frauds a school office should recognise<\/span>\u26a0\ufe0f \u0935\u0947 \u0924\u0940\u0928 \u092d\u0941\u0917\u0924\u093e\u0928-\u0927\u094b\u0916\u093e\u0927\u0921\u093c\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u091c\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0915\u094b \u092a\u0939\u091a\u093e\u0928\u0928\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f<\/span><\/div>\n <ul class=\"split-list\" style=\"margin-top:4px;\">\n <li>1<\/span>The \"collect request\" that looks like a payment.<\/strong> An application may show a request to pay<\/em> which is presented as a refund arriving. Entering the PIN sends money out. A UPI PIN is required only to send, never to receive<\/strong> \u2014 the rule already stated in \u00a78.4, and the single most useful thing a clerk can be taught.<\/span>\u0935\u0939 \"\u0915\u0932\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f \u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0935\u0947\u0938\u094d\u091f\" \u091c\u094b \u092d\u0941\u0917\u0924\u093e\u0928 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0940 \u0926\u093f\u0916\u0947\u0964<\/strong> \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u092d\u0941\u0917\u0924\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947<\/em> \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0930\u094b\u0927 \u0926\u093f\u0916\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u092a\u0938\u0940 \u0906\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u090f\u0964 PIN \u092d\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u0927\u0928 \u092c\u093e\u0939\u0930 \u091a\u0932\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 UPI PIN \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u092d\u0947\u091c\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915 \u0939\u0948, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u092d\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902<\/strong> \u2014 \u00a78.4 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u0939\u093e \u091c\u093e \u091a\u0941\u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e, \u0914\u0930 \u0932\u093f\u092a\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u093f\u0916\u093e\u0908 \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0940 \u092c\u093e\u0924\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n <li>2<\/span>The altered QR code.<\/strong> A sticker pasted over a genuine code at a counter diverts every payment to another account. Any displayed code should be checked periodically, and the name shown on the screen before confirming<\/strong> should be read every time.<\/span>\u092c\u0926\u0932\u093e \u0939\u0941\u0906 QR \u0915\u0942\u091f\u0964<\/strong> \u0915\u093e\u0909\u0902\u091f\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u0905\u0938\u0932\u0940 \u0915\u0942\u091f \u0915\u0947 \u090a\u092a\u0930 \u091a\u093f\u092a\u0915\u093e\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0938\u094d\u091f\u093f\u0915\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u092d\u0941\u0917\u0924\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u0947 \u0916\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u094b\u0921\u093c \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092d\u0940 \u0915\u0942\u091f \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u092e\u092f-\u0938\u092e\u092f \u092a\u0930 \u091c\u093e\u0901\u091a \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0940 \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092a\u0941\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093f \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u092a\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u0926\u093f\u0916\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e \u0928\u093e\u092e<\/strong> \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u092c\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u0922\u093c\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0928\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n <li>3<\/span>The false fee-payment link.<\/strong> A message to parents purporting to come from the school, carrying a payment link. A school should state plainly and repeatedly which channel it uses for fees and that it will never send a payment link by message<\/strong> \u2014 a standing notice prevents more fraud than any subsequent action.<\/span>\u091d\u0942\u0920\u093e \u0936\u0941\u0932\u094d\u0915-\u092d\u0941\u0917\u0924\u093e\u0928 \u0932\u093f\u0902\u0915\u0964<\/strong> \u0905\u092d\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u092d\u0947\u091c\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0935\u0939 \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u091c\u094b \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0938\u0947 \u0906\u092f\u093e \u092c\u0924\u093e\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u090f \u0914\u0930 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092d\u0941\u0917\u0924\u093e\u0928-\u0932\u093f\u0902\u0915 \u0939\u094b\u0964 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0915\u094b \u0938\u094d\u092a\u0937\u094d\u091f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092c\u093e\u0930-\u092c\u093e\u0930 \u092c\u0924\u093e\u0928\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f \u0915\u093f \u0935\u0939 \u0936\u0941\u0932\u094d\u0915 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u094c\u0928-\u0938\u093e \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0935\u0939 \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u0938\u0947 \u092d\u0941\u0917\u0924\u093e\u0928-\u0932\u093f\u0902\u0915 \u0915\u092d\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u092d\u0947\u091c\u0947\u0917\u093e<\/strong> \u2014 \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092f\u0940 \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092d\u0940 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u0935\u093e\u0939\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0927\u094b\u0916\u093e\u0927\u0921\u093c\u0940 \u0930\u094b\u0915\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n\n <hr class=\"section-divider\">\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d13-5\">\n 13.5<\/span>\n <h3>DigiLocker<\/span>\u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u0932\u0949\u0915\u0930<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"vs-compare\">\n <div class=\"vs-side left\">\n Type 1<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 1<\/span><\/span>\n <h5>Issued documents<\/span>\u091c\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0926\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0947\u091c\u093c<\/span><\/h5>\n <ul>\n <li>Placed directly into the locker by the issuing authority itself<\/strong> \u2014 a board, a transport department, a university.<\/span>\u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u091c\u093e\u0930\u0940\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e<\/strong> \u0938\u0940\u0927\u0947 \u0932\u0949\u0915\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0930\u0916\u0947 \u0917\u090f \u2014 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u092c\u094b\u0930\u094d\u0921, \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0939\u0928 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0917, \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0935\u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n <li>Legally at par with the original document<\/strong>, and accepted as such by authorities.<\/span>\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u092e\u0942\u0932 \u0926\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0947\u091c\u093c \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937<\/strong>, \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0935\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0939\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0940\u0915\u0943\u0924\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n <li>Examples: CBSE and state board marksheets, migration and passing certificates<\/strong>, driving licence, vehicle registration, PAN.<\/span>\u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923: CBSE \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0930\u093e\u091c\u094d\u092f \u092c\u094b\u0930\u094d\u0921 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0902\u0915-\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0938 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0940\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930<\/strong>, \u091a\u093e\u0932\u0928 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u091c\u094d\u091e\u092a\u094d\u0924\u093f, \u0935\u093e\u0939\u0928 \u092a\u0902\u091c\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923, \u092a\u0948\u0928\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"vs-mid\">VS<\/div>\n <div class=\"vs-side right\">\n Type 2<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 2<\/span><\/span>\n <h5>Uploaded documents<\/span>\u091a\u0922\u093c\u093e\u090f \u0917\u090f \u0926\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0947\u091c\u093c<\/span><\/h5>\n <ul>\n <li>Scanned and uploaded by the citizen<\/strong> into their own locker.<\/span>\u0928\u093e\u0917\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e<\/strong> \u0938\u094d\u0915\u0948\u0928 \u0915\u0930 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0940 \u0932\u0949\u0915\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091a\u0922\u093c\u093e\u090f \u0917\u090f\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n <li>Not automatically equivalent to the original<\/strong>, since nobody has certified them \u2014 though they may be self-attested using eSign<\/strong>.<\/span>\u0938\u094d\u0935\u0924\u0903 \u092e\u0942\u0932 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u0924\u0941\u0932\u094d\u092f \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902<\/strong>, \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0928\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u093f\u0924 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u2014 \u092f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u092a\u093f \u0908-\u0938\u093e\u0907\u0928<\/strong> \u0938\u0947 \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u0935-\u0905\u092d\u093f\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n <li>Useful for keeping a copy at hand, not for establishing authenticity. The distinction between the two types is the examinable point.<\/strong><\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f \u092a\u093e\u0938 \u0930\u0916\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0940, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0923\u093f\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964 \u0907\u0928 \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u092d\u0947\u0926 \u0939\u0940 \u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e-\u092f\u094b\u0917\u094d\u092f \u092c\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0941 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"callout\">\n <div class=\"callout-label\">\ud83d\udcd8 What a school gains from it<\/span>\ud83d\udcd8 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0915\u094b \u0907\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/div>\n DigiLocker was launched in 2015<\/strong> under Digital India, by the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology, and is linked to a citizen's Aadhaar or mobile number. For a school the practical consequences are three. A pupil who has lost a marksheet no longer needs a duplicate<\/strong> \u2014 the issued copy is already there. A verifying institution can confirm a certificate instantly<\/strong> without writing to the board that issued it. And, since APAAR and the Academic Bank of Credits of \u00a710.3 connect to it<\/strong>, a pupil's academic record accumulates in one place across every institution attended.<\/span>\n \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u0932\u0949\u0915\u0930 2015<\/strong> \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u0907\u0902\u0921\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u0940\u0928 \u0907\u0932\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0928\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u092e\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0906\u0930\u0902\u092d \u0939\u0941\u0906, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0928\u093e\u0917\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u092e\u094b\u092c\u093e\u0907\u0932 \u0928\u0902\u092c\u0930 \u0938\u0947 \u091c\u0941\u0921\u093c\u093e \u0930\u0939\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e \u0924\u0940\u0928 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u091c\u093f\u0938 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0902\u0915-\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0916\u094b \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0939\u094b \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0905\u092c \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0924\u0940\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f<\/strong> \u2014 \u091c\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f \u0935\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0938\u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0924\u0924\u094d\u0915\u093e\u0932 \u092a\u0941\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093f \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948<\/strong>, \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0909\u0938 \u092c\u094b\u0930\u094d\u0921 \u0915\u094b \u0932\u093f\u0916\u0947 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0928\u0947 \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0964 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u091a\u0942\u0901\u0915\u093f \u00a710.3 \u0915\u0947 APAAR \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0936\u0948\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0921\u093f\u091f \u092c\u0948\u0902\u0915 \u0907\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u091c\u0941\u0921\u093c\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902<\/strong>, \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u0936\u0948\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0932\u0947\u0916 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u0915\u093e \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0915\u0930 \u090f\u0915 \u0939\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\n <\/div>\n <hr class=\"section-divider\">\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d13-6\">\n 13.6<\/span>\n <h3>Citizen Service Portals and Common Service Centres<\/span>\u0928\u093e\u0917\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e \u092a\u094b\u0930\u094d\u091f\u0932 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e \u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"abbr-grid\">\n <table>\n <thead><tr><th>Portal<\/span>\u092a\u094b\u0930\u094d\u091f\u0932<\/span><\/th><th>What it is for<\/span>\u092f\u0939 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0932\u093f\u090f \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/th><\/tr><\/thead>\n <tbody>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">UMANG<\/td><td>Unified Mobile Application for New-age Governance<\/strong>, launched 2017<\/strong> \u2014 a single application<\/strong> through which hundreds of central and state services are reached, so that a citizen need not install one for each department.<\/span>\u092f\u0942\u0928\u093f\u092b\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u092e\u094b\u092c\u093e\u0907\u0932 \u0910\u092a\u094d\u0932\u093f\u0915\u0947\u0936\u0928 \u092b\u093c\u0949\u0930 \u0928\u094d\u092f\u0942-\u090f\u091c \u0917\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0928\u0947\u0902\u0938<\/strong>, \u091c\u094b 2017<\/strong> \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0906\u0930\u0902\u092d \u0939\u0941\u0906 \u2014 \u090f\u0915\u0932 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917<\/strong> \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0948\u0915\u0921\u093c\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0930\u093e\u091c\u094d\u092f \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0924\u0915 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0928\u093e\u0917\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0917 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0905\u0932\u0917 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0928 \u0932\u0917\u093e\u0928\u093e \u092a\u0921\u093c\u0947\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">MyGov<\/td><td>The citizen engagement platform<\/strong>, from 2014<\/strong>, for consultations, suggestions and competitions \u2014 participation rather than service delivery.<\/span>\u0928\u093e\u0917\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0939\u092d\u093e\u0917\u093f\u0924\u093e \u092e\u0902\u091a<\/strong>, 2014<\/strong> \u0938\u0947, \u092a\u0930\u093e\u092e\u0930\u094d\u0936, \u0938\u0941\u091d\u093e\u0935\u094b\u0902 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0924\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u2014 \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e-\u0906\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0938\u0939\u092d\u093e\u0917\u093f\u0924\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">NSP<\/td><td>The National Scholarship Portal<\/strong>, through which scholarship applications are made and verified. The institution's verification is a step in that chain<\/strong>, and a delay at the school stops the payment.<\/span>\u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u091b\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f \u092a\u094b\u0930\u094d\u091f\u0932<\/strong>, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u091b\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f-\u0906\u0935\u0947\u0926\u0928 \u0915\u093f\u090f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u0928 \u0909\u0938\u0940 \u0936\u0943\u0902\u0916\u0932\u093e \u0915\u093e \u090f\u0915 \u091a\u0930\u0923 \u0939\u0948<\/strong>, \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u0941\u0906 \u0935\u093f\u0932\u0902\u092c \u092d\u0941\u0917\u0924\u093e\u0928 \u0930\u094b\u0915 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <\/tbody>\n <\/table>\n <table>\n <thead><tr><th>Portal<\/span>\u092a\u094b\u0930\u094d\u091f\u0932<\/span><\/th><th>What it is for<\/span>\u092f\u0939 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0932\u093f\u090f \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/th><\/tr><\/thead>\n <tbody>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">CSC<\/td><td>Common Service Centre<\/strong> \u2014 a physical access point in a village or ward, run by a Village Level Entrepreneur (VLE)<\/strong>, offering certificates, banking, insurance, bill payment, Aadhaar services and telemedicine.<\/span>\u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e \u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930<\/strong> \u2014 \u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0935\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0921 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092d\u094c\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a-\u092c\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0941, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0909\u0926\u094d\u092f\u092e\u0940 (VLE)<\/strong> \u091a\u0932\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u091c\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930, \u092c\u0948\u0902\u0915\u093f\u0902\u0917, \u092c\u0940\u092e\u093e, \u092c\u093f\u0932-\u092d\u0941\u0917\u0924\u093e\u0928, \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u091f\u0947\u0932\u0940\u092e\u0947\u0921\u093f\u0938\u093f\u0928 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">e-District<\/span>\u0908-\u0921\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u091f<\/span><\/td><td>The Mission Mode Project delivering district-level certificates<\/strong> \u2014 income, caste, domicile, birth and death \u2014 online.<\/span>\u0935\u0939 \u092e\u093f\u0936\u0928 \u092e\u094b\u0921 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928\u093e \u091c\u094b \u091c\u093c\u093f\u0932\u093e-\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930\u0940\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930<\/strong> \u2014 \u0906\u092f, \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093f, \u0928\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0938, \u091c\u0928\u094d\u092e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092e\u0943\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0941 \u2014 \u0911\u0928\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">eSanjeevani<\/span>\u0908-\u0938\u0902\u091c\u0940\u0935\u0928\u0940<\/span><\/td><td>The national telemedicine service<\/strong>, through which a consultation is held at a distance.<\/span>\u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u091f\u0947\u0932\u0940\u092e\u0947\u0921\u093f\u0938\u093f\u0928 \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e<\/strong>, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u0926\u0942\u0930 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u093e\u092e\u0930\u094d\u0936 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">e-Shram \u00b7 e-Hospital<\/span>\u0908-\u0936\u094d\u0930\u092e \u00b7 \u0908-\u0939\u0949\u0938\u094d\u092a\u093f\u091f\u0932<\/span><\/td><td>The database of unorganised sector workers<\/strong>, and the hospital appointment and records system<\/strong>. Both are treated in \u00a712.9.<\/span>\u0905\u0938\u0902\u0917\u0920\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0936\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093f\u0915\u094b\u0902<\/strong> \u0915\u093e \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e\u092c\u0947\u0938, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u091a\u093f\u0915\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0938\u093e\u0932\u092f \u092d\u0947\u0902\u091f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0932\u0947\u0916 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940<\/strong>\u0964 \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0935\u0947\u091a\u0928\u093e \u00a712.9 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <\/tbody>\n <\/table>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"callout teal\">\n <div class=\"callout-label\">\ud83c\udfd8\ufe0f Why the Common Service Centre matters more than any portal<\/span>\ud83c\udfd8\ufe0f \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e \u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092d\u0940 \u092a\u094b\u0930\u094d\u091f\u0932 \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/div>\n Every portal in the table above assumes a device, a connection, a degree of literacy and the confidence to use them. The CSC is the answer for the citizen who has none of these<\/strong>: it supplies an assisted access point where a person can be helped through the process by another person<\/strong>. For a school this has a direct application \u2014 a parent unable to complete an online admission form is not to be turned away but directed to a place where it can be done, and the school itself can serve as such a point during an admission window. An access point staffed by a human being is not a lesser form of digital service; for a large part of the population it is the only form that works.<\/strong><\/span>\n \u090a\u092a\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u093e\u0930\u0923\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u092a\u094b\u0930\u094d\u091f\u0932 \u090f\u0915 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923, \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928, \u0915\u0941\u091b \u0938\u093e\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u093e \u0906\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0938 \u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0932\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u091c\u093f\u0938 \u0928\u093e\u0917\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u0938 \u0907\u0928\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0941\u091b \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0909\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 CSC \u0939\u0948<\/strong>: \u092f\u0939 \u0910\u0938\u093e \u0938\u0939\u093e\u092f\u0924\u093e-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a-\u092c\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0941 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0915\u094b \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u093e \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0930\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0947<\/strong>\u0964 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0938\u0940\u0927\u093e \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u091c\u094b \u0905\u092d\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0915 \u0911\u0928\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0947\u0936-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u093e \u0928 \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0932\u094c\u091f\u093e\u092f\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u091c\u093e\u090f \u0905\u092a\u093f\u0924\u0941 \u0910\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u0913\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u090f \u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0935\u0939 \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0947, \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0947\u0936-\u0905\u0935\u0927\u093f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0910\u0938\u093e \u092c\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0941 \u092c\u0928 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092e\u0928\u0941\u0937\u094d\u092f \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0932\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a-\u092c\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0941 \u0905\u0902\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u092e\u094d\u0928\u0924\u0930 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u0948; \u091c\u0928\u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u092d\u093e\u0917 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0935\u0939\u0940 \u090f\u0915\u092e\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0915\u093e\u092e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/strong><\/span>\n <\/div>\n\n <hr class=\"section-divider\">\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d13-7\">\n 13.7<\/span>\n <h3>Right to Information and Grievance Redressal<\/span>\u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e\u092f\u0924 \u0928\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0930\u0923<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n <table class=\"data-table\">\n <thead>\n <tr>\n <th>Provision<\/span>\u0909\u092a\u092c\u0902\u0927<\/span><\/th>\n <th>Detail, and what it means for a school<\/span>\u0935\u093f\u0935\u0930\u0923, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925<\/span><\/th>\n <\/tr>\n <\/thead>\n <tbody>\n <tr style=\"background:#f3f8ff;\">\n <td>RTI Act, 2005<\/span>RTI \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e, 2005<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n <td>Confers on every citizen the right to seek information held by a public authority<\/strong>. A government school, and a private school substantially financed by government, falls within the definition. The head of institution is commonly the Public Information Officer or is deemed to be one.<\/strong><\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0928\u093e\u0917\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u094b \u092f\u0939 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0935\u0939 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0932\u094b\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u0938 \u0909\u092a\u0932\u092c\u094d\u0927 \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e \u092e\u093e\u0901\u0917 \u0938\u0915\u0947<\/strong>\u0964 \u0936\u093e\u0938\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0936\u093e\u0938\u0928 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u092a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0924-\u092a\u094b\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0928\u093f\u091c\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f, \u0907\u0938 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0906\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0941\u0916 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092f\u0903 \u0932\u094b\u0915 \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u092e\u093e\u0928\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/strong><\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td>The time limits<\/span>\u0938\u092e\u092f-\u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e\u090f\u0901<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n <td>Information must ordinarily be supplied within thirty days<\/strong>. Where it concerns the life or liberty of a person, within forty-eight hours<\/strong>. These two figures are asked directly.<\/span>\u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0924\u0903 \u0924\u0940\u0938 \u0926\u093f\u0928<\/strong> \u0915\u0947 \u092d\u0940\u0924\u0930 \u0926\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f\u0964 \u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0935\u0939 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0947 \u091c\u0940\u0935\u0928 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093e<\/strong> \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b, \u0935\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0905\u0921\u093c\u0924\u093e\u0932\u0940\u0938 \u0918\u0902\u091f\u0947<\/strong> \u0915\u0947 \u092d\u0940\u0924\u0930\u0964 \u092f\u0947 \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0905\u0902\u0915 \u0938\u0940\u0927\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u091b\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td>Why record-keeping is the real obligation<\/span>\u0905\u092d\u093f\u0932\u0947\u0916-\u0930\u0916\u0930\u0916\u093e\u0935 \u0939\u0940 \u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u0926\u093e\u092f\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/strong>\n <\/td>\n <td>An application can only be answered from what exists. The duty to maintain records properly is what makes the right meaningful<\/strong>, and it connects directly to \u00a710.8 on data quality and to \u00a77.0 on official email being a record. A file that cannot be found is, in practice, information denied.<\/span>\u0906\u0935\u0947\u0926\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0909\u0938\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0939\u094b\u0964 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0932\u0947\u0916\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0920\u0940\u0915 \u0922\u0902\u0917 \u0938\u0947 \u0930\u0916\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0935\u094d\u092f \u0939\u0940 \u0909\u0938 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0915 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/strong>, \u0914\u0930 \u092f\u0939 \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u093e-\u0917\u0941\u0923\u0935\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093e \u092a\u0930 \u00a710.8 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0936\u093e\u0938\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0908\u092e\u0947\u0932 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0932\u0947\u0916 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u00a77.0 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0940\u0927\u0947 \u091c\u0941\u0921\u093c\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u091c\u094b \u0928\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0940 \u092e\u093f\u0932 \u0939\u0940 \u0928 \u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0935\u0939 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0907\u0928\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td>CPGRAMS<\/strong><\/td>\n <td>The Centralised Public Grievance Redress and Monitoring System<\/strong> \u2014 the online portal on which a citizen lodges a grievance against a government body and tracks its progress. A complaint against a school may reach the head through it, and the reply is recorded and timed.<\/span>\u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0915\u0943\u0924 \u0932\u094b\u0915 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e\u092f\u0924 \u0928\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0935\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940<\/strong> \u2014 \u0935\u0939 \u0911\u0928\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u092a\u094b\u0930\u094d\u091f\u0932 \u091c\u093f\u0938 \u092a\u0930 \u0928\u093e\u0917\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0936\u093e\u0938\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0928\u093f\u0915\u093e\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0930\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e\u092f\u0924 \u0926\u0930\u094d\u091c \u0915\u0930 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0917\u0924\u093f \u0926\u0947\u0916\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0930\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e\u092f\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0941\u0916 \u0924\u0915 \u0907\u0938\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0932\u093f\u0916\u093f\u0924 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u092e\u092f\u092c\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0930\u0939\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <\/tbody>\n <\/table>\n\n <hr class=\"section-divider\">\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d13-8\">\n 13.8<\/span>\n <h3>Digital India: Vision and Pillars<\/span>\u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u0907\u0902\u0921\u093f\u092f\u093e: \u0926\u0943\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0902\u092d<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n <svg class=\"full-diagram\" viewBox=\"0 0 700 330\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"The three vision areas and nine pillars of Digital India\">\n <rect x=\"24\" y=\"16\" width=\"652\" height=\"40\" rx=\"8\" fill=\"#14243f\"\/>\n <text x=\"350\" y=\"35\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"12\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#fff\" letter-spacing=\".8\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">DIGITAL INDIA \u00b7 launched 1 July 2015 \u00b7 MeitY<\/text>\n <text x=\"350\" y=\"49\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#c9daf0\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">A programme to transform India into a digitally empowered society and knowledge economy<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"24\" y=\"64\" width=\"212\" height=\"42\" rx=\"7\" fill=\"#eef4fc\" stroke=\"#1f5fa9\" stroke-width=\"1.6\"\/>\n <text x=\"130\" y=\"80\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">VISION 1<\/text>\n <text x=\"130\" y=\"95\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Digital infrastructure as a<\/text>\n <text x=\"130\" y=\"103\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">core utility to every citizen<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"244\" y=\"64\" width=\"212\" height=\"42\" rx=\"7\" fill=\"#eefbf7\" stroke=\"#0d8f79\" stroke-width=\"1.6\"\/>\n <text x=\"350\" y=\"80\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#0d8f79\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">VISION 2<\/text>\n <text x=\"350\" y=\"95\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Governance and services<\/text>\n <text x=\"350\" y=\"103\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">on demand<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"464\" y=\"64\" width=\"212\" height=\"42\" rx=\"7\" fill=\"#fffbf0\" stroke=\"#c9760f\" stroke-width=\"1.6\"\/>\n <text x=\"570\" y=\"80\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#c9760f\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">VISION 3<\/text>\n <text x=\"570\" y=\"95\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Digital empowerment<\/text>\n <text x=\"570\" y=\"103\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">of citizens<\/text>\n\n <text x=\"350\" y=\"128\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#14243f\" letter-spacing=\".8\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">THE NINE PILLARS<\/text>\n\n <g>\n <rect x=\"24\" y=\"140\" width=\"212\" height=\"52\" rx=\"6\" fill=\"#fff\" stroke=\"#1f5fa9\" stroke-width=\"1.5\"\/>\n <circle cx=\"46\" cy=\"166\" r=\"12\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\"\/><text x=\"46\" y=\"170\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">1<\/text>\n <text x=\"66\" y=\"162\" font-size=\"9\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#14243f\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Broadband Highways<\/text>\n <text x=\"66\" y=\"176\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#5a6d80\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">optical fibre to every panchayat<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"244\" y=\"140\" width=\"212\" height=\"52\" rx=\"6\" fill=\"#fff\" stroke=\"#1f5fa9\" stroke-width=\"1.5\"\/>\n <circle cx=\"266\" cy=\"166\" r=\"12\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\"\/><text x=\"266\" y=\"170\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">2<\/text>\n <text x=\"286\" y=\"162\" font-size=\"9\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#14243f\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Universal Mobile Access<\/text>\n <text x=\"286\" y=\"176\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#5a6d80\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">coverage of uncovered villages<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"464\" y=\"140\" width=\"212\" height=\"52\" rx=\"6\" fill=\"#fff\" stroke=\"#1f5fa9\" stroke-width=\"1.5\"\/>\n <circle cx=\"486\" cy=\"166\" r=\"12\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\"\/><text x=\"486\" y=\"170\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">3<\/text>\n <text x=\"506\" y=\"162\" font-size=\"9\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#14243f\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Public Internet Access<\/text>\n <text x=\"506\" y=\"176\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#5a6d80\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">CSCs and post offices<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"24\" y=\"198\" width=\"212\" height=\"52\" rx=\"6\" fill=\"#fff\" stroke=\"#0d8f79\" stroke-width=\"1.5\"\/>\n <circle cx=\"46\" cy=\"224\" r=\"12\" fill=\"#0d8f79\"\/><text x=\"46\" y=\"228\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">4<\/text>\n <text x=\"66\" y=\"220\" font-size=\"9\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#14243f\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">e-Governance<\/text>\n <text x=\"66\" y=\"234\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#5a6d80\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">reforming government through IT<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"244\" y=\"198\" width=\"212\" height=\"52\" rx=\"6\" fill=\"#fff\" stroke=\"#0d8f79\" stroke-width=\"1.5\"\/>\n <circle cx=\"266\" cy=\"224\" r=\"12\" fill=\"#0d8f79\"\/><text x=\"266\" y=\"228\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">5<\/text>\n <text x=\"286\" y=\"220\" font-size=\"9\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#14243f\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">e-Kranti<\/text>\n <text x=\"286\" y=\"234\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#5a6d80\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">electronic delivery of services<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"464\" y=\"198\" width=\"212\" height=\"52\" rx=\"6\" fill=\"#fff\" stroke=\"#0d8f79\" stroke-width=\"1.5\"\/>\n <circle cx=\"486\" cy=\"224\" r=\"12\" fill=\"#0d8f79\"\/><text x=\"486\" y=\"228\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">6<\/text>\n <text x=\"506\" y=\"220\" font-size=\"9\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#14243f\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Information for All<\/text>\n <text x=\"506\" y=\"234\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#5a6d80\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">open data and engagement<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"24\" y=\"256\" width=\"212\" height=\"52\" rx=\"6\" fill=\"#fff\" stroke=\"#c9760f\" stroke-width=\"1.5\"\/>\n <circle cx=\"46\" cy=\"282\" r=\"12\" fill=\"#c9760f\"\/><text x=\"46\" y=\"286\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">7<\/text>\n <text x=\"66\" y=\"278\" font-size=\"9\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#14243f\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Electronics Manufacturing<\/text>\n <text x=\"66\" y=\"292\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#5a6d80\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">target of net zero imports<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"244\" y=\"256\" width=\"212\" height=\"52\" rx=\"6\" fill=\"#fff\" stroke=\"#c9760f\" stroke-width=\"1.5\"\/>\n <circle cx=\"266\" cy=\"282\" r=\"12\" fill=\"#c9760f\"\/><text x=\"266\" y=\"286\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">8<\/text>\n <text x=\"286\" y=\"278\" font-size=\"9\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#14243f\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">IT for Jobs<\/text>\n <text x=\"286\" y=\"292\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#5a6d80\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">training youth for IT employment<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"464\" y=\"256\" width=\"212\" height=\"52\" rx=\"6\" fill=\"#fff\" stroke=\"#c9760f\" stroke-width=\"1.5\"\/>\n <circle cx=\"486\" cy=\"282\" r=\"12\" fill=\"#c9760f\"\/><text x=\"486\" y=\"286\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">9<\/text>\n <text x=\"506\" y=\"278\" font-size=\"9\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#14243f\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Early Harvest Programmes<\/text>\n <text x=\"506\" y=\"292\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#5a6d80\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">measures with immediate effect<\/text>\n <\/g>\n\n <rect x=\"24\" y=\"314\" width=\"652\" height=\"14\" rx=\"5\" fill=\"#f7fbff\"\/>\n <text x=\"350\" y=\"324\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#5a6d80\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">The three colours group the pillars by the vision area each principally serves.<\/text>\n <\/svg>\n The number nine is itself asked, as is the placement of BharatNet under the first pillar and of the Common Service Centres under the third.<\/span>\u0928\u094c \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u092a\u0942\u091b\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092f\u0939 \u092d\u0940 \u0915\u093f \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0928\u0947\u091f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0925\u092e \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0902\u092d \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u0940\u0928 \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e \u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930 \u0924\u0943\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0915\u0947\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n\n <hr class=\"section-divider\">\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d13-9\">\n 13.9<\/span>\n <h3>The Digital Divide and Inclusion<\/span>\u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093e\u091c\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0935\u0947\u0936\u0928<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"callout purple\">\n <div class=\"callout-label\">\ud83d\udcd8 Definition, and its three layers<\/span>\ud83d\udcd8 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u0924\u0940\u0928 \u092a\u0930\u0924\u0947\u0902<\/span><\/div>\n The digital divide<\/strong> is the gap between those who have effective access to information and communication technology and those who do not. It is not one gap but three: the access divide<\/strong> \u2014 whether a device and a connection exist at all; the skills divide<\/strong> \u2014 whether the person can use them for anything beyond the simplest task; and the quality divide<\/strong> \u2014 whether the connection is fast enough and the content available in a language the person reads. A household may cross the first and remain excluded by the second and third.<\/strong><\/span>\n \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093e\u091c\u0928<\/strong> \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093e\u0932 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0928\u0915\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u0938 \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u0924\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0940 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u091c\u093f\u0928\u0915\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u0938 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u090f\u0915 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093e\u0932 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0924\u0940\u0928 \u0939\u0948: \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a-\u0935\u093f\u092d\u093e\u091c\u0928<\/strong> \u2014 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u0939\u0948 \u092d\u0940 \u092f\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902; \u0915\u094c\u0936\u0932-\u0935\u093f\u092d\u093e\u091c\u0928<\/strong> \u2014 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0930\u0932\u0924\u092e \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0938\u0947 \u0906\u0917\u0947 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0915\u093e\u092e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0932\u0947 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948; \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0917\u0941\u0923\u0935\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093e-\u0935\u093f\u092d\u093e\u091c\u0928<\/strong> \u2014 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0938\u0902\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u092a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0924\u0940\u0935\u094d\u0930 \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0909\u0938 \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u092a\u0932\u092c\u094d\u0927 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u092a\u0922\u093c\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u093e \u092a\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u0947 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0924\u0940\u0938\u0930\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0939\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0915\u0943\u0924 \u0930\u0939 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/strong><\/span>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"pc-grid\">\n <div class=\"pc-panel con\">\n <div class=\"pc-head\">\u2717<\/span>Where the divide falls in India<\/span>\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093e\u091c\u0928 \u0915\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u092a\u0921\u093c\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n <ul>\n <li>Rural against urban<\/strong> \u2014 in connectivity, in speed and in the cost of data relative to income<\/span>\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e\u0940\u0923 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u092e \u0936\u0939\u0930\u0940<\/strong> \u2014 \u0938\u0902\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0915\u0924\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902, \u0917\u0924\u093f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0906\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0932\u093e\u0917\u0924 \u092e\u0947\u0902<\/span><\/li>\n <li>Gender<\/strong> \u2014 a shared household phone is more often used by the men of the family, and a girl's access is mediated<\/span>\u0932\u093f\u0902\u0917<\/strong> \u2014 \u0938\u093e\u091d\u093e \u0918\u0930\u0947\u0932\u0942 \u092b\u093c\u094b\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092f\u0903 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0941\u0930\u0941\u0937 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0914\u0930 \u092c\u093e\u0932\u093f\u0915\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/li>\n <li>Income<\/strong> \u2014 one device shared among three children of school age is not three accesses<\/span>\u0906\u092f<\/strong> \u2014 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f-\u0906\u092f\u0941 \u0915\u0947 \u0924\u0940\u0928 \u092c\u091a\u094d\u091a\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u093e\u091d\u093e \u090f\u0915 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0924\u0940\u0928 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/li>\n <li>Language<\/strong> \u2014 content that exists only in English excludes most of the country<\/span>\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e<\/strong> \u2014 \u091c\u094b \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0905\u0902\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0947\u091c\u093c\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u094b \u0935\u0939 \u0926\u0947\u0936 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0902\u0936 \u092d\u093e\u0917 \u0915\u094b \u092c\u093e\u0939\u0930 \u0915\u0930 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/li>\n <li>Disability<\/strong> \u2014 an inaccessible portal excludes absolutely, which is the subject of Chapter 14<\/span>\u0926\u093f\u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0917\u0924\u093e<\/strong> \u2014 \u0905\u0938\u0941\u0917\u092e\u094d\u092f \u092a\u094b\u0930\u094d\u091f\u0932 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923\u0924\u0903 \u092c\u0939\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0915\u0943\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u092f\u0939\u0940 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f 14 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"pc-panel pro\">\n <div class=\"pc-head\">\u2713<\/span>What is being done, and what a school can do<\/span>\u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0930\u0939\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n <ul>\n <li>BharatNet<\/strong> for fibre to the panchayat, and CSCs<\/strong> for assisted access \u2014 pillars one and three<\/span>\u092a\u0902\u091a\u093e\u092f\u0924 \u0924\u0915 \u0924\u0902\u0924\u0941 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0928\u0947\u091f<\/strong>, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0938\u0939\u093e\u092f\u0924\u093e-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 CSC<\/strong> \u2014 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0902\u092d \u090f\u0915 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0924\u0940\u0928<\/span><\/li>\n <li>PMGDISHA<\/strong> \u2014 Pradhan Mantri Gramin Digital Saksharta Abhiyan, for digital literacy in rural households<\/strong><\/span>PMGDISHA<\/strong> \u2014 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0927\u093e\u0928\u092e\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e\u0940\u0923 \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u0938\u093e\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0905\u092d\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0928, \u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e\u0940\u0923 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u0938\u093e\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0930\u0924\u093e<\/strong> \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941<\/span><\/li>\n <li>Bhashini<\/strong> and the language missions, so that services exist in Indian languages rather than only in English<\/span>\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093f\u0923\u0940<\/strong> \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e-\u092e\u093f\u0936\u0928, \u0924\u093e\u0915\u093f \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0905\u0902\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0947\u091c\u093c\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u094b\u0902<\/span><\/li>\n <li>PM e-VIDYA's multi-modal design<\/strong> from \u00a79.4 \u2014 television and radio precisely because online alone would exclude<\/span>\u00a79.4 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u0940\u090f\u092e \u0908-\u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u093e \u092c\u0939\u0941-\u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a<\/strong> \u2014 \u091f\u0947\u0932\u0940\u0935\u093f\u091c\u093c\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0930\u0947\u0921\u093f\u092f\u094b \u0920\u0940\u0915 \u0907\u0938\u0932\u093f\u090f \u0915\u093f \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0911\u0928\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u092c\u0939\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0915\u0943\u0924 \u0915\u0930 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e<\/span><\/li>\n <li>In the school itself: a facilitation counter during admission, shared devices, offline content, and a printed alternative for every notice sent digitally<\/strong><\/span>\u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902: \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0947\u0936 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u092f \u0938\u0939\u093e\u092f\u0924\u093e-\u0915\u093e\u0909\u0902\u091f\u0930, \u0938\u093e\u091d\u093e \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923, \u0911\u092b\u093c\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0905\u0902\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u092d\u0947\u091c\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0915\u093e \u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"exam-tip\">\n <div class=\"et-icon\">\u2696\ufe0f<\/div>\n <div class=\"et-body\">\n The principle that ties this chapter to the school's own conduct.<\/strong> Every service in this chapter was created to widen access. Each of them, applied without thought, can narrow it instead \u2014 an online-only admission form, a notice sent only by message, a benefit released only against an Aadhaar number. The test of a digital service in a school is not how many people it serves faster, but whether anybody has been shut out who was previously let in.<\/strong> Where the answer is yes, the remedy is an alternative route rather than an explanation of why the portal cannot help.<\/span>\n \u0935\u0939 \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924 \u091c\u094b \u0907\u0938 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f \u0915\u094b \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u0906\u091a\u0930\u0923 \u0938\u0947 \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/strong> \u0907\u0938 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a \u092c\u0922\u093c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u092c\u0928\u0940 \u0925\u0940\u0964 \u0909\u0928\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915, \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0935\u093f\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0932\u093e\u0917\u0942 \u0915\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u090f \u0924\u094b, \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0901\u0915\u0930\u093e \u092d\u0940 \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932-\u0911\u0928\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0947\u0936-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930, \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u0938\u0947 \u092d\u0947\u091c\u0940 \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e, \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0930\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u091c\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0932\u093e\u092d\u0964 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0905\u0902\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u0938\u094c\u091f\u0940 \u092f\u0939 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u093f \u0935\u0939 \u0915\u093f\u0924\u0928\u0947 \u0932\u094b\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0936\u0940\u0918\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0905\u092a\u093f\u0924\u0941 \u092f\u0939 \u0915\u093f \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0910\u0938\u093e \u092c\u093e\u0939\u0930 \u0939\u0941\u0906 \u091c\u094b \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u092d\u0940\u0924\u0930 \u0906\u0924\u093e \u0925\u093e\u0964<\/strong> \u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0939\u094b \u0935\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0909\u092a\u093e\u092f \u092f\u0939 \u0938\u094d\u092a\u0937\u094d\u091f\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u093f \u092a\u094b\u0930\u094d\u091f\u0932 \u0938\u0939\u093e\u092f\u0924\u093e \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e, \u0905\u092a\u093f\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0935\u0948\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a\u093f\u0915 \u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0917 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"mcq-box\">\n <div class=\"mcq-title\">\n Practice<\/span>\u0905\u092d\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938<\/span><\/span>\n Questions on digital services and e-governance<\/span>\u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0908-\u0917\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0928\u0947\u0902\u0938 \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928<\/span><\/span>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"mcq-note\">Objective questions in the pattern of the examination. Click to reveal the answer and its explanation.<\/span>\u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u0930 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928\u0964 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0916\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u094d\u0932\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u0940\u091c\u093f\u090f\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <details class=\"mcq-q\">\n <summary>102<\/span>Aadhaar is issued by which authority?<\/span><\/summary>\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\n <li>(a) NPCI<\/li>\n <li>(b) UIDAI<\/li>\n <li>(c) NIC<\/li>\n <li>(d) CCA<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\">(b) UIDAI<\/b> The Unique Identification Authority of India, under the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology, given statutory standing by the Aadhaar Act, 2016. Aadhaar is proof of identity and residence, and is not proof of citizenship.<\/span>\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0935\u093f\u0936\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f \u092a\u0939\u091a\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915\u0930\u0923, \u091c\u094b \u0907\u0932\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0928\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u092e\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u0940\u0928 \u0939\u0948 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e, 2016 \u0938\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0940\u0964 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u0939\u091a\u093e\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0928\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u0939\u0948, \u0928\u093e\u0917\u0930\u093f\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964<\/span>\u00a713.2<\/span><\/div>\n <\/details>\n <details class=\"mcq-q\">\n <summary>103<\/span>Digital India was launched in which year, and has how many pillars?<\/span><\/summary>\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\n <li>(a) 2014, seven pillars<\/li>\n <li>(b) 2015, nine pillars<\/li>\n <li>(c) 2016, nine pillars<\/li>\n <li>(d) 2015, eleven pillars<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\">(b) 2015, nine pillars<\/b> Launched on 1 July 2015 under MeitY, with three vision areas and nine pillars \u2014 among them Broadband Highways, e-Kranti, Information for All and Electronics Manufacturing.<\/span>1 \u091c\u0941\u0932\u093e\u0908 2015 \u0915\u094b MeitY \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u0940\u0928 \u0906\u0930\u0902\u092d, \u0924\u0940\u0928 \u0926\u0943\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093f-\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0928\u094c \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0902\u092d\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u2014 \u091c\u093f\u0928\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0921\u092c\u0948\u0902\u0921 \u0939\u093e\u0907\u0935\u0947\u091c\u093c, \u0908-\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0924\u093f, \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0938\u092c\u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0907\u0932\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0928\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span>\u00a713.8<\/span><\/div>\n <\/details>\n <details class=\"mcq-q\">\n <summary>104<\/span>UPI was launched by which organisation?<\/span><\/summary>\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\n <li>(a) Reserve Bank of India<\/li>\n <li>(b) UIDAI<\/li>\n <li>(c) NPCI<\/li>\n <li>(d) SEBI<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\">(c) NPCI<\/b> The National Payments Corporation of India, established in 2008, launched UPI in 2016. RuPay, IMPS, AePS, FASTag and Bharat BillPay are also NPCI products. Recall too that a UPI PIN is required only to send money, never to receive it.<\/span>\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u092d\u0941\u0917\u0924\u093e\u0928 \u0928\u093f\u0917\u092e, \u091c\u094b 2008 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0941\u0906, \u0928\u0947 2016 \u092e\u0947\u0902 UPI \u0906\u0930\u0902\u092d \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0964 \u0930\u0941\u092a\u0947, IMPS, AePS, \u092b\u093c\u093e\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0948\u0917 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u092c\u093f\u0932\u092a\u0947 \u092d\u0940 NPCI \u0915\u0947 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u092d\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u092e\u0930\u0923 \u0930\u0939\u0947 \u0915\u093f UPI PIN \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0927\u0928 \u092d\u0947\u091c\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915 \u0939\u0948, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u092d\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964<\/span>\u00a713.4<\/span><\/div>\n <\/details>\n <details class=\"mcq-q\">\n <summary>105<\/span>Under the RTI Act, 2005, information concerning the life or liberty of a person must be supplied within:<\/span><\/summary>\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\n <li>(a) 30 days<\/li>\n <li>(b) 15 days<\/li>\n <li>(c) 48 hours<\/li>\n <li>(d) 7 days<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\">(c) 48 hours<\/b> The ordinary period is thirty days; forty-eight hours applies where life or liberty is concerned. Both figures are asked. A school substantially financed by government is a public authority under the Act.<\/span>\u0938\u093e\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0905\u0935\u0927\u093f \u0924\u0940\u0938 \u0926\u093f\u0928 \u0939\u0948; \u0905\u0921\u093c\u0924\u093e\u0932\u0940\u0938 \u0918\u0902\u091f\u0947 \u0924\u092c \u0932\u093e\u0917\u0942 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u091c\u092c \u091c\u0940\u0935\u0928 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u0939\u094b\u0964 \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0905\u0902\u0915 \u092a\u0942\u091b\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0936\u093e\u0938\u0928 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u092a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0924-\u092a\u094b\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0907\u0938 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u0940\u0928 \u0932\u094b\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\u00a713.7<\/span><\/div>\n <\/details>\n <details class=\"mcq-q\">\n <summary>106<\/span>In DigiLocker, documents placed directly by the issuing authority are:<\/span><\/summary>\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\n <li>(a) Uploaded documents, not equivalent to originals<\/li>\n <li>(b) Issued documents, legally at par with the original<\/li>\n <li>(c) Temporary copies valid for one year<\/li>\n <li>(d) Valid only after physical attestation<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\">(b) Issued documents, legally at par with the original<\/b> Uploaded documents are scanned by the citizen and carry no such standing, though they may be self-attested using eSign. The distinction between issued and uploaded is the examinable point.<\/span>\u091a\u0922\u093c\u093e\u090f \u0917\u090f \u0926\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0947\u091c\u093c \u0928\u093e\u0917\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0915\u0948\u0928 \u0915\u093f\u090f \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0940 \u0910\u0938\u0940 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940, \u092f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u092a\u093f \u0908-\u0938\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u0938\u0947 \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u0935-\u0905\u092d\u093f\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u091c\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u091a\u0922\u093c\u093e\u090f \u0917\u090f \u0915\u093e \u092d\u0947\u0926 \u0939\u0940 \u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e-\u092f\u094b\u0917\u094d\u092f \u092c\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0941 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\u00a713.5<\/span><\/div>\n <\/details>\n <details class=\"mcq-q\">\n <summary>107<\/span>A digital signature provides all of the following EXCEPT:<\/span><\/summary>\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\n <li>(a) Authentication of the signer<\/li>\n <li>(b) Integrity of the document<\/li>\n <li>(c) Non-repudiation<\/li>\n <li>(d) Confidentiality of the contents<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\">(d) Confidentiality of the contents<\/b> A digital signature proves who signed, that the document has not been altered since, and that the signer cannot later deny it. It does not conceal the contents \u2014 that requires encryption of the document itself, which is a separate operation.<\/span>\u0905\u0902\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0939\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0930 \u092f\u0939 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0930 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e, \u0915\u093f \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u0926\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0947\u091c\u093c \u092c\u0926\u0932\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0917\u092f\u093e, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0915\u093f \u0939\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0930\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0907\u0928\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u091b\u093f\u092a\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u2014 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u0926\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0947\u091c\u093c \u0915\u093e \u0915\u0942\u091f\u0932\u0947\u0916\u0928 \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f, \u091c\u094b \u092a\u0943\u0925\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\u00a713.3<\/span><\/div>\n <\/details>\n <details class=\"mcq-q\">\n <summary>108<\/span>Interaction between two government departments, such as the flow of UDISE+ data from a school to the district office, is an example of:<\/span><\/summary>\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\n <li>(a) G2C<\/li>\n <li>(b) G2B<\/li>\n <li>(c) G2G<\/li>\n <li>(d) G2E<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\">(c) G2G<\/b> Government to Government. G2C covers services to citizens such as certificates and scholarships, G2B covers business dealings such as tenders and procurement, and G2E covers an employee's own salary, leave and service records.<\/span>\u0917\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0928\u092e\u0947\u0902\u091f \u091f\u0941 \u0917\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0928\u092e\u0947\u0902\u091f\u0964 G2C \u0928\u093e\u0917\u0930\u093f\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0926\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u0906\u0935\u0943\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u091b\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901, G2B \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0935\u0938\u093e\u092f\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u0935\u093f\u0926\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0916\u093c\u0930\u0940\u0926, \u0924\u0925\u093e G2E \u0915\u0930\u094d\u092e\u091a\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u092a\u0928\u093e \u0935\u0947\u0924\u0928, \u0905\u0935\u0915\u093e\u0936 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e-\u0905\u092d\u093f\u0932\u0947\u0916\u0964<\/span>\u00a713.1<\/span><\/div>\n <\/details>\n <details class=\"mcq-q\">\n <summary>109<\/span>The JAM trinity underpinning financial inclusion in India consists of:<\/span><\/summary>\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\n <li>(a) Jan Dhan, Aadhaar, Mobile<\/li>\n <li>(b) Jan Dhan, ATM, Mobile<\/li>\n <li>(c) Jan Dhan, Aadhaar, Money<\/li>\n <li>(d) Jobs, Aadhaar, Mobile<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\">(a) Jan Dhan, Aadhaar, Mobile<\/b> PMJDY of 2014 opened basic accounts with no minimum balance and a RuPay debit card, Aadhaar supplied the identity for verification, and the mobile phone supplied the channel. Together they made Direct Benefit Transfer workable at scale.<\/span>2014 \u0915\u0940 PMJDY \u0928\u0947 \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0928\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0928\u0924\u092e \u0936\u0947\u0937 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u0942\u0932 \u0916\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0930\u0941\u092a\u0947 \u0921\u0947\u092c\u093f\u091f \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0921 \u0926\u093f\u090f, \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u0928 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u092a\u0939\u091a\u093e\u0928 \u0926\u0940, \u0914\u0930 \u092e\u094b\u092c\u093e\u0907\u0932 \u092b\u093c\u094b\u0928 \u0928\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e\u0964 \u0924\u0940\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0928\u0947 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0915\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0932\u093e\u092d \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u094b \u092c\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u092a\u0948\u092e\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u092c\u0928\u093e\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/span>\u00a713.4<\/span><\/div>\n <\/details>\n <details class=\"mcq-q\">\n <summary>110<\/span>A card that spends only the amount already loaded onto it, and requires no bank account, is a:<\/span><\/summary>\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\n <li>(a) Debit card<\/li>\n <li>(b) Credit card<\/li>\n <li>(c) Prepaid card<\/li>\n <li>(d) RuPay card<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\">(c) Prepaid card<\/b> A debit card spends money already in an account and a credit card spends money lent by the bank up to a limit. A prepaid card needs no account at all, which is what makes it useful for a beneficiary who has none. RuPay is a card network, not a card type.<\/span>\u0921\u0947\u092c\u093f\u091f \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0921 \u0916\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0921\u093c\u093e \u0927\u0928 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0915\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0921\u093f\u091f \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0921 \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e \u0924\u0915 \u092c\u0948\u0902\u0915 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0909\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0927\u0928\u0964 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092a\u0947\u0921 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0921 \u0915\u094b \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0916\u093e\u0924\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f \u0939\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0914\u0930 \u0907\u0938\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u0935\u0939 \u0909\u0938 \u0932\u093e\u092d\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u092e \u0906\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u0938 \u0916\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964 \u0930\u0941\u092a\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0921 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0921 \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\u00a713.4<\/span><\/div>\n <\/details>\n <\/div>\n\n <\/section>\n\n \n <section class=\"chapter-content\" data-chap=\"14\" id=\"c14\">\n <div class=\"chapter-heading-block\">\n SYLLABUS ITEM 14<\/span>\u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u092e\u0926 14<\/span><\/span>\n <h2>Digital Accessibility<\/span>\u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u0938\u0941\u0917\u092e\u094d\u092f\u0924\u093e<\/span><\/h2>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"callout amber\">\n <div class=\"callout-label\">\ud83d\udccc What this chapter covers<\/span>\ud83d\udccc \u0907\u0938 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/div>\n Assistive technology, screen readers, text-to-speech, accessible documents, the RPwD Act, and inclusive digital practice<\/span>\n \u0938\u0939\u093e\u092f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u0940, \u0938\u094d\u0915\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0928 \u0930\u0940\u0921\u0930, \u092a\u093e\u0920-\u0938\u0947-\u0935\u093e\u0923\u0940, \u0938\u0941\u0917\u092e\u094d\u092f \u0926\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0947\u091c\u093c, RPwD \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0935\u0947\u0936\u0940 \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930<\/span>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"keyfact-grid\">\n <div class=\"keyfact-card navy-hi\">\n \u2696\ufe0f<\/span>\n <div class=\"kf-label\">The Governing Statute<\/span>\u0936\u093e\u0938\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0927\u093e\u0928<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"kf-value\" style=\"font-size:14px;\">RPwD Act, 2016<\/span>RPwD \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e, 2016<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"kf-sub\">Recognises 21 disabilities<\/strong>; benchmark disability is 40 per cent<\/strong><\/span>21 \u0926\u093f\u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0917\u0924\u093e\u090f\u0901<\/strong> \u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f; \u092c\u0947\u0902\u091a\u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0926\u093f\u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0917\u0924\u093e 40 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0936\u0924<\/strong><\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"keyfact-card teal-hi\">\n \ud83c\udf10<\/span>\n <div class=\"kf-label\">The Web Standard<\/span>\u0935\u0947\u092c \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0915<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"kf-value\" style=\"font-size:15px;\">WCAG \u00b7 POUR<\/div>\n <div class=\"kf-sub\">Perceivable, Operable, Understandable, Robust<\/span>\u092c\u094b\u0927\u0917\u092e\u094d\u092f, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u091a\u093e\u0932\u0928\u0940\u092f, \u092c\u094b\u0927\u0928\u0940\u092f, \u0938\u0941\u0926\u0943\u0922\u093c<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"keyfact-card amber-hi\">\n \ud83d\udeb8<\/span>\n <div class=\"kf-label\">The Design Principle<\/span>\u0905\u092d\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a-\u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"kf-value\" style=\"font-size:14px;\">UDL \u00b7 three principles<\/span>UDL \u00b7 \u0924\u0940\u0928 \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"kf-sub\">Multiple means of engagement, representation, and action<\/span>\u0938\u0902\u0932\u0917\u094d\u0928\u0924\u093e, \u0928\u093f\u0930\u0942\u092a\u0923 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0947\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u0927\u0928<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d14-0\">\n 14.0<\/span>\n <h3>Introduction<\/span>\u092a\u0930\u093f\u091a\u092f<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n <ul class=\"icon-list\">\n <li>\u25b8<\/span>\n Chapter 13 closed on a test: whether a digital service has shut anyone out who was previously let in. For a person with a disability that test is not occasional but constant<\/strong>, and the answer turns on decisions taken by people who will never meet them \u2014 the person who scanned a circular instead of saving it as text, the person who wrote \"click here\" instead of naming the link.<\/span>\n \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f 13 \u090f\u0915 \u0915\u0938\u094c\u091f\u0940 \u092a\u0930 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u0941\u0906: \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0905\u0902\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e \u0928\u0947 \u0910\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0915\u094b \u092c\u093e\u0939\u0930 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u094b \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u092d\u0940\u0924\u0930 \u0906\u0924\u093e \u0925\u093e\u0964 \u0926\u093f\u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0917 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u092f\u0939 \u0915\u0938\u094c\u091f\u0940 \u0915\u092d\u0940-\u0915\u092d\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0928\u093f\u0930\u0902\u0924\u0930 \u0939\u0948<\/strong>, \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0909\u0928 \u0932\u094b\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0923\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u091f\u093f\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0909\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u092d\u0940 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0947\u0902\u0917\u0947 \u0939\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u2014 \u0935\u0939 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u093e\u0920 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u091c\u093e\u092f \u0938\u094d\u0915\u0948\u0928 \u0915\u0930 \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e, \u0935\u0939 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0928\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u0902\u0915 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093e\u092e \u0926\u0947\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u091c\u093e\u092f \"\u092f\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0915\u094d\u0932\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902\" \u0932\u093f\u0916 \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/span>\n <\/span><\/li>\n <li>\u25b8<\/span>\n Digital accessibility<\/strong> is the design of technology and content so that people with disabilities can perceive, understand, navigate and interact with it<\/strong>. It is not a favour extended to a few. Under the Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act, 2016<\/strong> it is an entitlement<\/strong>, and a school that fails at it is not being ungenerous but non-compliant.<\/span>\n \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u0938\u0941\u0917\u092e\u094d\u092f\u0924\u093e<\/strong> \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u093e \u0910\u0938\u093e \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0926\u093f\u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0917\u091c\u0928 \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u092c\u094b\u0927 \u0938\u0915\u0947\u0902, \u0938\u092e\u091d \u0938\u0915\u0947\u0902, \u0909\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0947\u0902 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0909\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0903\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0947\u0902<\/strong>\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0915\u0941\u091b \u0932\u094b\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0917\u0908 \u0915\u0943\u092a\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0926\u093f\u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0917\u091c\u0928 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e, 2016<\/strong> \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u0940\u0928 \u092f\u0939 \u0939\u0915\u093c<\/strong> \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u091c\u094b \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0907\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u092b\u0932 \u0939\u094b \u0935\u0939 \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0930 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0905\u092a\u093f\u0924\u0941 \u0905\u0928\u0928\u0941\u092a\u093e\u0932\u0915 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\n <\/span><\/li>\n <li>\u25b8<\/span>\n The 2011 Census recorded about 2.68 crore persons with disabilities in India<\/strong>, some 2.21 per cent<\/strong> of the population, and these are widely held to be undercounts. In practical terms a school of a thousand will have children who need what this chapter describes, whether or not any of them has been identified.<\/span>\n 2011 \u0915\u0940 \u091c\u0928\u0917\u0923\u0928\u093e \u0928\u0947 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0932\u0917\u092d\u0917 2.68 \u0915\u0930\u094b\u0921\u093c \u0926\u093f\u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0917\u091c\u0928 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0932\u093f\u0916\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u090f<\/strong>, \u091c\u094b \u091c\u0928\u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0932\u0917\u092d\u0917 2.21 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0936\u0924<\/strong> \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0907\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u0915 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u092e \u0917\u093f\u0928\u0924\u0940 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u090f\u0915 \u0939\u091c\u093c\u093e\u0930 \u092c\u091a\u094d\u091a\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0910\u0938\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0932\u0915 \u0939\u094b\u0902\u0917\u0947 \u091c\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u0939 \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f \u091c\u094b \u092f\u0939 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0923\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091a\u093e\u0939\u0947 \u0909\u0928\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u091a\u093f\u0939\u094d\u0928\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0941\u0906 \u0939\u094b \u092f\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964<\/span>\n <\/span><\/li>\n <\/ul>\n\n <hr class=\"section-divider\">\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d14-1\">\n 14.1<\/span>\n <h3>Accessibility, Universal Design and UDL<\/span>\u0938\u0941\u0917\u092e\u094d\u092f\u0924\u093e, \u0938\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0935\u092d\u094c\u092e\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a \u090f\u0935\u0902 UDL<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n <svg class=\"full-diagram\" viewBox=\"0 0 700 292\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"The three principles of Universal Design for Learning\">\n <text x=\"350\" y=\"18\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"11\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#14243f\" letter-spacing=\".7\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">UNIVERSAL DESIGN FOR LEARNING \u2014 THREE PRINCIPLES<\/text>\n <text x=\"350\" y=\"34\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#5a6d80\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Provide multiple means of each. The variation is built into the lesson, not added afterwards for one child.<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"24\" y=\"46\" width=\"208\" height=\"140\" rx=\"9\" fill=\"#fdf0f5\" stroke=\"#8e2f5a\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\n <circle cx=\"128\" cy=\"76\" r=\"18\" fill=\"#8e2f5a\"\/>\n <text x=\"128\" y=\"83\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"15\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">\u2665<\/text>\n <text x=\"128\" y=\"110\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#8e2f5a\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">ENGAGEMENT<\/text>\n <text x=\"128\" y=\"124\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">the WHY of learning<\/text>\n <text x=\"128\" y=\"142\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Choice of task, relevance to the<\/text>\n <text x=\"128\" y=\"153\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">learner's own life, collaboration,<\/text>\n <text x=\"128\" y=\"164\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">and feedback that sustains effort.<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"246\" y=\"46\" width=\"208\" height=\"140\" rx=\"9\" fill=\"#eef4fc\" stroke=\"#1f5fa9\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\n <circle cx=\"350\" cy=\"76\" r=\"18\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\"\/>\n <text x=\"350\" y=\"83\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"15\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">\ud83d\udc41<\/text>\n <text x=\"350\" y=\"110\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">REPRESENTATION<\/text>\n <text x=\"350\" y=\"124\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">the WHAT of learning<\/text>\n <text x=\"350\" y=\"142\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">The same content offered as text,<\/text>\n <text x=\"350\" y=\"153\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">audio, image, video and diagram \u2014<\/text>\n <text x=\"350\" y=\"164\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">not one route only.<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"468\" y=\"46\" width=\"208\" height=\"140\" rx=\"9\" fill=\"#eefbf7\" stroke=\"#0d8f79\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\n <circle cx=\"572\" cy=\"76\" r=\"18\" fill=\"#0d8f79\"\/>\n <text x=\"572\" y=\"83\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"15\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">\u270d<\/text>\n <text x=\"572\" y=\"110\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#0d8f79\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">ACTION & EXPRESSION<\/text>\n <text x=\"572\" y=\"124\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">the HOW of learning<\/text>\n <text x=\"572\" y=\"142\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">More than one way to show what<\/text>\n <text x=\"572\" y=\"153\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">has been learnt \u2014 written, spoken,<\/text>\n <text x=\"572\" y=\"164\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">drawn, built, demonstrated.<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"24\" y=\"198\" width=\"652\" height=\"30\" rx=\"7\" fill=\"#14243f\"\/>\n <text x=\"350\" y=\"211\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">THE CURB-CUT EFFECT<\/text>\n <text x=\"350\" y=\"223\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#c9daf0\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">A ramp cut into a pavement for wheelchairs is used by prams, trolleys and everyone carrying something heavy.<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"24\" y=\"236\" width=\"652\" height=\"48\" rx=\"7\" fill=\"#f7fbff\" stroke=\"#c3d2e2\" stroke-width=\"1.2\"\/>\n <text x=\"40\" y=\"251\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">The same holds digitally: <tspan font-weight=\"700\">captions<\/tspan> are used in a noisy room and by a learner whose English is weak<\/text>\n <text x=\"40\" y=\"263\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">\u00b7 <tspan font-weight=\"700\">text-to-speech<\/tspan> is used while travelling \u00b7 <tspan font-weight=\"700\">clear headings<\/tspan> help every reader find a passage.<\/text>\n <text x=\"40\" y=\"275\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\"><tspan font-weight=\"700\">Accessibility built in for a few turns out to serve everyone \u2014 which is the argument that wins a budget.<\/tspan><\/text>\n <\/svg>\n\n <table class=\"data-table\">\n <thead>\n <tr>\n <th>Term<\/span>\u092a\u0926<\/span><\/th>\n <th>Meaning, and how it differs from the one before<\/span>\u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092f\u0939 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/th>\n <\/tr>\n <\/thead>\n <tbody>\n <tr><td>Accessibility<\/span>\u0938\u0941\u0917\u092e\u094d\u092f\u0924\u093e<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>A property of the thing itself<\/strong> \u2014 a document, a building, a website \u2014 by which a person with a disability can use it.<\/span>\u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u093e \u0917\u0941\u0923<\/strong> \u2014 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0926\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0947\u091c\u093c, \u092d\u0935\u0928, \u0935\u0947\u092c\u0938\u093e\u0907\u091f \u0915\u093e \u2014 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0926\u093f\u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0917 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0909\u0938\u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0947\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>Universal Design<\/span>\u0938\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0935\u092d\u094c\u092e\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>Designing from the outset for the widest range of users<\/strong>, so that no separate adaptation is needed later. Associated with the architect Ronald Mace<\/strong>, and set out in seven principles<\/strong> \u2014 among them equitable use, flexibility, simple and intuitive use, perceptible information and tolerance for error.<\/span>\u0906\u0930\u0902\u092d \u0938\u0947 \u0939\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u0915\u0924\u092e \u092a\u0930\u093e\u0938<\/strong> \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a\u0928\u093e, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u092a\u0943\u0925\u0915 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0915\u0942\u0932\u0928 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915 \u0928 \u0939\u094b\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0930\u094b\u0928\u093e\u0932\u094d\u0921 \u092e\u0947\u0938<\/strong> \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0938\u093e\u0924 \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924\u094b\u0902<\/strong> \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092a\u093e\u0926\u093f\u0924 \u2014 \u091c\u093f\u0928\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u092e\u0924\u093e\u092e\u0942\u0932\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917, \u0932\u091a\u0940\u0932\u093e\u092a\u0928, \u0938\u0930\u0932 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0939\u091c \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917, \u092c\u094b\u0927\u0917\u092e\u094d\u092f \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0924\u094d\u0930\u0941\u091f\u093f-\u0938\u0939\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0923\u0941\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr style=\"background:#f3f8ff;\"><td>UDL<\/strong><\/td><td>Universal Design for Learning<\/strong> \u2014 the same idea applied to teaching. Its three principles<\/strong> are shown above, and the distinction from universal design generally is that UDL concerns curriculum and pedagogy rather than objects and spaces<\/strong>.<\/span>\u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0938\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0935\u092d\u094c\u092e\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a<\/strong> \u2014 \u0935\u0939\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u092a\u0930 \u0932\u093e\u0917\u0942\u0964 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0924\u0940\u0928 \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924<\/strong> \u090a\u092a\u0930 \u0926\u093f\u090f \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0938\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0935\u092d\u094c\u092e\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u092d\u0947\u0926 \u092f\u0939 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f UDL \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0913\u0902 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u091a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u093e<\/strong> \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>Reasonable accommodation<\/span>\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0928\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0938<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>A modification made for a particular person<\/strong> so that they may exercise a right on an equal basis \u2014 a scribe, extra time, a larger font. Required by the RPwD Act. It is retrofitting where universal design was absent<\/strong>, and the two are complementary rather than alternative.<\/span>\u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0938\u0902\u0936\u094b\u0927\u0928<\/strong> \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0935\u0939 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0947 \u2014 \u0932\u0947\u0916\u0928-\u0938\u0939\u093e\u092f\u0915, \u0905\u0924\u093f\u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0938\u092e\u092f, \u092c\u0921\u093c\u093e \u092b\u093c\u0949\u0928\u094d\u091f\u0964 RPwD \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0905\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0935\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u092a\u0936\u094d\u091a-\u0938\u0902\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0938\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0935\u092d\u094c\u092e\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a \u0928 \u0930\u0939\u093e \u0939\u094b<\/strong>, \u0914\u0930 \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u092a\u0942\u0930\u0915 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>Medical and social models<\/span>\u091a\u093f\u0915\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0938\u0915\u0940\u092f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u091c\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u0942\u092a<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>The medical model<\/strong> locates the problem in the person and seeks to correct them. The social model<\/strong> locates it in barriers created by the environment<\/strong> \u2014 a step, an unlabelled image, a scanned circular \u2014 and seeks to remove those. The RPwD Act is founded on the social model<\/strong>, and so is this chapter.<\/span>\u091a\u093f\u0915\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0938\u0915\u0940\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u0942\u092a<\/strong> \u0938\u092e\u0938\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0926\u0947\u0916\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0941\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0928\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0939\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u091c\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u0942\u092a<\/strong> \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0936 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0930\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u092c\u093e\u0927\u093e\u0913\u0902<\/strong> \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0926\u0947\u0916\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u0940\u0922\u093c\u0940, \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0928\u093e\u092e \u0915\u093e \u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930, \u0938\u094d\u0915\u0948\u0928 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u2014 \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u091f\u093e\u0928\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0939\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 RPwD \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u091c\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u0942\u092a \u092a\u0930 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948<\/strong>, \u0914\u0930 \u092f\u0939 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f \u092d\u0940\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <\/tbody>\n <\/table>\n\n <hr class=\"section-divider\">\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d14-2\">\n 14.2<\/span>\n <h3>Assistive Technology<\/span>\u0938\u0939\u093e\u092f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u0940<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n <svg class=\"full-diagram\" viewBox=\"0 0 700 284\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Assistive technology arranged by the need it serves\">\n <text x=\"350\" y=\"18\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#14243f\" letter-spacing=\".6\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">ASSISTIVE TECHNOLOGY, BY THE NEED IT SERVES<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"24\" y=\"30\" width=\"212\" height=\"108\" rx=\"8\" fill=\"#eef4fc\" stroke=\"#1f5fa9\" stroke-width=\"1.8\"\/>\n <text x=\"130\" y=\"50\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">\ud83d\udc41 VISUAL<\/text>\n <g font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">\n <text x=\"38\" y=\"68\">\u00b7 Screen reader \u2014 NVDA, JAWS,<\/text>\n <text x=\"46\" y=\"79\">Narrator, VoiceOver, TalkBack<\/text>\n <text x=\"38\" y=\"93\">\u00b7 Magnifier, high contrast, large text<\/text>\n <text x=\"38\" y=\"107\">\u00b7 Refreshable Braille display<\/text>\n <text x=\"38\" y=\"121\">\u00b7 Braille embosser \u00b7 DAISY player<\/text>\n <text x=\"38\" y=\"133\">\u00b7 OCR to turn print into text<\/text>\n <\/g>\n\n <rect x=\"244\" y=\"30\" width=\"212\" height=\"108\" rx=\"8\" fill=\"#eefbf7\" stroke=\"#0d8f79\" stroke-width=\"1.8\"\/>\n <text x=\"350\" y=\"50\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#0d8f79\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">\ud83d\udc42 HEARING<\/text>\n <g font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">\n <text x=\"258\" y=\"68\">\u00b7 Captions \u2014 closed and live<\/text>\n <text x=\"258\" y=\"82\">\u00b7 Indian Sign Language interpretation<\/text>\n <text x=\"258\" y=\"96\">\u00b7 Hearing aid \u00b7 cochlear implant<\/text>\n <text x=\"258\" y=\"110\">\u00b7 FM and loop systems in a hall<\/text>\n <text x=\"258\" y=\"124\">\u00b7 Visual alerts instead of a bell<\/text>\n <\/g>\n\n <rect x=\"464\" y=\"30\" width=\"212\" height=\"108\" rx=\"8\" fill=\"#fffbf0\" stroke=\"#c9760f\" stroke-width=\"1.8\"\/>\n <text x=\"570\" y=\"50\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#c9760f\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">\ud83d\udde3 SPEECH<\/text>\n <g font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">\n <text x=\"478\" y=\"68\">\u00b7 AAC \u2014 Augmentative and<\/text>\n <text x=\"486\" y=\"79\">Alternative Communication<\/text>\n <text x=\"478\" y=\"93\">\u00b7 Communication boards and books<\/text>\n <text x=\"478\" y=\"107\">\u00b7 Speech-generating devices<\/text>\n <text x=\"478\" y=\"121\">\u00b7 Symbol and picture systems<\/text>\n <\/g>\n\n <rect x=\"24\" y=\"148\" width=\"322\" height=\"80\" rx=\"8\" fill=\"#faf6ff\" stroke=\"#6b3a8f\" stroke-width=\"1.8\"\/>\n <text x=\"185\" y=\"168\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#6b3a8f\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">\u270b PHYSICAL AND MOTOR<\/text>\n <g font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">\n <text x=\"38\" y=\"186\">\u00b7 Adapted or on-screen keyboard \u00b7 switch access<\/text>\n <text x=\"38\" y=\"200\">\u00b7 Sticky Keys, Filter Keys, slower pointer settings<\/text>\n <text x=\"38\" y=\"214\">\u00b7 Voice recognition \u00b7 head pointer \u00b7 eye tracking<\/text>\n <\/g>\n\n <rect x=\"354\" y=\"148\" width=\"322\" height=\"80\" rx=\"8\" fill=\"#fff6f4\" stroke=\"#c0392b\" stroke-width=\"1.8\"\/>\n <text x=\"515\" y=\"168\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#c0392b\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">\ud83e\udde9 LEARNING AND COGNITIVE<\/text>\n <g font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">\n <text x=\"368\" y=\"186\">\u00b7 Text-to-speech and reading pens \u00b7 word prediction<\/text>\n <text x=\"368\" y=\"200\">\u00b7 Spell check, mind maps, structured templates<\/text>\n <text x=\"368\" y=\"214\">\u00b7 Adjustable font, spacing and colour overlays<\/text>\n <\/g>\n\n <rect x=\"24\" y=\"238\" width=\"652\" height=\"38\" rx=\"6\" fill=\"#14243f\"\/>\n <text x=\"350\" y=\"253\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\"><tspan font-weight=\"700\">Most of this is already installed and free.<\/tspan> Windows Ease of Access, Android TalkBack<\/text>\n <text x=\"350\" y=\"265\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">and Apple VoiceOver ship with the device \u2014 the barrier is not cost but knowing they exist.<\/text>\n <\/svg>\n Assistive technology ranges from low-tech<\/strong> \u2014 a pencil grip, a picture board, a slant board \u2014 to high-tech<\/strong>. The simplest solution that works is the right one.<\/span>\u0938\u0939\u093e\u092f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u0928\u093f\u092e\u094d\u0928-\u0924\u0915\u0928\u0940\u0915<\/strong> \u2014 \u092a\u0947\u0902\u0938\u093f\u0932-\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092a, \u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930-\u092a\u091f\u094d\u091f, \u0922\u093e\u0932\u0942 \u092a\u091f\u094d\u091f \u2014 \u0938\u0947 \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a-\u0924\u0915\u0928\u0940\u0915<\/strong> \u0924\u0915 \u092b\u0948\u0932\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u091c\u094b \u0938\u0930\u0932\u0924\u092e \u0909\u092a\u093e\u092f \u0915\u093e\u092e \u0915\u0930\u0947 \u0935\u0939\u0940 \u0909\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n\n <hr class=\"section-divider\">\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d14-3\">\n 14.3<\/span>\n <h3>Screen Readers and Visual Access<\/span>\u0938\u094d\u0915\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0928 \u0930\u0940\u0921\u0930 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0926\u0943\u0936\u094d\u092f \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"feat-grid\">\n <div class=\"feat-card\">1<\/span>What a screen reader is<\/span>\u0938\u094d\u0915\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0928 \u0930\u0940\u0921\u0930 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/strong>Software that converts what is on the screen into speech or into Braille<\/strong> on a refreshable display. NVDA<\/strong> is free and open source, JAWS<\/strong> is commercial, Narrator<\/strong> is built into Windows, VoiceOver<\/strong> into Apple devices and TalkBack<\/strong> into Android.<\/span>\u0935\u0939 \u0938\u0949\u092b\u093c\u094d\u091f\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u091c\u094b \u092a\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u091c\u094b \u0939\u0948 \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0923\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0903\u0928\u0935\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923\u0940\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936 \u092a\u0930 \u092c\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0932 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0926\u0932 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/strong>\u0964 NVDA<\/strong> \u0928\u093f:\u0936\u0941\u0932\u094d\u0915 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0913\u092a\u0928 \u0938\u094b\u0930\u094d\u0938 \u0939\u0948, JAWS<\/strong> \u0935\u093e\u0923\u093f\u091c\u094d\u092f\u093f\u0915, \u0928\u0948\u0930\u0947\u091f\u0930<\/strong> \u0935\u093f\u0902\u0921\u094b\u091c\u093c \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u094d\u0928\u093f\u0939\u093f\u0924, \u0935\u0949\u0907\u0938\u0913\u0935\u0930<\/strong> \u0910\u092a\u0932 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u091f\u0949\u0915\u092c\u0948\u0915<\/strong> \u090f\u0902\u0921\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0907\u0921 \u092e\u0947\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"feat-card\">2<\/span>How it navigates \u2014 and why structure matters<\/span>\u092f\u0939 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/strong>A sighted reader scans a page and jumps to what looks relevant. A screen reader user does the same by moving between headings, links and landmarks<\/strong>. This works only if real heading styles were used<\/strong> \u2014 the styles of \u00a73.6. Text merely made large and bold is, to a screen reader, ordinary text, and the whole page must then be heard from the beginning.<\/span>\u0926\u0943\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u093e\u0920\u0915 \u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u092a\u0930 \u0926\u0943\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093f \u0926\u094c\u0921\u093c\u093e\u0915\u0930 \u0935\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0938\u0902\u0917\u093f\u0915 \u0926\u093f\u0916\u0947\u0964 \u0938\u094d\u0915\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0928 \u0930\u0940\u0921\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0935\u0939\u0940 \u0915\u093e\u092e \u0936\u0940\u0930\u094d\u0937\u0915\u094b\u0902, \u0932\u093f\u0902\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u0932-\u091a\u093f\u0939\u094d\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u091a\u0932\u0915\u0930<\/strong> \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0924\u092d\u0940 \u091a\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u092c \u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u0936\u0940\u0930\u094d\u0937\u0915-\u0936\u0948\u0932\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u0941\u0908 \u0939\u094b\u0902<\/strong> \u2014 \u0935\u0939\u0940 \u0936\u0948\u0932\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u091c\u094b \u00a73.6 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0925\u0940\u0902\u0964 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u092c\u0921\u093c\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0917\u093e\u0922\u093c\u093e \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u092a\u093e\u0920 \u0938\u094d\u0915\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0928 \u0930\u0940\u0921\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0938\u093e\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u092a\u093e\u0920 \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0924\u092c \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u0906\u0930\u0902\u092d \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0941\u0928\u0928\u093e \u092a\u0921\u093c\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"feat-card\">3<\/span>Braille<\/span>\u092c\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0932<\/span><\/strong>A tactile system of six raised dots<\/strong> in a cell. Bharati Braille<\/strong> is the adaptation for Indian languages. A refreshable Braille display<\/strong> raises and lowers pins to present a line of digital text; a Braille embosser<\/strong> prints on paper.<\/span>\u0915\u094b\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091b\u0939 \u0909\u092d\u0930\u0947 \u092c\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0941\u0913\u0902<\/strong> \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u092a\u0930\u094d\u0936-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940\u0964 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u092c\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0932<\/strong> \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0915\u0942\u0932\u0928 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0903\u0928\u0935\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923\u0940\u092f \u092c\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0932 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936<\/strong> \u092a\u093f\u0928\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u0920\u093e\u0915\u0930-\u0917\u093f\u0930\u093e\u0915\u0930 \u0905\u0902\u0915\u0940\u092f \u092a\u093e\u0920 \u0915\u0940 \u090f\u0915 \u092a\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948; \u092c\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0932 \u090f\u092e\u094d\u092c\u0949\u0938\u0930<\/strong> \u0915\u093e\u0917\u093c\u091c\u093c \u092a\u0930 \u091b\u093e\u092a\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"feat-card\">4<\/span>DAISY<\/strong>Digital Accessible Information System<\/strong> \u2014 a format for navigable audio books<\/strong>, in which a listener can move by chapter, section or page rather than only forward and back. It is one of the accessible formats named in PM e-VIDYA's fourth component<\/strong> from \u00a79.4. Sugamya Pustakalaya<\/strong> is India's accessible digital library.<\/span>\u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u0910\u0915\u094d\u0938\u0947\u0938\u093f\u092c\u0932 \u0907\u0928\u094d\u092b\u093c\u0949\u0930\u094d\u092e\u0947\u0936\u0928 \u0938\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u092e<\/strong> \u2014 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u0930\u0923-\u092f\u094b\u0917\u094d\u092f \u0936\u094d\u0930\u0935\u094d\u092f \u092a\u0941\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0915\u094b\u0902<\/strong> \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0930\u0942\u092a, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0936\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0906\u0917\u0947-\u092a\u0940\u091b\u0947 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0905\u092a\u093f\u0924\u0941 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f, \u092d\u093e\u0917 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u0938\u0947 \u091a\u0932 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u00a79.4 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0940\u090f\u092e \u0908-\u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u091a\u094c\u0925\u0947 \u0918\u091f\u0915<\/strong> \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u0941\u0917\u092e\u094d\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0930\u0942\u092a\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u090f\u0915 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0938\u0941\u0917\u092e\u094d\u092f \u092a\u0941\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0915\u093e\u0932\u092f<\/strong> \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0941\u0917\u092e\u094d\u092f \u0905\u0902\u0915\u0940\u092f \u092a\u0941\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0915\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <hr class=\"section-divider\">\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d14-4\">\n 14.4<\/span>\n <h3>Hearing, Speech and Text-to-Speech<\/span>\u0936\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0923, \u0935\u093e\u0923\u0940 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u093e\u0920-\u0938\u0947-\u0935\u093e\u0923\u0940<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"vs-compare\">\n <div class=\"vs-side left\">\n Often confused<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092f\u0903 \u092d\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093f\u0924<\/span><\/span>\n <h5>Subtitles<\/span>\u0909\u092a\u0936\u0940\u0930\u094d\u0937\u0915<\/span><\/h5>\n <ul>\n <li>Carry the spoken dialogue only<\/strong>, and were devised for viewers who do not know the language.<\/span>\u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u092c\u094b\u0932\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0938\u0902\u0935\u093e\u0926<\/strong> \u0932\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0909\u0928 \u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u092c\u0928\u0947 \u0925\u0947 \u091c\u094b \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0924\u0947\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n <li>They assume the viewer can hear<\/strong> everything else.<\/span>\u0935\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0932\u0947\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0915\u093f \u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u0915 \u0936\u0947\u0937 \u0938\u092c \u0938\u0941\u0928 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/strong>\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"vs-mid\">VS<\/div>\n <div class=\"vs-side right\">\n The accessible form<\/span>\u0938\u0941\u0917\u092e\u094d\u092f \u0930\u0942\u092a<\/span><\/span>\n <h5>Captions<\/span>\u0915\u0948\u092a\u094d\u0936\u0928<\/span><\/h5>\n <ul>\n <li>Carry the dialogue and the other sound that matters<\/strong> \u2014 who is speaking, a knock at the door, music, laughter.<\/span>\u0938\u0902\u0935\u093e\u0926 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0935\u0939 \u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0927\u094d\u0935\u0928\u093f \u092d\u0940<\/strong> \u0932\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u091c\u094b \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0939\u094b \u2014 \u0915\u094c\u0928 \u092c\u094b\u0932 \u0930\u0939\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u0926\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0915, \u0938\u0902\u0917\u0940\u0924, \u0939\u0901\u0938\u0940\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n <li>Closed captions<\/strong> can be switched on and off; open captions<\/strong> are burnt into the picture and always visible.<\/span>\u0915\u094d\u0932\u094b\u091c\u093c\u094d\u0921 \u0915\u0948\u092a\u094d\u0936\u0928<\/strong> \u091a\u093e\u0932\u0942-\u092c\u0902\u0926 \u0915\u093f\u090f \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902; \u0913\u092a\u0928 \u0915\u0948\u092a\u094d\u0936\u0928<\/strong> \u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u0940 \u0905\u0902\u0915\u093f\u0924 \u0930\u0939\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0926\u093e \u0926\u093f\u0916\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <table class=\"data-table\">\n <thead>\n <tr>\n <th>Technology<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u0940<\/span><\/th>\n <th>What it does, and who else it serves<\/span>\u092f\u0939 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u092e \u0906\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/th>\n <\/tr>\n <\/thead>\n <tbody>\n <tr style=\"background:#f3f8ff;\"><td>TTS \u2014 Text-to-Speech<\/span>\u092a\u093e\u0920-\u0938\u0947-\u0935\u093e\u0923\u0940<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>Converts written text into synthesised speech. Used by blind and low-vision learners<\/strong>; by children with dyslexia<\/strong>, for whom hearing the text while seeing it materially improves comprehension; by learners whose reading is slow; and by anyone listening while travelling. The clearest instance of the curb-cut effect in this chapter.<\/strong><\/span>\u0932\u093f\u0916\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u093e\u0920 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0902\u0936\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0935\u093e\u0923\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0926\u0943\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093f\u092c\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0905\u0932\u094d\u092a\u0926\u0943\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093f \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e<\/strong> \u0907\u0938\u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902; \u0921\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0938\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0932\u0915<\/strong> \u092d\u0940, \u091c\u093f\u0928\u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u092a\u093e\u0920 \u0926\u0947\u0916\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0941\u090f \u0938\u0941\u0928\u0928\u093e \u092c\u094b\u0927 \u0915\u094b \u092e\u093e\u092a\u0928\u0940\u092f \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0947\u0939\u0924\u0930 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948; \u0935\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e \u092d\u0940 \u091c\u093f\u0928\u0915\u093e \u092a\u0920\u0928 \u0927\u0940\u092e\u093e \u0939\u0948; \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092f\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0941\u0928\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u092d\u0940\u0964 \u0907\u0938 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u0930\u094d\u092c-\u0915\u091f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u092a\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923\u0964<\/strong><\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>STT \u2014 Speech-to-Text<\/span>\u0935\u093e\u0923\u0940-\u0938\u0947-\u092a\u093e\u0920<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>The reverse: spoken words transcribed as text. Enables live captioning of a class<\/strong>, and allows a learner who cannot write by hand to compose by speaking.<\/span>\u0909\u0932\u091f\u093e: \u092c\u094b\u0932\u0947 \u0917\u090f \u0936\u092c\u094d\u0926 \u092a\u093e\u0920 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0932\u093f\u0916\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0938\u091c\u0940\u0935 \u0909\u092a\u0936\u0940\u0930\u094d\u0937\u0915\u0928<\/strong> \u0938\u0902\u092d\u0935 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0909\u0938 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0915\u094b \u092c\u094b\u0932\u0915\u0930 \u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0939\u093e\u0925 \u0938\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u0916 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>ISL \u00b7 ISLRTC<\/strong><\/td><td>Indian Sign Language<\/strong> is a language in its own right, with its own grammar \u2014 not a signed rendering of Hindi or English<\/strong>, and this is examined. The Indian Sign Language Research and Training Centre (ISLRTC)<\/strong>, established in 2015<\/strong> under the Department of Empowerment of Persons with Disabilities, develops the ISL dictionary and trains interpreters.<\/span>\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0938\u093e\u0902\u0915\u0947\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e<\/strong> \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u0906\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u090f\u0915 \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0938\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u2014 \u0939\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0940 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0905\u0902\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0947\u091c\u093c\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u093e\u0902\u0915\u0947\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0930\u0942\u092a\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902<\/strong>, \u0914\u0930 \u092f\u0939 \u092a\u0930\u0916\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0938\u093e\u0902\u0915\u0947\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u0902\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930 (ISLRTC)<\/strong>, \u091c\u094b 2015<\/strong> \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0926\u093f\u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0917\u091c\u0928 \u0938\u0936\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0917 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u0940\u0928 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0941\u0906, ISL \u0936\u092c\u094d\u0926\u0915\u094b\u0936 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0938\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0926\u0941\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093f\u090f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>AAC<\/strong><\/td><td>Augmentative and Alternative Communication<\/strong> \u2014 any means by which a person who cannot rely on speech communicates: a picture board, a symbol book, a speech-generating device. Augmentative<\/strong> supplements existing speech; alternative<\/strong> replaces it. Providing AAC does not discourage speech, a fear often expressed and not borne out.<\/span>\u0938\u0902\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0927\u0940 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0935\u0948\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0937\u0923<\/strong> \u2014 \u0935\u0939 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u092d\u0940 \u0938\u093e\u0927\u0928 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0910\u0938\u093e \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0938\u0902\u0935\u093e\u0926 \u0915\u0930\u0947 \u091c\u094b \u0935\u093e\u0923\u0940 \u092a\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092d\u0930 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0930\u0939 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e: \u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930-\u092a\u091f\u094d\u091f, \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0947\u0924-\u092a\u0941\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0915\u093e, \u0935\u093e\u0923\u0940-\u091c\u0928\u0915 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923\u0964 \u0938\u0902\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0927\u0940<\/strong> \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0935\u093e\u0923\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u0942\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948; \u0935\u0948\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a\u093f\u0915<\/strong> \u0909\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928 \u0932\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 AAC \u0926\u0947\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0923\u0940 \u0939\u0924\u094b\u0924\u094d\u0938\u093e\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940, \u092f\u0939 \u092d\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092f\u0903 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0941 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u093f\u0924 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <\/tbody>\n <\/table>\n <hr class=\"section-divider\">\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d14-5\">\n 14.5<\/span>\n <h3>Accessible Documents and Web Content<\/span>\u0938\u0941\u0917\u092e\u094d\u092f \u0926\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0947\u091c\u093c \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0935\u0947\u092c \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n <svg class=\"full-diagram\" viewBox=\"0 0 700 318\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"The same circular as an inaccessible scan and as an accessible document\">\n <text x=\"350\" y=\"18\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#14243f\" letter-spacing=\".6\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">THE SAME CIRCULAR, TWO WAYS \u2014 AND WHAT A SCREEN READER HEARS<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"24\" y=\"30\" width=\"316\" height=\"176\" rx=\"8\" fill=\"#fff6f4\" stroke=\"#c0392b\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\n <rect x=\"24\" y=\"30\" width=\"316\" height=\"22\" rx=\"8\" fill=\"#c0392b\"\/><rect x=\"24\" y=\"44\" width=\"316\" height=\"8\" fill=\"#c0392b\"\/>\n <text x=\"182\" y=\"46\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#fff\" letter-spacing=\".5\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">\u2717 SCANNED AS AN IMAGE<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"46\" y=\"64\" width=\"128\" height=\"128\" rx=\"3\" fill=\"#fff\" stroke=\"#adb8c4\" stroke-width=\"1.2\"\/>\n <text x=\"110\" y=\"84\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"6.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#5a6d80\" font-family=\"Georgia, serif\">CIRCULAR<\/text>\n <g fill=\"#c9ced6\"><rect x=\"56\" y=\"94\" width=\"108\" height=\"3\"\/><rect x=\"56\" y=\"103\" width=\"96\" height=\"3\"\/><rect x=\"56\" y=\"112\" width=\"104\" height=\"3\"\/><rect x=\"56\" y=\"121\" width=\"80\" height=\"3\"\/><rect x=\"56\" y=\"134\" width=\"108\" height=\"3\"\/><rect x=\"56\" y=\"143\" width=\"92\" height=\"3\"\/><rect x=\"56\" y=\"152\" width=\"100\" height=\"3\"\/><rect x=\"56\" y=\"165\" width=\"70\" height=\"3\"\/><\/g>\n <text x=\"110\" y=\"184\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"6\" fill=\"#8a95a3\" font-style=\"italic\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">a photograph of text<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"188\" y=\"64\" width=\"134\" height=\"128\" rx=\"5\" fill=\"#2b2b2b\"\/>\n <text x=\"255\" y=\"82\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#ffd970\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">SCREEN READER SAYS<\/text>\n <line x1=\"200\" y1=\"90\" x2=\"310\" y2=\"90\" stroke=\"#5f6368\"\/>\n <text x=\"255\" y=\"122\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" fill=\"#fff\" font-style=\"italic\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">\"Graphic.\"<\/text>\n <text x=\"255\" y=\"146\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#adb8c4\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Nothing else. There is no text<\/text>\n <text x=\"255\" y=\"157\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#adb8c4\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">in the file \u2014 only pixels that<\/text>\n <text x=\"255\" y=\"168\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#adb8c4\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">happen to look like letters.<\/text>\n <text x=\"255\" y=\"184\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7\" fill=\"#c0392b\" font-weight=\"700\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">The child is simply not informed.<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"360\" y=\"30\" width=\"316\" height=\"176\" rx=\"8\" fill=\"#eefbf7\" stroke=\"#0d8f79\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\n <rect x=\"360\" y=\"30\" width=\"316\" height=\"22\" rx=\"8\" fill=\"#0d8f79\"\/><rect x=\"360\" y=\"44\" width=\"316\" height=\"8\" fill=\"#0d8f79\"\/>\n <text x=\"518\" y=\"46\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#fff\" letter-spacing=\".5\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">\u2713 SAVED AS TAGGED TEXT<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"382\" y=\"64\" width=\"128\" height=\"128\" rx=\"3\" fill=\"#fff\" stroke=\"#adb8c4\" stroke-width=\"1.2\"\/>\n <rect x=\"390\" y=\"72\" width=\"40\" height=\"8\" rx=\"2\" fill=\"#0d8f79\" opacity=\".3\"\/>\n <text x=\"392\" y=\"79\" font-size=\"5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#0a6d5c\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Heading 1<\/text>\n <text x=\"446\" y=\"79\" font-size=\"6.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#14243f\" font-family=\"Georgia, serif\">CIRCULAR<\/text>\n <g fill=\"#5a6d80\"><rect x=\"392\" y=\"94\" width=\"108\" height=\"3\"\/><rect x=\"392\" y=\"103\" width=\"96\" height=\"3\"\/><rect x=\"392\" y=\"112\" width=\"104\" height=\"3\"\/><\/g>\n <rect x=\"390\" y=\"122\" width=\"34\" height=\"8\" rx=\"2\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\" opacity=\".25\"\/>\n <text x=\"392\" y=\"129\" font-size=\"5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Heading 2<\/text>\n <g fill=\"#5a6d80\"><rect x=\"392\" y=\"140\" width=\"108\" height=\"3\"\/><rect x=\"392\" y=\"149\" width=\"92\" height=\"3\"\/><\/g>\n <rect x=\"390\" y=\"158\" width=\"52\" height=\"10\" rx=\"2\" fill=\"#c9760f\" opacity=\".22\"\/>\n <text x=\"392\" y=\"166\" font-size=\"5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#8f5409\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">alt text on image<\/text>\n <text x=\"446\" y=\"185\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"6\" fill=\"#0a6d5c\" font-style=\"italic\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">real text, real structure<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"524\" y=\"64\" width=\"134\" height=\"128\" rx=\"5\" fill=\"#2b2b2b\"\/>\n <text x=\"591\" y=\"82\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#8ee0c8\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">SCREEN READER SAYS<\/text>\n <line x1=\"536\" y1=\"90\" x2=\"646\" y2=\"90\" stroke=\"#5f6368\"\/>\n <g font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">\n <text x=\"536\" y=\"106\">\"Heading level one,<\/text>\n <text x=\"536\" y=\"117\">Circular.\"<\/text>\n <text x=\"536\" y=\"133\">\"Heading level two,<\/text>\n <text x=\"536\" y=\"144\">Schedule.\"<\/text>\n <text x=\"536\" y=\"160\">\"Table, three columns\u2026\"<\/text>\n <\/g>\n <text x=\"591\" y=\"182\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7\" fill=\"#8ee0c8\" font-weight=\"700\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Navigable. The child reads it alone.<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"24\" y=\"216\" width=\"652\" height=\"90\" rx=\"8\" fill=\"#f7fbff\" stroke=\"#c3d2e2\" stroke-width=\"1.4\"\/>\n <text x=\"40\" y=\"234\" font-size=\"9\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#14243f\" letter-spacing=\".5\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">WCAG \u2014 THE FOUR PRINCIPLES, KNOWN AS POUR<\/text>\n <g font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">\n <text x=\"40\" y=\"252\"><tspan font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\">P \u2014 Perceivable<\/tspan> \u00b7 it can be sensed: text alternatives, captions, contrast<\/text>\n <text x=\"368\" y=\"252\"><tspan font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#0d8f79\">O \u2014 Operable<\/tspan> \u00b7 it can be used by keyboard alone, without a mouse<\/text>\n <text x=\"40\" y=\"268\"><tspan font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#c9760f\">U \u2014 Understandable<\/tspan> \u00b7 readable language, predictable behaviour<\/text>\n <text x=\"368\" y=\"268\"><tspan font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#6b3a8f\">R \u2014 Robust<\/tspan> \u00b7 it works with assistive technology, now and later<\/text>\n <\/g>\n <text x=\"40\" y=\"284\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#5a6d80\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Conformance is graded <tspan font-weight=\"700\">A, AA and AAA<\/tspan>; <tspan font-weight=\"700\">AA is the level ordinarily required<\/tspan>.<\/text>\n <text x=\"40\" y=\"296\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#5a6d80\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Indian government websites additionally follow <tspan font-weight=\"700\">GIGW<\/tspan>, the Guidelines for Indian Government Websites.<\/text>\n <\/svg>\n A scanned circular is invisible to a screen reader. Running it through OCR, as described in \u00a71.8, converts the image back into text and restores access.<\/span>\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0948\u0928 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u0915\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0928 \u0930\u0940\u0921\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0905\u0926\u0943\u0936\u094d\u092f \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u00a71.8 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0923\u093f\u0924 OCR \u0938\u0947 \u0917\u0941\u091c\u093c\u093e\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0903 \u092a\u093e\u0920 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0926\u0932 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a \u0932\u094c\u091f \u0906\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n\n <div class=\"callout teal\">\n <div class=\"callout-label\">\u2713 Eight practices that make a school's own documents accessible<\/span>\u2713 \u0906\u0920 \u0905\u092d\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938 \u091c\u094b \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u0926\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0947\u091c\u093c\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0941\u0917\u092e\u094d\u092f \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902<\/span><\/div>\n <ul class=\"split-list\" style=\"margin-top:4px;\">\n <li>1<\/span>Use real heading styles<\/strong>, not text made large and bold. This single practice, from \u00a73.6, does more for accessibility than any other.<\/span>\u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u0936\u0940\u0930\u094d\u0937\u0915-\u0936\u0948\u0932\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902<\/strong>, \u092c\u0921\u093c\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0917\u093e\u0922\u093c\u093e \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u092a\u093e\u0920 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964 \u00a73.6 \u0915\u093e \u092f\u0939\u0940 \u090f\u0915 \u0905\u092d\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938 \u0938\u0941\u0917\u092e\u094d\u092f\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092d\u0940 \u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n <li>2<\/span>Give every image alt text<\/strong> describing what it conveys \u2014 and mark a purely decorative image as decorative so that it is skipped rather than announced.<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u094b \u0935\u0948\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u093e\u0920 \u0926\u0947\u0902<\/strong> \u091c\u094b \u092c\u0924\u093e\u090f \u0915\u093f \u0935\u0939 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0938\u0902\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0938\u091c\u093e\u0935\u091f\u0940 \u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u091c\u093e\u0935\u091f\u0940 \u091a\u093f\u0939\u094d\u0928\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0935\u0939 \u0918\u094b\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u091c\u093e\u092f \u091b\u094b\u0921\u093c \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u090f\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n <li>3<\/span>Name the link by its destination.<\/strong> \"Admission notice for 2026\" is navigable; a page of links all reading \"click here\" is a list of identical items.<\/span>\u0932\u093f\u0902\u0915 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093e\u092e \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0917\u0902\u0924\u0935\u094d\u092f \u0938\u0947 \u0926\u0947\u0902\u0964<\/strong> \"2026 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0947\u0936-\u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e\" \u0938\u0902\u091a\u0930\u0923-\u092f\u094b\u0917\u094d\u092f \u0939\u0948; \u0910\u0938\u093e \u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0938\u092c \u0932\u093f\u0902\u0915 \"\u092f\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0915\u094d\u0932\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902\" \u092a\u0922\u093c\u0947\u0902, \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092e\u0926\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n <li>4<\/span>Do not carry meaning by colour alone.<\/strong> \"The names in red must report\" excludes a colour-blind reader; add a symbol or a word.<\/span>\u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0930\u0902\u0917 \u0938\u0947 \u0928 \u0932\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u090f\u0901\u0964<\/strong> \"\u0932\u093e\u0932 \u0930\u0902\u0917 \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u093e\u092e \u0935\u093e\u0932\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0909\u092a\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u093e \u0939\u0948\" \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0923\u093e\u0902\u0927 \u092a\u093e\u0920\u0915 \u0915\u094b \u092c\u093e\u0939\u0930 \u0915\u0930 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948; \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u091a\u093f\u0939\u094d\u0928 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0936\u092c\u094d\u0926 \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0947\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n <li>5<\/span>Mark table header rows<\/strong> so that a reader announces the column name with each cell, and keep tables simple rather than nested.<\/span>\u0938\u093e\u0930\u0923\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u0936\u0940\u0930\u094d\u0937-\u092a\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u091a\u093f\u0939\u094d\u0928\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902<\/strong> \u0924\u093e\u0915\u093f \u0930\u0940\u0921\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0915\u094b\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0902\u092d \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093e\u092e \u092c\u094b\u0932\u0947, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0938\u093e\u0930\u0923\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u0928\u0947\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0947\u0921 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0938\u0930\u0932 \u0930\u0916\u0947\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n <li>6<\/span>Caption every video<\/strong> and provide a transcript, which serves a deaf pupil and also anyone searching the content later.<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0935\u0940\u0921\u093f\u092f\u094b \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u0948\u092a\u094d\u0936\u0928 \u0926\u0947\u0902<\/strong> \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0932\u0947\u0916 \u0909\u092a\u0932\u092c\u094d\u0927 \u0915\u0930\u093e\u090f\u0901, \u091c\u094b \u092c\u0927\u093f\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u092d\u0940 \u0915\u093e\u092e \u0906\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u0916\u094b\u091c\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u092d\u0940\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n <li>7<\/span>Issue circulars as text-based PDF or as a document<\/strong>, never as a photograph of a printed page. If a scan is unavoidable, run OCR over it before it is sent.<\/span>\u092a\u0930\u093f\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092a\u093e\u0920-\u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 PDF \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0926\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0947\u091c\u093c \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091c\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902<\/strong>, \u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u0915\u0947 \u091b\u093e\u092f\u093e\u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u092d\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964 \u092f\u0926\u093f \u0938\u094d\u0915\u0948\u0928 \u0905\u0928\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0939\u094b \u0924\u094b \u092d\u0947\u091c\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u0909\u0938 \u092a\u0930 OCR \u091a\u0932\u093e\u090f\u0901\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n <li>8<\/span>Set adequate font size, generous line spacing and left-aligned rather than justified text<\/strong> \u2014 justified text creates rivers of white space that make reading materially harder for a pupil with dyslexia.<\/span>\u092a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u092b\u093c\u0949\u0928\u094d\u091f-\u0906\u0915\u093e\u0930, \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f-\u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093e\u0932 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u092c\u093e\u090f\u0901-\u0938\u0902\u0930\u0947\u0916\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u093e\u0920 \u0930\u0916\u0947\u0902<\/strong> \u2014 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930 \u092a\u093e\u0920 \u0936\u094d\u0935\u0947\u0924 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u092c\u0928\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0921\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0938\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u092a\u0920\u0928 \u0915\u094b \u092e\u093e\u092a\u0928\u0940\u092f \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0920\u093f\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n\n <hr class=\"section-divider\">\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d14-6\">\n 14.6<\/span>\n <h3>The Legal Framework<\/span>\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0922\u093e\u0901\u091a\u093e<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n <table class=\"data-table\">\n <thead>\n <tr>\n <th>Provision<\/span>\u0909\u092a\u092c\u0902\u0927<\/span><\/th>\n <th>What it requires<\/span>\u092f\u0939 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0905\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/th>\n <\/tr>\n <\/thead>\n <tbody>\n <tr style=\"background:#f3f8ff;\">\n <td>RPwD Act, 2016<\/span>RPwD \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e, 2016<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n <td>The Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act, 2016<\/strong>, which replaced the Act of 1995<\/strong> and gives effect to the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities<\/strong>, ratified by India in 2007<\/strong>. It recognises 21 specified disabilities<\/strong>, against seven under the earlier Act.<\/span>\u0926\u093f\u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0917\u091c\u0928 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e, 2016<\/strong>, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0928\u0947 1995<\/strong> \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e \u0915\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928 \u0932\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0924\u0925\u093e \u091c\u094b \u0926\u093f\u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0917\u091c\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0938\u092e\u092f<\/strong> \u0915\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0940 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u093e \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u0928\u0947 2007<\/strong> \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u092e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0928 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0964 \u092f\u0939 21 \u0935\u093f\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0926\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0926\u093f\u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0917\u0924\u093e\u090f\u0901<\/strong> \u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0940 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u093e\u0924 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0930\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td>Benchmark disability<\/span>\u092c\u0947\u0902\u091a\u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0926\u093f\u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0917\u0924\u093e<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n <td>A person with not less than forty per cent<\/strong> of a specified disability. The figure governs entitlement to reservation and to certain benefits, and it is asked directly.<\/span>\u0910\u0938\u093e \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0926\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0926\u093f\u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0917\u0924\u093e \u0915\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0932\u0940\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0936\u0924 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u092e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902<\/strong> \u0939\u094b\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0905\u0902\u0915 \u0906\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0915\u0941\u091b \u0932\u093e\u092d\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0924\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0940\u0927\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u091b\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td>Education provisions<\/span>\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0940 \u0909\u092a\u092c\u0902\u0927<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n <td>Free education for every child with a benchmark disability between the ages of six and eighteen.<\/strong> Educational institutions must admit without discrimination, provide accessible facilities, make reasonable accommodation, and monitor participation and achievement<\/strong>. Five per cent<\/strong> reservation in higher educational institutions and four per cent<\/strong> in government employment.<\/span>\u091b\u0939 \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0920\u093e\u0930\u0939 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937 \u0906\u092f\u0941 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0947\u0902\u091a\u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0926\u093f\u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0917\u0924\u093e \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u092c\u093e\u0932\u0915 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0928\u093f:\u0936\u0941\u0932\u094d\u0915 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0964<\/strong> \u0936\u0948\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u092d\u0947\u0926\u092d\u093e\u0935 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0947\u0936 \u0926\u0947\u0928\u093e, \u0938\u0941\u0917\u092e\u094d\u092f \u0938\u0941\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u0926\u0947\u0928\u093e, \u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0928\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0938\u0939\u092d\u093e\u0917\u093f\u0924\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0909\u092a\u0932\u092c\u094d\u0927\u093f \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0935\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e<\/strong> \u0939\u094b\u0917\u093e\u0964 \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u0936\u0948\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u093e\u0901\u091a \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0936\u0924<\/strong> \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0936\u093e\u0938\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0928\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091a\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0936\u0924<\/strong> \u0906\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr style=\"background:#f3f8ff;\">\n <td>Accessibility of information and technology<\/span>\u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0941\u0917\u092e\u094d\u092f\u0924\u093e<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n <td>The Act requires that electronic media, printed material and information be made available in accessible formats<\/strong>, and that information and communication technology itself be accessible<\/strong>. A school circular issued only as a scanned image is therefore not merely inconsiderate; it is a failure of a statutory duty.<\/strong><\/span>\u0905\u0927\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e \u0905\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0907\u0932\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e, \u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0938\u0941\u0917\u092e\u094d\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0930\u0942\u092a\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u092a\u0932\u092c\u094d\u0927 \u0915\u0930\u093e\u0908 \u091c\u093e\u090f<\/strong>, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0941\u0917\u092e\u094d\u092f \u0939\u094b<\/strong>\u0964 \u0905\u0924\u0903 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0938\u094d\u0915\u0948\u0928 \u0915\u093f\u090f \u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091c\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f\u0940 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092e\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0905\u0938\u0902\u0935\u0947\u0926\u0928\u0936\u0940\u0932 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u0948; \u0935\u0939 \u0935\u0948\u0927\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0935\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u092b\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/strong><\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td>Accessible India Campaign<\/span>\u0938\u0941\u0917\u092e\u094d\u092f \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0928<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n <td>Sugamya Bharat Abhiyan<\/strong>, launched in 2015<\/strong>, works on three verticals: the built environment, transport, and information and communication technology<\/strong>. The third is the one this chapter belongs to.<\/span>\u0938\u0941\u0917\u092e\u094d\u092f \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0928<\/strong>, \u091c\u094b 2015<\/strong> \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0906\u0930\u0902\u092d \u0939\u0941\u0906, \u0924\u0940\u0928 \u090a\u0930\u094d\u0927\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u093e\u092e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948: \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0936, \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0939\u0928, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u0940<\/strong>\u0964 \u0924\u0940\u0938\u0930\u093e \u0935\u0939\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u093e \u092f\u0939 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f \u0905\u0902\u0917 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td>UDID \u00b7 ADIP \u00b7 DEPwD<\/strong><\/td>\n <td>The Unique Disability ID<\/strong> card carries a person's certified disability and entitlements in one document. ADIP<\/strong> is the scheme for assistance in purchasing aids and appliances. Both fall under the Department of Empowerment of Persons with Disabilities<\/strong>, in the Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment.<\/span>\u0935\u093f\u0936\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0926\u093f\u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0917\u0924\u093e \u092a\u0939\u091a\u093e\u0928-\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930 (UDID)<\/strong> \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u093f\u0924 \u0926\u093f\u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0917\u0924\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u090f\u0915 \u0939\u0940 \u0926\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0947\u091c\u093c \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0930\u0916\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 ADIP<\/strong> \u0938\u0939\u093e\u092f\u0915 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0909\u092a\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0916\u093c\u0930\u0940\u0926 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0939\u093e\u092f\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u091c\u093f\u0915 \u0928\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924\u093e \u092e\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u093f\u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0917\u091c\u0928 \u0938\u0936\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0917<\/strong> \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u0940\u0928 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <\/tbody>\n <\/table>\n\n <hr class=\"section-divider\">\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d14-7\">\n 14.7<\/span>\n <h3>Accessibility in Indian Digital Education<\/span>\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0941\u0917\u092e\u094d\u092f\u0924\u093e<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"feat-grid\">\n <div class=\"feat-card\">1<\/span>PM e-VIDYA, component four<\/span>\u092a\u0940\u090f\u092e \u0908-\u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e, \u091a\u094c\u0925\u093e \u0918\u091f\u0915<\/span><\/strong>The component of \u00a79.4 devoted to e-content for the visually and hearing impaired<\/strong> \u2014 material in DAISY<\/strong> format and content in Indian Sign Language<\/strong>, developed with NIOS<\/strong>. It is the component most often omitted from an answer and the one that matters most to the child it serves.<\/span>\u00a79.4 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u0939 \u0918\u091f\u0915 \u091c\u094b \u0926\u0943\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0936\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0923 \u092c\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0924\u094b\u0902 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0908-\u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940<\/strong> \u0915\u094b \u0938\u092e\u0930\u094d\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948 \u2014 DAISY<\/strong> \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0930\u0942\u092a \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0938\u093e\u0902\u0915\u0947\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e<\/strong> \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941, \u091c\u094b NIOS<\/strong> \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0938\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0941\u0908\u0964 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092f\u0939\u0940 \u0918\u091f\u0915 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092c\u093e\u0930 \u091b\u0942\u091f\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u091c\u093f\u0938 \u092c\u093e\u0932\u0915 \u0915\u0940 \u0935\u0939 \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"feat-card\">2<\/span>Samagra Shiksha<\/span>\u0938\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e<\/span><\/strong>Its inclusive education component<\/strong> is the route through which a school actually obtains what it needs: special educators, resource rooms, assistive devices, escort and transport allowance, and home-based education<\/strong> for children with severe disabilities. CWSN<\/strong> \u2014 Children With Special Needs \u2014 is the term used in these documents.<\/span>\u0907\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0935\u0947\u0936\u0940 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0918\u091f\u0915<\/strong> \u0935\u0939\u0940 \u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0917 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924\u0903 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0940 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0924\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948: \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915, \u0938\u0902\u0938\u093e\u0927\u0928 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937, \u0938\u0939\u093e\u092f\u0915 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923, \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0939\u0928 \u092d\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093e, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0917\u0902\u092d\u0940\u0930 \u0926\u093f\u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0917\u0924\u093e \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0932\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0917\u0943\u0939-\u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e<\/strong>\u0964 CWSN<\/strong> \u2014 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0932\u0915 \u2014 \u0907\u0928 \u0926\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0947\u091c\u093c\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u092a\u0926 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"feat-card\">3<\/span>Examination provisions<\/span>\u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0940 \u0909\u092a\u092c\u0902\u0927<\/span><\/strong>The accommodations a head must arrange, and arrange in advance rather than on the day<\/strong>: a scribe<\/strong>, compensatory time<\/strong>, a question paper in larger print or in Braille, permission to use a calculator or a computer, exemption from or substitution of certain subjects, and a separate room where required. Each is claimed on the strength of a disability certificate, and the application has a closing date.<\/span>\u0935\u0947 \u0938\u0941\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u091c\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0941\u0916 \u0915\u094b \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0926\u093f\u0928 \u092a\u0930 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0938\u0947<\/strong> \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902: \u0932\u0947\u0916\u0928-\u0938\u0939\u093e\u092f\u0915<\/strong>, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092a\u0942\u0930\u0915 \u0938\u092e\u092f<\/strong>, \u092c\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u0905\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u092c\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0932 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928-\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930, \u0915\u0948\u0932\u0915\u0941\u0932\u0947\u091f\u0930 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092e\u0924\u093f, \u0915\u0941\u091b \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u091b\u0942\u091f \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0909\u0928\u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u0928, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915 \u0939\u094b \u092a\u0943\u0925\u0915 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0964 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0926\u093f\u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0917\u0924\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0932 \u092a\u0930 \u092e\u093e\u0901\u0917\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0906\u0935\u0947\u0926\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u093f\u092e \u0924\u093f\u0925\u093f \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"feat-card\">4<\/span>IEP<\/strong>An Individualised Education Plan<\/strong> \u2014 a written plan for one child, stating present levels, goals for the year, the support and accommodations to be provided, and how progress will be measured. It is a working document reviewed periodically, not a form filed once.<\/strong><\/span>\u0935\u0948\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0915\u0943\u0924 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928\u093e<\/strong> \u2014 \u090f\u0915 \u092c\u093e\u0932\u0915 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0932\u093f\u0916\u093f\u0924 \u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928\u093e, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930, \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u092f, \u0926\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0938\u0939\u093e\u092f\u0924\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0941\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093e\u090f\u0901, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0917\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u092a\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u090f\u0917\u0940, \u092f\u0939 \u0932\u093f\u0916\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0938\u092e\u092f-\u0938\u092e\u092f \u092a\u0930 \u0938\u092e\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u0936\u0940\u0932 \u0926\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0947\u091c\u093c \u0939\u0948, \u090f\u0915 \u092c\u093e\u0930 \u092d\u0930\u0915\u0930 \u0930\u0916 \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964<\/strong><\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <hr class=\"section-divider\">\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d14-8\">\n 14.8<\/span>\n <h3>The Inclusive Classroom in Practice<\/span>\u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0935\u0947\u0936\u0940 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"flow-wrap\">\n <div class=\"flow-note\">\n \ud83c\udfeb What a head of institution can do this term, without a budget and without waiting for anything to be sanctioned.<\/span>\n \ud83c\udfeb \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0941\u0916 \u0907\u0938\u0940 \u0938\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092c\u091c\u091f \u0915\u0947 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0940\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u093f\u090f \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e\u0964<\/span>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"flow-steps\">\n <div class=\"flow-step\">\n 1<\/span>\n <div class=\"fs-body\">\n Audit what the school itself issues<\/span>\u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u091c\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0905\u0902\u0915\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923<\/span><\/strong>\n Take the last ten circulars. How many are scanned images?<\/strong> That single count is the most honest measure of a school's digital accessibility, and correcting it costs nothing.<\/span>\u092a\u093f\u091b\u0932\u0947 \u0926\u0938 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0932\u0940\u091c\u093f\u090f\u0964 \u0909\u0928\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u093f\u0924\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0915\u0948\u0928 \u0915\u093f\u090f \u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0939\u0948\u0902?<\/strong> \u0935\u0939\u0940 \u090f\u0915 \u0917\u0923\u0928\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0915\u0940 \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u0938\u0941\u0917\u092e\u094d\u092f\u0924\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0908\u092e\u093e\u0928\u0926\u093e\u0930 \u092e\u093e\u092a \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0941\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u092e\u0942\u0932\u094d\u092f \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0932\u0917\u0924\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/span>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"flow-step\">\n 2<\/span>\n <div class=\"fs-body\">\n Turn on what is already there<\/span>\u091c\u094b \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u0939\u0948 \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u091a\u093e\u0932\u0942 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902<\/span><\/strong>\n Show every teacher where the accessibility settings live on the school's own computers and on a phone. Most assistive technology in a school is unused rather than unavailable.<\/strong><\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0915\u094b \u0926\u093f\u0916\u093e\u0907\u090f \u0915\u093f \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092b\u093c\u094b\u0928 \u092a\u0930 \u0938\u0941\u0917\u092e\u094d\u092f\u0924\u093e-\u0938\u0947\u091f\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0915\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0902\u0936 \u0938\u0939\u093e\u092f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u0932\u092c\u094d\u0927 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0905\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/strong><\/span><\/span>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"flow-step\">\n 3<\/span>\n <div class=\"fs-body\">\n Write accessibility into every purchase<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0916\u093c\u0930\u0940\u0926 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0941\u0917\u092e\u094d\u092f\u0924\u093e \u0932\u093f\u0916\u0947\u0902<\/span><\/strong>\n A tender for a website, a portal or software should specify conformance as a condition<\/strong>. Retrofitting later costs many times what asking for it at the outset costs \u2014 this is the fourth of the four questions in \u00a712.8.<\/span>\u0935\u0947\u092c\u0938\u093e\u0907\u091f, \u092a\u094b\u0930\u094d\u091f\u0932 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0938\u0949\u092b\u093c\u094d\u091f\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0928\u093f\u0935\u093f\u0926\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0930\u0942\u092a\u0924\u093e \u0936\u0930\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0926\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f<\/strong> \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0940 \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f\u0964 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0936\u094d\u091a-\u0938\u0902\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u0909\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0908 \u0917\u0941\u0928\u093e \u092e\u0939\u0901\u0917\u093e \u092a\u0921\u093c\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0924\u0928\u093e \u0906\u0930\u0902\u092d \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u093e\u0901\u0917 \u0932\u0947\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u0932\u0917\u0924\u093e \u2014 \u00a712.8 \u0915\u0947 \u091a\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092f\u0939 \u091a\u094c\u0925\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/span>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"flow-step\">\n 4<\/span>\n <div class=\"fs-body\">\n Arrange examination accommodations early<\/span>\u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e-\u0938\u0941\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u0936\u0940\u0918\u094d\u0930 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902<\/span><\/strong>\n A scribe found on the morning of the paper is a scribe the candidate has never worked with. The arrangement and the practice both belong to the weeks before.<\/strong><\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928-\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0924\u0903 \u0916\u094b\u091c\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0932\u0947\u0916\u0928-\u0938\u0939\u093e\u092f\u0915 \u0935\u0939 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0928\u0947 \u0915\u092d\u0940 \u0915\u093e\u092e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0964 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0905\u092d\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938 \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0940 \u0938\u092a\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0939\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/strong><\/span><\/span>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"flow-step\">\n 5<\/span>\n <div class=\"fs-body\">\n Keep the record, and keep it confidential<\/span>\u0905\u092d\u093f\u0932\u0947\u0916 \u0930\u0916\u0947\u0902, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0917\u094b\u092a\u0928\u0940\u092f \u0930\u0916\u0947\u0902<\/span><\/strong>\n A child's disability is sensitive personal data<\/strong> within \u00a78.8. It is recorded because it entitles the child to support, and it is disclosed only to those who must know in order to provide that support.<\/span>\u092c\u093e\u0932\u0915 \u0915\u0940 \u0926\u093f\u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0917\u0924\u093e \u00a78.8 \u0915\u0947 \u092d\u0940\u0924\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u0935\u0947\u0926\u0928\u0936\u0940\u0932 \u0935\u0948\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u093e<\/strong> \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0935\u0939 \u0907\u0938\u0932\u093f\u090f \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0932\u093f\u0916\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0909\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0932\u0915 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0939\u093e\u092f\u0924\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0939\u0915\u093c \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u092c\u0924\u093e\u0908 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u0939 \u0938\u0939\u093e\u092f\u0924\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0928\u093e \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915 \u0939\u094b\u0964<\/span><\/span>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"exam-tip\">\n <div class=\"et-icon\">\ud83c\udf31<\/div>\n <div class=\"et-body\">\n The reframing this chapter asks for.<\/strong> A child who cannot read a scanned circular has not failed to read it. The circular has failed to be readable.<\/strong> Once responsibility is placed where the social model places it \u2014 on the barrier rather than on the person \u2014 most of what this chapter recommends stops being an act of kindness and becomes an ordinary standard of work, of the same order as spelling a pupil's name correctly on a certificate.<\/span>\n \u092f\u0939 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f \u091c\u093f\u0938 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u094d\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u092e\u093e\u0901\u0917 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/strong> \u091c\u094b \u092c\u093e\u0932\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u0915\u0948\u0928 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0928 \u092a\u0922\u093c \u0938\u0915\u0947, \u0935\u0939 \u092a\u0922\u093c\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u092b\u0932 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u0941\u0906\u0964 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092a\u0920\u0928\u0940\u092f \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u092b\u0932 \u0939\u0941\u0906\u0964<\/strong> \u091c\u092c \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930\u0926\u093e\u092f\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u0935\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0930\u0916\u093e \u091c\u093e\u090f \u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u091c\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u0942\u092a \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0930\u0916\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u092a\u0930 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u092c\u093e\u0927\u093e \u092a\u0930 \u2014 \u0924\u092c \u0907\u0938 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0902\u0936 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0936\u0902\u0938\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u0926\u092f\u093e\u0932\u0941\u0924\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0915\u0943\u0924\u094d\u092f \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0930\u0939\u0924\u0940\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u093e \u0938\u093e\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0915 \u092c\u0928 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0909\u0938\u0940 \u0915\u094b\u091f\u093f \u0915\u093e \u091c\u093f\u0938 \u0915\u094b\u091f\u093f \u0915\u093e \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093e\u092e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u0938\u0939\u0940 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0932\u093f\u0916\u0928\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"mcq-box\">\n <div class=\"mcq-title\">\n Practice<\/span>\u0905\u092d\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938<\/span><\/span>\n Questions on digital accessibility<\/span>\u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u0938\u0941\u0917\u092e\u094d\u092f\u0924\u093e \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928<\/span><\/span>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"mcq-note\">Objective questions in the pattern of the examination. Click to reveal the answer and its explanation.<\/span>\u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u0930 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928\u0964 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0916\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u094d\u0932\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u0940\u091c\u093f\u090f\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <details class=\"mcq-q\">\n <summary>111<\/span>The Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act, 2016 recognises how many specified disabilities?<\/span><\/summary>\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\n <li>(a) 7<\/li>\n <li>(b) 14<\/li>\n <li>(c) 21<\/li>\n <li>(d) 27<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\">(c) 21<\/b> The earlier Act of 1995 recognised seven, which is the distractor offered. A person with not less than forty per cent of a specified disability is a person with benchmark disability.<\/span>1995 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0940 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e \u0938\u093e\u0924 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0925\u093e, \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u0939\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0926\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0926\u093f\u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0917\u0924\u093e \u0915\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0932\u0940\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0936\u0924 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u092e \u0928 \u0930\u0916\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u092c\u0947\u0902\u091a\u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0926\u093f\u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0917\u0924\u093e \u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\u00a714.6<\/span><\/div>\n <\/details>\n <details class=\"mcq-q\">\n <summary>112<\/span>The four principles of the Web Content Accessibility Guidelines are summarised as:<\/span><\/summary>\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\n <li>(a) SMART<\/li>\n <li>(b) POUR<\/li>\n <li>(c) CIA<\/li>\n <li>(d) DAISY<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\">(b) POUR<\/b> Perceivable, Operable, Understandable, Robust. Conformance is graded A, AA and AAA, and AA is ordinarily required. SMART describes the goals of e-governance and CIA the goals of information security.<\/span>\u092c\u094b\u0927\u0917\u092e\u094d\u092f, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u091a\u093e\u0932\u0928\u0940\u092f, \u092c\u094b\u0927\u0928\u0940\u092f, \u0938\u0941\u0926\u0943\u0922\u093c\u0964 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0930\u0942\u092a\u0924\u093e A, AA \u090f\u0935\u0902 AAA \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0936\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0923\u0940\u092c\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0924\u0903 AA \u0905\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948\u0964 SMART \u0908-\u0917\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0928\u0947\u0902\u0938 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u092f \u092c\u0924\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 CIA \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e-\u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0947\u0964<\/span>\u00a714.5<\/span><\/div>\n <\/details>\n <details class=\"mcq-q\">\n <summary>113<\/span>A circular scanned and sent as an image is read by a screen reader as:<\/span><\/summary>\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\n <li>(a) The full text of the circular<\/li>\n <li>(b) Nothing more than \"graphic\"<\/li>\n <li>(c) The text, but without formatting<\/li>\n <li>(d) A summary of the contents<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\">(b) Nothing more than \"graphic\"<\/b> A scan contains no text at all, only pixels arranged to look like letters. Running OCR over it converts the image back into text and restores access. Issuing circulars as text-based documents is the single most effective accessibility practice available to a school.<\/span>\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0948\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u093e\u0920 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0910\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0938\u0947\u0932 \u091c\u094b \u0905\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0926\u093f\u0916\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u094b \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0909\u0938 \u092a\u0930 OCR \u091a\u0932\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0903 \u092a\u093e\u0920 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0926\u0932 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a \u0932\u094c\u091f \u0906\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092a\u093e\u0920-\u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0926\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0947\u091c\u093c \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091c\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0909\u092a\u0932\u092c\u094d\u0927 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0940 \u0938\u0941\u0917\u092e\u094d\u092f\u0924\u093e-\u0905\u092d\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\u00a714.5<\/span><\/div>\n <\/details>\n <details class=\"mcq-q\">\n <summary>114<\/span>Which of the following is a free and open-source screen reader?<\/span><\/summary>\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\n <li>(a) JAWS<\/li>\n <li>(b) NVDA<\/li>\n <li>(c) DAISY<\/li>\n <li>(d) TalkBack<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\">(b) NVDA<\/b> JAWS is commercial. TalkBack is built into Android and is not open source. DAISY is not a screen reader at all but a format for navigable audio books.<\/span>JAWS \u0935\u093e\u0923\u093f\u091c\u094d\u092f\u093f\u0915 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u091f\u0949\u0915\u092c\u0948\u0915 \u090f\u0902\u0921\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0907\u0921 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u094d\u0928\u093f\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0913\u092a\u0928 \u0938\u094b\u0930\u094d\u0938 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964 DAISY \u0938\u094d\u0915\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0928 \u0930\u0940\u0921\u0930 \u0939\u0948 \u0939\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0905\u092a\u093f\u0924\u0941 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u0930\u0923-\u092f\u094b\u0917\u094d\u092f \u0936\u094d\u0930\u0935\u094d\u092f \u092a\u0941\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0930\u0942\u092a \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\u00a714.3<\/span><\/div>\n <\/details>\n <details class=\"mcq-q\">\n <summary>115<\/span>The three principles of Universal Design for Learning provide multiple means of:<\/span><\/summary>\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\n <li>(a) Assessment, instruction and revision<\/li>\n <li>(b) Engagement, representation, and action and expression<\/li>\n <li>(c) Reading, writing and arithmetic<\/li>\n <li>(d) Access, equity and inclusion<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\">(b) Engagement, representation, and action and expression<\/b> The why, the what and the how of learning. UDL differs from universal design generally in that it concerns curriculum and pedagogy rather than objects and spaces.<\/span>\u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e \u0915\u093e \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902, \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0915\u0948\u0938\u0947\u0964 UDL \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0938\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0935\u092d\u094c\u092e\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0907\u0938 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0935\u0939 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0913\u0902 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u091a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\u00a714.1<\/span><\/div>\n <\/details>\n <details class=\"mcq-q\">\n <summary>116<\/span>Under the RPwD Act, 2016, free education is guaranteed to a child with benchmark disability of ages:<\/span><\/summary>\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\n <li>(a) 3 to 14 years<\/li>\n <li>(b) 6 to 14 years<\/li>\n <li>(c) 6 to 18 years<\/li>\n <li>(d) 5 to 16 years<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\">(c) 6 to 18 years<\/b> Note that this extends beyond the 6 to 14 range of the Right to Education Act, which is the distractor offered at option (b). Reservation is five per cent in higher educational institutions and four per cent in government employment.<\/span>\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0928 \u0926\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u093f \u092f\u0939 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e \u0915\u0940 6 \u0938\u0947 14 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0930\u093e\u0938 \u0938\u0947 \u0906\u0917\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u0939\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a (\u0916) \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0906\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u0936\u0948\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u093e\u0901\u091a \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0936\u0924 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0936\u093e\u0938\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0928\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091a\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0936\u0924 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\u00a714.6<\/span><\/div>\n <\/details>\n <\/div>\n\n <\/section>\n\n \n <section class=\"chapter-content\" data-chap=\"15\" id=\"c15\">\n <div class=\"chapter-heading-block\">\n REVISION & REFERENCE<\/span>\u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u093e\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0930\u094d\u092d<\/span><\/span>\n <h2>The Last Reading<\/span>\u0905\u0902\u0924\u093f\u092e \u092a\u0920\u0928<\/span><\/h2>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"callout amber\">\n <div class=\"callout-label\">\ud83d\udccc How to use this chapter<\/span>\ud83d\udccc \u0907\u0938 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902<\/span><\/div>\n Everything here has already appeared in the fourteen chapters. Nothing is new. What is gathered is the part that must be recalled exactly<\/strong> \u2014 dates, figures, full forms, distinctions and the traps built on them. This is the chapter for the last week, and for the hour before the paper.<\/span>\n \u092f\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u092c \u0915\u0941\u091b \u091a\u094c\u0926\u0939 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0906 \u091a\u0941\u0915\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0915\u0941\u091b \u092d\u0940 \u0928\u092f\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u091c\u094b \u090f\u0915\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0935\u0939 \u0935\u0939 \u0905\u0902\u0936 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0938\u094d\u092e\u0930\u0923 \u092f\u0925\u093e\u0935\u0924\u094d \u0939\u094b\u0928\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f<\/strong> \u2014 \u0924\u093f\u0925\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901, \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u0947, \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0930\u0942\u092a, \u092d\u0947\u0926 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0909\u0928 \u092a\u0930 \u092c\u0928\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0932\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f \u0905\u0902\u0924\u093f\u092e \u0938\u092a\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0939 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928-\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u0915\u0947 \u0918\u0902\u091f\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941\u0964<\/span>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d15-1\">\n R.1<\/span>\n <h3>The Master Timeline<\/span>\u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f \u0915\u093e\u0932\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n <table class=\"data-table\">\n <thead>\n <tr>\n <th class=\"narrow\">Year<\/span>\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937<\/span><\/th>\n <th>Event<\/span>\u0918\u091f\u0928\u093e<\/span><\/th>\n <th class=\"narrow\">\u00a7<\/span>\u00a7<\/span><\/th>\n <\/tr>\n <\/thead>\n <tbody>\n <tr><td class=\"narrow\">1955<\/strong><\/td><td>HEC-2M<\/strong> at ISI Kolkata \u2014 the first computer in India<\/span>HEC-2M<\/strong> ISI \u0915\u094b\u0932\u0915\u093e\u0924\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u2014 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0925\u092e \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930<\/span><\/td><td class=\"narrow\">1.4<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"narrow\">1957<\/strong><\/td><td>Copyright Act<\/strong><\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0932\u093f\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e<\/strong><\/span><\/td><td class=\"narrow\">11.3<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"narrow\">1960<\/strong><\/td><td>TIFRAC<\/strong> \u2014 the first computer made in India<\/span>TIFRAC<\/strong> \u2014 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0928\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0925\u092e \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930<\/span><\/td><td class=\"narrow\">1.4<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"narrow\">1969<\/strong><\/td><td>ARPANET<\/strong>, the ancestor of the Internet<\/span>ARPANET<\/strong>, \u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u0928\u0947\u091f \u0915\u093e \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935\u091c<\/span><\/td><td class=\"narrow\">6.6<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"narrow\">1971<\/strong><\/td><td>First network email<\/strong>, by Ray Tomlinson, who chose the @<\/strong><\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0925\u092e \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0908\u092e\u0947\u0932<\/strong>, \u0930\u0947 \u091f\u0949\u092e\u0932\u093f\u0902\u0938\u0928 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e, \u091c\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0939\u094b\u0902\u0928\u0947 @<\/strong> \u091a\u0941\u0928\u093e<\/span><\/td><td class=\"narrow\">7.0<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"narrow\">1979<\/strong><\/td><td>VisiCalc<\/strong>, the first spreadsheet, by Dan Bricklin<\/span>\u0935\u093f\u091c\u093c\u0940\u0915\u0948\u0932\u094d\u0915<\/strong>, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0925\u092e \u0938\u094d\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0921\u0936\u0940\u091f, \u0921\u0948\u0928 \u092c\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0915\u0932\u093f\u0928 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e<\/span><\/td><td class=\"narrow\">4.0<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"narrow\">1983<\/strong><\/td><td>TCP\/IP<\/strong> adopted \u2014 the usual birth date of the Internet proper<\/span>TCP\/IP<\/strong> \u0905\u092a\u0928\u093e\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u2014 \u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u0928\u0947\u091f \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f \u091c\u0928\u094d\u092e-\u0924\u093f\u0925\u093f<\/span><\/td><td class=\"narrow\">6.6<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"narrow\">1986<\/strong><\/td><td>ERNET<\/strong> \u2014 first internet connectivity in India, academic only<\/span>ERNET<\/strong> \u2014 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0925\u092e \u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u0928\u0947\u091f \u0938\u0902\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0915\u0924\u093e, \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0936\u0948\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u093f\u0915<\/span><\/td><td class=\"narrow\">6.6<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr style=\"background:#f3f8ff;\"><td class=\"narrow\">1989\u201391<\/strong><\/td><td>World Wide Web<\/strong> \u2014 Tim Berners-Lee at CERN<\/span>\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0932\u094d\u0921 \u0935\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u0935\u0947\u092c<\/strong> \u2014 CERN \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091f\u093f\u092e \u092c\u0930\u094d\u0928\u0930\u094d\u0938-\u0932\u0940<\/span><\/td><td class=\"narrow\">6.6<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"narrow\">1991<\/strong><\/td><td>PARAM 8000<\/strong> \u2014 India's first indigenous supercomputer, C-DAC<\/span>\u092a\u0930\u092e 8000<\/strong> \u2014 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0925\u092e \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0926\u0947\u0936\u0940 \u0938\u0941\u092a\u0930\u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930, C-DAC<\/span><\/td><td class=\"narrow\">1.4<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr style=\"background:#f3f8ff;\"><td class=\"narrow\">15 Aug 1995<\/strong><\/td><td>Public internet access in India<\/strong>, launched by VSNL<\/span>\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0935\u091c\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u0928\u0947\u091f \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a<\/strong>, VSNL \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0906\u0930\u0902\u092d<\/span><\/td><td class=\"narrow\">6.6<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"narrow\">2000<\/strong><\/td><td>Information Technology Act<\/strong> \u2014 amended 2008<\/strong><\/span>\u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e<\/strong> \u2014 2008<\/strong> \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u0936\u094b\u0927\u093f\u0924<\/span><\/td><td class=\"narrow\">8.8<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"narrow\">2005<\/strong><\/td><td>Right to Information Act<\/strong><\/span>\u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e<\/strong><\/span><\/td><td class=\"narrow\">13.7<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"narrow\">2006<\/strong><\/td><td>National e-Governance Plan (NeGP)<\/strong><\/span>\u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0908-\u0917\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0928\u0947\u0902\u0938 \u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928\u093e (NeGP)<\/strong><\/span><\/td><td class=\"narrow\">13.1<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"narrow\">2007<\/strong><\/td><td>India ratifies the UNCRPD<\/strong><\/span>\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u0928\u0947 UNCRPD<\/strong> \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u092e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0928 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e<\/span><\/td><td class=\"narrow\">14.6<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"narrow\">2008<\/strong><\/td><td>NPCI<\/strong> established \u00b7 Bitcoin<\/strong> proposed by Satoshi Nakamoto<\/span>NPCI<\/strong> \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u00b7 \u0938\u0924\u094b\u0936\u0940 \u0928\u093e\u0915\u093e\u092e\u094b\u0924\u094b \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u092c\u093f\u091f\u0915\u0949\u0907\u0928<\/strong> \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u093f\u0924<\/span><\/td><td class=\"narrow\">13.4, 12.4<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"narrow\">2009<\/strong><\/td><td>UIDAI<\/strong> constituted \u00b7 RTE Act<\/strong><\/span>UIDAI<\/strong> \u0917\u0920\u093f\u0924 \u00b7 RTE \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e<\/strong><\/span><\/td><td class=\"narrow\">13.2<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"narrow\">2011<\/strong><\/td><td>Census \u2014 about 2.68 crore<\/strong> persons with disabilities, 2.21%<\/strong><\/span>\u091c\u0928\u0917\u0923\u0928\u093e \u2014 \u0932\u0917\u092d\u0917 2.68 \u0915\u0930\u094b\u0921\u093c<\/strong> \u0926\u093f\u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0917\u091c\u0928, 2.21%<\/strong><\/span><\/td><td class=\"narrow\">14.0<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"narrow\">2012\u201313<\/strong><\/td><td>UDISE<\/strong> begins<\/span>UDISE<\/strong> \u0906\u0930\u0902\u092d<\/span><\/td><td class=\"narrow\">10.1<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"narrow\">2013<\/strong><\/td><td>NROER<\/strong> launched<\/span>NROER<\/strong> \u0906\u0930\u0902\u092d<\/span><\/td><td class=\"narrow\">9.5<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"narrow\">2014<\/strong><\/td><td>MyGov<\/strong> citizen engagement platform<\/span>\u092e\u093e\u0908\u0917\u0935<\/strong> \u0928\u093e\u0917\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0939\u092d\u093e\u0917\u093f\u0924\u093e \u092e\u0902\u091a<\/span><\/td><td class=\"narrow\">13.6<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr style=\"background:#f3f8ff;\"><td class=\"narrow\">1 July 2015<\/strong><\/td><td>Digital India<\/strong> launched \u2014 three vision areas, nine pillars<\/span>\u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u0907\u0902\u0921\u093f\u092f\u093e<\/strong> \u0906\u0930\u0902\u092d \u2014 \u0924\u0940\u0928 \u0926\u0943\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093f-\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930, \u0928\u094c \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0902\u092d<\/span><\/td><td class=\"narrow\">13.8<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"narrow\">2015<\/strong><\/td><td>DigiLocker<\/strong> \u00b7 National Supercomputing Mission<\/strong> \u00b7 Accessible India Campaign<\/strong> \u00b7 ISLRTC<\/strong><\/span>\u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u0932\u0949\u0915\u0930<\/strong> \u00b7 \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0938\u0941\u092a\u0930\u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u092e\u093f\u0936\u0928<\/strong> \u00b7 \u0938\u0941\u0917\u092e\u094d\u092f \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0928<\/strong> \u00b7 ISLRTC<\/strong><\/span><\/td><td class=\"narrow\">13.5, 12.8, 14.6<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"narrow\">2016<\/strong><\/td><td>UPI<\/strong> and BHIM<\/strong> \u00b7 Aadhaar Act<\/strong> \u00b7 RPwD Act<\/strong><\/span>UPI<\/strong> \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092d\u0940\u092e<\/strong> \u00b7 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e<\/strong> \u00b7 RPwD \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e<\/strong><\/span><\/td><td class=\"narrow\">13.4, 13.2, 14.6<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr style=\"background:#f3f8ff;\"><td class=\"narrow\">2017<\/strong><\/td><td>SWAYAM \u2014 9 July<\/strong> \u00b7 DIKSHA \u2014 5 September<\/strong> \u00b7 UMANG<\/strong> \u00b7 WannaCry<\/strong><\/span>\u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u2014 9 \u091c\u0941\u0932\u093e\u0908<\/strong> \u00b7 \u0926\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u2014 5 \u0938\u093f\u0924\u0902\u092c\u0930<\/strong> \u00b7 \u0909\u092e\u0902\u0917<\/strong> \u00b7 \u0935\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0908<\/strong><\/span><\/td><td class=\"narrow\">9.3, 9.2, 13.6, 8.2<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"narrow\">2018<\/strong><\/td><td>National Strategy for AI<\/strong>, NITI Aayog, #AIforAll<\/strong> \u00b7 Aadhaar judgment<\/span>AI \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0930\u0923\u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f<\/strong>, \u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f \u0906\u092f\u094b\u0917, #AIforAll<\/strong> \u00b7 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0923\u092f<\/span><\/td><td class=\"narrow\">12.8, 13.2<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"narrow\">2018\u201319<\/strong><\/td><td>UDISE+<\/strong> replaces UDISE<\/span>UDISE+<\/strong> \u0928\u0947 UDISE \u0915\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928 \u0932\u093f\u092f\u093e<\/span><\/td><td class=\"narrow\">10.1<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr style=\"background:#f3f8ff;\"><td class=\"narrow\">21 Aug 2019<\/strong><\/td><td>NISHTHA<\/strong> launched<\/span>\u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0920\u093e<\/strong> \u0906\u0930\u0902\u092d<\/span><\/td><td class=\"narrow\">9.9<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr style=\"background:#f3f8ff;\"><td class=\"narrow\">2020<\/strong><\/td><td>NEP \u2014 29 July<\/strong> \u00b7 PM e-VIDYA \u2014 17 May<\/strong> \u00b7 PRAGYATA<\/strong> \u00b7 Manodarpan<\/strong><\/span>NEP \u2014 29 \u091c\u0941\u0932\u093e\u0908<\/strong> \u00b7 \u092a\u0940\u090f\u092e \u0908-\u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e \u2014 17 \u092e\u0908<\/strong> \u00b7 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0924\u093e<\/strong> \u00b7 \u092e\u0928\u094b\u0926\u0930\u094d\u092a\u0923<\/strong><\/span><\/td><td class=\"narrow\">9.10, 9.4, 9.5<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"narrow\">2021<\/strong><\/td><td>NDEAR<\/strong> announced \u00b7 Drone Rules<\/strong> \u00b7 e-RUPI<\/strong><\/span>NDEAR<\/strong> \u0918\u094b\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u00b7 \u0921\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0928 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e<\/strong> \u00b7 \u0908-\u0930\u0941\u092a\u0940<\/strong><\/span><\/td><td class=\"narrow\">9.5, 12.6, 13.4<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"narrow\">2022<\/strong><\/td><td>5G<\/strong> rollout begins in India<\/span>\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u092e\u0947\u0902 5G<\/strong> \u0915\u093e \u0906\u0930\u0902\u092d<\/span><\/td><td class=\"narrow\">6.8<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"narrow\">2023<\/strong><\/td><td>Digital Personal Data Protection Act<\/strong> \u00b7 National Quantum Mission<\/strong><\/span>\u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u0935\u0948\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u093e \u0938\u0902\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e<\/strong> \u00b7 \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0915\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0902\u091f\u092e \u092e\u093f\u0936\u0928<\/strong><\/span><\/td><td class=\"narrow\">8.8, 12.8<\/td><\/tr>\n <\/tbody>\n <\/table>\n\n <hr class=\"section-divider\">\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d15-2\">\n R.2<\/span>\n <h3>Numbers, Figures and Limits<\/span>\u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e\u090f\u0901, \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e\u090f\u0901<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"abbr-grid\">\n <table>\n <thead><tr><th>Figure<\/span>\u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u093e<\/span><\/th><th>What it belongs to<\/span>\u092f\u0939 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/th><\/tr><\/thead>\n <tbody>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">8<\/td><td>bits in a byte<\/strong> \u2014 hence 100 Mbps \u2248 12.5 MB\/s<\/span>\u090f\u0915 \u092c\u093e\u0907\u091f<\/strong> \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u093f\u091f \u2014 \u0905\u0924\u0903 100 Mbps \u2248 12.5 MB\/s<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">1024<\/td><td>bytes in a KB \u2014 the binary multiplier throughout<\/span>\u090f\u0915 KB \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u093e\u0907\u091f \u2014 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0917\u0941\u0923\u0915<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">32 \u00b7 128 \u00b7 48<\/td><td>bits in IPv4<\/strong> \u00b7 IPv6<\/strong> \u00b7 a MAC address<\/strong><\/span>IPv4<\/strong> \u00b7 IPv6<\/strong> \u00b7 MAC \u092a\u0924\u0947<\/strong> \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u093f\u091f<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">127.0.0.1<\/td><td>the loopback<\/strong> address \u2014 \"this machine itself\"<\/span>\u0932\u0942\u092a\u092c\u0948\u0915<\/strong> \u092a\u0924\u093e \u2014 \"\u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u092f\u0939\u0940 \u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\"<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">16,384<\/td><td>columns in a worksheet \u2014 A to XFD<\/strong><\/span>\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0915 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0902\u092d \u2014 A \u0938\u0947 XFD<\/strong><\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">10,48,576<\/td><td>rows in a worksheet<\/span>\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0915 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">25 MB<\/td><td>usual email attachment<\/strong> limit<\/span>\u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0908\u092e\u0947\u0932 \u0938\u0902\u0932\u0917\u094d\u0928\u0915<\/strong> \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">n(n\u22121)\/2<\/td><td>links in a mesh<\/strong> topology of n nodes<\/span>n \u0928\u094b\u0921 \u0915\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0932<\/strong> \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">7 \u00b7 4<\/td><td>layers in the OSI<\/strong> model \u00b7 in TCP\/IP<\/strong><\/span>OSI<\/strong> \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u00b7 TCP\/IP<\/strong> \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0930\u0924\u0947\u0902<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <\/tbody>\n <\/table>\n <table>\n <thead><tr><th>Figure<\/span>\u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u093e<\/span><\/th><th>What it belongs to<\/span>\u092f\u0939 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/th><\/tr><\/thead>\n <tbody>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">11 \u00b7 12<\/td><td>digits in a UDISE code<\/strong> \u00b7 in Aadhaar<\/strong> and APAAR<\/strong><\/span>UDISE \u0915\u094b\u0921<\/strong> \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u00b7 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930<\/strong> \u090f\u0935\u0902 APAAR<\/strong> \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0902\u0915<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">30 September<\/span>\u0938\u093f\u0924\u0902\u092c\u0930<\/span><\/td><td>UDISE+<\/strong> reference date<\/span>UDISE+<\/strong> \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0930\u094d\u092d \u0924\u093f\u0925\u093f<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">4<\/td><td>SWAYAM<\/strong> quadrants \u00b7 WCAG<\/strong> principles (POUR) \u00b7 e-governance models<\/span>\u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902<\/strong> \u0915\u0947 \u091a\u0924\u0941\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0902\u0936 \u00b7 WCAG<\/strong> \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924 (POUR) \u00b7 \u0908-\u0917\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0928\u0947\u0902\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u0942\u092a<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">5<\/td><td>PM e-VIDYA<\/strong> components \u00b7 cloud characteristics \u00b7 big data V's \u00b7 blockchain properties<\/span>\u092a\u0940\u090f\u092e \u0908-\u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e<\/strong> \u0918\u091f\u0915 \u00b7 \u0915\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0909\u0921 \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u00b7 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u093e\u0932 \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 V \u00b7 \u092c\u094d\u0932\u0949\u0915\u091a\u0947\u0928 \u0917\u0941\u0923<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">9<\/td><td>Digital India<\/strong> pillars \u00b7 SWAYAM national coordinators<\/span>\u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u0907\u0902\u0921\u093f\u092f\u093e<\/strong> \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0902\u092d \u00b7 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0938\u092e\u0928\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0915<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">21 \u00b7 40%<\/td><td>disabilities under the RPwD Act<\/strong> \u00b7 benchmark<\/strong> disability<\/span>RPwD \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e<\/strong> \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u0940\u0928 \u0926\u093f\u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0917\u0924\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u00b7 \u092c\u0947\u0902\u091a\u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0915<\/strong> \u0926\u093f\u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0917\u0924\u093e<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">5% \u00b7 4%<\/td><td>reservation in higher education<\/strong> \u00b7 in government employment<\/strong><\/span>\u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e<\/strong> \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u00b7 \u0936\u093e\u0938\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0928\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928<\/strong> \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0906\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">6\u201318<\/td><td>age for free education<\/strong> under the RPwD Act<\/span>RPwD \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u0940\u0928 \u0928\u093f:\u0936\u0941\u0932\u094d\u0915 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e<\/strong> \u0915\u0940 \u0906\u092f\u0941<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">30 days<\/span>\u0926\u093f\u0928<\/span> \u00b7 48 hrs<\/span>\u0918\u0902\u091f\u0947<\/span><\/td><td>RTI<\/strong> \u2014 ordinary \u00b7 where life or liberty<\/strong> is concerned<\/span>RTI<\/strong> \u2014 \u0938\u093e\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u00b7 \u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u091c\u0940\u0935\u0928 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093e<\/strong> \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u0939\u094b<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <\/tbody>\n <\/table>\n <\/div>\n\n <hr class=\"section-divider\">\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d15-3\">\n R.3<\/span>\n <h3>Bodies, Portals and Who Runs What<\/span>\u0928\u093f\u0915\u093e\u092f, \u092a\u094b\u0930\u094d\u091f\u0932 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0915\u094c\u0928 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u091a\u0932\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n <table class=\"data-table\">\n <thead>\n <tr>\n <th>Platform or scheme<\/span>\u092e\u0902\u091a \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928\u093e<\/span><\/th>\n <th>Run by<\/span>\u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0932\u0915<\/span><\/th>\n <th>Note<\/span>\u091f\u093f\u092a\u094d\u092a\u0923\u0940<\/span><\/th>\n <\/tr>\n <\/thead>\n <tbody>\n <tr><td>DIKSHA<\/strong><\/td><td>NCERT, through CIET<\/strong><\/span>NCERT, CIET<\/strong> \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0947<\/span><\/td><td>QR-coded textbooks; \"One Nation, One Digital Platform\"<\/span>QR-\u0915\u0942\u091f\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u092a\u0941\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0915\u0947\u0902; \"\u090f\u0915 \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930, \u090f\u0915 \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u092e\u0902\u091a\"<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>SWAYAM \u00b7 SWAYAM PRABHA<\/strong><\/td><td>Ministry of Education, with nine national coordinators<\/span>\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u092e\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0932\u092f, \u0928\u094c \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0938\u092e\u0928\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0939\u093f\u0924<\/span><\/td><td>MOOCs; DTH channels on GSAT-15<\/strong><\/span>MOOC; GSAT-15<\/strong> \u092a\u0930 DTH \u091a\u0948\u0928\u0932<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>NROER \u00b7 e-Pathshala<\/strong><\/td><td>CIET-NCERT<\/span>CIET-NCERT<\/span><\/td><td>Open resources; NCERT textbooks and periodicals<\/span>\u092e\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u093e\u0927\u0928; NCERT \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u092a\u0941\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0915\u0947\u0902 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0915\u093e\u090f\u0901<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>NDLI<\/strong><\/td><td>IIT Kharagpur<\/strong><\/span>IIT \u0916\u0921\u093c\u0917\u092a\u0941\u0930<\/strong><\/span><\/td><td>National Digital Library<\/span>\u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u092a\u0941\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0915\u093e\u0932\u092f<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>NPTEL<\/strong><\/td><td>IITs and IISc<\/strong><\/span>IIT \u090f\u0935\u0902 IISc<\/strong><\/span><\/td><td>Engineering, science, management<\/span>\u0905\u092d\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0915\u0940, \u0935\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0928<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr style=\"background:#f3f8ff;\"><td>UDISE+<\/strong><\/td><td>Ministry of Education, with NIC<\/strong><\/span>\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u092e\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0932\u092f, NIC<\/strong> \u0938\u0939\u093f\u0924<\/span><\/td><td>National school database; feeds PGI<\/strong><\/span>\u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e\u092c\u0947\u0938; PGI<\/strong> \u0915\u094b \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>Aadhaar<\/strong><\/td><td>UIDAI<\/strong>, under MeitY<\/span>UIDAI<\/strong>, MeitY \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u0940\u0928<\/span><\/td><td>Identity and residence \u2014 not citizenship<\/strong><\/span>\u092a\u0939\u091a\u093e\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0928\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0938 \u2014 \u0928\u093e\u0917\u0930\u093f\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902<\/strong><\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>UPI \u00b7 RuPay \u00b7 IMPS \u00b7 AePS \u00b7 FASTag<\/strong><\/td><td>NPCI<\/strong><\/span>NPCI<\/strong><\/span><\/td><td>All NPCI products; BHIM is its own app<\/span>\u0938\u092c NPCI \u0915\u0947 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926; \u092d\u0940\u092e \u0909\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0905\u092a\u0928\u093e \u0910\u092a<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>DigiLocker \u00b7 UMANG \u00b7 MeghRaj<\/strong><\/td><td>MeitY<\/strong><\/span>MeitY<\/strong><\/span><\/td><td>Documents \u00b7 services \u00b7 government cloud<\/span>\u0926\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0947\u091c\u093c \u00b7 \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u00b7 \u0936\u093e\u0938\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0915\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0909\u0921<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>CERT-In<\/strong><\/td><td>MeitY<\/span>MeitY<\/span><\/td><td>National nodal agency<\/strong> for cyber incidents<\/span>\u0938\u093e\u0907\u092c\u0930 \u0918\u091f\u0928\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0928\u094b\u0921\u0932 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0915\u0930\u0923<\/strong><\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>I4C \u00b7 cybercrime.gov.in<\/strong><\/td><td>Ministry of Home Affairs<\/strong><\/span>\u0917\u0943\u0939 \u092e\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0932\u092f<\/strong><\/span><\/td><td>Cybercrime coordination and reporting; helpline 1930<\/strong><\/span>\u0938\u093e\u0907\u092c\u0930 \u0905\u092a\u0930\u093e\u0927 \u0938\u092e\u0928\u094d\u0935\u092f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e; \u0939\u0947\u0932\u094d\u092a\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0928 1930<\/strong><\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>Atal Tinkering Labs \u00b7 AI Strategy<\/strong><\/td><td>NITI Aayog<\/strong><\/span>\u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f \u0906\u092f\u094b\u0917<\/strong><\/span><\/td><td>Atal Innovation Mission; #AIforAll<\/strong>, 2018<\/span>\u0905\u091f\u0932 \u0928\u0935\u093e\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u092e\u093f\u0936\u0928; #AIforAll<\/strong>, 2018<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>ISLRTC \u00b7 UDID \u00b7 ADIP<\/strong><\/td><td>DEPwD<\/strong>, Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment<\/span>DEPwD<\/strong>, \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u091c\u093f\u0915 \u0928\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924\u093e \u092e\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0932\u092f<\/span><\/td><td>Sign language \u00b7 disability ID \u00b7 aids and appliances<\/span>\u0938\u093e\u0902\u0915\u0947\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e \u00b7 \u0926\u093f\u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0917\u0924\u093e \u092a\u0939\u091a\u093e\u0928 \u00b7 \u0938\u0939\u093e\u092f\u0915 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>PARAM \u00b7 BOSS Linux<\/strong><\/td><td>C-DAC<\/strong><\/span>C-DAC<\/strong><\/span><\/td><td>Supercomputers; Indian Linux distribution<\/span>\u0938\u0941\u092a\u0930\u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930; \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0932\u093f\u0928\u0915\u094d\u0938 \u0935\u093f\u0924\u0930\u0923<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <\/tbody>\n <\/table>\n\n <hr class=\"section-divider\">\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d15-4\">\n R.4<\/span>\n <h3>Full Forms and Abbreviations<\/span>\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u092a\u093e\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0930<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"abbr-grid\">\n <table>\n <thead><tr><th>Abbr.<\/span>\u0938\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u092a<\/span><\/th><th>Full form<\/span>\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0930\u0942\u092a<\/span><\/th><\/tr><\/thead>\n <tbody>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">AAC<\/td><td>Augmentative and Alternative Communication<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">ABDM<\/td><td>Ayushman Bharat Digital Mission<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">ABHA<\/td><td>Ayushman Bharat Health Account<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">ABC<\/td><td>Academic Bank of Credits<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">AePS<\/td><td>Aadhaar enabled Payment System<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">APAAR<\/td><td>Automated Permanent Academic Account Registry<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">ATL<\/td><td>Atal Tinkering Lab<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">CCA<\/td><td>Controller of Certifying Authorities<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">CERT-In<\/td><td>Indian Computer Emergency Response Team<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">CIET<\/td><td>Central Institute of Educational Technology<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">CPGRAMS<\/td><td>Centralised Public Grievance Redress and Monitoring System<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">CSC<\/td><td>Common Service Centre<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">CWSN<\/td><td>Children With Special Needs<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">DAISY<\/td><td>Digital Accessible Information System<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">DBT<\/td><td>Direct Benefit Transfer<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">DCF<\/td><td>Data Capture Format<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">DEPwD<\/td><td>Department of Empowerment of Persons with Disabilities<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">DIKSHA<\/td><td>Digital Infrastructure for Knowledge Sharing<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">DNS<\/td><td>Domain Name System<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">DPDP<\/td><td>Digital Personal Data Protection (Act)<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">DSC<\/td><td>Digital Signature Certificate<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">ERNET<\/td><td>Education and Research Network<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">ETB<\/td><td>Energised Textbook<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">GeM<\/td><td>Government e-Marketplace<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">GIGO<\/td><td>Garbage In, Garbage Out<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">GIGW<\/td><td>Guidelines for Indian Government Websites<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">I4C<\/td><td>Indian Cyber Crime Coordination Centre<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">IEP<\/td><td>Individualised Education Plan<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">IMAP<\/td><td>Internet Message Access Protocol<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">ISL<\/td><td>Indian Sign Language<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">ISLRTC<\/td><td>Indian Sign Language Research and Training Centre<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">LMS<\/td><td>Learning Management System<\/td><\/tr>\n <\/tbody>\n <\/table>\n <table>\n <thead><tr><th>Abbr.<\/span>\u0938\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u092a<\/span><\/th><th>Full form<\/span>\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0930\u0942\u092a<\/span><\/th><\/tr><\/thead>\n <tbody>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">MeitY<\/td><td>Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">MOOC<\/td><td>Massive Open Online Course<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">NDEAR<\/td><td>National Digital Education Architecture<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">NDLI<\/td><td>National Digital Library of India<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">NeGP<\/td><td>National e-Governance Plan<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">NETF<\/td><td>National Educational Technology Forum<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">NISHTHA<\/td><td>National Initiative for School Heads' and Teachers' Holistic Advancement<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">NPCI<\/td><td>National Payments Corporation of India<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">NPTEL<\/td><td>National Programme on Technology Enhanced Learning<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">NROER<\/td><td>National Repository of Open Educational Resources<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">NSP<\/td><td>National Scholarship Portal<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">OCR<\/td><td>Optical Character Recognition<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">OER<\/td><td>Open Educational Resources<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">OMR<\/td><td>Optical Mark Recognition<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">ONDC<\/td><td>Open Network for Digital Commerce<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">OSI<\/td><td>Open Systems Interconnection<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">PEN<\/td><td>Permanent Education Number<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">PFMS<\/td><td>Public Financial Management System<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">PGI<\/td><td>Performance Grading Index<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">PMJDY<\/td><td>Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">PMGDISHA<\/td><td>Pradhan Mantri Gramin Digital Saksharta Abhiyan<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">POP3<\/td><td>Post Office Protocol version 3<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">POUR<\/td><td>Perceivable, Operable, Understandable, Robust<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">RPwD<\/td><td>Rights of Persons with Disabilities (Act)<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">SMTP<\/td><td>Simple Mail Transfer Protocol<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">SWAYAM<\/td><td>Study Webs of Active-learning for Young Aspiring Minds<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">UAV<\/td><td>Unmanned Aerial Vehicle<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">UDID<\/td><td>Unique Disability Identity<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">UDISE+<\/td><td>Unified District Information System for Education Plus<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">UDL<\/td><td>Universal Design for Learning<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">UIDAI<\/td><td>Unique Identification Authority of India<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">UMANG<\/td><td>Unified Mobile Application for New-age Governance<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">UPI<\/td><td>Unified Payments Interface<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">WCAG<\/td><td>Web Content Accessibility Guidelines<\/td><\/tr>\n <\/tbody>\n <\/table>\n <\/div>\n <hr class=\"section-divider\">\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d15-5\">\n R.5<\/span>\n <h3>The Key Distinctions<\/span>\u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f \u092d\u0947\u0926<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n \n Most objective questions in this paper are built on a pair of things that resemble each other<\/strong>. If the pairs below are secure, a large part of the paper is already answered.<\/span>\n \u0907\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928-\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0902\u0936 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u092a\u0930\u0938\u094d\u092a\u0930 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0926\u093f\u0916\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u092f\u0941\u0917\u094d\u092e\u094b\u0902<\/strong> \u092a\u0930 \u092c\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u092f\u0926\u093f \u0928\u0940\u091a\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u092f\u0941\u0917\u094d\u092e \u092a\u0915\u094d\u0915\u0947 \u0939\u094b\u0902 \u0924\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928-\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u092c\u0921\u093c\u093e \u092d\u093e\u0917 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0939\u0940 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\n <\/p>\n\n <table class=\"data-table\">\n <thead>\n <tr>\n <th>The pair<\/span>\u092f\u0941\u0917\u094d\u092e<\/span><\/th>\n <th>The one line that separates them<\/span>\u0935\u0939 \u090f\u0915 \u092a\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u091c\u094b \u0907\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0932\u0917 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/th>\n <th class=\"narrow\">\u00a7<\/th>\n <\/tr>\n <\/thead>\n <tbody>\n <tr><td>RAM \u00b7 ROM<\/strong><\/td><td>RAM is volatile<\/strong> and loses its contents when power goes; ROM is permanent.<\/span>RAM \u0935\u093e\u0937\u094d\u092a\u0936\u0940\u0932<\/strong> \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0936\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0940 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u0916\u094b \u0926\u0947\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948; ROM \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092f\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><td class=\"narrow\">1.6<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>OMR \u00b7 OCR \u00b7 MICR<\/strong><\/td><td>OMR reads a mark's presence<\/strong>; OCR reads characters<\/strong>; MICR reads magnetic ink on cheques.<\/span>OMR \u091a\u093f\u0939\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u0909\u092a\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f<\/strong> \u092a\u0922\u093c\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948; OCR \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0923<\/strong>; MICR \u091a\u0947\u0915 \u092a\u0930 \u091a\u0941\u0902\u092c\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0938\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0939\u0940\u0964<\/span><\/td><td class=\"narrow\">1.8<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr style=\"background:#f3f8ff;\"><td>Save \u00b7 Save As<\/span>\u0938\u0947\u0935 \u00b7 \u0938\u0947\u0935 \u0910\u091c\u093c<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>Save overwrites; Save As creates a new file<\/strong> and leaves the original untouched.<\/span>\u0938\u0947\u0935 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0932\u0947\u0916\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948; \u0938\u0947\u0935 \u0910\u091c\u093c \u0928\u0908 \u092b\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0932 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/strong> \u0914\u0930 \u092e\u0942\u0932 \u0915\u094b \u0905\u091b\u0942\u0924\u093e \u091b\u094b\u0921\u093c \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><td class=\"narrow\">2.5<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>Relative \u00b7 absolute reference<\/span>\u0938\u093e\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u00b7 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0930\u094d\u092d<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>The dollar locks whatever follows it.<\/strong> A1 moves; $A$1 never does.<\/span>\u0921\u0949\u0932\u0930 \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0901\u0927\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u0939\u094b\u0964<\/strong> A1 \u0939\u093f\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948; $A$1 \u0915\u092d\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/td><td class=\"narrow\">4.3<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>COUNT \u00b7 COUNTA<\/strong><\/td><td>COUNT takes numbers only<\/strong>; COUNTA takes anything not empty<\/strong>.<\/span>COUNT \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e\u090f\u0901<\/strong> \u0932\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948; COUNTA \u091c\u094b \u092d\u0940 \u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0928 \u0939\u094b<\/strong>\u0964<\/span><\/td><td class=\"narrow\">4.4<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr style=\"background:#f3f8ff;\"><td>Animation \u00b7 transition<\/span>\u091a\u0947\u0924\u0928\u093e\u0902\u0915\u0928 \u00b7 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0923<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>Transition is between slides; animation is within a slide.<\/strong> One transition per slide, many animations.<\/span>\u0938\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0923 \u0938\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0921\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a; \u091a\u0947\u0924\u0928\u093e\u0902\u0915\u0928 \u0938\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u0915\u0947 \u092d\u0940\u0924\u0930\u0964<\/strong> \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f \u0938\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0923, \u0905\u0928\u0947\u0915 \u091a\u0947\u0924\u0928\u093e\u0902\u0915\u0928\u0964<\/span><\/td><td class=\"narrow\">5.5<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>Hub \u00b7 switch \u00b7 router<\/span>\u0939\u092c \u00b7 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u093f\u091a \u00b7 \u0930\u093e\u0909\u091f\u0930<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>Hub broadcasts to all<\/strong>; switch sends to one port using MAC<\/strong>; router joins networks using IP<\/strong>.<\/span>\u0939\u092c \u0938\u092c\u0915\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924<\/strong> \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948; \u0938\u094d\u0935\u093f\u091a MAC \u0938\u0947 \u090f\u0915 \u092a\u094b\u0930\u094d\u091f<\/strong> \u092a\u0930 \u092d\u0947\u091c\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948; \u0930\u093e\u0909\u091f\u0930 IP \u0938\u0947 \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915<\/strong> \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><td class=\"narrow\">6.4<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>MAC \u00b7 IP address<\/span>MAC \u00b7 IP \u092a\u0924\u093e<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>MAC is physical and permanent<\/strong>; IP is logical and changes with the network<\/strong>.<\/span>MAC \u092d\u094c\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092f\u0940<\/strong> \u0939\u0948; IP \u0924\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0915\u093f\u0915 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0924\u093e<\/strong> \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><td class=\"narrow\">6.4<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr style=\"background:#f3f8ff;\"><td>Internet \u00b7 World Wide Web<\/span>\u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u0928\u0947\u091f \u00b7 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0932\u094d\u0921 \u0935\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u0935\u0947\u092c<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>The Internet is the network<\/strong>; the Web is one service running on it<\/strong>.<\/span>\u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u0928\u0947\u091f \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915<\/strong> \u0939\u0948; \u0935\u0947\u092c \u0909\u0938 \u092a\u0930 \u091a\u0932\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e<\/strong>\u0964<\/span><\/td><td class=\"narrow\">6.6<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>Intranet \u00b7 extranet<\/span>\u0907\u0902\u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0928\u0947\u091f \u00b7 \u090f\u0915\u094d\u0938\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0928\u0947\u091f<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>Intranet is internal only<\/strong>; extranet is an intranet extended to selected outsiders<\/strong>.<\/span>\u0907\u0902\u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0928\u0947\u091f \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0906\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0915<\/strong>; \u090f\u0915\u094d\u0938\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0928\u0947\u091f \u0935\u0939 \u0907\u0902\u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0928\u0947\u091f \u091c\u094b \u091a\u0941\u0928\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0940 \u0932\u094b\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u0924\u0915 \u092c\u0922\u093c\u093e<\/strong> \u0939\u094b\u0964<\/span><\/td><td class=\"narrow\">6.2<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>SMTP \u00b7 POP3 \u00b7 IMAP<\/strong><\/td><td>SMTP sends<\/strong>; POP3 downloads to one device<\/strong>; IMAP synchronises all devices<\/strong>.<\/span>SMTP \u092d\u0947\u091c\u0924\u093e<\/strong> \u0939\u0948; POP3 \u090f\u0915 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u092a\u0930 \u0909\u0924\u093e\u0930\u0924\u093e<\/strong> \u0939\u0948; IMAP \u0938\u092d\u0940 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0938\u092e\u0915\u093e\u0932\u093f\u0924<\/strong> \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><td class=\"narrow\">7.1<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr style=\"background:#f3f8ff;\"><td>CC \u00b7 BCC<\/strong><\/td><td>A BCC recipient sees everyone; nobody sees the BCC recipient.<\/strong><\/span>BCC \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0938\u092c\u0915\u094b \u0926\u0947\u0916\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948; BCC \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0926\u0947\u0916\u0924\u093e\u0964<\/strong><\/span><\/td><td class=\"narrow\">7.2<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>Virus \u00b7 worm \u00b7 trojan<\/span>\u0935\u093e\u092f\u0930\u0938 \u00b7 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u092e \u00b7 \u091f\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091c\u0928<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>Virus needs a host and a human<\/strong>; worm spreads by itself<\/strong>; trojan does not replicate<\/strong> and is invited in.<\/span>\u0935\u093e\u092f\u0930\u0938 \u0915\u094b \u0906\u0936\u094d\u0930\u092f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092e\u0928\u0941\u0937\u094d\u092f<\/strong> \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f; \u0935\u0930\u094d\u092e \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902<\/strong> \u092b\u0948\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948; \u091f\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u093e<\/strong> \u0914\u0930 \u0906\u092e\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><td class=\"narrow\">8.2<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>Phishing \u00b7 spear phishing \u00b7 whaling<\/span>\u092b\u093c\u093f\u0936\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u00b7 \u0938\u094d\u092a\u0940\u092f\u0930 \u00b7 \u0935\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0932\u093f\u0902\u0917<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>Bulk \u00b7 one named person<\/strong> \u00b7 a senior officer<\/strong>. Vishing is by call, smishing by SMS.<\/span>\u0925\u094b\u0915 \u00b7 \u090f\u0915 \u0928\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f<\/strong> \u00b7 \u0935\u0930\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940<\/strong>\u0964 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0915\u0949\u0932 \u0938\u0947, \u0938\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0936\u093f\u0902\u0917 SMS \u0938\u0947\u0964<\/span><\/td><td class=\"narrow\">8.3<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr style=\"background:#f3f8ff;\"><td>Sync \u00b7 backup<\/span>\u0938\u092e\u0915\u093e\u0932\u0928 \u00b7 \u092c\u0948\u0915\u0905\u092a<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>Synchronisation copies a deletion; a backup does not.<\/strong> Sync gives availability, not protection.<\/span>\u0938\u092e\u0915\u093e\u0932\u0928 \u0935\u093f\u0932\u094b\u092a\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u092d\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0932\u093f\u092a\u093f \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948; \u092c\u0948\u0915\u0905\u092a \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964<\/strong> \u0938\u092e\u0915\u093e\u0932\u0928 \u0909\u092a\u0932\u092c\u094d\u0927\u0924\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0938\u0902\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/td><td class=\"narrow\">6.9<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>Copyright \u00b7 plagiarism<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0932\u093f\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u00b7 \u0938\u093e\u0939\u093f\u0924\u094d\u092f\u093f\u0915 \u091a\u094b\u0930\u0940<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>Attribution cures plagiarism but not infringement.<\/strong> The two are independent.<\/span>\u0936\u094d\u0930\u0947\u092f \u0926\u0947\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0939\u093f\u0924\u094d\u092f\u093f\u0915 \u091a\u094b\u0930\u0940 \u0920\u0940\u0915 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0909\u0932\u094d\u0932\u0902\u0918\u0928 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964<\/strong> \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/td><td class=\"narrow\">11.3<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>Mis- \u00b7 dis- \u00b7 malinformation<\/span>\u092e\u093f\u0925\u094d\u092f\u093e \u00b7 \u0926\u0941\u0937\u094d\u092a\u094d\u0930\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u00b7 \u0926\u0941\u0930\u094d\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0928\u093e<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>False without intent \u00b7 false with intent \u00b7 true, but published to harm<\/strong>.<\/span>\u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0906\u0936\u092f \u0905\u0938\u0924\u094d\u092f \u00b7 \u0906\u0936\u092f \u0938\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u0905\u0938\u0924\u094d\u092f \u00b7 \u0938\u0924\u094d\u092f, \u0915\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0941 \u0939\u093e\u0928\u093f \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0936\u093f\u0924<\/strong>\u0964<\/span><\/td><td class=\"narrow\">11.7<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr style=\"background:#f3f8ff;\"><td>AI \u00b7 ML \u00b7 DL<\/strong><\/td><td>AI contains ML, which contains DL.<\/strong> Never the reverse.<\/span>AI \u092e\u0947\u0902 ML, ML \u092e\u0947\u0902 DL\u0964<\/strong> \u0915\u092d\u0940 \u0909\u0932\u091f\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/td><td class=\"narrow\">12.1<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>IaaS \u00b7 PaaS \u00b7 SaaS<\/strong><\/td><td>Rented machines<\/strong> \u00b7 rented place to build<\/strong> \u00b7 ready software<\/strong>. Almost everything a school uses is SaaS.<\/span>\u0915\u093f\u0930\u093e\u090f \u092a\u0930 \u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930<\/strong> \u00b7 \u0915\u093f\u0930\u093e\u090f \u092a\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923-\u0938\u094d\u0925\u0932<\/strong> \u00b7 \u0924\u0948\u092f\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u0949\u092b\u093c\u094d\u091f\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930<\/strong>\u0964 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u091c\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0935\u0939 \u0932\u0917\u092d\u0917 \u0938\u092c SaaS \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><td class=\"narrow\">12.2<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>AR \u00b7 VR \u00b7 MR<\/strong><\/td><td>AR overlays<\/strong> \u00b7 VR replaces<\/strong> \u00b7 MR lets the two interact<\/strong>.<\/span>AR \u0906\u0935\u0930\u0923 \u091a\u0922\u093c\u093e\u0924\u0940<\/strong> \u00b7 VR \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928 \u0932\u0947\u0924\u0940<\/strong> \u00b7 MR \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0903\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e<\/strong> \u0915\u0930\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><td class=\"narrow\">12.5<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr style=\"background:#f3f8ff;\"><td>NDEAR \u00b7 PM e-VIDYA \u00b7 DIKSHA<\/strong><\/td><td>An architecture<\/strong> \u00b7 a programme<\/strong> \u00b7 a platform<\/strong>.<\/span>\u090f\u0915 \u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0936\u093f\u0932\u094d\u092a<\/strong> \u00b7 \u090f\u0915 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e<\/strong> \u00b7 \u090f\u0915 \u092e\u0902\u091a<\/strong>\u0964<\/span><\/td><td class=\"narrow\">9.5<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>Issued \u00b7 uploaded (DigiLocker)<\/span>\u091c\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u00b7 \u091a\u0922\u093c\u093e\u092f\u093e (\u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u0932\u0949\u0915\u0930)<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>Issued documents are at par with the original<\/strong>; uploaded ones are not.<\/span>\u091c\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0926\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0947\u091c\u093c \u092e\u0942\u0932 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937<\/strong> \u0939\u0948\u0902; \u091a\u0922\u093c\u093e\u090f \u0917\u090f \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/td><td class=\"narrow\">13.5<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>Subtitles \u00b7 captions<\/span>\u0909\u092a\u0936\u0940\u0930\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u00b7 \u0915\u0948\u092a\u094d\u0936\u0928<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>Subtitles carry dialogue only<\/strong>; captions carry other significant sound too<\/strong>.<\/span>\u0909\u092a\u0936\u0940\u0930\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0938\u0902\u0935\u093e\u0926<\/strong>; \u0915\u0948\u092a\u094d\u0936\u0928 \u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0927\u094d\u0935\u0928\u093f \u092d\u0940<\/strong>\u0964<\/span><\/td><td class=\"narrow\">14.4<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>Additive \u00b7 subtractive<\/span>\u092f\u094b\u091c\u094d\u092f \u00b7 \u0905\u092a\u0918\u091f\u0940<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>3D printing adds layers<\/strong>; traditional manufacture cuts material away<\/strong>.<\/span>3\u0921\u0940 \u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0923 \u092a\u0930\u0924\u0947\u0902 \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0924\u093e<\/strong> \u0939\u0948; \u092a\u0930\u0902\u092a\u0930\u093e\u0917\u0924 \u0935\u093f\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u093e\u091f\u0924\u093e<\/strong> \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><td class=\"narrow\">12.6<\/td><\/tr>\n <\/tbody>\n <\/table>\n\n <hr class=\"section-divider\">\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d15-6\">\n R.6<\/span>\n <h3>Shortcut Keys, Consolidated<\/span>\u0936\u0949\u0930\u094d\u091f\u0915\u091f \u0915\u0941\u0902\u091c\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901, \u0938\u092e\u0947\u0915\u093f\u0924<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"abbr-grid\">\n <table>\n <thead><tr><th>Universal<\/span>\u0938\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0915<\/span><\/th><th>Action<\/span>\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e<\/span><\/th><\/tr><\/thead>\n <tbody>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">Ctrl + C \u00b7 X \u00b7 V<\/td><td>Copy \u00b7 cut \u00b7 paste<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0932\u093f\u092a\u093f \u00b7 \u0915\u093e\u091f\u0947\u0902 \u00b7 \u091a\u093f\u092a\u0915\u093e\u090f\u0901<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">Ctrl + Z \u00b7 Y<\/td><td>Undo \u00b7 redo<\/span>\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0935\u0924\u094d \u00b7 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0903 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">Ctrl + S \u00b7 P \u00b7 F<\/td><td>Save \u00b7 print \u00b7 find<\/span>\u0938\u0902\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902 \u00b7 \u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902 \u00b7 \u0916\u094b\u091c\u0947\u0902<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">Ctrl + A<\/td><td>Select all<\/span>\u0938\u092c \u091a\u0941\u0928\u0947\u0902<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">Alt + Tab<\/td><td>Switch between open windows<\/span>\u0916\u0941\u0932\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0902\u0921\u094b\u091c\u093c \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0947\u0902<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">Ctrl + Shift + Esc<\/td><td>Task Manager<\/span>\u091f\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0915 \u092e\u0948\u0928\u0947\u091c\u0930<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">F5<\/td><td>Refresh \u2014 and start a slide show<\/span>\u0930\u093f\u092b\u093c\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0936 \u2014 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u0936\u094b \u0906\u0930\u0902\u092d<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <\/tbody>\n <\/table>\n <table>\n <thead><tr><th>Application-specific<\/span>\u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917-\u0935\u093f\u0936\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f<\/span><\/th><th>Action<\/span>\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e<\/span><\/th><\/tr><\/thead>\n <tbody>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">Ctrl + Shift + C \u00b7 V<\/td><td>Word:<\/strong> copy \u00b7 paste formatting<\/em><\/span>\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0921:<\/strong> \u0938\u0902\u0930\u0942\u092a\u0923<\/em> \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0932\u093f\u092a\u093f \u00b7 \u091a\u093f\u092a\u0915\u093e\u0928\u093e<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">Alt + =<\/td><td>Excel:<\/strong> AutoSum<\/span>\u090f\u0915\u094d\u0938\u0947\u0932:<\/strong> \u0911\u091f\u094b\u0938\u092e<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">F4<\/td><td>Excel:<\/strong> cycle relative \u2192 absolute \u2192 mixed<\/span>\u090f\u0915\u094d\u0938\u0947\u0932:<\/strong> \u0938\u093e\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u2192 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u2192 \u092e\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u091a\u0915\u094d\u0930<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">Ctrl + Shift + L<\/td><td>Excel:<\/strong> filter on or off<\/span>\u090f\u0915\u094d\u0938\u0947\u0932:<\/strong> \u092b\u093c\u093f\u0932\u094d\u091f\u0930 \u091a\u093e\u0932\u0942 \u092f\u093e \u092c\u0902\u0926<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">F11 \u00b7 Alt + F1<\/td><td>Excel:<\/strong> chart on a new sheet \u00b7 embedded chart<\/span>\u090f\u0915\u094d\u0938\u0947\u0932:<\/strong> \u0928\u0908 \u0936\u0940\u091f \u092a\u0930 \u091a\u093e\u0930\u094d\u091f \u00b7 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0903\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u091a\u093e\u0930\u094d\u091f<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">Ctrl + M<\/td><td>PowerPoint:<\/strong> new slide<\/span>\u092a\u093e\u0935\u0930\u092a\u0949\u0907\u0902\u091f:<\/strong> \u0928\u0908 \u0938\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0921<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">Shift + F5<\/td><td>PowerPoint:<\/strong> show from the current slide<\/span>\u092a\u093e\u0935\u0930\u092a\u0949\u0907\u0902\u091f:<\/strong> \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0938\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u0928<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">B \u00b7 W<\/td><td>During a show:<\/strong> black screen \u00b7 white screen<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u094c\u0930\u093e\u0928:<\/strong> \u0915\u093e\u0932\u093e \u092a\u0930\u094d\u0926\u093e \u00b7 \u0938\u092b\u093c\u0947\u0926 \u092a\u0930\u094d\u0926\u093e<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <\/tbody>\n <\/table>\n <\/div>\n\n <hr class=\"section-divider\">\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d15-7\">\n R.7<\/span>\n <h3>Legal Provisions at a Glance<\/span>\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0909\u092a\u092c\u0902\u0927 \u090f\u0915 \u0926\u0943\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093f \u092e\u0947\u0902<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n <table class=\"data-table\">\n <thead>\n <tr>\n <th>Statute<\/span>\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093e\u0928<\/span><\/th>\n <th>What must be remembered<\/span>\u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0938\u094d\u092e\u0930\u0923 \u0930\u0916\u0928\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/th>\n <\/tr>\n <\/thead>\n <tbody>\n <tr><td>IT Act, 2000<\/span>IT \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e, 2000<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>Amended 2008<\/strong>. Gave legal validity to electronic records and signatures. 66C<\/strong> identity theft \u00b7 66D<\/strong> cheating by personation, used for phishing \u00b7 66E<\/strong> violation of privacy \u00b7 67B<\/strong> child sexual abuse material \u00b7 43<\/strong> damage, civil compensation.<\/span>2008<\/strong> \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u0936\u094b\u0927\u093f\u0924\u0964 \u0907\u0932\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0932\u0947\u0916\u094b\u0902 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0939\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u0948\u0927\u0924\u093e \u0926\u0940\u0964 66C<\/strong> \u092a\u0939\u091a\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u091a\u094b\u0930\u0940 \u00b7 66D<\/strong> \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u0942\u092a\u0923 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u091b\u0932, \u092b\u093c\u093f\u0936\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u00b7 66E<\/strong> \u0928\u093f\u091c\u0924\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0909\u0932\u094d\u0932\u0902\u0918\u0928 \u00b7 67B<\/strong> \u092c\u093e\u0932 \u092f\u094c\u0928 \u0936\u094b\u0937\u0923 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u00b7 43<\/strong> \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0924\u093f, \u0938\u093f\u0935\u093f\u0932 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0915\u0930\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr style=\"background:#f3f8ff;\"><td>DPDP Act, 2023<\/span>DPDP \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e, 2023<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>School = Data Fiduciary<\/strong>; pupil = Data Principal<\/strong>. Verifiable parental consent for anyone under eighteen.<\/strong> No tracking, behavioural monitoring or targeted advertising directed at children. Data Protection Board of India.<\/strong><\/span>\u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f = \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u093e \u0928\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938\u0940<\/strong>; \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 = \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u093e \u092e\u0942\u0932\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0940<\/strong>\u0964 \u0905\u0920\u093e\u0930\u0939 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u092e \u0906\u092f\u0941 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0938\u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u0928-\u092f\u094b\u0917\u094d\u092f \u0905\u092d\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0938\u0939\u092e\u0924\u093f\u0964<\/strong> \u092c\u091a\u094d\u091a\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0930\u0947\u0916\u0923, \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930\u0917\u0924 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0935\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0935\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u092a\u0928 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u093e \u0938\u0902\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u092c\u094b\u0930\u094d\u0921\u0964<\/strong><\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>Copyright Act, 1957<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0932\u093f\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e, 1957<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>Protection automatic on creation<\/strong>; registration not required. Section 52 \u2014 fair dealing<\/strong>, including use in the course of instruction. Term: life of the author plus sixty years<\/strong>.<\/span>\u0938\u0902\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0938\u0943\u091c\u0928 \u092a\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0924\u0903<\/strong>; \u092a\u0902\u091c\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964 \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093e 52 \u2014 \u0909\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917<\/strong>, \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0938\u0939\u093f\u0924\u0964 \u0905\u0935\u0927\u093f: \u0930\u091a\u092f\u093f\u0924\u093e \u0915\u093e \u091c\u0940\u0935\u0928\u0915\u093e\u0932 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0938\u093e\u0920 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937<\/strong>\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>RPwD Act, 2016<\/span>RPwD \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e, 2016<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>Replaced that of 1995<\/strong>; gives effect to the UNCRPD<\/strong>. 21 disabilities \u00b7 benchmark 40% \u00b7 free education 6 to 18 \u00b7 5% higher education, 4% employment<\/strong> \u00b7 information in accessible formats<\/strong>.<\/span>1995<\/strong> \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e \u0915\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928 \u0932\u093f\u092f\u093e; UNCRPD<\/strong> \u0915\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0940 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 21 \u0926\u093f\u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0917\u0924\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u00b7 \u092c\u0947\u0902\u091a\u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0915 40% \u00b7 \u0928\u093f:\u0936\u0941\u0932\u094d\u0915 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e 6 \u0938\u0947 18 \u00b7 \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e 5%, \u0928\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928 4%<\/strong> \u00b7 \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0938\u0941\u0917\u092e\u094d\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0930\u0942\u092a\u094b\u0902<\/strong> \u092e\u0947\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>RTI Act, 2005<\/span>RTI \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e, 2005<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>Ordinarily 30 days<\/strong>; where life or liberty<\/strong> is concerned, 48 hours<\/strong>. A substantially financed school is a public authority<\/strong>.<\/span>\u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0924\u0903 30 \u0926\u093f\u0928<\/strong>; \u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u091c\u0940\u0935\u0928 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093e<\/strong> \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u0939\u094b, 48 \u0918\u0902\u091f\u0947<\/strong>\u0964 \u092a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0935\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0924-\u092a\u094b\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0932\u094b\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940<\/strong> \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>Aadhaar Act, 2016<\/span>\u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e, 2016<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>Gave UIDAI statutory standing. Aadhaar proves identity and residence, not citizenship.<\/strong> Following the 2018<\/strong> judgment, no child may be denied admission or benefit for want of it<\/strong>.<\/span>UIDAI \u0915\u094b \u0935\u0948\u0927\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u0926\u0940\u0964 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u0939\u091a\u093e\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0928\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0938 \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0928\u093e\u0917\u0930\u093f\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964<\/strong> 2018<\/strong> \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0923\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0905\u092d\u093e\u0935 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092c\u093e\u0932\u0915 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0947\u0936 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0932\u093e\u092d \u0938\u0947 \u0935\u0902\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e<\/strong>\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <\/tbody>\n <\/table>\n\n <hr class=\"section-divider\">\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d15-8\">\n R.8<\/span>\n <h3>The Traps<\/span>\u091c\u093e\u0932<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"callout red\">\n <div class=\"callout-label\">\u26a0\ufe0f Twelve answers that look right and are not<\/span>\u26a0\ufe0f \u092c\u093e\u0930\u0939 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u091c\u094b \u0938\u0939\u0940 \u0926\u093f\u0916\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902<\/span><\/div>\n <ul class=\"split-list\" style=\"margin-top:4px;\">\n <li>1<\/span>#####<\/strong> in a cell is not<\/em> an error. The column is too narrow.<\/span>\u0915\u094b\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u092e\u0947\u0902 #####<\/strong> \u0924\u094d\u0930\u0941\u091f\u093f \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902<\/em> \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0902\u092d \u092c\u0939\u0941\u0924 \u0938\u0901\u0915\u0930\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n <li>2<\/span>A password and a security question are not two factors<\/strong> \u2014 both are things known.<\/span>\u092a\u093e\u0938\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0921 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u0926\u094b \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0915 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u0948\u0902<\/strong> \u2014 \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0924 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u090f\u0901 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n <li>3<\/span>The padlock proves encryption, not honesty.<\/strong> A fraudulent site can hold a certificate.<\/span>\u0924\u093e\u0932\u093e \u0915\u0942\u091f\u0932\u0947\u0916\u0928 \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0908\u092e\u093e\u0928\u0926\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964<\/strong> \u0915\u092a\u091f\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0938\u093e\u0907\u091f \u092d\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0930\u0916 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n <li>4<\/span>Incognito mode hides history from the device only<\/strong> \u2014 not from the provider or the network.<\/span>\u0917\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0935\u093f\u0927\u093e \u0907\u0924\u093f\u0939\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0938\u0947 \u091b\u093f\u092a\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948<\/strong> \u2014 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0938\u0947 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n <li>5<\/span>Mbps is not MBps.<\/strong> Divide by eight.<\/span>Mbps, MBps \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/strong> \u0906\u0920 \u0938\u0947 \u092d\u093e\u0917 \u0926\u0947\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n <li>6<\/span>PGI grades states and districts, not schools.<\/strong><\/span>PGI \u0930\u093e\u091c\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u091c\u093c\u093f\u0932\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0936\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0923\u0940\u092c\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n <li>7<\/span>NDEAR is not a platform.<\/strong> Nobody logs into it.<\/span>NDEAR \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u092e\u0902\u091a \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/strong> \u0909\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0932\u0949\u0917-\u0907\u0928 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n <li>8<\/span>Blockchain is not cryptocurrency.<\/strong> The second is one application of the first.<\/span>\u092c\u094d\u0932\u0949\u0915\u091a\u0947\u0928 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092a\u094d\u091f\u094b\u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902\u0938\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/strong> \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u093e \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u090f\u0915 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n <li>9<\/span>Aadhaar is not proof of citizenship.<\/strong><\/span>\u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u0928\u093e\u0917\u0930\u093f\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n <li>10<\/span>In a mesh of n nodes the links are n(n\u22121)\/2<\/strong> \u2014 remember to halve.<\/span>n \u0928\u094b\u0921 \u0915\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0932-\u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928 n(n\u22121)\/2<\/strong> \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u2014 \u0906\u0927\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u0928 \u092d\u0942\u0932\u0947\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n <li>11<\/span>Indian Sign Language is a language in its own right<\/strong>, not signed Hindi.<\/span>\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0938\u093e\u0902\u0915\u0947\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u0906\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u090f\u0915 \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/strong>, \u0938\u093e\u0902\u0915\u0947\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0939\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n <li>12<\/span>A modem is both an input and an output device<\/strong>, because it both modulates and demodulates.<\/span>\u092e\u0949\u0921\u0947\u092e \u0928\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0936 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0924 \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0939\u0948<\/strong>, \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u0935\u0939 \u092e\u0949\u0921\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0932\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u092e\u0949\u0921\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0932\u0928 \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n\n <hr class=\"section-divider\">\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d15-9\">\n R.9<\/span>\n <h3>In the Examination Hall<\/span>\u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e-\u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u092e\u0947\u0902<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"callout amber\">\n <div class=\"callout-label\">\ud83e\uddee The arithmetic of negative marking<\/span>\ud83e\uddee \u090b\u0923\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0905\u0902\u0915\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0902\u0915\u0917\u0923\u093f\u0924<\/span><\/div>\n Each question carries 2.5 marks<\/strong>, and one-third<\/strong> is deducted for a wrong answer \u2014 a loss of about 0.83<\/strong>. The consequence is worth working out rather than assuming. A pure guess among four options is close to break-even<\/strong>: one right in four gains 2.5 and three wrong lose about 2.5. But eliminating even one option turns the odds decisively favourable<\/strong> \u2014 one right in three gains 2.5 against two wrong losing about 1.67. And eliminating two makes it strongly positive.<\/span>\n \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 2.5 \u0905\u0902\u0915<\/strong> \u0915\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0917\u093c\u0932\u0924 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u090f\u0915-\u0924\u093f\u0939\u093e\u0908<\/strong> \u0915\u091f\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u0932\u0917\u092d\u0917 0.83<\/strong> \u0915\u0940 \u0939\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0964 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e \u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0932\u0947\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u091c\u093e\u092f \u0928\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0932 \u0932\u0947\u0928\u093e \u0909\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0932\u0917\u092d\u0917 \u092c\u0930\u093e\u092c\u0930\u0940 \u092a\u0930 \u0939\u0948<\/strong>: \u091a\u093e\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u0939\u0940 2.5 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0924\u0940\u0928 \u0917\u093c\u0932\u0924 \u0932\u0917\u092d\u0917 2.5 \u0932\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0915\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0941 \u090f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a \u092d\u0940 \u0939\u091f\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0928\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0923\u093e\u092f\u0915 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0915\u0942\u0932 \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948<\/strong> \u2014 \u0924\u0940\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u0939\u0940 2.5 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u092c\u0915\u093f \u0926\u094b \u0917\u093c\u0932\u0924 \u0932\u0917\u092d\u0917 1.67 \u0932\u0947\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0914\u0930 \u0926\u094b \u0939\u091f\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u092f\u0939 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092c\u0932 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0927\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\n The rule that follows: attempt every question where one option can be ruled out, and leave only those where all four remain equally possible.<\/strong> On a paper of this kind that second category is small, because most questions rest on a distinction from R.5 \u2014 and even a partial memory of the distinction removes an option.<\/span>\n \u0928\u093f\u0915\u0932\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e: \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0935\u0939 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u0940\u091c\u093f\u090f \u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u090f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a \u0939\u091f\u093e\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0947, \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0935\u0947 \u091b\u094b\u0921\u093c\u093f\u090f \u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u091a\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u092d\u0935 \u0930\u0939\u0947\u0902\u0964<\/strong> \u0910\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928-\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u0939 \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u0940 \u0936\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0923\u0940 \u091b\u094b\u091f\u0940 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0902\u0936 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 R.5 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092d\u0947\u0926 \u092a\u0930 \u091f\u093f\u0915\u0947 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u2014 \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0938 \u092d\u0947\u0926 \u0915\u093e \u0906\u0902\u0936\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u092e\u0930\u0923 \u092d\u0940 \u090f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a \u0939\u091f\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"flow-wrap\">\n <div class=\"flow-note\">\n \ud83d\udcdd A working order for the paper itself.<\/span>\n \ud83d\udcdd \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928-\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u090f\u0915 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f-\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0964<\/span>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"flow-steps\">\n <div class=\"flow-step\">\n 1<\/span>\n <div class=\"fs-body\">\n First pass \u2014 the certain ones<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0925\u092e \u091a\u0915\u094d\u0930 \u2014 \u0928\u093f\u0936\u094d\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928<\/span><\/strong>\n Answer only what is known immediately: full forms, dates, figures. Mark the rest and move on. Do not let one hard question consume the time of five easy ones.<\/strong><\/span>\u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0935\u0939\u0940 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0926\u0940\u091c\u093f\u090f \u091c\u094b \u0924\u0924\u094d\u0915\u093e\u0932 \u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0924 \u0939\u094b: \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0930\u0942\u092a, \u0924\u093f\u0925\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901, \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u0947\u0964 \u0936\u0947\u0937 \u091a\u093f\u0939\u094d\u0928\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930 \u0906\u0917\u0947 \u092c\u0922\u093c\u093f\u090f\u0964 \u090f\u0915 \u0915\u0920\u093f\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u093e\u0901\u091a \u0938\u0930\u0932 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u092e\u092f \u0928 \u0932\u0947\u0928\u0947 \u0926\u0940\u091c\u093f\u090f\u0964<\/strong><\/span><\/span>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"flow-step\">\n 2<\/span>\n <div class=\"fs-body\">\n Second pass \u2014 elimination<\/span>\u0926\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0924\u0940\u092f \u091a\u0915\u094d\u0930 \u2014 \u0909\u0928\u094d\u092e\u0942\u0932\u0928<\/span><\/strong>\n Return to the marked questions and strike out what is certainly wrong<\/strong> before choosing among the rest. This is where the arithmetic above pays.<\/span>\u091a\u093f\u0939\u094d\u0928\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u0932\u094c\u091f\u093f\u090f \u0914\u0930 \u0936\u0947\u0937 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u091a\u0941\u0928\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u091c\u094b \u0928\u093f\u0936\u094d\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0917\u093c\u0932\u0924 \u0939\u0948 \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u091f \u0926\u0940\u091c\u093f\u090f<\/strong>\u0964 \u090a\u092a\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0902\u0915\u0917\u0923\u093f\u0924 \u092f\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u092b\u0932 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/span>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"flow-step\">\n 3<\/span>\n <div class=\"fs-body\">\n Read the stem for the reversal<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u0932\u091f\u093e\u0935 \u092a\u0922\u093c\u093f\u090f<\/span><\/strong>\n Watch for EXCEPT, NOT, INCORRECT<\/strong>. A question asking which statement is false<\/em> is answered wrongly more often through misreading than through ignorance.<\/span>EXCEPT, NOT, INCORRECT<\/strong> \u092a\u0930 \u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0928 \u0926\u0940\u091c\u093f\u090f\u0964 \u091c\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u092a\u0942\u091b\u0947 \u0915\u093f \u0915\u094c\u0928-\u0938\u093e \u0915\u0925\u0928 \u0905\u0938\u0924\u094d\u092f<\/em> \u0939\u0948, \u0935\u0939 \u0905\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u092e \u0914\u0930 \u0917\u093c\u0932\u0924 \u092a\u0922\u093c\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092c\u093e\u0930 \u0917\u093c\u0932\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/span>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"flow-step\">\n 4<\/span>\n <div class=\"fs-body\">\n The OMR sheet<\/span>OMR \u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0915\u093e<\/span><\/strong>\n Darken completely, keep the sheet clean, never erase<\/strong>, and check the serial number against the question number every ten answers<\/strong> \u2014 one misplaced mark shifts every answer after it.<\/span>\u092a\u0942\u0930\u093e \u092d\u0930\u093f\u090f, \u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0915\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0935\u091a\u094d\u091b \u0930\u0916\u093f\u090f, \u0915\u092d\u0940 \u0928 \u092e\u093f\u091f\u093e\u0907\u090f<\/strong>, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0926\u0938 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e-\u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928-\u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u093e\u0907\u090f<\/strong> \u2014 \u090f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u091a\u093f\u0939\u094d\u0928 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0916\u093f\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/span>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"flow-step\">\n 5<\/span>\n <div class=\"fs-body\">\n The last ten minutes<\/span>\u0905\u0902\u0924\u093f\u092e \u0926\u0938 \u092e\u093f\u0928\u091f<\/span><\/strong>\n Reserve them for transferring and verifying<\/strong>, not for attempting more. A correct answer marked in the wrong row scores nothing.<\/span>\u0909\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u0923 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u0928<\/strong> \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0930\u0916\u093f\u090f, \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964 \u0917\u093c\u0932\u0924 \u092a\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091a\u093f\u0939\u094d\u0928\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u0939\u0940 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0905\u0902\u0915 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0924\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/span>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"recap-box\">\n The Fourteen Organising Ideas<\/span>\u091a\u094c\u0926\u0939 \u0938\u0902\u0917\u0920\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u091a\u093e\u0930<\/span><\/span>\n <h5 class=\"sub\">One sentence from each chapter \u2014 the thread the whole document hangs on<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f \u0938\u0947 \u090f\u0915 \u0935\u093e\u0915\u094d\u092f \u2014 \u0935\u0939 \u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u091c\u093f\u0938 \u092a\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0926\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0947\u091c\u093c \u091f\u0901\u0917\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/h5>\n <table class=\"data-table\">\n <thead>\n <tr>\n <th class=\"narrow\">Ch.<\/span>\u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f<\/span><\/th>\n <th>The idea<\/span>\u0935\u093f\u091a\u093e\u0930<\/span><\/th>\n <\/tr>\n <\/thead>\n <tbody>\n <tr><td class=\"narrow\">1<\/strong><\/td><td>A computer does exactly what it is told, which is why garbage in gives garbage out<\/strong>.<\/span>\u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u0920\u0940\u0915 \u0935\u0939\u0940 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0939\u093e \u091c\u093e\u090f, \u0907\u0938\u0940\u0932\u093f\u090f \u0915\u091a\u0930\u093e \u092d\u0940\u0924\u0930, \u0915\u091a\u0930\u093e \u092c\u093e\u0939\u0930<\/strong>\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"narrow\">2<\/strong><\/td><td>A file that cannot be found has not been saved in any sense that matters.<\/span>\u091c\u094b \u092b\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0932 \u092e\u093f\u0932 \u0939\u0940 \u0928 \u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0935\u0939 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092d\u0940 \u0938\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0915 \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u0941\u0908\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"narrow\">3<\/strong><\/td><td>Format once through a style; never repeat the work by hand.<\/strong><\/span>\u0936\u0948\u0932\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u090f\u0915 \u092c\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u0942\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0940\u091c\u093f\u090f; \u0935\u0939 \u0936\u094d\u0930\u092e \u0939\u093e\u0925 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u092d\u0940 \u0928 \u0926\u094b\u0939\u0930\u093e\u0907\u090f\u0964<\/strong><\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"narrow\">4<\/strong><\/td><td>A spreadsheet cell displays a result but stores an instruction<\/strong>.<\/span>\u0938\u094d\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0921\u0936\u0940\u091f \u0915\u093e \u0915\u094b\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e \u0926\u093f\u0916\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0941 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/strong>\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"narrow\">5<\/strong><\/td><td>A slide supports a speaker; it does not replace one.<\/span>\u0938\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u0935\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0939\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0939\u0948; \u0909\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u093e\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"narrow\">6<\/strong><\/td><td>A network turns a machine into a door \u2014 outward and inward alike.<\/span>\u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u094b \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930 \u092c\u0928\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u092c\u093e\u0939\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0913\u0930 \u092d\u0940, \u092d\u0940\u0924\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0913\u0930 \u092d\u0940\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"narrow\">7<\/strong><\/td><td>Every message sent is a record that outlives the moment it was written in.<\/span>\u092d\u0947\u091c\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u0910\u0938\u093e \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0932\u0947\u0916 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u0932\u0947\u0916\u0928-\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u091c\u0940\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"narrow\">8<\/strong><\/td><td>The weakest point is a person, not a program.<\/strong><\/span>\u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u0926\u0941\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0932 \u092c\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0941 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0939\u0948, \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964<\/strong><\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"narrow\">9<\/strong><\/td><td>Every scheme exists to close a gap, and the gap explains its design.<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928\u093e \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093e\u0932 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u093e\u091f\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u0939\u0940 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093e\u0932 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a \u0938\u092e\u091d\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"narrow\">10<\/strong><\/td><td>The head stands where data enters the system; nothing above can correct what is wrong below.<\/strong><\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0941\u0916 \u0935\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0916\u0921\u093c\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0947\u0936 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902; \u090a\u092a\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u0928\u0940\u091a\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0917\u093c\u0932\u0924\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0938\u0941\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940\u0964<\/strong><\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"narrow\">11<\/strong><\/td><td>A rule a child can apply unaided is worth more than one an adult must enforce.<\/span>\u0935\u0939 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0932\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u0932\u093e\u0917\u0942 \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0947, \u0909\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092e\u0942\u0932\u094d\u092f\u0935\u093e\u0928 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u0935\u092f\u0938\u094d\u0915 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u092a\u0921\u093c\u0947\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"narrow\">12<\/strong><\/td><td>Ask not whether a technology is impressive but what problem the school actually has.<\/span>\u092f\u0939 \u0928 \u092a\u0942\u091b\u093f\u090f \u0915\u093f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0936\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u092f\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0905\u092a\u093f\u0924\u0941 \u092f\u0939 \u0915\u093f \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u0938 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924\u0903 \u0915\u094c\u0928-\u0938\u0940 \u0938\u092e\u0938\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"narrow\">13<\/strong><\/td><td>The test of a digital service is whether anybody has been shut out who was previously let in<\/strong>.<\/span>\u0905\u0902\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u0938\u094c\u091f\u0940 \u092f\u0939 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0910\u0938\u093e \u092c\u093e\u0939\u0930 \u0939\u0941\u0906 \u091c\u094b \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u092d\u0940\u0924\u0930 \u0906\u0924\u093e \u0925\u093e<\/strong>\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"narrow\">14<\/strong><\/td><td>A child who cannot read a scanned circular has not failed \u2014 the circular has failed to be readable<\/strong>.<\/span>\u091c\u094b \u092c\u093e\u0932\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u0915\u0948\u0928 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0928 \u092a\u0922\u093c \u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0935\u0939 \u0935\u093f\u092b\u0932 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u0941\u0906 \u2014 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092a\u0920\u0928\u0940\u092f \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u092b\u0932 \u0939\u0941\u0906<\/strong>\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <\/tbody>\n <\/table>\n <div class=\"recap-foot\">\n \ud83d\udccc These fourteen sentences are the document in miniature. A candidate who holds them holds the reasoning, and the facts in R.1 to R.7 hang on that reasoning rather than floating free of it. Good luck.<\/strong><\/span>\n \ud83d\udccc \u092f\u0947 \u091a\u094c\u0926\u0939 \u0935\u093e\u0915\u094d\u092f \u0932\u0918\u0941 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0926\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0947\u091c\u093c \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u091c\u094b \u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0907\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0930\u0947 \u0935\u0939 \u0924\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 R.1 \u0938\u0947 R.7 \u0924\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u0924\u0925\u094d\u092f \u0909\u0938\u0940 \u0924\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u092a\u0930 \u091f\u0901\u0917\u0947 \u0930\u0939\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0909\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u092e\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0915\u0930 \u0924\u0948\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964 \u0936\u0941\u092d\u0915\u093e\u092e\u0928\u093e\u090f\u0901\u0964<\/strong><\/span>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <\/section>\n\n <\/main>\n<\/div>\n\n<button class=\"to-top\" id=\"toTop\" aria-label=\"Back to top\">\u2191<\/button>\n\n<script>\n(function () {\n 'use strict';\n\n \/* \u2500\u2500 LANGUAGE TOGGLE \u2500\u2500 *\/\n var langToggle = document.getElementById('langToggle');\n var optEn = document.getElementById('optEn');\n var optHi = document.getElementById('optHi');\n\n function setLanguage(lang) {\n if (lang === 'hi') {\n document.body.classList.add('hindi-mode');\n optHi.classList.add('active');\n optEn.classList.remove('active');\n document.title = '\u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u0938\u093e\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0930\u0924\u093e \u2014 UPSC \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0927\u093e\u0928\u093e\u091a\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0909\u092a-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0927\u093e\u0928\u093e\u091a\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f | \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u0940 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092f\u0928 \u0928\u094b\u091f\u094d\u0938';\n document.documentElement.lang = 'hi';\n } else {\n document.body.classList.remove('hindi-mode');\n optEn.classList.add('active');\n optHi.classList.remove('active');\n document.title = 'Digital Literacy \u2014 UPSC Principal & Vice-Principal | Bilingual Study Notes';\n document.documentElement.lang = 'en';\n }\n }\n\n if (langToggle) {\n langToggle.addEventListener('click', function () {\n setLanguage(document.body.classList.contains('hindi-mode') ? 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#faf6ff; }\n .callout-label {\n font-size: 10px; font-weight: 700; text-transform: uppercase;\n letter-spacing: 0.12em; margin-bottom: 8px; color: var(--blue);\n }\n .callout.amber .callout-label { color: var(--amber); }\n .callout.red .callout-label { color: var(--red); }\n .callout.teal .callout-label { color: var(--teal); }\n .callout.purple .callout-label { color: var(--purple); }\n\n \/* \u2500\u2500 KEY-FACT CARDS \u2500\u2500 *\/\n .keyfact-grid { display: grid; grid-template-columns: repeat(auto-fit, minmax(240px, 1fr)); gap: 14px; margin: 20px 0 28px; }\n .keyfact-card { border: 1.5px solid var(--border); border-radius: 10px; padding: 18px 16px; text-align: center; background: #fff; }\n .keyfact-card.navy-hi { border-color: #93a8c2; background: #f3f6fb; }\n .keyfact-card.teal-hi { border-color: #7fd3c5; background: #f0fdf8; }\n .keyfact-card.amber-hi { border-color: #f0d58a; background: #fffbf0; }\n .keyfact-card .big-icon { font-size: 28px; margin-bottom: 8px; display: block; }\n .keyfact-card .kf-label { font-size: 10.5px; font-weight: 700; text-transform: uppercase; letter-spacing: 0.08em; color: var(--muted); margin-bottom: 6px; }\n .keyfact-card .kf-value { font-family: 'JetBrains Mono', monospace; font-size: 17px; font-weight: 700; color: var(--navy); line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 5px; }\n .keyfact-card.teal-hi .kf-value { color: var(--teal); }\n .keyfact-card.amber-hi .kf-value { color: var(--amber); }\n .keyfact-card .kf-sub { font-size: 11.5px; color: var(--muted); line-height: 1.5; }\n\n \/* \u2500\u2500 DEFINITION CARD (scholar quotes) \u2500\u2500 *\/\n .def-stack { display: flex; flex-direction: column; gap: 10px; margin: 16px 0 22px; }\n .def-card {\n background: linear-gradient(95deg, #f6f9fd 0%, #fff 60%);\n border: 1.5px solid var(--border);\n border-left: 4px solid var(--navy);\n border-radius: 8px; padding: 14px 18px;\n display: grid; grid-template-columns: 130px 1fr; gap: 16px; align-items: start;\n }\n .def-card:nth-child(2) { border-left-color: var(--blue); }\n .def-card:nth-child(3) { border-left-color: var(--teal); }\n .def-card:nth-child(4) { border-left-color: var(--amber); }\n .def-card:nth-child(5) { border-left-color: var(--purple); }\n .def-card .def-who {\n font-size: 12.5px; font-weight: 700; color: var(--navy); line-height: 1.4;\n }\n .def-card .def-who small { display: block; font-size: 10.5px; font-weight: 600; color: var(--muted); text-transform: uppercase; letter-spacing: 0.05em; margin-top: 2px; }\n .def-card .def-text { font-size: 13.5px; color: #2c3e50; line-height: 1.68; }\n @media (max-width: 620px) { .def-card { grid-template-columns: 1fr; gap: 6px; } }\n\n \/* \u2500\u2500 FORMULA CARD \u2500\u2500 *\/\n .formula-card {\n background: linear-gradient(130deg, var(--navy) 0%, #1c3a63 100%);\n border-radius: 12px; padding: 22px 26px; margin: 18px 0 24px;\n color: #fff; text-align: center;\n }\n .formula-card .fx-eyebrow {\n font-size: 10px; font-weight: 700; letter-spacing: 0.16em;\n text-transform: uppercase; color: #ffd970; margin-bottom: 12px;\n }\n .formula-card .fx-body {\n font-family: 'JetBrains Mono', monospace;\n font-size: clamp(13px, 2vw, 16px); font-weight: 700;\n line-height: 1.9; color: #fff;\n }\n .formula-card .fx-body em { color: #ffd970; font-style: normal; }\n .formula-card .fx-note {\n margin-top: 12px; padding-top: 12px;\n border-top: 1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.2);\n font-size: 12.5px; color: rgba(255,255,255,0.9); line-height: 1.6;\n }\n .formula-card .fc-label {\n font-size: 10px; font-weight: 700; letter-spacing: 0.16em;\n text-transform: uppercase; color: #ffd970; margin-bottom: 12px;\n }\n .formula-card .fc-formula {\n font-family: 'JetBrains Mono', monospace;\n font-size: clamp(13px, 2vw, 16px); font-weight: 700;\n line-height: 1.9; color: #fff;\n }\n .formula-card .fc-note {\n margin-top: 12px; padding-top: 12px;\n border-top: 1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.2);\n font-size: 12.5px; color: rgba(255,255,255,0.9); line-height: 1.6;\n }\n\n \/* \u2500\u2500 VS COMPARE \u2500\u2500 *\/\n .vs-compare { display: grid; grid-template-columns: 1fr auto 1fr; gap: 0; margin: 18px 0 24px; align-items: stretch; }\n .vs-side { background: #fff; border: 2px solid var(--border); border-radius: 12px; padding: 18px 20px; }\n .vs-side.left { border-color: var(--blue); background: linear-gradient(180deg, #eef4fc 0%, #fff 65%); }\n .vs-side.right { border-color: var(--teal); background: linear-gradient(180deg, #eefbf7 0%, #fff 65%); }\n .vs-side h5 { font-size: 14.5px; font-weight: 700; color: var(--navy); margin-bottom: 4px; }\n .vs-side .vs-tag {\n display: inline-block; font-family: 'JetBrains Mono', monospace;\n font-size: 9.5px; font-weight: 800; letter-spacing: 0.12em; text-transform: uppercase;\n padding: 3px 10px; border-radius: 12px; margin-bottom: 10px; color: #fff;\n background: var(--navy);\n }\n .vs-side.left .vs-tag { background: var(--blue); }\n .vs-side.right .vs-tag { background: var(--teal); }\n .vs-side ul { list-style: none; margin: 0; font-size: 12.5px; color: #2c3e50; line-height: 1.65; }\n .vs-side ul li { padding: 4px 0 4px 16px; position: relative; }\n .vs-side ul li::before { content: '\u25b8'; position: absolute; left: 0; top: 4px; color: var(--blue); font-size: 10px; }\n .vs-side.right ul li::before { color: var(--teal); }\n .vs-mid, .vs-divider {\n display: flex; align-items: center; justify-content: center;\n padding: 0 12px; font-family: 'JetBrains Mono', monospace;\n font-weight: 800; font-size: 13px; color: var(--muted);\n }\n @media (max-width: 720px) {\n .vs-compare { grid-template-columns: 1fr; gap: 10px; }\n .vs-mid, .vs-divider { padding: 2px 0; }\n }\n\n \/* \u2500\u2500 TABLES \u2500\u2500 *\/\n .data-table { width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse; margin: 16px 0 24px; border-radius: 8px; overflow: hidden; border: 1px solid var(--border); font-size: 13.5px; }\n .data-table thead tr { background: var(--navy); color: #fff; }\n .data-table th { padding: 11px 14px; text-align: left; font-size: 12px; font-weight: 700; text-transform: uppercase; letter-spacing: 0.04em; }\n .data-table th.narrow, .data-table td.narrow { width: 52px; text-align: center; }\n .data-table td { padding: 11px 14px; vertical-align: top; border-bottom: 1px solid var(--border); color: #2c3e50; line-height: 1.6; }\n .data-table td.narrow { font-family: 'JetBrains Mono', monospace; font-size: 12px; font-weight: 700; color: var(--blue); }\n .data-table tr:nth-child(even) td { background: #f9fbfd; }\n .data-table td strong { color: var(--navy); }\n\n \/* \u2500\u2500 NUMBERED STACK \u2500\u2500 *\/\n .num-stack { counter-reset: ns; list-style: none; margin: 16px 0 24px; }\n .num-stack li {\n counter-increment: ns; position: relative;\n padding: 12px 16px 12px 56px; margin-bottom: 7px;\n background: #fff; border: 1.5px solid var(--border);\n border-left: 4px solid var(--blue);\n border-radius: 6px; font-size: 13.5px; line-height: 1.65;\n }\n .num-stack li::before {\n content: counter(ns);\n position: absolute; left: 12px; top: 50%; transform: translateY(-50%);\n width: 30px; height: 30px; border-radius: 50%;\n background: var(--navy); color: #fff;\n display: flex; align-items: center; justify-content: center;\n font-family: 'JetBrains Mono', monospace; font-weight: 700; font-size: 12px;\n }\n .num-stack.roman li::before { content: counter(ns, upper-roman); font-size: 10.5px; }\n .num-stack.alpha li::before { content: counter(ns, lower-alpha); }\n .num-stack li strong { color: var(--navy); }\n\n \/* \u2500\u2500 FEATURE GRID \u2500\u2500 *\/\n .feat-grid { display: grid; grid-template-columns: repeat(auto-fit, minmax(230px, 1fr)); gap: 12px; margin: 16px 0 24px; }\n .feat-card {\n background: #fff; border: 1.5px solid var(--border);\n border-radius: 10px; padding: 14px 16px 14px 46px;\n position: relative; font-size: 12.5px; color: #2c3e50; line-height: 1.6;\n border-left: 4px solid var(--teal);\n }\n .feat-card .fc-num {\n position: absolute; left: 10px; top: 14px;\n width: 26px; height: 26px; border-radius: 50%;\n background: var(--teal); color: #fff;\n display: flex; align-items: center; justify-content: center;\n font-family: 'JetBrains Mono', monospace; font-weight: 700; font-size: 11px;\n }\n .feat-card strong { color: var(--navy); display: block; margin-bottom: 3px; font-size: 13px; }\n\n \/* \u2500\u2500 LADDER \u2500\u2500 *\/\n .ladder { margin: 18px 0 26px; }\n .rung {\n display: grid; grid-template-columns: 54px 1fr; gap: 16px;\n background: #fff; border: 1.5px solid var(--border);\n border-radius: 10px; padding: 16px 18px; margin-bottom: 8px;\n align-items: start; transition: transform 0.15s, border-color 0.15s;\n }\n .rung:hover { transform: translateX(3px); border-color: var(--blue); }\n .rung .rung-step { width: 54px; text-align: center; }\n .rung .rung-num {\n display: flex; width: 40px; height: 40px; margin: 0 auto 4px;\n border-radius: 10px; color: #fff;\n font-family: 'JetBrains Mono', monospace; font-weight: 700; font-size: 15px;\n align-items: center; justify-content: center;\n }\n .rung .rung-tier { font-size: 8.5px; font-weight: 700; letter-spacing: 0.08em; text-transform: uppercase; color: var(--muted); }\n .rung h5 { font-size: 14.5px; font-weight: 700; color: var(--navy); margin-bottom: 5px; }\n .rung h5 .revised { font-size: 11px; font-weight: 600; color: var(--purple); font-style: italic; }\n .rung p { font-size: 13px; color: #2c3e50; line-height: 1.65; margin: 0 0 6px; text-align: justify; }\n .rung .rung-eg {\n margin-top: 8px; padding: 8px 12px;\n background: #f7fbff; border-left: 3px solid var(--sky);\n border-radius: 0 5px 5px 0; font-size: 12px; color: #2c3e50; line-height: 1.6;\n }\n .rung .rung-eg b { color: var(--blue); text-transform: uppercase; font-size: 10px; letter-spacing: 0.08em; display: block; margin-bottom: 3px; }\n .rung:nth-child(1) .rung-num { background: var(--teal); }\n .rung:nth-child(2) .rung-num { background: var(--sky); }\n .rung:nth-child(3) .rung-num { background: var(--blue); }\n .rung:nth-child(4) .rung-num { background: var(--gold); }\n .rung:nth-child(5) .rung-num { background: var(--amber); }\n .rung:nth-child(6) .rung-num { background: var(--plum); }\n .rung:nth-child(7) .rung-num { background: var(--purple); }\n .rung:nth-child(8) .rung-num { background: var(--navy); }\n .rung:nth-child(1) { border-left: 4px solid var(--teal); }\n .rung:nth-child(2) { border-left: 4px solid var(--sky); }\n .rung:nth-child(3) { border-left: 4px solid var(--blue); }\n .rung:nth-child(4) { border-left: 4px solid var(--gold); }\n .rung:nth-child(5) { border-left: 4px solid var(--amber); }\n .rung:nth-child(6) { border-left: 4px solid var(--plum); }\n .rung:nth-child(7) { border-left: 4px solid var(--purple); }\n .rung:nth-child(8) { border-left: 4px solid var(--navy); }\n @media (max-width: 560px) { .rung { grid-template-columns: 1fr; } .rung .rung-step { text-align: left; } .rung .rung-num { margin: 0 0 4px; } }\n\n \/* \u2500\u2500 DOMAIN CARDS \u2500\u2500 *\/\n .domain-grid { display: grid; grid-template-columns: repeat(3, 1fr); gap: 14px; margin: 18px 0 26px; }\n .domain-card {\n border: 2px solid var(--border); border-radius: 14px;\n padding: 20px 18px; text-align: center; background: #fff;\n position: relative; transition: transform 0.18s, box-shadow 0.18s;\n }\n .domain-card:hover { transform: translateY(-3px); box-shadow: 0 6px 18px rgba(20,36,63,0.10); }\n .domain-card.cog { border-color: var(--blue); background: linear-gradient(180deg, #eef4fc 0%, #fff 62%); }\n .domain-card.aff { border-color: var(--plum); background: linear-gradient(180deg, #fdf0f5 0%, #fff 62%); }\n .domain-card.psy { border-color: var(--teal); background: linear-gradient(180deg, #eefbf7 0%, #fff 62%); }\n .domain-card .dm-icon {\n width: 54px; height: 54px; border-radius: 50%;\n margin: 0 auto 10px; display: flex; align-items: center; justify-content: center;\n font-size: 25px; color: #fff;\n }\n .domain-card.cog .dm-icon { background: var(--blue); }\n .domain-card.aff .dm-icon { background: var(--plum); }\n .domain-card.psy .dm-icon { background: var(--teal); }\n .domain-card h5 { font-size: 15px; font-weight: 700; color: var(--navy); margin-bottom: 4px; }\n .domain-card .dm-gandhi {\n display: inline-block; font-size: 10px; font-weight: 700;\n letter-spacing: 0.1em; text-transform: uppercase;\n padding: 2px 10px; border-radius: 10px; margin-bottom: 8px; color: #fff;\n }\n .domain-card.cog .dm-gandhi { background: var(--blue); }\n .domain-card.aff .dm-gandhi { background: var(--plum); }\n .domain-card.psy .dm-gandhi { background: var(--teal); }\n .domain-card p { font-size: 12.5px; color: #2c3e50; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0; text-align: center; }\n .domain-card .dm-levels {\n margin-top: 10px; padding-top: 10px; border-top: 1px dashed var(--border);\n font-size: 11px; color: var(--muted); line-height: 1.5;\n }\n @media (max-width: 720px) { .domain-grid { grid-template-columns: 1fr; } }\n\n \/* \u2500\u2500 ENRICHMENT BOX \u2500\u2500 *\/\n .enrich-box {\n border: 2px dashed var(--purple); border-radius: 12px;\n padding: 22px 24px; margin: 22px 0 26px;\n background: linear-gradient(180deg, #faf6ff 0%, #fff 70%);\n position: relative;\n }\n .enrich-stamp {\n position: absolute; top: -11px; left: 20px;\n background: var(--purple); color: #fff;\n font-size: 9.5px; font-weight: 700; letter-spacing: 0.1em;\n text-transform: uppercase; padding: 3px 12px; border-radius: 4px;\n }\n .enrich-box h4 { margin-top: 6px !important; }\n\n \/* \u2500\u2500 SCALE STRIP \u2500\u2500 *\/\n .scale-strip { display: grid; grid-template-columns: repeat(4, 1fr); gap: 0; margin: 16px 0 18px; }\n .scale-step {\n position: relative; padding: 16px 14px; text-align: center;\n background: #fff; border: 2px solid var(--border); border-radius: 10px;\n margin: 0 5px;\n }\n .scale-step:nth-child(1) { border-color: var(--teal); background: linear-gradient(180deg,#eefbf7 0%,#fff 70%); }\n .scale-step:nth-child(2) { border-color: var(--sky); background: linear-gradient(180deg,#eaf6ff 0%,#fff 70%); }\n .scale-step:nth-child(3) { border-color: var(--amber); background: linear-gradient(180deg,#fffaef 0%,#fff 70%); }\n .scale-step:nth-child(4) { border-color: var(--plum); background: linear-gradient(180deg,#fdf0f5 0%,#fff 70%); }\n .scale-step .ss-num {\n display: inline-block; font-family: 'JetBrains Mono', monospace;\n font-size: 9.5px; font-weight: 700; color: #fff;\n padding: 2px 8px; border-radius: 3px; margin-bottom: 6px;\n }\n .scale-step:nth-child(1) .ss-num { background: var(--teal); }\n .scale-step:nth-child(2) .ss-num { background: var(--sky); }\n .scale-step:nth-child(3) .ss-num { background: var(--amber); }\n .scale-step:nth-child(4) .ss-num { background: var(--plum); }\n .scale-step h6 { font-size: 13px; font-weight: 700; color: var(--navy); margin-bottom: 4px; }\n .scale-step p { font-size: 11.5px; color: #2c3e50; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0; text-align: center; }\n .scale-step:not(:last-child)::after {\n content: '\u203a'; position: absolute; right: -10px; top: 50%;\n transform: translateY(-50%); font-size: 22px; color: #b8c8d8; font-weight: 700; z-index: 2;\n }\n @media (max-width: 780px) {\n .scale-strip { grid-template-columns: repeat(2, 1fr); row-gap: 12px; }\n .scale-step:nth-child(2)::after { display: none; }\n }\n @media (max-width: 460px) {\n .scale-strip { grid-template-columns: 1fr; }\n .scale-step::after { display: none; }\n }\n\n \/* \u2500\u2500 CHECK YOUR PROGRESS \u2500\u2500 *\/\n .cyp-box {\n background: linear-gradient(95deg, #fffaef 0%, #fff 70%);\n border: 1.5px solid #f0d58a; border-left: 4px solid var(--amber);\n border-radius: 0 10px 10px 0; padding: 18px 22px; margin: 22px 0;\n }\n .cyp-title {\n font-size: 10.5px; font-weight: 700; text-transform: uppercase;\n letter-spacing: 0.12em; color: var(--amber); margin-bottom: 12px;\n }\n .cyp-q { border-bottom: 1px dashed #f0d58a; padding: 8px 0; }\n .cyp-q:last-child { border-bottom: none; }\n .cyp-q summary {\n cursor: pointer; font-size: 13.5px; font-weight: 600; color: var(--navy);\n list-style: none; display: flex; gap: 10px; align-items: flex-start;\n }\n .cyp-q summary::-webkit-details-marker { display: none; }\n .cyp-q summary::before {\n content: 'Q'; flex-shrink: 0;\n font-family: 'JetBrains Mono', monospace; font-size: 10px; font-weight: 700;\n background: var(--amber); color: #fff; padding: 2px 7px; border-radius: 3px; margin-top: 3px;\n }\n .cyp-q[open] summary { color: var(--amber); }\n .cyp-q .cyp-a {\n margin: 8px 0 4px 34px; padding: 10px 14px;\n background: #fff; border-left: 3px solid var(--teal); border-radius: 0 5px 5px 0;\n font-size: 13px; color: #2c3e50; line-height: 1.7;\n }\n\n \/* \u2500\u2500 GLOSSARY \u2500\u2500 *\/\n .glossary { display: grid; grid-template-columns: repeat(auto-fit, minmax(280px, 1fr)); gap: 10px; margin: 16px 0 24px; }\n .gloss-item {\n background: #fff; border: 1.5px solid var(--border);\n border-left: 4px solid var(--sky); border-radius: 8px;\n padding: 12px 15px; font-size: 12.5px; color: #2c3e50; line-height: 1.6;\n }\n .gloss-item b { display: block; color: var(--navy); font-size: 13px; margin-bottom: 3px; }\n\n \/* \u2500\u2500 QUESTION BANK \u2500\u2500 *\/\n .qbank { margin: 16px 0 24px; }\n .qbank-head { display: flex; align-items: center; gap: 10px; margin: 18px 0 10px; }\n .qbank-head .qb-pill {\n font-family: 'JetBrains Mono', monospace;\n font-size: 10px; font-weight: 700; letter-spacing: 0.08em;\n padding: 4px 12px; border-radius: 12px; color: #fff; text-transform: uppercase;\n }\n .qbank-head .qb-pill.short { background: var(--teal); }\n .qbank-head .qb-pill.long { background: var(--plum); }\n .qbank-head h5 { font-size: 13.5px; font-weight: 700; color: var(--navy); margin: 0; }\n .qbank ol { margin: 0 0 0 24px; }\n .qbank ol li { font-size: 13.5px; color: #2c3e50; line-height: 1.75; padding: 4px 0; }\n .qbank ol li::marker { color: var(--blue); font-weight: 700; }\n\n \/* \u2500\u2500 EXAM TIP \u2500\u2500 *\/\n .exam-tip {\n background: linear-gradient(95deg, #f2fdfa 0%, #fff 70%);\n border: 1.5px solid #7fd3c5; border-radius: 10px;\n padding: 14px 18px; margin: 16px 0 22px;\n display: grid; grid-template-columns: 40px 1fr; gap: 14px; align-items: start;\n }\n .exam-tip .et-icon {\n width: 40px; height: 40px; border-radius: 10px;\n background: var(--teal); color: #fff;\n display: flex; align-items: center; justify-content: center; font-size: 19px;\n }\n .exam-tip .et-body { font-size: 13px; color: #1a4a3f; line-height: 1.68; }\n .exam-tip .et-body strong { color: var(--teal); }\n\n \/* \u2500\u2500 PROCESS FLOW \u2500\u2500 *\/\n .flow-wrap { margin: 18px 0 26px; }\n .flow-note {\n font-size: 12.5px; color: var(--muted); font-style: italic;\n background: #f7fbff; border-left: 3px solid var(--sky);\n padding: 8px 14px; border-radius: 0 6px 6px 0; margin-bottom: 14px;\n }\n .flow-steps { position: relative; padding-left: 4px; }\n .flow-steps::before {\n content: ''; position: absolute; left: 23px; top: 18px; bottom: 18px;\n width: 2px; border-radius: 2px;\n background: linear-gradient(180deg, var(--teal) 0%, var(--sky) 35%, var(--blue) 70%, var(--navy) 100%);\n }\n .flow-step {\n position: relative; display: grid; grid-template-columns: 48px 1fr;\n gap: 16px; align-items: start; margin-bottom: 9px;\n }\n .flow-step .fs-num {\n position: relative; z-index: 1;\n width: 38px; height: 38px; border-radius: 50%; margin-left: 5px;\n background: #fff; border: 2.5px solid var(--blue); color: var(--blue);\n display: flex; align-items: center; justify-content: center;\n font-family: 'JetBrains Mono', monospace; font-weight: 700; font-size: 13px;\n box-shadow: 0 0 0 5px #fff;\n }\n .flow-step .fs-body {\n background: #fff; border: 1.5px solid var(--border);\n border-left: 4px solid var(--blue); border-radius: 8px;\n padding: 11px 16px; font-size: 13.5px; color: #2c3e50; line-height: 1.65;\n transition: transform 0.15s, border-color 0.15s, box-shadow 0.15s;\n }\n .flow-step:hover .fs-body {\n transform: translateX(4px); border-color: var(--sky);\n box-shadow: 0 3px 12px rgba(20,36,63,0.07);\n }\n .flow-step .fs-body strong { color: var(--navy); }\n .flow-step .fs-body .fs-sub { display: block; margin-top: 3px; font-size: 12px; color: var(--muted); }\n .flow-step:nth-child(1) .fs-num { border-color: var(--teal); color: var(--teal); }\n .flow-step:nth-child(1) .fs-body { border-left-color: var(--teal); }\n .flow-step:nth-child(2) .fs-num { border-color: var(--sky); color: var(--sky); }\n .flow-step:nth-child(2) .fs-body { border-left-color: var(--sky); }\n .flow-step:last-child .fs-num { background: var(--navy); border-color: var(--navy); color: #fff; }\n .flow-step:last-child .fs-body {\n border-left-color: var(--navy);\n background: linear-gradient(95deg, #f3f6fb 0%, #fff 65%);\n }\n @media (max-width: 520px) {\n .flow-step { grid-template-columns: 40px 1fr; gap: 12px; }\n .flow-steps::before { left: 19px; }\n .flow-step .fs-num { width: 32px; height: 32px; font-size: 11.5px; margin-left: 3px; }\n }\n\n \/* \u2500\u2500 SPLIT LIST \u2500\u2500 *\/\n .split-list { list-style: none; margin: 9px 0 0; display: flex; flex-direction: column; gap: 6px; }\n .split-list li {\n display: grid; grid-template-columns: 22px 1fr; gap: 8px; align-items: start;\n font-size: 12.5px; line-height: 1.62; color: #2c3e50;\n padding: 7px 11px; background: rgba(255,255,255,0.85);\n border: 1px solid rgba(0,0,0,0.05); border-left: 2.5px solid var(--sky);\n border-radius: 0 5px 5px 0;\n }\n .split-list li .sl-tag {\n font-family: 'JetBrains Mono', monospace; font-size: 10px; font-weight: 700;\n color: var(--blue); text-align: center; padding-top: 1px;\n }\n .callout.amber .split-list li { border-left-color: var(--amber); }\n .callout.amber .split-list li .sl-tag { color: var(--amber); }\n .callout.red .split-list li { border-left-color: var(--red); }\n .callout.red .split-list li .sl-tag { color: var(--red); }\n .callout.teal .split-list li { border-left-color: var(--teal); }\n .callout.teal .split-list li .sl-tag { color: var(--teal); }\n .callout.purple .split-list li { border-left-color: var(--purple); }\n .callout.purple .split-list li .sl-tag { color: var(--purple); }\n .exam-tip .split-list li { border-left-color: var(--teal); background: #fff; }\n .exam-tip .split-list li .sl-tag { color: var(--teal); }\n .rung-eg .split-list { margin-top: 6px; }\n .rung-eg .split-list li { background: #fff; }\n\n \/* \u2500\u2500 KEY\u2013VALUE BLOCK \u2500\u2500 *\/\n .kv-block { display: flex; flex-direction: column; gap: 8px; margin-top: 9px; }\n .kv-row {\n display: grid; grid-template-columns: 92px 1fr; gap: 11px; align-items: start;\n font-size: 12.5px; line-height: 1.62; color: #2c3e50;\n }\n .kv-row .kv-key {\n font-family: 'JetBrains Mono', monospace;\n font-size: 9px; font-weight: 700; letter-spacing: 0.08em; text-transform: uppercase;\n color: #fff; background: var(--blue); padding: 4px 6px; border-radius: 10px;\n text-align: center; margin-top: 1px;\n }\n .kv-row:nth-child(2) .kv-key { background: var(--teal); }\n .kv-row:nth-child(3) .kv-key { background: var(--amber); }\n @media (max-width: 520px) {\n .kv-row { grid-template-columns: 1fr; gap: 4px; }\n .kv-row .kv-key { justify-self: start; padding: 3px 10px; }\n }\n\n \/* \u2500\u2500 SKILL MAP + UNIFORM SKILL HEADERS \u2500\u2500 *\/\n .skill-map { display: grid; grid-template-columns: repeat(5, 1fr); gap: 10px; margin: 18px 0 8px; }\n .skill-chip {\n display: block; text-align: center; padding: 14px 10px 13px;\n background: #fff; border: 1.5px solid var(--border); border-top: 3px solid var(--blue);\n border-radius: 10px; transition: transform 0.18s, box-shadow 0.18s, border-color 0.18s;\n }\n .skill-chip:hover { transform: translateY(-3px); box-shadow: 0 6px 16px rgba(20,36,63,0.10); }\n .skill-chip .sc-num {\n display: inline-block; font-family: 'JetBrains Mono', monospace;\n font-size: 9.5px; font-weight: 700; letter-spacing: 0.1em; text-transform: uppercase;\n color: #fff; background: var(--blue); padding: 2px 9px; border-radius: 10px; margin-bottom: 7px;\n }\n .skill-chip .sc-icon { display: block; font-size: 20px; margin-bottom: 5px; }\n .skill-chip h6 { font-size: 12.5px; font-weight: 700; color: var(--navy); line-height: 1.3; margin-bottom: 4px; }\n .skill-chip p { font-size: 10.5px; color: var(--muted); line-height: 1.45; margin: 0; text-align: center; }\n .skill-chip.s1 { border-top-color: var(--teal); } .skill-chip.s1 .sc-num { background: var(--teal); }\n .skill-chip.s2 { border-top-color: var(--sky); } .skill-chip.s2 .sc-num { background: var(--sky); }\n .skill-chip.s3 { border-top-color: var(--blue); } .skill-chip.s3 .sc-num { background: var(--blue); }\n .skill-chip.s4 { border-top-color: var(--amber); } .skill-chip.s4 .sc-num { background: var(--amber); }\n .skill-chip.s5 { border-top-color: var(--plum); } .skill-chip.s5 .sc-num { background: var(--plum); }\n @media (max-width: 820px) { .skill-map { grid-template-columns: repeat(2, 1fr); } }\n @media (max-width: 430px) { .skill-map { grid-template-columns: 1fr; } }\n\n .skill-head {\n display: grid; grid-template-columns: 46px 1fr; gap: 14px; align-items: center;\n margin: 34px 0 14px; padding-bottom: 10px;\n border-bottom: 2px solid var(--border); scroll-margin-top: 20px;\n }\n .skill-head .sh-num {\n width: 46px; height: 46px; border-radius: 12px;\n display: flex; align-items: center; justify-content: center;\n font-family: 'JetBrains Mono', monospace; font-weight: 700; font-size: 17px; color: #fff;\n background: var(--blue);\n }\n .skill-head h5 { font-size: 16px; font-weight: 700; color: var(--navy); margin: 0; }\n .skill-head .sh-tag { display: block; font-size: 12px; color: var(--muted); margin-top: 3px; line-height: 1.45; }\n .skill-head.s1 { border-bottom-color: #7fd3c5; } .skill-head.s1 .sh-num { background: var(--teal); }\n .skill-head.s2 { border-bottom-color: #a6d8f2; } .skill-head.s2 .sh-num { background: var(--sky); }\n .skill-head.s3 { border-bottom-color: #a8c4e4; } .skill-head.s3 .sh-num { background: var(--blue); }\n .skill-head.s4 { border-bottom-color: #f0d58a; } .skill-head.s4 .sh-num { background: var(--amber); }\n .skill-head.s5 { border-bottom-color: #e0aac4; } .skill-head.s5 .sh-num { background: var(--plum); }\n\n \/* \u2500\u2500 RECAP BOX \u2500\u2500 *\/\n .recap-box {\n border: 2px dotted var(--teal); border-radius: 12px;\n padding: 26px 24px 20px; margin: 34px 0 28px;\n background: linear-gradient(180deg, #f2fdfa 0%, #fff 55%);\n position: relative;\n }\n .recap-stamp {\n position: absolute; top: -11px; left: 20px;\n background: var(--teal); color: #fff;\n font-size: 9.5px; font-weight: 700; letter-spacing: 0.1em;\n text-transform: uppercase; padding: 3px 12px; border-radius: 4px;\n }\n .recap-box > h5.sub { margin-top: 2px !important; color: var(--teal); }\n .recap-box .data-table { margin-bottom: 6px; }\n .recap-box .recap-foot {\n font-size: 12px; color: var(--muted); font-style: italic;\n padding-top: 10px; border-top: 1px dashed #7fd3c5; margin-top: 4px;\n }\n\n \/* \u2500\u2500 DIAGRAM THUMBNAILS \u2500\u2500 *\/\n .graph-thumb {\n width: 100%; max-width: 150px; height: auto; display: block;\n background: #fbfdff; border: 1px solid var(--border); border-radius: 6px; padding: 4px;\n }\n .graph-thumb text { font-family: 'JetBrains Mono', monospace; font-size: 7px; fill: var(--muted); }\n td.thumb-cell { width: 160px; vertical-align: middle; }\n @media (max-width: 720px) { td.thumb-cell { width: 110px; } }\n .full-diagram {\n width: 100%; height: auto; display: block; margin: 18px auto 8px;\n background: #fbfdff; border: 1.5px solid var(--border); border-radius: 10px; padding: 10px;\n }\n .diagram-cap { font-size: 12px; color: var(--muted); font-style: italic; text-align: center; margin-bottom: 20px; }\n\n \/* \u2500\u2500 MCQ BOX \u2500\u2500 *\/\n .mcq-box {\n background: linear-gradient(180deg, #fff9ef 0%, #fff 60%);\n border: 1.5px solid #f0d58a; border-left: 4px solid var(--amber);\n border-radius: 10px; padding: 20px 22px 16px; margin: 26px 0 30px;\n }\n .mcq-title {\n display: flex; align-items: center; gap: 9px; flex-wrap: wrap;\n font-family: 'Crimson Pro', serif; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 700;\n color: var(--amber); margin-bottom: 4px;\n }\n .mcq-src {\n font-family: 'JetBrains Mono', monospace; font-size: 9px; font-weight: 700;\n letter-spacing: 0.06em; text-transform: uppercase; color: #fff;\n background: var(--amber); padding: 3px 9px; border-radius: 10px;\n }\n .mcq-note { font-size: 12px; color: var(--muted); font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 12px; }\n details.mcq-q {\n background: #fff; border: 1px solid var(--border); border-radius: 7px;\n margin-bottom: 9px; overflow: hidden;\n }\n details.mcq-q summary {\n cursor: pointer; padding: 11px 15px; font-size: 13.5px; font-weight: 600;\n color: var(--navy); list-style: none; line-height: 1.55;\n display: flex; gap: 9px; align-items: flex-start;\n }\n details.mcq-q summary::-webkit-details-marker { display: none; }\n details.mcq-q summary::before {\n content: '\u25b8'; color: var(--amber); font-size: 12px; flex-shrink: 0; padding-top: 2px;\n transition: transform 0.18s;\n }\n details.mcq-q[open] summary::before { transform: rotate(90deg); }\n details.mcq-q summary:hover { background: #fffaf2; }\n .mcq-num {\n font-family: 'JetBrains Mono', monospace; font-size: 10.5px; font-weight: 700;\n color: #fff; background: var(--navy); padding: 2px 7px; border-radius: 4px;\n flex-shrink: 0; margin-top: 1px;\n }\n .mcq-opts { padding: 0 15px 4px 38px; }\n .mcq-opts li { font-size: 12.5px; color: #2c3e50; line-height: 1.65; margin-bottom: 3px; list-style: none; }\n .mcq-ans {\n margin: 8px 15px 14px 38px; padding: 11px 14px;\n background: #f2fdfa; border-left: 3px solid var(--teal); border-radius: 0 6px 6px 0;\n font-size: 12.5px; line-height: 1.7; color: #1a4a3f;\n }\n .mcq-ans b { color: var(--teal); }\n .mcq-ans .mcq-ref {\n display: block; margin-top: 6px; padding-top: 6px; border-top: 1px dashed #7fd3c5;\n font-family: 'JetBrains Mono', monospace; font-size: 10.5px; color: var(--muted);\n }\n\n \/* \u2500\u2500 ABBREVIATION TABLE \u2500\u2500 *\/\n .abbr-grid { display: grid; grid-template-columns: 1fr 1fr; gap: 0 26px; margin: 18px 0 28px; }\n @media (max-width: 900px) { .abbr-grid { grid-template-columns: 1fr; } }\n .abbr-grid table { width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse; margin: 0 0 10px; font-size: 12.5px; }\n .abbr-grid thead th {\n background: var(--navy); color: #fff; text-align: left; padding: 8px 12px;\n font-family: 'JetBrains Mono', monospace; font-size: 9.5px; font-weight: 700;\n letter-spacing: 0.07em; text-transform: uppercase;\n }\n .abbr-grid tbody tr { border-bottom: 1px solid var(--border); }\n .abbr-grid tbody tr:nth-child(even) { background: #f8fbfe; }\n .abbr-grid tbody tr:hover { background: #eef5fd; }\n .abbr-grid td { padding: 7px 12px; vertical-align: top; line-height: 1.55; }\n .abbr-grid td.ab {\n font-family: 'JetBrains Mono', monospace; font-weight: 700; font-size: 11.5px;\n color: var(--blue); white-space: nowrap; width: 88px;\n }\n .abbr-grid td.ab sub { font-size: 9px; }\n\n \/* \u2500\u2500 PROS \/ CONS PANELS \u2500\u2500 *\/\n .pc-grid { display: grid; grid-template-columns: 1fr 1fr; gap: 20px; margin: 22px 0 30px; }\n @media (max-width: 860px) { .pc-grid { grid-template-columns: 1fr; } }\n .pc-panel { border-radius: 11px; padding: 17px 20px 15px; border: 1.5px solid; }\n .pc-panel.pro { background: linear-gradient(180deg, #f1fdf9 0%, #fff 55%); border-color: #a3dbcc; }\n .pc-panel.con { background: linear-gradient(180deg, #fff6f4 0%, #fff 55%); border-color: #f0bcb4; }\n .pc-panel.neu { background: linear-gradient(180deg, #f5f8fd 0%, #fff 55%); border-color: #b9cde6; }\n .pc-head {\n display: flex; align-items: center; gap: 8px;\n font-family: 'Crimson Pro', serif; font-size: 15.5px; font-weight: 700;\n padding-bottom: 9px; margin-bottom: 11px; border-bottom: 1px dashed;\n }\n .pc-panel.pro .pc-head { color: var(--teal); border-color: #b6e3d6; }\n .pc-panel.con .pc-head { color: var(--red); border-color: #f3ccc6; }\n .pc-panel.neu .pc-head { color: var(--blue); border-color: #cbdcef; }\n .pc-head .pc-ico {\n width: 21px; height: 21px; border-radius: 50%; flex-shrink: 0;\n display: inline-flex; align-items: center; justify-content: center;\n font-size: 11px; color: #fff; font-family: 'DM Sans', sans-serif;\n }\n .pc-panel.pro .pc-ico { background: var(--teal); }\n .pc-panel.con .pc-ico { background: var(--red); }\n .pc-panel.neu .pc-ico { background: var(--blue); }\n .pc-panel ul { list-style: none; margin: 0; padding: 0; }\n .pc-panel li {\n position: relative; padding-left: 21px; margin-bottom: 9px;\n font-size: 12.8px; line-height: 1.68; color: var(--text);\n }\n .pc-panel li:last-child { margin-bottom: 0; }\n .pc-panel li::before { position: absolute; left: 0; top: 0; font-weight: 700; font-size: 11.5px; }\n .pc-panel.pro li::before { content: '\u2713'; color: var(--teal); }\n .pc-panel.con li::before { content: '\u2717'; color: var(--red); }\n .pc-panel.neu li::before { content: '\u25b8'; color: var(--blue); }\n\n \/* \u2500\u2500 LIST INSIDE A TABLE CELL \u2500\u2500 *\/\n .cell-list { list-style: none; margin: 0; padding: 0; }\n .cell-list li { position: relative; padding-left: 15px; margin-bottom: 5px; line-height: 1.6; }\n .cell-list li:last-child { margin-bottom: 0; }\n .cell-list li::before { content: '\u25aa'; position: absolute; left: 0; color: var(--sky); font-size: 10px; top: 1px; }\n\n \/* \u2500\u2500 SHORTCUT KEYS \u2500\u2500 *\/\n kbd {\n font-family: 'JetBrains Mono', monospace; font-size: 11px; font-weight: 700;\n background: #f3f6fb; border: 1px solid #c3d2e2; border-bottom-width: 2px;\n border-radius: 4px; padding: 1px 6px; color: var(--navy); white-space: nowrap;\n }\n\n \/* \u2500\u2500 ROUTE CHIP \u2014 a menu navigation path, e.g. Home \u203a Paragraph \u203a Line Spacing \u2500\u2500 *\/\n .route {\n display: inline-flex; align-items: center; gap: 5px; flex-wrap: wrap;\n vertical-align: middle; background: #f3f6fb;\n border: 1px solid #c3d2e2; border-radius: 6px;\n padding: 2px 8px; margin: 0 2px;\n }\n .route b {\n font-family: 'JetBrains Mono', monospace;\n font-size: 10.5px; font-weight: 700; color: var(--navy); white-space: nowrap;\n }\n .route i { font-style: normal; color: var(--sky); font-size: 11px; font-weight: 700; }\n .route b.rt-key { background: var(--navy); color: #fff; border-radius: 3px; padding: 1px 6px; }\n .route.teal { background: #f0fdf8; border-color: #a3dbcc; }\n .route.teal b { color: #0a6d5c; }\n .route.teal i { color: var(--teal); }\n .route.amber { background: #fffaef; border-color: #f0d58a; }\n .route.amber b { color: #8f5409; }\n .route.amber i { color: var(--amber); }\n .data-table .route, .tab-card .route { margin: 1px 2px; }\n\n \/* \u2500\u2500 TAB MAP \u2014 what lives under each ribbon tab \u2500\u2500 *\/\n .tab-map {\n display: grid; grid-template-columns: repeat(auto-fit, minmax(196px, 1fr));\n gap: 10px; margin: 18px 0 26px;\n }\n .tab-card {\n background: #fff; border: 1.5px solid var(--border);\n border-top: 3px solid var(--blue); border-radius: 0 0 9px 9px;\n padding: 12px 14px 11px;\n }\n .tab-card h6 {\n font-family: 'JetBrains Mono', monospace;\n font-size: 11.5px; font-weight: 700; color: var(--navy);\n text-transform: uppercase; letter-spacing: 0.06em;\n margin-bottom: 7px; padding-bottom: 6px;\n border-bottom: 1px dashed var(--border);\n }\n .tab-card ul { list-style: none; margin: 0; padding: 0; }\n .tab-card li {\n font-size: 11.5px; color: #2c3e50; line-height: 1.55;\n padding-left: 13px; position: relative; margin-bottom: 3px;\n }\n .tab-card li::before {\n content: '\u25aa'; position: absolute; left: 1px; top: 0;\n color: var(--sky); font-size: 8px;\n }\n .tab-card li:last-child { margin-bottom: 0; }\n .tab-card li b { color: var(--navy); }\n .tab-card.t1 { border-top-color: var(--teal); } .tab-card.t1 li::before { color: var(--teal); }\n .tab-card.t2 { border-top-color: var(--sky); } .tab-card.t2 li::before { color: var(--sky); }\n .tab-card.t3 { border-top-color: var(--blue); } .tab-card.t3 li::before { color: var(--blue); }\n .tab-card.t4 { border-top-color: var(--gold); } .tab-card.t4 li::before { color: var(--gold); }\n .tab-card.t5 { border-top-color: var(--amber); } .tab-card.t5 li::before { color: var(--amber); }\n .tab-card.t6 { border-top-color: var(--plum); } .tab-card.t6 li::before { color: var(--plum); }\n .tab-card.t7 { border-top-color: var(--purple); } .tab-card.t7 li::before { color: var(--purple); }\n\n \/* \u2500\u2500 MARKUP DEMO \u2014 how tracked changes appear on screen \u2500\u2500 *\/\n .markup {\n background: #fff; border: 1.5px solid var(--border);\n border-left: 4px solid var(--plum); border-radius: 0 9px 9px 0;\n padding: 15px 18px 13px; margin: 16px 0 22px;\n }\n .markup .mk-head {\n font-size: 10px; font-weight: 700; text-transform: uppercase;\n letter-spacing: 0.12em; color: var(--plum); margin-bottom: 10px;\n }\n .markup p { font-size: 13.5px; line-height: 2.05; margin: 0 0 8px; text-align: left; }\n .markup ins {\n color: #0a6d5c; text-decoration: underline;\n text-decoration-thickness: 1.5px; text-underline-offset: 2px;\n }\n .markup del { color: var(--red); text-decoration: line-through; }\n .markup .mk-bubble {\n display: inline-block; background: #fffaef;\n border: 1px solid #f0d58a; border-radius: 5px;\n padding: 1px 8px; font-size: 11.5px; color: #8f5409;\n margin-left: 4px; vertical-align: baseline;\n }\n .markup .mk-legend {\n margin-top: 10px; padding-top: 9px;\n border-top: 1px dashed var(--border);\n font-size: 11.5px; color: var(--muted); line-height: 1.7;\n }\n .markup .mk-legend span.k { font-weight: 700; }\n\n \/* \u2500\u2500 DIVIDER \u2500\u2500 *\/\n .section-divider { border: none; border-top: 1.5px dashed var(--border); margin: 44px 0; }\n\n \/* \u2500\u2500 SIDEBAR \u2500\u2500 *\/\n .sidebar { position: sticky; top: 24px; max-height: calc(100vh - 48px); }\n .toc-card {\n background: #fff; border: 1px solid var(--border);\n border-radius: 8px; padding: 18px 20px;\n max-height: calc(100vh - 48px); overflow-y: auto;\n }\n .toc-card-title { font-size: 10px; font-weight: 700; text-transform: uppercase; letter-spacing: 0.14em; color: var(--muted); margin-bottom: 14px; }\n .toc-chapter {\n background: var(--navy); color: #fff;\n border-radius: 6px; padding: 10px 14px;\n cursor: pointer; user-select: none;\n display: flex; align-items: center; gap: 10px;\n transition: background 0.18s;\n }\n .toc-chapter:hover { background: #1c3a63; }\n .toc-chapter.active { background: linear-gradient(95deg, var(--navy) 0%, #1c3a63 100%); box-shadow: inset 3px 0 0 #ffd970; }\n .toc-chapter .chap-num {\n font-family: 'JetBrains Mono', monospace;\n background: #ffd970; color: var(--navy);\n font-size: 10.5px; font-weight: 700;\n padding: 2px 7px; border-radius: 3px; flex-shrink: 0;\n }\n .toc-chapter .chap-name { font-size: 12.5px; font-weight: 700; line-height: 1.35; flex: 1; }\n .toc-chapter .chevron { flex-shrink: 0; width: 14px; height: 14px; transition: transform 0.25s ease; }\n .toc-chapter.collapsed .chevron { transform: rotate(-90deg); }\n .toc-sub-wrapper { max-height: 2200px; overflow: hidden; transition: max-height 0.32s ease; }\n .toc-chapter.collapsed + .toc-sub-wrapper { max-height: 0; }\n .toc-sub { list-style: none; margin: 6px 0 4px 8px; padding-left: 6px; border-left: 1.5px solid var(--border); }\n .toc-sub li { margin-bottom: 1px; }\n .toc-sub li a {\n display: flex; align-items: flex-start; gap: 8px;\n font-size: 12.5px; color: #444;\n padding: 5px 8px; border-radius: 4px;\n border-left: 2px solid transparent;\n transition: all 0.15s; line-height: 1.45;\n }\n .toc-sub li a .sub-num {\n font-family: 'JetBrains Mono', monospace;\n font-size: 10.5px; color: var(--muted);\n flex-shrink: 0; min-width: 30px;\n }\n .toc-sub li a:hover { background: 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1fr; }\n .hero { padding: 46px 22px 42px; }\n .breadcrumb-bar { padding: 10px 22px; }\n }\n\n \/* \u2500\u2500 PRINT \u2500\u2500 *\/\n @media print {\n .pc-grid { grid-template-columns: 1fr 1fr; gap: 12px; }\n .tab-card, .markup, .route { page-break-inside: avoid; }\n .tab-map { grid-template-columns: 1fr 1fr 1fr; }\n .route { background: #fff !important; }\n .pc-panel, .pc-panel li, .cell-list li { page-break-inside: avoid; }\n .pc-panel { background: #fff !important; }\n .abbr-grid { grid-template-columns: 1fr 1fr; }\n .abbr-grid tr { page-break-inside: avoid; }\n .sidebar, .lang-toggle-bar, .to-top, .breadcrumb-bar { display: none !important; }\n .layout { display: block; max-width: 100%; padding: 0; }\n .hero { background: #14243f !important; -webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact; padding: 24px; }\n .chapter-content { display: block !important; }\n .cyp-q .cyp-a { display: block !important; }\n .rung:hover, .domain-card:hover { transform: none; }\n body { 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.elementor-container,\n .elementor-column,\n .elementor-column-wrap,\n .elementor-widget-wrap,\n .elementor-element {\n padding: 0 !important;\n margin: 0 !important;\n gap: 0 !important;\n }\n\n \/* \u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550 SHARED HERO \u2014 applies to all notes pages \u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550 *\/\n .hero {\n width: 100%;\n background: linear-gradient(130deg, #0f2a4a 0%, #1a5fa8 38%, #c97c10 78%, #d68b1e 100%);\n padding: 60px 48px 56px;\n color: #fff;\n position: relative;\n overflow: hidden;\n text-align: left;\n }\n .hero::before {\n content: ''; position: absolute; inset: 0;\n background-image: url(\"data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg width='60' height='60' viewBox='0 0 60 60' xmlns='http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg'%3E%3Cg fill='none'%3E%3Cg fill='%23ffffff' fill-opacity='0.05'%3E%3Cpath d='M36 34v-4h-2v4h-4v2h4v4h2v-4h4v-2h-4zm0-30V0h-2v4h-4v2h4v4h2V6h4V4h-4zM6 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rgba(255,255,255,0.18); color: #fff;\n font-size: 11px; font-weight: 700;\n padding: 6px 14px; border-radius: 20px;\n letter-spacing: 0.14em; text-transform: uppercase;\n margin-bottom: 18px;\n border: 1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.32);\n backdrop-filter: blur(4px);\n }\n .hero h1 {\n font-family: 'Crimson Pro', Georgia, serif;\n font-size: clamp(28px, 4.2vw, 46px);\n font-weight: 700; line-height: 1.2;\n margin: 0 0 14px; color: #fff;\n text-shadow: 0 2px 8px rgba(0,0,0,0.18);\n }\n .hero-sub {\n font-size: 15px; opacity: 0.92; margin: 0 0 24px;\n max-width: 720px; color: #fff;\n }\n .hero-pills { display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; gap: 8px; }\n .hero-pill {\n background: rgba(255,255,255,0.18);\n border: 1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.30);\n color: #fff; font-size: 12px; font-weight: 600;\n padding: 6px 14px; border-radius: 20px;\n backdrop-filter: blur(6px);\n }\n @media (max-width: 860px) {\n .hero { padding: 48px 24px 44px; }\n .hero-grid { grid-template-columns: 1fr; gap: 24px; }\n .hero-illustration { width: 240px; margin: 0 auto; }\n }\n @media (max-width: 500px) {\n .hero h1 { font-size: 26px; }\n .hero-illustration { display: none; }\n }\n<\/style>\n<\/head>\n<body>\n\n\n<div class=\"hero\">\n <div class=\"hero-inner hero-grid\">\n <div class=\"hero-text\">\n UPSC \u2022 Principal & Vice-Principal<\/span>\n <h1>\n Digital Literacy<\/span>\n \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u0938\u093e\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0930\u0924\u093e<\/span>\n <\/h1>\n \n Directorate of Education, GNCTD | Bilingual notes in syllabus order<\/span>\n \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0926\u0947\u0936\u093e\u0932\u092f, GNCTD | \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e-\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u0940 \u0928\u094b\u091f\u094d\u0938<\/span>\n <\/p>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"hero-illustration\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n <svg viewBox=\"0 0 320 280\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Laptop, cloud and connected devices\">\n <ellipse cx=\"160\" cy=\"248\" rx=\"128\" ry=\"14\" fill=\"rgba(0,0,0,0.18)\"\/>\n <g transform=\"translate(52,96)\">\n <rect x=\"0\" y=\"0\" width=\"200\" height=\"128\" rx=\"9\" fill=\"#0f2a4a\" stroke=\"#08182c\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\n <rect x=\"9\" y=\"9\" width=\"182\" height=\"106\" rx=\"4\" fill=\"#123a63\"\/>\n <rect x=\"16\" y=\"16\" width=\"168\" height=\"12\" rx=\"2\" fill=\"#0b2748\"\/>\n <circle cx=\"24\" cy=\"22\" r=\"2.6\" fill=\"#e05a4a\"\/><circle cx=\"34\" cy=\"22\" r=\"2.6\" fill=\"#e6bf45\"\/><circle cx=\"44\" cy=\"22\" r=\"2.6\" fill=\"#3fbf8f\"\/>\n <rect x=\"18\" y=\"36\" width=\"52\" height=\"5\" rx=\"2\" fill=\"#2f92d1\"\/>\n <rect x=\"18\" y=\"47\" width=\"86\" height=\"5\" rx=\"2\" fill=\"#7fc4e8\"\/>\n <rect x=\"26\" y=\"58\" width=\"70\" height=\"5\" rx=\"2\" fill=\"#e6bf45\"\/>\n <rect x=\"26\" y=\"69\" width=\"58\" height=\"5\" rx=\"2\" fill=\"#7fc4e8\"\/>\n <rect x=\"18\" y=\"80\" width=\"44\" 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<rect x=\"0\" y=\"0\" width=\"46\" height=\"34\" rx=\"4\" fill=\"#e8f3fb\" stroke=\"#1a5fa8\" stroke-width=\"1.8\"\/>\n <path d=\"M6 22 l10 -11 l8 8 l7 -6 l9 9\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#3fbf8f\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/>\n <circle cx=\"34\" cy=\"10\" r=\"3.4\" fill=\"#e6bf45\"\/>\n <\/g>\n <g fill=\"#fff\" opacity=\"0.85\">\n <circle cx=\"12\" cy=\"98\" r=\"2\"\/><circle cx=\"302\" cy=\"106\" r=\"1.6\"\/>\n <circle cx=\"94\" cy=\"16\" r=\"1.6\"\/><circle cx=\"288\" cy=\"240\" r=\"2\"\/>\n <\/g>\n <g stroke=\"#fff\" stroke-width=\"1\" opacity=\"0.8\" fill=\"none\">\n <path d=\"M124 246 l0 -8 M120 242 l8 0\"\/>\n <path d=\"M300 60 l0 -6 M297 57 l6 0\"\/>\n <\/g>\n <\/svg>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"breadcrumb-bar\">\n <div class=\"breadcrumb-inner\">\n <a href=\"#\">Home<\/span>\u092e\u0941\u0916\u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920<\/span><\/a>\n \u203a<\/span>\n <a href=\"#\">Notes<\/span>\u0928\u094b\u091f\u094d\u0938<\/span><\/a>\n \u203a<\/span>\n Digital Literacy<\/span>\n \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u0938\u093e\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0930\u0924\u093e<\/span>\n\n <div class=\"lang-toggle-bar\">\n <div class=\"lang-toggle-btn\" id=\"langToggle\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-label=\"Switch language\">\n <div class=\"lang-option active\" id=\"optEn\">English<\/div>\n <div class=\"lang-option\" id=\"optHi\">\u0939\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0940<\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"layout\">\n\n \n <aside class=\"sidebar\">\n <div class=\"toc-card\">\n <div class=\"toc-card-title\">\n Table of Contents<\/span>\n \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f-\u0938\u0942\u091a\u0940<\/span>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"toc-chapter active\" data-chap=\"1\">\n I<\/span>\n \n Computer Fundamentals<\/span>\n \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u092e\u0942\u0932 \u092c\u093e\u0924\u0947\u0902<\/span>\n <\/span>\n <svg class=\"chevron\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"3\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><polyline points=\"6 9 12 15 18 9\"><\/polyline><\/svg>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"toc-sub-wrapper\">\n <ul class=\"toc-sub\"> <li><a href=\"#d1-0\">1.0<\/span>Introduction<\/span>\u092a\u0930\u093f\u091a\u092f<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <li><a href=\"#d1-1\">1.1<\/span>Computer: Definition, Characteristics and Limitations<\/span>\u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930: \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e, \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937\u0924\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e\u090f\u0901<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <li><a href=\"#d1-2\">1.2<\/span>The Block Diagram of a Computer<\/span>\u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u092c\u094d\u0932\u0949\u0915 \u0906\u0930\u0947\u0916<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <li><a href=\"#d1-3\">1.3<\/span>Generations of Computers<\/span>\u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0940\u0922\u093c\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <li><a href=\"#d1-4\">1.4<\/span>Classification of Computers<\/span>\u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <li><a href=\"#d1-5\">1.5<\/span>The Central Processing Unit<\/span>\u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0907\u0915\u093e\u0908<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <li><a href=\"#d1-6\">1.6<\/span>Memory: Primary, Secondary and Cache<\/span>\u0938\u094d\u092e\u0943\u0924\u093f: \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0925\u092e\u093f\u0915, \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0924\u0940\u092f\u0915 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0915\u0948\u0936<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <li><a href=\"#d1-7\">1.7<\/span>Storage Devices and Units of Measurement<\/span>\u092d\u0902\u0921\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092e\u093e\u092a\u0928 \u0907\u0915\u093e\u0907\u092f\u093e\u0901<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <li><a href=\"#d1-8\">1.8<\/span>Input Devices<\/span>\u0928\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0936 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <li><a href=\"#d1-9\">1.9<\/span>Output Devices<\/span>\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0924 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <li><a href=\"#d1-10\">1.10<\/span>Ports, Connectors and Number Systems<\/span>\u092a\u094b\u0930\u094d\u091f, \u0915\u0928\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u0930 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e-\u092a\u0926\u094d\u0927\u0924\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <li><a href=\"#d1-11\">1.11<\/span>Software: System, Application and Utility<\/span>\u0938\u0949\u092b\u093c\u094d\u091f\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930: \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940, \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0924\u093e<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"toc-chapter collapsed\" data-chap=\"2\" style=\"margin-top: 10px;\">\n II<\/span>\n \n Operating Systems and File Management<\/span>\n \u092a\u094d\u0930\u091a\u093e\u0932\u0928 \u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092b\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0932 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0928<\/span>\n <\/span>\n <svg class=\"chevron\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"3\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><polyline points=\"6 9 12 15 18 9\"><\/polyline><\/svg>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"toc-sub-wrapper\">\n <ul class=\"toc-sub\"> <li><a href=\"#d2-0\">2.0<\/span>Introduction<\/span>\u092a\u0930\u093f\u091a\u092f<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <li><a href=\"#d2-1\">2.1<\/span>Operating System: Concept and Functions<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u091a\u093e\u0932\u0928 \u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930: \u0938\u0902\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u092f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <li><a href=\"#d2-2\">2.2<\/span>Types of Operating Systems<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u091a\u093e\u0932\u0928 \u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <li><a href=\"#d2-3\">2.3<\/span>Windows, Linux, macOS and Android<\/span>\u0935\u093f\u0902\u0921\u094b\u091c\u093c, \u0932\u093f\u0928\u0915\u094d\u0938, \u092e\u0948\u0915\u0913\u090f\u0938 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u090f\u0902\u0921\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0907\u0921<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <li><a href=\"#d2-4\">2.4<\/span>The Desktop and Its Elements<\/span>\u0921\u0947\u0938\u094d\u0915\u091f\u0949\u092a \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0924\u0924\u094d\u0935<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <li><a href=\"#d2-5\">2.5<\/span>File and Folder Management<\/span>\u092b\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0932 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092b\u093c\u094b\u0932\u094d\u0921\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0928<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <li><a href=\"#d2-6\">2.6<\/span>File Extensions and File Formats<\/span>\u092b\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0932 \u090f\u0915\u094d\u0938\u091f\u0947\u0902\u0936\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092b\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0932 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0930\u0942\u092a<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <li><a href=\"#d2-7\">2.7<\/span>Software Installation, Updates and Removal<\/span>\u0938\u0949\u092b\u093c\u094d\u091f\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u0928, \u0905\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0924\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0915\u093e\u0938\u0928<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <li><a href=\"#d2-8\">2.8<\/span>Backup, Restore and Disk Utilities<\/span>\u092c\u0948\u0915\u0905\u092a, \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u094d\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0921\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0915 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0924\u093e\u090f\u0901<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <li><a href=\"#d2-9\">2.9<\/span>Keyboard Shortcuts<\/span>\u0915\u0941\u0902\u091c\u0940\u092a\u091f\u0932 \u0936\u0949\u0930\u094d\u091f\u0915\u091f<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"toc-chapter collapsed\" data-chap=\"3\" style=\"margin-top: 10px;\">\n III<\/span>\n \n Word Processing<\/span>\n \u0936\u092c\u094d\u0926 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u093e\u0927\u0928<\/span>\n <\/span>\n <svg class=\"chevron\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"3\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><polyline points=\"6 9 12 15 18 9\"><\/polyline><\/svg>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"toc-sub-wrapper\">\n <ul class=\"toc-sub\"> <li><a href=\"#d3-0\">3.0<\/span>Introduction<\/span>\u092a\u0930\u093f\u091a\u092f<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <li><a href=\"#d3-1\">3.1<\/span>The Word Processor Interface<\/span>\u0936\u092c\u094d\u0926 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u093e\u0927\u0915 \u0915\u093e \u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u092b\u093c\u0947\u0938<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <li><a href=\"#d3-2\">3.2<\/span>Creating, Editing and Formatting Text<\/span>\u092a\u093e\u0920 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923, \u0938\u0902\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u0942\u092a\u0923<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <li><a href=\"#d3-3\">3.3<\/span>Paragraph Formatting and Page Setup<\/span>\u0905\u0928\u0941\u091a\u094d\u091b\u0947\u0926 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u0942\u092a\u0923 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920-\u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <li><a href=\"#d3-4\">3.4<\/span>Tables<\/span>\u0938\u093e\u0930\u0923\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <li><a href=\"#d3-5\">3.5<\/span>Headers, Footers, Page Numbers and Sections<\/span>\u0936\u0940\u0930\u094d\u0937\u0932\u0947\u0916, \u092a\u093e\u0926\u0932\u0947\u0916, \u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920-\u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0916\u0902\u0921<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <li><a href=\"#d3-6\">3.6<\/span>Styles, Table of Contents and References<\/span>\u0936\u0948\u0932\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901, \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f-\u0938\u0942\u091a\u0940 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0930\u094d\u092d<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <li><a href=\"#d3-7\">3.7<\/span>Mail Merge<\/span>\u092e\u0947\u0932 \u092e\u0930\u094d\u091c<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <li><a href=\"#d3-8\">3.8<\/span>Track Changes, Comments and Review<\/span>\u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928-\u0905\u0928\u0941\u0930\u0947\u0916\u0923, \u091f\u093f\u092a\u094d\u092a\u0923\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <li><a href=\"#d3-9\">3.9<\/span>Printing, PDF Conversion and Protection<\/span>\u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0923, PDF \u0930\u0942\u092a\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930\u0923 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <li><a href=\"#d3-10\">3.10<\/span>Word Processing Shortcut Keys<\/span>\u0936\u092c\u094d\u0926 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u093e\u0927\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u0936\u0949\u0930\u094d\u091f\u0915\u091f \u0915\u0941\u0902\u091c\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"toc-chapter collapsed\" data-chap=\"4\" style=\"margin-top: 10px;\">\n IV<\/span>\n \n Spreadsheets<\/span>\n \u0938\u094d\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0921\u0936\u0940\u091f<\/span>\n <\/span>\n <svg class=\"chevron\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"3\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><polyline points=\"6 9 12 15 18 9\"><\/polyline><\/svg>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"toc-sub-wrapper\">\n <ul class=\"toc-sub\"> <li><a href=\"#d4-0\">4.0<\/span>Introduction<\/span>\u092a\u0930\u093f\u091a\u092f<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <li><a href=\"#d4-1\">4.1<\/span>Workbook, Worksheet, Row, Column and Cell<\/span>\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u092a\u0941\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0915\u093e, \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0915, \u092a\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f, \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0902\u092d \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0915\u094b\u0937\u094d\u0920<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <li><a href=\"#d4-2\">4.2<\/span>Data Entry and Cell Formatting<\/span>\u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u093e-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0915\u094b\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u0942\u092a\u0923<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <li><a href=\"#d4-3\">4.3<\/span>Formulas, Operators and Cell Referencing<\/span>\u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930, \u0938\u0902\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0915 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0915\u094b\u0937\u094d\u0920-\u0938\u0902\u0926\u0930\u094d\u092d\u0928<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <li><a href=\"#d4-4\">4.4<\/span>Essential Functions<\/span>\u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915 \u092b\u0932\u0928<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <li><a href=\"#d4-5\">4.5<\/span>Logical and Lookup Functions<\/span>\u0924\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0915\u093f\u0915 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0916\u094b\u091c \u092b\u0932\u0928<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <li><a href=\"#d4-6\">4.6<\/span>Sorting, Filtering and Data Validation<\/span>\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u092c\u0926\u094d\u0927\u0924\u093e, \u091b\u093e\u0928\u0928\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u093e-\u0938\u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u0928<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <li><a href=\"#d4-7\">4.7<\/span>Charts and Graphs<\/span>\u091a\u093e\u0930\u094d\u091f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0906\u0932\u0947\u0916<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <li><a href=\"#d4-8\">4.8<\/span>Pivot Tables and Data Analysis<\/span>\u092a\u093f\u0935\u091f \u0938\u093e\u0930\u0923\u0940 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u093e-\u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0937\u0923<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <li><a href=\"#d4-9\">4.9<\/span>School Applications: Attendance and Result Analysis<\/span>\u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f\u0940 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917: \u0909\u092a\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e-\u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0937\u0923<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <li><a href=\"#d4-10\">4.10<\/span>Spreadsheet Shortcut Keys<\/span>\u0938\u094d\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0921\u0936\u0940\u091f \u0915\u0940 \u0936\u0949\u0930\u094d\u091f\u0915\u091f \u0915\u0941\u0902\u091c\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"toc-chapter collapsed\" data-chap=\"5\" style=\"margin-top: 10px;\">\n V<\/span>\n \n Presentations<\/span>\n \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923<\/span>\n <\/span>\n <svg class=\"chevron\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"3\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><polyline points=\"6 9 12 15 18 9\"><\/polyline><\/svg>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"toc-sub-wrapper\">\n <ul class=\"toc-sub\"> <li><a href=\"#d5-0\">5.0<\/span>Introduction<\/span>\u092a\u0930\u093f\u091a\u092f<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <li><a href=\"#d5-1\">5.1<\/span>The Presentation Interface and Views<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924\u093f \u0915\u093e \u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u092b\u093c\u0947\u0938 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0926\u0943\u0936\u094d\u092f<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <li><a href=\"#d5-2\">5.2<\/span>Slides, Layouts and Themes<\/span>\u0938\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0921, \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0925\u0940\u092e<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <li><a href=\"#d5-3\">5.3<\/span>The Slide Master<\/span>\u0938\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u092e\u093e\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0930<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <li><a href=\"#d5-4\">5.4<\/span>Multimedia Integration<\/span>\u092c\u0939\u0941\u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0938\u092e\u0947\u0915\u0928<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <li><a href=\"#d5-5\">5.5<\/span>Animations and Transitions<\/span>\u091a\u0947\u0924\u0928\u093e\u0902\u0915\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0923<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <li><a href=\"#d5-6\">5.6<\/span>Slide Show, Rehearsal and Presenter View<\/span>\u0938\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u0936\u094b, \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u092d\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0926\u0943\u0936\u094d\u092f<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <li><a href=\"#d5-7\">5.7<\/span>Principles of Effective Presentation Design<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924\u093f-\u0905\u092d\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <li><a href=\"#d5-8\">5.8<\/span>Presentation Shortcut Keys<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0940 \u0936\u0949\u0930\u094d\u091f\u0915\u091f \u0915\u0941\u0902\u091c\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"toc-chapter collapsed\" data-chap=\"6\" style=\"margin-top: 10px;\">\n VI<\/span>\n \n Internet and Networking<\/span>\n \u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u0928\u0947\u091f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915\u093f\u0902\u0917<\/span>\n <\/span>\n <svg class=\"chevron\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"3\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><polyline points=\"6 9 12 15 18 9\"><\/polyline><\/svg>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"toc-sub-wrapper\">\n <ul class=\"toc-sub\"> <li><a href=\"#d6-0\">6.0<\/span>Introduction<\/span>\u092a\u0930\u093f\u091a\u092f<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <li><a href=\"#d6-1\">6.1<\/span>Computer Networks: Concept and Components<\/span>\u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915: \u0938\u0902\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u092f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0918\u091f\u0915<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <li><a href=\"#d6-2\">6.2<\/span>Types of Networks: PAN, LAN, MAN, WAN<\/span>\u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930: PAN, LAN, MAN, WAN<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <li><a href=\"#d6-3\">6.3<\/span>Topologies and Transmission Media<\/span>\u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u0930\u0923 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <li><a href=\"#d6-4\">6.4<\/span>Networking Devices<\/span>\u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <li><a href=\"#d6-5\">6.5<\/span>Protocols, IP Addresses and Domain Names<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091f\u094b\u0915\u0949\u0932, IP \u092a\u0924\u0947 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0921\u094b\u092e\u0947\u0928 \u0928\u093e\u092e<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <li><a href=\"#d6-6\">6.6<\/span>The Internet and the World Wide Web<\/span>\u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u0928\u0947\u091f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0932\u094d\u0921 \u0935\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u0935\u0947\u092c<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <li><a href=\"#d6-7\">6.7<\/span>Browsers, URLs and Search Engines<\/span>\u092c\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0909\u091c\u093c\u0930, URL \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0916\u094b\u091c-\u0907\u0902\u091c\u0928<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <li><a href=\"#d6-8\">6.8<\/span>Wi-Fi, Mobile Networks and Broadband<\/span>\u0935\u093e\u0908-\u092b\u093c\u093e\u0908, \u092e\u094b\u092c\u093e\u0907\u0932 \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092c\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0921\u092c\u0948\u0902\u0921<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <li><a href=\"#d6-9\">6.9<\/span>Cloud Computing and Cloud Storage<\/span>\u0915\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0909\u0921 \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0915\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0909\u0921 \u092d\u0902\u0921\u093e\u0930\u0923<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"toc-chapter collapsed\" data-chap=\"7\" style=\"margin-top: 10px;\">\n VII<\/span>\n \n Email and Digital Communication<\/span>\n \u0908\u092e\u0947\u0932 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0937\u0923<\/span>\n <\/span>\n <svg class=\"chevron\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"3\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><polyline points=\"6 9 12 15 18 9\"><\/polyline><\/svg>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"toc-sub-wrapper\">\n <ul class=\"toc-sub\"> <li><a href=\"#d7-0\">7.0<\/span>Introduction<\/span>\u092a\u0930\u093f\u091a\u092f<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <li><a href=\"#d7-1\">7.1<\/span>Email: The Address and the Message<\/span>\u0908\u092e\u0947\u0932: \u092a\u0924\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0947\u0936<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <li><a href=\"#d7-2\">7.2<\/span>To, CC and BCC<\/span>To, CC \u090f\u0935\u0902 BCC<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <li><a href=\"#d7-3\">7.3<\/span>Attachments and Size Limits<\/span>\u0938\u0902\u0932\u0917\u094d\u0928\u0915 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0906\u0915\u093e\u0930-\u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e\u090f\u0901<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <li><a href=\"#d7-4\">7.4<\/span>Spam, Filters and Mailbox Management<\/span>\u0938\u094d\u092a\u0948\u092e, \u092b\u093c\u093f\u0932\u094d\u091f\u0930 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0932\u092c\u0949\u0915\u094d\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0928<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <li><a href=\"#d7-5\">7.5<\/span>Writing a Professional Email<\/span>\u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0935\u0938\u093e\u092f\u093f\u0915 \u0908\u092e\u0947\u0932 \u0932\u0947\u0916\u0928<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <li><a href=\"#d7-6\">7.6<\/span>Video Conferencing<\/span>\u0935\u0940\u0921\u093f\u092f\u094b \u0915\u0949\u0928\u094d\u092b\u093c\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0902\u0938\u093f\u0902\u0917<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <li><a href=\"#d7-7\">7.7<\/span>Online Collaboration Tools<\/span>\u0911\u0928\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u0938\u0939\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <li><a href=\"#d7-8\">7.8<\/span>Netiquette in Digital Communication<\/span>\u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0937\u0923 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u0947\u091f\u093f\u0915\u0947\u091f<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"toc-chapter collapsed\" data-chap=\"8\" style=\"margin-top: 10px;\">\n VIII<\/span>\n \n Cyber Security<\/span>\n \u0938\u093e\u0907\u092c\u0930 \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e<\/span>\n <\/span>\n <svg class=\"chevron\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"3\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><polyline points=\"6 9 12 15 18 9\"><\/polyline><\/svg>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"toc-sub-wrapper\">\n <ul class=\"toc-sub\"> <li><a href=\"#d8-0\">8.0<\/span>Introduction<\/span>\u092a\u0930\u093f\u091a\u092f<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <li><a href=\"#d8-1\">8.1<\/span>The CIA Triad and the Threat Landscape<\/span>CIA \u0924\u094d\u0930\u092f\u0940 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u091f-\u092a\u0930\u093f\u0926\u0943\u0936\u094d\u092f<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <li><a href=\"#d8-2\">8.2<\/span>Malware: Virus, Worm, Trojan and Ransomware<\/span>\u092e\u093e\u0932\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930: \u0935\u093e\u092f\u0930\u0938, \u0935\u0930\u094d\u092e, \u091f\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0930\u0948\u0928\u0938\u092e\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <li><a href=\"#d8-3\">8.3<\/span>Social Engineering: Phishing and Its Variants<\/span>\u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u091c\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0915\u0940: \u092b\u093c\u093f\u0936\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <li><a href=\"#d8-4\">8.4<\/span>Passwords, OTP and Multi-Factor Authentication<\/span>\u092a\u093e\u0938\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0921, OTP \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092c\u0939\u0941-\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u0928<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <li><a href=\"#d8-5\">8.5<\/span>Firewalls, Antivirus and Encryption<\/span>\u092b\u093c\u093e\u092f\u0930\u0935\u0949\u0932, \u090f\u0902\u091f\u0940\u0935\u093e\u092f\u0930\u0938 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0915\u0942\u091f\u0932\u0947\u0916\u0928<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <li><a href=\"#d8-6\">8.6<\/span>Safe Browsing and Wi-Fi Safety<\/span>\u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u092c\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0909\u091c\u093c\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0935\u093e\u0908-\u092b\u093c\u093e\u0908 \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <li><a href=\"#d8-7\">8.7<\/span>Backup Strategy and Data Recovery<\/span>\u092c\u0948\u0915\u0905\u092a \u0930\u0923\u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u093e-\u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u094d\u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924\u093f<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <li><a href=\"#d8-8\">8.8<\/span>Data Privacy and the Legal Framework<\/span>\u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u093e-\u0928\u093f\u091c\u0924\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0922\u093e\u0901\u091a\u093e<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <li><a href=\"#d8-9\">8.9<\/span>Cyber Safety for Students and Reporting<\/span>\u091b\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0938\u093e\u0907\u092c\u0930 \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e\u092f\u0924-\u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"toc-chapter collapsed\" data-chap=\"9\" style=\"margin-top: 10px;\">\n IX<\/span>\n \n Digital Education<\/span>\n \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e<\/span>\n <\/span>\n <svg class=\"chevron\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"3\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><polyline points=\"6 9 12 15 18 9\"><\/polyline><\/svg>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"toc-sub-wrapper\">\n <ul class=\"toc-sub\"> <li><a href=\"#d9-0\">9.0<\/span>Introduction<\/span>\u092a\u0930\u093f\u091a\u092f<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <li><a href=\"#d9-1\">9.1<\/span>ICT in Education: Concept and Rationale<\/span>\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 ICT: \u0938\u0902\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u092f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0914\u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u092f<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <li><a href=\"#d9-2\">9.2<\/span>DIKSHA<\/span>\u0926\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <li><a href=\"#d9-3\">9.3<\/span>SWAYAM, SWAYAM PRABHA and NPTEL<\/span>\u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902, \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 NPTEL<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <li><a href=\"#d9-4\">9.4<\/span>PM e-VIDYA and the Multi-Modal Approach<\/span>\u092a\u0940\u090f\u092e \u0908-\u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092c\u0939\u0941-\u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0909\u092a\u093e\u0917\u092e<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <li><a href=\"#d9-5\">9.5<\/span>e-Pathshala, NROER, NDEAR and Repositories<\/span>\u0908-\u092a\u093e\u0920\u0936\u093e\u0932\u093e, NROER, NDEAR \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092d\u0902\u0921\u093e\u0930<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <li><a href=\"#d9-6\">9.6<\/span>Learning Management Systems<\/span>\u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <li><a href=\"#d9-7\">9.7<\/span>Smart Classrooms and ICT Infrastructure<\/span>\u0938\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u091f \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u090f\u0935\u0902 ICT \u0905\u0935\u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <li><a href=\"#d9-8\">9.8<\/span>Blended, Online and Flipped Learning<\/span>\u0938\u092e\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924, \u0911\u0928\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924\u094d\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <li><a href=\"#d9-9\">9.9<\/span>Teacher Capacity Building: NISHTHA<\/span>\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e\u0924\u093e-\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923: \u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0920\u093e<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <li><a href=\"#d9-10\">9.10<\/span>NEP 2020, NETF and Digital Education Policy<\/span>NEP 2020, NETF \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"toc-chapter collapsed\" data-chap=\"10\" style=\"margin-top: 10px;\">\n X<\/span>\n \n Digital School Administration<\/span>\n \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u093e\u0938\u0928<\/span>\n <\/span>\n <svg class=\"chevron\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"3\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><polyline points=\"6 9 12 15 18 9\"><\/polyline><\/svg>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"toc-sub-wrapper\">\n <ul class=\"toc-sub\"> <li><a href=\"#d10-0\">10.0<\/span>Introduction<\/span>\u092a\u0930\u093f\u091a\u092f<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <li><a href=\"#d10-1\">10.1<\/span>UDISE+<\/span>\u092f\u0942-\u0921\u093e\u0907\u0938+<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <li><a href=\"#d10-2\">10.2<\/span>Digital Attendance and Biometric Systems<\/span>\u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u0909\u092a\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092c\u093e\u092f\u094b\u092e\u0947\u091f\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <li><a href=\"#d10-3\">10.3<\/span>Student Records, APAAR and Digital Credentials<\/span>\u091b\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930-\u0905\u092d\u093f\u0932\u0947\u0916, APAAR \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923-\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <li><a href=\"#d10-4\">10.4<\/span>Online Admissions<\/span>\u0911\u0928\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0947\u0936<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <li><a href=\"#d10-5\">10.5<\/span>Examination Portals and Result Processing<\/span>\u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u092a\u094b\u0930\u094d\u091f\u0932 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0930\u0923<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <li><a href=\"#d10-6\">10.6<\/span>Data Dashboards and Decision Support<\/span>\u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u093e-\u0921\u0948\u0936\u092c\u094b\u0930\u094d\u0921 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0923\u092f-\u0938\u0939\u093e\u092f\u0924\u093e<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <li><a href=\"#d10-7\">10.7<\/span>Financial and Office Automation in Schools<\/span>\u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0940\u092f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0938\u094d\u0935\u091a\u093e\u0932\u0928<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <li><a href=\"#d10-8\">10.8<\/span>Data Quality, Governance and Retention<\/span>\u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u093e-\u0917\u0941\u0923\u0935\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093e, \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0936\u093e\u0938\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"toc-chapter collapsed\" data-chap=\"11\" style=\"margin-top: 10px;\">\n XI<\/span>\n \n Digital Ethics and Citizenship<\/span>\n \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u0928\u0948\u0924\u093f\u0915\u0924\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0928\u093e\u0917\u0930\u093f\u0915\u0924\u093e<\/span>\n <\/span>\n <svg class=\"chevron\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"3\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><polyline points=\"6 9 12 15 18 9\"><\/polyline><\/svg>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"toc-sub-wrapper\">\n <ul class=\"toc-sub\"> <li><a href=\"#d11-0\">11.0<\/span>Introduction<\/span>\u092a\u0930\u093f\u091a\u092f<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <li><a href=\"#d11-1\">11.1<\/span>Digital Citizenship: The Nine Elements<\/span>\u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u0928\u093e\u0917\u0930\u093f\u0915\u0924\u093e: \u0928\u094c \u0924\u0924\u094d\u0935<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <li><a href=\"#d11-2\">11.2<\/span>Digital Footprint and Online Reputation<\/span>\u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u092a\u0926\u091a\u093f\u0939\u094d\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0911\u0928\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0920\u093e<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <li><a href=\"#d11-3\">11.3<\/span>Online Privacy and Personal Data<\/span>\u0911\u0928\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u0928\u093f\u091c\u0924\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0935\u0948\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u0947<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <li><a href=\"#d11-4\">11.4<\/span>Cyberbullying<\/span>\u0938\u093e\u0907\u092c\u0930 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0940\u0921\u093c\u0928<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <li><a href=\"#d11-5\">11.5<\/span>Copyright, Fair Dealing and Creative Commons<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0932\u093f\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930, \u0909\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u090f\u091f\u093f\u0935 \u0915\u0949\u092e\u0928\u094d\u0938<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <li><a href=\"#d11-6\">11.6<\/span>Plagiarism and Academic Integrity<\/span>\u0938\u093e\u0939\u093f\u0924\u094d\u092f\u093f\u0915 \u091a\u094b\u0930\u0940 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0936\u0948\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0920\u093e<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <li><a href=\"#d11-7\">11.7<\/span>Fake News, Misinformation and Verification<\/span>\u092b\u093c\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093c\u0940 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u091a\u093e\u0930, \u0926\u0941\u0937\u094d\u092a\u094d\u0930\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u0928<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <li><a href=\"#d11-8\">11.8<\/span>Responsible Social Media Use<\/span>\u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930\u0926\u093e\u092f\u0940 \u0938\u094b\u0936\u0932 \u092e\u0940\u0921\u093f\u092f\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <li><a href=\"#d11-9\">11.9<\/span>Digital Divide and Digital Well-being<\/span>\u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093e\u091c\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u0915\u0932\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0923<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"toc-chapter collapsed\" data-chap=\"12\" style=\"margin-top: 10px;\">\n XII<\/span>\n \n Emerging Technologies<\/span>\n \u0909\u092d\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901<\/span>\n <\/span>\n <svg class=\"chevron\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"3\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><polyline points=\"6 9 12 15 18 9\"><\/polyline><\/svg>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"toc-sub-wrapper\">\n <ul class=\"toc-sub\"> <li><a href=\"#d12-0\">12.0<\/span>Introduction<\/span>\u092a\u0930\u093f\u091a\u092f<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <li><a href=\"#d12-1\">12.1<\/span>Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning<\/span>\u0915\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092e \u092c\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093f\u092e\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092e\u0936\u0940\u0928 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <li><a href=\"#d12-2\">12.2<\/span>Cloud Computing: Service and Deployment Models<\/span>\u0915\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0909\u0921 \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u093f\u0902\u0917: \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u0942\u092a<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <li><a href=\"#d12-3\">12.3<\/span>The Internet of Things<\/span>\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u0928\u0947\u091f<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <li><a href=\"#d12-4\">12.4<\/span>Blockchain<\/span>\u092c\u094d\u0932\u0949\u0915\u091a\u0947\u0928<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <li><a href=\"#d12-5\">12.5<\/span>Augmented and Virtual Reality<\/span>\u0938\u0902\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0906\u092d\u093e\u0938\u0940 \u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0935\u093f\u0915\u0924\u093e<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <li><a href=\"#d12-6\">12.6<\/span>Robotics, Drones and 3D Printing<\/span>\u0930\u094b\u092c\u094b\u091f\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0938, \u0921\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0935\u093f\u092e \u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0923<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <li><a href=\"#d12-7\">12.7<\/span>Big Data, Analytics and 5G<\/span>\u092c\u093f\u0917 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e, \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0937\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u090f\u0935\u0902 5G<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <li><a href=\"#d12-8\">12.8<\/span>Emerging Technologies in the Indian Context<\/span>\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0930\u094d\u092d \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u092d\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <li><a href=\"#d12-9\">12.9<\/span>The Digital Economy and Sectoral Initiatives<\/span>\u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0917\u0924 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947\u0902<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"toc-chapter collapsed\" data-chap=\"13\" style=\"margin-top: 10px;\">\n XIII<\/span>\n \n Digital Services and e-Governance<\/span>\n \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0908-\u0905\u092d\u093f\u0936\u093e\u0938\u0928<\/span>\n <\/span>\n <svg class=\"chevron\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"3\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><polyline points=\"6 9 12 15 18 9\"><\/polyline><\/svg>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"toc-sub-wrapper\">\n <ul class=\"toc-sub\"> <li><a href=\"#d13-0\">13.0<\/span>Introduction<\/span>\u092a\u0930\u093f\u091a\u092f<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <li><a href=\"#d13-1\">13.1<\/span>Digital India: Vision and Pillars<\/span>\u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u0907\u0902\u0921\u093f\u092f\u093e: \u0926\u0943\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0902\u092d<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <li><a href=\"#d13-2\">13.2<\/span>Aadhaar, e-KYC and e-Sign<\/span>\u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930, \u0908-\u0915\u0947\u0935\u093e\u0908\u0938\u0940 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0908-\u0938\u093e\u0907\u0928<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <li><a href=\"#d13-3\">13.3<\/span>Digital Signature Certificate<\/span>\u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u0939\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <li><a href=\"#d13-4\">13.4<\/span>DigiLocker<\/span>\u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u0932\u0949\u0915\u0930<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <li><a href=\"#d13-5\">13.5<\/span>UMANG and Common Service Centres<\/span>\u0909\u092e\u0902\u0917 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e \u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <li><a href=\"#d13-6\">13.6<\/span>UPI and Digital Payment Systems<\/span>UPI \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u092d\u0941\u0917\u0924\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <li><a href=\"#d13-7\">13.7<\/span>NEFT, RTGS and IMPS<\/span>NEFT, RTGS \u090f\u0935\u0902 IMPS<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <li><a href=\"#d13-8\">13.8<\/span>Safe Online Payment Practices<\/span>\u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0911\u0928\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u092d\u0941\u0917\u0924\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0925\u093e\u090f\u0901<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <li><a href=\"#d13-9\">13.9<\/span>Other Citizen and School Services<\/span>\u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0928\u093e\u0917\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f\u0940 \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e\u090f\u0901<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"toc-chapter collapsed\" data-chap=\"14\" style=\"margin-top: 10px;\">\n XIV<\/span>\n \n Digital Accessibility<\/span>\n \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u0938\u0941\u0917\u092e\u094d\u092f\u0924\u093e<\/span>\n <\/span>\n <svg class=\"chevron\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"3\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><polyline points=\"6 9 12 15 18 9\"><\/polyline><\/svg>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"toc-sub-wrapper\">\n <ul class=\"toc-sub\"> <li><a href=\"#d14-0\">14.0<\/span>Introduction<\/span>\u092a\u0930\u093f\u091a\u092f<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <li><a href=\"#d14-1\">14.1<\/span>Accessibility: Concept and Legal Basis<\/span>\u0938\u0941\u0917\u092e\u094d\u092f\u0924\u093e: \u0938\u0902\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u092f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <li><a href=\"#d14-2\">14.2<\/span>Universal Design and the POUR Principles<\/span>\u0938\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0935\u092d\u094c\u092e\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a \u090f\u0935\u0902 POUR \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <li><a href=\"#d14-3\">14.3<\/span>Screen Readers and Braille Technology<\/span>\u0938\u094d\u0915\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0928 \u0930\u0940\u0921\u0930 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092c\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0932 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u0940<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <li><a href=\"#d14-4\">14.4<\/span>Text-to-Speech and Speech-to-Text<\/span>\u092a\u093e\u0920-\u0938\u0947-\u0935\u093e\u0923\u0940 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0935\u093e\u0923\u0940-\u0938\u0947-\u092a\u093e\u0920<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <li><a href=\"#d14-5\">14.5<\/span>Alternative Text and Accessible Documents<\/span>\u0935\u0948\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u093e\u0920 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0941\u0917\u092e\u094d\u092f \u0926\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0947\u091c\u093c<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <li><a href=\"#d14-6\">14.6<\/span>Captions, Subtitles and Sign Language<\/span>\u0915\u0948\u092a\u094d\u0936\u0928, \u0909\u092a\u0936\u0940\u0930\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u093e\u0902\u0915\u0947\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <li><a href=\"#d14-7\">14.7<\/span>Assistive Technology by Disability Type<\/span>\u0926\u093f\u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0917\u0924\u093e-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u0939\u093e\u092f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u0940<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <li><a href=\"#d14-8\">14.8<\/span>Accessible Assessment and Indian Initiatives<\/span>\u0938\u0941\u0917\u092e\u094d\u092f \u0906\u0915\u0932\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947\u0902<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"toc-chapter collapsed\" data-chap=\"15\" style=\"margin-top: 10px;\">\n REV<\/span>\n \n Revision and Reference<\/span>\n \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u093e\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0930\u094d\u092d<\/span>\n <\/span>\n <svg class=\"chevron\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"3\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><polyline points=\"6 9 12 15 18 9\"><\/polyline><\/svg>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"toc-sub-wrapper\">\n <ul class=\"toc-sub\"> <li class=\"endmatter\"><a href=\"#d15-1\">R.1<\/span>Objectives Across the Fourteen Items<\/span>\u091a\u094c\u0926\u0939 \u092e\u0926\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <li class=\"endmatter\"><a href=\"#d15-2\">R.2<\/span>Chapter Summaries<\/span>\u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f-\u0938\u093e\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0936<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <li class=\"endmatter\"><a href=\"#d15-3\">R.3<\/span>Master Glossary<\/span>\u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f \u0936\u092c\u094d\u0926\u093e\u0935\u0932\u0940<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <li class=\"endmatter\"><a href=\"#d15-4\">R.4<\/span>Full-Form Directory<\/span>\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923-\u0930\u0942\u092a \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <li class=\"endmatter\"><a href=\"#d15-5\">R.5<\/span>Shortcut Key Master Sheet<\/span>\u0936\u0949\u0930\u094d\u091f\u0915\u091f \u0915\u0941\u0902\u091c\u0940 \u092e\u093e\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0930 \u0936\u0940\u091f<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <li class=\"endmatter\"><a href=\"#d15-6\">R.6<\/span>Landmark Dates, Firsts and Numbers<\/span>\u092e\u0940\u0932-\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0925\u0930 \u0924\u093f\u0925\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0925\u092e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e\u090f\u0901<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <li class=\"endmatter\"><a href=\"#d15-7\">R.7<\/span>Practice Question Bank<\/span>\u0905\u092d\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928-\u092c\u0948\u0902\u0915<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <li class=\"endmatter\"><a href=\"#d15-8\">R.8<\/span>Digital Literacy Syllabus Map<\/span>\u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u0938\u093e\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0930\u0924\u093e \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u092e\u093e\u0928\u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <li class=\"endmatter\"><a href=\"#d15-9\">R.9<\/span>Further Reading<\/span>\u0905\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092e \u092a\u0920\u0928<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li> <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/aside>\n\n <main class=\"article\">\n\n \n <section class=\"chapter-content active\" data-chap=\"1\" id=\"c1\">\n <div class=\"chapter-heading-block\">\n SYLLABUS ITEM 1<\/span>\u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u092e\u0926 1<\/span><\/span>\n <h2>Computer Fundamentals<\/span>\u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u092e\u0942\u0932 \u092c\u093e\u0924\u0947\u0902<\/span><\/h2>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"callout amber\">\n <div class=\"callout-label\">\ud83d\udccc What this chapter covers<\/span>\ud83d\udccc \u0907\u0938 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/div>\n Hardware, software, CPU, memory, storage devices, input devices, output devices, and the different types of computers<\/span>\n \u0939\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0921\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930, \u0938\u0949\u092b\u093c\u094d\u091f\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930, CPU, \u0938\u094d\u092e\u0943\u0924\u093f, \u092d\u0902\u0921\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923, \u0928\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0936 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923, \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0924 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0935\u093f\u0927 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930<\/span>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"keyfact-grid\">\n <div class=\"keyfact-card navy-hi\">\n \ud83e\uddee<\/span>\n <div class=\"kf-label\">The Core Sequence<\/span>\u092e\u0942\u0932 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"kf-value\" style=\"font-size:13px;\">Input \u2192 Process \u2192 Output \u2192 Storage<\/span>\u0928\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0936 \u2192 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u2192 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0924 \u2192 \u092d\u0902\u0921\u093e\u0930\u0923<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"kf-sub\">Every computer, from a smartphone to a supercomputer, does only this<\/span>\u0938\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u091f\u092b\u093c\u094b\u0928 \u0938\u0947 \u092e\u0939\u093e\u0938\u0902\u0917\u0923\u0915 \u0924\u0915, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u092f\u0939\u0940 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"keyfact-card teal-hi\">\n \u2699\ufe0f<\/span>\n <div class=\"kf-label\">Generations<\/span>\u092a\u0940\u0922\u093c\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"kf-value\">5<\/div>\n <div class=\"kf-sub\">Vacuum tube \u00b7 Transistor \u00b7 IC \u00b7 Microprocessor \u00b7 AI and ULSI<\/span>\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0924 \u0928\u0932\u093f\u0915\u093e \u00b7 \u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0902\u091c\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0930 \u00b7 IC \u00b7 \u092e\u093e\u0907\u0915\u094d\u0930\u094b\u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0938\u0947\u0938\u0930 \u00b7 AI \u090f\u0935\u0902 ULSI<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"keyfact-card amber-hi\">\n \ud83d\udcbe<\/span>\n <div class=\"kf-label\">The Basic Unit<\/span>\u092e\u0942\u0932 \u0907\u0915\u093e\u0908<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"kf-value\" style=\"font-size:14px;\">1 Byte = 8 Bits<\/div>\n <div class=\"kf-sub\">And 1 KB = 1024 bytes, not 1000 \u2014 the commonest trap<\/span>\u0924\u0925\u093e 1 KB = 1024 \u092c\u093e\u0907\u091f, 1000 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u2014 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u091a\u0932\u093f\u0924 \u091c\u093e\u0932<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d1-0\">\n 1.0<\/span>\n <h3>Introduction<\/span>\u092a\u0930\u093f\u091a\u092f<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n <ul class=\"icon-list\">\n <li>\u25b8<\/span>\n Digital literacy begins with the machine itself. Every later topic in this course \u2014 the operating system, the spreadsheet, the network, the cloud, the assistive device \u2014 is built on the same four-part sequence of input, processing, output and storage<\/strong>, and on the same division between hardware<\/strong> that can be touched and software<\/strong> that cannot.<\/span>\n \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u0938\u093e\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0906\u0930\u0902\u092d \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0938\u0947 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0907\u0938 \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0906\u0917\u093e\u092e\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f \u2014 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u091a\u093e\u0932\u0928 \u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930, \u0938\u094d\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0921\u0936\u0940\u091f, \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915, \u0915\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0909\u0921, \u0938\u0939\u093e\u092f\u0915 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u2014 \u0909\u0938\u0940 \u091a\u093e\u0930-\u092d\u093e\u0917\u0940\u092f \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u0928\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0936, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0930\u0923, \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0924 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092d\u0902\u0921\u093e\u0930\u0923<\/strong> \u092a\u0930 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0909\u0938\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093e\u091c\u0928 \u092a\u0930 \u091f\u093f\u0915\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0938\u094d\u092a\u0930\u094d\u0936-\u092f\u094b\u0917\u094d\u092f \u0939\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0921\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930<\/strong> \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0905\u0938\u094d\u092a\u0930\u094d\u0936\u094d\u092f \u0938\u0949\u092b\u093c\u094d\u091f\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930<\/strong> \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\n <\/span><\/li>\n <li>\u25b8<\/span>\n The word computer<\/strong> derives from the Latin computare<\/em>, meaning to calculate or to reckon<\/strong>. The name is now misleading: calculation is only one of the things a modern computer does, and for most school users it is not the main one.<\/span>\n \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930<\/strong> \u0936\u092c\u094d\u0926 \u0932\u0948\u091f\u093f\u0928 computare<\/em> \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0928\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u0939\u0948 \u0917\u0923\u0928\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0906\u0915\u0932\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e<\/strong>\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0928\u093e\u092e \u0905\u092c \u092d\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e\u0915 \u0939\u0948: \u0917\u0923\u0928\u093e \u0906\u0927\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0947\u0915 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u090f\u0915 \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0902\u0936 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964<\/span>\n <\/span><\/li>\n <li>\u25b8<\/span>\n For a school head the practical value of this chapter lies in procurement, maintenance and instruction<\/strong> \u2014 deciding what specification a computer laboratory needs, judging whether a quoted machine is adequate, and being able to explain the parts to a class or to a colleague.<\/span>\n \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0941\u0916 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0907\u0938 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f \u0915\u093e \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u092e\u0942\u0932\u094d\u092f \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092f, \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923<\/strong> \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u092f\u0939 \u0924\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u0915\u093f \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0936\u093e\u0932\u093e \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u094c\u0928-\u0938\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915 \u0939\u0948, \u092f\u0939 \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0928\u093e \u0915\u093f \u0909\u0926\u094d\u0927\u0943\u0924 \u092e\u0936\u0940\u0928 \u092a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u0948 \u092f\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0938\u0939\u0915\u0930\u094d\u092e\u0940 \u0915\u094b \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0902\u0917 \u0938\u092e\u091d\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0928\u093e\u0964<\/span>\n <\/span><\/li>\n <li>\u25b8<\/span>\n Questions from this item are almost always factual and single-line<\/strong>: which device is an input device, what a particular abbreviation expands to, which generation used a given technology, how many bytes make a kilobyte. Accuracy of small facts matters more here than argument.<\/span>\n \u0907\u0938 \u092e\u0926 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092f\u0903 \u0924\u0925\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u090f\u0915-\u092a\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0924\u0940\u092f<\/strong> \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902: \u0915\u094c\u0928-\u0938\u093e \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0928\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0936 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0939\u0948, \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u092a\u093e\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0915\u093f\u0938 \u092a\u0940\u0922\u093c\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u094c\u0928-\u0938\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u0925\u0940, \u090f\u0915 \u0915\u093f\u0932\u094b\u092c\u093e\u0907\u091f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u093f\u0924\u0928\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0907\u091f\u0964 \u092f\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0924\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u091b\u094b\u091f\u0947 \u0924\u0925\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0936\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927\u0924\u093e \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\n <\/span><\/li>\n <\/ul>\n\n <svg class=\"full-diagram\" viewBox=\"0 0 700 306\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Computer literacy, IT literacy and digital literacy compared, and the four components of digital literacy\">\n <text x=\"350\" y=\"18\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#14243f\" letter-spacing=\".6\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">THREE WORDS THAT ARE NOT SYNONYMS<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"24\" y=\"30\" width=\"208\" height=\"94\" rx=\"8\" fill=\"#f3f6fb\" stroke=\"#8a95a3\" stroke-width=\"1.8\"\/>\n <text x=\"128\" y=\"50\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#5a6d80\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">COMPUTER LITERACY<\/text>\n <text x=\"128\" y=\"68\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Can <tspan font-weight=\"700\">operate the machine<\/tspan> \u2014<\/text>\n <text x=\"128\" y=\"80\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">switch on, type, save, print.<\/text>\n <text x=\"128\" y=\"99\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#5a6d80\" font-style=\"italic\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">The narrowest of the three.<\/text>\n <text x=\"128\" y=\"114\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#8a95a3\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Skill with a device<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"246\" y=\"30\" width=\"208\" height=\"94\" rx=\"8\" fill=\"#eef4fc\" stroke=\"#1f5fa9\" stroke-width=\"1.8\"\/>\n <text x=\"350\" y=\"50\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">IT LITERACY<\/text>\n <text x=\"350\" y=\"68\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Understands <tspan font-weight=\"700\">systems<\/tspan> \u2014<\/text>\n <text x=\"350\" y=\"80\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">hardware, software, networks,<\/text>\n <text x=\"350\" y=\"92\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">and how data is processed.<\/text>\n <text x=\"350\" y=\"114\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Understanding of technology<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"468\" y=\"30\" width=\"208\" height=\"94\" rx=\"8\" fill=\"#eefbf7\" stroke=\"#0d8f79\" stroke-width=\"2.4\"\/>\n <text x=\"572\" y=\"50\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#0d8f79\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">DIGITAL LITERACY<\/text>\n <text x=\"572\" y=\"68\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Can <tspan font-weight=\"700\">find, evaluate, create<\/tspan><\/text>\n <text x=\"572\" y=\"80\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">and <tspan font-weight=\"700\">communicate<\/tspan> safely and<\/text>\n <text x=\"572\" y=\"92\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">responsibly using technology.<\/text>\n <text x=\"572\" y=\"114\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#0d8f79\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Judgement, not merely skill<\/text>\n\n <text x=\"350\" y=\"146\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#5a6d80\" font-style=\"italic\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Each contains the one before it. A person may be computer literate and not digitally literate \u2014 able to open a message, unable to tell whether it is a fraud.<\/text>\n\n <text x=\"350\" y=\"174\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#14243f\" letter-spacing=\".6\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">THE FOUR COMPONENTS<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"24\" y=\"186\" width=\"158\" height=\"76\" rx=\"7\" fill=\"#fffbf0\" stroke=\"#c9760f\" stroke-width=\"1.6\"\/>\n <text x=\"103\" y=\"206\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"17\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">\ud83d\udd0c<\/text>\n <text x=\"103\" y=\"226\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#c9760f\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">ACCESS<\/text>\n <text x=\"103\" y=\"241\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">A device, a connection<\/text>\n <text x=\"103\" y=\"252\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">and the means to use them<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"190\" y=\"186\" width=\"158\" height=\"76\" rx=\"7\" fill=\"#eef4fc\" stroke=\"#1f5fa9\" stroke-width=\"1.6\"\/>\n <text x=\"269\" y=\"206\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"17\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">\u2699\ufe0f<\/text>\n <text x=\"269\" y=\"226\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">SKILLS<\/text>\n <text x=\"269\" y=\"241\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Operating, searching,<\/text>\n <text x=\"269\" y=\"252\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">and judging what is found<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"356\" y=\"186\" width=\"158\" height=\"76\" rx=\"7\" fill=\"#fff6f4\" stroke=\"#c0392b\" stroke-width=\"1.6\"\/>\n <text x=\"435\" y=\"206\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"17\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">\ud83d\udee1\ufe0f<\/text>\n <text x=\"435\" y=\"226\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#c0392b\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">SAFETY<\/text>\n <text x=\"435\" y=\"241\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Security, privacy and<\/text>\n <text x=\"435\" y=\"252\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">lawful conduct<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"522\" y=\"186\" width=\"154\" height=\"76\" rx=\"7\" fill=\"#faf6ff\" stroke=\"#6b3a8f\" stroke-width=\"1.6\"\/>\n <text x=\"599\" y=\"206\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"17\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">\u270f\ufe0f<\/text>\n <text x=\"599\" y=\"226\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#6b3a8f\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">CONTENT CREATION<\/text>\n <text x=\"599\" y=\"241\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Making and sharing work<\/text>\n <text x=\"599\" y=\"252\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">of one's own<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"24\" y=\"272\" width=\"652\" height=\"28\" rx=\"6\" fill=\"#14243f\"\/>\n <text x=\"350\" y=\"290\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">A person with <tspan font-weight=\"700\">access but no skills<\/tspan> is excluded just as surely as one with no device \u2014 which is the three-layer divide of \u00a713.9.<\/text>\n <\/svg>\n The fourth component is the one most often left out of a syllabus and the one that distinguishes a participant from a consumer.<\/span>\u091a\u094c\u0925\u093e \u0918\u091f\u0915 \u0935\u0939\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092c\u093e\u0930 \u091b\u0942\u091f\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u091c\u094b \u0938\u0939\u092d\u093e\u0917\u0940 \u0915\u094b \u0909\u092a\u092d\u094b\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0943\u0925\u0915 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n\n <div class=\"callout purple\">\n <div class=\"callout-label\">\ud83d\udcd8 Definition<\/span>\ud83d\udcd8 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e<\/span><\/div>\n Digital literacy<\/strong> is the ability to find, evaluate, use, create and communicate information using digital technology, safely, lawfully and responsibly<\/strong>. The definition is worth reading twice for what it contains beyond operation: evaluate<\/strong> and responsibly<\/strong>. A person who can open a message but cannot judge whether it is genuine has the skill and not the literacy.<\/span>\n \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u0938\u093e\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0930\u0924\u093e<\/strong> \u0935\u0939 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0902\u0915\u0940\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0916\u094b\u091c\u093e, \u092a\u0930\u0916\u093e, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924, \u0938\u0943\u091c\u093f\u0924 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0947 \u2014 \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924, \u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f\u0938\u092e\u094d\u092e\u0924 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930\u0926\u093e\u092f\u0940 \u0922\u0902\u0917 \u0938\u0947<\/strong>\u0964 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0926\u094b \u092c\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u0922\u093c\u0928\u093e \u0909\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948, \u092f\u0939 \u0926\u0947\u0916\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u093f \u0909\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0932\u0928 \u0938\u0947 \u0906\u0917\u0947 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948: \u092a\u0930\u0916\u0928\u093e<\/strong> \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930\u0926\u093e\u092f\u0940 \u0922\u0902\u0917 \u0938\u0947<\/strong>\u0964 \u091c\u094b \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u0916\u094b\u0932 \u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0941 \u092f\u0939 \u0928 \u0906\u0901\u0915 \u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093f \u0935\u0939 \u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u0939\u0948 \u092f\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u094c\u0936\u0932 \u0939\u0948, \u0938\u093e\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964<\/span>\n <\/div>\n\n <table class=\"data-table\">\n <thead>\n <tr>\n <th>Why it matters<\/span>\u092f\u0939 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/th>\n <th>What turns on it<\/span>\u0907\u0938 \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u091f\u093f\u0915\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/th>\n <\/tr>\n <\/thead>\n <tbody>\n <tr><td>In education<\/span>\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>Content, assessment and teacher training now travel digitally \u2014 the platforms of Chapter 9. A teacher who cannot reach them cannot reach the material the department has provided, and NEP 2020 accordingly requires technology to be integrated into teacher preparation rather than taught beside it<\/strong>.<\/span>\u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940, \u0906\u0915\u0932\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0905\u092c \u0905\u0902\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u091a\u0932\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u2014 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f 9 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u0902\u091a\u0964 \u091c\u094b \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0909\u0928 \u0924\u0915 \u0928 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a \u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0935\u0939 \u0909\u0938 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0924\u0915 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u091c\u094b \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0917 \u0928\u0947 \u0926\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 NEP 2020 \u0924\u0926\u0928\u0941\u0938\u093e\u0930 \u0905\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915-\u0924\u0948\u092f\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0909\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u092e\u0947\u0915\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b<\/strong>\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>In employment<\/span>\u0928\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>Applications, examinations, salary, provident fund and service records are all handled through portals \u2014 the G2E dealings of \u00a713.1. Digital literacy has become a precondition of ordinary employment rather than a qualification added to it<\/strong>.<\/span>\u0906\u0935\u0947\u0926\u0928, \u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u090f\u0901, \u0935\u0947\u0924\u0928, \u092d\u0935\u093f\u0937\u094d\u092f \u0928\u093f\u0927\u093f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e-\u0905\u092d\u093f\u0932\u0947\u0916 \u0938\u092c \u092a\u094b\u0930\u094d\u091f\u0932\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u091a\u0932\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u2014 \u00a713.1 \u0915\u0947 G2E \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930\u0964 \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u0938\u093e\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0928\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0940 \u0917\u0908 \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0939\u0924\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0938\u093e\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0936\u0930\u094d\u0924<\/strong> \u092c\u0928 \u091a\u0941\u0915\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr style=\"background:#f3f8ff;\"><td>In governance<\/span>\u0905\u092d\u093f\u0936\u093e\u0938\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>A pension, a scholarship, a certificate and a subsidy now reach a citizen through the systems of Chapter 13. The consequence is that digital literacy has become a condition of receiving what one is already entitled to<\/strong> \u2014 which is why the Common Service Centre and PMGDISHA exist, and why \u00a713.9 treats the divide as a matter of entitlement rather than convenience.<\/span>\u092a\u0947\u0902\u0936\u0928, \u091b\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u092c\u094d\u0938\u093f\u0921\u0940 \u0905\u092c \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f 13 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0928\u093e\u0917\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0924\u0915 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e \u092f\u0939 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u0938\u093e\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0909\u0938 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0936\u0930\u094d\u0924 \u092c\u0928 \u0917\u0908 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0939\u0915\u093c \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u0948<\/strong> \u2014 \u0907\u0938\u0940\u0932\u093f\u090f \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e \u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930 \u090f\u0935\u0902 PMGDISHA \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0914\u0930 \u0907\u0938\u0940\u0932\u093f\u090f \u00a713.9 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093e\u091c\u0928 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0941\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0939\u0915\u093c \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <\/tbody>\n <\/table>\n\n <hr class=\"section-divider\">\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d1-1\">\n 1.1<\/span>\n <h3>Computer: Definition, Characteristics and Limitations<\/span>\u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930: \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e, \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937\u0924\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e\u090f\u0901<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"callout\">\n <div class=\"callout-label\">\ud83d\udcd8 Working definition<\/span>\ud83d\udcd8 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e<\/span><\/div>\n A computer<\/strong> is an electronic device that accepts data<\/strong> through an input unit, processes that data<\/strong> according to a set of stored instructions called a program, produces information<\/strong> through an output unit, and stores<\/strong> both the data and the result for future use. The four verbs in that sentence \u2014 accept, process, produce, store \u2014 are the four units of the block diagram in \u00a71.2.<\/span>\n \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930<\/strong> \u0935\u0939 \u0907\u0932\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0928\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0936 \u0907\u0915\u093e\u0908 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939\u0923<\/strong> \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e \u0928\u093e\u092e\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u0941\u091a\u094d\u091a\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u093e\u0930 \u0909\u0928 \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0930\u0923<\/strong> \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0924 \u0907\u0915\u093e\u0908 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928<\/strong> \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u092d\u093e\u0935\u0940 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093f\u0924<\/strong> \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0907\u0938 \u0935\u093e\u0915\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0940 \u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u2014 \u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939\u0923, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0930\u0923, \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0928, \u0938\u0902\u091a\u092f\u0928 \u2014 \u00a71.2 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u094d\u0932\u0949\u0915 \u0906\u0930\u0947\u0916 \u0915\u0940 \u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0907\u0915\u093e\u0907\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u0939\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span>\n <\/div>\n\n <h4>A. Data, information and knowledge<\/span>\u0915. \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u0947, \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928<\/span><\/h4>\n\n <div class=\"scale-strip\">\n <div class=\"scale-step\">\n 1<\/span>\n <h6>Data<\/span>\u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u0947<\/span><\/h6>\n Raw, unorganised facts that carry no meaning by themselves \u2014 78, 65, 91<\/em>.<\/span>\u0915\u091a\u094d\u091a\u0947, \u0905\u0938\u0902\u0917\u0920\u093f\u0924 \u0924\u0925\u094d\u092f \u091c\u094b \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0930\u0916\u0924\u0947 \u2014 78, 65, 91<\/em>\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"scale-step\">\n 2<\/span>\n <h6>Processing<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0930\u0923<\/span><\/h6>\n Sorting, calculating, comparing or arranging performed by the CPU under a program.<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u0940\u0928 CPU \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u092c\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e, \u0917\u0923\u0928\u093e, \u0924\u0941\u0932\u0928\u093e \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u0928\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"scale-step\">\n 3<\/span>\n <h6>Information<\/span>\u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e<\/span><\/h6>\n Processed data that carries meaning \u2014 \"the class average is 78\"<\/em>.<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0943\u0924 \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u091c\u094b \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u0930\u0916\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u2014 \"\u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0914\u0938\u0924 78 \u0939\u0948\"<\/em>\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"scale-step\">\n 4<\/span>\n <h6>Knowledge<\/span>\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928<\/span><\/h6>\n Information interpreted against experience so that a decision can be taken.<\/span>\u0905\u0928\u0941\u092d\u0935 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0923\u092f \u0932\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0947\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"exam-tip\">\n <div class=\"et-icon\">\ud83d\udca1<\/div>\n <div class=\"et-body\">\n GIGO \u2014 Garbage In, Garbage Out.<\/strong> A computer has no means of judging whether the data fed to it is correct. If a wrong roll number is entered, the machine will process it flawlessly and produce a wrong result at very high speed. This single principle explains why data verification at the point of entry<\/strong> is the most important control in any school record system, and it reappears in \u00a710.8 on data quality.<\/span>\n GIGO \u2014 \u0915\u091a\u0930\u093e \u092d\u0940\u0924\u0930, \u0915\u091a\u0930\u093e \u092c\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0964<\/strong> \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u0938 \u092f\u0939 \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0938\u093e\u0927\u0928 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u093f \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0926\u093f\u090f \u0917\u090f \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u0938\u0939\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u092f\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964 \u092f\u0926\u093f \u0917\u093c\u0932\u0924 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0902\u0915 \u092d\u0930\u093e \u091c\u093e\u090f \u0924\u094b \u092e\u0936\u0940\u0928 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0926\u094b\u0937 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0930 \u0905\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0902\u0924 \u0924\u0940\u0935\u094d\u0930 \u0917\u0924\u093f \u0938\u0947 \u0917\u093c\u0932\u0924 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e \u0926\u0947 \u0926\u0947\u0917\u0940\u0964 \u092f\u0939\u0940 \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924 \u092c\u0924\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093f \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0941 \u092a\u0930 \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u093e-\u0938\u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u0928<\/strong> \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092d\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f\u0940 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0932\u0947\u0916-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u092f\u0939 \u00a710.8 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0903 \u0906\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <h4>B. Characteristics of a computer<\/span>\u0916. \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937\u0924\u093e\u090f\u0901<\/span><\/h4>\n\n <div class=\"feat-grid\">\n <div class=\"feat-card\">1<\/span>Speed<\/span>\u0917\u0924\u093f<\/span><\/strong>Operations are measured in fractions of a second, and processing capacity is expressed in MIPS<\/strong> (millions of instructions per second) or, for supercomputers, in FLOPS<\/strong> (floating-point operations per second).<\/span>\u0938\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u0938\u0947\u0915\u0902\u0921 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0902\u0936\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u093e\u092a\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0930\u0923-\u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e\u0924\u093e MIPS<\/strong> (\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f \u0938\u0947\u0915\u0902\u0921 \u0932\u093e\u0916\u094b\u0902 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0926\u0947\u0936) \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u092e\u0939\u093e\u0938\u0902\u0917\u0923\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 FLOPS<\/strong> \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"feat-card\">2<\/span>Accuracy<\/span>\u092f\u0925\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0924\u093e<\/span><\/strong>The machine is consistently accurate. Errors that appear are almost always errors of data or of programming<\/strong>, not of the hardware.<\/span>\u092e\u0936\u0940\u0928 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u0902\u0924\u0930 \u092f\u0925\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u0930\u0939\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u091c\u094b \u0924\u094d\u0930\u0941\u091f\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u0926\u093f\u0916\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0935\u0947 \u0932\u0917\u092d\u0917 \u0938\u0926\u0948\u0935 \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u094b\u0902 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0915\u0940 \u0924\u094d\u0930\u0941\u091f\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901<\/strong> \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0939\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0921\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"feat-card\">3<\/span>Diligence<\/span>\u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u093e\u092f<\/span><\/strong>A computer performs the ten-millionth calculation exactly as it performed the first. It suffers no fatigue, no boredom and no loss of concentration<\/strong>.<\/span>\u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u090f\u0915 \u0915\u0930\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0935\u0940\u0902 \u0917\u0923\u0928\u093e \u0920\u0940\u0915 \u0935\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0939\u0940 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0909\u0938\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u0925\u0940\u0964 \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0928 \u0925\u0915\u093e\u0928 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0928 \u090a\u092c, \u0928 \u090f\u0915\u093e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u0939\u093e\u0928\u093f<\/strong>\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"feat-card\">4<\/span>Versatility<\/span>\u092c\u0939\u0941\u092e\u0941\u0916\u0924\u093e<\/span><\/strong>The same machine prepares a result sheet, plays a video, sends an email and runs an examination portal \u2014 the task changes with the software<\/strong>, not the hardware.<\/span>\u0935\u0939\u0940 \u092e\u0936\u0940\u0928 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e-\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0915 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0935\u0940\u0921\u093f\u092f\u094b \u091a\u0932\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0908\u092e\u0947\u0932 \u092d\u0947\u091c\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e-\u092a\u094b\u0930\u094d\u091f\u0932 \u091a\u0932\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0938\u0949\u092b\u093c\u094d\u091f\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930<\/strong> \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0939\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0921\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u0938\u0947 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"feat-card\">5<\/span>Storage capacity<\/span>\u092d\u0902\u0921\u093e\u0930\u0923-\u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e\u0924\u093e<\/span><\/strong>Very large volumes of data can be held and any item retrieved in a fraction of a second \u2014 the property that makes UDISE+ and DigiLocker possible at all.<\/span>\u0905\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092e\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u0930\u0916\u0947 \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u092d\u0940 \u092e\u0926 \u0938\u0947\u0915\u0902\u0921 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0902\u0936 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u092f\u0939\u0940 \u0917\u0941\u0923 UDISE+ \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u0932\u0949\u0915\u0930 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0902\u092d\u0935 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"feat-card\">6<\/span>Automation<\/span>\u0938\u094d\u0935\u091a\u093e\u0932\u0928<\/span><\/strong>Once a program is loaded, the machine carries the job through without step-by-step human intervention<\/strong>.<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e \u0932\u094b\u0921 \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u092e\u0936\u0940\u0928 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u094b \u091a\u0930\u0923-\u0926\u0930-\u091a\u0930\u0923 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0935\u0940\u092f \u0939\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u092a \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e<\/strong> \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"feat-card\">7<\/span>Reliability<\/span>\u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0935\u0938\u0928\u0940\u092f\u0924\u093e<\/span><\/strong>Consistent results over long periods, provided power supply and environment are stable.<\/span>\u0926\u0940\u0930\u094d\u0918 \u0905\u0935\u0927\u093f \u0924\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0917\u0924 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e, \u092c\u0936\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924 \u0906\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0936 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0930 \u0939\u094b\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"feat-card\">8<\/span>Multi-tasking<\/span>\u092c\u0939\u0941-\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u0923<\/span><\/strong>Several programs are held in memory and share processor time, so a document, a browser and an antivirus scan appear to run together.<\/span>\u0905\u0928\u0947\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e \u0938\u094d\u092e\u0943\u0924\u093f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0930\u0939\u0915\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0938\u0947\u0938\u0930-\u0938\u092e\u092f \u0938\u093e\u091d\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0905\u0924\u0903 \u0926\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0947\u091c\u093c, \u092c\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0909\u091c\u093c\u0930 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u090f\u0902\u091f\u0940\u0935\u093e\u092f\u0930\u0938 \u0938\u094d\u0915\u0948\u0928 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u091a\u0932\u0924\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u0940\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <h4>C. Units of speed<\/span>\u0917. \u0917\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0940 \u0907\u0915\u093e\u0907\u092f\u093e\u0901<\/span><\/h4>\n\n <table class=\"data-table\">\n <thead>\n <tr>\n <th>Unit<\/span>\u0907\u0915\u093e\u0908<\/span><\/th>\n <th class=\"narrow\">Value<\/span>\u092e\u093e\u0928<\/span><\/th>\n <th>Note<\/span>\u091f\u093f\u092a\u094d\u092a\u0923\u0940<\/span><\/th>\n <\/tr>\n <\/thead>\n <tbody>\n <tr><td>Millisecond (ms)<\/span>\u092e\u093f\u0932\u0940\u0938\u0947\u0915\u0902\u0921 (ms)<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td class=\"narrow\">10\u22123<\/sup> s<\/td><td>One-thousandth of a second.<\/span>\u0938\u0947\u0915\u0902\u0921 \u0915\u093e \u090f\u0915-\u0939\u091c\u093c\u093e\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0901 \u092d\u093e\u0917\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>Microsecond (\u00b5s)<\/span>\u092e\u093e\u0907\u0915\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0938\u0947\u0915\u0902\u0921 (\u00b5s)<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td class=\"narrow\">10\u22126<\/sup> s<\/td><td>One-millionth of a second.<\/span>\u0938\u0947\u0915\u0902\u0921 \u0915\u093e \u090f\u0915-\u0926\u0938-\u0932\u093e\u0916\u0935\u093e\u0901 \u092d\u093e\u0917\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>Nanosecond (ns)<\/span>\u0928\u0948\u0928\u094b\u0938\u0947\u0915\u0902\u0921 (ns)<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td class=\"narrow\">10\u22129<\/sup> s<\/td><td>One-billionth of a second; the usual scale of a modern instruction cycle.<\/span>\u0938\u0947\u0915\u0902\u0921 \u0915\u093e \u090f\u0915-\u0905\u0930\u092c\u0935\u093e\u0901 \u092d\u093e\u0917; \u0906\u0927\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0926\u0947\u0936-\u091a\u0915\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f \u092a\u0948\u092e\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>Picosecond (ps)<\/span>\u092a\u093f\u0915\u094b\u0938\u0947\u0915\u0902\u0921 (ps)<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td class=\"narrow\">10\u221212<\/sup> s<\/td><td>One-trillionth of a second.<\/span>\u0938\u0947\u0915\u0902\u0921 \u0915\u093e \u090f\u0915-\u0916\u0930\u092c\u0935\u093e\u0901 \u092d\u093e\u0917\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <\/tbody>\n <\/table>\n\n <h4>D. Limitations of a computer<\/span>\u0918. \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e\u090f\u0901<\/span><\/h4>\n\n <div class=\"pc-grid\">\n <div class=\"pc-panel pro\">\n <div class=\"pc-head\">\u2713<\/span>What it does supremely well<\/span>\u091c\u094b \u092f\u0939 \u0905\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924\u094d\u0924\u092e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n <ul>\n <li>Repetitive calculation at very high speed without error or fatigue<\/span>\u0905\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0902\u0924 \u0924\u0940\u0935\u094d\u0930 \u0917\u0924\u093f \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u093e\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0917\u0923\u0928\u093e, \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0924\u094d\u0930\u0941\u091f\u093f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0925\u0915\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0947<\/span><\/li>\n <li>Storage and instant retrieval of very large record sets<\/span>\u0905\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0902\u0924 \u092c\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0932\u0947\u0916-\u0938\u092e\u0941\u091a\u094d\u091a\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u092d\u0902\u0921\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0924\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0915\u093e\u0932\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u094d\u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924\u093f<\/span><\/li>\n <li>Exact reproduction of a stored file any number of times<\/span>\u0938\u0902\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u092b\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0932 \u0915\u093e \u0915\u093f\u0924\u0928\u0940 \u092d\u0940 \u092c\u093e\u0930 \u092f\u0925\u093e\u0935\u0924\u094d \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u0941\u0924\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0928<\/span><\/li>\n <li>Following a defined procedure with perfect consistency<\/span>\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u093e \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0938\u0902\u0917\u0924\u093f \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u0930\u0923<\/span><\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"pc-panel con\">\n <div class=\"pc-head\">\u2717<\/span>What it cannot do<\/span>\u091c\u094b \u092f\u0939 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n <ul>\n <li>No intelligence of its own.<\/strong> A computer has no IQ<\/strong> \u2014 it does only what the program directs, and cannot depart from it<\/span>\u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u092c\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093f \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964<\/strong> \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u092c\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093f-\u0932\u092c\u094d\u0927\u093f \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902<\/strong> \u2014 \u0935\u0939 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0935\u0939\u0940 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0947, \u0909\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u091a\u0932\u093f\u0924 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e<\/span><\/li>\n <li>No feelings or value judgement.<\/strong> It cannot show empathy, encourage a discouraged child, or judge the worth of an outcome<\/span>\u0928 \u092d\u093e\u0935\u0928\u093e, \u0928 \u092e\u0942\u0932\u094d\u092f-\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0923\u092f\u0964<\/strong> \u092f\u0939 \u0938\u0939\u093e\u0928\u0941\u092d\u0942\u0924\u093f \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0926\u093f\u0916\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e, \u0939\u0924\u094b\u0924\u094d\u0938\u093e\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u092c\u093e\u0932\u0915 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0924\u094d\u0938\u093e\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e, \u0928 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e \u0915\u093e \u092e\u0942\u0932\u094d\u092f \u0906\u0901\u0915 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/li>\n <li>Cannot correct a wrong input.<\/strong> It has no way of recognising that the data itself is mistaken \u2014 the GIGO principle<\/span>\u0917\u093c\u0932\u0924 \u0928\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0936 \u0938\u0941\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e\u0964<\/strong> \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u0938 \u092f\u0939 \u092a\u0939\u091a\u093e\u0928\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u093e\u092f \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u093f \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u0917\u093c\u0932\u0924 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u2014 GIGO \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924<\/span><\/li>\n <li>Cannot learn from experience<\/strong> in the ordinary sense; it must be reprogrammed or, in modern systems, retrained on fresh data<\/span>\u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092d\u0935 \u0938\u0947 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0938\u0940\u0916 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e<\/strong>; \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0903\u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u092a\u0921\u093c\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0906\u0927\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u090f \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0903\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924<\/span><\/li>\n <li>Dependent on power and on maintenance<\/strong>, and vulnerable to hardware failure and to cyber attack<\/span>\u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u092a\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092d\u0930<\/strong>, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0939\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0921\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930-\u0935\u093f\u092b\u0932\u0924\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u093e\u0907\u092c\u0930 \u0906\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f \u0938\u0902\u0935\u0947\u0926\u0928\u0936\u0940\u0932<\/span><\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <h4>E. Landmarks in the history of computing<\/span>\u0919. \u0938\u0902\u0917\u0923\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0907\u0924\u093f\u0939\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u0940\u0932-\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0925\u0930<\/span><\/h4>\n\n <table class=\"data-table\">\n <thead>\n <tr>\n <th>Person or machine<\/span>\u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930<\/span><\/th>\n <th class=\"narrow\">Year<\/span>\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937<\/span><\/th>\n <th>Contribution<\/span>\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0926\u093e\u0928<\/span><\/th>\n <\/tr>\n <\/thead>\n <tbody>\n <tr><td>Abacus<\/span>\u0905\u092c\u0947\u0915\u0938<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td class=\"narrow\">c. 3000 BC<\/span>\u0932\u0917\u092d\u0917 3000 \u0908\u0938\u093e \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935<\/span><\/td><td>The earliest known calculating device<\/strong>, of Chinese origin; beads on rods.<\/span>\u091a\u0940\u0928\u0940 \u092e\u0942\u0932 \u0915\u093e \u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u091a\u0940\u0928\u0924\u092e \u0917\u0923\u0928\u093e-\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930<\/strong>; \u091b\u0921\u093c\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u092e\u0928\u0915\u0947\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>John Napier<\/span>\u091c\u0949\u0928 \u0928\u0947\u092a\u093f\u092f\u0930<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td class=\"narrow\">1617<\/td><td>Napier's Bones<\/strong>, a rod-based multiplication aid; also the inventor of logarithms.<\/span>\u0928\u0947\u092a\u093f\u092f\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901<\/strong>, \u091b\u0921\u093c-\u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0917\u0941\u0923\u0928-\u0938\u0939\u093e\u092f\u0915; \u0932\u0918\u0941\u0917\u0923\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u0906\u0935\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0915 \u092d\u0940\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>Blaise Pascal<\/span>\u092c\u094d\u0932\u0947\u091c\u093c \u092a\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0932<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td class=\"narrow\">1642<\/td><td>The Pascaline<\/strong> \u2014 the first mechanical adding machine.<\/span>\u092a\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0928<\/strong> \u2014 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0925\u092e \u092f\u093e\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c-\u092e\u0936\u0940\u0928\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>Gottfried Leibniz<\/span>\u0917\u0949\u091f\u092b\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0921 \u0932\u093e\u0907\u092c\u0928\u093f\u091c\u093c<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td class=\"narrow\">1671<\/td><td>The Stepped Reckoner<\/strong>, which could also multiply and divide; also formalised the binary system.<\/span>\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0947\u092a\u094d\u0921 \u0930\u0947\u0915\u0928\u0930<\/strong>, \u091c\u094b \u0917\u0941\u0923\u093e-\u092d\u093e\u0917 \u092d\u0940 \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0925\u093e; \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u092a\u0926\u094d\u0927\u0924\u093f \u0915\u094b \u0914\u092a\u091a\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092d\u0940 \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr style=\"background:#f3f8ff;\"><td>Charles Babbage<\/span>\u091a\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0932\u094d\u0938 \u092c\u0948\u092c\u0947\u091c<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td class=\"narrow\">1822 \/ 1837<\/td><td>The Difference Engine<\/strong> and then the Analytical Engine<\/strong>, which anticipated the modern stored-program computer. He is called the Father of the Computer<\/strong>.<\/span>\u0921\u093f\u092b\u093c\u0930\u0947\u0902\u0938 \u0907\u0902\u091c\u0928<\/strong> \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092b\u093f\u0930 \u090f\u0928\u093e\u0932\u093f\u091f\u093f\u0915\u0932 \u0907\u0902\u091c\u0928<\/strong>, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0928\u0947 \u0906\u0927\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093f\u0924-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a\u0928\u093e \u0915\u0940\u0964 \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u091c\u0928\u0915<\/strong> \u0915\u0939\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>Ada Lovelace<\/span>\u090f\u0921\u093e \u0932\u0935\u0932\u0947\u0938<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td class=\"narrow\">1843<\/td><td>Wrote the first algorithm intended for a machine; regarded as the first computer programmer<\/strong>.<\/span>\u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0925\u092e \u0915\u0932\u0928\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f \u0932\u093f\u0916\u0940; \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0925\u092e \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e\u0930<\/strong> \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>Herman Hollerith<\/span>\u0939\u0930\u092e\u0928 \u0939\u094b\u0932\u0947\u0930\u093f\u0925<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td class=\"narrow\">1890<\/td><td>Punched-card tabulating machine<\/strong> used for the US census; his company later became IBM<\/strong>.<\/span>\u0905\u092e\u0947\u0930\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u091c\u0928\u0917\u0923\u0928\u093e \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u091b\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924-\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0921 \u0938\u093e\u0930\u0923\u0940\u092f\u0928 \u092e\u0936\u0940\u0928<\/strong>; \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0940 \u0915\u0902\u092a\u0928\u0940 \u0906\u0917\u0947 \u091a\u0932\u0915\u0930 IBM<\/strong> \u092c\u0928\u0940\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>Alan Turing<\/span>\u090f\u0932\u0928 \u091f\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0930\u093f\u0902\u0917<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td class=\"narrow\">1936<\/td><td>The Turing machine<\/strong>, the theoretical model of computation; also called the Father of Artificial Intelligence<\/strong>.<\/span>\u091f\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0930\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u092e\u0936\u0940\u0928<\/strong>, \u0938\u0902\u0917\u0923\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0948\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u0942\u092a; \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092e \u092c\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093f\u092e\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0915\u093e \u091c\u0928\u0915<\/strong> \u092d\u0940 \u0915\u0939\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>John von Neumann<\/span>\u091c\u0949\u0928 \u0935\u0949\u0928 \u0928\u094d\u092f\u0942\u092e\u0928<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td class=\"narrow\">1945<\/td><td>The stored-program concept<\/strong> \u2014 instructions and data held in the same memory. Nearly every computer today follows von Neumann architecture<\/strong>.<\/span>\u0938\u0902\u091a\u093f\u0924-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e \u0905\u0935\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923\u093e<\/strong> \u2014 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u090f\u0915 \u0939\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u092e\u0943\u0924\u093f \u092e\u0947\u0902\u0964 \u0906\u091c \u0932\u0917\u092d\u0917 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u0935\u0949\u0928 \u0928\u094d\u092f\u0942\u092e\u0928 \u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0936\u093f\u0932\u094d\u092a<\/strong> \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr style=\"background:#f3f8ff;\"><td>ENIAC<\/strong><\/td><td class=\"narrow\">1946<\/td><td>The first general-purpose electronic digital computer<\/strong>, built by Eckert and Mauchly<\/strong>. UNIVAC-I (1951) was the first commercial computer.<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0925\u092e \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u0907\u0932\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u0902\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930<\/strong>, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u090f\u0915\u0930\u094d\u091f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092e\u093e\u0909\u0915\u094d\u0932\u0940<\/strong> \u0928\u0947 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u092f\u093e\u0964 UNIVAC-I (1951) \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0925\u092e \u0935\u093e\u0923\u093f\u091c\u094d\u092f\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u0925\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <\/tbody>\n <\/table>\n\n <div class=\"enrich-box\">\n India Focus \u2014 Firsts to memorise<\/span>\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924-\u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u2014 \u0915\u0902\u0920\u0938\u094d\u0925 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u092f\u094b\u0917\u094d\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0925\u092e<\/span><\/span>\n <ul class=\"split-list\">\n <li>1<\/span>HEC-2M<\/strong>, installed at the Indian Statistical Institute, Kolkata, in 1955<\/strong>, was the first computer in India.<\/span>HEC-2M<\/strong>, \u091c\u094b 1955 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0938\u093e\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928, \u0915\u094b\u0932\u0915\u093e\u0924\u093e<\/strong> \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0941\u0906, \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0925\u092e \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u0925\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n <li>2<\/span>TIFRAC<\/strong> \u2014 Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Automatic Calculator, 1960<\/strong> \u2014 was the first computer designed and built in India. The name was given by Jawaharlal Nehru.<\/span>TIFRAC<\/strong> \u2014 \u091f\u093e\u091f\u093e \u092e\u0942\u0932\u092d\u0942\u0924 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u0902\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u091a\u093e\u0932\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0915\u0932\u0915, 1960<\/strong> \u2014 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0925\u092e \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u0925\u093e\u0964 \u0928\u093e\u092e \u091c\u0935\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0932\u093e\u0932 \u0928\u0947\u0939\u0930\u0942 \u0928\u0947 \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n <li>3<\/span>PARAM 8000<\/strong>, released in 1991<\/strong> by C-DAC<\/strong> under Dr Vijay Bhatkar<\/strong>, was India's first indigenous supercomputer. Dr Bhatkar is called the Father of the Indian Supercomputer<\/strong>.<\/span>PARAM 8000<\/strong>, \u091c\u094b 1991<\/strong> \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0921\u0949. \u0935\u093f\u091c\u092f \u092d\u091f\u0915\u0930<\/strong> \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u0947\u0924\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u092e\u0947\u0902 C-DAC<\/strong> \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0939\u0941\u0906, \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0925\u092e \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0926\u0947\u0936\u0940 \u092e\u0939\u093e\u0938\u0902\u0917\u0923\u0915 \u0925\u093e\u0964 \u0921\u0949. \u092d\u091f\u0915\u0930 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u092e\u0939\u093e\u0938\u0902\u0917\u0923\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u091c\u0928\u0915<\/strong> \u0915\u0939\u0932\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n <li>4<\/span>The National Supercomputing Mission<\/strong> (2015) has since produced the PARAM<\/strong> series, and India's most powerful civilian systems include Pratyush<\/strong> and Mihir<\/strong>, used for weather and climate forecasting.<\/span>\u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u092e\u0939\u093e\u0938\u0902\u0917\u0923\u0928 \u092e\u093f\u0936\u0928<\/strong> (2015) \u0928\u0947 \u0924\u092c \u0938\u0947 PARAM<\/strong> \u0936\u0943\u0902\u0916\u0932\u093e \u0926\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0936\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0936\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0928\u093e\u0917\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0937<\/strong> \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092e\u093f\u0939\u093f\u0930<\/strong> \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u091c\u094b \u092e\u094c\u0938\u092e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u091c\u0932\u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0928\u0941\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n\n <hr class=\"section-divider\">\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d1-2\">\n 1.2<\/span>\n <h3>The Block Diagram of a Computer<\/span>\u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u092c\u094d\u0932\u0949\u0915 \u0906\u0930\u0947\u0916<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n \n The block diagram is the single most examinable picture in this chapter. It shows five functional units<\/strong> and, crucially, distinguishes the path along which data<\/strong> travels from the path along which control signals<\/strong> travel.<\/span>\n \u092c\u094d\u0932\u0949\u0915 \u0906\u0930\u0947\u0916 \u0907\u0938 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e-\u092f\u094b\u0917\u094d\u092f \u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u092a\u093e\u0901\u091a \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0907\u0915\u093e\u0907\u092f\u093e\u0901<\/strong> \u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930, \u091c\u094b \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0923\u093e\u092f\u0915 \u0939\u0948, \u0909\u0938 \u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0917 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u0943\u0925\u0915 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u0947<\/strong> \u091a\u0932\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0909\u0938 \u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0917 \u0938\u0947 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0923-\u0938\u0902\u0915\u0947\u0924<\/strong> \u091a\u0932\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span>\n <\/p>\n\n <svg class=\"full-diagram\" viewBox=\"0 0 700 300\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Block diagram of a computer\">\n <rect x=\"18\" y=\"120\" width=\"112\" height=\"58\" rx=\"8\" fill=\"#eefbf7\" stroke=\"#0d8f79\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\n <text x=\"74\" y=\"145\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"13\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#0d8f79\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">INPUT<\/text>\n <text x=\"74\" y=\"163\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10\" fill=\"#5a6d80\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">UNIT<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"192\" y=\"34\" width=\"316\" height=\"230\" rx=\"12\" fill=\"#f7fbff\" stroke=\"#1f5fa9\" stroke-width=\"2.5\" stroke-dasharray=\"6 4\"\/>\n <text x=\"350\" y=\"56\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"11.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\" letter-spacing=\"1.5\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"212\" y=\"70\" width=\"128\" height=\"52\" rx=\"8\" fill=\"#eef4fc\" stroke=\"#1f5fa9\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\n <text x=\"276\" y=\"92\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"12\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#14243f\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">CONTROL<\/text>\n <text x=\"276\" y=\"109\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10\" fill=\"#5a6d80\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">UNIT (CU)<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"360\" y=\"70\" width=\"128\" height=\"52\" rx=\"8\" fill=\"#eef4fc\" stroke=\"#1f5fa9\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\n <text x=\"424\" y=\"92\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"12\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#14243f\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">ALU<\/text>\n <text x=\"424\" y=\"109\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9.5\" fill=\"#5a6d80\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">ARITHMETIC & LOGIC<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"212\" y=\"176\" width=\"276\" height=\"60\" rx=\"8\" fill=\"#fffbf0\" stroke=\"#c9760f\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\n <text x=\"350\" y=\"200\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"12\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#c9760f\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">MEMORY UNIT<\/text>\n <text x=\"350\" y=\"219\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9.5\" fill=\"#5a6d80\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Registers \u00b7 Cache \u00b7 Primary Memory (RAM \/ ROM)<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"570\" y=\"120\" width=\"112\" height=\"58\" rx=\"8\" fill=\"#fdf0f5\" stroke=\"#8e2f5a\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\n <text x=\"626\" y=\"145\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"13\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#8e2f5a\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">OUTPUT<\/text>\n <text x=\"626\" y=\"163\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10\" fill=\"#5a6d80\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">UNIT<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"252\" y=\"264\" width=\"196\" height=\"30\" rx=\"7\" fill=\"#f3f6fb\" stroke=\"#14243f\" stroke-width=\"1.8\"\/>\n <text x=\"350\" y=\"284\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"11\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#14243f\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">SECONDARY STORAGE<\/text>\n\n <defs>\n <marker id=\"ah\" markerWidth=\"9\" markerHeight=\"9\" refX=\"8\" refY=\"3.2\" orient=\"auto\">\n <path d=\"M0,0 L0,6.4 L8,3.2 z\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\"\/>\n <\/marker>\n <marker id=\"ahg\" markerWidth=\"9\" markerHeight=\"9\" refX=\"8\" refY=\"3.2\" orient=\"auto\">\n <path d=\"M0,0 L0,6.4 L8,3.2 z\" fill=\"#8e2f5a\"\/>\n <\/marker>\n <\/defs>\n\n <line x1=\"130\" y1=\"149\" x2=\"205\" y2=\"149\" stroke=\"#1f5fa9\" stroke-width=\"2.4\" marker-end=\"url(#ah)\"\/>\n <line x1=\"495\" y1=\"149\" x2=\"566\" y2=\"149\" stroke=\"#8e2f5a\" stroke-width=\"2.4\" marker-end=\"url(#ahg)\"\/>\n <line x1=\"350\" y1=\"236\" x2=\"350\" y2=\"260\" stroke=\"#14243f\" stroke-width=\"2\" marker-end=\"url(#ah)\"\/>\n <line x1=\"340\" y1=\"96\" x2=\"356\" y2=\"96\" stroke=\"#1f5fa9\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" marker-end=\"url(#ah)\"\/>\n <line x1=\"276\" y1=\"122\" x2=\"276\" y2=\"172\" stroke=\"#c9760f\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-dasharray=\"5 4\" marker-end=\"url(#ah)\"\/>\n <line x1=\"424\" y1=\"122\" x2=\"424\" y2=\"172\" stroke=\"#c9760f\" stroke-width=\"2\" marker-end=\"url(#ah)\"\/>\n\n <line x1=\"530\" y1=\"40\" x2=\"556\" y2=\"40\" stroke=\"#1f5fa9\" stroke-width=\"2.4\"\/>\n <text x=\"562\" y=\"44\" font-size=\"9.5\" fill=\"#5a6d80\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Data flow<\/text>\n <line x1=\"530\" y1=\"58\" x2=\"556\" y2=\"58\" stroke=\"#c9760f\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-dasharray=\"5 4\"\/>\n <text x=\"562\" y=\"62\" font-size=\"9.5\" fill=\"#5a6d80\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Control flow<\/text>\n <\/svg>\n The five functional units. Everything inside the dashed boundary is the CPU.<\/span>\u092a\u093e\u0901\u091a \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0907\u0915\u093e\u0907\u092f\u093e\u0901\u0964 \u092c\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0941\u0930\u0947\u0916\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u092d\u0940\u0924\u0930 \u091c\u094b \u0915\u0941\u091b \u0939\u0948 \u0935\u0939 CPU \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n\n <div class=\"ladder\">\n <div class=\"rung\">\n <div class=\"rung-step\">1<\/span>In<\/span>\u092d\u0940\u0924\u0930<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n <div>\n <h5>Input Unit<\/span>\u0928\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0936 \u0907\u0915\u093e\u0908<\/span><\/h5>\n Accepts data and instructions from the outside world and converts them into the binary form<\/strong> the machine can process. Without this conversion the CPU could make no use of a keystroke or a scanned page.<\/span>\u092c\u093e\u0939\u094d\u092f \u091c\u0917\u0924\u094d \u0938\u0947 \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939\u0923 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u0938 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0924<\/strong> \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u092e\u0936\u0940\u0928 \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0947\u0964 \u0907\u0938 \u0930\u0942\u092a\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e CPU \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0915\u0941\u0902\u091c\u0940-\u0926\u093e\u092c \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0915\u0948\u0928 \u0915\u093f\u090f \u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"rung\">\n <div class=\"rung-step\">2<\/span>Direct<\/span>\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u0928<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n <div>\n <h5>Control Unit (CU)<\/span>\u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0923 \u0907\u0915\u093e\u0908 (CU)<\/span><\/h5>\n Directs and coordinates every other unit by issuing timing and control signals. It does not itself process any data<\/strong> \u2014 it is the traffic officer, not the vehicle. It fetches an instruction, decodes it, and tells the appropriate unit to act.<\/span>\u0938\u092e\u092f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0923 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0947\u0924 \u091c\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u0930\u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0907\u0915\u093e\u0908 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u092e\u0928\u094d\u0935\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940<\/strong> \u2014 \u092f\u0939 \u092f\u093e\u0924\u093e\u092f\u093e\u0924-\u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0935\u093e\u0939\u0928 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u0932\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u094b\u0921\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0907\u0915\u093e\u0908 \u0915\u094b \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"rung\">\n <div class=\"rung-step\">3<\/span>Compute<\/span>\u0938\u0902\u0917\u0923\u0928<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n <div>\n <h5>Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU)<\/span>\u0905\u0902\u0915\u0917\u0923\u093f\u0924 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0924\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0907\u0915\u093e\u0908 (ALU)<\/span><\/h5>\n Performs all arithmetic operations<\/strong> \u2014 addition, subtraction, multiplication, division \u2014 and all logical operations<\/strong> \u2014 comparison for greater than, less than or equal to, and the Boolean operations AND, OR and NOT. This is where the actual processing happens.<\/span>\u0938\u092e\u0938\u094d\u0924 \u0905\u0902\u0915\u0917\u0923\u093f\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0938\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u090f\u0901<\/strong> \u2014 \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c, \u0918\u091f\u093e\u0935, \u0917\u0941\u0923\u093e, \u092d\u093e\u0917 \u2014 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0938\u092e\u0938\u094d\u0924 \u0924\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0915\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u090f\u0901<\/strong> \u2014 \u092c\u0921\u093c\u093e, \u091b\u094b\u091f\u093e \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u092c\u0930\u093e\u092c\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0924\u0941\u0932\u0928\u093e, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092c\u0942\u0932\u0940\u092f \u0938\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u090f\u0901 AND, OR \u090f\u0935\u0902 NOT \u2014 \u092f\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u092f\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0918\u091f\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"rung\">\n <div class=\"rung-step\">4<\/span>Hold<\/span>\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n <div>\n <h5>Memory Unit<\/span>\u0938\u094d\u092e\u0943\u0924\u093f \u0907\u0915\u093e\u0908<\/span><\/h5>\n Holds the data awaiting processing, the instructions of the running program, and the intermediate and final results. Because instructions and data sit in the same<\/strong> memory, the machine is a stored-program computer<\/strong> \u2014 von Neumann's contribution.<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u0947, \u091a\u0932 \u0930\u0939\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0926\u0947\u0936, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0940 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u093f\u092e \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e \u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u091a\u0942\u0901\u0915\u093f \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u090f\u0915 \u0939\u0940<\/strong> \u0938\u094d\u092e\u0943\u0924\u093f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0930\u0939\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0905\u0924\u0903 \u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093f\u0924-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930<\/strong> \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u092f\u0939\u0940 \u0935\u0949\u0928 \u0928\u094d\u092f\u0942\u092e\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u092f\u094b\u0917\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"rung\">\n <div class=\"rung-step\">5<\/span>Out<\/span>\u092c\u093e\u0939\u0930<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n <div>\n <h5>Output Unit<\/span>\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0924 \u0907\u0915\u093e\u0908<\/span><\/h5>\n Converts the binary result back into a form a person can understand \u2014 characters on a screen, ink on paper, sound through a speaker. It performs the exact reverse of the input unit's conversion.<\/span>\u0926\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e \u0915\u094b \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0903 \u0910\u0938\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0938\u092e\u091d \u0938\u0915\u0947 \u2014 \u092a\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u0905\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0930, \u0915\u093e\u0917\u091c\u093c \u092a\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0939\u0940, \u0935\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u0927\u094d\u0935\u0928\u093f\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0928\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0936 \u0907\u0915\u093e\u0908 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u093e \u0920\u0940\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u092a\u0930\u0940\u0924 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"exam-tip\">\n <div class=\"et-icon\">\ud83c\udfaf<\/div>\n <div class=\"et-body\">\n Three statements the examiner tests.<\/strong> (1)<\/strong> The CPU consists of the CU, the ALU and the registers<\/strong> \u2014 the memory unit shown in the diagram includes the registers, which are inside the CPU, while RAM sits outside it on the motherboard. (2)<\/strong> The ALU processes, the CU controls<\/strong>; a question asking \"which unit performs comparison\" is answered by ALU, and \"which unit coordinates\" by CU. (3)<\/strong> Input and output units together are called peripheral devices<\/strong>, and the combination of the CU and the ALU is sometimes called the processor proper<\/strong>.<\/span>\n \u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0924\u0940\u0928 \u0915\u0925\u0928 \u092a\u0930\u0916\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/strong> (1)<\/strong> CPU \u092e\u0947\u0902 CU, ALU \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0930\u091c\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0930<\/strong> \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u2014 \u0906\u0930\u0947\u0916 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u092e\u0943\u0924\u093f \u0907\u0915\u093e\u0908 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u0947 \u0930\u091c\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0930 \u0938\u092e\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0932\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u091c\u094b CPU \u0915\u0947 \u092d\u0940\u0924\u0930 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u091c\u092c\u0915\u093f RAM \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0939\u0930 \u092e\u0926\u0930\u092c\u094b\u0930\u094d\u0921 \u092a\u0930 \u0930\u0939\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 (2)<\/strong> ALU \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, CU \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0923<\/strong>; \"\u0915\u094c\u0928-\u0938\u0940 \u0907\u0915\u093e\u0908 \u0924\u0941\u0932\u0928\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\" \u0915\u093e \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 ALU \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u0925\u093e \"\u0915\u094c\u0928-\u0938\u0940 \u0907\u0915\u093e\u0908 \u0938\u092e\u0928\u094d\u0935\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\" \u0915\u093e CU\u0964 (3)<\/strong> \u0928\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0936 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0924 \u0907\u0915\u093e\u0907\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0915\u0930 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0927\u0940\u092f \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923<\/strong> \u0915\u0939\u0932\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0924\u0925\u093e CU \u090f\u0935\u0902 ALU \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u0915\u094b \u0915\u092d\u0940-\u0915\u092d\u0940 \u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0938\u0947\u0938\u0930<\/strong> \u0915\u0939\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <hr class=\"section-divider\">\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d1-3\">\n 1.3<\/span>\n <h3>Generations of Computers<\/span>\u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0940\u0922\u093c\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n \n A generation<\/strong> of computers is defined by the switching technology<\/strong> used to build the processor. Each change of switching device brought a sharp fall in size, cost and power consumption and a sharp rise in speed and reliability.<\/span>\n \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0940\u0922\u093c\u0940<\/strong> \u0909\u0938 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u093f\u091a\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u0940<\/strong> \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0938\u0947\u0938\u0930 \u092c\u0928\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0964 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u093f\u091a\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u0928\u0947 \u0906\u0915\u093e\u0930, \u0932\u093e\u0917\u0924 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924-\u0916\u092a\u0924 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0924\u0940\u0935\u094d\u0930 \u0917\u093f\u0930\u093e\u0935\u091f \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0917\u0924\u093f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0935\u0938\u0928\u0940\u092f\u0924\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0924\u0940\u0935\u094d\u0930 \u0935\u0943\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093f \u0926\u0940\u0964<\/span>\n <\/p>\n\n <table class=\"data-table\">\n <thead>\n <tr>\n <th class=\"narrow\">Gen<\/span>\u092a\u0940\u0922\u093c\u0940<\/span><\/th>\n <th class=\"narrow\">Period<\/span>\u0915\u093e\u0932<\/span><\/th>\n <th>Switching technology<\/span>\u0938\u094d\u0935\u093f\u091a\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u0940<\/span><\/th>\n <th>Language and features<\/span>\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937\u0924\u093e\u090f\u0901<\/span><\/th>\n <th>Examples<\/span>\u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923<\/span><\/th>\n <\/tr>\n <\/thead>\n <tbody>\n <tr>\n <td class=\"narrow\">1<\/strong><\/td>\n <td class=\"narrow\">1940\u20131956<\/td>\n <td>Vacuum tube<\/span>\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0924 \u0928\u0932\u093f\u0915\u093e<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n <td>Machine language<\/strong> only. Huge, generated great heat, very unreliable; used punched cards and magnetic drums.<\/span>\u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u092e\u0936\u0940\u0928\u0940 \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e<\/strong>\u0964 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u093e\u0932\u0915\u093e\u092f, \u0905\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e, \u0905\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0902\u0924 \u0905\u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0935\u0938\u0928\u0940\u092f; \u091b\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0921 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u091a\u0941\u0902\u092c\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0921\u094d\u0930\u092e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <td>ENIAC, EDVAC, EDSAC, UNIVAC-I, IBM 701<\/span>ENIAC, EDVAC, EDSAC, UNIVAC-I, IBM 701<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td class=\"narrow\">2<\/strong><\/td>\n <td class=\"narrow\">1956\u20131963<\/td>\n <td>Transistor<\/span>\u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0902\u091c\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0930<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n <td>Assembly language<\/strong> and the first high-level languages, FORTRAN and COBOL<\/strong>. Smaller, faster, cheaper; magnetic core memory and magnetic tape.<\/span>\u0905\u0938\u0947\u0902\u092c\u0932\u0940 \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e<\/strong> \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0925\u092e \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a-\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930\u0940\u092f \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u2014 \u092b\u093c\u094b\u0930\u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0915\u094b\u092c\u094b\u0932<\/strong>\u0964 \u091b\u094b\u091f\u0947, \u0924\u0940\u0935\u094d\u0930, \u0938\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0947; \u091a\u0941\u0902\u092c\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0915\u094b\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u092e\u0943\u0924\u093f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u091a\u0941\u0902\u092c\u0915\u0940\u092f \u091f\u0947\u092a\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <td>IBM 1401, IBM 7094, CDC 3600, Honeywell 400<\/span>IBM 1401, IBM 7094, CDC 3600, Honeywell 400<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td class=\"narrow\">3<\/strong><\/td>\n <td class=\"narrow\">1964\u20131971<\/td>\n <td>Integrated Circuit (IC)<\/span>\u090f\u0915\u0940\u0915\u0943\u0924 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092a\u0925 (IC)<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n <td>High-level languages such as BASIC and PASCAL<\/strong>. Keyboard and monitor<\/strong> replaced punched cards; operating systems and multiprogramming appeared.<\/span>\u092c\u0947\u0938\u093f\u0915 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0932<\/strong> \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0940 \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a-\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930\u0940\u092f \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e\u090f\u0901\u0964 \u091b\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0921\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u0941\u0902\u091c\u0940\u092a\u091f\u0932 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092e\u0949\u0928\u093f\u091f\u0930<\/strong>; \u092a\u094d\u0930\u091a\u093e\u0932\u0928 \u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092c\u0939\u0941-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e\u0928 \u0906\u090f\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <td>IBM System\/360, IBM 370, PDP-8, ICL 2900<\/span>IBM System\/360, IBM 370, PDP-8, ICL 2900<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td class=\"narrow\">4<\/strong><\/td>\n <td class=\"narrow\">1971\u2013present<\/span>1971\u2013\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u092e\u093e\u0928<\/span><\/td>\n <td>Microprocessor (LSI \/ VLSI)<\/span>\u092e\u093e\u0907\u0915\u094d\u0930\u094b\u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0938\u0947\u0938\u0930 (LSI \/ VLSI)<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n <td>C, C++, Java<\/strong>; the graphical user interface<\/strong>, the personal computer, networks and the internet. An entire CPU on a single chip.<\/span>C, C++, \u091c\u093e\u0935\u093e<\/strong>; \u0906\u0932\u0947\u0916\u0940\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u092b\u093c\u0947\u0938<\/strong>, \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0917\u0924 \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930, \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u0928\u0947\u091f\u0964 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 CPU \u090f\u0915 \u0939\u0940 \u091a\u093f\u092a \u092a\u0930\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <td>IBM PC, Apple Macintosh, CRAY-1, PARAM<\/span>IBM PC, \u090f\u092a\u094d\u092a\u0932 \u092e\u0948\u0915\u093f\u0928\u091f\u0949\u0936, CRAY-1, \u092a\u0930\u092e<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr style=\"background:#f3f8ff;\">\n <td class=\"narrow\">5<\/strong><\/td>\n <td class=\"narrow\">Present onward<\/span>\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0906\u0917\u0947<\/span><\/td>\n <td>ULSI, parallel processing, AI<\/span>ULSI, \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0930\u0923, AI<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n <td>Artificial intelligence<\/strong>, natural-language processing, expert systems, robotics; languages such as Prolog, LISP and Python<\/strong>. Quantum computing is the emerging frontier.<\/span>\u0915\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092e \u092c\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093f\u092e\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093e<\/strong>, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f\u0915-\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0930\u0923, \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937\u091c\u094d\u091e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901, \u0930\u094b\u092c\u094b\u091f\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0938; \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0932\u0949\u0917, \u0932\u093f\u0938\u094d\u092a \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u093e\u092f\u0925\u0928<\/strong> \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0940 \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e\u090f\u0901\u0964 \u0915\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0902\u091f\u092e \u0938\u0902\u0917\u0923\u0928 \u0909\u092d\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <td>IBM Watson, PARAM Siddhi-AI, modern AI systems<\/span>IBM \u0935\u0949\u091f\u0938\u0928, \u092a\u0930\u092e \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093f-AI, \u0906\u0927\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0915 AI \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <\/tbody>\n <\/table>\n\n <div class=\"callout teal\">\n <div class=\"callout-label\">\ud83d\udd2c The three inventions behind the generations<\/span>\ud83d\udd2c \u092a\u0940\u0922\u093c\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0940\u091b\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0924\u0940\u0928 \u0906\u0935\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0915\u093e\u0930<\/span><\/div>\n <ul class=\"split-list\" style=\"margin-top:4px;\">\n <li>1<\/span>The transistor<\/strong> was invented at Bell Laboratories in 1947<\/strong> by Bardeen, Brattain and Shockley<\/strong>, for which they received the Nobel Prize in Physics.<\/span>\u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0902\u091c\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0930<\/strong> \u0915\u093e \u0906\u0935\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0915\u093e\u0930 1947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0947\u0932 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0936\u093e\u0932\u093e<\/strong> \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0921\u0940\u0928, \u092c\u094d\u0930\u0948\u091f\u0947\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0936\u0949\u0915\u094d\u0932\u0947<\/strong> \u0928\u0947 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u092d\u094c\u0924\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u094b\u092c\u0947\u0932 \u092a\u0941\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n <li>2<\/span>The integrated circuit<\/strong> was invented in 1958 by Jack Kilby<\/strong> of Texas Instruments, with Robert Noyce developing it independently. An IC packs many transistors on one silicon chip.<\/span>\u090f\u0915\u0940\u0915\u0943\u0924 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092a\u0925<\/strong> \u0915\u093e \u0906\u0935\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0915\u093e\u0930 1958 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091f\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0938\u093e\u0938 \u0907\u0902\u0938\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0942\u092e\u0947\u0902\u091f\u094d\u0938 \u0915\u0947 \u091c\u0948\u0915 \u0915\u093f\u0932\u094d\u092c\u0940<\/strong> \u0928\u0947 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0930\u0949\u092c\u0930\u094d\u091f \u0928\u0949\u092f\u0938 \u0928\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0964 IC \u090f\u0915 \u0939\u0940 \u0938\u093f\u0932\u093f\u0915\u0949\u0928 \u091a\u093f\u092a \u092a\u0930 \u0905\u0928\u0947\u0915 \u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0902\u091c\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0930 \u0930\u0916\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n <li>3<\/span>The microprocessor<\/strong> arrived in 1971<\/strong> with the Intel 4004<\/strong>, designed by Ted Hoff<\/strong> \u2014 a 4-bit chip that put an entire CPU on one piece of silicon and began the fourth generation.<\/span>\u092e\u093e\u0907\u0915\u094d\u0930\u094b\u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0938\u0947\u0938\u0930<\/strong> 1971<\/strong> \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0907\u0902\u091f\u0947\u0932 4004<\/strong> \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0906\u092f\u093e, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u091f\u0947\u0921 \u0939\u0949\u092b\u093c<\/strong> \u0928\u0947 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u2014 4-\u092c\u093f\u091f \u091a\u093f\u092a \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 CPU \u0915\u094b \u0938\u093f\u0932\u093f\u0915\u0949\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u090f\u0915 \u091f\u0941\u0915\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u0930\u0916\u0915\u0930 \u091a\u094c\u0925\u0940 \u092a\u0940\u0922\u093c\u0940 \u0906\u0930\u0902\u092d \u0915\u0940\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n <li>4<\/span>Integration scales, in order: SSI<\/strong> (small-scale, tens of transistors) \u2192 MSI<\/strong> (medium, hundreds) \u2192 LSI<\/strong> (large, thousands) \u2192 VLSI<\/strong> (very large, lakhs) \u2192 ULSI<\/strong> (ultra large, crores).<\/span>\u090f\u0915\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930, \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u092e\u0947\u0902: SSI<\/strong> (\u0932\u0918\u0941, \u0926\u0938\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0902\u091c\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0930) \u2192 MSI<\/strong> (\u092e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e, \u0938\u0948\u0915\u0921\u093c\u094b\u0902) \u2192 LSI<\/strong> (\u0935\u0943\u0939\u0924\u094d, \u0939\u091c\u093c\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902) \u2192 VLSI<\/strong> (\u0905\u0924\u093f \u0935\u0943\u0939\u0924\u094d, \u0932\u093e\u0916\u094b\u0902) \u2192 ULSI<\/strong> (\u0905\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0902\u0924 \u0935\u0943\u0939\u0924\u094d, \u0915\u0930\u094b\u0921\u093c\u094b\u0902)\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"mcq-box\">\n <div class=\"mcq-title\">\n Practice<\/span>\u0905\u092d\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938<\/span><\/span>\n Questions on history and generations<\/span>\u0907\u0924\u093f\u0939\u093e\u0938 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u0940\u0922\u093c\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928<\/span><\/span>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"mcq-note\">Objective questions in the pattern of the examination. Click to reveal the answer and its explanation.<\/span>\u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u0930 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928\u0964 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0916\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u094d\u0932\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u0940\u091c\u093f\u090f\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <details class=\"mcq-q\">\n <summary>1<\/span>Which one of the following technologies characterises the third generation of computers?<\/span><\/summary>\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\n <li>(a) Vacuum tube<\/li>\n <li>(b) Transistor<\/li>\n <li>(c) Integrated Circuit<\/li>\n <li>(d) Microprocessor<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\">(c) Integrated Circuit<\/b> The sequence is fixed and must be memorised in order: vacuum tube (first), transistor (second), IC (third), microprocessor (fourth), ULSI with artificial intelligence (fifth).<\/span>\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u0928\u093f\u0936\u094d\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0938\u0940 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u0902\u0920\u0938\u094d\u0925 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f: \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0924 \u0928\u0932\u093f\u0915\u093e (\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0925\u092e), \u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0902\u091c\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0930 (\u0926\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0924\u0940\u092f), IC (\u0924\u0943\u0924\u0940\u092f), \u092e\u093e\u0907\u0915\u094d\u0930\u094b\u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0938\u0947\u0938\u0930 (\u091a\u0924\u0941\u0930\u094d\u0925), \u0915\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092e \u092c\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093f\u092e\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0938\u0939\u093f\u0924 ULSI (\u092a\u0902\u091a\u092e)\u0964<\/span>\u00a71.3<\/span><\/div>\n <\/details>\n <details class=\"mcq-q\">\n <summary>2<\/span>Charles Babbage is known as the Father of the Computer chiefly because of which machine?<\/span><\/summary>\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\n <li>(a) Pascaline<\/li>\n <li>(b) Analytical Engine<\/li>\n <li>(c) Napier's Bones<\/li>\n <li>(d) Tabulating Machine<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\">(b) Analytical Engine<\/b> The Analytical Engine (1837) contained a mill, a store, a control unit and an input\u2013output arrangement, which correspond to the ALU, memory, control unit and peripherals of a modern computer. The Pascaline belongs to Pascal, Napier's Bones to Napier, and the Tabulating Machine to Hollerith.<\/span>\u090f\u0928\u093e\u0932\u093f\u091f\u093f\u0915\u0932 \u0907\u0902\u091c\u0928 (1837) \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u093f\u0932, \u0938\u094d\u091f\u094b\u0930, \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0923 \u0907\u0915\u093e\u0908 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0936-\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0924 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u0925\u0940, \u091c\u094b \u0906\u0927\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u0915\u0947 ALU, \u0938\u094d\u092e\u0943\u0924\u093f, \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0923 \u0907\u0915\u093e\u0908 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0927\u0940\u092f \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0924\u0941\u0932\u094d\u092f \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u092a\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u092a\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0932 \u0915\u0940, \u0928\u0947\u092a\u093f\u092f\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u0928\u0947\u092a\u093f\u092f\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0938\u093e\u0930\u0923\u0940\u092f\u0928 \u092e\u0936\u0940\u0928 \u0939\u094b\u0932\u0947\u0930\u093f\u0925 \u0915\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\u00a71.1 E<\/span><\/div>\n <\/details>\n <details class=\"mcq-q\">\n <summary>3<\/span>The principle that a computer cannot detect an error in the data supplied to it is best expressed as:<\/span><\/summary>\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\n <li>(a) GIGO<\/li>\n <li>(b) FIFO<\/li>\n <li>(c) LIFO<\/li>\n <li>(d) WYSIWYG<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\">(a) GIGO<\/b> Garbage In, Garbage Out. FIFO and LIFO describe queue and stack ordering; WYSIWYG \u2014 What You See Is What You Get \u2014 describes an editor in which the screen display matches the printed output.<\/span>\u0915\u091a\u0930\u093e \u092d\u0940\u0924\u0930, \u0915\u091a\u0930\u093e \u092c\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0964 FIFO \u090f\u0935\u0902 LIFO \u092a\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0922\u0947\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u092c\u0924\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902; WYSIWYG \u0910\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0915 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0923\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u0928 \u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0924 \u0938\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0932 \u0916\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\u00a71.1 A<\/span><\/div>\n <\/details>\n <details class=\"mcq-q\">\n <summary>4<\/span>India's first indigenously developed supercomputer was:<\/span><\/summary>\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\n <li>(a) TIFRAC<\/li>\n <li>(b) HEC-2M<\/li>\n <li>(c) PARAM 8000<\/li>\n <li>(d) Pratyush<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\">(c) PARAM 8000<\/b> Released in 1991 by C-DAC under Dr Vijay Bhatkar. HEC-2M (1955) was the first computer in India but was imported; TIFRAC (1960) was the first computer designed and built in India but was not a supercomputer; Pratyush is a much later weather-forecasting system.<\/span>1991 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0921\u0949. \u0935\u093f\u091c\u092f \u092d\u091f\u0915\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u0947\u0924\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u092e\u0947\u0902 C-DAC \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0930\u0940\u0964 HEC-2M (1955) \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0925\u092e \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u0925\u093e \u0915\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0941 \u0906\u092f\u093e\u0924\u093f\u0924; TIFRAC (1960) \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0925\u092e \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u0925\u093e \u0915\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0941 \u092e\u0939\u093e\u0938\u0902\u0917\u0923\u0915 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902; \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0937 \u092c\u0939\u0941\u0924 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u0915\u0940 \u092e\u094c\u0938\u092e-\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0928\u0941\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\u00a71.1 E<\/span><\/div>\n <\/details>\n <\/div>\n\n <hr class=\"section-divider\">\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d1-4\">\n 1.4<\/span>\n <h3>Classification of Computers<\/span>\u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n \n Computers are classified along three independent lines<\/strong>: by the kind of data handled, by the purpose served, and by size and processing capacity. A single machine carries one label from each line \u2014 a school laboratory desktop is a digital, general-purpose, microcomputer<\/em>.<\/span>\n \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0924\u0940\u0928 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902<\/strong> \u092a\u0930 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948: \u0938\u0902\u092d\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u0947, \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0915\u093f\u090f \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u0938\u0947, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0906\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0930\u0923-\u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e\u0924\u093e \u0938\u0947\u0964 \u090f\u0915 \u0939\u0940 \u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u0947 \u090f\u0915 \u0928\u093e\u092e \u0932\u0917\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0936\u093e\u0932\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0921\u0947\u0938\u094d\u0915\u091f\u0949\u092a \u0905\u0902\u0915\u0940\u092f, \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928, \u092e\u093e\u0907\u0915\u094d\u0930\u094b \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930<\/em> \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\n <\/p>\n\n <h4>A. By the type of data handled<\/span>\u0915. \u0938\u0902\u092d\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u0947<\/span><\/h4>\n\n <div class=\"domain-grid\">\n <div class=\"domain-card cog\">\n <div class=\"dm-icon\">\u3030\ufe0f<\/div>\n Continuous<\/span>\u0938\u0924\u0924<\/span><\/span>\n <h5>Analog Computer<\/span>\u090f\u0928\u093e\u0932\u0949\u0917 \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930<\/span><\/h5>\n Works on continuously varying physical quantities<\/strong> \u2014 voltage, pressure, temperature. It measures rather than counts, so it gives approximate results.<\/span>\u0938\u0924\u0924 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0924\u0940 \u092d\u094c\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0930\u093e\u0936\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902<\/strong> \u2014 \u0935\u094b\u0932\u094d\u091f\u0924\u093e, \u0926\u093e\u092c, \u0924\u093e\u092a \u2014 \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0917\u093f\u0928\u0924\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u092e\u093e\u092a\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0905\u0924\u0903 \u0938\u0928\u094d\u0928\u093f\u0915\u091f \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n <div class=\"dm-levels\">Speedometer \u00b7 thermometer \u00b7 analog voltmeter<\/span>\u0917\u0924\u093f-\u092e\u093e\u092a\u0940 \u00b7 \u0924\u093e\u092a\u092e\u093e\u092a\u0940 \u00b7 \u090f\u0928\u093e\u0932\u0949\u0917 \u0935\u094b\u0932\u094d\u091f\u092e\u093e\u092a\u0940<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"domain-card aff\">\n <div class=\"dm-icon\">0\ufe0f\u20e3<\/div>\n Discrete<\/span>\u0905\u0938\u0924\u0924<\/span><\/span>\n <h5>Digital Computer<\/span>\u0905\u0902\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930<\/span><\/h5>\n Works on discrete binary digits, 0 and 1<\/strong>. It counts rather than measures, so results are exact. Almost every computer in ordinary use is digital.<\/span>\u0905\u0938\u0924\u0924 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0905\u0902\u0915\u094b\u0902, 0 \u090f\u0935\u0902 1<\/strong> \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u092e\u093e\u092a\u0924\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0917\u093f\u0928\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0905\u0924\u0903 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e \u092f\u0925\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u093e \u0932\u0917\u092d\u0917 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u0905\u0902\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n <div class=\"dm-levels\">Desktop \u00b7 laptop \u00b7 smartphone \u00b7 server<\/span>\u0921\u0947\u0938\u094d\u0915\u091f\u0949\u092a \u00b7 \u0932\u0948\u092a\u091f\u0949\u092a \u00b7 \u0938\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u091f\u092b\u093c\u094b\u0928 \u00b7 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0930<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"domain-card psy\">\n <div class=\"dm-icon\">\ud83d\udd00<\/div>\n Both<\/span>\u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902<\/span><\/span>\n <h5>Hybrid Computer<\/span>\u0938\u0902\u0915\u0930 \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930<\/span><\/h5>\n Combines both: it measures an analog quantity and converts it to digital<\/strong> form for processing. Widely used in medicine and in process control.<\/span>\u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948: \u092f\u0939 \u090f\u0928\u093e\u0932\u0949\u0917 \u0930\u093e\u0936\u093f \u092e\u093e\u092a\u0915\u0930 \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0905\u0902\u0915\u0940\u092f<\/strong> \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u091a\u093f\u0915\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0938\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e-\u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0923 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n <div class=\"dm-levels\">ECG and ultrasound machines \u00b7 petrol pumps<\/span>ECG \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0905\u0932\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0938\u093e\u0909\u0902\u0921 \u092e\u0936\u0940\u0928\u0947\u0902 \u00b7 \u092a\u0947\u091f\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0932 \u092a\u0902\u092a<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <h4>B. By purpose<\/span>\u0916. \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u0938\u0947<\/span><\/h4>\n\n <div class=\"vs-compare\">\n <div class=\"vs-side left\">\n Type 1<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 1<\/span><\/span>\n <h5>General-purpose computer<\/span>\u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930<\/span><\/h5>\n <ul>\n <li>Designed to perform a wide variety of tasks<\/strong>, the task being fixed by the software loaded.<\/span>\u0935\u093f\u0935\u093f\u0927 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f<\/strong> \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a\u093f\u0924, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0932\u094b\u0921 \u0915\u093f\u090f \u0917\u090f \u0938\u0949\u092b\u093c\u094d\u091f\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u0938\u0947 \u0924\u092f \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n <li>Flexible, but less efficient<\/strong> at any single task than a machine built for it.<\/span>\u0932\u091a\u0940\u0932\u093e, \u0915\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u090f\u0915 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u0938 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u092c\u0928\u0947 \u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u092e \u0926\u0915\u094d\u0937<\/strong>\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n <li>Examples:<\/em> the school office desktop, a laptop, a tablet.<\/span>\u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923:<\/em> \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0915\u093e \u0921\u0947\u0938\u094d\u0915\u091f\u0949\u092a, \u0932\u0948\u092a\u091f\u0949\u092a, \u091f\u0948\u092c\u0932\u0947\u091f\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"vs-mid\">VS<\/div>\n <div class=\"vs-side right\">\n Type 2<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 2<\/span><\/span>\n <h5>Special-purpose computer<\/span>\u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930<\/span><\/h5>\n <ul>\n <li>Built for one defined task<\/strong>, with the program often permanently written into the hardware.<\/span>\u090f\u0915 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f<\/strong> \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0924, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092f\u0903 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092f\u0940 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0939\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0921\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0932\u093f\u0916\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n <li>Highly efficient at that task but cannot be turned to another<\/strong>.<\/span>\u0909\u0938 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0926\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0915\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0941 \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0932\u0917\u093e\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e<\/strong>\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n <li>Examples:<\/em> a washing-machine controller, a traffic-signal controller, an ATM, an aircraft autopilot. These are embedded systems<\/strong>.<\/span>\u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923:<\/em> \u0927\u0941\u0932\u093e\u0908-\u092e\u0936\u0940\u0928 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0915, \u092f\u093e\u0924\u093e\u092f\u093e\u0924-\u0938\u0902\u0915\u0947\u0924 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0915, ATM, \u0935\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0935\u091a\u093e\u0932\u093f\u0924 \u091a\u093e\u0932\u0915\u0964 \u092f\u0947 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0903\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901<\/strong> \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <h4>C. By size and processing capacity<\/span>\u0917. \u0906\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0930\u0923-\u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e\u0924\u093e \u0938\u0947<\/span><\/h4>\n\n <div class=\"ladder\">\n <div class=\"rung\">\n <div class=\"rung-step\">1<\/span>Largest<\/span>\u0935\u0943\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0924\u092e<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n <div>\n <h5>Supercomputer<\/span>\u092e\u0939\u093e\u0938\u0902\u0917\u0923\u0915<\/span><\/h5>\n The fastest and most expensive<\/strong> class, built for problems requiring enormous calculation. Uses parallel processing<\/strong> across thousands of processors and is rated in FLOPS<\/strong> \u2014 today in petaflops and exaflops.<\/span>\u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0924\u0940\u0935\u094d\u0930 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092e\u0939\u0901\u0917\u093e<\/strong> \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0917, \u091c\u094b \u0905\u092a\u093e\u0930 \u0917\u0923\u0928\u093e \u092e\u093e\u0901\u0917\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0938\u092e\u0938\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u092c\u0928\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0939\u091c\u093c\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0938\u0947\u0938\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0930\u0923<\/strong> \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0924\u0925\u093e FLOPS<\/strong> \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0906\u0901\u0915\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u0906\u091c \u092a\u0947\u091f\u093e\u092b\u093c\u094d\u0932\u0949\u092a \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u090f\u0915\u094d\u0938\u093e\u092b\u093c\u094d\u0932\u0949\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n <div class=\"rung-eg\">Uses and examples<\/span>\u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923<\/span><\/b>Weather and climate forecasting, nuclear and space research, molecular modelling, seismic analysis. Indian:<\/em> PARAM series, Pratyush, Mihir, AIRAWAT. Foreign:<\/em> Frontier, Fugaku.<\/span>\u092e\u094c\u0938\u092e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u091c\u0932\u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0928\u0941\u092e\u093e\u0928, \u0928\u093e\u092d\u093f\u0915\u0940\u092f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u0902\u0927\u093e\u0928, \u0906\u0923\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u0942\u092a\u0923, \u092d\u0942\u0915\u0902\u092a\u0940\u092f \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0937\u0923\u0964 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f:<\/em> \u092a\u0930\u092e \u0936\u0943\u0902\u0916\u0932\u093e, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0937, \u092e\u093f\u0939\u093f\u0930, \u0910\u0930\u093e\u0935\u0924\u0964 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u0947\u0936\u0940:<\/em> \u092b\u094d\u0930\u0902\u091f\u093f\u092f\u0930, \u092b\u0941\u0917\u093e\u0915\u0941\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"rung\">\n <div class=\"rung-step\">2<\/span>Large<\/span>\u0935\u0943\u0939\u0924\u094d<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n <div>\n <h5>Mainframe Computer<\/span>\u092e\u0947\u0928\u092b\u093c\u094d\u0930\u0947\u092e \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930<\/span><\/h5>\n A large machine supporting hundreds or thousands of simultaneous users<\/strong> through terminals. Its strength is not raw speed but reliability, security and the volume of transactions<\/strong> it can process without failure.<\/span>\u092c\u0921\u093c\u093e \u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u091c\u094b \u091f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0928\u0932\u094b\u0902 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0938\u0948\u0915\u0921\u093c\u094b\u0902 \u092f\u093e \u0939\u091c\u093c\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0913\u0902<\/strong> \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0939\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u0936\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0915\u091a\u094d\u091a\u0940 \u0917\u0924\u093f \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0905\u092a\u093f\u0924\u0941 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0935\u0938\u0928\u0940\u092f\u0924\u093e, \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0932\u0947\u0928-\u0926\u0947\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u0935\u0939 \u092e\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093e<\/strong> \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u092f\u0939 \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0935\u093f\u092b\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0938\u0902\u0938\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0947\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n <div class=\"rung-eg\">Uses and examples<\/span>\u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923<\/span><\/b>Banking, railway reservation, insurance, census, large public examination processing. Example:<\/em> the IBM z-series.<\/span>\u092c\u0948\u0902\u0915\u093f\u0902\u0917, \u0930\u0947\u0932\u0935\u0947 \u0906\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923, \u092c\u0940\u092e\u093e, \u091c\u0928\u0917\u0923\u0928\u093e, \u092c\u0921\u093c\u0940 \u0938\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0935\u091c\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0930\u0923\u0964 \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923:<\/em> IBM z-\u0936\u0943\u0902\u0916\u0932\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"rung\">\n <div class=\"rung-step\">3<\/span>Medium<\/span>\u092e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n <div>\n <h5>Minicomputer<\/span>\u092e\u093f\u0928\u0940 \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930<\/span><\/h5>\n A mid-range machine, smaller than a mainframe but serving several dozen users<\/strong>. Now largely displaced by powerful servers and often called a midrange system<\/strong>.<\/span>\u092e\u0927\u094d\u092f-\u0936\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0923\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930, \u092e\u0947\u0928\u092b\u093c\u094d\u0930\u0947\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u091b\u094b\u091f\u093e \u0915\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u0908 \u0926\u0930\u094d\u091c\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0913\u0902<\/strong> \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e\u0964 \u0905\u092c \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0902\u0936\u0924\u0903 \u0936\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0936\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0928\u0947 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928 \u0932\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0907\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092f\u0903 \u092e\u093f\u0921\u0930\u0947\u0902\u091c \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940<\/strong> \u0915\u0939\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n <div class=\"rung-eg\">Uses and examples<\/span>\u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923<\/span><\/b>Departmental processing in a factory, a university or a hospital. Example:<\/em> the PDP-11 series.<\/span>\u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0916\u093e\u0928\u0947, \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0935\u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u091a\u093f\u0915\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0938\u093e\u0932\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0917\u0940\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0930\u0923\u0964 \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923:<\/em> PDP-11 \u0936\u0943\u0902\u0916\u0932\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"rung\">\n <div class=\"rung-step\">4<\/span>Small<\/span>\u0932\u0918\u0941<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n <div>\n <h5>Microcomputer<\/span>\u092e\u093e\u0907\u0915\u094d\u0930\u094b \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930<\/span><\/h5>\n Any computer built round a single microprocessor<\/strong> and intended for one user at a time \u2014 hence the alternative name personal computer<\/strong>. This is the class found in every school.<\/span>\u0915\u094b\u0908 \u092d\u0940 \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u091c\u094b \u090f\u0915\u0932 \u092e\u093e\u0907\u0915\u094d\u0930\u094b\u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0938\u0947\u0938\u0930<\/strong> \u0915\u0947 \u091a\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0913\u0930 \u092c\u0928\u093e \u0939\u094b \u0914\u0930 \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u092e\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u090f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0905\u092d\u0940\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0939\u094b \u2014 \u0907\u0938\u0940\u0932\u093f\u090f \u0907\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u093e \u0928\u093e\u092e \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0917\u0924 \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930<\/strong> \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092f\u0939\u0940 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0917 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n <div class=\"rung-eg\">The family<\/span>\u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0930<\/span><\/b>\n <ul class=\"split-list\">\n <li>a<\/span>Desktop<\/strong> \u2014 a fixed machine with separate CPU cabinet, monitor, keyboard and mouse.<\/span>\u0921\u0947\u0938\u094d\u0915\u091f\u0949\u092a<\/strong> \u2014 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0930 \u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 CPU \u0915\u0948\u092c\u093f\u0928\u0947\u091f, \u092e\u0949\u0928\u093f\u091f\u0930, \u0915\u0941\u0902\u091c\u0940\u092a\u091f\u0932 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092e\u093e\u0909\u0938 \u092a\u0943\u0925\u0915 \u0939\u094b\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n <li>b<\/span>Laptop or notebook<\/strong> \u2014 portable, battery-operated, with all parts in one unit.<\/span>\u0932\u0948\u092a\u091f\u0949\u092a \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0928\u094b\u091f\u092c\u0941\u0915<\/strong> \u2014 \u0935\u0939\u0928\u0940\u092f, \u092c\u0948\u091f\u0930\u0940-\u091a\u093e\u0932\u093f\u0924, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0938\u092d\u0940 \u0905\u0902\u0917 \u090f\u0915 \u0939\u0940 \u0907\u0915\u093e\u0908 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u094b\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n <li>c<\/span>Tablet and smartphone<\/strong> \u2014 touch-operated, without a physical keyboard.<\/span>\u091f\u0948\u092c\u0932\u0947\u091f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u091f\u092b\u093c\u094b\u0928<\/strong> \u2014 \u0938\u094d\u092a\u0930\u094d\u0936-\u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0932\u093f\u0924, \u092d\u094c\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u0941\u0902\u091c\u0940\u092a\u091f\u0932 \u0930\u0939\u093f\u0924\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n <li>d<\/span>Workstation<\/strong> \u2014 a high-specification single-user machine for design, engineering or video work.<\/span>\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0947\u0936\u0928<\/strong> \u2014 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a, \u0905\u092d\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0935\u0940\u0921\u093f\u092f\u094b-\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a-\u0935\u093f\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u090f\u0915\u0932-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093e \u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n <li>e<\/span>Server<\/strong> \u2014 a machine dedicated to providing files, web pages, printing or database access to other computers on a network.<\/span>\u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0930<\/strong> \u2014 \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u092b\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0932, \u0935\u0947\u092c \u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920, \u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0923 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e\u092c\u0947\u0938-\u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a \u0926\u0947\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0938\u092e\u0930\u094d\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n <li>f<\/span>Palmtop or PDA<\/strong> \u2014 a hand-held device, now largely absorbed into the smartphone.<\/span>\u092a\u093e\u092e\u091f\u0949\u092a \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e PDA<\/strong> \u2014 \u0939\u0938\u094d\u0924-\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923, \u091c\u094b \u0905\u092c \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0902\u0936\u0924\u0903 \u0938\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u091f\u092b\u093c\u094b\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b \u091a\u0941\u0915\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"exam-tip\">\n <div class=\"et-icon\">\u2696\ufe0f<\/div>\n <div class=\"et-body\">\n The distinction most often confused.<\/strong> A supercomputer<\/strong> is fast at one enormous calculation<\/em>; a mainframe<\/strong> is reliable at an enormous number of small transactions<\/em>. Weather prediction needs a supercomputer; railway reservation needs a mainframe. Note also that a server is defined by its role, not its size<\/strong> \u2014 any computer that provides a service to others on a network is a server, and a school's file server may physically be an ordinary desktop.<\/span>\n \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092d\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e \u092d\u0947\u0926\u0964<\/strong> \u092e\u0939\u093e\u0938\u0902\u0917\u0923\u0915<\/strong> \u090f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u093e\u0932 \u0917\u0923\u0928\u093e<\/em> \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0924\u0940\u0935\u094d\u0930 \u0939\u0948; \u092e\u0947\u0928\u092b\u093c\u094d\u0930\u0947\u092e<\/strong> \u0905\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091b\u094b\u091f\u0947 \u0932\u0947\u0928-\u0926\u0947\u0928\u094b\u0902<\/em> \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0935\u0938\u0928\u0940\u092f \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092e\u094c\u0938\u092e-\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0928\u0941\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u092e\u0939\u093e\u0938\u0902\u0917\u0923\u0915 \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f; \u0930\u0947\u0932\u0935\u0947 \u0906\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u092e\u0947\u0928\u092b\u093c\u094d\u0930\u0947\u092e\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u092d\u0940 \u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0928 \u0926\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u093f \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0930 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u092d\u0942\u092e\u093f\u0915\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0906\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u0947 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902<\/strong> \u2014 \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u092a\u0930 \u091c\u094b \u092d\u0940 \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e \u0926\u0947 \u0935\u0939 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0930 \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0915\u093e \u092b\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0932 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0930 \u092d\u094c\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0921\u0947\u0938\u094d\u0915\u091f\u0949\u092a \u092d\u0940 \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <hr class=\"section-divider\">\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d1-5\">\n 1.5<\/span>\n <h3>The Central Processing Unit<\/span>\u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0907\u0915\u093e\u0908<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"callout purple\">\n <div class=\"callout-label\">\ud83d\udcd8 Concept<\/span>\ud83d\udcd8 \u0905\u0935\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923\u093e<\/span><\/div>\n The Central Processing Unit (CPU)<\/strong> is the component that executes the instructions of a program. It is called the brain of the computer<\/strong>. In a microcomputer the whole CPU sits on a single chip called the microprocessor<\/strong>, and the terms are used interchangeably. Its three parts are the Control Unit, the Arithmetic and Logic Unit, and the registers<\/strong>.<\/span>\n \u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0907\u0915\u093e\u0908 (CPU)<\/strong> \u0935\u0939 \u0918\u091f\u0915 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u092e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0915<\/strong> \u0915\u0939\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092e\u093e\u0907\u0915\u094d\u0930\u094b \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 CPU \u090f\u0915 \u0939\u0940 \u091a\u093f\u092a \u092a\u0930 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0907\u0915\u094d\u0930\u094b\u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0938\u0947\u0938\u0930<\/strong> \u0915\u0939\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0914\u0930 \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0926 \u092a\u0930\u0938\u094d\u092a\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0924\u0940\u0928 \u0905\u0902\u0917 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u2014 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0923 \u0907\u0915\u093e\u0908, \u0905\u0902\u0915\u0917\u0923\u093f\u0924 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0924\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0907\u0915\u093e\u0908, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0930\u091c\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0930<\/strong>\u0964<\/span>\n <\/div>\n\n <h4>A. Registers<\/span>\u0915. \u0930\u091c\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0930<\/span><\/h4>\n\n \n A register<\/strong> is a very small, extremely fast storage location inside the CPU itself<\/strong>. Registers hold the data and addresses on which the processor is working at that instant, and they are the fastest storage in the entire machine<\/strong>.<\/span>\n \u0930\u091c\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0930<\/strong> \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 CPU \u0915\u0947 \u092d\u0940\u0924\u0930<\/strong> \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u0905\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0902\u0924 \u091b\u094b\u091f\u093e, \u0905\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0902\u0924 \u0924\u0940\u0935\u094d\u0930 \u092d\u0902\u0921\u093e\u0930\u0923-\u0938\u094d\u0925\u0932 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0930\u091c\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0930 \u0935\u0947 \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u0924\u0947 \u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u091c\u093f\u0928 \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0938\u0947\u0938\u0930 \u0909\u0938\u0940 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0930 \u0930\u0939\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0924\u0940\u0935\u094d\u0930 \u092d\u0902\u0921\u093e\u0930\u0923<\/strong> \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span>\n <\/p>\n\n <table class=\"data-table\">\n <thead>\n <tr>\n <th>Register<\/span>\u0930\u091c\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0930<\/span><\/th>\n <th>What it holds<\/span>\u092f\u0939 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/th>\n <\/tr>\n <\/thead>\n <tbody>\n <tr><td>Program Counter (PC)<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e \u0915\u093e\u0909\u0902\u091f\u0930 (PC)<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>The address of the next instruction<\/strong> to be executed. Also called the Instruction Pointer.<\/span>\u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u090f \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0905\u0917\u0932\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u0924\u093e<\/strong>\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0926\u0947\u0936-\u0938\u0902\u0915\u0947\u0924\u0915 \u092d\u0940 \u0915\u0939\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>Instruction Register (IR)<\/span>\u0905\u0928\u0941\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u0930\u091c\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0930 (IR)<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>The instruction currently being decoded and executed<\/strong>.<\/span>\u0935\u0939 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u091c\u094b \u0907\u0938 \u0938\u092e\u092f \u0935\u093f\u0915\u094b\u0921\u093f\u0924 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b \u0930\u0939\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/strong>\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>Accumulator (AC)<\/span>\u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u092f\u0915 (AC)<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>The intermediate and final results<\/strong> of arithmetic and logic operations performed by the ALU.<\/span>ALU \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u0917\u0908 \u0905\u0902\u0915\u0917\u0923\u093f\u0924\u0940\u092f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0924\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0915\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0940 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u093f\u092e \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e<\/strong>\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>Memory Address Register (MAR)<\/span>\u0938\u094d\u092e\u0943\u0924\u093f \u092a\u0924\u093e \u0930\u091c\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0930 (MAR)<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>The memory location<\/strong> that is about to be read from or written to.<\/span>\u0935\u0939 \u0938\u094d\u092e\u0943\u0924\u093f-\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928<\/strong> \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0922\u093c\u093e \u092f\u093e \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0932\u093f\u0916\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>Memory Buffer \/ Data Register (MBR \/ MDR)<\/span>\u0938\u094d\u092e\u0943\u0924\u093f \u092c\u092b\u093c\u0930 \/ \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u093e \u0930\u091c\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0930 (MBR \/ MDR)<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>The data itself<\/strong> as it moves between memory and the CPU.<\/span>\u0938\u094d\u092e\u0943\u0924\u093f \u090f\u0935\u0902 CPU \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u091a\u0932\u0924\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u092f \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u0947<\/strong>\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>Flag \/ Status Register<\/span>\u092b\u093c\u094d\u0932\u0948\u0917 \/ \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u0930\u091c\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0930<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>Single-bit indicators recording the condition of the last operation<\/strong> \u2014 zero, carry, sign, overflow.<\/span>\u090f\u0915-\u092c\u093f\u091f \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0915 \u091c\u094b \u0905\u0902\u0924\u093f\u092e \u0938\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u0926\u0936\u093e<\/strong> \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0932\u093f\u0916\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u2014 \u0936\u0942\u0928\u094d\u092f, \u0939\u093e\u0938\u093f\u0932, \u091a\u093f\u0939\u094d\u0928, \u0905\u0924\u093f\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0939\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <\/tbody>\n <\/table>\n\n <h4>B. The machine cycle<\/span>\u0916. \u092e\u0936\u0940\u0928 \u091a\u0915\u094d\u0930<\/span><\/h4>\n\n <div class=\"flow-wrap\">\n <div class=\"flow-note\">\n \ud83d\udd01 Every instruction a computer executes passes through these four steps, and the cycle repeats millions of times a second. The first two steps are called the instruction cycle<\/strong> and the last two the execution cycle<\/strong>.<\/span>\n \ud83d\udd01 \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u0907\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u091a\u093e\u0930 \u091a\u0930\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0917\u0941\u091c\u093c\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u092f\u0939 \u091a\u0915\u094d\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f \u0938\u0947\u0915\u0902\u0921 \u0932\u093e\u0916\u094b\u0902 \u092c\u093e\u0930 \u0926\u094b\u0939\u0930\u093e\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0925\u092e \u0926\u094b \u091a\u0930\u0923 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u091a\u0915\u094d\u0930<\/strong> \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0905\u0902\u0924\u093f\u092e \u0926\u094b \u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0928 \u091a\u0915\u094d\u0930<\/strong> \u0915\u0939\u0932\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"flow-steps\">\n <div class=\"flow-step\">\n 1<\/span>\n <div class=\"fs-body\">\n Fetch<\/span>\u0932\u093e\u0928\u093e<\/span><\/strong>\n The Control Unit brings the next instruction from memory into the Instruction Register, using the address held in the Program Counter.<\/span>\u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0923 \u0907\u0915\u093e\u0908 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e \u0915\u093e\u0909\u0902\u091f\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0930\u0916\u0947 \u092a\u0924\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0930 \u0905\u0917\u0932\u093e \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u0938\u094d\u092e\u0943\u0924\u093f \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u0930\u091c\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0932\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/span>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"flow-step\">\n 2<\/span>\n <div class=\"fs-body\">\n Decode<\/span>\u0935\u093f\u0915\u094b\u0921\u0928<\/span><\/strong>\n The Control Unit interprets what the instruction means and determines which unit must act and on what data.<\/span>\u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0923 \u0907\u0915\u093e\u0908 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u0938\u092e\u091d\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0924\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0915\u094c\u0928-\u0938\u0940 \u0907\u0915\u093e\u0908 \u0915\u093f\u0928 \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0964<\/span><\/span>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"flow-step\">\n 3<\/span>\n <div class=\"fs-body\">\n Execute<\/span>\u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0928<\/span><\/strong>\n The ALU carries out the arithmetic or logical operation, or data is moved between registers and memory.<\/span>ALU \u0905\u0902\u0915\u0917\u0923\u093f\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0924\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0915\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u0930\u091c\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u092e\u0943\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/span>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"flow-step\">\n 4<\/span>\n <div class=\"fs-body\">\n Store<\/span>\u0938\u0902\u091a\u092f\u0928<\/span><\/strong>\n The result is written back to a register or to memory, the Program Counter advances, and the cycle begins again.<\/span>\u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e \u0930\u091c\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0930 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0938\u094d\u092e\u0943\u0924\u093f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0932\u093f\u0916\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e \u0915\u093e\u0909\u0902\u091f\u0930 \u0906\u0917\u0947 \u092c\u0922\u093c\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u091a\u0915\u094d\u0930 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0903 \u0906\u0930\u0902\u092d \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/span>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <h4>C. Clock speed, cores and buses<\/span>\u0917. \u0918\u0921\u093c\u0940-\u0917\u0924\u093f, \u0915\u094b\u0930 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092c\u0938<\/span><\/h4>\n\n <div class=\"feat-grid\">\n <div class=\"feat-card\">1<\/span>Clock speed<\/span>\u0918\u0921\u093c\u0940-\u0917\u0924\u093f<\/span><\/strong>The number of cycles the processor completes per second, measured in hertz<\/strong>: 1 MHz is a million cycles, 1 GHz a billion. A modern desktop processor runs at roughly 2 to 4 GHz<\/strong>.<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0938\u0947\u0938\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f \u0938\u0947\u0915\u0902\u0921 \u0915\u093f\u0924\u0928\u0947 \u091a\u0915\u094d\u0930 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u094b \u0939\u0930\u094d\u091f\u094d\u091c\u093c<\/strong> \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u093e\u092a\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948: 1 MHz \u0926\u0938 \u0932\u093e\u0916 \u091a\u0915\u094d\u0930, 1 GHz \u090f\u0915 \u0905\u0930\u092c\u0964 \u0906\u0927\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0921\u0947\u0938\u094d\u0915\u091f\u0949\u092a \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0938\u0947\u0938\u0930 \u0932\u0917\u092d\u0917 2 \u0938\u0947 4 GHz<\/strong> \u092a\u0930 \u091a\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"feat-card\">2<\/span>Word length<\/span>\u0936\u092c\u094d\u0926-\u0932\u0902\u092c\u093e\u0908<\/span><\/strong>The number of bits the CPU can handle in one operation \u2014 32-bit or 64-bit<\/strong> in current machines. A larger word length means more data handled per cycle and more memory addressable.<\/span>\u090f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 CPU \u0915\u093f\u0924\u0928\u0947 \u092c\u093f\u091f \u0938\u0902\u092d\u093e\u0932 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 32-\u092c\u093f\u091f \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e 64-\u092c\u093f\u091f<\/strong>\u0964 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0936\u092c\u094d\u0926-\u0932\u0902\u092c\u093e\u0908 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u0939\u0948 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f \u091a\u0915\u094d\u0930 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u094b\u0927\u0928\u0940\u092f \u0938\u094d\u092e\u0943\u0924\u093f\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"feat-card\">3<\/span>Cores<\/span>\u0915\u094b\u0930<\/span><\/strong>A core<\/strong> is a complete processing unit. Modern chips are dual-core, quad-core or octa-core<\/strong>, allowing genuinely simultaneous execution of several tasks.<\/span>\u0915\u094b\u0930<\/strong> \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0907\u0915\u093e\u0908 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0906\u0927\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u091a\u093f\u092a \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093f-\u0915\u094b\u0930, \u091a\u0924\u0941\u0937\u094d-\u0915\u094b\u0930 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0905\u0937\u094d\u091f-\u0915\u094b\u0930<\/strong> \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0947\u0915 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924\u0903 \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0928 \u0938\u0902\u092d\u0935 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"feat-card\">4<\/span>Buses<\/span>\u092c\u0938<\/span><\/strong>The wires carrying signals between units. The address bus is unidirectional<\/strong> (CPU to memory only); the data bus is bidirectional<\/strong>; the control bus<\/strong> carries timing and command signals.<\/span>\u0907\u0915\u093e\u0907\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0947\u0924 \u0932\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0924\u093e\u0930\u0964 \u092a\u0924\u093e \u092c\u0938 \u090f\u0915\u0926\u093f\u0936\u0940\u092f<\/strong> \u0939\u0948 (\u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 CPU \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u092e\u0943\u0924\u093f \u0924\u0915); \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u093e \u092c\u0938 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0926\u093f\u0936\u0940\u092f<\/strong> \u0939\u0948; \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0923 \u092c\u0938<\/strong> \u0938\u092e\u092f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0906\u0926\u0947\u0936-\u0938\u0902\u0915\u0947\u0924 \u0932\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"feat-card\">5<\/span>Motherboard<\/span>\u092e\u0926\u0930\u092c\u094b\u0930\u094d\u0921<\/span><\/strong>The main printed circuit board that carries the CPU socket, memory slots, expansion slots, chipset and ports, and connects every component. Also called the system board<\/strong>.<\/span>\u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f \u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092a\u0925 \u092a\u091f\u094d\u091f \u091c\u093f\u0938 \u092a\u0930 CPU \u0938\u0949\u0915\u0947\u091f, \u0938\u094d\u092e\u0943\u0924\u093f \u0938\u094d\u0932\u0949\u091f, \u0935\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u0932\u0949\u091f, \u091a\u093f\u092a\u0938\u0947\u091f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u094b\u0930\u094d\u091f \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u091c\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0918\u091f\u0915 \u0915\u094b \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u092e \u092c\u094b\u0930\u094d\u0921<\/strong> \u092d\u0940 \u0915\u0939\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"feat-card\">6<\/span>Common processors<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u091a\u0932\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0938\u0947\u0938\u0930<\/span><\/strong>Intel<\/strong> Core i3, i5, i7 and i9; AMD<\/strong> Ryzen; ARM<\/strong>-based chips in phones and tablets and in Apple's M-series.<\/span>\u0907\u0902\u091f\u0947\u0932<\/strong> \u0915\u094b\u0930 i3, i5, i7 \u090f\u0935\u0902 i9; AMD<\/strong> \u0930\u093e\u0907\u091c\u093c\u0947\u0928; \u092b\u093c\u094b\u0928, \u091f\u0948\u092c\u0932\u0947\u091f \u0924\u0925\u093e \u090f\u092a\u094d\u092a\u0932 \u0915\u0940 M-\u0936\u0943\u0902\u0916\u0932\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 ARM<\/strong>-\u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u091a\u093f\u092a\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"mcq-box\">\n <div class=\"mcq-title\">\n Practice<\/span>\u0905\u092d\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938<\/span><\/span>\n Questions on the CPU and the block diagram<\/span>CPU \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092c\u094d\u0932\u0949\u0915 \u0906\u0930\u0947\u0916 \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928<\/span><\/span>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"mcq-note\">Objective questions in the pattern of the examination. Click to reveal the answer and its explanation.<\/span>\u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u0930 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928\u0964 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0916\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u094d\u0932\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u0940\u091c\u093f\u090f\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <details class=\"mcq-q\">\n <summary>5<\/span>Which unit of the computer performs comparison operations?<\/span><\/summary>\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\n <li>(a) Control Unit<\/li>\n <li>(b) Arithmetic and Logic Unit<\/li>\n <li>(c) Memory Unit<\/li>\n <li>(d) Input Unit<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\">(b) Arithmetic and Logic Unit<\/b> Comparison \u2014 greater than, less than, equal to \u2014 is a logical operation and therefore belongs to the ALU. The Control Unit issues signals and coordinates but processes no data of its own.<\/span>\u0924\u0941\u0932\u0928\u093e \u2014 \u092c\u0921\u093c\u093e, \u091b\u094b\u091f\u093e, \u092c\u0930\u093e\u092c\u0930 \u2014 \u0924\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0915\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u0924\u0903 ALU \u0915\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0923 \u0907\u0915\u093e\u0908 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0947\u0924 \u091c\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u092e\u0928\u094d\u0935\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0941 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940\u0964<\/span>\u00a71.2, \u00a71.5<\/span><\/div>\n <\/details>\n <details class=\"mcq-q\">\n <summary>6<\/span>The register that holds the address of the next instruction to be executed is the:<\/span><\/summary>\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\n <li>(a) Accumulator<\/li>\n <li>(b) Instruction Register<\/li>\n <li>(c) Program Counter<\/li>\n <li>(d) Memory Buffer Register<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\">(c) Program Counter<\/b> Note the wording carefully. The Program Counter holds the address of the next<\/em> instruction; the Instruction Register holds the instruction currently<\/em> being executed; the Accumulator holds results.<\/span>\u0936\u092c\u094d\u0926\u093e\u0935\u0932\u0940 \u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0928 \u0938\u0947 \u0926\u0947\u0916\u0947\u0902\u0964 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e \u0915\u093e\u0909\u0902\u091f\u0930 \u0905\u0917\u0932\u0947<\/em> \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u0924\u093e<\/em> \u0930\u0916\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948; \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u0930\u091c\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0930 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u092e\u093e\u0928<\/em> \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b \u0930\u0939\u093e \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0926\u0947\u0936<\/em> \u0930\u0916\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948; \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u092f\u0915 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e \u0930\u0916\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\u00a71.5 A<\/span><\/div>\n <\/details>\n <details class=\"mcq-q\">\n <summary>7<\/span>Which bus is unidirectional?<\/span><\/summary>\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\n <li>(a) Data bus<\/li>\n <li>(b) Address bus<\/li>\n <li>(c) Control bus<\/li>\n <li>(d) All three are bidirectional<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\">(b) Address bus<\/b> An address travels only from the CPU to memory, never back, so the address bus is unidirectional. Data must travel both ways, so the data bus is bidirectional.<\/span>\u092a\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 CPU \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u092e\u0943\u0924\u093f \u0924\u0915 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0935\u093e\u092a\u0938 \u0915\u092d\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0905\u0924\u0903 \u092a\u0924\u093e \u092c\u0938 \u090f\u0915\u0926\u093f\u0936\u0940\u092f \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0926\u093f\u0936\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0905\u0924\u0903 \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u093e \u092c\u0938 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0926\u093f\u0936\u0940\u092f \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\u00a71.5 C<\/span><\/div>\n <\/details>\n <\/div>\n <hr class=\"section-divider\">\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d1-6\">\n 1.6<\/span>\n <h3>Memory: Primary, Secondary and Cache<\/span>\u0938\u094d\u092e\u0943\u0924\u093f: \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0925\u092e\u093f\u0915, \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0924\u0940\u092f\u0915 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0915\u0948\u0936<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n \n A computer does not have one memory but a hierarchy<\/strong> of them. As one moves down the hierarchy the storage becomes slower and cheaper per bit but far larger in capacity<\/strong>; as one moves up it becomes faster, costlier and smaller. The whole design exists to keep the processor supplied with data without paying for an impossibly expensive machine.<\/span>\n \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u092e\u0943\u0924\u093f \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0905\u092a\u093f\u0924\u0941 \u0938\u094d\u092e\u0943\u0924\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e<\/strong> \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u0940\u091a\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u092d\u0902\u0921\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0927\u0940\u092e\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f \u092c\u093f\u091f \u0938\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0915\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e\u0924\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u092c\u0921\u093c\u093e<\/strong> \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948; \u090a\u092a\u0930 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u0924\u0940\u0935\u094d\u0930, \u092e\u0939\u0901\u0917\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u091b\u094b\u091f\u093e\u0964 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a \u0907\u0938\u0940\u0932\u093f\u090f \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0938\u0947\u0938\u0930 \u0915\u094b \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0924\u0947 \u0930\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0905\u0938\u0902\u092d\u0935 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u092e\u0939\u0901\u0917\u093e \u092d\u0940 \u0928 \u0939\u094b\u0964<\/span>\n <\/p>\n\n <svg class=\"full-diagram\" viewBox=\"0 0 700 300\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Memory hierarchy pyramid\">\n <polygon points=\"350,20 415,72 285,72\" fill=\"#c0392b\" stroke=\"#8e2318\" stroke-width=\"1.5\"\/>\n <text x=\"350\" y=\"56\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"11\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">REGISTERS<\/text>\n\n <polygon points=\"285,74 415,74 452,132 248,132\" fill=\"#c9760f\" stroke=\"#96570a\" stroke-width=\"1.5\"\/>\n <text x=\"350\" y=\"100\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"11.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">CACHE MEMORY<\/text>\n <text x=\"350\" y=\"118\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9.5\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">L1 \u00b7 L2 \u00b7 L3 (SRAM)<\/text>\n\n <polygon points=\"248,134 452,134 492,196 208,196\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\" stroke=\"#153f72\" stroke-width=\"1.5\"\/>\n <text x=\"350\" y=\"160\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"11.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">PRIMARY MEMORY<\/text>\n <text x=\"350\" y=\"180\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9.5\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">RAM (volatile) \u00b7 ROM (non-volatile)<\/text>\n\n <polygon points=\"208,198 492,198 535,262 165,262\" fill=\"#0d8f79\" stroke=\"#096757\" stroke-width=\"1.5\"\/>\n <text x=\"350\" y=\"224\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"11.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">SECONDARY STORAGE<\/text>\n <text x=\"350\" y=\"245\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9.5\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">HDD \u00b7 SSD \u00b7 Optical disc \u00b7 Flash drive<\/text>\n\n <polygon points=\"165,264 535,264 560,292 140,292\" fill=\"#6b3a8f\" stroke=\"#4b2766\" stroke-width=\"1.5\"\/>\n <text x=\"350\" y=\"284\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">TERTIARY \/ CLOUD STORAGE<\/text>\n\n <defs>\n <marker id=\"up\" markerWidth=\"9\" markerHeight=\"9\" refX=\"4\" refY=\"8\" orient=\"auto\">\n <path d=\"M4,0 L0,8 L8,8 z\" fill=\"#5a6d80\"\/>\n <\/marker>\n <marker id=\"dn\" markerWidth=\"9\" markerHeight=\"9\" refX=\"4\" refY=\"0\" orient=\"auto\">\n <path d=\"M4,8 L0,0 L8,0 z\" fill=\"#5a6d80\"\/>\n <\/marker>\n <\/defs>\n <line x1=\"96\" y1=\"270\" x2=\"96\" y2=\"40\" stroke=\"#5a6d80\" stroke-width=\"2\" marker-end=\"url(#up)\"\/>\n <text x=\"88\" y=\"160\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#5a6d80\" transform=\"rotate(-90 88 160)\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">SPEED & COST PER BIT INCREASE<\/text>\n <line x1=\"608\" y1=\"40\" x2=\"608\" y2=\"270\" stroke=\"#5a6d80\" stroke-width=\"2\" marker-end=\"url(#dn)\"\/>\n <text x=\"618\" y=\"160\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#5a6d80\" transform=\"rotate(90 618 160)\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">CAPACITY INCREASES<\/text>\n <\/svg>\n The memory hierarchy. Registers are inside the CPU; secondary storage survives a power cut.<\/span>\u0938\u094d\u092e\u0943\u0924\u093f-\u0905\u0928\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0964 \u0930\u091c\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0930 CPU \u0915\u0947 \u092d\u0940\u0924\u0930 \u0939\u0948\u0902; \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0924\u0940\u092f\u0915 \u092d\u0902\u0921\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924-\u0915\u091f\u094c\u0924\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092d\u0940 \u092c\u0928\u093e \u0930\u0939\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n\n <h4>A. Primary memory \u2014 RAM<\/span>\u0915. \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0925\u092e\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u092e\u0943\u0924\u093f \u2014 RAM<\/span><\/h4>\n\n <div class=\"callout\">\n <div class=\"callout-label\">\ud83d\udcd8 Random Access Memory<\/span>\ud83d\udcd8 \u092f\u093e\u0926\u0943\u091a\u094d\u091b\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0917\u092e \u0938\u094d\u092e\u0943\u0924\u093f<\/span><\/div>\n RAM<\/strong> is the computer's working memory<\/strong>. It holds the operating system, the programs currently running and the data being worked on. It is read\u2013write<\/strong> and volatile<\/strong> \u2014 its entire contents are lost the moment power is cut, which is why unsaved work disappears in a power failure. It is called random access<\/em> because any location can be reached directly in the same time, without reading through the locations before it.<\/span>\n RAM<\/strong> \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u092e\u0943\u0924\u093f<\/strong> \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u091a\u093e\u0932\u0928 \u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930, \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091a\u0932 \u0930\u0939\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e \u0924\u0925\u093e \u091c\u093f\u0928 \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0939\u094b \u0930\u0939\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0935\u0947 \u0930\u0939\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u092a\u0920\u0928-\u0932\u0947\u0916\u0928<\/strong> \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0935\u093e\u0937\u094d\u092a\u0936\u0940\u0932<\/strong> \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924 \u0915\u091f\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0940 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u0932\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0907\u0938\u0940\u0932\u093f\u090f \u092c\u093f\u091c\u0932\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u0905\u0938\u0902\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0938\u092e\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0947 \u092f\u093e\u0926\u0943\u091a\u094d\u091b\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0917\u092e<\/em> \u0907\u0938\u0932\u093f\u090f \u0915\u0939\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0915\u093f \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092d\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928 \u0924\u0915 \u0909\u0924\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0940 \u0938\u092e\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0940\u0927\u0947 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0909\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u0922\u093c\u0947 \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e\u0964<\/span>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"vs-compare\">\n <div class=\"vs-side left\">\n SRAM<\/span>\n <h5>Static RAM<\/span>\u0938\u094d\u0925\u0948\u0924\u093f\u0915 RAM<\/span><\/h5>\n <ul>\n <li>Stores each bit in a flip-flop circuit<\/strong> of several transistors.<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u092c\u093f\u091f \u0915\u094b \u0905\u0928\u0947\u0915 \u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0902\u091c\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092b\u093c\u094d\u0932\u093f\u092a-\u092b\u093c\u094d\u0932\u0949\u092a \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092a\u0925<\/strong> \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n <li>Needs no refreshing<\/strong> \u2014 it holds its value as long as power is supplied.<\/span>\u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e\u091c\u093c\u0917\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902<\/strong> \u2014 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0924\u0940 \u0930\u0939\u0947 \u0924\u094b \u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092c\u0928\u093e \u0930\u0939\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n <li>Very fast, very costly, low density.<\/strong><\/span>\u0905\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0902\u0924 \u0924\u0940\u0935\u094d\u0930, \u0905\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0902\u0924 \u092e\u0939\u0901\u0917\u0940, \u0928\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0928 \u0918\u0928\u0924\u094d\u0935\u0964<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n <li>Used for cache memory<\/strong> inside and beside the CPU.<\/span>CPU \u0915\u0947 \u092d\u0940\u0924\u0930 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u091f \u0915\u0948\u0936 \u0938\u094d\u092e\u0943\u0924\u093f<\/strong> \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"vs-mid\">VS<\/div>\n <div class=\"vs-side right\">\n DRAM<\/span>\n <h5>Dynamic RAM<\/span>\u0917\u0924\u093f\u0915 RAM<\/span><\/h5>\n <ul>\n <li>Stores each bit as a charge in a capacitor<\/strong> with one transistor.<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u092c\u093f\u091f \u0915\u094b \u090f\u0915 \u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0902\u091c\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0930 \u0938\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u0902\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930<\/strong> \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0906\u0935\u0947\u0936 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n <li>The charge leaks, so it must be refreshed thousands of times a second<\/strong>.<\/span>\u0906\u0935\u0947\u0936 \u0930\u093f\u0938\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0905\u0924\u0903 \u0907\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f \u0938\u0947\u0915\u0902\u0921 \u0939\u091c\u093c\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u092c\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0903\u0924\u093e\u091c\u093c\u093e<\/strong> \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u092a\u0921\u093c\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n <li>Slower, much cheaper, high density.<\/strong><\/span>\u0927\u0940\u092e\u0940, \u0915\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0938\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0940, \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u0918\u0928\u0924\u094d\u0935\u0964<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n <li>Used for the main memory<\/strong> of the computer, in DDR3, DDR4 and DDR5 modules.<\/span>\u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f \u0938\u094d\u092e\u0943\u0924\u093f<\/strong> \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924, DDR3, DDR4 \u090f\u0935\u0902 DDR5 \u092e\u0949\u0921\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0932\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <h4>B. Primary memory \u2014 ROM<\/span>\u0916. \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0925\u092e\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u092e\u0943\u0924\u093f \u2014 ROM<\/span><\/h4>\n\n \n Read Only Memory<\/strong> holds instructions that must survive a power cut and must not be altered by ordinary use. It is non-volatile<\/strong>. Its classic content is the BIOS<\/strong> \u2014 the Basic Input Output System \u2014 which runs the POST<\/strong>, the Power-On Self Test, checks the hardware and then loads the operating system, a process called booting<\/strong>.<\/span>\n \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932-\u092a\u0920\u0928 \u0938\u094d\u092e\u0943\u0924\u093f<\/strong> \u0909\u0928 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924-\u0915\u091f\u094c\u0924\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092d\u0940 \u092c\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0928\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0905\u0935\u093e\u0937\u094d\u092a\u0936\u0940\u0932<\/strong> \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 BIOS<\/strong> \u2014 \u092c\u0947\u0938\u093f\u0915 \u0907\u0928\u092a\u0941\u091f \u0906\u0909\u091f\u092a\u0941\u091f \u0938\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u092e \u2014 \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u094b POST<\/strong> \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0924\u094d \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0930\u0902\u092d \u0938\u094d\u0935-\u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u091a\u0932\u093e\u0915\u0930 \u0939\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0921\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u091c\u093e\u0901\u091a\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u092b\u093f\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u091a\u093e\u0932\u0928 \u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0932\u094b\u0921 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u0907\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u094b \u092c\u0942\u091f\u093f\u0902\u0917<\/strong> \u0915\u0939\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span>\n <\/p>\n\n <table class=\"data-table\">\n <thead>\n <tr>\n <th>Type<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930<\/span><\/th>\n <th>Full form<\/span>\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0930\u0942\u092a<\/span><\/th>\n <th>How it is written and erased<\/span>\u0915\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u0916\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092e\u093f\u091f\u093e\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/th>\n <\/tr>\n <\/thead>\n <tbody>\n <tr><td>ROM<\/strong><\/td><td>Read Only Memory<\/span>\u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932-\u092a\u0920\u0928 \u0938\u094d\u092e\u0943\u0924\u093f<\/span><\/td><td>Written once at manufacture<\/strong>; can never be changed.<\/span>\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u092f \u090f\u0915 \u092c\u093e\u0930<\/strong> \u0932\u093f\u0916\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948; \u0915\u092d\u0940 \u092c\u0926\u0932\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>PROM<\/strong><\/td><td>Programmable ROM<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e-\u092f\u094b\u0917\u094d\u092f ROM<\/span><\/td><td>Blank when supplied; the user can write to it once<\/strong>, after which it is permanent.<\/span>\u0906\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u092f \u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0924; \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0909\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u090f\u0915 \u092c\u093e\u0930<\/strong> \u0932\u093f\u0916 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u0935\u0939 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092f\u0940 \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>EPROM<\/strong><\/td><td>Erasable Programmable ROM<\/span>\u092e\u093f\u091f\u093e\u0928\u0947-\u092f\u094b\u0917\u094d\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e-\u092f\u094b\u0917\u094d\u092f ROM<\/span><\/td><td>Erased by exposing the chip to ultraviolet light<\/strong> through a quartz window, then rewritten.<\/span>\u091a\u093f\u092a \u0915\u094b \u0915\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u094d\u091f\u094d\u091c\u093c \u0916\u093f\u0921\u093c\u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u093e\u092c\u0948\u0902\u0917\u0928\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0936<\/strong> \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0930\u0916\u0915\u0930 \u092e\u093f\u091f\u093e\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u092b\u093f\u0930 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0903 \u0932\u093f\u0916\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr style=\"background:#f3f8ff;\"><td>EEPROM<\/strong><\/td><td>Electrically Erasable Programmable ROM<\/span>\u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924\u094d \u0938\u0947 \u092e\u093f\u091f\u093e\u0928\u0947-\u092f\u094b\u0917\u094d\u092f ROM<\/span><\/td><td>Erased and rewritten electrically, byte by byte<\/strong>, without removing the chip. Flash memory is a form of EEPROM<\/strong> \u2014 which is why a pen drive is non-volatile yet rewritable.<\/span>\u091a\u093f\u092a \u0939\u091f\u093e\u090f \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924\u094d \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e, \u092c\u093e\u0907\u091f-\u0926\u0930-\u092c\u093e\u0907\u091f<\/strong> \u092e\u093f\u091f\u093e\u092f\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0903 \u0932\u093f\u0916\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092b\u093c\u094d\u0932\u0948\u0936 \u0938\u094d\u092e\u0943\u0924\u093f EEPROM \u0915\u093e \u0939\u0940 \u090f\u0915 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0939\u0948<\/strong> \u2014 \u0907\u0938\u0940\u0932\u093f\u090f \u092a\u0947\u0928 \u0921\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0907\u0935 \u0905\u0935\u093e\u0937\u094d\u092a\u0936\u0940\u0932 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0941\u090f \u092d\u0940 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0916\u0928\u0940\u092f \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <\/tbody>\n <\/table>\n\n <h4>C. Cache memory<\/span>\u0917. \u0915\u0948\u0936 \u0938\u094d\u092e\u0943\u0924\u093f<\/span><\/h4>\n\n <div class=\"callout teal\">\n <div class=\"callout-label\">\u26a1 Why cache exists<\/span>\u26a1 \u0915\u0948\u0936 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/div>\n The processor is far faster than the main memory, so it would spend most of its time waiting. Cache<\/strong> is a small quantity of very fast SRAM placed between the CPU and RAM, holding the instructions and data most recently or most frequently used. When the processor finds what it needs in cache the event is a cache hit<\/strong>; when it does not, a cache miss<\/strong>, and it must go to the slower RAM. A higher hit ratio means a faster machine.<\/span>\n \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0938\u0947\u0938\u0930 \u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f \u0938\u094d\u092e\u0943\u0924\u093f \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0924\u0940\u0935\u094d\u0930 \u0939\u0948, \u0905\u0924\u0903 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0902\u0936 \u0938\u092e\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0940\u0924\u0924\u093e\u0964 \u0915\u0948\u0936<\/strong> CPU \u090f\u0935\u0902 RAM \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u0930\u0916\u0940 \u0905\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0902\u0924 \u0924\u0940\u0935\u094d\u0930 SRAM \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u0932\u094d\u092a \u092e\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0939\u093e\u0932 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092c\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u0930\u0939\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u091c\u092c \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0938\u0947\u0938\u0930 \u0915\u094b \u0905\u092d\u0940\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u0948\u0936 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u093f\u0932 \u091c\u093e\u090f \u0924\u094b \u0935\u0939 \u0915\u0948\u0936 \u0939\u093f\u091f<\/strong> \u0939\u0948; \u0928 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0947 \u0924\u094b \u0915\u0948\u0936 \u092e\u093f\u0938<\/strong>, \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0927\u0940\u092e\u0940 RAM \u0924\u0915 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u093e \u092a\u0921\u093c\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0939\u093f\u091f-\u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u093e\u0924 \u091c\u093f\u0924\u0928\u093e \u090a\u0901\u091a\u093e, \u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0909\u0924\u0928\u093e \u0924\u0940\u0935\u094d\u0930\u0964<\/span>\n <ul class=\"split-list\" style=\"margin-top:10px;\">\n <li>L1<\/span>Level 1<\/strong> \u2014 the smallest and fastest, located inside each processor core<\/strong>, typically a few dozen kilobytes.<\/span>\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930 1<\/strong> \u2014 \u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u091b\u094b\u091f\u0940 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u0924\u0940\u0935\u094d\u0930, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0938\u0947\u0938\u0930 \u0915\u094b\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u092d\u0940\u0924\u0930<\/strong>, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092f\u0903 \u0915\u0941\u091b \u0926\u0930\u094d\u091c\u0928 \u0915\u093f\u0932\u094b\u092c\u093e\u0907\u091f\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n <li>L2<\/span>Level 2<\/strong> \u2014 larger and slightly slower, usually dedicated to one core, of the order of a few hundred kilobytes to a megabyte.<\/span>\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930 2<\/strong> \u2014 \u092c\u0921\u093c\u0940 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0925\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0940 \u0927\u0940\u092e\u0940, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092f\u0903 \u090f\u0915 \u0915\u094b\u0930 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0938\u092e\u0930\u094d\u092a\u093f\u0924, \u0915\u0941\u091b \u0938\u094c \u0915\u093f\u0932\u094b\u092c\u093e\u0907\u091f \u0938\u0947 \u090f\u0915 \u092e\u0947\u0917\u093e\u092c\u093e\u0907\u091f \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u0915\u0940\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n <li>L3<\/span>Level 3<\/strong> \u2014 the largest and slowest cache, shared by all the cores<\/strong>, of the order of several megabytes.<\/span>\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930 3<\/strong> \u2014 \u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0921\u093c\u0940 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u0927\u0940\u092e\u0940 \u0915\u0948\u0936, \u0938\u092d\u0940 \u0915\u094b\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0938\u093e\u091d\u093e<\/strong>, \u0915\u0908 \u092e\u0947\u0917\u093e\u092c\u093e\u0907\u091f \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u0915\u0940\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n\n <h4>D. Virtual memory<\/span>\u0918. \u0906\u092d\u093e\u0938\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u092e\u0943\u0924\u093f<\/span><\/h4>\n\n \n When the programs running exceed the physical RAM, the operating system sets aside a portion of the hard disk and uses it as though it were RAM<\/strong>. This area is called virtual memory<\/strong>, and on a Windows machine the file that holds it is the page file<\/strong> or swap file. It allows more programs to run than the RAM would otherwise permit, but because a disk is far slower than RAM, heavy reliance on virtual memory makes a computer noticeably sluggish \u2014 the practical reason why adding RAM speeds up an old school machine more than almost any other upgrade.<\/span>\n \u091c\u092c \u091a\u0932 \u0930\u0939\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e \u092d\u094c\u0924\u093f\u0915 RAM \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u090f\u0901, \u0924\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u091a\u093e\u0932\u0928 \u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0939\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0921 \u0921\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0915 \u0915\u093e \u090f\u0915 \u092d\u093e\u0917 \u0905\u0932\u0917 \u0930\u0916\u0915\u0930 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0910\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u094b \u0935\u0939 RAM \u0939\u094b<\/strong>\u0964 \u0907\u0938 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u094b \u0906\u092d\u093e\u0938\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u092e\u0943\u0924\u093f<\/strong> \u0915\u0939\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0902\u0921\u094b\u091c\u093c \u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u092b\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0932 \u092a\u0947\u091c \u092b\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0932<\/strong> \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0948\u092a \u092b\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0932 \u0915\u0939\u0932\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0938\u0947 RAM \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092e\u0924\u093f \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e \u091a\u0932 \u092a\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0915\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0941 \u0921\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0915 RAM \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0927\u0940\u092e\u0940 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0906\u092d\u093e\u0938\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u092e\u0943\u0924\u093f \u092a\u0930 \u0905\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092d\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u094d\u092a\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0941\u0938\u094d\u0924 \u092c\u0928\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u092f\u0939\u0940 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u092a\u0941\u0930\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f\u0940 \u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 RAM \u092c\u0922\u093c\u093e\u0928\u093e \u0932\u0917\u092d\u0917 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092d\u0940 \u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0928\u092f\u0928 \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0917\u0924\u093f \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\n <\/p>\n\n <div class=\"exam-tip\">\n <div class=\"et-icon\">\ud83c\udfaf<\/div>\n <div class=\"et-body\">\n Three one-line facts the examiner returns to.<\/strong> (1) RAM is volatile, ROM is non-volatile<\/strong> \u2014 the single most asked contrast in this whole item. (2)<\/strong> The fastest memory in the computer is the register<\/strong>, not the cache and certainly not RAM; the order from fastest to slowest is register \u2192 cache \u2192 RAM \u2192 secondary storage<\/em>. (3)<\/strong> Cache uses SRAM, main memory uses DRAM<\/strong>, and the reason is cost: SRAM needs several transistors per bit while DRAM needs one.<\/span>\n \u0924\u0940\u0928 \u090f\u0915-\u092a\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0924\u0925\u094d\u092f \u091c\u093f\u0928 \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0932\u094c\u091f\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/strong> (1) RAM \u0935\u093e\u0937\u094d\u092a\u0936\u0940\u0932 \u0939\u0948, ROM \u0905\u0935\u093e\u0937\u094d\u092a\u0936\u0940\u0932<\/strong> \u2014 \u0907\u0938 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u092e\u0926 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u0942\u091b\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e \u092d\u0947\u0926\u0964 (2)<\/strong> \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0924\u0940\u0935\u094d\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u092e\u0943\u0924\u093f \u0930\u091c\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0930 \u0939\u0948<\/strong>, \u0915\u0948\u0936 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0914\u0930 RAM \u0924\u094b \u0928\u093f\u0936\u094d\u091a\u092f \u0939\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902; \u0924\u0940\u0935\u094d\u0930\u0924\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u0927\u0940\u092e\u0947 \u0924\u0915 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u0939\u0948 \u0930\u091c\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0930 \u2192 \u0915\u0948\u0936 \u2192 RAM \u2192 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0924\u0940\u092f\u0915 \u092d\u0902\u0921\u093e\u0930\u0923<\/em>\u0964 (3)<\/strong> \u0915\u0948\u0936 SRAM \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f \u0938\u094d\u092e\u0943\u0924\u093f DRAM<\/strong>, \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0939\u0948 \u0932\u093e\u0917\u0924: SRAM \u0915\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f \u092c\u093f\u091f \u0905\u0928\u0947\u0915 \u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0902\u091c\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0930 \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f \u091c\u092c\u0915\u093f DRAM \u0915\u094b \u090f\u0915\u0964<\/span>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <hr class=\"section-divider\">\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d1-7\">\n 1.7<\/span>\n <h3>Storage Devices and Units of Measurement<\/span>\u092d\u0902\u0921\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092e\u093e\u092a\u0928 \u0907\u0915\u093e\u0907\u092f\u093e\u0901<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n <h4>A. Units of storage<\/span>\u0915. \u092d\u0902\u0921\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0940 \u0907\u0915\u093e\u0907\u092f\u093e\u0901<\/span><\/h4>\n\n <div class=\"formula-card\">\n <div class=\"fx-eyebrow\">The ladder of storage units \u2014 memorise this exactly<\/span>\u092d\u0902\u0921\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0907\u0915\u093e\u0907\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0940\u0922\u093c\u0940 \u2014 \u0907\u0938\u0947 \u0920\u0940\u0915-\u0920\u0940\u0915 \u0915\u0902\u0920\u0938\u094d\u0925 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"fx-body\">\n 1 Nibble = 4 Bits \u00b7 1 Byte = 8 Bits<\/em> 1 KB = 210<\/sup> = 1024 Bytes<\/em> 1 MB = 1024 KB \u00b7 1 GB = 1024 MB \u00b7 1 TB = 1024 GB<\/span>\n 1 \u0928\u093f\u092c\u0932 = 4 \u092c\u093f\u091f \u00b7 1 \u092c\u093e\u0907\u091f = 8 \u092c\u093f\u091f<\/em> 1 KB = 210<\/sup> = 1024 \u092c\u093e\u0907\u091f<\/em> 1 MB = 1024 KB \u00b7 1 GB = 1024 MB \u00b7 1 TB = 1024 GB<\/span>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"fx-note\">\n A bit<\/b> \u2014 binary digit \u2014 is the smallest unit and holds only 0 or 1<\/b>. A byte<\/b> of 8 bits is the unit in which storage is counted, because one byte stores one character<\/b> in the ASCII scheme. The step is 1024, not 1000<\/b>, because 1024 is 210<\/sup> and computers count in powers of two. This is the single commonest trap in the whole item.<\/span>\n \u092c\u093f\u091f<\/b> \u2014 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0905\u0902\u0915 \u2014 \u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u091b\u094b\u091f\u0940 \u0907\u0915\u093e\u0908 \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 0 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e 1<\/b> \u0930\u0916\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 8 \u092c\u093f\u091f \u0915\u093e \u092c\u093e\u0907\u091f<\/b> \u0935\u0939 \u0907\u0915\u093e\u0908 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092d\u0902\u0921\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0917\u093f\u0928\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f ASCII \u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u090f\u0915 \u092c\u093e\u0907\u091f \u090f\u0915 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/b>\u0964 \u091a\u0930\u0923 1024 \u0939\u0948, 1000 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902<\/b>, \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f 1024 = 210<\/sup> \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u0926\u094b \u0915\u0940 \u0918\u093e\u0924\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0917\u093f\u0928\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u092e\u0926 \u0915\u093e \u092f\u0939\u0940 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u091a\u0932\u093f\u0924 \u091c\u093e\u0932 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <table class=\"data-table\">\n <thead>\n <tr>\n <th class=\"narrow\">#<\/th>\n <th>Unit<\/span>\u0907\u0915\u093e\u0908<\/span><\/th>\n <th class=\"narrow\">Equals<\/span>\u092c\u0930\u093e\u092c\u0930<\/span><\/th>\n <th class=\"narrow\">Power of 2<\/span>2 \u0915\u0940 \u0918\u093e\u0924<\/span><\/th>\n <th>Everyday scale<\/span>\u0926\u0948\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u0948\u092e\u093e\u0928\u093e<\/span><\/th>\n <\/tr>\n <\/thead>\n <tbody>\n <tr><td class=\"narrow\">1<\/td><td>Bit<\/span>\u092c\u093f\u091f<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td class=\"narrow\">0 or 1<\/td><td class=\"narrow\">20<\/sup><\/td><td>A single binary digit.<\/span>\u090f\u0915\u0932 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0905\u0902\u0915\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"narrow\">2<\/td><td>Nibble<\/span>\u0928\u093f\u092c\u0932<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td class=\"narrow\">4 bits<\/td><td class=\"narrow\">\u2014<\/td><td>Half a byte; one hexadecimal digit.<\/span>\u0906\u0927\u093e \u092c\u093e\u0907\u091f; \u090f\u0915 \u0937\u094b\u0921\u0936-\u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0905\u0902\u0915\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr style=\"background:#f3f8ff;\"><td class=\"narrow\">3<\/td><td>Byte (B)<\/span>\u092c\u093e\u0907\u091f (B)<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td class=\"narrow\">8 bits<\/td><td class=\"narrow\">23<\/sup> bits<\/td><td>One character<\/strong> \u2014 the letter A, the digit 7, a comma.<\/span>\u090f\u0915 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0923<\/strong> \u2014 \u0905\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0930 A, \u0905\u0902\u0915 7, \u0905\u0932\u094d\u092a\u0935\u093f\u0930\u093e\u092e\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"narrow\">4<\/td><td>Kilobyte (KB)<\/span>\u0915\u093f\u0932\u094b\u092c\u093e\u0907\u091f (KB)<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td class=\"narrow\">1024 B<\/td><td class=\"narrow\">210<\/sup><\/td><td>A short text document of about half a page.<\/span>\u0932\u0917\u092d\u0917 \u0906\u0927\u0947 \u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u0915\u093e \u0932\u0918\u0941 \u092a\u093e\u0920-\u0926\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0947\u091c\u093c\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"narrow\">5<\/td><td>Megabyte (MB)<\/span>\u092e\u0947\u0917\u093e\u092c\u093e\u0907\u091f (MB)<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td class=\"narrow\">1024 KB<\/td><td class=\"narrow\">220<\/sup><\/td><td>A photograph, or a few minutes of audio.<\/span>\u090f\u0915 \u091b\u093e\u092f\u093e\u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930, \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0915\u0941\u091b \u092e\u093f\u0928\u091f \u0915\u093e \u0936\u094d\u0930\u0935\u094d\u092f\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"narrow\">6<\/td><td>Gigabyte (GB)<\/span>\u0917\u0940\u0917\u093e\u092c\u093e\u0907\u091f (GB)<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td class=\"narrow\">1024 MB<\/td><td class=\"narrow\">230<\/sup><\/td><td>A full-length film; the usual unit for RAM size.<\/span>\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0932\u0902\u092c\u093e\u0908 \u0915\u0940 \u092b\u093c\u093f\u0932\u094d\u092e; RAM \u0906\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0907\u0915\u093e\u0908\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"narrow\">7<\/td><td>Terabyte (TB)<\/span>\u091f\u0947\u0930\u093e\u092c\u093e\u0907\u091f (TB)<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td class=\"narrow\">1024 GB<\/td><td class=\"narrow\">240<\/sup><\/td><td>The usual unit for a hard disk today.<\/span>\u0906\u091c \u0939\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0921 \u0921\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0915 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0907\u0915\u093e\u0908\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"narrow\">8<\/td><td>Petabyte (PB)<\/span>\u092a\u0947\u091f\u093e\u092c\u093e\u0907\u091f (PB)<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td class=\"narrow\">1024 TB<\/td><td class=\"narrow\">250<\/sup><\/td><td>The scale of a large national database.<\/span>\u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092c\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e\u092c\u0947\u0938 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u0948\u092e\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"narrow\">9<\/td><td>Exabyte (EB)<\/span>\u090f\u0915\u094d\u0938\u093e\u092c\u093e\u0907\u091f (EB)<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td class=\"narrow\">1024 PB<\/td><td class=\"narrow\">260<\/sup><\/td><td>Global data-traffic scale.<\/span>\u0935\u0948\u0936\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u093e-\u092f\u093e\u0924\u093e\u092f\u093e\u0924 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u0948\u092e\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"narrow\">10<\/td><td>Zettabyte (ZB) and Yottabyte (YB)<\/span>\u091c\u093c\u0947\u091f\u093e\u092c\u093e\u0907\u091f (ZB) \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092f\u094b\u091f\u093e\u092c\u093e\u0907\u091f (YB)<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td class=\"narrow\">1024 EB \/ 1024 ZB<\/td><td class=\"narrow\">270<\/sup> \/ 280<\/sup><\/td><td>Theoretical and planetary-scale quantities.<\/span>\u0938\u0948\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939-\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930\u0940\u092f \u092e\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093e\u090f\u0901\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <\/tbody>\n <\/table>\n\n <h4>B. Character coding schemes<\/span>\u0916. \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0923-\u0915\u094b\u0921\u0928 \u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928\u093e\u090f\u0901<\/span><\/h4>\n\n <div class=\"feat-grid\">\n <div class=\"feat-card\">1<\/span>ASCII<\/strong>American Standard Code for Information Interchange. A 7-bit<\/strong> code representing 128 characters<\/strong>. Extended ASCII uses 8 bits<\/strong> for 256 characters<\/strong>. In ASCII, capital A is 65<\/strong> and small a is 97<\/strong>.<\/span>\u0905\u092e\u0947\u0930\u093f\u0915\u0928 \u0938\u094d\u091f\u0948\u0902\u0921\u0930\u094d\u0921 \u0915\u094b\u0921 \u092b\u093c\u0949\u0930 \u0907\u0928\u094d\u092b\u093c\u0949\u0930\u094d\u092e\u0947\u0936\u0928 \u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u091a\u0947\u0902\u091c\u0964 7-\u092c\u093f\u091f<\/strong> \u0915\u094b\u0921 \u091c\u094b 128 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0923<\/strong> \u0928\u093f\u0930\u0942\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0935\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 ASCII 8 \u092c\u093f\u091f<\/strong> \u0938\u0947 256 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0923<\/strong> \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 ASCII \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0921\u093c\u093e A = 65<\/strong> \u0924\u0925\u093e \u091b\u094b\u091f\u093e a = 97<\/strong>\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"feat-card\">2<\/span>Unicode<\/strong>A universal scheme designed to represent every script in the world<\/strong>, including Devanagari and all Indian scripts. Encodings include UTF-8, UTF-16 and UTF-32<\/strong>. Bilingual documents such as these notes depend on Unicode.<\/span>\u0938\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0935\u092d\u094c\u092e\u093f\u0915 \u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928\u093e \u091c\u094b \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0935 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0932\u093f\u092a\u093f<\/strong> \u2014 \u0926\u0947\u0935\u0928\u093e\u0917\u0930\u0940 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u092e\u0938\u094d\u0924 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0932\u093f\u092a\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u0938\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u2014 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u0942\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0915\u094b\u0921\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 UTF-8, UTF-16 \u090f\u0935\u0902 UTF-32<\/strong>\u0964 \u0907\u0928 \u0928\u094b\u091f\u094d\u0938 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u0940 \u0926\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0947\u091c\u093c \u092f\u0942\u0928\u093f\u0915\u094b\u0921 \u092a\u0930 \u0939\u0940 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092d\u0930 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"feat-card\">3<\/span>ISCII<\/strong>Indian Script Code for Information Interchange \u2014 an 8-bit Indian standard<\/strong> for the Brahmi-derived scripts, developed before Unicode absorbed the same task.<\/span>\u0907\u0902\u0921\u093f\u092f\u0928 \u0938\u094d\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092a\u094d\u091f \u0915\u094b\u0921 \u092b\u093c\u0949\u0930 \u0907\u0928\u094d\u092b\u093c\u0949\u0930\u094d\u092e\u0947\u0936\u0928 \u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u091a\u0947\u0902\u091c \u2014 \u092c\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0939\u094d\u092e\u0940-\u0935\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0932\u093f\u092a\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 8-\u092c\u093f\u091f \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0915<\/strong>, \u091c\u094b \u092f\u0942\u0928\u093f\u0915\u094b\u0921 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u092f\u0939\u0940 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939\u0923 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0938\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0941\u0906\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"feat-card\">4<\/span>EBCDIC<\/strong>Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code \u2014 an 8-bit<\/strong> IBM scheme used chiefly on mainframe computers<\/strong>.<\/span>\u090f\u0915\u094d\u0938\u091f\u0947\u0902\u0921\u0947\u0921 \u092c\u093e\u0907\u0928\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u094b\u0921\u0947\u0921 \u0921\u0947\u0938\u093f\u092e\u0932 \u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u091a\u0947\u0902\u091c \u0915\u094b\u0921 \u2014 IBM \u0915\u0940 8-\u092c\u093f\u091f<\/strong> \u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928\u093e, \u091c\u094b \u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f\u0924\u0903 \u092e\u0947\u0928\u092b\u093c\u094d\u0930\u0947\u092e \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930\u094b\u0902<\/strong> \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <h4>C. Secondary storage devices<\/span>\u0917. \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0924\u0940\u092f\u0915 \u092d\u0902\u0921\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923<\/span><\/h4>\n\n <table class=\"data-table\">\n <thead>\n <tr>\n <th>Family<\/span>\u0915\u0941\u0932<\/span><\/th>\n <th>Device<\/span>\u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923<\/span><\/th>\n <th>Typical capacity and note<\/span>\u0935\u093f\u0936\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e\u0924\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u091f\u093f\u092a\u094d\u092a\u0923\u0940<\/span><\/th>\n <\/tr>\n <\/thead>\n <tbody>\n <tr>\n <td rowspan=\"3\">Magnetic<\/span>\u091a\u0941\u0902\u092c\u0915\u0940\u092f<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n <td>Hard Disk Drive (HDD)<\/span>\u0939\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0921 \u0921\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0915 \u0921\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0907\u0935 (HDD)<\/span><\/td>\n <td>500 GB to several TB.<\/strong> Rotating magnetic platters read by a moving head; the standard bulk store for decades.<\/span>500 GB \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0908 TB\u0964<\/strong> \u0918\u0942\u092e\u0924\u0940 \u091a\u0941\u0902\u092c\u0915\u0940\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0932\u0947\u091f\u0947\u0902, \u091c\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u091a\u0932\u093e\u092f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0939\u0947\u0921 \u092a\u0922\u093c\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948; \u0926\u0936\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0925\u094b\u0915 \u092d\u0902\u0921\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u093e \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0915\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td>Magnetic tape<\/span>\u091a\u0941\u0902\u092c\u0915\u0940\u092f \u091f\u0947\u092a<\/span><\/td>\n <td>Very high capacity but sequential access only<\/strong>, so it is used for archival backup rather than working storage.<\/span>\u0905\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e\u0924\u093e \u0915\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0917\u092e<\/strong>, \u0905\u0924\u0903 \u092f\u0939 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u092d\u0902\u0921\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0932\u0947\u0916\u0940\u092f \u092c\u0948\u0915\u0905\u092a \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td>Floppy disk<\/span>\u092b\u093c\u094d\u0932\u0949\u092a\u0940 \u0921\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0915<\/span><\/td>\n <td>Obsolete. The 3.5-inch floppy held 1.44 MB<\/strong>. Its icon survives as the \"save\" symbol.<\/span>\u0905\u092a\u094d\u0930\u091a\u0932\u093f\u0924\u0964 3.5-\u0907\u0902\u091a \u092b\u093c\u094d\u0932\u0949\u092a\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 1.44 MB<\/strong> \u0906\u0924\u093e \u0925\u093e\u0964 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u093e \u091a\u093f\u0939\u094d\u0928 \u0906\u091c \u092d\u0940 \"\u0938\u0902\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902\" \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u0940\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u091a\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td rowspan=\"3\">Optical<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0936\u0940\u092f<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n <td>CD \u2014 Compact Disc<\/span>CD \u2014 \u0915\u0949\u092e\u094d\u092a\u0948\u0915\u094d\u091f \u0921\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0915<\/span><\/td>\n <td>700 MB.<\/strong> Read by a laser. Variants: CD-ROM (read only), CD-R (write once), CD-RW (rewritable).<\/span>700 MB\u0964<\/strong> \u0932\u0947\u091c\u093c\u0930 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u092a\u0920\u093f\u0924\u0964 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930: CD-ROM (\u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u092a\u0920\u0928), CD-R (\u090f\u0915 \u092c\u093e\u0930 \u0932\u0947\u0916\u0928), CD-RW (\u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0916\u0928\u0940\u092f)\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td>DVD \u2014 Digital Versatile Disc<\/span>DVD \u2014 \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0938\u0947\u091f\u093e\u0907\u0932 \u0921\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0915<\/span><\/td>\n <td>4.7 GB<\/strong> single-layer, 8.5 GB<\/strong> dual-layer.<\/span>\u090f\u0915-\u092a\u0930\u0924 4.7 GB<\/strong>, \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093f-\u092a\u0930\u0924 8.5 GB<\/strong>\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td>Blu-ray Disc<\/span>\u092c\u094d\u0932\u0942-\u0930\u0947 \u0921\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0915<\/span><\/td>\n <td>25 GB<\/strong> single-layer, 50 GB<\/strong> dual-layer. Uses a blue-violet laser of shorter wavelength, hence the higher density.<\/span>\u090f\u0915-\u092a\u0930\u0924 25 GB<\/strong>, \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093f-\u092a\u0930\u0924 50 GB<\/strong>\u0964 \u0915\u092e \u0924\u0930\u0902\u0917\u0926\u0948\u0930\u094d\u0927\u094d\u092f \u0915\u093e \u0928\u0940\u0932-\u092c\u0948\u0902\u0917\u0928\u0940 \u0932\u0947\u091c\u093c\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924, \u0905\u0924\u0903 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0918\u0928\u0924\u094d\u0935\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td rowspan=\"3\">Solid state<\/span>\u0920\u094b\u0938-\u0905\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n <td>Solid State Drive (SSD)<\/span>\u0938\u0949\u0932\u093f\u0921 \u0938\u094d\u091f\u0947\u091f \u0921\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0907\u0935 (SSD)<\/span><\/td>\n <td>128 GB to several TB.<\/strong> Flash memory with no moving parts<\/strong>, therefore far faster, silent and shock-resistant.<\/span>128 GB \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0908 TB\u0964<\/strong> \u092b\u093c\u094d\u0932\u0948\u0936 \u0938\u094d\u092e\u0943\u0924\u093f, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u091a\u0932\u093e\u092f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0905\u0902\u0917 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902<\/strong>, \u0905\u0924\u0903 \u0915\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0924\u0940\u0935\u094d\u0930, \u0928\u093f:\u0936\u092c\u094d\u0926 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0906\u0918\u093e\u0924-\u0938\u0939\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td>USB flash drive \/ pen drive<\/span>USB \u092b\u093c\u094d\u0932\u0948\u0936 \u0921\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0907\u0935 \/ \u092a\u0947\u0928 \u0921\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0907\u0935<\/span><\/td>\n <td>8 GB to 1 TB.<\/strong> Portable flash storage; the commonest carrier of files \u2014 and of viruses \u2014 in a school.<\/span>8 GB \u0938\u0947 1 TB\u0964<\/strong> \u0935\u0939\u0928\u0940\u092f \u092b\u093c\u094d\u0932\u0948\u0936 \u092d\u0902\u0921\u093e\u0930\u0923; \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092b\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0932\u094b\u0902 \u2014 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0935\u093e\u092f\u0930\u0938\u094b\u0902 \u2014 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u091a\u0932\u093f\u0924 \u0935\u093e\u0939\u0915\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td>Memory card (SD, microSD)<\/span>\u092e\u0947\u092e\u094b\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0921 (SD, \u092e\u093e\u0907\u0915\u094d\u0930\u094bSD)<\/span><\/td>\n <td>Used in cameras, phones and tablets. Variants: SD, SDHC, SDXC.<\/span>\u0915\u0948\u092e\u0930\u094b\u0902, \u092b\u093c\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u091f\u0948\u092c\u0932\u0947\u091f\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924\u0964 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930: SD, SDHC, SDXC\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr style=\"background:#faf6ff;\">\n <td>Remote<\/span>\u0926\u0942\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0925<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n <td>Cloud storage<\/span>\u0915\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0909\u0921 \u092d\u0902\u0921\u093e\u0930\u0923<\/span><\/td>\n <td>Storage on servers reached over the internet \u2014 Google Drive, OneDrive, DigiLocker. Treated fully in \u00a76.9 and \u00a713.4.<\/span>\u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u0928\u0947\u091f \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u092d\u0902\u0921\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u2014 \u0917\u0942\u0917\u0932 \u0921\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0907\u0935, \u0935\u0928\u0921\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0907\u0935, \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u0932\u0949\u0915\u0930\u0964 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0935\u093f\u0935\u0947\u091a\u0928\u093e \u00a76.9 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u00a713.4 \u092e\u0947\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <\/tbody>\n <\/table>\n\n <h4>D. Inside a hard disk, and the SSD comparison<\/span>\u0918. \u0939\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0921 \u0921\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u092d\u0940\u0924\u0930, \u0924\u0925\u093e SSD \u0938\u0947 \u0924\u0941\u0932\u0928\u093e<\/span><\/h4>\n\n <div class=\"callout amber\">\n <div class=\"callout-label\">\ud83d\udcbd The vocabulary of a hard disk<\/span>\ud83d\udcbd \u0939\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0921 \u0921\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0915 \u0915\u0940 \u0936\u092c\u094d\u0926\u093e\u0935\u0932\u0940<\/span><\/div>\n <ul class=\"split-list\" style=\"margin-top:4px;\">\n <li>1<\/span>Platter<\/strong> \u2014 a rigid magnetic disc; several are stacked on a common spindle<\/strong> that rotates at 5400 or 7200 RPM<\/strong>.<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0932\u0947\u091f\u0930<\/strong> \u2014 \u0915\u0920\u094b\u0930 \u091a\u0941\u0902\u092c\u0915\u0940\u092f \u091a\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0915\u093e; \u0905\u0928\u0947\u0915 \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u091d\u093e \u0938\u094d\u092a\u093f\u0902\u0921\u0932<\/strong> \u092a\u0930 \u0932\u0917\u0940 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u091c\u094b 5400 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e 7200 RPM<\/strong> \u092a\u0930 \u0918\u0942\u092e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n <li>2<\/span>Track<\/strong> \u2014 a concentric circle on the surface of a platter. Sector<\/strong> \u2014 a wedge-shaped division of a track, and the smallest addressable unit. Cylinder<\/strong> \u2014 the same track number taken across all platters together.<\/span>\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0948\u0915<\/strong> \u2014 \u092a\u094d\u0932\u0947\u091f\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0924\u0939 \u092a\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0964 \u0938\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u0930<\/strong> \u2014 \u091f\u094d\u0930\u0948\u0915 \u0915\u093e \u092b\u093e\u0901\u0915-\u0906\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093e\u091c\u0928, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u091b\u094b\u091f\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u094b\u0927\u0928\u0940\u092f \u0907\u0915\u093e\u0908\u0964 \u0938\u093f\u0932\u093f\u0902\u0921\u0930<\/strong> \u2014 \u0938\u092d\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0932\u0947\u091f\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u090f\u0915 \u0939\u0940 \u091f\u094d\u0930\u0948\u0915-\u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0932\u0947\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n <li>3<\/span>Seek time<\/strong> \u2014 the time the head takes to move to the correct track. Rotational latency<\/strong> \u2014 the further time until the correct sector arrives under the head. Their sum plus transfer time is the access time<\/strong>.<\/span>\u0905\u0928\u094d\u0935\u0947\u0937\u0923-\u0915\u093e\u0932<\/strong> \u2014 \u0939\u0947\u0921 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0939\u0940 \u091f\u094d\u0930\u0948\u0915 \u0924\u0915 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0932\u0917\u093e \u0938\u092e\u092f\u0964 \u0918\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923\u0928-\u0935\u093f\u0932\u0902\u092c<\/strong> \u2014 \u0938\u0939\u0940 \u0938\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0921 \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u0940\u091a\u0947 \u0906\u0928\u0947 \u0924\u0915 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0924\u093f\u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0938\u092e\u092f\u0964 \u0907\u0928\u0915\u093e \u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930\u0923-\u0915\u093e\u0932 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0915\u0930 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0917\u092e-\u0915\u093e\u0932<\/strong> \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n <li>4<\/span>Formatting<\/strong> \u2014 preparing a disk by creating tracks and sectors and writing a file system to it, which erases existing data.<\/span>\u0938\u0902\u0930\u0942\u092a\u0923<\/strong> \u2014 \u091f\u094d\u0930\u0948\u0915 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u0930 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0915\u0930 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092b\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0932-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0932\u093f\u0916\u0915\u0930 \u0921\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0915 \u0915\u094b \u0924\u0948\u092f\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u092e\u093f\u091f \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"pc-grid\">\n <div class=\"pc-panel neu\">\n <div class=\"pc-head\">\u25b8<\/span>Hard Disk Drive (HDD)<\/span>\u0939\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0921 \u0921\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0915 \u0921\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0907\u0935 (HDD)<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n <ul>\n <li>Has moving mechanical parts<\/strong>, so it is slower and can be damaged by a fall<\/span>\u091a\u0932\u093e\u092f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092f\u093e\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u0902\u0917<\/strong> \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0905\u0924\u0903 \u0927\u0940\u092e\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0917\u093f\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0924\u093f\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/li>\n <li>Much cheaper per gigabyte<\/strong>, so still preferred for bulk storage<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f \u0917\u0940\u0917\u093e\u092c\u093e\u0907\u091f \u0915\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0938\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0940<\/strong>, \u0905\u0924\u0903 \u0925\u094b\u0915 \u092d\u0902\u0921\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0906\u091c \u092d\u0940 \u0935\u0930\u0940\u092f<\/span><\/li>\n <li>Audible, generates more heat, consumes more power<\/span>\u0936\u094d\u0930\u0935\u094d\u092f, \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924 \u0916\u092a\u0924<\/span><\/li>\n <li>Performance degrades with fragmentation<\/strong>, so defragmentation helps<\/span>\u0935\u093f\u0916\u0902\u0921\u0928<\/strong> \u0938\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0928 \u0918\u091f\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0905\u0924\u0903 \u0921\u0940\u092b\u093c\u094d\u0930\u0948\u0917\u092e\u0947\u0902\u091f\u0947\u0936\u0928 \u0938\u0939\u093e\u092f\u0915 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"pc-panel pro\">\n <div class=\"pc-head\">\u2713<\/span>Solid State Drive (SSD)<\/span>\u0938\u0949\u0932\u093f\u0921 \u0938\u094d\u091f\u0947\u091f \u0921\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0907\u0935 (SSD)<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n <ul>\n <li>No moving parts<\/strong>; several times faster to boot and to open files<\/span>\u0915\u094b\u0908 \u091a\u0932\u093e\u092f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0905\u0902\u0917 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902<\/strong>; \u092c\u0942\u091f \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092b\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0932 \u0916\u094b\u0932\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u0908 \u0917\u0941\u0928\u093e \u0924\u0940\u0935\u094d\u0930<\/span><\/li>\n <li>Costlier per gigabyte<\/strong>, though the gap narrows each year<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f \u0917\u0940\u0917\u093e\u092c\u093e\u0907\u091f \u092e\u0939\u0901\u0917\u0940<\/strong>, \u092f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u092a\u093f \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937 \u0918\u091f \u0930\u0939\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/li>\n <li>Silent, cooler, lower power draw \u2014 hence standard in laptops<\/span>\u0928\u093f:\u0936\u092c\u094d\u0926, \u0915\u092e \u0917\u0930\u094d\u092e, \u0915\u092e \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924 \u0916\u092a\u0924 \u2014 \u0905\u0924\u0903 \u0932\u0948\u092a\u091f\u0949\u092a\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0915<\/span><\/li>\n <li>Has a finite number of write cycles<\/strong>, and should never be defragmented<\/span>\u0932\u0947\u0916\u0928-\u091a\u0915\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e<\/strong> \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0907\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0921\u0940\u092b\u093c\u094d\u0930\u0948\u0917\u092e\u0947\u0902\u091f\u0947\u0936\u0928 \u0915\u092d\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f<\/span><\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <hr class=\"section-divider\">\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d1-8\">\n 1.8<\/span>\n <h3>Input Devices<\/span>\u0928\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0936 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n \n An input device<\/strong> is any hardware that feeds data or instructions into the computer and converts them into binary form. The single most examinable skill in this section is the ability to sort a mixed list into input, output and both<\/strong>.<\/span>\n \u0928\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0936 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923<\/strong> \u0935\u0939 \u0939\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0921\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u0921\u093e\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0907\u0938 \u092d\u093e\u0917 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e-\u092f\u094b\u0917\u094d\u092f \u0915\u094c\u0936\u0932 \u0939\u0948 \u092e\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0940 \u0915\u094b \u0928\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0936, \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0924 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091b\u093e\u0901\u091f\u0928\u0947<\/strong> \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e\u0924\u093e\u0964<\/span>\n <\/p>\n\n <h4>A. The keyboard<\/span>\u0915. \u0915\u0941\u0902\u091c\u0940\u092a\u091f\u0932<\/span><\/h4>\n\n \n The standard layout is called QWERTY<\/strong> after the first six letters of its top row. A standard keyboard has 104 keys<\/strong> in the American layout and 105<\/strong> in the European. Its keys fall into six groups.<\/span>\n \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0915 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u094b \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u0936\u0940\u0930\u094d\u0937 \u092a\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0925\u092e \u091b\u0939 \u0905\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u093e\u092e \u092a\u0930 QWERTY<\/strong> \u0915\u0939\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0915 \u0915\u0941\u0902\u091c\u0940\u092a\u091f\u0932 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u092e\u0947\u0930\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938 \u092e\u0947\u0902 104 \u0915\u0941\u0902\u091c\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901<\/strong> \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092f\u0942\u0930\u094b\u092a\u0940\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 105<\/strong> \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u0915\u0941\u0902\u091c\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u091b\u0939 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0906\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span>\n <\/p>\n\n <div class=\"feat-grid\">\n <div class=\"feat-card\">1<\/span>Alphanumeric keys<\/span>\u0905\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0915\u0941\u0902\u091c\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901<\/span><\/strong>The letters A to Z, the digits 0 to 9 in the top row, and the punctuation marks \u2014 the main typing area.<\/span>A \u0938\u0947 Z \u0924\u0915 \u0905\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0930, \u0936\u0940\u0930\u094d\u0937 \u092a\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u092e\u0947\u0902 0 \u0938\u0947 9 \u0924\u0915 \u0905\u0902\u0915, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0930\u093e\u092e-\u091a\u093f\u0939\u094d\u0928 \u2014 \u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f \u091f\u0902\u0915\u0923 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"feat-card\">2<\/span>Numeric keypad<\/span>\u0905\u0902\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0915\u0941\u0902\u091c\u0940\u092a\u091f<\/span><\/strong>The calculator-style block of 17 keys<\/strong> on the right, active only when <kbd>Num Lock<\/kbd> is on.<\/span>\u0926\u093e\u0939\u093f\u0928\u0940 \u0913\u0930 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0915\u0932\u0915-\u0936\u0948\u0932\u0940 \u0915\u093e 17 \u0915\u0941\u0902\u091c\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902<\/strong> \u0915\u093e \u0916\u0902\u0921, \u091c\u094b <kbd>Num Lock<\/kbd> \u091a\u093e\u0932\u0942 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u0939\u0940 \u0938\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f \u0930\u0939\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"feat-card\">3<\/span>Function keys<\/span>\u092b\u0932\u0928 \u0915\u0941\u0902\u091c\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901<\/span><\/strong><kbd>F1<\/kbd> to <kbd>F12<\/kbd> along the top. <kbd>F1<\/kbd> is conventionally Help<\/strong>, <kbd>F5<\/kbd> is Refresh<\/strong> in a browser and Slide Show<\/strong> in a presentation, and <kbd>F12<\/kbd> is Save As<\/strong>.<\/span>\u0936\u0940\u0930\u094d\u0937 \u092a\u0930 <kbd>F1<\/kbd> \u0938\u0947 <kbd>F12<\/kbd>\u0964 \u092a\u0930\u0902\u092a\u0930\u093e \u0938\u0947 <kbd>F1<\/kbd> \u0938\u0939\u093e\u092f\u0924\u093e<\/strong>, <kbd>F5<\/kbd> \u092c\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0909\u091c\u093c\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0924\u093e\u091c\u093c\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902<\/strong> \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924\u093f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u0936\u094b<\/strong>, \u0924\u0925\u093e <kbd>F12<\/kbd> \u0907\u0938 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902<\/strong>\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"feat-card\">4<\/span>Navigation keys<\/span>\u0938\u0902\u091a\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0941\u0902\u091c\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901<\/span><\/strong>The four arrow keys with <kbd>Home<\/kbd>, <kbd>End<\/kbd>, <kbd>Page Up<\/kbd> and <kbd>Page Down<\/kbd>, which move the cursor without altering text.<\/span>\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0924\u0940\u0930 \u0915\u0941\u0902\u091c\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u0924\u0925\u093e <kbd>Home<\/kbd>, <kbd>End<\/kbd>, <kbd>Page Up<\/kbd> \u090f\u0935\u0902 <kbd>Page Down<\/kbd>, \u091c\u094b \u092a\u093e\u0920 \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0947 \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0947\u0924\u0915 \u091a\u0932\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"feat-card\">5<\/span>Modifier keys<\/span>\u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0915 \u0915\u0941\u0902\u091c\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901<\/span><\/strong><kbd>Shift<\/kbd>, <kbd>Ctrl<\/kbd> and <kbd>Alt<\/kbd>. They do nothing alone but change the meaning of another key<\/strong> pressed with them.<\/span><kbd>Shift<\/kbd>, <kbd>Ctrl<\/kbd> \u090f\u0935\u0902 <kbd>Alt<\/kbd>\u0964 \u092f\u0947 \u0905\u0915\u0947\u0932\u0947 \u0915\u0941\u091b \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940\u0902, \u0905\u092a\u093f\u0924\u0941 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0926\u092c\u093e\u0908 \u0917\u0908 \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u0941\u0902\u091c\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u092c\u0926\u0932<\/strong> \u0926\u0947\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"feat-card\">6<\/span>Toggle keys<\/span>\u091f\u0949\u0917\u0932 \u0915\u0941\u0902\u091c\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901<\/span><\/strong><kbd>Caps Lock<\/kbd>, <kbd>Num Lock<\/kbd>, <kbd>Scroll Lock<\/kbd> and <kbd>Insert<\/kbd>. Each switches a state on and off<\/strong> and stays in that state until pressed again.<\/span><kbd>Caps Lock<\/kbd>, <kbd>Num Lock<\/kbd>, <kbd>Scroll Lock<\/kbd> \u090f\u0935\u0902 <kbd>Insert<\/kbd>\u0964 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0905\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u0915\u094b \u091a\u093e\u0932\u0942-\u092c\u0902\u0926<\/strong> \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0903 \u0926\u092c\u093e\u090f \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0924\u0915 \u0909\u0938\u0940 \u0905\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0930\u0939\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <h4>B. Pointing, scanning and recognition devices<\/span>\u0916. \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0947\u0924\u0928, \u0938\u094d\u0915\u0948\u0928\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u0939\u091a\u093e\u0928 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923<\/span><\/h4>\n\n <table class=\"data-table\">\n <thead>\n <tr>\n <th>Device<\/span>\u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923<\/span><\/th>\n <th>What it does<\/span>\u092f\u0939 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/th>\n <th>Where a school meets it<\/span>\u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092f\u0939 \u0915\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/th>\n <\/tr>\n <\/thead>\n <tbody>\n <tr><td>Mouse<\/span>\u092e\u093e\u0909\u0938<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>Moves the on-screen pointer. Types: mechanical<\/strong> (ball), optical<\/strong> (LED), laser<\/strong> and wireless<\/strong>.<\/span>\u092a\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0947\u0924\u0915 \u091a\u0932\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930: \u092f\u093e\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0915<\/strong> (\u0917\u0947\u0902\u0926), \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0936\u0940\u092f<\/strong> (LED), \u0932\u0947\u091c\u093c\u0930<\/strong> \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092c\u0947\u0924\u093e\u0930<\/strong>\u0964<\/span><\/td><td>Every desktop in the laboratory.<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0936\u093e\u0932\u093e \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0921\u0947\u0938\u094d\u0915\u091f\u0949\u092a\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>Touchpad and trackball<\/span>\u091f\u091a\u092a\u0948\u0921 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u091f\u094d\u0930\u0948\u0915\u092c\u0949\u0932<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>Stationary substitutes for the mouse; the touchpad senses finger movement, the trackball is a ball rolled in a socket.<\/span>\u092e\u093e\u0909\u0938 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a; \u091f\u091a\u092a\u0948\u0921 \u0905\u0902\u0917\u0941\u0932\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u0917\u0924\u093f \u092d\u093e\u0901\u092a\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091f\u094d\u0930\u0948\u0915\u092c\u0949\u0932 \u0938\u0949\u0915\u0947\u091f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0918\u0941\u092e\u093e\u0908 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0917\u0947\u0902\u0926 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><td>Laptops.<\/span>\u0932\u0948\u092a\u091f\u0949\u092a\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>Touch screen<\/span>\u0938\u094d\u092a\u0930\u094d\u0936 \u092a\u0930\u094d\u0926\u093e<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>Accepts input by touch and displays output on the same surface \u2014 therefore both an input and an output device<\/strong>.<\/span>\u0938\u094d\u092a\u0930\u094d\u0936 \u0938\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0936 \u0932\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0938\u0940 \u0938\u0924\u0939 \u092a\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0924 \u0926\u093f\u0916\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u0905\u0924\u0903 \u0928\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0936 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0924 \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923<\/strong>\u0964<\/span><\/td><td>Interactive panels, tablets, smartphones.<\/span>\u0905\u0902\u0924\u0903\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u092a\u0948\u0928\u0932, \u091f\u0948\u092c\u0932\u0947\u091f, \u0938\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u091f\u092b\u093c\u094b\u0928\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>Graphics tablet and stylus<\/span>\u0906\u0932\u0947\u0916\u0940 \u091f\u0948\u092c\u0932\u0947\u091f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u091f\u093e\u0907\u0932\u0938<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>A flat pad on which a pen-like stylus draws; the drawing appears on screen. Also called a digitizer<\/strong>.<\/span>\u0938\u092a\u093e\u091f \u092a\u0948\u0921 \u091c\u093f\u0938 \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u0932\u092e \u091c\u0948\u0938\u093e \u0938\u094d\u091f\u093e\u0907\u0932\u0938 \u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948; \u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092a\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u0906\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0947 \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u093e\u0907\u091c\u093c\u0930<\/strong> \u092d\u0940 \u0915\u0939\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/td><td>Digital drawing and online teaching.<\/span>\u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0923 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0911\u0928\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>Scanner<\/span>\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0948\u0928\u0930<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>Converts a printed page or photograph into a digital image. Types: flatbed, sheet-fed, handheld and drum<\/strong>.<\/span>\u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u091b\u093e\u092f\u093e\u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u094b \u0905\u0902\u0915\u0940\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092c\u093f\u0902\u092c \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930: \u092b\u093c\u094d\u0932\u0948\u091f\u092c\u0947\u0921, \u0936\u0940\u091f-\u092b\u093c\u0947\u0921, \u0939\u0938\u094d\u0924-\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0921\u094d\u0930\u092e<\/strong>\u0964<\/span><\/td><td>Digitising records and certificates.<\/span>\u0905\u092d\u093f\u0932\u0947\u0916\u094b\u0902 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0902\u0915\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr style=\"background:#f3f8ff;\"><td>OCR<\/strong><\/td><td>Optical Character Recognition<\/strong> \u2014 reads the characters<\/em> in a scanned image and converts them into editable, searchable text.<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0936\u0940\u092f \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u092a\u0939\u091a\u093e\u0928<\/strong> \u2014 \u0938\u094d\u0915\u0948\u0928 \u0915\u093f\u090f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092c\u093f\u0902\u092c \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0923<\/em> \u092a\u0922\u093c\u0915\u0930 \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0928\u0940\u092f, \u0916\u094b\u091c\u0928\u0947-\u092f\u094b\u0917\u094d\u092f \u092a\u093e\u0920 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><td>Converting an old printed register into a spreadsheet.<\/span>\u092a\u0941\u0930\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0930\u091c\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0930 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u094d\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0921\u0936\u0940\u091f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0928\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr style=\"background:#f3f8ff;\"><td>OMR<\/strong><\/td><td>Optical Mark Recognition<\/strong> \u2014 detects the presence or absence of a mark<\/em> in a defined position; it does not read characters.<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0936\u0940\u092f \u091a\u093f\u0939\u094d\u0928 \u092a\u0939\u091a\u093e\u0928<\/strong> \u2014 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u0930 \u091a\u093f\u0939\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u0909\u092a\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f<\/em> \u092a\u0939\u091a\u093e\u0928\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948; \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u092a\u0922\u093c\u0924\u0940\u0964<\/span><\/td><td>OMR answer sheets<\/strong> in objective examinations \u2014 the direct link to \u00a710.5.<\/span>\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0940 OMR \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930-\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0915\u093e\u090f\u0901<\/strong> \u2014 \u00a710.5 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0940\u0927\u093e \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>MICR<\/strong><\/td><td>Magnetic Ink Character Recognition<\/strong> \u2014 reads characters printed in magnetic ink. Used on the 9-digit code at the foot of a bank cheque<\/strong>.<\/span>\u091a\u0941\u0902\u092c\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0938\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0939\u0940 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u092a\u0939\u091a\u093e\u0928<\/strong> \u2014 \u091a\u0941\u0902\u092c\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0938\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0939\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u092a\u0922\u093c\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092c\u0948\u0902\u0915 \u091a\u0947\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u0924\u0932 \u092a\u0930 9-\u0905\u0902\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0915\u094b\u0921<\/strong> \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924\u0964<\/span><\/td><td>Cheque clearing in the school's bank.<\/span>\u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0948\u0902\u0915 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091a\u0947\u0915 \u0928\u093f\u092a\u091f\u093e\u0928\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>Barcode and QR reader<\/span>\u092c\u093e\u0930\u0915\u094b\u0921 \u090f\u0935\u0902 QR \u092a\u093e\u0920\u0915<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>Reads a pattern of bars or squares encoding an identifier. A QR code holds far more data<\/strong> than a linear barcode.<\/span>\u092a\u0939\u091a\u093e\u0928\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0915\u0942\u091f\u092c\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0906\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f \u092a\u0922\u093c\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 QR \u0915\u094b\u0921 \u0930\u0948\u0916\u093f\u0915 \u092c\u093e\u0930\u0915\u094b\u0921 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u0947<\/strong> \u0930\u0916\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><td>Library book issue; UPI payment.<\/span>\u092a\u0941\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0915\u093e\u0932\u092f \u092a\u0941\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0915-\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0917\u092e\u0928; UPI \u092d\u0941\u0917\u0924\u093e\u0928\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>Biometric devices<\/span>\u092c\u093e\u092f\u094b\u092e\u0947\u091f\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>Capture a physical or behavioural trait \u2014 fingerprint, iris, face, voice<\/strong> \u2014 as input for identification.<\/span>\u092a\u0939\u091a\u093e\u0928 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0928\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0936 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0936\u093e\u0930\u0940\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930\u0917\u0924 \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u2014 \u0905\u0902\u0917\u0941\u0932\u0940-\u091b\u093e\u092a, \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0924\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0915\u093e, \u091a\u0947\u0939\u0930\u093e, \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0930<\/strong> \u2014 \u0915\u094b \u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939\u0923 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/td><td>Staff attendance; Aadhaar authentication (\u00a713.2).<\/span>\u0915\u0930\u094d\u092e\u091a\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0909\u092a\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f; \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u0928 (\u00a713.2)\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>Microphone, webcam, digital camera<\/span>\u092e\u093e\u0907\u0915\u094d\u0930\u094b\u092b\u093c\u094b\u0928, \u0935\u0947\u092c\u0915\u0948\u092e, \u0905\u0902\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0915\u0948\u092e\u0930\u093e<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>Capture sound and images as digital input.<\/span>\u0927\u094d\u0935\u0928\u093f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092c\u093f\u0902\u092c \u0915\u094b \u0905\u0902\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0928\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0936 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939\u0923 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/td><td>Online classes and video conferencing (\u00a77.6).<\/span>\u0911\u0928\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0935\u0940\u0921\u093f\u092f\u094b \u0915\u0949\u0928\u094d\u092b\u093c\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0902\u0938\u093f\u0902\u0917 (\u00a77.6)\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <\/tbody>\n <\/table>\n\n <div class=\"exam-tip\">\n <div class=\"et-icon\">\ud83d\udd0d<\/div>\n <div class=\"et-body\">\n OCR, OMR and MICR \u2014 the three most confused abbreviations in this item.<\/strong> OMR<\/strong> asks only \"is there a mark here?\"<\/em> and is therefore used for answer sheets. OCR<\/strong> asks \"which character is this?\"<\/em> and turns a picture of text into text. MICR<\/strong> reads characters written in magnetic ink<\/em> and is confined almost entirely to banking. A question naming bank cheques<\/strong> always points to MICR; a question naming objective answer sheets<\/strong> always points to OMR.<\/span>\n OCR, OMR \u090f\u0935\u0902 MICR \u2014 \u0907\u0938 \u092e\u0926 \u0915\u0947 \u0924\u0940\u0928 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092d\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u092a\u093e\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0930\u0964<\/strong> OMR<\/strong> \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u092a\u0942\u091b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \"\u092f\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u091a\u093f\u0939\u094d\u0928 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e?\"<\/em> \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u0924\u0903 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930-\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u0948\u0964 OCR<\/strong> \u092a\u0942\u091b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \"\u092f\u0939 \u0915\u094c\u0928-\u0938\u093e \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0939\u0948?\"<\/em> \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u093e\u0920 \u0915\u0947 \u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u093e\u0920 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0926\u0932 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 MICR<\/strong> \u091a\u0941\u0902\u092c\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0938\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0939\u0940<\/em> \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0932\u093f\u0916\u0947 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u092a\u0922\u093c\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0932\u0917\u092d\u0917 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923\u0924\u0903 \u092c\u0948\u0902\u0915\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0924\u0915 \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092c\u0948\u0902\u0915 \u091a\u0947\u0915<\/strong> \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093e\u092e \u0932\u0947\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u0938\u0926\u0948\u0935 MICR \u0915\u0940 \u0913\u0930, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930-\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0915\u093e<\/strong> \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093e\u092e \u0932\u0947\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e \u0938\u0926\u0948\u0935 OMR \u0915\u0940 \u0913\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0947\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <hr class=\"section-divider\">\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d1-9\">\n 1.9<\/span>\n <h3>Output Devices<\/span>\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0924 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"vs-compare\">\n <div class=\"vs-side left\">\n Type 1<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 1<\/span><\/span>\n <h5>Soft copy output<\/span>\u0938\u0949\u092b\u093c\u094d\u091f \u0915\u0949\u092a\u0940 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0924<\/span><\/h5>\n <ul>\n <li>Output that is displayed, not printed<\/strong> \u2014 temporary, editable and not physically handled.<\/span>\u0935\u0939 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0924 \u091c\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b, \u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902<\/strong> \u2014 \u0905\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092f\u0940, \u0938\u0902\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0928\u0940\u092f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092d\u094c\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0928 \u092a\u0915\u0921\u093c\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n <li>Devices:<\/em> monitor, projector, speaker, headphone.<\/span>\u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923:<\/em> \u092e\u0949\u0928\u093f\u091f\u0930, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u092a\u0915, \u0935\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093e, \u0939\u0947\u0921\u092b\u093c\u094b\u0928\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"vs-mid\">VS<\/div>\n <div class=\"vs-side right\">\n Type 2<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 2<\/span><\/span>\n <h5>Hard copy output<\/span>\u0939\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0921 \u0915\u0949\u092a\u0940 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0924<\/span><\/h5>\n <ul>\n <li>Output fixed on a physical medium<\/strong> \u2014 permanent, portable and readable without a computer.<\/span>\u092d\u094c\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u092a\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0930<\/strong> \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0924 \u2014 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092f\u0940, \u0935\u0939\u0928\u0940\u092f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u092a\u0920\u0928\u0940\u092f\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n <li>Devices:<\/em> printer, plotter, 3D printer.<\/span>\u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923:<\/em> \u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0915, \u0906\u0932\u0947\u0916\u0915, \u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0935\u093f\u092e \u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0915\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <h4>A. Monitors<\/span>\u0915. \u092e\u0949\u0928\u093f\u091f\u0930<\/span><\/h4>\n\n \n The monitor, also called the Visual Display Unit (VDU)<\/strong>, is the principal soft-copy device. Its picture is built from pixels<\/strong> \u2014 picture elements \u2014 and the number of pixels across and down is its resolution<\/strong>, so that 1920 \u00d7 1080 is called Full HD. The refresh rate<\/strong>, measured in hertz, is the number of times per second the image is redrawn.<\/span>\n \u092e\u0949\u0928\u093f\u091f\u0930, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u0926\u0943\u0936\u094d\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u0928 \u0907\u0915\u093e\u0908 (VDU)<\/strong> \u092d\u0940 \u0915\u0939\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0941\u0916 \u0938\u0949\u092b\u093c\u094d\u091f-\u0915\u0949\u092a\u0940 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u093e \u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092a\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0938\u0947\u0932<\/strong> \u2014 \u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930-\u0924\u0924\u094d\u0935\u094b\u0902 \u2014 \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0928\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0906\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0916\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u092a\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0938\u0947\u0932\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0909\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u092d\u0947\u0926\u0928<\/strong> \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 1920 \u00d7 1080 \u0915\u094b \u092b\u093c\u0941\u0932 HD \u0915\u0939\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0939\u0930\u094d\u091f\u094d\u091c\u093c \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u093e\u092a\u0940 \u0917\u0908 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e\u091c\u093c\u0917\u0940 \u0926\u0930<\/strong> \u092c\u0924\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f \u0938\u0947\u0915\u0902\u0921 \u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u093f\u0924\u0928\u0940 \u092c\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0903 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\n <\/p>\n\n <div class=\"scale-strip\">\n <div class=\"scale-step\">\n CRT<\/span>\n <h6>Cathode Ray Tube<\/span>\u0915\u0948\u0925\u094b\u0921 \u0915\u093f\u0930\u0923 \u0928\u0932\u093f\u0915\u093e<\/span><\/h6>\n The old bulky monitor. Heavy, power-hungry, now obsolete.<\/span>\u092a\u0941\u0930\u093e\u0928\u093e \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u092e\u0949\u0928\u093f\u091f\u0930\u0964 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0940, \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924 \u0916\u092a\u0924, \u0905\u092c \u0905\u092a\u094d\u0930\u091a\u0932\u093f\u0924\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"scale-step\">\n LCD<\/span>\n <h6>Liquid Crystal Display<\/span>\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0935 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0932 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936<\/span><\/h6>\n Flat panel using liquid crystals with a fluorescent backlight.<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0926\u0940\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u092a\u0936\u094d\u091a-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0936 \u0938\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u0926\u094d\u0930\u0935 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0932 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u092a\u093e\u091f \u092a\u0948\u0928\u0932\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"scale-step\">\n LED<\/span>\n <h6>Light Emitting Diode<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0936 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0938\u0930\u094d\u091c\u0915 \u0921\u093e\u092f\u094b\u0921<\/span><\/h6>\n An LCD whose backlight is made of LEDs \u2014 thinner, brighter, more efficient.<\/span>\u0910\u0938\u093e LCD \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u093e \u092a\u0936\u094d\u091a-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0936 LED \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0928\u093e \u0939\u094b \u2014 \u092a\u0924\u0932\u093e, \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u091a\u092e\u0915\u0940\u0932\u093e, \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0926\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"scale-step\">\n OLED<\/span>\n <h6>Organic LED<\/span>\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0928\u093f\u0915 LED<\/span><\/h6>\n Each pixel emits its own light, so no backlight is needed and black is true black.<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u092a\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0938\u0947\u0932 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0936 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0905\u0924\u0903 \u092a\u0936\u094d\u091a-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0936 \u0915\u0940 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u093e\u0932\u093e \u0938\u091a\u094d\u091a\u093e \u0915\u093e\u0932\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <h4>B. Printers<\/span>\u0916. \u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0915<\/span><\/h4>\n\n <div class=\"ladder\">\n <div class=\"rung\">\n <div class=\"rung-step\">I<\/span>Impact<\/span>\u0906\u0918\u093e\u0924\u0940<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n <div>\n <h5>Impact printers<\/span>\u0906\u0918\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0915<\/span><\/h5>\n The print head strikes an inked ribbon against the paper<\/strong>. They are noisy and slow, but they are the only printers that can produce carbon copies<\/strong> in a single pass, which is why they survive in ticketing and billing.<\/span>\u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0923-\u0936\u0940\u0930\u094d\u0937 \u0938\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0939\u0940-\u092b\u093c\u0940\u0924\u0947 \u0915\u094b \u0915\u093e\u0917\u091c\u093c \u092a\u0930 \u0906\u0918\u093e\u0924<\/strong> \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0947 \u0936\u094b\u0930\u0917\u0941\u0932 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0927\u0940\u092e\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0915\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0941 \u090f\u0915\u092e\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0910\u0938\u0947 \u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0915 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u091c\u094b \u090f\u0915 \u0939\u0940 \u092c\u093e\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901<\/strong> \u092c\u0928\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0907\u0938\u0940\u0932\u093f\u090f \u091f\u093f\u0915\u091f\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092c\u093f\u0932\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u091a\u0947 \u0939\u0941\u090f \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n <div class=\"rung-eg\">Kinds<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930<\/span><\/b>Dot matrix<\/strong> \u2014 forms characters from a grid of pins; quality measured by the number of pins, as in 9-pin or 24-pin. Daisy wheel<\/strong> \u2014 a wheel of fully formed characters, giving letter quality but no graphics. Line printers<\/strong> such as drum and chain printers \u2014 print a whole line at a time, measured in LPM<\/strong>, lines per minute.<\/span>\u0921\u0949\u091f \u092e\u0948\u091f\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0938<\/strong> \u2014 \u092a\u093f\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0932 \u0938\u0947 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948; \u0917\u0941\u0923\u0935\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093e \u092a\u093f\u0928-\u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0938\u0947, \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 9-\u092a\u093f\u0928 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e 24-\u092a\u093f\u0928\u0964 \u0921\u0947\u091c\u093c\u0940 \u0935\u094d\u0939\u0940\u0932<\/strong> \u2014 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u092c\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u091a\u0915\u094d\u0930, \u091c\u094b \u0905\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0930-\u0917\u0941\u0923\u0935\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0941 \u0906\u0932\u0947\u0916 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964 \u0930\u0947\u0916\u093e \u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0915<\/strong> \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0921\u094d\u0930\u092e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u091a\u0947\u0928 \u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0915 \u2014 \u090f\u0915 \u092c\u093e\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u0940 \u092a\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u091b\u093e\u092a\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u091c\u094b LPM<\/strong>, \u092a\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f \u092e\u093f\u0928\u091f, \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u093e\u092a\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"rung\">\n <div class=\"rung-step\">II<\/span>Non-impact<\/span>\u0905\u0928\u093e\u0918\u093e\u0924\u0940<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n <div>\n <h5>Non-impact printers<\/span>\u0905\u0928\u093e\u0918\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0915<\/span><\/h5>\n Nothing strikes the paper. They are quiet, fast and capable of high-quality graphics<\/strong>, but cannot make carbon copies. Quality is measured in DPI<\/strong> \u2014 dots per inch \u2014 and speed in PPM<\/strong> \u2014 pages per minute.<\/span>\u0915\u093e\u0917\u091c\u093c \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0906\u0918\u093e\u0924 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e\u0964 \u092f\u0947 \u0936\u093e\u0902\u0924, \u0924\u0940\u0935\u094d\u0930 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a-\u0917\u0941\u0923\u0935\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0906\u0932\u0947\u0916<\/strong> \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u092e\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0915\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u092c\u0928\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0947\u0964 \u0917\u0941\u0923\u0935\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093e DPI<\/strong> \u2014 \u092c\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0941 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f \u0907\u0902\u091a \u2014 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0917\u0924\u093f PPM<\/strong> \u2014 \u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f \u092e\u093f\u0928\u091f \u2014 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u093e\u092a\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n <div class=\"rung-eg\">Kinds<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930<\/span><\/b>Inkjet<\/strong> \u2014 sprays fine droplets of liquid ink from a cartridge<\/strong>; cheap to buy, costly to run, excellent for colour photographs. Laser<\/strong> \u2014 uses a laser beam, a drum and dry toner<\/strong> powder fused by heat; costly to buy, cheap per page, and the right choice for a school office printing in bulk. Thermal<\/strong> \u2014 uses heat-sensitive paper, as in a billing counter or an ATM slip.<\/span>\u0907\u0902\u0915\u091c\u0947\u091f<\/strong> \u2014 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u093f\u091c<\/strong> \u0938\u0947 \u0926\u094d\u0930\u0935 \u0938\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0939\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0942\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u092e \u092c\u0942\u0901\u0926\u0947\u0902 \u091b\u093f\u0921\u093c\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948; \u0916\u0930\u0940\u0926\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e, \u091a\u0932\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u0939\u0901\u0917\u093e, \u0930\u0902\u0917\u0940\u0928 \u091b\u093e\u092f\u093e\u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u092e\u0964 \u0932\u0947\u091c\u093c\u0930<\/strong> \u2014 \u0932\u0947\u091c\u093c\u0930 \u0915\u093f\u0930\u0923, \u0921\u094d\u0930\u092e \u0924\u0925\u093e \u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u0917\u090f \u0936\u0941\u0937\u094d\u0915 \u091f\u094b\u0928\u0930<\/strong> \u091a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917; \u0916\u0930\u0940\u0926\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u0939\u0901\u0917\u093e, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f \u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u0938\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0925\u094b\u0915 \u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u091a\u092f\u0928\u0964 \u0924\u093e\u092a\u0940\u092f<\/strong> \u2014 \u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e-\u0938\u0902\u0935\u0947\u0926\u0940 \u0915\u093e\u0917\u091c\u093c \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917, \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u092c\u093f\u0932\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0915\u093e\u0909\u0902\u091f\u0930 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e ATM \u092a\u0930\u094d\u091a\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <h4>C. Other output devices<\/span>\u0917. \u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0924 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923<\/span><\/h4>\n\n <div class=\"feat-grid\">\n <div class=\"feat-card\">1<\/span>Plotter<\/span>\u0906\u0932\u0947\u0916\u0915<\/span><\/strong>Draws continuous lines with a pen rather than dots, so it produces large, precise engineering and architectural drawings<\/strong>. Types: drum<\/strong> and flatbed<\/strong>.<\/span>\u092c\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0941\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u091c\u093e\u092f \u0915\u0932\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0924\u0924 \u0930\u0947\u0916\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u0916\u0940\u0902\u091a\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0905\u0924\u0903 \u092c\u0921\u093c\u0947, \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0936\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0936\u093f\u0932\u094d\u092a\u0940\u092f \u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930<\/strong> \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930: \u0921\u094d\u0930\u092e<\/strong> \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092b\u093c\u094d\u0932\u0948\u091f\u092c\u0947\u0921<\/strong>\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"feat-card\">2<\/span>Projector<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u092a\u0915<\/span><\/strong>Throws the screen image onto a wall or screen for a whole class. Types: LCD<\/strong> and DLP<\/strong>. Brightness is measured in lumens<\/strong>. The core device of the smart classroom (\u00a79.7).<\/span>\u092a\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092c\u093f\u0902\u092c \u092a\u0942\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0926\u0940\u0935\u093e\u0930 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u092a\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u0921\u093e\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930: LCD<\/strong> \u090f\u0935\u0902 DLP<\/strong>\u0964 \u091a\u092e\u0915 \u0932\u094d\u092f\u0942\u092e\u0947\u0928<\/strong> \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u093e\u092a\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0938\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u091f \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e (\u00a79.7) \u0915\u093e \u092e\u0942\u0932 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"feat-card\">3<\/span>Speaker and headphone<\/span>\u0935\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0939\u0947\u0921\u092b\u093c\u094b\u0928<\/span><\/strong>Convert digital signals into sound. Essential for language laboratories and for the text-to-speech<\/strong> access described in \u00a714.4.<\/span>\u0905\u0902\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0947\u0924\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0927\u094d\u0935\u0928\u093f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0936\u093e\u0932\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u00a714.4 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0923\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u093e\u0920-\u0938\u0947-\u0935\u093e\u0923\u0940<\/strong> \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0905\u0928\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"feat-card\">4<\/span>3D printer<\/span>\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0935\u093f\u092e \u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0915<\/span><\/strong>Builds a solid object layer by layer from a digital model \u2014 additive manufacturing<\/strong>. Increasingly found in school tinkering laboratories (\u00a712.6).<\/span>\u0905\u0902\u0915\u0940\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u0924-\u0926\u0930-\u092a\u0930\u0924 \u0920\u094b\u0938 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u092f\u094b\u091c\u094d\u092f \u0935\u093f\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923<\/strong>\u0964 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f\u0940 \u091f\u093f\u0902\u0915\u0930\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0936\u093e\u0932\u093e\u0913\u0902 (\u00a712.6) \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0922\u093c\u0924\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"callout red\">\n <div class=\"callout-label\">\u26a0\ufe0f Devices that are both input and output<\/span>\u26a0\ufe0f \u0935\u0947 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u091c\u094b \u0928\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0936 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0924 \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0939\u0948\u0902<\/span><\/div>\n A question asking for the device that is both<\/strong> is common, and the list is short and worth memorising: touch screen, modem, network interface card, hard disk and other storage drives, headset with microphone, multifunction printer<\/strong> that also scans, and smart or interactive board<\/strong>. Note the reasoning in each case \u2014 a modem modulates<\/em> outgoing and demodulates<\/em> incoming signals; a hard disk is both written to and read from.<\/span>\n \u092f\u0939 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0915\u094c\u0928-\u0938\u093e \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902<\/strong> \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0940 \u091b\u094b\u091f\u0940 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0915\u0902\u0920\u0938\u094d\u0925 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u092f\u094b\u0917\u094d\u092f \u0939\u0948: \u0938\u094d\u092a\u0930\u094d\u0936 \u092a\u0930\u094d\u0926\u093e, \u092e\u0949\u0921\u0947\u092e, \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u092b\u093c\u0947\u0938 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0921, \u0939\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0921 \u0921\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0915 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f \u092d\u0902\u0921\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0921\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0907\u0935, \u092e\u093e\u0907\u0915\u094d\u0930\u094b\u092b\u093c\u094b\u0928 \u0938\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0947\u0921\u0938\u0947\u091f, \u0938\u094d\u0915\u0948\u0928 \u092d\u0940 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e \u092c\u0939\u0941\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u0940 \u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0915<\/strong>, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0938\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u091f \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0903\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u092c\u094b\u0930\u094d\u0921<\/strong>\u0964 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u0915\u093e \u0924\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0926\u0947\u0916\u093f\u090f \u2014 \u092e\u0949\u0921\u0947\u092e \u092c\u093e\u0939\u0930 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0947\u0924\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u092e\u0949\u0921\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0932\u0928<\/em> \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092d\u0940\u0924\u0930 \u0906\u0924\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0947\u0924\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u092e\u0949\u0921\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0932\u0928<\/em> \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948; \u0939\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0921 \u0921\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0915 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0932\u093f\u0916\u093e \u092d\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0922\u093c\u093e \u092d\u0940\u0964<\/span>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"mcq-box\">\n <div class=\"mcq-title\">\n Practice<\/span>\u0905\u092d\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938<\/span><\/span>\n Questions on memory, storage and peripherals<\/span>\u0938\u094d\u092e\u0943\u0924\u093f, \u092d\u0902\u0921\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0927\u0940\u092f \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928<\/span><\/span>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"mcq-note\">Objective questions in the pattern of the examination. Click to reveal the answer and its explanation.<\/span>\u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u0930 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928\u0964 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0916\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u094d\u0932\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u0940\u091c\u093f\u090f\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <details class=\"mcq-q\">\n <summary>8<\/span>One kilobyte is equal to:<\/span><\/summary>\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\n <li>(a) 1000 bytes<\/li>\n <li>(b) 1024 bytes<\/li>\n <li>(c) 1024 bits<\/li>\n <li>(d) 8 bytes<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\">(b) 1024 bytes<\/b> The step between units is 210<\/sup> = 1024, because storage is counted in powers of two. Option (c) confuses bits with bytes, and option (d) states the size of a byte, not a kilobyte.<\/span>\u0907\u0915\u093e\u0907\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u091a\u0930\u0923 210<\/sup> = 1024 \u0939\u0948, \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u092d\u0902\u0921\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0926\u094b \u0915\u0940 \u0918\u093e\u0924\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0917\u093f\u0928\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a (\u0917) \u092c\u093f\u091f \u0915\u094b \u092c\u093e\u0907\u091f \u0938\u0947 \u092d\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a (\u0918) \u092c\u093e\u0907\u091f \u0915\u093e \u0906\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u092c\u0924\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0915\u093f\u0932\u094b\u092c\u093e\u0907\u091f \u0915\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964<\/span>\u00a71.7 A<\/span><\/div>\n <\/details>\n <details class=\"mcq-q\">\n <summary>9<\/span>Which of the following is the fastest form of storage in a computer?<\/span><\/summary>\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\n <li>(a) Cache memory<\/li>\n <li>(b) RAM<\/li>\n <li>(c) Register<\/li>\n <li>(d) Solid State Drive<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\">(c) Register<\/b> Registers sit inside the CPU itself and are the fastest storage in the machine. The order from fastest to slowest is register \u2192 cache \u2192 RAM \u2192 SSD \u2192 HDD. Cache is a very common wrong answer here.<\/span>\u0930\u091c\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 CPU \u0915\u0947 \u092d\u0940\u0924\u0930 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0924\u0940\u0935\u094d\u0930 \u092d\u0902\u0921\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0924\u0940\u0935\u094d\u0930\u0924\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u0927\u0940\u092e\u0947 \u0924\u0915 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u0939\u0948 \u0930\u091c\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0930 \u2192 \u0915\u0948\u0936 \u2192 RAM \u2192 SSD \u2192 HDD\u0964 \u092f\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0915\u0948\u0936 \u092c\u0939\u0941\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u091a\u0932\u093f\u0924 \u0917\u093c\u0932\u0924 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\u00a71.6<\/span><\/div>\n <\/details>\n <details class=\"mcq-q\">\n <summary>10<\/span>Which technology is used to read the code printed at the bottom of a bank cheque?<\/span><\/summary>\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\n <li>(a) OCR<\/li>\n <li>(b) OMR<\/li>\n <li>(c) MICR<\/li>\n <li>(d) Barcode reader<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\">(c) MICR<\/b> Magnetic Ink Character Recognition. The cheque code is printed in magnetic ink so that it can be read reliably even if the cheque is folded, stamped or soiled \u2014 an advantage no optical method offers.<\/span>\u091a\u0941\u0902\u092c\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0938\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0939\u0940 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u092a\u0939\u091a\u093e\u0928\u0964 \u091a\u0947\u0915 \u0915\u093e \u0915\u094b\u0921 \u091a\u0941\u0902\u092c\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0938\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0939\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091b\u092a\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0924\u093e\u0915\u093f \u091a\u0947\u0915 \u092e\u0941\u0921\u093c\u093e, \u092e\u0941\u0939\u0930 \u0932\u0917\u093e \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0917\u0902\u0926\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u092d\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0935\u0938\u0928\u0940\u092f \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0922\u093c\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0947 \u2014 \u092f\u0939 \u0932\u093e\u092d \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0936\u0940\u092f \u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964<\/span>\u00a71.8 B<\/span><\/div>\n <\/details>\n <details class=\"mcq-q\">\n <summary>11<\/span>Which one of the following is both an input and an output device?<\/span><\/summary>\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\n <li>(a) Plotter<\/li>\n <li>(b) Scanner<\/li>\n <li>(c) Touch screen<\/li>\n <li>(d) Light pen<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\">(c) Touch screen<\/b> A touch screen accepts input by touch and displays output on the very same surface. A plotter is output only; a scanner and a light pen are input only.<\/span>\u0938\u094d\u092a\u0930\u094d\u0936 \u092a\u0930\u094d\u0926\u093e \u0938\u094d\u092a\u0930\u094d\u0936 \u0938\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0936 \u0932\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0938\u0940 \u0938\u0924\u0939 \u092a\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0924 \u0926\u093f\u0916\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0906\u0932\u0947\u0916\u0915 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0924 \u0939\u0948; \u0938\u094d\u0915\u0948\u0928\u0930 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0936-\u0915\u0932\u092e \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0928\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0936\u0964<\/span>\u00a71.9 C<\/span><\/div>\n <\/details>\n <details class=\"mcq-q\">\n <summary>12<\/span>A laser printer uses which of the following?<\/span><\/summary>\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\n <li>(a) Liquid ink cartridge<\/li>\n <li>(b) Inked ribbon<\/li>\n <li>(c) Dry toner powder<\/li>\n <li>(d) Heat-sensitive paper<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\">(c) Dry toner powder<\/b> A laser printer charges a drum with a laser beam, attracts toner powder to the charged areas and fuses it onto the paper with heat. Liquid ink belongs to the inkjet, an inked ribbon to impact printers, and heat-sensitive paper to the thermal printer.<\/span>\u0932\u0947\u091c\u093c\u0930 \u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0915 \u0932\u0947\u091c\u093c\u0930 \u0915\u093f\u0930\u0923 \u0938\u0947 \u0921\u094d\u0930\u092e \u0915\u094b \u0906\u0935\u0947\u0936\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0906\u0935\u0947\u0936\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u091f\u094b\u0928\u0930 \u091a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0906\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0917\u091c\u093c \u092a\u0930 \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0926\u094d\u0930\u0935 \u0938\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0939\u0940 \u0907\u0902\u0915\u091c\u0947\u091f \u0915\u0940, \u0938\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0939\u0940-\u092b\u093c\u0940\u0924\u093e \u0906\u0918\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e-\u0938\u0902\u0935\u0947\u0926\u0940 \u0915\u093e\u0917\u091c\u093c \u0924\u093e\u092a\u0940\u092f \u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0915 \u0915\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\u00a71.9 B<\/span><\/div>\n <\/details>\n <\/div>\n\n <hr class=\"section-divider\">\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d1-10\">\n 1.10<\/span>\n <h3>Ports, Connectors and Number Systems<\/span>\u092a\u094b\u0930\u094d\u091f, \u0915\u0928\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u0930 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e-\u092a\u0926\u094d\u0927\u0924\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n <h4>A. Ports and connectors<\/span>\u0915. \u092a\u094b\u0930\u094d\u091f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0915\u0928\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u0930<\/span><\/h4>\n\n \n A port<\/strong> is the socket through which a peripheral is attached to the system unit. Identifying ports correctly is a practical requirement when a projector, a printer or a network cable has to be connected in a classroom.<\/span>\n \u092a\u094b\u0930\u094d\u091f<\/strong> \u0935\u0939 \u0938\u0949\u0915\u0947\u091f \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0927\u0940\u092f \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0938\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u092e \u0907\u0915\u093e\u0908 \u0938\u0947 \u091c\u0941\u0921\u093c\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u092a\u0915, \u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0915 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0924\u093e\u0930 \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0924\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u092f \u092a\u094b\u0930\u094d\u091f \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0939\u0940 \u092a\u0939\u091a\u093e\u0928 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\n <\/p>\n\n <table class=\"data-table\">\n <thead>\n <tr>\n <th>Port<\/span>\u092a\u094b\u0930\u094d\u091f<\/span><\/th>\n <th>Full form and purpose<\/span>\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928<\/span><\/th>\n <\/tr>\n <\/thead>\n <tbody>\n <tr><td>USB<\/strong><\/td><td>Universal Serial Bus<\/strong> \u2014 the general-purpose connector for keyboards, mice, pen drives, printers and phones. USB 2.0<\/strong> transfers at 480 Mbps and USB 3.0<\/strong> at 5 Gbps; Type-C<\/strong> is the reversible modern connector. USB also supplies power, which is why a phone charges from it.<\/span>\u092f\u0942\u0928\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0938\u0932 \u0938\u0940\u0930\u093f\u092f\u0932 \u092c\u0938<\/strong> \u2014 \u0915\u0941\u0902\u091c\u0940\u092a\u091f\u0932, \u092e\u093e\u0909\u0938, \u092a\u0947\u0928 \u0921\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0907\u0935, \u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0915 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092b\u093c\u094b\u0928 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u0915\u0928\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u0930\u0964 USB 2.0<\/strong> 480 Mbps \u0924\u0925\u093e USB 3.0<\/strong> 5 Gbps \u092a\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948; Type-C<\/strong> \u0906\u0927\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0909\u0932\u091f-\u092a\u0932\u091f \u0932\u0917\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e \u0915\u0928\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u0930 \u0939\u0948\u0964 USB \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924 \u092d\u0940 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0907\u0938\u0940\u0932\u093f\u090f \u092b\u093c\u094b\u0928 \u0909\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0906\u0935\u0947\u0936\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>HDMI<\/strong><\/td><td>High Definition Multimedia Interface<\/strong> \u2014 carries both video and audio digitally<\/strong> in one cable. The standard connection from a laptop to a projector or interactive panel.<\/span>\u0939\u093e\u0908 \u0921\u0947\u092b\u093c\u093f\u0928\u093f\u0936\u0928 \u092e\u0932\u094d\u091f\u0940\u092e\u0940\u0921\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u092b\u093c\u0947\u0938<\/strong> \u2014 \u090f\u0915 \u0939\u0940 \u0924\u093e\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u0940\u0921\u093f\u092f\u094b \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0936\u094d\u0930\u0935\u094d\u092f \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0905\u0902\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0930\u0942\u092a<\/strong> \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0932\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0932\u0948\u092a\u091f\u0949\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u092a\u0915 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0903\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u092a\u0948\u0928\u0932 \u0924\u0915 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>VGA<\/strong><\/td><td>Video Graphics Array<\/strong> \u2014 the older 15-pin blue connector carrying analog video only<\/strong>, with no sound. Still common on older projectors.<\/span>\u0935\u0940\u0921\u093f\u092f\u094b \u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092b\u093c\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0938 \u0910\u0930\u0947<\/strong> \u2014 \u092a\u0941\u0930\u093e\u0928\u093e 15-\u092a\u093f\u0928 \u0928\u0940\u0932\u093e \u0915\u0928\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u0930, \u091c\u094b \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u090f\u0928\u093e\u0932\u0949\u0917 \u0935\u0940\u0921\u093f\u092f\u094b<\/strong> \u0932\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0927\u094d\u0935\u0928\u093f \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964 \u092a\u0941\u0930\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u092a\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u0906\u091c \u092d\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u091a\u0932\u093f\u0924\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>Ethernet (RJ-45)<\/span>\u0908\u0925\u0930\u0928\u0947\u091f (RJ-45)<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>The wired network port, into which a LAN cable<\/strong> is plugged. Discussed in \u00a76.4.<\/span>\u0924\u093e\u0930-\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u092a\u094b\u0930\u094d\u091f, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 LAN \u0924\u093e\u0930<\/strong> \u0932\u0917\u093e\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u00a76.4 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0935\u0947\u091a\u093f\u0924\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>Audio jack<\/span>\u0936\u094d\u0930\u0935\u094d\u092f \u091c\u0948\u0915<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>The 3.5 mm<\/strong> socket for headphones, speakers and microphones; usually colour-coded green for output and pink for microphone input.<\/span>\u0939\u0947\u0921\u092b\u093c\u094b\u0928, \u0935\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092e\u093e\u0907\u0915\u094d\u0930\u094b\u092b\u093c\u094b\u0928 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 3.5 \u092e\u093f\u092e\u0940<\/strong> \u0938\u0949\u0915\u0947\u091f; \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092f\u0903 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0924 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0939\u0930\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092e\u093e\u0907\u0915\u094d\u0930\u094b\u092b\u093c\u094b\u0928 \u0928\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0936 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0917\u0941\u0932\u093e\u092c\u0940 \u0930\u0902\u0917-\u0915\u0942\u091f\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>Legacy ports<\/span>\u092a\u0941\u0930\u093e\u0924\u0928 \u092a\u094b\u0930\u094d\u091f<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>PS\/2<\/strong> \u2014 round connectors for older keyboards and mice. Serial<\/strong> and parallel<\/strong> ports \u2014 largely replaced by USB. DVI<\/strong> and DisplayPort<\/strong> \u2014 digital video connectors found on monitors.<\/span>PS\/2<\/strong> \u2014 \u092a\u0941\u0930\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0941\u0902\u091c\u0940\u092a\u091f\u0932 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092e\u093e\u0909\u0938 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0917\u094b\u0932 \u0915\u0928\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u0930\u0964 \u0938\u0940\u0930\u093f\u092f\u0932<\/strong> \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u0948\u0930\u0947\u0932\u0932<\/strong> \u092a\u094b\u0930\u094d\u091f \u2014 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0902\u0936\u0924\u0903 USB \u0928\u0947 \u0907\u0928\u0915\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928 \u0932\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0964 DVI<\/strong> \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0921\u093f\u0938\u094d\u092a\u094d\u0932\u0947\u092a\u094b\u0930\u094d\u091f<\/strong> \u2014 \u092e\u0949\u0928\u093f\u091f\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0905\u0902\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0935\u0940\u0921\u093f\u092f\u094b \u0915\u0928\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u0930\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <\/tbody>\n <\/table>\n\n <h4>B. Number systems<\/span>\u0916. \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e-\u092a\u0926\u094d\u0927\u0924\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901<\/span><\/h4>\n\n <table class=\"data-table\">\n <thead>\n <tr>\n <th>System<\/span>\u092a\u0926\u094d\u0927\u0924\u093f<\/span><\/th>\n <th class=\"narrow\">Base<\/span>\u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930<\/span><\/th>\n <th>Digits used<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0905\u0902\u0915<\/span><\/th>\n <th>Where it is used<\/span>\u0915\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924<\/span><\/th>\n <\/tr>\n <\/thead>\n <tbody>\n <tr style=\"background:#f3f8ff;\"><td>Binary<\/span>\u0926\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0940<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td class=\"narrow\">2<\/td><td>0, 1<\/td><td>The internal language of every computer<\/strong>; a single digit is a bit.<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0906\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e<\/strong>; \u090f\u0915\u0932 \u0905\u0902\u0915 \u0939\u0940 \u092c\u093f\u091f \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>Octal<\/span>\u0905\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093e\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0940<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td class=\"narrow\">8<\/td><td>0 \u2013 7<\/td><td>A compact way of writing binary; each octal digit stands for three bits.<\/span>\u0926\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0932\u093f\u0916\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0930\u0940\u0924\u093f; \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0905\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093e\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0905\u0902\u0915 \u0924\u0940\u0928 \u092c\u093f\u091f \u0915\u093e \u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0924\u0915 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>Decimal<\/span>\u0926\u0936\u093e\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0940<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td class=\"narrow\">10<\/td><td>0 \u2013 9<\/td><td>The everyday human system; the computer converts to and from it at input and output.<\/span>\u0926\u0948\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0935\u0940\u092f \u092a\u0926\u094d\u0927\u0924\u093f; \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0936 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0924 \u092a\u0930 \u0907\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0907\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>Hexadecimal<\/span>\u0937\u094b\u0921\u0936\u093e\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0940<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td class=\"narrow\">16<\/td><td>0 \u2013 9 and A \u2013 F, where A = 10 and F = 15<\/span>0 \u2013 9 \u0924\u0925\u093e A \u2013 F, \u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 A = 10 \u090f\u0935\u0902 F = 15<\/span><\/td><td>Memory addresses, colour codes in web design such as #FF0000<\/strong> for red, and MAC addresses.<\/span>\u0938\u094d\u092e\u0943\u0924\u093f-\u092a\u0924\u0947, \u0935\u0947\u092c \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0930\u0902\u0917-\u0915\u0942\u091f \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0932\u093e\u0932 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 #FF0000<\/strong>, \u0924\u0925\u093e MAC \u092a\u0924\u0947\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <\/tbody>\n <\/table>\n\n <div class=\"enrich-box\">\n Worked Example \u2014 converting between bases<\/span>\u0939\u0932 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923 \u2014 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u0930\u0942\u092a\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930\u0923<\/span><\/span>\n <h4>Decimal to binary, and binary back to decimal<\/span>\u0926\u0936\u093e\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0940, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0903 \u0926\u0936\u093e\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0940<\/span><\/h4>\n <ul class=\"split-list\">\n <li>1<\/span>Convert 45 to binary.<\/strong> Divide repeatedly by 2 and record the remainders: 45\u00f72 = 22 r 1<\/strong>; 22\u00f72 = 11 r 0<\/strong>; 11\u00f72 = 5 r 1<\/strong>; 5\u00f72 = 2 r 1<\/strong>; 2\u00f72 = 1 r 0<\/strong>; 1\u00f72 = 0 r 1<\/strong>.<\/span>45 \u0915\u094b \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0926\u0932\u093f\u090f\u0964<\/strong> \u092c\u093e\u0930-\u092c\u093e\u0930 2 \u0938\u0947 \u092d\u093e\u0917 \u0926\u0940\u091c\u093f\u090f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0936\u0947\u0937\u092b\u0932 \u0932\u093f\u0916\u093f\u090f: 45\u00f72 = 22 \u0936\u0947\u0937 1<\/strong>; 22\u00f72 = 11 \u0936\u0947\u0937 0<\/strong>; 11\u00f72 = 5 \u0936\u0947\u0937 1<\/strong>; 5\u00f72 = 2 \u0936\u0947\u0937 1<\/strong>; 2\u00f72 = 1 \u0936\u0947\u0937 0<\/strong>; 1\u00f72 = 0 \u0936\u0947\u0937 1<\/strong>\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n <li>2<\/span>Read the remainders bottom to top<\/strong>: (45)10<\/sub> = (101101)2<\/sub><\/strong>.<\/span>\u0936\u0947\u0937\u092b\u0932\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0928\u0940\u091a\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u090a\u092a\u0930<\/strong> \u092a\u0922\u093c\u093f\u090f: (45)10<\/sub> = (101101)2<\/sub><\/strong>\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n <li>3<\/span>Convert back.<\/strong> Multiply each bit by its place value: (1\u00d732) + (0\u00d716) + (1\u00d78) + (1\u00d74) + (0\u00d72) + (1\u00d71) = 32 + 8 + 4 + 1 = 45<\/strong>. The check confirms the conversion.<\/span>\u0935\u093e\u092a\u0938 \u092c\u0926\u0932\u093f\u090f\u0964<\/strong> \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u092c\u093f\u091f \u0915\u094b \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u0940\u092f \u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0938\u0947 \u0917\u0941\u0923\u093e \u0915\u0940\u091c\u093f\u090f: (1\u00d732) + (0\u00d716) + (1\u00d78) + (1\u00d74) + (0\u00d72) + (1\u00d71) = 32 + 8 + 4 + 1 = 45<\/strong>\u0964 \u091c\u093e\u0901\u091a \u0930\u0942\u092a\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0941\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n <li>\u2713<\/span>The place values in binary, from the right, are the powers of two: 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128<\/strong>. Memorising them to 128 makes most conversion questions answerable by inspection.<\/span>\u0926\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0926\u093e\u0939\u093f\u0928\u0940 \u0913\u0930 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u0940\u092f \u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0926\u094b \u0915\u0940 \u0918\u093e\u0924\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u0948\u0902: 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128<\/strong>\u0964 128 \u0924\u0915 \u0907\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u0902\u0920\u0938\u094d\u0925 \u0915\u0930 \u0932\u0947\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0902\u0936 \u0930\u0942\u092a\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930\u0923-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u0926\u0947\u0916\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0940 \u0939\u0932 \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n\n <hr class=\"section-divider\">\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d1-11\">\n 1.11<\/span>\n <h3>Software: System, Application and Utility<\/span>\u0938\u0949\u092b\u093c\u094d\u091f\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930: \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940, \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0924\u093e<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"callout purple\">\n <div class=\"callout-label\">\ud83d\udcd8 Hardware and software<\/span>\ud83d\udcd8 \u0939\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0921\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0949\u092b\u093c\u094d\u091f\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930<\/span><\/div>\n Hardware<\/strong> is the physical, tangible part of a computer \u2014 everything that can be touched. Software<\/strong> is the set of programs and instructions that tells the hardware what to do; it has no physical existence. The relation is exact: hardware without software is inert, and software without hardware cannot run<\/strong>. A third term, firmware<\/strong>, sits between them \u2014 software written permanently into a hardware chip, such as the BIOS.<\/span>\n \u0939\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0921\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930<\/strong> \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u092d\u094c\u0924\u093f\u0915, \u092e\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0924 \u0905\u0902\u0917 \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u0935\u0939 \u0938\u092c \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u092a\u0930\u094d\u0936 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0947\u0964 \u0938\u0949\u092b\u093c\u094d\u091f\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930<\/strong> \u0909\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e\u094b\u0902 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u092e\u0941\u091a\u094d\u091a\u092f \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0939\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0921\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u0915\u094b \u092c\u0924\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u0939\u0948; \u0909\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u092d\u094c\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927 \u0920\u0940\u0915 \u092f\u0939 \u0939\u0948: \u0938\u0949\u092b\u093c\u094d\u091f\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0939\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0921\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u091c\u0921\u093c \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0939\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0921\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0938\u0949\u092b\u093c\u094d\u091f\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u091a\u0932 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e<\/strong>\u0964 \u090f\u0915 \u0924\u0940\u0938\u0930\u093e \u092a\u0926, \u092b\u093c\u0930\u094d\u092e\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930<\/strong>, \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u0939\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0921\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u091a\u093f\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092f\u0940 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u0916\u093e \u0938\u0949\u092b\u093c\u094d\u091f\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930, \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 BIOS\u0964<\/span>\n <\/div>\n\n <h4>A. System software<\/span>\u0915. \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0938\u0949\u092b\u093c\u094d\u091f\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930<\/span><\/h4>\n\n \n System software<\/strong> manages and controls the hardware and provides the platform on which application software runs. Its user is, in effect, the machine itself<\/strong> rather than the person.<\/span>\n \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0938\u0949\u092b\u093c\u094d\u091f\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930<\/strong> \u0939\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0921\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0935\u0939 \u092e\u0902\u091a \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938 \u092a\u0930 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0938\u0949\u092b\u093c\u094d\u091f\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u091a\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924\u0903 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930<\/strong> \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\n <\/p>\n\n <div class=\"feat-grid\">\n <div class=\"feat-card\">1<\/span>Operating system<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u091a\u093e\u0932\u0928 \u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930<\/span><\/strong>The master control program that manages memory, processes, files and devices, and provides the user interface. Treated fully in Chapter 2<\/strong>.<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0941\u0916 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0923 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e \u091c\u094b \u0938\u094d\u092e\u0943\u0924\u093f, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0913\u0902, \u092b\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0932\u094b\u0902 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093e-\u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u092b\u093c\u0947\u0938 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f 2<\/strong> \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0935\u093f\u0935\u0947\u091a\u0928\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"feat-card\">2<\/span>Language translators<\/span>\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0935\u093e\u0926\u0915<\/span><\/strong>Convert a program written by a human into machine code. The three are the assembler, the compiler and the interpreter<\/strong>.<\/span>\u092e\u0928\u0941\u0937\u094d\u092f \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0932\u093f\u0916\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e \u0915\u094b \u092e\u0936\u0940\u0928 \u0915\u094b\u0921 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0924\u0940\u0928 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u2014 \u0905\u0938\u0947\u0902\u092c\u0932\u0930, \u0915\u0902\u092a\u093e\u0907\u0932\u0930 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u091f\u0930<\/strong>\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"feat-card\">3<\/span>Device drivers<\/span>\u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u091a\u093e\u0932\u0915<\/span><\/strong>Small programs that let the operating system communicate with a particular device. A printer will not work until its driver is installed.<\/span>\u091b\u094b\u091f\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e \u091c\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u091a\u093e\u0932\u0928 \u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u094b \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u0935\u093e\u0926 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0915 \u0924\u092c \u0924\u0915 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0917\u093e \u091c\u092c \u0924\u0915 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0921\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0907\u0935\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0928 \u0939\u094b\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"feat-card\">4<\/span>Firmware and BIOS<\/span>\u092b\u093c\u0930\u094d\u092e\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u090f\u0935\u0902 BIOS<\/span><\/strong>Permanent instructions held in ROM that start the machine, run the POST and load the operating system. UEFI<\/strong> is the modern replacement for the traditional BIOS.<\/span>ROM \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0930\u0916\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092f\u0940 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u091c\u094b \u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0906\u0930\u0902\u092d \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, POST \u091a\u0932\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u091a\u093e\u0932\u0928 \u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0932\u094b\u0921 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u092a\u0930\u0902\u092a\u0930\u093e\u0917\u0924 BIOS \u0915\u093e \u0906\u0927\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u093e\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 UEFI<\/strong> \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"vs-compare\">\n <div class=\"vs-side left\">\n Translator 1<\/span>\u0905\u0928\u0941\u0935\u093e\u0926\u0915 1<\/span><\/span>\n <h5>Compiler<\/span>\u0915\u0902\u092a\u093e\u0907\u0932\u0930<\/span><\/h5>\n <ul>\n <li>Translates the entire program at once<\/strong> into machine code before any of it runs.<\/span>\u091a\u0932\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e \u0915\u094b \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u0925<\/strong> \u092e\u0936\u0940\u0928 \u0915\u094b\u0921 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0928\u0942\u0926\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n <li>Reports all errors together<\/strong> at the end of translation.<\/span>\u0905\u0928\u0941\u0935\u093e\u0926 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0902\u0924 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u092d\u0940 \u0924\u094d\u0930\u0941\u091f\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u0925<\/strong> \u092c\u0924\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n <li>Translation is slow but execution is fast<\/strong>, because it happens only once.<\/span>\u0905\u0928\u0941\u0935\u093e\u0926 \u0927\u0940\u092e\u093e \u0915\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0941 \u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0928 \u0924\u0940\u0935\u094d\u0930<\/strong>, \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u0935\u0939 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u090f\u0915 \u092c\u093e\u0930 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n <li>Produces a separate object or executable file<\/strong>. Used by C, C++ and Java.<\/span>\u092a\u0943\u0925\u0915 \u0911\u092c\u094d\u091c\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0928\u0940\u092f \u092b\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0932<\/strong> \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 C, C++ \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u091c\u093e\u0935\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"vs-mid\">VS<\/div>\n <div class=\"vs-side right\">\n Translator 2<\/span>\u0905\u0928\u0941\u0935\u093e\u0926\u0915 2<\/span><\/span>\n <h5>Interpreter<\/span>\u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u091f\u0930<\/span><\/h5>\n <ul>\n <li>Translates and executes one line at a time<\/strong>.<\/span>\u090f\u0915 \u092c\u093e\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u090f\u0915 \u092a\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f<\/strong> \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0935\u093e\u0926 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n <li>Stops at the first error<\/strong>, which makes debugging easier for a learner.<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0925\u092e \u0924\u094d\u0930\u0941\u091f\u093f<\/strong> \u092a\u0930 \u0930\u0941\u0915 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0926\u094b\u0937-\u0928\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0938\u0930\u0932 \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n <li>Translation is quick to begin but execution is slower<\/strong>, since translation repeats every run.<\/span>\u0905\u0928\u0941\u0935\u093e\u0926 \u0936\u0940\u0918\u094d\u0930 \u0906\u0930\u0902\u092d \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0941 \u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0928 \u0927\u0940\u092e\u093e<\/strong>, \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u0939\u0930 \u092c\u093e\u0930 \u091a\u0932\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0935\u093e\u0926 \u0926\u094b\u0939\u0930\u093e\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n <li>Produces no separate object file<\/strong>. Used by Python, BASIC and JavaScript.<\/span>\u0915\u094b\u0908 \u092a\u0943\u0925\u0915 \u0911\u092c\u094d\u091c\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f \u092b\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0932 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902<\/strong> \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u093e\u0964 \u092a\u093e\u092f\u0925\u0928, \u092c\u0947\u0938\u093f\u0915 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u091c\u093e\u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092a\u094d\u091f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"exam-tip\">\n <div class=\"et-icon\">\ud83d\udd24<\/div>\n <div class=\"et-body\">\n The assembler, and the generations of language.<\/strong> An assembler<\/strong> translates assembly language<\/strong> \u2014 which uses mnemonics such as ADD and MOV \u2014 into machine code, one mnemonic to one instruction. The generations run: 1GL machine language<\/strong> (binary, the only language a computer directly understands); 2GL assembly language<\/strong> (mnemonics, machine-dependent); 3GL high-level languages<\/strong> (C, Java, Python \u2014 machine-independent, English-like); 4GL<\/strong> (SQL and report generators, closer to plain statement of the result wanted); 5GL<\/strong> (Prolog and LISP, associated with artificial intelligence). A program as written by a person is the source code<\/strong>; after translation it is the object code<\/strong>.<\/span>\n \u0905\u0938\u0947\u0902\u092c\u0932\u0930, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0940\u0922\u093c\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901\u0964<\/strong> \u0905\u0938\u0947\u0902\u092c\u0932\u0930<\/strong> \u0905\u0938\u0947\u0902\u092c\u0932\u0940 \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e<\/strong> \u0915\u094b \u2014 \u091c\u094b ADD \u090f\u0935\u0902 MOV \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u092e\u0943\u0924\u093f-\u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u092e\u0936\u0940\u0928 \u0915\u094b\u0921 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0928\u0942\u0926\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u092e\u0943\u0924\u093f-\u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0947 \u090f\u0915 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0926\u0947\u0936\u0964 \u092a\u0940\u0922\u093c\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u0907\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0939\u0948\u0902: 1GL \u092e\u0936\u0940\u0928\u0940 \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e<\/strong> (\u0926\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0940, \u090f\u0915\u092e\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u0938\u0940\u0927\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u091d\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948); 2GL \u0905\u0938\u0947\u0902\u092c\u0932\u0940 \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e<\/strong> (\u0938\u094d\u092e\u0943\u0924\u093f-\u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930, \u092e\u0936\u0940\u0928-\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092d\u0930); 3GL \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a-\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930\u0940\u092f \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e\u090f\u0901<\/strong> (C, \u091c\u093e\u0935\u093e, \u092a\u093e\u092f\u0925\u0928 \u2014 \u092e\u0936\u0940\u0928-\u0928\u093f\u0930\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937, \u0905\u0902\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0947\u091c\u093c\u0940-\u0938\u0926\u0943\u0936); 4GL<\/strong> (SQL \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0926\u0928-\u091c\u0928\u0915, \u0905\u092d\u0940\u0937\u094d\u091f \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0940\u0927\u0947 \u0915\u0925\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u091f); 5GL<\/strong> (\u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0932\u0949\u0917 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0932\u093f\u0938\u094d\u092a, \u0915\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092e \u092c\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093f\u092e\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0926\u094d\u0927)\u0964 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0932\u093f\u0916\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e \u0938\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0924 \u0915\u094b\u0921<\/strong> \u0939\u0948; \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0935\u093e\u0926 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u0935\u0939 \u0911\u092c\u094d\u091c\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f \u0915\u094b\u0921<\/strong>\u0964<\/span>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <h4>B. Application and utility software<\/span>\u0916. \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0924\u093e \u0938\u0949\u092b\u093c\u094d\u091f\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930<\/span><\/h4>\n\n <table class=\"data-table\">\n <thead>\n <tr>\n <th>Category<\/span>\u0936\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0923\u0940<\/span><\/th>\n <th>What it is<\/span>\u092f\u0939 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/th>\n <th>Examples relevant to a school<\/span>\u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923<\/span><\/th>\n <\/tr>\n <\/thead>\n <tbody>\n <tr>\n <td>General-purpose application software<\/span>\u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0938\u0949\u092b\u093c\u094d\u091f\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n <td>Ready-made packages sold to any user for common tasks. Also called packaged software<\/strong>.<\/span>\u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092d\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0915\u094b \u092c\u0947\u091a\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0924\u0948\u092f\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u0948\u0915\u0947\u091c\u0964 \u0907\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0948\u0915\u0947\u091c\u094d\u0921 \u0938\u0949\u092b\u093c\u094d\u091f\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930<\/strong> \u092d\u0940 \u0915\u0939\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <td>Word processor, spreadsheet, presentation software, web browser, media player, image editor.<\/span>\u0936\u092c\u094d\u0926 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u093e\u0927\u0915, \u0938\u094d\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0921\u0936\u0940\u091f, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924\u093f \u0938\u0949\u092b\u093c\u094d\u091f\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930, \u0935\u0947\u092c \u092c\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0909\u091c\u093c\u0930, \u092e\u0940\u0921\u093f\u092f\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0932\u0947\u092f\u0930, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092c\u093f\u0902\u092c \u0938\u0902\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0915\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td>Customised application software<\/span>\u0905\u0928\u0941\u0915\u0942\u0932\u093f\u0924 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0938\u0949\u092b\u093c\u094d\u091f\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n <td>Written to the requirement of one organisation. Also called tailor-made<\/strong> or bespoke software.<\/span>\u090f\u0915 \u0939\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0917\u0920\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u093e\u0930 \u0932\u093f\u0916\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0930\u0942\u092a-\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0924<\/strong> \u0938\u0949\u092b\u093c\u094d\u091f\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u092d\u0940 \u0915\u0939\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <td>A school ERP, an examination result-processing system, the UDISE+ data-entry module.<\/span>\u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f ERP, \u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940, UDISE+ \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u093e-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093f \u092e\u0949\u0921\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0932\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr style=\"background:#f3f8ff;\">\n <td>Utility software<\/span>\u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0924\u093e \u0938\u0949\u092b\u093c\u094d\u091f\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n <td>Programs that maintain, analyse and protect<\/strong> the system rather than doing productive work themselves. Often counted as a sub-class of system software.<\/span>\u0935\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e \u091c\u094b \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0915 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u091c\u093e\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923, \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0937\u0923 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923<\/strong> \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092f\u0903 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0938\u0949\u092b\u093c\u094d\u091f\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a-\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0917 \u0917\u093f\u0928\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <td>Antivirus, disk defragmenter, disk cleanup, file compression (ZIP), backup software, file manager.<\/span>\u090f\u0902\u091f\u0940\u0935\u093e\u092f\u0930\u0938, \u0921\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0915 \u0921\u0940\u092b\u093c\u094d\u0930\u0948\u0917\u092e\u0947\u0902\u091f\u0930, \u0921\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0915 \u0915\u094d\u0932\u0940\u0928\u0905\u092a, \u092b\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0932 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0940\u0921\u0928 (ZIP), \u092c\u0948\u0915\u0905\u092a \u0938\u0949\u092b\u093c\u094d\u091f\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930, \u092b\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0932 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0915\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <\/tbody>\n <\/table>\n\n <h4>C. Software licensing<\/span>\u0917. \u0938\u0949\u092b\u093c\u094d\u091f\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u091c\u094d\u091e\u092a\u094d\u0924\u093f<\/span><\/h4>\n\n <div class=\"feat-grid\">\n <div class=\"feat-card\">1<\/span>Proprietary or commercial<\/span>\u0938\u094d\u0935\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0935\u093e\u0923\u093f\u091c\u094d\u092f\u093f\u0915<\/span><\/strong>Sold under licence; the source code is not disclosed<\/strong> and copying is restricted. Microsoft Windows and Microsoft Office are examples.<\/span>\u0905\u0928\u0941\u091c\u094d\u091e\u092a\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u0940\u0928 \u092c\u0947\u091a\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948; \u0938\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0924 \u0915\u094b\u0921 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u091f \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902<\/strong> \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0932\u093f\u092a\u093f \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092c\u0902\u0927 \u0930\u0939\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092e\u093e\u0907\u0915\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0938\u0949\u092b\u093c\u094d\u091f \u0935\u093f\u0902\u0921\u094b\u091c\u093c \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092e\u093e\u0907\u0915\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0938\u0949\u092b\u093c\u094d\u091f \u0911\u092b\u093c\u093f\u0938 \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"feat-card\">2<\/span>Freeware<\/span>\u092b\u093c\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930<\/span><\/strong>Free of cost but still proprietary<\/strong> \u2014 the source code stays closed. Examples: Adobe Acrobat Reader, many browsers.<\/span>\u0928\u093f:\u0936\u0941\u0932\u094d\u0915 \u0915\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0941 \u092b\u093f\u0930 \u092d\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924<\/strong> \u2014 \u0938\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0924 \u0915\u094b\u0921 \u092c\u0902\u0926 \u0939\u0940 \u0930\u0939\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923: \u090f\u0921\u094b\u092c\u0940 \u090f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u094b\u092c\u0948\u091f \u0930\u0940\u0921\u0930, \u0905\u0928\u0947\u0915 \u092c\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0909\u091c\u093c\u0930\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"feat-card\">3<\/span>Shareware<\/span>\u0936\u0947\u092f\u0930\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930<\/span><\/strong>Distributed free for a trial period or with reduced features<\/strong>, after which payment is required for continued or full use.<\/span>\u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923-\u0905\u0935\u0927\u093f \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0918\u091f\u0940 \u0938\u0941\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093e\u0913\u0902<\/strong> \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0928\u093f:\u0936\u0941\u0932\u094d\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0924, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u0902\u0924\u0930 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u092d\u0941\u0917\u0924\u093e\u0928 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"feat-card\">4<\/span>Free and Open Source (FOSS)<\/span>\u092e\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0913\u092a\u0928 \u0938\u094b\u0930\u094d\u0938 (FOSS)<\/span><\/strong>The source code is published<\/strong> and may be studied, modified and redistributed. Examples: Linux, LibreOffice, GIMP, Mozilla Firefox, Moodle<\/strong>. Of direct value to schools, since licence cost is nil.<\/span>\u0938\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0924 \u0915\u094b\u0921 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0936\u093f\u0924<\/strong> \u0930\u0939\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092f\u0928, \u0938\u0902\u0936\u094b\u0927\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0924\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923: \u0932\u093f\u0928\u0915\u094d\u0938, \u0932\u093f\u092c\u0930\u0911\u092b\u093c\u093f\u0938, \u0917\u093f\u092e\u094d\u092a, \u092e\u094b\u091c\u093c\u093f\u0932\u093e \u092b\u093c\u093e\u092f\u0930\u092b\u093c\u0949\u0915\u094d\u0938, \u092e\u0942\u0921\u0932<\/strong>\u0964 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0938\u0940\u0927\u0947 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0940, \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u0905\u0928\u0941\u091c\u094d\u091e\u092a\u094d\u0924\u093f-\u0932\u093e\u0917\u0924 \u0936\u0942\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"feat-card\">5<\/span>Public domain<\/span>\u0938\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0935\u091c\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930<\/span><\/strong>Software on which no copyright is claimed at all<\/strong>; it may be used for any purpose without restriction.<\/span>\u0910\u0938\u093e \u0938\u0949\u092b\u093c\u094d\u091f\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u091c\u093f\u0938 \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0932\u093f\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0926\u093e\u0935\u093e \u0939\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902<\/strong>; \u0907\u0938\u0947 \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092c\u0902\u0927 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092d\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"feat-card\">6<\/span>Subscription and SaaS<\/span>\u0905\u092d\u093f\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 SaaS<\/span><\/strong>Paid for periodically rather than once<\/strong>, and often delivered over the internet as Software as a Service<\/strong>. Discussed in \u00a712.2.<\/span>\u090f\u0915 \u092c\u093e\u0930 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0938\u092e\u092f-\u0938\u092e\u092f \u092a\u0930<\/strong> \u092d\u0941\u0917\u0924\u093e\u0928, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092f\u0903 \u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u0928\u0947\u091f \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0949\u092b\u093c\u094d\u091f\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930<\/strong> \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u092a\u0932\u092c\u094d\u0927\u0964 \u00a712.2 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0935\u0947\u091a\u093f\u0924\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"mcq-box\">\n <div class=\"mcq-title\">\n Practice<\/span>\u0905\u092d\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938<\/span><\/span>\n Questions on software and number systems<\/span>\u0938\u0949\u092b\u093c\u094d\u091f\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e-\u092a\u0926\u094d\u0927\u0924\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928<\/span><\/span>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"mcq-note\">Objective questions in the pattern of the examination. Click to reveal the answer and its explanation.<\/span>\u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u0930 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928\u0964 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0916\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u094d\u0932\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u0940\u091c\u093f\u090f\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <details class=\"mcq-q\">\n <summary>13<\/span>Which of the following translates the whole program at once and reports all errors together?<\/span><\/summary>\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\n <li>(a) Interpreter<\/li>\n <li>(b) Compiler<\/li>\n <li>(c) Assembler<\/li>\n <li>(d) Loader<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\">(b) Compiler<\/b> A compiler translates the entire source program before execution and lists all errors together; an interpreter takes one line at a time and halts at the first error. An assembler translates assembly language specifically.<\/span>\u0915\u0902\u092a\u093e\u0907\u0932\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0928 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0938\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0935\u093e\u0926 \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u092d\u0940 \u0924\u094d\u0930\u0941\u091f\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u092c\u0924\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948; \u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u091f\u0930 \u090f\u0915 \u092c\u093e\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u090f\u0915 \u092a\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0932\u0947\u0915\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0925\u092e \u0924\u094d\u0930\u0941\u091f\u093f \u092a\u0930 \u0930\u0941\u0915 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0905\u0938\u0947\u0902\u092c\u0932\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0938\u0947\u0902\u092c\u0932\u0940 \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0935\u093e\u0926 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\u00a71.11 A<\/span><\/div>\n <\/details>\n <details class=\"mcq-q\">\n <summary>14<\/span>Software whose source code is published and may be freely modified and redistributed is called:<\/span><\/summary>\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\n <li>(a) Freeware<\/li>\n <li>(b) Shareware<\/li>\n <li>(c) Open source software<\/li>\n <li>(d) Proprietary software<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\">(c) Open source software<\/b> Freeware is free of cost but its source code stays closed \u2014 the commonest confusion in this question. Shareware is free only for a trial period. Open source is defined by the availability of the source code, not by price.<\/span>\u092b\u093c\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u0928\u093f:\u0936\u0941\u0932\u094d\u0915 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0941 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0924 \u0915\u094b\u0921 \u092c\u0902\u0926 \u0930\u0939\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u0907\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u091a\u0932\u093f\u0924 \u092d\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0964 \u0936\u0947\u092f\u0930\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923-\u0905\u0935\u0927\u093f \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0928\u093f:\u0936\u0941\u0932\u094d\u0915 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0913\u092a\u0928 \u0938\u094b\u0930\u094d\u0938 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e \u092e\u0942\u0932\u094d\u092f \u0938\u0947 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0938\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0924 \u0915\u094b\u0921 \u0915\u0940 \u0909\u092a\u0932\u092c\u094d\u0927\u0924\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\u00a71.11 C<\/span><\/div>\n <\/details>\n <details class=\"mcq-q\">\n <summary>15<\/span>The binary equivalent of the decimal number 25 is:<\/span><\/summary>\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\n <li>(a) 10011<\/li>\n <li>(b) 11001<\/li>\n <li>(c) 10101<\/li>\n <li>(d) 11100<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\">(b) 11001<\/b> Using place values 16, 8, 4, 2, 1: 25 = 16 + 8 + 1, so the bits for 16, 8 and 1 are set and those for 4 and 2 are not, giving 11001. Verifying is quicker than converting: 16+8+0+0+1 = 25.<\/span>\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u0940\u092f \u092e\u093e\u0928 16, 8, 4, 2, 1 \u0932\u0947\u0915\u0930: 25 = 16 + 8 + 1, \u0905\u0924\u0903 16, 8 \u090f\u0935\u0902 1 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093f\u091f 1 \u0924\u0925\u093e 4 \u090f\u0935\u0902 2 \u0915\u0947 0 \u0939\u094b\u0902\u0917\u0947, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 11001 \u092c\u0928\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0930\u0942\u092a\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930\u0923 \u0938\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0901\u091a \u0936\u0940\u0918\u094d\u0930 \u0939\u0948: 16+8+0+0+1 = 25\u0964<\/span>\u00a71.10 B<\/span><\/div>\n <\/details>\n <details class=\"mcq-q\">\n <summary>16<\/span>BIOS is stored in which type of memory?<\/span><\/summary>\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\n <li>(a) RAM<\/li>\n <li>(b) ROM<\/li>\n <li>(c) Cache<\/li>\n <li>(d) Hard disk<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\">(b) ROM<\/b> The BIOS must be available the instant the machine is switched on, before any disk has been read, so it has to sit in non-volatile memory on the motherboard. RAM would be empty at that moment.<\/span>\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u091a\u093e\u0932\u0942 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0940, \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0921\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0922\u093c\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935, BIOS \u0909\u092a\u0932\u092c\u094d\u0927 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f, \u0905\u0924\u0903 \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u092e\u0926\u0930\u092c\u094b\u0930\u094d\u0921 \u092a\u0930 \u0905\u0935\u093e\u0937\u094d\u092a\u0936\u0940\u0932 \u0938\u094d\u092e\u0943\u0924\u093f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u0940 \u0930\u0939\u0928\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0917\u093e\u0964 \u0909\u0938 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 RAM \u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\u00a71.6 B, \u00a71.11 A<\/span><\/div>\n <\/details>\n <details class=\"mcq-q\">\n <summary>17<\/span>The ability to find, evaluate, create and communicate information using digital technology, safely and responsibly, is termed:<\/span><\/summary>\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\n <li>(a) Computer literacy<\/li>\n <li>(b) IT literacy<\/li>\n <li>(c) Digital literacy<\/li>\n <li>(d) Media literacy<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\">(c) Digital literacy<\/b> Computer literacy is the narrower ability to operate a machine; IT literacy is an understanding of hardware, software and networks. Digital literacy adds judgement \u2014 the capacity to evaluate what is found and to act responsibly with it.<\/span>\u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u0938\u093e\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0930\u0924\u093e \u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u091a\u0932\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0901\u0915\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948; IT \u0938\u093e\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0921\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930, \u0938\u0949\u092b\u093c\u094d\u091f\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u092e\u091d\u0964 \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u0938\u093e\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0915 \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u091c\u094b \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0947 \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u0916\u0928\u0947 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930\u0926\u093e\u092f\u0940 \u0906\u091a\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e\u0924\u093e\u0964<\/span>\u00a71.0<\/span><\/div>\n <\/details>\n <details class=\"mcq-q\">\n <summary>18<\/span>The four components of digital literacy are access, skills, safety and:<\/span><\/summary>\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\n <li>(a) Certification<\/li>\n <li>(b) Content creation<\/li>\n <li>(c) Connectivity<\/li>\n <li>(d) Coding<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\">(b) Content creation<\/b> Content creation is the component most often omitted, and it is what distinguishes a participant from a consumer. A person with access but no skills remains excluded just as surely as one with no device.<\/span>\u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941-\u0938\u0943\u091c\u0928 \u0935\u0939\u0940 \u0918\u091f\u0915 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092c\u093e\u0930 \u091b\u0942\u091f\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u0939\u0940 \u0938\u0939\u092d\u093e\u0917\u0940 \u0915\u094b \u0909\u092a\u092d\u094b\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0943\u0925\u0915 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u0938 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u094c\u0936\u0932 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0935\u0939 \u0909\u0924\u0928\u093e \u0939\u0940 \u092c\u0939\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0915\u0943\u0924 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0924\u0928\u093e \u0935\u0939 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u0938 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964<\/span>\u00a71.0<\/span><\/div>\n <\/details>\n <\/div>\n\n <\/section>\n\n \n <section class=\"chapter-content\" data-chap=\"2\" id=\"c2\">\n <div class=\"chapter-heading-block\">\n SYLLABUS ITEM 2<\/span>\u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u092e\u0926 2<\/span><\/span>\n <h2>Operating Systems and File Management<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u091a\u093e\u0932\u0928 \u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092b\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0932 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0928<\/span><\/h2>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"callout amber\">\n <div class=\"callout-label\">\ud83d\udccc What this chapter covers<\/span>\ud83d\udccc \u0907\u0938 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/div>\n Windows, Linux, Android; file management, folders, file extensions, software installation, backup, and keyboard shortcuts<\/span>\n \u0935\u093f\u0902\u0921\u094b\u091c\u093c, \u0932\u093f\u0928\u0915\u094d\u0938, \u090f\u0902\u0921\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0907\u0921; \u092b\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0932 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0928, \u092b\u093c\u094b\u0932\u094d\u0921\u0930, \u092b\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0932 \u090f\u0915\u094d\u0938\u091f\u0947\u0902\u0936\u0928, \u0938\u0949\u092b\u093c\u094d\u091f\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u0928, \u092c\u0948\u0915\u0905\u092a \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0915\u0941\u0902\u091c\u0940\u092a\u091f\u0932 \u0936\u0949\u0930\u094d\u091f\u0915\u091f<\/span>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"keyfact-grid\">\n <div class=\"keyfact-card navy-hi\">\n \ud83e\udde9<\/span>\n <div class=\"kf-label\">What an OS Is<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u091a\u093e\u0932\u0928 \u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"kf-value\" style=\"font-size:13px;\">Interface + Resource Manager<\/span>\u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u092b\u093c\u0947\u0938 + \u0938\u0902\u0938\u093e\u0927\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0915<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"kf-sub\">It stands between the user and the hardware, and allots the hardware to whoever needs it<\/span>\u092f\u0939 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0939\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0921\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u0916\u0921\u093c\u093e \u0930\u0939\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0939\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0921\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u094b<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"keyfact-card teal-hi\">\n \ud83d\uddc2\ufe0f<\/span>\n <div class=\"kf-label\">The Rule of the Extension<\/span>\u090f\u0915\u094d\u0938\u091f\u0947\u0902\u0936\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"kf-value\" style=\"font-size:14px;\">name.<\/strong>ext<\/div>\n <div class=\"kf-sub\">The characters after the last dot decide which program opens the file<\/span>\u0905\u0902\u0924\u093f\u092e \u092c\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0941 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0930 \u0924\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0915\u093f \u092b\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0932 \u0915\u094c\u0928-\u0938\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e \u0916\u094b\u0932\u0947\u0917\u093e<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"keyfact-card amber-hi\">\n \ud83d\udedf<\/span>\n <div class=\"kf-label\">The Backup Rule<\/span>\u092c\u0948\u0915\u0905\u092a \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"kf-value\" style=\"font-size:15px;\">3 \u2013 2 \u2013 1<\/div>\n <div class=\"kf-sub\">Three copies, on two kinds of media, one of them off the premises<\/span>\u0924\u0940\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901, \u0926\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930, \u091c\u093f\u0928\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u090f\u0915 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0938\u0930 \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0939\u0930<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d2-0\">\n 2.0<\/span>\n <h3>Introduction<\/span>\u092a\u0930\u093f\u091a\u092f<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n <ul class=\"icon-list\">\n <li>\u25b8<\/span>\n Chapter 1 closed on the principle that hardware is inert until software directs it<\/strong>. The operating system is the piece of software that does the directing. Nothing else can run until it has loaded, and every other program in this course runs on top of it<\/strong> rather than beside it.<\/span>\n \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f 1 \u0907\u0938 \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924 \u092a\u0930 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u0941\u0906 \u0915\u093f \u091c\u092c \u0924\u0915 \u0938\u0949\u092b\u093c\u094d\u091f\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u093f\u0924 \u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0947, \u0939\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0921\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u091c\u0921\u093c \u0939\u0948<\/strong>\u0964 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u091a\u093e\u0932\u0928 \u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0935\u0939\u0940 \u0938\u0949\u092b\u093c\u094d\u091f\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u092f\u0939 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0932\u094b\u0921 \u0939\u0941\u090f \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0915\u0941\u091b \u092d\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u091a\u0932 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0907\u0938 \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u090a\u092a\u0930<\/strong> \u091a\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\n <\/span><\/li>\n <li>\u25b8<\/span>\n The chapter has two halves that look different but are one subject. The first \u2014 what an operating system is and does<\/strong> \u2014 is conceptual and yields definition questions. The second \u2014 files, folders, extensions, installation, backup and shortcuts<\/strong> \u2014 is entirely practical and yields the kind of question that can only be answered by someone who has actually used a computer.<\/span>\n \u0907\u0938 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u094b \u092d\u093e\u0917 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u091c\u094b \u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0926\u093f\u0916\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0915\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0941 \u090f\u0915 \u0939\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0925\u092e \u2014 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u091a\u093e\u0932\u0928 \u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/strong> \u2014 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u092f\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0924\u0940\u092f \u2014 \u092b\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0932, \u092b\u093c\u094b\u0932\u094d\u0921\u0930, \u090f\u0915\u094d\u0938\u091f\u0947\u0902\u0936\u0928, \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u0928, \u092c\u0948\u0915\u0905\u092a \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0936\u0949\u0930\u094d\u091f\u0915\u091f<\/strong> \u2014 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923\u0924\u0903 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0910\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0928\u0915\u093e \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0935\u0939\u0940 \u0926\u0947 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924\u0903 \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u091a\u0932\u093e\u092f\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0964<\/span>\n <\/span><\/li>\n <li>\u25b8<\/span>\n For a school head the practical weight of this chapter falls on records<\/strong>. A school's admission registers, staff files, result sheets and correspondence now exist as files in folders on a disk, and the discipline of naming them, filing them, protecting them and backing them up<\/strong> is the modern form of the old records-retention duty.<\/span>\n \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0941\u0916 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0907\u0938 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f \u0915\u093e \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u092d\u093e\u0930 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0932\u0947\u0916\u094b\u0902<\/strong> \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u0921\u093c\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0947\u0936-\u0930\u091c\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0930, \u0915\u0930\u094d\u092e\u091a\u093e\u0930\u0940-\u0928\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901, \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e-\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0915 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093e\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0905\u092c \u0921\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0915 \u092a\u0930 \u092b\u093c\u094b\u0932\u094d\u0921\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092b\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0932\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0947 \u0928\u093e\u092e\u0915\u0930\u0923, \u0928\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923, \u0938\u0902\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092c\u0948\u0915\u0905\u092a<\/strong> \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0936\u093e\u0938\u0928 \u092a\u0941\u0930\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0932\u0947\u0916-\u092a\u0930\u093f\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0935\u094d\u092f \u0915\u093e \u0906\u0927\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\n <\/span><\/li>\n <\/ul>\n\n <hr class=\"section-divider\">\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d2-1\">\n 2.1<\/span>\n <h3>Operating System: Concept and Functions<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u091a\u093e\u0932\u0928 \u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930: \u0938\u0902\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u092f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"callout\">\n <div class=\"callout-label\">\ud83d\udcd8 Working definition<\/span>\ud83d\udcd8 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e<\/span><\/div>\n An operating system<\/strong> is the system software that acts as an interface between the user and the computer hardware<\/strong>, and that manages all the resources<\/strong> of the machine \u2014 the processor, the memory, the files and the devices. It is the first program loaded when the computer starts and the last to stop<\/strong>, and no application can run without it.<\/span>\n \u092a\u094d\u0930\u091a\u093e\u0932\u0928 \u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930<\/strong> \u0935\u0939 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0938\u0949\u092b\u093c\u094d\u091f\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u0939\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0921\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u092b\u093c\u0947\u0938<\/strong> \u0915\u093e \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u0938\u094d\u0924 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u093e\u0927\u0928\u094b\u0902<\/strong> \u2014 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0938\u0947\u0938\u0930, \u0938\u094d\u092e\u0943\u0924\u093f, \u092b\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0932\u0947\u0902 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u2014 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0928<\/strong> \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u0906\u0930\u0902\u092d \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u0932\u094b\u0921 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0925\u092e \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0930\u0941\u0915\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e \u0905\u0902\u0924\u093f\u092e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e<\/strong> \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u091a\u0932 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e\u0964<\/span>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"vs-compare\">\n <div class=\"vs-side left\">\n View 1<\/span>\u0926\u0943\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093f 1<\/span><\/span>\n <h5>The operating system as a resource manager<\/span>\u0938\u0902\u0938\u093e\u0927\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u091a\u093e\u0932\u0928 \u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930<\/span><\/h5>\n <ul>\n <li>Looked at from below<\/strong>, from the hardware's side.<\/span>\u0939\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0921\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0913\u0930 \u0938\u0947, \u0928\u0940\u091a\u0947 \u0938\u0947<\/strong> \u0926\u0947\u0916\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n <li>Several programs compete for one processor, one block of memory and one printer. The operating system allocates, schedules and protects<\/strong> these scarce resources.<\/span>\u0905\u0928\u0947\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e \u090f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0938\u0947\u0938\u0930, \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u092e\u0943\u0924\u093f-\u0916\u0902\u0921 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u090f\u0915 \u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0915 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0938\u094d\u092a\u0930\u094d\u0927\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u091a\u093e\u0932\u0928 \u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0907\u0928 \u0926\u0941\u0930\u094d\u0932\u092d \u0938\u0902\u0938\u093e\u0927\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0906\u0935\u0902\u091f\u0928, \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923<\/strong> \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n <li>Its concern is efficiency and fairness<\/strong>.<\/span>\u0907\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0938\u0930\u094b\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0926\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0924\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u092a\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0924\u093e<\/strong> \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"vs-mid\">+<\/div>\n <div class=\"vs-side right\">\n View 2<\/span>\u0926\u0943\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093f 2<\/span><\/span>\n <h5>The operating system as an extended machine<\/span>\u0935\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u091a\u093e\u0932\u0928 \u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930<\/span><\/h5>\n <ul>\n <li>Looked at from above<\/strong>, from the user's side.<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u0913\u0930 \u0938\u0947, \u090a\u092a\u0930 \u0938\u0947<\/strong> \u0926\u0947\u0916\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n <li>It hides the ugly detail of the hardware<\/strong> and presents a simple, uniform picture. A person saves a file; the operating system finds free sectors, writes to them and updates the directory.<\/span>\u092f\u0939 \u0939\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0921\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u091c\u091f\u093f\u0932 \u0935\u093f\u0935\u0930\u0923 \u091b\u093f\u092a\u093e\u0915\u0930<\/strong> \u0938\u0930\u0932, \u090f\u0915\u0930\u0942\u092a \u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u092b\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0932 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948; \u092a\u094d\u0930\u091a\u093e\u0932\u0928 \u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0938\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u0930 \u0916\u094b\u091c\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0909\u0928\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0932\u093f\u0916\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e \u0905\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0924\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n <li>Its concern is convenience and abstraction<\/strong>.<\/span>\u0907\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0938\u0930\u094b\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u0941\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0905\u092e\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928<\/strong> \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <h4>A. Functions of an operating system<\/span>\u0915. \u092a\u094d\u0930\u091a\u093e\u0932\u0928 \u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f<\/span><\/h4>\n\n <div class=\"feat-grid\">\n <div class=\"feat-card\">1<\/span>Process management<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0928<\/span><\/strong>A process<\/strong> is a program in execution. The operating system creates, schedules, suspends and terminates processes, decides which gets the processor next, and resolves deadlock<\/strong> \u2014 the state in which two processes each hold what the other needs.<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e<\/strong> \u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0928\u093e\u0927\u0940\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u091a\u093e\u0932\u0928 \u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923, \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928, \u0938\u094d\u0925\u0917\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u092a\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0905\u0917\u0932\u0940 \u092c\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0938\u0947\u0938\u0930 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0947, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0917\u0924\u093f\u0930\u094b\u0927<\/strong> \u0938\u0941\u0932\u091d\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u0935\u0939 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0926\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u0935\u0939 \u092a\u0915\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u092c\u0948\u0920\u0940 \u0939\u094b\u0902 \u091c\u094b \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u0947 \u0915\u094b \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"feat-card\">2<\/span>Memory management<\/span>\u0938\u094d\u092e\u0943\u0924\u093f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0928<\/span><\/strong>Allots and reclaims RAM, keeps a record of which part is free, protects one program's memory from another, and runs virtual memory<\/strong> by paging and swapping when RAM is exhausted.<\/span>RAM \u0915\u093e \u0906\u0935\u0902\u091f\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u094d\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939\u0923 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0915\u094c\u0928-\u0938\u093e \u092d\u093e\u0917 \u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u0948 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0932\u0947\u0916 \u0930\u0916\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u090f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u092e\u0943\u0924\u093f \u0915\u094b \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u091a\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u0925\u093e RAM \u0938\u092e\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u0947\u091c\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0948\u092a\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0938\u0947 \u0906\u092d\u093e\u0938\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u092e\u0943\u0924\u093f<\/strong> \u091a\u0932\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"feat-card\">3<\/span>File management<\/span>\u092b\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0932 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0928<\/span><\/strong>Creates, names, stores, retrieves, copies and deletes files; maintains the directory structure; and enforces access permissions<\/strong>. This function is the subject of \u00a72.5.<\/span>\u092b\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0932\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923, \u0928\u093e\u092e\u0915\u0930\u0923, \u092d\u0902\u0921\u093e\u0930\u0923, \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u094d\u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924\u093f, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0932\u093f\u092a\u093f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0932\u094b\u092a\u0928; \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e-\u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923; \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0917\u092e \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092e\u0924\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902<\/strong> \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928\u0964 \u092f\u0939\u0940 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u00a72.5 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"feat-card\">4<\/span>Device management<\/span>\u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0928<\/span><\/strong>Communicates with every peripheral through its device driver<\/strong>, and uses buffering<\/strong> and spooling<\/strong> to bridge the enormous speed gap between the processor and a printer or disk.<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0927\u0940\u092f \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0938\u0947 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u091a\u093e\u0932\u0915<\/strong> \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0938\u0902\u0935\u093e\u0926 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0938\u0947\u0938\u0930 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0915 \u092f\u093e \u0921\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u093e\u0932 \u0917\u0924\u093f-\u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u093e\u091f\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u092c\u092b\u093c\u0930\u093f\u0902\u0917<\/strong> \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u092a\u0942\u0932\u093f\u0902\u0917<\/strong> \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"feat-card\">5<\/span>Security and protection<\/span>\u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923<\/span><\/strong>Maintains user accounts and passwords<\/strong>, grants or refuses access to files, separates administrator from ordinary user, and works with the firewall. Extended in Chapter 8.<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0916\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u093e\u0938\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0921<\/strong> \u0930\u0916\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u092b\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0932\u094b\u0902 \u0924\u0915 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u092f\u093e \u0930\u094b\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u093e\u0938\u0915 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0943\u0925\u0915 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092b\u093c\u093e\u092f\u0930\u0935\u0949\u0932 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f 8 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0930\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"feat-card\">6<\/span>User interface<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u092b\u093c\u0947\u0938<\/span><\/strong>Provides the means by which a person issues commands \u2014 either a command line<\/strong> or a graphical desktop<\/strong>. The part of the operating system that reads and interprets commands is the shell<\/strong>.<\/span>\u0935\u0939 \u0938\u093e\u0927\u0928 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0906\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u092f\u093e \u0924\u094b \u0915\u092e\u093e\u0902\u0921 \u0932\u093e\u0907\u0928<\/strong> \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0906\u0932\u0947\u0916\u0940\u092f \u0921\u0947\u0938\u094d\u0915\u091f\u0949\u092a<\/strong>\u0964 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u091a\u093e\u0932\u0928 \u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u091c\u094b \u092d\u093e\u0917 \u0906\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u092a\u0922\u093c\u0915\u0930 \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0940 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0935\u0939 \u0936\u0947\u0932<\/strong> \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"feat-card\">7<\/span>Error detection and handling<\/span>\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0941\u091f\u093f \u092a\u0939\u091a\u093e\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0928\u093f\u092a\u091f\u093e\u0928<\/span><\/strong>Detects faults in hardware and in programs, reports them and takes corrective action so that a single failing program does not bring down the whole machine.<\/span>\u0939\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0921\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0916\u0930\u093e\u092c\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u092a\u0939\u091a\u093e\u0928\u0915\u0930 \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0938\u0941\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u090f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u092b\u0932 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0928 \u0917\u093f\u0930\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"feat-card\">8<\/span>Networking and accounting<\/span>\u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0932\u0947\u0916\u093e\u0902\u0915\u0928<\/span><\/strong>Manages network connections and shared resources, and keeps a record of which user consumed which resource \u2014 the basis of usage logs and audit trails.<\/span>\u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u093e\u091d\u093e \u0938\u0902\u0938\u093e\u0927\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0915\u093f\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0928\u0947 \u0915\u094c\u0928-\u0938\u093e \u0938\u0902\u0938\u093e\u0927\u0928 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0907\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0932\u0947\u0916 \u0930\u0916\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917-\u0932\u0949\u0917 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0905\u0902\u0915\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923-\u091a\u093f\u0939\u094d\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u092f\u0939\u0940 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <h4>B. The kernel, the shell and booting<\/span>\u0916. \u0915\u0930\u094d\u0928\u0947\u0932, \u0936\u0947\u0932 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092c\u0942\u091f\u093f\u0902\u0917<\/span><\/h4>\n\n <div class=\"callout teal\">\n <div class=\"callout-label\">\u2699\ufe0f The two layers of an operating system<\/span>\u2699\ufe0f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u091a\u093e\u0932\u0928 \u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0926\u094b \u092a\u0930\u0924\u0947\u0902<\/span><\/div>\n <ul class=\"split-list\" style=\"margin-top:4px;\">\n <li>1<\/span>The kernel<\/strong> is the core of the operating system<\/strong>. It is loaded into memory at start-up and stays there, and it alone has direct access to the hardware. It performs process, memory, file and device management, and runs in a privileged state called kernel mode<\/strong>.<\/span>\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0928\u0947\u0932<\/strong> \u092a\u094d\u0930\u091a\u093e\u0932\u0928 \u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930<\/strong> \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0906\u0930\u0902\u092d \u092a\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u092e\u0943\u0924\u093f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0932\u094b\u0921 \u0939\u094b\u0915\u0930 \u0935\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u092c\u0928\u093e \u0930\u0939\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0907\u0938\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u0939\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0921\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u0924\u0915 \u0938\u0940\u0927\u0940 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e, \u0938\u094d\u092e\u0943\u0924\u093f, \u092b\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0932 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0915\u0930\u094d\u0928\u0947\u0932 \u092e\u094b\u0921<\/strong> \u0928\u093e\u092e\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0905\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091a\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n <li>2<\/span>The shell<\/strong> is the outer layer<\/strong> that receives commands from the user, interprets them and passes them to the kernel. Applications and the shell run in the unprivileged user mode<\/strong>, and must ask the kernel through a system call<\/strong> whenever they need the hardware.<\/span>\u0936\u0947\u0932<\/strong> \u0935\u0939 \u092c\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0940 \u092a\u0930\u0924<\/strong> \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u0906\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u0932\u0947\u0915\u0930 \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0940 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u0930\u094d\u0928\u0947\u0932 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u094c\u0902\u092a\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0936\u0947\u0932 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930-\u0930\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093e \u092e\u094b\u0921<\/strong> \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091a\u0932\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0914\u0930 \u0939\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0921\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940-\u0906\u0939\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0928<\/strong> \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0915\u0930\u094d\u0928\u0947\u0932 \u0938\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0901\u0917\u0928\u093e \u092a\u0921\u093c\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"flow-wrap\">\n <div class=\"flow-note\">\n \ud83d\udd0c Booting<\/strong> is the process by which a computer starts and loads its operating system. A cold boot<\/strong> is starting from the power-off state; a warm boot<\/strong> is restarting a machine that is already on, as with <kbd>Ctrl<\/kbd> + <kbd>Alt<\/kbd> + <kbd>Del<\/kbd>.<\/span>\n \ud83d\udd0c \u092c\u0942\u091f\u093f\u0902\u0917<\/strong> \u0935\u0939 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u0906\u0930\u0902\u092d \u0939\u094b\u0915\u0930 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u091a\u093e\u0932\u0928 \u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0932\u094b\u0921 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0936\u0940\u0924 \u092c\u0942\u091f<\/strong> \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924-\u092c\u0902\u0926 \u0905\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u0906\u0930\u0902\u092d \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u0939\u0948; \u0909\u0937\u094d\u0923 \u092c\u0942\u091f<\/strong> \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u091a\u093e\u0932\u0942 \u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0903\u0906\u0930\u0902\u092d \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e, \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 <kbd>Ctrl<\/kbd> + <kbd>Alt<\/kbd> + <kbd>Del<\/kbd> \u0938\u0947\u0964<\/span>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"flow-steps\">\n <div class=\"flow-step\">\n 1<\/span>\n <div class=\"fs-body\">\n Power on and BIOS<\/span>\u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924 \u091a\u093e\u0932\u0942 \u090f\u0935\u0902 BIOS<\/span><\/strong>\n The processor executes the firmware held in ROM \u2014 the BIOS<\/strong>, or on modern machines UEFI<\/strong>.<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0938\u0947\u0938\u0930 ROM \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0930\u0916\u0947 \u092b\u093c\u0930\u094d\u092e\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u2014 BIOS<\/strong>, \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0906\u0927\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 UEFI<\/strong>\u0964<\/span><\/span>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"flow-step\">\n 2<\/span>\n <div class=\"fs-body\">\n POST<\/span>POST<\/span><\/strong>\n The Power-On Self Test<\/strong> checks that the RAM, keyboard, display and disks are present and working, signalling any fault by beeps or a message.<\/span>\u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0930\u0902\u092d \u0938\u094d\u0935-\u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923<\/strong> \u091c\u093e\u0901\u091a\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f RAM, \u0915\u0941\u0902\u091c\u0940\u092a\u091f\u0932, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0921\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0915 \u0909\u092a\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u0936\u0940\u0932 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0916\u0930\u093e\u092c\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e \u092c\u0940\u092a \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u0938\u0947 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/span>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"flow-step\">\n 3<\/span>\n <div class=\"fs-body\">\n Bootstrap loader<\/span>\u092c\u0942\u091f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0948\u092a \u0932\u094b\u0921\u0930<\/span><\/strong>\n The firmware locates the boot device<\/strong> and reads a small program from it whose only job is to load the operating system.<\/span>\u092b\u093c\u0930\u094d\u092e\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u092c\u0942\u091f \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923<\/strong> \u0916\u094b\u091c\u0915\u0930 \u0909\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u091b\u094b\u091f\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e \u092a\u0922\u093c\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u093e \u090f\u0915\u092e\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u091a\u093e\u0932\u0928 \u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0932\u094b\u0921 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/span>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"flow-step\">\n 4<\/span>\n <div class=\"fs-body\">\n Kernel loaded and control handed over<\/span>\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0928\u0947\u0932 \u0932\u094b\u0921 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0923 \u0939\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0924<\/span><\/strong>\n The kernel is read into RAM, drivers and services start, the login screen appears, and the desktop is presented. The machine is now under the control of the operating system.<\/span>\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0928\u0947\u0932 RAM \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0922\u093c\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091a\u093e\u0932\u0915 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u0906\u0930\u0902\u092d \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0932\u0949\u0917\u093f\u0928 \u092a\u0930\u094d\u0926\u093e \u0906\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0921\u0947\u0938\u094d\u0915\u091f\u0949\u092a \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0905\u092c \u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u091a\u093e\u0932\u0928 \u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0923 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/span>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <h4>C. Four terms that are constantly confused<\/span>\u0917. \u091a\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u0926 \u091c\u094b \u0932\u0917\u093e\u0924\u093e\u0930 \u092d\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u090f \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902<\/span><\/h4>\n\n <table class=\"data-table\">\n <thead>\n <tr>\n <th>Term<\/span>\u092a\u0926<\/span><\/th>\n <th>What it means<\/span>\u0907\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925<\/span><\/th>\n <th>The distinguishing feature<\/span>\u0935\u093f\u092d\u0947\u0926\u0915 \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923<\/span><\/th>\n <\/tr>\n <\/thead>\n <tbody>\n <tr><td>Multiprogramming<\/span>\u092c\u0939\u0941-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e\u0928<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>Several programs are held in memory together and the processor switches to another whenever the current one waits for input or output.<\/span>\u0905\u0928\u0947\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0938\u094d\u092e\u0943\u0924\u093f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0930\u0939\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0936-\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0924 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0938\u0947\u0938\u0930 \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u091a\u0932\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><td>The aim is to keep the processor busy<\/strong>, not to serve the user quickly.<\/span>\u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0938\u0947\u0938\u0930 \u0915\u094b \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0938\u094d\u0924 \u0930\u0916\u0928\u093e<\/strong> \u0939\u0948, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0936\u0940\u0918\u094d\u0930 \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0928\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>Multitasking<\/span>\u092c\u0939\u0941-\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u0923<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>Several tasks appear to run at once because the processor is switched between them in very short slices of time.<\/span>\u0905\u0928\u0947\u0915 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u091a\u0932\u0924\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u0940\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0938\u0947\u0938\u0930 \u0905\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0902\u0924 \u091b\u094b\u091f\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u092f-\u0905\u0902\u0936\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0930\u0939\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><td>Also called time-sharing<\/strong>; the aim is response time for the user<\/strong>.<\/span>\u0907\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u092f-\u0938\u093e\u091d\u093e\u0915\u0930\u0923<\/strong> \u092d\u0940 \u0915\u0939\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902; \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930-\u0915\u093e\u0932<\/strong> \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>Multithreading<\/span>\u092c\u0939\u0941-\u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0923<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>A single program<\/strong> is divided into several threads that execute concurrently \u2014 as when a word processor checks spelling while text is being typed.<\/span>\u090f\u0915 \u0939\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e<\/strong> \u0905\u0928\u0947\u0915 \u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0901\u091f\u0915\u0930 \u0938\u093e\u0925-\u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0936\u092c\u094d\u0926 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u093e\u0927\u0915 \u091f\u0902\u0915\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925-\u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0901\u091a\u0924\u093e \u0930\u0939\u0947\u0964<\/span><\/td><td>The division is within one program<\/strong>, not between programs.<\/span>\u0935\u093f\u092d\u093e\u091c\u0928 \u090f\u0915 \u0939\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e \u0915\u0947 \u092d\u0940\u0924\u0930<\/strong> \u0939\u0948, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>Multiprocessing<\/span>\u092c\u0939\u0941-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0930\u0923<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>The computer has two or more physical processors or cores<\/strong> that genuinely execute instructions at the same instant.<\/span>\u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0926\u094b \u092f\u093e \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092d\u094c\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0938\u0947\u0938\u0930 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0915\u094b\u0930<\/strong> \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u091c\u094b \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924\u0903 \u090f\u0915 \u0939\u0940 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/td><td>The only one of the four that requires extra hardware<\/strong>.<\/span>\u091a\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u090f\u0915\u092e\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0924\u093f\u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0921\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930<\/strong> \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <\/tbody>\n <\/table>\n\n <div class=\"exam-tip\">\n <div class=\"et-icon\">\ud83d\udda8\ufe0f<\/div>\n <div class=\"et-body\">\n Spooling and buffering \u2014 a favourite pair.<\/strong> SPOOL<\/strong> stands for Simultaneous Peripheral Operation On-Line<\/strong>. When several documents are sent to one printer, the operating system writes them to a queue on the disk<\/strong> and feeds them to the printer one at a time, so the user is free the moment the print command is given. Buffering<\/strong> is the related but distinct idea of holding data briefly in memory<\/strong> while it moves between two devices of unequal speed \u2014 the reason a video pauses to \"buffer\" on a slow connection. Spooling uses the disk and handles whole jobs; buffering uses memory and handles a stream.<\/span>\n \u0938\u094d\u092a\u0942\u0932\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092c\u092b\u093c\u0930\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u2014 \u090f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f \u092f\u0941\u0917\u094d\u092e\u0964<\/strong> SPOOL<\/strong> \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u0939\u0948 \u0938\u093e\u0907\u092e\u0932\u094d\u091f\u0947\u0928\u093f\u092f\u0938 \u092a\u0947\u0930\u093f\u092b\u093c\u0947\u0930\u0932 \u0911\u092a\u0930\u0947\u0936\u0928 \u0911\u0928-\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0928<\/strong>\u0964 \u091c\u092c \u0905\u0928\u0947\u0915 \u0926\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0947\u091c\u093c \u090f\u0915 \u0939\u0940 \u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0915 \u0915\u094b \u092d\u0947\u091c\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u0924\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u091a\u093e\u0932\u0928 \u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u0921\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0915 \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f<\/strong> \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0932\u093f\u0916\u0915\u0930 \u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0915 \u0915\u094b \u090f\u0915-\u090f\u0915 \u0915\u0930 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0923-\u0906\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093e \u092e\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092c\u092b\u093c\u0930\u093f\u0902\u0917<\/strong> \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0941 \u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0935\u093f\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u0905\u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0917\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u094b \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u091a\u0932\u0924\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u092f \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0925\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0940 \u0926\u0947\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u092e\u0943\u0924\u093f \u092e\u0947\u0902<\/strong> \u0930\u0916\u0928\u093e, \u091c\u093f\u0938 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0927\u0940\u092e\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u092a\u0930 \u0935\u0940\u0921\u093f\u092f\u094b \"\u092c\u092b\u093c\u0930\" \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0930\u0941\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0938\u094d\u092a\u0942\u0932\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0921\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0938\u0902\u092d\u093e\u0932\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948; \u092c\u092b\u093c\u0930\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0938\u094d\u092e\u0943\u0924\u093f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0939 \u0938\u0902\u092d\u093e\u0932\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <h4>D. Command line and graphical interface<\/span>\u0918. \u0915\u092e\u093e\u0902\u0921 \u0932\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0906\u0932\u0947\u0916\u0940\u092f \u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u092b\u093c\u0947\u0938<\/span><\/h4>\n\n <div class=\"vs-compare\">\n <div class=\"vs-side left\">\n CLI<\/span>\n <h5>Command Line Interface<\/span>\u0915\u092e\u093e\u0902\u0921 \u0932\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u092b\u093c\u0947\u0938<\/span><\/h5>\n <ul>\n <li>Commands are typed as text<\/strong> at a prompt and executed on pressing Enter.<\/span>\u0906\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0949\u092e\u094d\u092a\u094d\u091f \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u093e\u0920 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091f\u0902\u0915\u093f\u0924<\/strong> \u0915\u0930 \u090f\u0902\u091f\u0930 \u0926\u092c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n <li>Needs the commands to be remembered<\/strong>, so it is harder for a beginner.<\/span>\u0906\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u0938\u094d\u092e\u0930\u0923 \u0930\u0916\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0921\u093c\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902<\/strong>, \u0905\u0924\u0903 \u0928\u094c\u0938\u093f\u0916\u093f\u090f \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u0920\u093f\u0928\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n <li>Consumes very little memory<\/strong> and runs on the weakest hardware.<\/span>\u0905\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0932\u094d\u092a \u0938\u094d\u092e\u0943\u0924\u093f<\/strong> \u0916\u0930\u094d\u091a \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0926\u0941\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0932\u0924\u092e \u0939\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0921\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u091a\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n <li>Faster and scriptable<\/strong> for an expert; a repetitive task can be automated in a batch file.<\/span>\u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937\u091c\u094d\u091e \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0924\u0940\u0935\u094d\u0930 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092a\u094d\u091f-\u092f\u094b\u0917\u094d\u092f<\/strong>; \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u093e\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u092c\u0948\u091a \u092b\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0932 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u091a\u093e\u0932\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n <li>Examples:<\/em> MS-DOS, the Windows Command Prompt, PowerShell, the Linux terminal.<\/span>\u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923:<\/em> MS-DOS, \u0935\u093f\u0902\u0921\u094b\u091c\u093c \u0915\u092e\u093e\u0902\u0921 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0949\u092e\u094d\u092a\u094d\u091f, \u092a\u0949\u0935\u0930\u0936\u0947\u0932, \u0932\u093f\u0928\u0915\u094d\u0938 \u091f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0928\u0932\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"vs-mid\">VS<\/div>\n <div class=\"vs-side right\">\n GUI<\/span>\n <h5>Graphical User Interface<\/span>\u0906\u0932\u0947\u0916\u0940\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u092b\u093c\u0947\u0938<\/span><\/h5>\n <ul>\n <li>Commands are given by pointing and clicking<\/strong> on icons, menus and buttons.<\/span>\u0906\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u091a\u093f\u0939\u094d\u0928\u094b\u0902, \u092e\u0947\u0928\u0942 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092c\u091f\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0947\u0924 \u0915\u0930 \u0915\u094d\u0932\u093f\u0915<\/strong> \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u0926\u093f\u090f \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n <li>Nothing has to be memorised<\/strong>; the available options are visible on the screen.<\/span>\u0915\u0941\u091b \u092d\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u092e\u0930\u0923 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0930\u0916\u0928\u093e \u092a\u0921\u093c\u0924\u093e<\/strong>; \u0909\u092a\u0932\u092c\u094d\u0927 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a \u092a\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u0926\u093f\u0916\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n <li>Consumes much more memory and processing power<\/strong>.<\/span>\u0915\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u092e\u0943\u0924\u093f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0930\u0923-\u0936\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f<\/strong> \u0916\u0930\u094d\u091a \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n <li>Its four elements give it the name WIMP<\/strong> \u2014 Windows, Icons, Menus, Pointer.<\/span>\u0907\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0924\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u0907\u0938\u0947 WIMP<\/strong> \u0928\u093e\u092e \u0926\u0947\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u2014 \u0935\u093f\u0902\u0921\u094b\u091c\u093c, \u0906\u0907\u0915\u0928, \u092e\u0947\u0928\u0942, \u092a\u0949\u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n <li>Examples:<\/em> Microsoft Windows, macOS, Android, the Ubuntu desktop.<\/span>\u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923:<\/em> \u092e\u093e\u0907\u0915\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0938\u0949\u092b\u093c\u094d\u091f \u0935\u093f\u0902\u0921\u094b\u091c\u093c, \u092e\u0948\u0915\u0913\u090f\u0938, \u090f\u0902\u0921\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0907\u0921, \u0909\u092c\u0902\u091f\u0942 \u0921\u0947\u0938\u094d\u0915\u091f\u0949\u092a\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <hr class=\"section-divider\">\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d2-2\">\n 2.2<\/span>\n <h3>Types of Operating Systems<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u091a\u093e\u0932\u0928 \u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n <table class=\"data-table\">\n <thead>\n <tr>\n <th class=\"narrow\">#<\/th>\n <th>Type<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930<\/span><\/th>\n <th>Distinguishing characteristic<\/span>\u0935\u093f\u092d\u0947\u0926\u0915 \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923<\/span><\/th>\n <th>Example<\/span>\u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923<\/span><\/th>\n <\/tr>\n <\/thead>\n <tbody>\n <tr>\n <td class=\"narrow\">1<\/td>\n <td>Batch operating system<\/span>\u092c\u0948\u091a \u092a\u094d\u0930\u091a\u093e\u0932\u0928 \u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n <td>Similar jobs are collected into a batch<\/strong> and executed one after another without any interaction<\/strong> with the user while they run. Efficient for the machine but there is no way to intervene.<\/span>\u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u092c\u0948\u091a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u090f\u0915\u0924\u094d\u0930<\/strong> \u0915\u0930 \u090f\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u090f\u0915 \u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0914\u0930 \u091a\u0932\u0924\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0903\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902<\/strong>\u0964 \u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0926\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0915\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0941 \u0939\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u092a \u0915\u093e \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0909\u092a\u093e\u092f \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <td>Payroll processing; bank end-of-day statements; bulk printing of report cards.<\/span>\u0935\u0947\u0924\u0928-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0930\u0923; \u092c\u0948\u0902\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u093f\u0928\u093e\u0902\u0924 \u0935\u093f\u0935\u0930\u0923; \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0917\u0924\u093f-\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0925\u094b\u0915 \u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0923\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td class=\"narrow\">2<\/td>\n <td>Time-sharing or multitasking<\/span>\u0938\u092e\u092f-\u0938\u093e\u091d\u093e \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u092c\u0939\u0941-\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u0923<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n <td>Each user or task gets a small slice of processor time in turn<\/strong>, so many users appear to be served simultaneously. The dominant design for ordinary computers.<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u094b \u092c\u093e\u0930\u0940-\u092c\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0938\u0947\u0938\u0930-\u0938\u092e\u092f \u0915\u093e \u091b\u094b\u091f\u093e \u0905\u0902\u0936<\/strong> \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0947\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093e \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u0940\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0938\u093e\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0941\u0916 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <td>UNIX, Linux, modern Windows.<\/span>\u092f\u0942\u0928\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0938, \u0932\u093f\u0928\u0915\u094d\u0938, \u0906\u0927\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0902\u0921\u094b\u091c\u093c\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr style=\"background:#f3f8ff;\">\n <td class=\"narrow\">3<\/td>\n <td>Real-time operating system (RTOS)<\/span>\u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0935\u093f\u0915-\u0915\u093e\u0932 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u091a\u093e\u0932\u0928 \u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 (RTOS)<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n <td>Guarantees a response within a fixed, strictly bounded time<\/strong>. In a hard<\/strong> RTOS a missed deadline is a total failure; in a soft<\/strong> RTOS it merely degrades quality.<\/span>\u0928\u093f\u0936\u094d\u091a\u093f\u0924, \u0915\u0920\u094b\u0930\u0924\u093e\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0915 \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u092e\u092f<\/strong> \u0915\u0947 \u092d\u0940\u0924\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0917\u093e\u0930\u0902\u091f\u0940 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0915\u0920\u094b\u0930<\/strong> RTOS \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u092e\u092f-\u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e \u091a\u0942\u0915\u0928\u093e \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0935\u093f\u092b\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948; \u092e\u0943\u0926\u0941<\/strong> RTOS \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u0939 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0917\u0941\u0923\u0935\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0918\u091f\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <td>Air-traffic control, missile guidance, medical life-support, anti-lock braking; VxWorks, RTLinux.<\/span>\u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941-\u092f\u093e\u0924\u093e\u092f\u093e\u0924 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0923, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u092a\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930-\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u0928, \u091a\u093f\u0915\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0938\u0940\u092f \u091c\u0940\u0935\u0928-\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e, ABS \u092c\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0915; VxWorks, RTLinux\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td class=\"narrow\">4<\/td>\n <td>Distributed operating system<\/span>\u0935\u093f\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u091a\u093e\u0932\u0928 \u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n <td>Several independent computers are made to appear to the user as a single system<\/strong>, sharing processing and storage across the group.<\/span>\u0905\u0928\u0947\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0915\u094b \u090f\u0915\u0932 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u0940\u0924<\/strong> \u0915\u0930\u093e\u090f \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0938\u092e\u0942\u0939 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092d\u0902\u0921\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0938\u093e\u091d\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <td>Cluster and grid computing; the systems behind large cloud services.<\/span>\u0915\u094d\u0932\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0930 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0917\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0921 \u0938\u0902\u0917\u0923\u0928; \u092c\u0921\u093c\u0940 \u0915\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0909\u0921 \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0940\u091b\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td class=\"narrow\">5<\/td>\n <td>Network operating system<\/span>\u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u091a\u093e\u0932\u0928 \u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n <td>Runs on a server<\/strong> and manages shared files, printers, users and security for the computers on a network. Each machine keeps its own identity.<\/span>\u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0930<\/strong> \u092a\u0930 \u091a\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0938\u093e\u091d\u093e \u092b\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0932\u094b\u0902, \u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094b\u0902, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0940 \u092a\u0939\u091a\u093e\u0928 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u090f \u0930\u0916\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <td>Windows Server, Novell NetWare, Linux server distributions.<\/span>\u0935\u093f\u0902\u0921\u094b\u091c\u093c \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0930, \u0928\u0949\u0935\u0947\u0932 \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930, \u0932\u093f\u0928\u0915\u094d\u0938 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0924\u0930\u0923\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td class=\"narrow\">6<\/td>\n <td>Embedded operating system<\/span>\u0905\u0902\u0924\u0903\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u091a\u093e\u0932\u0928 \u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n <td>A small, specialised operating system built into a device that is not thought of as a computer at all<\/strong>. It cannot normally be changed by the user.<\/span>\u091b\u094b\u091f\u093e, \u0935\u093f\u0936\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u091a\u093e\u0932\u0928 \u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u091c\u094b \u0910\u0938\u0947 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0903\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u0938\u092e\u091d\u093e \u0939\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e<\/strong>\u0964 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0924\u0903 \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0926\u0932 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <td>Washing machines, ATMs, routers, smart televisions, digital cameras.<\/span>\u0927\u0941\u0932\u093e\u0908 \u092e\u0936\u0940\u0928, ATM, \u0930\u093e\u0909\u091f\u0930, \u0938\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u091f \u091f\u0947\u0932\u0940\u0935\u093f\u091c\u093c\u0928, \u0905\u0902\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0915\u0948\u092e\u0930\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td class=\"narrow\">7<\/td>\n <td>Mobile operating system<\/span>\u092e\u094b\u092c\u093e\u0907\u0932 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u091a\u093e\u0932\u0928 \u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n <td>Designed for touch input, battery economy and small screens<\/strong>, with applications delivered through an app store.<\/span>\u0938\u094d\u092a\u0930\u094d\u0936 \u0928\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0936, \u092c\u0948\u091f\u0930\u0940-\u092e\u093f\u0924\u0935\u094d\u092f\u092f\u093f\u0924\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u091b\u094b\u091f\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u094d\u0926\u094b\u0902<\/strong> \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a\u093f\u0924, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0910\u092a \u0938\u094d\u091f\u094b\u0930 \u0938\u0947 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <td>Android, iOS, HarmonyOS.<\/span>\u090f\u0902\u0921\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0907\u0921, iOS, \u0939\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092e\u0928\u0940OS\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <\/tbody>\n <\/table>\n\n <div class=\"callout amber\">\n <div class=\"callout-label\">\ud83d\udccc Two cross-cutting classifications<\/span>\ud83d\udccc \u0926\u094b \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0925 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923<\/span><\/div>\n <ul class=\"split-list\" style=\"margin-top:4px;\">\n <li>1<\/span>Single-user versus multi-user.<\/strong> MS-DOS and early Windows served one person at a time; UNIX, Linux and Windows Server allow many users to be logged in simultaneously<\/strong>, each with separate files and permissions.<\/span>\u090f\u0915\u0932-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093e \u092c\u0928\u093e\u092e \u092c\u0939\u0941-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0964<\/strong> MS-DOS \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0906\u0930\u0902\u092d\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0902\u0921\u094b\u091c\u093c \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u092e\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u090f\u0915 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0925\u0947; \u092f\u0942\u0928\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0938, \u0932\u093f\u0928\u0915\u094d\u0938 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0902\u0921\u094b\u091c\u093c \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0930 \u0905\u0928\u0947\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0932\u0949\u0917-\u0907\u0928<\/strong> \u0930\u0939\u0928\u0947 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0940 \u092b\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0932\u0947\u0902 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092e\u0924\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n <li>2<\/span>Single-tasking versus multitasking.<\/strong> MS-DOS could run only one program at a time; every operating system in ordinary use today is multitasking.<\/span>\u090f\u0915\u0932-\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u0923 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u092e \u092c\u0939\u0941-\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u0923\u0964<\/strong> MS-DOS \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u092e\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u090f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e \u091a\u0932\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0925\u093e; \u0906\u091c \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u091a\u093e\u0932\u0928 \u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092c\u0939\u0941-\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u0923 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n\n <hr class=\"section-divider\">\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d2-3\">\n 2.3<\/span>\n <h3>Windows, Linux, macOS and Android<\/span>\u0935\u093f\u0902\u0921\u094b\u091c\u093c, \u0932\u093f\u0928\u0915\u094d\u0938, \u092e\u0948\u0915\u0913\u090f\u0938 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u090f\u0902\u0921\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0907\u0921<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"ladder\">\n <div class=\"rung\">\n <div class=\"rung-step\">1<\/span>Parent<\/span>\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935\u091c<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n <div>\n <h5>UNIX<\/span>\u092f\u0942\u0928\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0938<\/span><\/h5>\n Developed at Bell Laboratories in 1969 by Ken Thompson and Dennis Ritchie<\/strong>, and rewritten in the C language<\/strong>, which made it portable across machines. It was the first widely used multi-user, multitasking<\/strong> operating system, and it is the ancestor from which Linux and macOS descend.<\/span>1969 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0947\u0932 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0936\u093e\u0932\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u0947\u0928 \u0925\u0949\u092e\u094d\u092a\u0938\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0921\u0947\u0928\u093f\u0938 \u0930\u093f\u091a\u0940<\/strong> \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0938\u093f\u0924, \u0924\u0925\u093e C \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e<\/strong> \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u094d\u0932\u093f\u0916\u093f\u0924, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u092f\u0939 \u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u0935\u0939\u0928\u0940\u092f \u0939\u094b \u0917\u092f\u093e\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0925\u092e \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u0915 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u092c\u0939\u0941-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093e, \u092c\u0939\u0941-\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u0923<\/strong> \u092a\u094d\u0930\u091a\u093e\u0932\u0928 \u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0925\u093e, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0932\u093f\u0928\u0915\u094d\u0938 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092e\u0948\u0915\u0913\u090f\u0938 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935\u091c \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"rung\">\n <div class=\"rung-step\">2<\/span>Dominant<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0940<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n <div>\n <h5>Microsoft Windows<\/span>\u092e\u093e\u0907\u0915\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0938\u0949\u092b\u093c\u094d\u091f \u0935\u093f\u0902\u0921\u094b\u091c\u093c<\/span><\/h5>\n A proprietary, graphical, single-user multitasking<\/strong> operating system and by far the commonest on school and office desktops. Its file systems are NTFS<\/strong> and the older FAT32<\/strong>; its installers carry the extension .exe<\/strong> or .msi<\/strong>; and its file names are not case-sensitive<\/strong>.<\/span>\u0938\u094d\u0935\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924, \u0906\u0932\u0947\u0916\u0940\u092f, \u090f\u0915\u0932-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093e \u092c\u0939\u0941-\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u0923<\/strong> \u092a\u094d\u0930\u091a\u093e\u0932\u0928 \u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930, \u091c\u094b \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0921\u0947\u0938\u094d\u0915\u091f\u0949\u092a\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u091a\u0932\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u092b\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0932-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 NTFS<\/strong> \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u0941\u0930\u093e\u0928\u0940 FAT32<\/strong> \u0939\u0948\u0902; \u0907\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u0915 .exe<\/strong> \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e .msi<\/strong> \u090f\u0915\u094d\u0938\u091f\u0947\u0902\u0936\u0928 \u0930\u0916\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902; \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0907\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092b\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0932-\u0928\u093e\u092e \u0905\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0930-\u092d\u0947\u0926 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0924\u0947<\/strong>\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n <div class=\"rung-eg\">Line of versions<\/span>\u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0930\u0923-\u0936\u0943\u0902\u0916\u0932\u093e<\/span><\/b>MS-DOS (a command line system, not Windows) \u2192 Windows 95 \u2192 98 \u2192 XP \u2192 Vista \u2192 7 \u2192 8 \u2192 10 \u2192 11.<\/span>MS-DOS (\u0915\u092e\u093e\u0902\u0921 \u0932\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940, \u0935\u093f\u0902\u0921\u094b\u091c\u093c \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902) \u2192 \u0935\u093f\u0902\u0921\u094b\u091c\u093c 95 \u2192 98 \u2192 XP \u2192 \u0935\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u093e \u2192 7 \u2192 8 \u2192 10 \u2192 11\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"rung\">\n <div class=\"rung-step\">3<\/span>Open<\/span>\u092e\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n <div>\n <h5>Linux<\/span>\u0932\u093f\u0928\u0915\u094d\u0938<\/span><\/h5>\n Strictly speaking Linux is a kernel<\/strong>, written by Linus Torvalds in 1991<\/strong> and released as free and open source software<\/strong>. Combined with system tools it forms a distribution<\/strong>. It is multi-user and multitasking, uses the ext4<\/strong> file system, has case-sensitive<\/strong> file names, and imposes no licence fee<\/strong> \u2014 the reason it is attractive for a school laboratory.<\/span>\u0915\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0932\u093f\u0928\u0915\u094d\u0938 \u090f\u0915 \u0915\u0930\u094d\u0928\u0947\u0932<\/strong> \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 1991 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0932\u093f\u0928\u0941\u0938 \u091f\u094b\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0932\u094d\u0921\u094d\u0938<\/strong> \u0928\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u0916\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u092e\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0913\u092a\u0928 \u0938\u094b\u0930\u094d\u0938 \u0938\u0949\u092b\u093c\u094d\u091f\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930<\/strong> \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091c\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0964 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940-\u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0915\u0930 \u092f\u0939 \u0935\u093f\u0924\u0930\u0923<\/strong> \u092c\u0928\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u092c\u0939\u0941-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092c\u0939\u0941-\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u0923 \u0939\u0948, ext4<\/strong> \u092b\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0932-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0907\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092b\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0932-\u0928\u093e\u092e \u0905\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0930-\u092d\u0947\u0926 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0924\u0947<\/strong> \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0907\u0938 \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u091c\u094d\u091e\u092a\u094d\u0924\u093f-\u0936\u0941\u0932\u094d\u0915 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902<\/strong> \u2014 \u0907\u0938\u0940\u0932\u093f\u090f \u092f\u0939 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0936\u093e\u0932\u093e \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0906\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n <div class=\"rung-eg\">Distributions, and the Indian one<\/span>\u0935\u093f\u0924\u0930\u0923, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0935\u093f\u0924\u0930\u0923<\/span><\/b>Ubuntu, Fedora, Debian, Red Hat, Linux Mint. The Indian distribution is BOSS \u2014 Bharat Operating System Solutions<\/strong>, developed by C-DAC<\/strong> with support for Indian languages, and there is an EduBOSS<\/strong> edition meant for schools.<\/span>\u0909\u092c\u0902\u091f\u0942, \u092b\u093c\u0947\u0921\u094b\u0930\u093e, \u0921\u0947\u092c\u093f\u092f\u0928, \u0930\u0947\u0921 \u0939\u0948\u091f, \u0932\u093f\u0928\u0915\u094d\u0938 \u092e\u093f\u0902\u091f\u0964 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0935\u093f\u0924\u0930\u0923 \u0939\u0948 BOSS \u2014 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u0911\u092a\u0930\u0947\u091f\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0938\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u092e \u0938\u0949\u0932\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0936\u0902\u0938<\/strong>, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 C-DAC<\/strong> \u0928\u0947 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0928 \u0938\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0938\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 EduBOSS<\/strong> \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u092d\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"rung\">\n <div class=\"rung-step\">4<\/span>Apple<\/span>\u090f\u092a\u094d\u092a\u0932<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n <div>\n <h5>macOS and iOS<\/span>\u092e\u0948\u0915\u0913\u090f\u0938 \u090f\u0935\u0902 iOS<\/span><\/h5>\n macOS<\/strong> is Apple's proprietary desktop operating system, built on a UNIX foundation<\/strong> and running only on Apple hardware; its installers use the extension .dmg<\/strong>. iOS<\/strong> is the corresponding mobile system for the iPhone and iPad, a closed system in which applications may be installed only from the App Store.<\/span>\u092e\u0948\u0915\u0913\u090f\u0938<\/strong> \u090f\u092a\u094d\u092a\u0932 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0935\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0921\u0947\u0938\u094d\u0915\u091f\u0949\u092a \u092a\u094d\u0930\u091a\u093e\u0932\u0928 \u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u094b \u092f\u0942\u0928\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0938 \u0915\u0940 \u0928\u0940\u0902\u0935<\/strong> \u092a\u0930 \u092c\u0928\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u090f\u092a\u094d\u092a\u0932 \u0939\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0921\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u091a\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948; \u0907\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u0915 .dmg<\/strong> \u090f\u0915\u094d\u0938\u091f\u0947\u0902\u0936\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 iOS<\/strong> \u0906\u0908\u092b\u093c\u094b\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0906\u0908\u092a\u0948\u0921 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0924\u0924\u094d\u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0940 \u092e\u094b\u092c\u093e\u0907\u0932 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u090f\u0915 \u092c\u0902\u0926 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0910\u092a \u0938\u094d\u091f\u094b\u0930 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u090f \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"rung\">\n <div class=\"rung-step\">5<\/span>Mobile<\/span>\u092e\u094b\u092c\u093e\u0907\u0932<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n <div>\n <h5>Android<\/span>\u090f\u0902\u0921\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0907\u0921<\/span><\/h5>\n Developed by Google<\/strong> and built on the Linux kernel<\/strong>, Android is the most widely used mobile operating system in India and therefore the platform on which DIKSHA, UMANG and most school applications actually reach a parent. Its application packages carry the extension .apk<\/strong> and are normally installed from the Google Play Store<\/strong>.<\/span>\u0917\u0942\u0917\u0932<\/strong> \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0938\u093f\u0924 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0932\u093f\u0928\u0915\u094d\u0938 \u0915\u0930\u094d\u0928\u0947\u0932<\/strong> \u092a\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0924, \u090f\u0902\u0921\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0907\u0921 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u092e\u094b\u092c\u093e\u0907\u0932 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u091a\u093e\u0932\u0928 \u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u0924\u0903 \u0935\u0939\u0940 \u092e\u0902\u091a \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938 \u092a\u0930 \u0926\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e, \u0909\u092e\u0902\u0917 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0902\u0936 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f\u0940 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924\u0903 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0915 \u0924\u0915 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917-\u092a\u0948\u0915\u0947\u091c .apk<\/strong> \u090f\u0915\u094d\u0938\u091f\u0947\u0902\u0936\u0928 \u0930\u0916\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0924\u0903 \u0917\u0942\u0917\u0932 \u092a\u094d\u0932\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u091f\u094b\u0930<\/strong> \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"exam-tip\">\n <div class=\"et-icon\">\ud83c\udfaf<\/div>\n <div class=\"et-body\">\n Four one-line facts the examiner uses.<\/strong> (1) MS-DOS is not Windows<\/strong> \u2014 it is a single-user, single-tasking command line system that preceded it. (2) Linux is a kernel, not a complete operating system<\/strong>; Ubuntu and Fedora are distributions built round it. (3) Android is built on the Linux kernel<\/strong>, which is why a question pairing \"Google\" with \"open source Linux base\" is answered by Android. (4) The Indian operating system is BOSS<\/strong>, from C-DAC \u2014 the same organisation that built PARAM in \u00a71.1.<\/span>\n \u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u091a\u093e\u0930 \u090f\u0915-\u092a\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0924\u0925\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/strong> (1) MS-DOS \u0935\u093f\u0902\u0921\u094b\u091c\u093c \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u0948<\/strong> \u2014 \u0935\u0939 \u0909\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u0915\u0940 \u090f\u0915\u0932-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093e, \u090f\u0915\u0932-\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u0923 \u0915\u092e\u093e\u0902\u0921 \u0932\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 (2) \u0932\u093f\u0928\u0915\u094d\u0938 \u0915\u0930\u094d\u0928\u0947\u0932 \u0939\u0948, \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u091a\u093e\u0932\u0928 \u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902<\/strong>; \u0909\u092c\u0902\u091f\u0942 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092b\u093c\u0947\u0921\u094b\u0930\u093e \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u091a\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0913\u0930 \u092c\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0924\u0930\u0923 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 (3) \u090f\u0902\u0921\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0907\u0921 \u0932\u093f\u0928\u0915\u094d\u0938 \u0915\u0930\u094d\u0928\u0947\u0932 \u092a\u0930 \u092c\u0928\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/strong>, \u0907\u0938\u0940\u0932\u093f\u090f \"\u0917\u0942\u0917\u0932\" \u090f\u0935\u0902 \"\u0913\u092a\u0928 \u0938\u094b\u0930\u094d\u0938 \u0932\u093f\u0928\u0915\u094d\u0938 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\" \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u090f\u0902\u0921\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0907\u0921 \u0939\u0948\u0964 (4) \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u091a\u093e\u0932\u0928 \u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 BOSS \u0939\u0948<\/strong>, C-DAC \u0915\u093e \u2014 \u0935\u0939\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0928\u0947 \u00a71.1 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0930\u092e \u092c\u0928\u093e\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/span>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"mcq-box\">\n <div class=\"mcq-title\">\n Practice<\/span>\u0905\u092d\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938<\/span><\/span>\n Questions on the operating system and its types<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u091a\u093e\u0932\u0928 \u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928<\/span><\/span>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"mcq-note\">Objective questions in the pattern of the examination. Click to reveal the answer and its explanation.<\/span>\u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u0930 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928\u0964 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0916\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u094d\u0932\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u0940\u091c\u093f\u090f\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <details class=\"mcq-q\">\n <summary>19<\/span>Which one of the following is not an operating system?<\/span><\/summary>\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\n <li>(a) Linux<\/li>\n <li>(b) Android<\/li>\n <li>(c) Oracle<\/li>\n <li>(d) Windows<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\">(c) Oracle<\/b> Oracle is a database management system, which is application software. The commonest distractors in this question are database packages such as Oracle and MySQL, and office packages such as MS Office.<\/span>\u0913\u0930\u0947\u0915\u0932 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e\u092c\u0947\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u094b \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0938\u0949\u092b\u093c\u094d\u091f\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0907\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u091a\u0932\u093f\u0924 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0913\u0930\u0947\u0915\u0932 \u090f\u0935\u0902 MySQL \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e\u092c\u0947\u0938 \u092a\u0948\u0915\u0947\u091c \u0924\u0925\u093e MS \u0911\u092b\u093c\u093f\u0938 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u092a\u0948\u0915\u0947\u091c \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span>\u00a72.3, \u00a71.11 B<\/span><\/div>\n <\/details>\n <details class=\"mcq-q\">\n <summary>20<\/span>The core part of an operating system, which has direct access to the hardware, is called the:<\/span><\/summary>\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\n <li>(a) Shell<\/li>\n <li>(b) Kernel<\/li>\n <li>(c) Compiler<\/li>\n <li>(d) Loader<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\">(b) Kernel<\/b> The kernel is the core and runs in privileged kernel mode. The shell is the outer layer that interprets user commands and passes them inward, and runs in unprivileged user mode.<\/span>\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0928\u0947\u0932 \u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930 \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u094d\u0928\u0947\u0932 \u092e\u094b\u0921 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091a\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0936\u0947\u0932 \u092c\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0940 \u092a\u0930\u0924 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0906\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0930 \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u092d\u0940\u0924\u0930 \u092d\u0947\u091c\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930-\u0930\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093e \u092e\u094b\u0921 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091a\u0932\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\u00a72.1 B<\/span><\/div>\n <\/details>\n <details class=\"mcq-q\">\n <summary>21<\/span>An operating system used in air-traffic control, where a response must be produced within a strictly fixed time, is a:<\/span><\/summary>\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\n <li>(a) Batch operating system<\/li>\n <li>(b) Time-sharing operating system<\/li>\n <li>(c) Real-time operating system<\/li>\n <li>(d) Distributed operating system<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\">(c) Real-time operating system<\/b> The defining feature of an RTOS is the guarantee of a response within a bounded time. Air-traffic control, missile guidance and life-support are hard real-time systems, in which a missed deadline counts as total failure.<\/span>RTOS \u0915\u093e \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u0915 \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u092e\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0917\u093e\u0930\u0902\u091f\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941-\u092f\u093e\u0924\u093e\u092f\u093e\u0924 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0923, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u092a\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930-\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u091c\u0940\u0935\u0928-\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0920\u094b\u0930 \u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0935\u093f\u0915-\u0915\u093e\u0932 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u091c\u093f\u0928\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u092e\u092f-\u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e \u091a\u0942\u0915\u0928\u093e \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0935\u093f\u092b\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0917\u093f\u0928\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\u00a72.2<\/span><\/div>\n <\/details>\n <details class=\"mcq-q\">\n <summary>22<\/span>SPOOL stands for:<\/span><\/summary>\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\n <li>(a) System Peripheral Operation On Line<\/li>\n <li>(b) Simultaneous Peripheral Operation On-Line<\/li>\n <li>(c) Sequential Program Operation On Line<\/li>\n <li>(d) Shared Processing Of Output Load<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\">(b) Simultaneous Peripheral Operation On-Line<\/b> Spooling places print jobs in a queue on the disk so that the processor is freed at once. It uses the disk and handles whole jobs, whereas buffering uses memory and handles a continuous stream of data.<\/span>\u0938\u094d\u092a\u0942\u0932\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0923-\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0921\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0915 \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0930\u0916\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0938\u0947\u0938\u0930 \u0924\u0924\u094d\u0915\u093e\u0932 \u092e\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u090f\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0921\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0938\u0902\u092d\u093e\u0932\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u092c\u0915\u093f \u092c\u092b\u093c\u0930\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0938\u094d\u092e\u0943\u0924\u093f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0924\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0939 \u0938\u0902\u092d\u093e\u0932\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\u00a72.1 C<\/span><\/div>\n <\/details>\n <\/div>\n\n <hr class=\"section-divider\">\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d2-4\">\n 2.4<\/span>\n <h3>The Desktop and Its Elements<\/span>\u0921\u0947\u0938\u094d\u0915\u091f\u0949\u092a \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0924\u0924\u094d\u0935<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n \n The desktop<\/strong> is the working screen presented once the operating system has loaded and a user has logged in. Its elements have exact names, and questions in this item frequently ask for one of them by description.<\/span>\n \u0921\u0947\u0938\u094d\u0915\u091f\u0949\u092a<\/strong> \u0935\u0939 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u092a\u0930\u094d\u0926\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u091a\u093e\u0932\u0928 \u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0932\u094b\u0921 \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u0949\u0917-\u0907\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0924\u0924\u094d\u0935\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u0936\u094d\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0928\u093e\u092e \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0914\u0930 \u0907\u0938 \u092e\u0926 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092f\u0903 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u090f\u0915 \u0915\u094b \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0923\u0928 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u092a\u0942\u091b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span>\n <\/p>\n\n <div class=\"feat-grid\">\n <div class=\"feat-card\">1<\/span>Wallpaper and icons<\/span>\u0935\u0949\u0932\u092a\u0947\u092a\u0930 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0906\u0907\u0915\u0928<\/span><\/strong>The wallpaper<\/strong> is the background image. An icon<\/strong> is a small picture standing for a file, folder or program. A shortcut<\/strong> is an icon that merely points<\/em> to an item stored elsewhere, and is marked by a small arrow; deleting a shortcut does not delete the item.<\/span>\u0935\u0949\u0932\u092a\u0947\u092a\u0930<\/strong> \u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920\u092d\u0942\u092e\u093f \u0915\u093e \u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0906\u0907\u0915\u0928<\/strong> \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092b\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0932, \u092b\u093c\u094b\u0932\u094d\u0921\u0930 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e \u0915\u093e \u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0924\u0915 \u091b\u094b\u091f\u093e \u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0936\u0949\u0930\u094d\u091f\u0915\u091f<\/strong> \u0910\u0938\u093e \u0906\u0907\u0915\u0928 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u092e\u0926 \u0915\u0940 \u0913\u0930 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0947\u0924<\/em> \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u091b\u094b\u091f\u0947 \u0924\u0940\u0930 \u0938\u0947 \u091a\u093f\u0939\u094d\u0928\u093f\u0924 \u0930\u0939\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948; \u0936\u0949\u0930\u094d\u091f\u0915\u091f \u092e\u093f\u091f\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u092e\u0926 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u092e\u093f\u091f\u0924\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"feat-card\">2<\/span>Taskbar<\/span>\u091f\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0915\u092c\u093e\u0930<\/span><\/strong>The bar along the edge of the screen carrying the Start button<\/strong>, buttons for the open windows, pinned programs, and at the far end the notification area or system tray<\/strong> with the clock, network and volume icons.<\/span>\u092a\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093f\u0928\u093e\u0930\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u091f\u094d\u091f\u0940 \u091c\u093f\u0938 \u092a\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u091f\u093e\u0930\u094d\u091f \u092c\u091f\u0928<\/strong>, \u0916\u0941\u0932\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0902\u0921\u094b\u091c\u093c \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u091f\u0928, \u092a\u093f\u0928 \u0915\u093f\u090f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u0947 \u0938\u093f\u0930\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u0918\u0921\u093c\u0940, \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0927\u094d\u0935\u0928\u093f \u0906\u0907\u0915\u0928 \u0938\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0938\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u092e \u091f\u094d\u0930\u0947<\/strong> \u0930\u0939\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"feat-card\">3<\/span>Start menu<\/span>\u0938\u094d\u091f\u093e\u0930\u094d\u091f \u092e\u0947\u0928\u0942<\/span><\/strong>The central launcher listing installed programs, recent documents, the search box, the settings and the power options including shut down, restart and sign out<\/strong>.<\/span>\u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0915 \u091c\u094b \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e\u094b\u0902, \u0939\u093e\u0932 \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0947\u091c\u093c\u094b\u0902, \u0916\u094b\u091c-\u092a\u0947\u091f\u0940, \u0938\u0947\u091f\u093f\u0902\u0917\u094d\u0938 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092c\u0902\u0926 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902, \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0903\u0906\u0930\u0902\u092d \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u0906\u0909\u091f<\/strong> \u0938\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924-\u0935\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0940\u092c\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"feat-card\">4<\/span>Recycle Bin<\/span>\u0930\u0940\u0938\u093e\u092f\u0915\u0932 \u092c\u093f\u0928<\/span><\/strong>Holds deleted files so that they can be restored<\/strong>. Files are removed permanently only when the bin is emptied, and <kbd>Shift<\/kbd> + <kbd>Delete<\/kbd> bypasses it altogether<\/strong>. Items deleted from a pen drive or a network drive do not go to it at all.<\/span>\u092e\u093f\u091f\u093e\u0908 \u0917\u0908 \u092b\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0932\u0947\u0902 \u0930\u0916\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0924\u093e\u0915\u093f \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u094d\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u093f\u0924<\/strong> \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0947\u0964 \u092b\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0932\u0947\u0902 \u0924\u092d\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092f\u0940 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0939\u091f\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u091c\u092c \u092c\u093f\u0928 \u0916\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u090f, \u0924\u0925\u093e <kbd>Shift<\/kbd> + <kbd>Delete<\/kbd> \u0907\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u0940 \u0924\u0930\u0939 \u091b\u094b\u0921\u093c \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/strong>\u0964 \u092a\u0947\u0928 \u0921\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0907\u0935 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0921\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0907\u0935 \u0938\u0947 \u092e\u093f\u091f\u093e\u090f \u092e\u0926 \u0907\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0906\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"feat-card\">5<\/span>File Explorer and This PC<\/span>\u092b\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0932 \u090f\u0915\u094d\u0938\u092a\u094d\u0932\u094b\u0930\u0930 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0926\u093f\u0938 PC<\/span><\/strong>The program through which drives, folders and files are browsed, opened, copied and searched. Opened by <kbd>Win<\/kbd> + <kbd>E<\/kbd>.<\/span>\u0935\u0939 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0921\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0907\u0935, \u092b\u093c\u094b\u0932\u094d\u0921\u0930 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092b\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0932\u0947\u0902 \u0926\u0947\u0916\u0940, \u0916\u094b\u0932\u0940, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0932\u093f\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0916\u094b\u091c\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 <kbd>Win<\/kbd> + <kbd>E<\/kbd> \u0938\u0947 \u0916\u0941\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"feat-card\">6<\/span>Control Panel and Settings<\/span>\u0915\u0902\u091f\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0932 \u092a\u0948\u0928\u0932 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0947\u091f\u093f\u0902\u0917\u094d\u0938<\/span><\/strong>Where the system is configured \u2014 display, sound, network, printers, date and time, user accounts, ease of access, and the list from which programs are uninstalled<\/strong>.<\/span>\u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0938\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936, \u0927\u094d\u0935\u0928\u093f, \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915, \u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0915, \u0926\u093f\u0928\u093e\u0902\u0915 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u092e\u092f, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0916\u093e\u0924\u0947, \u0938\u0941\u0917\u092e\u094d\u092f\u0924\u093e, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0935\u0939 \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0940 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e \u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0915\u093e\u0938\u093f\u0924<\/strong> \u0915\u093f\u090f \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <h4>A. The parts of a window<\/span>\u0915. \u0935\u093f\u0902\u0921\u094b \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0902\u0917<\/span><\/h4>\n\n <svg class=\"full-diagram\" viewBox=\"0 0 746 300\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Labelled parts of a window\">\n <rect x=\"120\" y=\"34\" width=\"460\" height=\"238\" rx=\"8\" fill=\"#ffffff\" stroke=\"#14243f\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\n <rect x=\"120\" y=\"34\" width=\"460\" height=\"28\" rx=\"8\" fill=\"#14243f\"\/>\n <rect x=\"120\" y=\"52\" width=\"460\" height=\"10\" fill=\"#14243f\"\/>\n <text x=\"136\" y=\"53\" font-size=\"11\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Result.xlsx \u2014 Spreadsheet<\/text>\n <rect x=\"500\" y=\"42\" width=\"16\" height=\"12\" rx=\"2\" fill=\"#7fc4e8\"\/>\n <rect x=\"522\" y=\"42\" width=\"16\" height=\"12\" rx=\"2\" fill=\"#e6bf45\"\/>\n <rect x=\"544\" y=\"42\" width=\"16\" height=\"12\" rx=\"2\" fill=\"#c0392b\"\/>\n <rect x=\"120\" y=\"62\" width=\"460\" height=\"22\" fill=\"#f3f6fb\" stroke=\"#e1e8f0\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/>\n <text x=\"132\" y=\"77\" font-size=\"9.5\" fill=\"#14243f\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">File Home Insert Layout Data Review View<\/text>\n <rect x=\"120\" y=\"84\" width=\"460\" height=\"30\" fill=\"#eef4fc\" stroke=\"#e1e8f0\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/>\n <rect x=\"132\" y=\"92\" width=\"26\" height=\"14\" rx=\"3\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\"\/><rect x=\"164\" y=\"92\" width=\"26\" height=\"14\" rx=\"3\" fill=\"#2f92d1\"\/><rect x=\"196\" y=\"92\" width=\"26\" height=\"14\" rx=\"3\" fill=\"#0d8f79\"\/><rect x=\"228\" y=\"92\" width=\"26\" height=\"14\" rx=\"3\" fill=\"#c9760f\"\/>\n <rect x=\"120\" y=\"114\" width=\"446\" height=\"126\" fill=\"#fdfefe\"\/>\n <line x1=\"120\" y1=\"140\" x2=\"566\" y2=\"140\" stroke=\"#e1e8f0\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/><line x1=\"120\" y1=\"166\" x2=\"566\" y2=\"166\" stroke=\"#e1e8f0\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/><line x1=\"120\" y1=\"192\" x2=\"566\" y2=\"192\" stroke=\"#e1e8f0\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/><line x1=\"120\" y1=\"218\" x2=\"566\" y2=\"218\" stroke=\"#e1e8f0\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/>\n <rect x=\"566\" y=\"114\" width=\"14\" height=\"126\" fill=\"#f3f6fb\" stroke=\"#e1e8f0\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/>\n <rect x=\"568\" y=\"120\" width=\"10\" height=\"44\" rx=\"5\" fill=\"#a8c4e4\"\/>\n <rect x=\"120\" y=\"240\" width=\"460\" height=\"32\" fill=\"#f3f6fb\" stroke=\"#e1e8f0\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/>\n <text x=\"132\" y=\"260\" font-size=\"9.5\" fill=\"#5a6d80\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Ready \u00b7 Sheet 1 of 3 \u00b7 100%<\/text>\n\n <defs>\n <marker id=\"lb\" markerWidth=\"8\" markerHeight=\"8\" refX=\"7\" refY=\"2.8\" orient=\"auto\">\n <path d=\"M0,0 L0,5.6 L7,2.8 z\" fill=\"#8e2f5a\"\/>\n <\/marker>\n <\/defs>\n <g stroke=\"#8e2f5a\" stroke-width=\"1.4\" fill=\"none\">\n <line x1=\"60\" y1=\"48\" x2=\"116\" y2=\"48\" marker-end=\"url(#lb)\"\/>\n <line x1=\"60\" y1=\"73\" x2=\"116\" y2=\"73\" marker-end=\"url(#lb)\"\/>\n <line x1=\"60\" y1=\"99\" x2=\"116\" y2=\"99\" marker-end=\"url(#lb)\"\/>\n <line x1=\"60\" y1=\"256\" x2=\"116\" y2=\"256\" marker-end=\"url(#lb)\"\/>\n <line x1=\"648\" y1=\"48\" x2=\"566\" y2=\"48\" marker-end=\"url(#lb)\"\/>\n <line x1=\"648\" y1=\"150\" x2=\"584\" y2=\"150\" marker-end=\"url(#lb)\"\/>\n <\/g>\n <g font-size=\"9.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#8e2f5a\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">\n <text x=\"2\" y=\"51\">Title bar<\/text>\n <text x=\"2\" y=\"76\">Menu bar<\/text>\n <text x=\"2\" y=\"102\">Ribbon \/ toolbar<\/text>\n <text x=\"2\" y=\"259\">Status bar<\/text>\n <text x=\"652\" y=\"51\">Min \u00b7 Max \u00b7 Close<\/text>\n <text x=\"652\" y=\"153\">Scroll bar<\/text>\n <\/g>\n <\/svg>\n The named parts of a window. The three buttons at the top right are minimize, maximize or restore, and close.<\/span>\u0935\u093f\u0902\u0921\u094b \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0905\u0902\u0917\u0964 \u090a\u092a\u0930 \u0926\u093e\u0939\u093f\u0928\u0940 \u0913\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0924\u0940\u0928 \u092c\u091f\u0928 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0928\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0928\u0924\u092e \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902, \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u0924\u092e \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u094d\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092c\u0902\u0926 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n\n <div class=\"callout\">\n <div class=\"callout-label\">\ud83d\udde8\ufe0f Elements of a dialog box<\/span>\ud83d\udde8\ufe0f \u0938\u0902\u0935\u093e\u0926-\u092a\u0947\u091f\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0924\u0924\u094d\u0935<\/span><\/div>\n A dialog box<\/strong> is a small window that asks for information before an action can proceed \u2014 the Print box or the Save As box, for instance. Its controls have exact names: a text box<\/strong> for typing; a check box<\/strong>, square, of which several may be ticked together<\/strong>; a radio button<\/strong>, round, of which only one in a group may be chosen<\/strong>; a drop-down or combo box<\/strong> revealing a list; a spin box<\/strong> with small up and down arrows; a slider<\/strong>; tabs<\/strong> that divide the box into pages; and command buttons<\/strong> such as OK, Cancel and Apply.<\/span>\n \u0938\u0902\u0935\u093e\u0926-\u092a\u0947\u091f\u0940<\/strong> \u0935\u0939 \u091b\u094b\u091f\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0902\u0921\u094b \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0906\u0917\u0947 \u092c\u0922\u093c\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e \u092e\u093e\u0901\u0917\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0902\u091f \u092a\u0947\u091f\u0940 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0938\u0947\u0935 \u0910\u091c\u093c \u092a\u0947\u091f\u0940\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u0936\u094d\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0928\u093e\u092e \u0939\u0948\u0902: \u091f\u0902\u0915\u0923 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u091f\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0938\u094d\u091f \u092c\u0949\u0915\u094d\u0938<\/strong>; \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0917\u093e\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u091a\u0947\u0915 \u092c\u0949\u0915\u094d\u0938<\/strong>, \u091c\u093f\u0928\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0905\u0928\u0947\u0915 \u091a\u093f\u0939\u094d\u0928\u093f\u0924<\/strong> \u0915\u093f\u090f \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902; \u0917\u094b\u0932 \u0930\u0947\u0921\u093f\u092f\u094b \u092c\u091f\u0928<\/strong>, \u091c\u093f\u0928\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u092e\u0942\u0939 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u090f\u0915 \u091a\u0941\u0928\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/strong>; \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0940 \u0926\u093f\u0916\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e \u0921\u094d\u0930\u0949\u092a-\u0921\u093e\u0909\u0928 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0915\u0949\u092e\u094d\u092c\u094b \u092c\u0949\u0915\u094d\u0938<\/strong>; \u091b\u094b\u091f\u0947 \u090a\u092a\u0930-\u0928\u0940\u091a\u0947 \u0924\u0940\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e \u0938\u094d\u092a\u093f\u0928 \u092c\u0949\u0915\u094d\u0938<\/strong>; \u0938\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0921\u0930<\/strong>; \u092a\u0947\u091f\u0940 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u093e\u0901\u091f\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u091f\u0948\u092c<\/strong>; \u0924\u0925\u093e OK, Cancel \u090f\u0935\u0902 Apply \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u092e\u093e\u0902\u0921 \u092c\u091f\u0928<\/strong>\u0964<\/span>\n <\/div>\n <hr class=\"section-divider\">\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d2-5\">\n 2.5<\/span>\n <h3>File and Folder Management<\/span>\u092b\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0932 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092b\u093c\u094b\u0932\u094d\u0921\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0928<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"callout\">\n <div class=\"callout-label\">\ud83d\udcd8 The two basic objects<\/span>\ud83d\udcd8 \u0926\u094b \u092e\u0942\u0932 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u090f\u0901<\/span><\/div>\n A file<\/strong> is a named collection of related data stored on a secondary storage device, and it is the smallest unit of storage the user deals with directly<\/strong>. A folder<\/strong>, also called a directory<\/strong>, is a container that holds files and other folders. A folder inside another folder is a subfolder<\/strong>, and the topmost folder of a drive is its root directory<\/strong>.<\/span>\n \u092b\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0932<\/strong> \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0924\u0940\u092f\u0915 \u092d\u0902\u0921\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u092a\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u0902\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939 \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0935\u0939\u0940 \u092d\u0902\u0921\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0940 \u0935\u0939 \u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u091b\u094b\u091f\u0940 \u0907\u0915\u093e\u0908 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0938\u0940\u0927\u0947 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/strong>\u0964 \u092b\u093c\u094b\u0932\u094d\u0921\u0930<\/strong>, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e<\/strong> \u092d\u0940 \u0915\u0939\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0935\u0939 \u092a\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092b\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0932\u0947\u0902 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f \u092b\u093c\u094b\u0932\u094d\u0921\u0930 \u0930\u0939\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092b\u093c\u094b\u0932\u094d\u0921\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u092d\u0940\u0924\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u092b\u093c\u094b\u0932\u094d\u0921\u0930 \u0909\u092a-\u092b\u093c\u094b\u0932\u094d\u0921\u0930<\/strong> \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0921\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0907\u0935 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u094b\u091a\u094d\u091a \u092b\u093c\u094b\u0932\u094d\u0921\u0930 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u092e\u0942\u0932 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e<\/strong> \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\n <\/div>\n\n <h4>A. The tree structure and the path<\/span>\u0915. \u0935\u0943\u0915\u094d\u0937-\u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u0925<\/span><\/h4>\n\n <svg class=\"full-diagram\" viewBox=\"0 0 700 268\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Hierarchical folder tree with an example path\">\n <rect x=\"278\" y=\"14\" width=\"144\" height=\"30\" rx=\"6\" fill=\"#14243f\"\/>\n <text x=\"350\" y=\"34\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"12\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"JetBrains Mono, monospace\">C:\\ (root)<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"52\" y=\"82\" width=\"140\" height=\"28\" rx=\"6\" fill=\"#eef4fc\" stroke=\"#1f5fa9\" stroke-width=\"1.8\"\/>\n <text x=\"122\" y=\"101\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"11\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#14243f\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Program Files<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"230\" y=\"82\" width=\"140\" height=\"28\" rx=\"6\" fill=\"#eefbf7\" stroke=\"#0d8f79\" stroke-width=\"1.8\"\/>\n <text x=\"300\" y=\"101\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"11\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#14243f\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">School<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"408\" y=\"82\" width=\"140\" height=\"28\" rx=\"6\" fill=\"#eef4fc\" stroke=\"#1f5fa9\" stroke-width=\"1.8\"\/>\n <text x=\"478\" y=\"101\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"11\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#14243f\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Users<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"586\" y=\"82\" width=\"96\" height=\"28\" rx=\"6\" fill=\"#eef4fc\" stroke=\"#1f5fa9\" stroke-width=\"1.8\"\/>\n <text x=\"634\" y=\"101\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"11\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#14243f\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Windows<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"164\" y=\"146\" width=\"128\" height=\"28\" rx=\"6\" fill=\"#fffbf0\" stroke=\"#c9760f\" stroke-width=\"1.8\"\/>\n <text x=\"228\" y=\"165\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"11\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#14243f\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Admission<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"308\" y=\"146\" width=\"128\" height=\"28\" rx=\"6\" fill=\"#fffbf0\" stroke=\"#c9760f\" stroke-width=\"1.8\"\/>\n <text x=\"372\" y=\"165\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"11\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#14243f\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Results<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"452\" y=\"146\" width=\"128\" height=\"28\" rx=\"6\" fill=\"#fffbf0\" stroke=\"#c9760f\" stroke-width=\"1.8\"\/>\n <text x=\"516\" y=\"165\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"11\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#14243f\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Staff<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"288\" y=\"208\" width=\"168\" height=\"28\" rx=\"6\" fill=\"#fdf0f5\" stroke=\"#8e2f5a\" stroke-width=\"1.8\"\/>\n <text x=\"372\" y=\"227\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"11\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#14243f\" font-family=\"JetBrains Mono, monospace\">ClassX-2026.xlsx<\/text>\n\n <g stroke=\"#5a6d80\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" fill=\"none\">\n <path d=\"M350 44 L350 62 L122 62 L122 78\"\/>\n <path d=\"M350 44 L350 78\"\/>\n <path d=\"M350 44 L350 62 L478 62 L478 78\"\/>\n <path d=\"M350 44 L350 62 L634 62 L634 78\"\/>\n <path d=\"M300 110 L300 128 L228 128 L228 142\"\/>\n <path d=\"M300 110 L300 128 L372 128 L372 142\"\/>\n <path d=\"M300 110 L300 128 L516 128 L516 142\"\/>\n <path d=\"M372 174 L372 204\"\/>\n <\/g>\n\n <rect x=\"24\" y=\"208\" width=\"238\" height=\"44\" rx=\"7\" fill=\"#f3f6fb\" stroke=\"#14243f\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-dasharray=\"4 3\"\/>\n <text x=\"36\" y=\"225\" font-size=\"9\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#5a6d80\" letter-spacing=\"1\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">ABSOLUTE PATH OF THE FILE<\/text>\n <text x=\"36\" y=\"242\" font-size=\"9.5\" fill=\"#14243f\" font-family=\"JetBrains Mono, monospace\">C:\\School\\Results\\ClassX-2026.xlsx<\/text>\n <\/svg>\n Files and folders form a tree descending from the root directory of a drive.<\/span>\u092b\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0932\u0947\u0902 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092b\u093c\u094b\u0932\u094d\u0921\u0930 \u0921\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0907\u0935 \u0915\u0940 \u092e\u0942\u0932 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u0909\u0924\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0941\u0906 \u0935\u0943\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n\n <div class=\"vs-compare\">\n <div class=\"vs-side left\">\n Path 1<\/span>\u092a\u0925 1<\/span><\/span>\n <h5>Absolute path<\/span>\u0928\u093f\u0930\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u092a\u0925<\/span><\/h5>\n <ul>\n <li>States the location from the root of the drive downward<\/strong>, and is therefore complete and unambiguous.<\/span>\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928 \u0921\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0907\u0935 \u0915\u0940 \u091c\u0921\u093c \u0938\u0947 \u0928\u0940\u091a\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0913\u0930<\/strong> \u092c\u0924\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0905\u0924\u0903 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0905\u0938\u0902\u0926\u093f\u0917\u094d\u0927 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n <li>Always begins with a drive letter or a slash: <code>C:\\School\\Results\\ClassX-2026.xlsx<\/code><\/span>\u0938\u0926\u0948\u0935 \u0921\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0907\u0935-\u0905\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0930 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0932\u0948\u0936 \u0938\u0947 \u0906\u0930\u0902\u092d \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948: <code>C:\\School\\Results\\ClassX-2026.xlsx<\/code><\/span><\/li>\n <li>Windows uses the backslash<\/strong> as separator; Linux and web addresses use the forward slash<\/strong>.<\/span>\u0935\u093f\u0902\u0921\u094b\u091c\u093c \u092a\u0943\u0925\u0915\u094d\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0948\u0915\u0938\u094d\u0932\u0948\u0936<\/strong> \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948; \u0932\u093f\u0928\u0915\u094d\u0938 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0935\u0947\u092c \u092a\u0924\u0947 \u092b\u093c\u0949\u0930\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0921 \u0938\u094d\u0932\u0948\u0936<\/strong>\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"vs-mid\">VS<\/div>\n <div class=\"vs-side right\">\n Path 2<\/span>\u092a\u0925 2<\/span><\/span>\n <h5>Relative path<\/span>\u0938\u093e\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u092a\u0925<\/span><\/h5>\n <ul>\n <li>States the location relative to the folder currently open<\/strong>, so it is shorter but meaningless on its own.<\/span>\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0916\u0941\u0932\u0947 \u092b\u093c\u094b\u0932\u094d\u0921\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937<\/strong> \u092c\u0924\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0905\u0924\u0903 \u091b\u094b\u091f\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0941 \u0905\u0915\u0947\u0932\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0915\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n <li>From inside the School folder the same file is simply <code>Results\\ClassX-2026.xlsx<\/code><\/span>\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0942\u0932 \u092b\u093c\u094b\u0932\u094d\u0921\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u092d\u0940\u0924\u0930 \u0938\u0947 \u0935\u0939\u0940 \u092b\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0932 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 <code>Results\\ClassX-2026.xlsx<\/code> \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n <li>Two dots, <code>..<\/code>, mean the folder one level up<\/strong>.<\/span>\u0926\u094b \u092c\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0941, <code>..<\/code>, \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u0939\u0948 \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u090a\u092a\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u092b\u093c\u094b\u0932\u094d\u0921\u0930<\/strong>\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <h4>B. Operations on files and folders<\/span>\u0916. \u092b\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0932\u094b\u0902 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092b\u093c\u094b\u0932\u094d\u0921\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u090f\u0901<\/span><\/h4>\n\n <table class=\"data-table\">\n <thead>\n <tr>\n <th>Operation<\/span>\u0938\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e<\/span><\/th>\n <th>What it does<\/span>\u092f\u0939 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/th>\n <th class=\"narrow\">Shortcut<\/span>\u0936\u0949\u0930\u094d\u091f\u0915\u091f<\/span><\/th>\n <\/tr>\n <\/thead>\n <tbody>\n <tr><td>Save and Save As<\/span>\u0938\u0902\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0907\u0938 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>Save<\/strong> writes changes back to the existing file. Save As<\/strong> creates a new file<\/strong> under a different name, location or format, leaving the original untouched \u2014 the safe way to keep a previous version.<\/span>\u0938\u0902\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902<\/strong> \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092b\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0932 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0932\u093f\u0916 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0907\u0938 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902<\/strong> \u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0928\u093e\u092e, \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u0908 \u092b\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0932<\/strong> \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u092e\u0942\u0932 \u0915\u094b \u0905\u091b\u0942\u0924\u093e \u091b\u094b\u0921\u093c \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u092a\u093f\u091b\u0932\u093e \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0930\u0916\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0930\u0940\u0924\u093f\u0964<\/span><\/td><td class=\"narrow\"><kbd>Ctrl<\/kbd>+<kbd>S<\/kbd> \/ <kbd>F12<\/kbd><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>Copy and Paste<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0932\u093f\u092a\u093f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u091a\u093f\u092a\u0915\u093e\u090f\u0901<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>Places a duplicate on the clipboard<\/strong> and inserts it elsewhere. The original remains<\/strong> in place, so two copies now exist.<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u0942\u092a \u0915\u094d\u0932\u093f\u092a\u092c\u094b\u0930\u094d\u0921<\/strong> \u092a\u0930 \u0930\u0916\u0915\u0930 \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0921\u093e\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092e\u0942\u0932 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u0930 \u092c\u0928\u093e \u0930\u0939\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/strong>, \u0905\u0924\u0903 \u0905\u092c \u0926\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/td><td class=\"narrow\"><kbd>Ctrl<\/kbd>+<kbd>C<\/kbd>, <kbd>Ctrl<\/kbd>+<kbd>V<\/kbd><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>Cut and Paste (Move)<\/span>\u0915\u093e\u091f\u0947\u0902 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u091a\u093f\u092a\u0915\u093e\u090f\u0901 (\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930\u0923)<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>Moves the item: the original is removed<\/strong> from its old location once pasted, so only one copy exists throughout.<\/span>\u092e\u0926 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948: \u091a\u093f\u092a\u0915\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0940 \u092e\u0942\u0932 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0941\u0930\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928 \u0938\u0947 \u0939\u091f \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/strong>, \u0905\u0924\u0903 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u092f \u090f\u0915 \u0939\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f \u0930\u0939\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><td class=\"narrow\"><kbd>Ctrl<\/kbd>+<kbd>X<\/kbd>, <kbd>Ctrl<\/kbd>+<kbd>V<\/kbd><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>Rename<\/span>\u0928\u093e\u092e \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0947\u0902<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>Changes the name without changing the contents. Changing the extension<\/strong> while renaming does not convert the file and usually makes it unopenable.<\/span>\u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0947 \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0928\u093e\u092e \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0928\u093e\u092e \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0924\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u092f \u090f\u0915\u094d\u0938\u091f\u0947\u0902\u0936\u0928<\/strong> \u092c\u0926\u0932 \u0926\u0947\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u092b\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0932 \u0930\u0942\u092a\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092f\u0903 \u0916\u0941\u0932\u0928\u0940 \u092c\u0902\u0926 \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><td class=\"narrow\"><kbd>F2<\/kbd><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>Delete and Restore<\/span>\u092e\u093f\u091f\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u094d\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>Ordinary deletion sends the item to the Recycle Bin<\/strong>, from which it can be restored. <kbd>Shift<\/kbd>+<kbd>Delete<\/kbd> deletes permanently<\/strong>.<\/span>\u0938\u093e\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0935\u093f\u0932\u094b\u092a\u0928 \u092e\u0926 \u0915\u094b \u0930\u0940\u0938\u093e\u092f\u0915\u0932 \u092c\u093f\u0928<\/strong> \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092d\u0947\u091c\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0938\u0947 \u0935\u0939 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u094d\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 <kbd>Shift<\/kbd>+<kbd>Delete<\/kbd> \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092f\u0940 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947<\/strong> \u092e\u093f\u091f\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><td class=\"narrow\"><kbd>Del<\/kbd><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>New folder<\/span>\u0928\u092f\u093e \u092b\u093c\u094b\u0932\u094d\u0921\u0930<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>Creates an empty container in the current location.<\/span>\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u0930 \u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u092a\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><td class=\"narrow\"><kbd>Ctrl<\/kbd>+<kbd>Shift<\/kbd>+<kbd>N<\/kbd><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>Search<\/span>\u0916\u094b\u091c\u0947\u0902<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>Finds files by name, type or date. Wildcards<\/strong> help: <code>*<\/code> stands for any number of characters<\/strong> and <code>?<\/code> for exactly one<\/strong>. So <code>*.xlsx<\/code> finds every spreadsheet and <code>Class?.docx<\/code> finds Class9 and ClassX but not Class10.<\/span>\u0928\u093e\u092e, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0926\u093f\u0928\u093e\u0902\u0915 \u0938\u0947 \u092b\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0932\u0947\u0902 \u0916\u094b\u091c\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0935\u093e\u0907\u0932\u094d\u0921\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0921<\/strong> \u0938\u0939\u093e\u092f\u0915 \u0939\u0948\u0902: <code>*<\/code> \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092d\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0930\u094b\u0902<\/strong> \u0915\u093e \u0924\u0925\u093e <code>?<\/code> \u0920\u0940\u0915 \u090f\u0915<\/strong> \u0915\u093e \u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0924\u0915 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0905\u0924\u0903 <code>*.xlsx<\/code> \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0921\u0936\u0940\u091f \u0916\u094b\u091c\u0947\u0917\u093e \u0924\u0925\u093e <code>Class?.docx<\/code> Class9 \u090f\u0935\u0902 ClassX \u0916\u094b\u091c\u0947\u0917\u093e, Class10 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/td><td class=\"narrow\"><kbd>Ctrl<\/kbd>+<kbd>F<\/kbd><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>Compress<\/span>\u0938\u0902\u092a\u0940\u0921\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>Combines files into a single smaller archive \u2014 .zip, .rar, .7z<\/strong>. This is lossless<\/strong>: extraction restores the originals exactly. Useful when an email attachment exceeds the size limit.<\/span>\u092b\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0932\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u090f\u0915 \u091b\u094b\u091f\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u2014 .zip, .rar, .7z<\/strong>\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0905\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0924\u093f\u0915\u0930<\/strong> \u0939\u0948: \u0928\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0932\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u092e\u0942\u0932 \u091c\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902-\u0915\u0947-\u0924\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0932\u094c\u091f \u0906\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0924\u092c \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0940 \u091c\u092c \u0908\u092e\u0947\u0932 \u0938\u0902\u0932\u0917\u094d\u0928\u0915 \u0906\u0915\u093e\u0930-\u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e \u092a\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0930 \u091c\u093e\u090f\u0964<\/span><\/td><td class=\"narrow\">\u2014<\/td><\/tr>\n <\/tbody>\n <\/table>\n\n <h4>C. Naming rules, attributes and permissions<\/span>\u0917. \u0928\u093e\u092e\u0915\u0930\u0923-\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e, \u0917\u0941\u0923 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092e\u0924\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901<\/span><\/h4>\n\n <div class=\"pc-grid\">\n <div class=\"pc-panel neu\">\n <div class=\"pc-head\">\u25b8<\/span>Rules for naming a file in Windows<\/span>\u0935\u093f\u0902\u0921\u094b\u091c\u093c \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092b\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0932-\u0928\u093e\u092e\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n <ul>\n <li>A name may be up to 255 characters<\/strong> long, and the full path up to about 260<\/span>\u0928\u093e\u092e 255 \u0905\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0930<\/strong> \u0924\u0915 \u0932\u0902\u092c\u093e \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u092a\u0925 \u0932\u0917\u092d\u0917 260 \u0924\u0915<\/span><\/li>\n <li>Nine characters are forbidden<\/strong>: <code>\\ \/ : * ? \" < > |<\/code><\/span>\u0928\u094c \u0905\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0930 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093f\u0924<\/strong> \u0939\u0948\u0902: <code>\\ \/ : * ? \" < > |<\/code><\/span><\/li>\n <li>Two files cannot share a name in the same folder<\/strong>, though they may in different folders<\/span>\u090f\u0915 \u0939\u0940 \u092b\u093c\u094b\u0932\u094d\u0921\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0926\u094b \u092b\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0932\u0947\u0902 \u090f\u0915 \u0928\u093e\u092e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0930\u0916 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940\u0902<\/strong>, \u092f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u092a\u093f \u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u092b\u093c\u094b\u0932\u094d\u0921\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0930\u0916 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902<\/span><\/li>\n <li>Windows treats Result<\/em> and result<\/em> as the same name<\/strong>; Linux treats them as different<\/strong>, which matters when files move between the two<\/span>\u0935\u093f\u0902\u0921\u094b\u091c\u093c Result<\/em> \u090f\u0935\u0902 result<\/em> \u0915\u094b \u090f\u0915 \u0939\u0940 \u0928\u093e\u092e<\/strong> \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948; \u0932\u093f\u0928\u0915\u094d\u0938 \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/strong>, \u091c\u094b \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u092b\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0932\u0947\u0902 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"pc-panel pro\">\n <div class=\"pc-head\">\u2713<\/span>A naming convention worth adopting for school records<\/span>\u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f\u0940 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0932\u0947\u0916\u094b\u0902 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u092f\u094b\u0917\u094d\u092f \u0928\u093e\u092e\u0915\u0930\u0923-\u092a\u0930\u093f\u092a\u093e\u091f\u0940<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n <ul>\n <li>Put the date first in year-month-day order<\/strong> \u2014 2026-04-15<\/em> \u2014 so that sorting by name also sorts by date<\/span>\u0926\u093f\u0928\u093e\u0902\u0915 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937-\u092e\u093e\u0938-\u0926\u093f\u0928 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e<\/strong> \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0930\u0916\u0947\u0902 \u2014 2026-04-15<\/em> \u2014 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0928\u093e\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u092c\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u0926\u093f\u0928\u093e\u0902\u0915 \u0938\u0947 \u092d\u0940 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u092c\u0928 \u091c\u093e\u090f<\/span><\/li>\n <li>Use hyphens or underscores instead of spaces<\/strong>, since spaces cause trouble on the web and in scripts<\/span>\u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u0930 \u0939\u093e\u0907\u092b\u093c\u0928 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0905\u0902\u0921\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0915\u094b\u0930<\/strong> \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902, \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928 \u0935\u0947\u092c \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092a\u094d\u091f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u0920\u093f\u0928\u093e\u0908 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902<\/span><\/li>\n <li>Name the content, not the author<\/strong> \u2014 ClassX-Result-Term1<\/em>, not Sharma sir final final<\/em><\/span>\u0932\u0947\u0916\u0915 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941<\/strong> \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093e\u092e \u0926\u0947\u0902 \u2014 ClassX-Result-Term1<\/em>, \u0928 \u0915\u093f \u0936\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e \u0938\u0930 \u092b\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0928\u0932 \u092b\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0928\u0932<\/em><\/span><\/li>\n <li>Add a version number<\/strong> where drafts circulate \u2014 -v1, -v2<\/em> \u2014 rather than the word \"final\"<\/span>\u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0930\u0942\u092a \u0918\u0942\u092e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u094b\u0902 \u0935\u0939\u093e\u0901 \"\u092b\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0928\u0932\" \u0936\u092c\u094d\u0926 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u091c\u093e\u092f \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0930\u0923-\u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e<\/strong> \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0947\u0902 \u2014 -v1, -v2<\/em><\/span><\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"callout amber\">\n <div class=\"callout-label\">\ud83c\udff7\ufe0f File attributes and permissions<\/span>\ud83c\udff7\ufe0f \u092b\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0932-\u0917\u0941\u0923 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092e\u0924\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901<\/span><\/div>\n <ul class=\"split-list\" style=\"margin-top:4px;\">\n <li>1<\/span>The four classic attributes<\/strong> are Read-only<\/strong> (the file may be opened but not altered), Hidden<\/strong> (it is not displayed unless hidden items are shown), System<\/strong> (it belongs to the operating system) and Archive<\/strong> (it has changed since the last backup).<\/span>\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0917\u0941\u0923<\/strong> \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u2014 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932-\u092a\u0920\u0928<\/strong> (\u092b\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0932 \u0916\u094b\u0932\u0940 \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902), \u091b\u093f\u092a\u0940<\/strong> (\u091b\u093f\u092a\u0947 \u092e\u0926 \u0926\u093f\u0916\u093e\u090f \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u093f\u0924 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940), \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940<\/strong> (\u092a\u094d\u0930\u091a\u093e\u0932\u0928 \u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0939\u0948) \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0932\u0947\u0916\u0940<\/strong> (\u0905\u0902\u0924\u093f\u092e \u092c\u0948\u0915\u0905\u092a \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0940 \u0939\u0948)\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n <li>2<\/span>The three permissions<\/strong> are read, write and execute<\/strong>. Setting a shared result folder to read-only for teachers and read-write for the examination clerk is the everyday application of this idea in a school.<\/span>\u0924\u0940\u0928 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092e\u0924\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901<\/strong> \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u2014 \u092a\u0920\u0928, \u0932\u0947\u0916\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0928<\/strong>\u0964 \u0938\u093e\u091d\u093e \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e-\u092b\u093c\u094b\u0932\u094d\u0921\u0930 \u0915\u094b \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932-\u092a\u0920\u0928 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e-\u0932\u093f\u092a\u093f\u0915 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u092a\u0920\u0928-\u0932\u0947\u0916\u0928 \u0930\u0916\u0928\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0907\u0938\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u0926\u0948\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n <li>3<\/span>A file's Properties<\/strong> box reports its size, type, location, and the dates on which it was created, last modified and last opened \u2014 evidence that is sometimes decisive in an administrative enquiry.<\/span>\u092b\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0932 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0949\u092a\u0930\u094d\u091f\u0940\u091c\u093c<\/strong> \u092a\u0947\u091f\u0940 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0906\u0915\u093e\u0930, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930, \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923, \u0905\u0902\u0924\u093f\u092e \u0938\u0902\u0936\u094b\u0927\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u093f\u092e \u092c\u093e\u0930 \u0916\u094b\u0932\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0924\u093f\u0925\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u092c\u0924\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u0910\u0938\u093e \u0938\u093e\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u092f \u091c\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u093e\u0938\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u091c\u093e\u0901\u091a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u092d\u0940-\u0915\u092d\u0940 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0923\u093e\u092f\u0915 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n\n <hr class=\"section-divider\">\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d2-6\">\n 2.6<\/span>\n <h3>File Extensions and File Formats<\/span>\u092b\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0932 \u090f\u0915\u094d\u0938\u091f\u0947\u0902\u0936\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092b\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0932 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0930\u0942\u092a<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n \n A file extension<\/strong> is the group of characters following the last dot<\/strong> in a file name. It tells the operating system what kind of data the file holds and which program should open it<\/strong>. Recognising the common extensions on sight is among the most reliably examined skills in this whole item.<\/span>\n \u092b\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0932 \u090f\u0915\u094d\u0938\u091f\u0947\u0902\u0936\u0928<\/strong> \u092b\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0932-\u0928\u093e\u092e \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u093f\u092e \u092c\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0941<\/strong> \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u092e\u0942\u0939 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u091a\u093e\u0932\u0928 \u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u094b \u092c\u0924\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u092b\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0932 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u093f\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u094c\u0928-\u0938\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e \u0916\u094b\u0932\u0928\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f<\/strong>\u0964 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u091a\u0932\u093f\u0924 \u090f\u0915\u094d\u0938\u091f\u0947\u0902\u0936\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0926\u0947\u0916\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0940 \u092a\u0939\u091a\u093e\u0928 \u0932\u0947\u0928\u093e \u0907\u0938 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u092e\u0926 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0935\u0938\u0928\u0940\u092f \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u0916\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0915\u094c\u0936\u0932\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\n <\/p>\n\n <table class=\"data-table\">\n <thead>\n <tr>\n <th>Category<\/span>\u0936\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0923\u0940<\/span><\/th>\n <th>Extensions<\/span>\u090f\u0915\u094d\u0938\u091f\u0947\u0902\u0936\u0928<\/span><\/th>\n <th>Note<\/span>\u091f\u093f\u092a\u094d\u092a\u0923\u0940<\/span><\/th>\n <\/tr>\n <\/thead>\n <tbody>\n <tr>\n <td>Documents<\/span>\u0926\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0947\u091c\u093c<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n <td><code>.docx .doc .pdf .txt .rtf .odt<\/code><\/td>\n <td>.txt<\/strong> is plain text with no formatting at all. .rtf<\/strong> \u2014 Rich Text Format \u2014 carries basic formatting and opens anywhere. .odt<\/strong> is the open standard used by LibreOffice.<\/span>.txt<\/strong> \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u0942\u092a\u0923 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u093e\u0926\u093e \u092a\u093e\u0920 \u0939\u0948\u0964 .rtf<\/strong> \u2014 \u0930\u093f\u091a \u091f\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0938\u094d\u091f \u092b\u093c\u0949\u0930\u094d\u092e\u0948\u091f \u2014 \u092e\u0942\u0932 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u0942\u092a\u0923 \u0930\u0916\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u092d\u0940 \u0916\u0941\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 .odt<\/strong> \u0932\u093f\u092c\u0930\u0911\u092b\u093c\u093f\u0938 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u092e\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0915 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td>Spreadsheets<\/span>\u0938\u094d\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0921\u0936\u0940\u091f<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n <td><code>.xlsx .xls .csv .ods<\/code><\/td>\n <td>.csv<\/strong> \u2014 Comma Separated Values \u2014 is plain text<\/strong> and holds data only, without formulas or formatting. It is the universal format for moving data between systems, which is why portals accept it.<\/span>.csv<\/strong> \u2014 \u0915\u0949\u092e\u093e \u0938\u0947\u092a\u0930\u0947\u091f\u0947\u0921 \u0935\u0948\u0932\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091c\u093c \u2014 \u0938\u093e\u0926\u093e \u092a\u093e\u0920<\/strong> \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u0930\u0916\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0928 \u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0928 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u0942\u092a\u0923\u0964 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u0932\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u092f\u0939 \u0938\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0935\u092d\u094c\u092e\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0930\u0942\u092a \u0939\u0948, \u0907\u0938\u0940\u0932\u093f\u090f \u092a\u094b\u0930\u094d\u091f\u0932 \u0907\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0940\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td>Presentations<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n <td><code>.pptx .ppt .odp .pps<\/code><\/td>\n <td>.pps<\/strong> opens straight into the slide show rather than into the editing view.<\/span>.pps<\/strong> \u0938\u0902\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0928-\u0926\u0943\u0936\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u091c\u093e\u092f \u0938\u0940\u0927\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u0936\u094b \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0916\u0941\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr style=\"background:#f3f8ff;\">\n <td>Images<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092c\u093f\u0902\u092c<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n <td><code>.jpg .png .gif .bmp .tiff .svg .webp<\/code><\/td>\n <td>.jpg is lossy<\/strong> \u2014 it discards detail to save space, best for photographs. .png is lossless<\/strong> and supports transparency, best for logos and screenshots. .gif<\/strong> supports simple animation. .svg is a vector<\/strong> format and can be enlarged without any loss of sharpness.<\/span>.jpg \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0924\u093f\u0915\u0930 \u0939\u0948<\/strong> \u2014 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928 \u092c\u091a\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0935\u093f\u0935\u0930\u0923 \u091b\u094b\u0921\u093c \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091b\u093e\u092f\u093e\u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u092e\u0964 .png \u0905\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0924\u093f\u0915\u0930 \u0939\u0948<\/strong> \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092a\u093e\u0930\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u093f\u0924\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u0940\u0915-\u091a\u093f\u0939\u094d\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u0915\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0928\u0936\u0949\u091f \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u092e\u0964 .gif<\/strong> \u0938\u0930\u0932 \u091a\u0947\u0924\u0928\u093e\u0902\u0915\u0928 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 .svg \u0938\u0926\u093f\u0936<\/strong> \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0930\u0942\u092a \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0924\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u0923\u0924\u093e \u0916\u094b\u090f \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u092c\u0921\u093c\u093e \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td>Audio and video<\/span>\u0936\u094d\u0930\u0935\u094d\u092f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0926\u0943\u0936\u094d\u092f<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n <td><code>.mp3 .wav .aac<\/code> \u00b7 <code>.mp4 .avi .mkv .mov .wmv<\/code><\/td>\n <td>.wav<\/strong> is uncompressed and very large; .mp3<\/strong> is compressed and lossy. .mp4<\/strong> is the most widely compatible video container.<\/span>.wav<\/strong> \u0905\u0938\u0902\u092a\u0940\u0921\u093f\u0924 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0905\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0902\u0924 \u092c\u0921\u093c\u093e \u0939\u0948; .mp3<\/strong> \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0940\u0921\u093f\u0924 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0924\u093f\u0915\u0930\u0964 .mp4<\/strong> \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u0915 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u0917\u0924 \u0935\u0940\u0921\u093f\u092f\u094b \u092a\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td>Compressed<\/span>\u0938\u0902\u092a\u0940\u0921\u093f\u0924<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n <td><code>.zip .rar .7z .tar.gz<\/code><\/td>\n <td>Archives that hold several files in one, compressed losslessly.<\/span>\u0935\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939 \u091c\u094b \u0905\u0928\u0947\u0915 \u092b\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0932\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u090f\u0915 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0930\u0916\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0905\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0924\u093f\u0915\u0930 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0940\u0921\u093f\u0924\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr style=\"background:#fff6f4;\">\n <td>Executable and system<\/span>\u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0928\u0940\u092f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n <td><code>.exe .msi .bat .dll .sys .apk<\/code><\/td>\n <td>These run code<\/strong> rather than holding data, and are therefore the extensions through which malware arrives. .exe and .msi<\/strong> are Windows installers, .apk<\/strong> is an Android package, .dll<\/strong> is a shared library.<\/span>\u092f\u0947 \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u0930\u0916\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u091c\u093e\u092f \u0915\u094b\u0921 \u091a\u0932\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902<\/strong>, \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u0924\u0903 \u0935\u0939\u0940 \u090f\u0915\u094d\u0938\u091f\u0947\u0902\u0936\u0928 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u091c\u093f\u0928\u0938\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0932\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u0906\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 .exe \u090f\u0935\u0902 .msi<\/strong> \u0935\u093f\u0902\u0921\u094b\u091c\u093c \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u0915 \u0939\u0948\u0902, .apk<\/strong> \u090f\u0902\u0921\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0907\u0921 \u092a\u0948\u0915\u0947\u091c, .dll<\/strong> \u0938\u093e\u091d\u093e \u092a\u0941\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0915\u093e\u0932\u092f\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td>Web and data<\/span>\u0935\u0947\u092c \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u0947<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n <td><code>.html .css .js .xml .json .sql<\/code><\/td>\n <td>.html<\/strong> gives a web page its structure and .css<\/strong> its appearance. .xml<\/strong> and .json<\/strong> carry structured data between systems.<\/span>.html<\/strong> \u0935\u0947\u092c \u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u0915\u094b \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0924\u0925\u093e .css<\/strong> \u0909\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 .xml<\/strong> \u090f\u0935\u0902 .json<\/strong> \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u0932\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <\/tbody>\n <\/table>\n\n <div class=\"enrich-box\">\n PDF \u2014 the format a school office relies on<\/span>PDF \u2014 \u0935\u0939 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0930\u0942\u092a \u091c\u093f\u0938 \u092a\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u091f\u093f\u0915\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/span>\n <ul class=\"split-list\">\n <li>1<\/span>PDF<\/strong> stands for Portable Document Format<\/strong>, developed by Adobe<\/strong> and now an open ISO standard.<\/span>PDF<\/strong> \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u0939\u0948 \u092a\u094b\u0930\u094d\u091f\u0947\u092c\u0932 \u0921\u0949\u0915\u094d\u092f\u0941\u092e\u0947\u0902\u091f \u092b\u093c\u0949\u0930\u094d\u092e\u0948\u091f<\/strong>, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u090f\u0921\u094b\u092c\u0940<\/strong> \u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0938\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u091c\u094b \u0905\u092c \u092e\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 ISO \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0915 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n <li>2<\/span>Its defining property is that it preserves the exact layout, fonts and images<\/strong> on every device. A circular that would reflow unpredictably as a .docx looks identical everywhere as a PDF.<\/span>\u0907\u0938\u0915\u093e \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u0915 \u0917\u0941\u0923 \u092f\u0939 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u092f\u0939 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u092a\u0930 \u0920\u0940\u0915 \u0935\u0939\u0940 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938, \u092b\u093c\u0949\u0928\u094d\u091f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924<\/strong> \u0930\u0916\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u091c\u094b \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930 .docx \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0936\u093f\u0924 \u0922\u0902\u0917 \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0926\u0932 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e, \u0935\u0939 PDF \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u090f\u0915-\u0938\u093e \u0926\u093f\u0916\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n <li>3<\/span>It can be password protected, restricted against editing or printing, and digitally signed<\/strong> \u2014 which is why notices, certificates and tenders travel as PDF. Digital signature is taken up in \u00a713.3.<\/span>\u0907\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u0938\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0921 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924, \u0938\u0902\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0928 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0923 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092c\u0902\u0927\u093f\u0924, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0905\u0902\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0939\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0930\u093f\u0924<\/strong> \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u0907\u0938\u0940\u0932\u093f\u090f \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e\u090f\u0901, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0928\u093f\u0935\u093f\u0926\u093e\u090f\u0901 PDF \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091a\u0932\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0905\u0902\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0939\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0930 \u00a713.3 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0932\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n <li>4<\/span>A scanned PDF is only a picture of a page<\/strong> until OCR<\/strong> is run on it; before that its text cannot be searched or copied. This is the practical link back to \u00a71.8.<\/span>\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0948\u0928 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e PDF \u0924\u092c \u0924\u0915 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u0915\u093e \u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0939\u0948<\/strong> \u091c\u092c \u0924\u0915 \u0909\u0938 \u092a\u0930 OCR<\/strong> \u0928 \u091a\u0932\u093e\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u090f; \u0909\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u093e \u092a\u093e\u0920 \u0928 \u0916\u094b\u091c\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0932\u093f\u092a\u093f\u0924\u0964 \u00a71.8 \u0938\u0947 \u092f\u0939\u0940 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"callout red\">\n <div class=\"callout-label\">\u26a0\ufe0f Why hidden extensions are a security problem<\/span>\u26a0\ufe0f \u091b\u093f\u092a\u0947 \u090f\u0915\u094d\u0938\u091f\u0947\u0902\u0936\u0928 \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e-\u0938\u092e\u0938\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0939\u0948\u0902<\/span><\/div>\n Windows hides known file extensions by default. A file actually named <code>Result.pdf.exe<\/code> therefore appears in the folder as <code>Result.pdf<\/code> and carries what looks like a document icon, while it is in fact a program that will run when opened. This double-extension trick<\/strong> is one of the commonest ways malware enters a school network, and the remedy is a single setting: turn on \"File name extensions\"<\/strong> in the File Explorer View tab so that every extension is always visible. The attack itself is treated in \u00a78.3.<\/span>\n \u0935\u093f\u0902\u0921\u094b\u091c\u093c \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0924\u0903 \u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0924 \u092b\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0932-\u090f\u0915\u094d\u0938\u091f\u0947\u0902\u0936\u0928 \u091b\u093f\u092a\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0905\u0924\u0903 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924\u0903 <code>Result.pdf.exe<\/code> \u0928\u093e\u092e \u0915\u0940 \u092b\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0932 \u092b\u093c\u094b\u0932\u094d\u0921\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 <code>Result.pdf<\/code> \u0926\u093f\u0916\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0926\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0947\u091c\u093c \u091c\u0948\u0938\u093e \u0906\u0907\u0915\u0928 \u0930\u0916\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u092c\u0915\u093f \u0935\u0939 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924\u0903 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0916\u094b\u0932\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u091a\u0932 \u091c\u093e\u090f\u0917\u093e\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0926\u094b\u0939\u0930\u0947-\u090f\u0915\u094d\u0938\u091f\u0947\u0902\u0936\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u091b\u0932<\/strong> \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f\u0940 \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u093e\u0932\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u0906\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u091a\u0932\u093f\u0924 \u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u092a\u093e\u092f \u090f\u0915 \u0939\u0940 \u0938\u0947\u091f\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0939\u0948: \u092b\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0932 \u090f\u0915\u094d\u0938\u092a\u094d\u0932\u094b\u0930\u0930 \u0915\u0947 View \u091f\u0948\u092c \u092e\u0947\u0902 \"File name extensions\"<\/strong> \u091a\u093e\u0932\u0942 \u0915\u0930 \u0926\u0947\u0902 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u090f\u0915\u094d\u0938\u091f\u0947\u0902\u0936\u0928 \u0938\u0926\u0948\u0935 \u0926\u093f\u0916\u0947\u0964 \u0906\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0923 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u00a78.3 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0935\u0947\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"mcq-box\">\n <div class=\"mcq-title\">\n Practice<\/span>\u0905\u092d\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938<\/span><\/span>\n Questions on files, folders and formats<\/span>\u092b\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0932\u094b\u0902, \u092b\u093c\u094b\u0932\u094d\u0921\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0930\u0942\u092a\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928<\/span><\/span>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"mcq-note\">Objective questions in the pattern of the examination. Click to reveal the answer and its explanation.<\/span>\u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u0930 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928\u0964 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0916\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u094d\u0932\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u0940\u091c\u093f\u090f\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <details class=\"mcq-q\">\n <summary>23<\/span>Which key combination deletes a file permanently, without sending it to the Recycle Bin?<\/span><\/summary>\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\n <li>(a) Ctrl + Delete<\/li>\n <li>(b) Alt + Delete<\/li>\n <li>(c) Shift + Delete<\/li>\n <li>(d) Ctrl + Shift + Delete<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\">(c) Shift + Delete<\/b> Note also that files deleted from a pen drive or a network location never reach the Recycle Bin in the first place, whatever key is used.<\/span>\u092f\u0939 \u092d\u0940 \u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0928 \u0926\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u093f \u092a\u0947\u0928 \u0921\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0907\u0935 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928 \u0938\u0947 \u092e\u093f\u091f\u093e\u0908 \u0917\u0908 \u092b\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0932\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u092d\u0940 \u0915\u0941\u0902\u091c\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u0930\u0940\u0938\u093e\u092f\u0915\u0932 \u092c\u093f\u0928 \u0924\u0915 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964<\/span>\u00a72.4, \u00a72.5 B<\/span><\/div>\n <\/details>\n <details class=\"mcq-q\">\n <summary>24<\/span>Which of the following image formats is a vector format that can be enlarged without loss of quality?<\/span><\/summary>\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\n <li>(a) .jpg<\/li>\n <li>(b) .png<\/li>\n <li>(c) .bmp<\/li>\n <li>(d) .svg<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\">(d) .svg<\/b> Scalable Vector Graphics stores an image as mathematical shapes rather than a grid of pixels, so it stays sharp at any size. The other three are raster formats, which blur when enlarged.<\/span>\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0947\u0932\u0947\u092c\u0932 \u0935\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u0930 \u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092b\u093c\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092c\u093f\u0902\u092c \u0915\u094b \u092a\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0938\u0947\u0932\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0932 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u091c\u093e\u092f \u0917\u0923\u093f\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0906\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0930\u0916\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0905\u0924\u0903 \u0935\u0939 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092d\u0940 \u0906\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u0924\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u0923 \u0930\u0939\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0936\u0947\u0937 \u0924\u0940\u0928 \u0930\u093e\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0930\u0942\u092a \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u091c\u094b \u092c\u0921\u093c\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u0927\u0941\u0901\u0927\u0932\u0947 \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span>\u00a72.6<\/span><\/div>\n <\/details>\n <details class=\"mcq-q\">\n <summary>25<\/span>In a file search, the wildcard character that stands for exactly one character is:<\/span><\/summary>\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\n <li>(a) *<\/li>\n <li>(b) ?<\/li>\n <li>(c) #<\/li>\n <li>(d) %<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\">(b) ?<\/b> The question mark replaces exactly one character; the asterisk replaces any number of characters, including none. So <code>Class?.docx<\/code> matches Class9 but not Class10, whereas <code>Class*.docx<\/code> matches both.<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928\u091a\u093f\u0939\u094d\u0928 \u0920\u0940\u0915 \u090f\u0915 \u0905\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928 \u0932\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948; \u0924\u093e\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0915\u0928 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092d\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e, \u0936\u0942\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0938\u0939\u093f\u0924\u0964 \u0905\u0924\u0903 <code>Class?.docx<\/code> Class9 \u0938\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0932 \u0916\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, Class10 \u0938\u0947 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u091c\u092c\u0915\u093f <code>Class*.docx<\/code> \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947\u0964<\/span>\u00a72.5 B<\/span><\/div>\n <\/details>\n <details class=\"mcq-q\">\n <summary>26<\/span>Which format is best suited for circulating an official notice so that its layout appears identical on every device?<\/span><\/summary>\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\n <li>(a) .txt<\/li>\n <li>(b) .docx<\/li>\n <li>(c) .pdf<\/li>\n <li>(d) .csv<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\">(c) .pdf<\/b> Portable Document Format fixes fonts, spacing and images so the page cannot reflow. A .docx may shift if the recipient lacks the same fonts, .txt carries no formatting at all, and .csv is for tabular data.<\/span>\u092a\u094b\u0930\u094d\u091f\u0947\u092c\u0932 \u0921\u0949\u0915\u094d\u092f\u0941\u092e\u0947\u0902\u091f \u092b\u093c\u0949\u0930\u094d\u092e\u0948\u091f \u092b\u093c\u0949\u0928\u094d\u091f, \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093e\u0932 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0930 \u0915\u0930 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u092c\u0926\u0932 \u0928 \u0938\u0915\u0947\u0964 \u092f\u0926\u093f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u0938 \u0935\u0939\u0940 \u092b\u093c\u0949\u0928\u094d\u091f \u0928 \u0939\u094b\u0902 \u0924\u094b .docx \u0916\u093f\u0938\u0915 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, .txt \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u0942\u092a\u0923 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0924\u0925\u093e .csv \u0938\u093e\u0930\u0923\u0940\u092c\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u094b\u0902 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\u00a72.6<\/span><\/div>\n <\/details>\n <\/div>\n\n <hr class=\"section-divider\">\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d2-7\">\n 2.7<\/span>\n <h3>Software Installation, Updates and Removal<\/span>\u0938\u0949\u092b\u093c\u094d\u091f\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u0928, \u0905\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0924\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0915\u093e\u0938\u0928<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"flow-wrap\">\n <div class=\"flow-note\">\n \ud83d\udce5 Installation<\/strong> is the process of copying a program's files onto the disk, registering it with the operating system and creating its shortcuts. It is not the same as merely copying a folder, which is why software cannot normally be transferred by copy-and-paste.<\/span>\n \ud83d\udce5 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u0928<\/strong> \u0935\u0939 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e \u0915\u0940 \u092b\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0932\u0947\u0902 \u0921\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0915 \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0932\u093f\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0935\u0939 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u091a\u093e\u0932\u0928 \u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0902\u091c\u0940\u0915\u0943\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0936\u0949\u0930\u094d\u091f\u0915\u091f \u092c\u0928\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u092b\u093c\u094b\u0932\u094d\u0921\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0932\u093f\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0907\u0938\u0940\u0932\u093f\u090f \u0938\u0949\u092b\u093c\u094d\u091f\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0924\u0903 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0932\u093f\u092a\u093f-\u091a\u093f\u092a\u0915\u093e\u0915\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e\u0964<\/span>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"flow-steps\">\n <div class=\"flow-step\">\n 1<\/span>\n <div class=\"fs-body\">\n Obtain from a trustworthy source<\/span>\u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0935\u0938\u0928\u0940\u092f \u0938\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0924 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902<\/span><\/strong>\n The official website of the publisher, the Microsoft Store, the Google Play Store, or a Linux package manager. A cracked or \"free full version\" copy from an unknown site is the single commonest source of infection in a school.<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0936\u0915 \u0915\u0940 \u0906\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u0947\u092c\u0938\u093e\u0907\u091f, \u092e\u093e\u0907\u0915\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0938\u0949\u092b\u093c\u094d\u091f \u0938\u094d\u091f\u094b\u0930, \u0917\u0942\u0917\u0932 \u092a\u094d\u0932\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u091f\u094b\u0930, \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0932\u093f\u0928\u0915\u094d\u0938 \u092a\u0948\u0915\u0947\u091c \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0915\u0964 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0905\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0924 \u0938\u093e\u0907\u091f \u0938\u0947 \"\u092e\u0941\u092b\u093c\u094d\u0924 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0930\u0923\" \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0915\u094d\u0930\u0948\u0915 \u0915\u0940 \u0917\u0908 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0923 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u091a\u0932\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0924 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/span>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"flow-step\">\n 2<\/span>\n <div class=\"fs-body\">\n Check requirements and rights<\/span>\u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0924\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u091c\u093e\u0901\u091a\u0947\u0902<\/span><\/strong>\n Verify the system requirements<\/strong> \u2014 processor, RAM, disk space, operating system version \u2014 and note that installation needs administrator rights<\/strong>, which is why an ordinary user account is prompted for a password.<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940-\u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0924\u093e\u090f\u0901<\/strong> \u2014 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0938\u0947\u0938\u0930, RAM, \u0921\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0915-\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u091a\u093e\u0932\u0928 \u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u2014 \u0938\u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0928 \u0930\u0916\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u093f \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u0928 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u093e\u0938\u0915 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930<\/strong> \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f, \u0907\u0938\u0940\u0932\u093f\u090f \u0938\u093e\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093e-\u0916\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u0938\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0921 \u092e\u093e\u0901\u0917\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/span>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"flow-step\">\n 3<\/span>\n <div class=\"fs-body\">\n Run the installer and accept the licence<\/span>\u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u0915 \u091a\u0932\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u091c\u094d\u091e\u092a\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0940\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0947\u0902<\/span><\/strong>\n The EULA<\/strong> \u2014 End User Licence Agreement \u2014 states how many machines the licence covers. Choosing Custom<\/strong> rather than Express<\/strong> installation allows bundled toolbars and unwanted extras to be declined.<\/span>EULA<\/strong> \u2014 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u093f\u092e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0905\u0928\u0941\u091c\u094d\u091e\u092a\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0930\u093e\u0930 \u2014 \u092c\u0924\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0905\u0928\u0941\u091c\u094d\u091e\u092a\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0915\u093f\u0924\u0928\u0947 \u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0906\u0935\u0943\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u090f\u0915\u094d\u0938\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0938<\/strong> \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u091c\u093e\u092f \u0915\u0938\u094d\u091f\u092e<\/strong> \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u0928 \u091a\u0941\u0928\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0906\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u091f\u0942\u0932\u092c\u093e\u0930 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0905\u0935\u093e\u0902\u091b\u093f\u0924 \u0905\u0924\u093f\u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u092e\u0926 \u0905\u0938\u094d\u0935\u0940\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u093f\u090f \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/span>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"flow-step\">\n 4<\/span>\n <div class=\"fs-body\">\n Activate and restart<\/span>\u0938\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0903\u0906\u0930\u0902\u092d \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902<\/span><\/strong>\n Enter the product key<\/strong> where the software is licensed, then restart if asked so that system files and drivers are correctly registered.<\/span>\u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0938\u0949\u092b\u093c\u094d\u091f\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u091c\u094d\u091e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u094b \u0935\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926 \u0915\u0941\u0902\u091c\u0940<\/strong> \u092d\u0930\u0947\u0902, \u092b\u093f\u0930 \u092e\u093e\u0901\u0917\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0903\u0906\u0930\u0902\u092d \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940-\u092b\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0932\u0947\u0902 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u091a\u093e\u0932\u0915 \u0938\u0939\u0940 \u0922\u0902\u0917 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0902\u091c\u0940\u0915\u0943\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/span>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"pc-grid\">\n <div class=\"pc-panel pro\">\n <div class=\"pc-head\">\u2713<\/span>Why updates must be allowed<\/span>\u0905\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0924\u0928 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u0926\u0947\u0928\u0947 \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n <ul>\n <li>Security patches<\/strong> close the flaws that malware exploits; an unpatched machine is the weak point of the whole network<\/span>\u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u092a\u0948\u091a<\/strong> \u0909\u0928 \u0926\u094b\u0937\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u092c\u0902\u0926 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u091c\u093f\u0928\u0915\u093e \u092e\u093e\u0932\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u0932\u093e\u092d \u0909\u0920\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948; \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u092a\u0948\u091a \u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e \u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0915\u093e \u0926\u0941\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0932 \u092c\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0941 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/li>\n <li>Bug fixes<\/strong> correct errors that cause crashes and data loss<\/span>\u0926\u094b\u0937-\u0938\u0941\u0927\u093e\u0930<\/strong> \u0909\u0928 \u0924\u094d\u0930\u0941\u091f\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0920\u0940\u0915 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u091c\u094b \u0920\u092a\u094d\u092a \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u093e-\u0939\u093e\u0928\u093f \u0915\u093e \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u092c\u0928\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902<\/span><\/li>\n <li>Driver updates<\/strong> keep printers, projectors and scanners working after an operating system upgrade<\/span>\u091a\u093e\u0932\u0915-\u0905\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0924\u0928<\/strong> \u092a\u094d\u0930\u091a\u093e\u0932\u0928 \u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0928\u092f\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0915, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u092a\u0915 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u0915\u0948\u0928\u0930 \u0915\u094b \u091a\u093e\u0932\u0942 \u0930\u0916\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902<\/span><\/li>\n <li>Updates are best scheduled for outside teaching hours<\/strong>, since a forced restart in the middle of a class is disruptive<\/span>\u0905\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0924\u0928 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923-\u0905\u0935\u0927\u093f \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0939\u0930<\/strong> \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u092e \u0939\u0948, \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u0927\u094d\u092f \u092c\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0903\u0906\u0930\u0902\u092d \u092c\u093e\u0927\u0915 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"pc-panel con\">\n <div class=\"pc-head\">\u2717<\/span>Mistakes to avoid<\/span>\u091c\u093f\u0928 \u092d\u0942\u0932\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n <ul>\n <li>Deleting the program folder<\/strong> instead of uninstalling. This leaves registry entries and services behind and can destabilise the machine<\/span>\u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0915\u093e\u0938\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u091c\u093e\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e-\u092b\u093c\u094b\u0932\u094d\u0921\u0930 \u092e\u093f\u091f\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0928\u093e<\/strong>\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0930\u091c\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u092a\u0940\u091b\u0947 \u0930\u0939 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0905\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0930 \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/li>\n <li>Installing pirated software<\/strong> \u2014 unlawful, unpatchable, and frequently carrying malware<\/span>\u091a\u094b\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0949\u092b\u093c\u094d\u091f\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930<\/strong> \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u2014 \u0905\u0935\u0948\u0927, \u092a\u0948\u091a-\u0930\u0939\u093f\u0924, \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092f\u0903 \u092e\u093e\u0932\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u0938\u0939\u093f\u0924<\/span><\/li>\n <li>Clicking Next<\/strong> through every screen, which silently installs bundled adware<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u092a\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0947 \u092a\u0930 Next<\/strong> \u0926\u092c\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u093e, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0906\u092f\u093e \u0935\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u092a\u0928-\u0938\u0949\u092b\u093c\u094d\u091f\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u091a\u0941\u092a\u091a\u093e\u092a \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/li>\n <li>Granting a mobile application permissions it has no need of<\/strong> \u2014 a torch app asking for contacts and location<\/span>\u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092e\u094b\u092c\u093e\u0907\u0932 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u094b \u0910\u0938\u0940 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092e\u0924\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u0926\u0947\u0928\u093e \u091c\u093f\u0928\u0915\u0940 \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902<\/strong> \u2014 \u091f\u0949\u0930\u094d\u091a \u0910\u092a \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928 \u092e\u093e\u0901\u0917\u0928\u093e<\/span><\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"exam-tip\">\n <div class=\"et-icon\">\ud83e\uddf9<\/div>\n <div class=\"et-body\">\n The correct way to remove software.<\/strong> In Windows, go to Settings \u2192 Apps \u2192 Installed apps<\/strong>, or the older Control Panel \u2192 Programs and Features<\/strong>, select the program and choose Uninstall<\/strong>. This runs the publisher's own removal routine, which deletes the files, removes the registry entries and takes away the shortcuts. On Android, removal is through Settings \u2192 Apps<\/strong> or by long-pressing the icon; on Linux, through the package manager.<\/span>\n \u0938\u0949\u092b\u093c\u094d\u091f\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u0939\u091f\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0939\u0940 \u0930\u0940\u0924\u093f\u0964<\/strong> \u0935\u093f\u0902\u0921\u094b\u091c\u093c \u092e\u0947\u0902 Settings \u2192 Apps \u2192 Installed apps<\/strong>, \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u092a\u0941\u0930\u093e\u0928\u0947 Control Panel \u2192 Programs and Features<\/strong> \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091c\u093e\u0915\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e \u091a\u0941\u0928\u0947\u0902 \u090f\u0935\u0902 Uninstall<\/strong> \u0932\u0947\u0902\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0936\u0915 \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0940 \u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0915\u093e\u0938\u0928-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091a\u0932\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u094b \u092b\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0932\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u093f\u091f\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0930\u091c\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u0939\u091f\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0936\u0949\u0930\u094d\u091f\u0915\u091f \u0932\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u090f\u0902\u0921\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0907\u0921 \u092a\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0915\u093e\u0938\u0928 Settings \u2192 Apps<\/strong> \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0906\u0907\u0915\u0928 \u0926\u0947\u0930 \u0924\u0915 \u0926\u092c\u093e\u0915\u0930; \u0932\u093f\u0928\u0915\u094d\u0938 \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u0948\u0915\u0947\u091c \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0915 \u0938\u0947\u0964<\/span>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <hr class=\"section-divider\">\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d2-8\">\n 2.8<\/span>\n <h3>Backup, Restore and Disk Utilities<\/span>\u092c\u0948\u0915\u0905\u092a, \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u094d\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0921\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0915 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0924\u093e\u090f\u0901<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"callout purple\">\n <div class=\"callout-label\">\ud83d\udcd8 Why backup is an administrative duty, not a technical option<\/span>\ud83d\udcd8 \u092c\u0948\u0915\u0905\u092a \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u093e\u0938\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0935\u094d\u092f \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u0915\u0928\u0940\u0915\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902<\/span><\/div>\n A school's admission registers, staff service records, examination results and accounts now exist chiefly as files. They can be lost through hardware failure, accidental deletion, theft, fire, flood or a ransomware attack<\/strong>, and in every one of those cases the loss is irreversible unless a copy exists elsewhere. Backup<\/strong> is the making of that copy; restore<\/strong> is bringing it back. The duty to preserve records survives the change of medium.<\/span>\n \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0947\u0936-\u0930\u091c\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0930, \u0915\u0930\u094d\u092e\u091a\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e-\u0905\u092d\u093f\u0932\u0947\u0916, \u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e-\u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0932\u0947\u0916\u0947 \u0905\u092c \u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f\u0924\u0903 \u092b\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0932\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0935\u0947 \u0939\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0921\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930-\u0935\u093f\u092b\u0932\u0924\u093e, \u0906\u0915\u0938\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0932\u094b\u092a\u0928, \u091a\u094b\u0930\u0940, \u0905\u0917\u094d\u0928\u093f, \u092c\u093e\u0922\u093c \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0930\u0948\u0928\u0938\u092e\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u0906\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0923<\/strong> \u0938\u0947 \u0928\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0914\u0930 \u0907\u0928\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u093e\u0928\u093f \u0905\u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928\u0940\u092f \u0939\u0948 \u092f\u0926\u093f \u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f \u0928 \u0939\u094b\u0964 \u092c\u0948\u0915\u0905\u092a<\/strong> \u0909\u0938\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f \u0915\u093e \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0928\u093e \u0939\u0948; \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u094d\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u0928<\/strong> \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u092a\u0938 \u0932\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0964 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0932\u0947\u0916-\u092a\u0930\u093f\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u093e \u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0935\u094d\u092f \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u092d\u0940 \u092c\u0928\u093e \u0930\u0939\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\n <\/div>\n\n <h4>A. Types of backup<\/span>\u0915. \u092c\u0948\u0915\u0905\u092a \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930<\/span><\/h4>\n\n <table class=\"data-table\">\n <thead>\n <tr>\n <th>Type<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930<\/span><\/th>\n <th>What is copied<\/span>\u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0932\u093f\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/th>\n <th>Trade-off<\/span>\u0935\u094d\u092f\u0924\u094d\u092f\u092f<\/span><\/th>\n <\/tr>\n <\/thead>\n <tbody>\n <tr><td>Full backup<\/span>\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u092c\u0948\u0915\u0905\u092a<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>Everything<\/strong>, every time.<\/span>\u0939\u0930 \u092c\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u092c \u0915\u0941\u091b<\/strong>\u0964<\/span><\/td><td>Slowest to take and largest in size, but fastest to restore<\/strong> \u2014 only one set is needed.<\/span>\u0932\u0947\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0927\u0940\u092e\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0906\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0921\u093c\u093e, \u0915\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0941 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u094d\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0924\u0940\u0935\u094d\u0930<\/strong> \u2014 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u092e\u0941\u091a\u094d\u091a\u092f \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>Incremental backup<\/span>\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0927\u0940 \u092c\u0948\u0915\u0905\u092a<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>Only what has changed since the last backup of any kind<\/strong>.<\/span>\u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0935\u0939 \u091c\u094b \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092d\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u093f\u092e \u092c\u0948\u0915\u0905\u092a \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0926<\/strong> \u092c\u0926\u0932\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0964<\/span><\/td><td>Fastest to take and smallest, but slowest to restore<\/strong> \u2014 the full backup and every increment since must be applied in order.<\/span>\u0932\u0947\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0924\u0940\u0935\u094d\u0930 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u091b\u094b\u091f\u093e, \u0915\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0941 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u094d\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0927\u0940\u092e\u093e<\/strong> \u2014 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u092c\u0948\u0915\u0905\u092a \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0927\u0928 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u0932\u0917\u093e\u0928\u093e \u092a\u0921\u093c\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>Differential backup<\/span>\u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u092c\u0948\u0915\u0905\u092a<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>Everything that has changed since the last full backup<\/strong>.<\/span>\u0935\u0939 \u0938\u092c \u091c\u094b \u0905\u0902\u0924\u093f\u092e \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u092c\u0948\u0915\u0905\u092a \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0926<\/strong> \u092c\u0926\u0932\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0964<\/span><\/td><td>The middle course<\/strong>: larger than incremental but restoring needs only the full backup and the latest differential.<\/span>\u092e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0917<\/strong>: \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0927\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0921\u093c\u093e \u0915\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0941 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u094d\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u0928 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u092c\u0948\u0915\u0905\u092a \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0928\u0935\u0940\u0928\u0924\u092e \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <\/tbody>\n <\/table>\n\n <div class=\"formula-card\">\n <div class=\"fx-eyebrow\">The 3-2-1 rule of backup<\/span>\u092c\u0948\u0915\u0905\u092a \u0915\u093e 3-2-1 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"fx-body\">\n 3<\/em> copies of the data \u00b7 on 2<\/em> different kinds of media \u00b7 with 1<\/em> copy kept off the premises<\/span>\n \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 3<\/em> \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u00b7 2<\/em> \u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u00b7 \u091c\u093f\u0928\u092e\u0947\u0902 1<\/em> \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0938\u0930 \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0939\u0930<\/span>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"fx-note\">\n The off-site copy is the part most often neglected and the part that matters most. A backup drive kept in the same cupboard as the computer is destroyed by the same fire, taken in the same theft and encrypted by the same ransomware. A cloud copy, or a drive held at another building, satisfies the third condition.<\/span>\n \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0938\u0930-\u092c\u093e\u0939\u094d\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f \u0939\u0940 \u0935\u0939 \u092d\u093e\u0917 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0909\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u091c\u094b \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0905\u0932\u092e\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u0940 \u0930\u0916\u0940 \u092c\u0948\u0915\u0905\u092a \u0921\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0907\u0935 \u0909\u0938\u0940 \u0905\u0917\u094d\u0928\u093f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0909\u0938\u0940 \u091a\u094b\u0930\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0938\u0940 \u0930\u0948\u0928\u0938\u092e\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0942\u091f\u092c\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0915\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0909\u0921 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f, \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f \u092d\u0935\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0930\u0916\u0940 \u0921\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0907\u0935, \u0924\u0940\u0938\u0930\u0940 \u0936\u0930\u094d\u0924 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <h4>B. Disk and system utilities<\/span>\u0916. \u0921\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0915 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0924\u093e\u090f\u0901<\/span><\/h4>\n\n <div class=\"feat-grid\">\n <div class=\"feat-card\">1<\/span>Disk Cleanup<\/span>\u0921\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0915 \u0915\u094d\u0932\u0940\u0928\u0905\u092a<\/span><\/strong>Removes temporary files, cached web pages, old update files and the contents of the Recycle Bin to recover free space<\/strong>.<\/span>\u0905\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092f\u0940 \u092b\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0932\u0947\u0902, \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0935\u0947\u092c \u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920, \u092a\u0941\u0930\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u0905\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0924\u0928-\u092b\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0932\u0947\u0902 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0930\u0940\u0938\u093e\u092f\u0915\u0932 \u092c\u093f\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u0939\u091f\u093e\u0915\u0930 \u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0903 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924<\/strong> \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"feat-card\">2<\/span>Disk Defragmenter<\/span>\u0921\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0915 \u0921\u0940\u092b\u093c\u094d\u0930\u0948\u0917\u092e\u0947\u0902\u091f\u0930<\/span><\/strong>Rearranges the scattered pieces of files so each lies in one continuous run, speeding up a hard disk<\/strong>. It should never be run on an SSD<\/strong>, which has no seek time and a finite number of writes.<\/span>\u092b\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0932\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093f\u0916\u0930\u0947 \u091f\u0941\u0915\u0921\u093c\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u094d\u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u0924\u0924 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0930\u0939\u0947, \u0914\u0930 \u0939\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0921 \u0921\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0915 \u0924\u0947\u091c\u093c \u0939\u094b<\/strong>\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0947 SSD \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u092d\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u091a\u0932\u093e\u0928\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f<\/strong>, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928 \u0905\u0928\u094d\u0935\u0947\u0937\u0923-\u0915\u093e\u0932 \u0939\u0948 \u0928 \u0905\u0938\u0940\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0932\u0947\u0916\u0928\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"feat-card\">3<\/span>Check Disk<\/span>\u091a\u0947\u0915 \u0921\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0915<\/span><\/strong>Scans the disk for file system errors and bad sectors<\/strong> and repairs what it can. Run as <code>chkdsk<\/code> from the command prompt.<\/span>\u0921\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0915 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092b\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0932-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u0924\u094d\u0930\u0941\u091f\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0916\u0930\u093e\u092c \u0938\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u0930<\/strong> \u0916\u094b\u091c\u0915\u0930 \u091c\u094b \u0920\u0940\u0915 \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0915\u092e\u093e\u0902\u0921 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0949\u092e\u094d\u092a\u094d\u091f \u0938\u0947 <code>chkdsk<\/code> \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091a\u0932\u093e\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"feat-card\">4<\/span>Task Manager<\/span>\u091f\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0915 \u092e\u0948\u0928\u0947\u091c\u0930<\/span><\/strong>Shows the running processes with their processor, memory and disk usage, and allows an unresponsive program to be ended<\/strong>. Opened directly by <kbd>Ctrl<\/kbd>+<kbd>Shift<\/kbd>+<kbd>Esc<\/kbd>.<\/span>\u091a\u0932 \u0930\u0939\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0938\u0947\u0938\u0930, \u0938\u094d\u092e\u0943\u0924\u093f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0921\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0915 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0938\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u0926\u093f\u0916\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930\u0926\u093e\u092f\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e \u0938\u092e\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924<\/strong> \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 <kbd>Ctrl<\/kbd>+<kbd>Shift<\/kbd>+<kbd>Esc<\/kbd> \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0940\u0927\u0947 \u0916\u0941\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"feat-card\">5<\/span>Device Manager<\/span>\u0921\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0907\u0938 \u092e\u0948\u0928\u0947\u091c\u0930<\/span><\/strong>Lists every attached device and its driver. A yellow exclamation mark<\/strong> against an entry means the driver is missing or faulty \u2014 the first place to look when a printer or projector is not detected.<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0932\u0917\u094d\u0928 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0932\u0915 \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0940\u092c\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093f \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u0940\u0932\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0938\u094d\u092e\u092f\u093e\u0926\u093f\u092c\u094b\u0927\u0915 \u091a\u093f\u0939\u094d\u0928<\/strong> \u092c\u0924\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u091a\u093e\u0932\u0915 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0926\u094b\u0937\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0915 \u092f\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u092a\u0915 \u0928 \u092a\u0939\u091a\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u092f\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0926\u0947\u0916\u0928\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"feat-card\">6<\/span>System Restore and Safe Mode<\/span>\u0938\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u092e \u0930\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u094b\u0930 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0947\u092b\u093c \u092e\u094b\u0921<\/span><\/strong>System Restore<\/strong> returns system settings to an earlier restore point<\/strong> without touching personal files. Safe Mode<\/strong> starts Windows with only the minimum drivers, so that a faulty driver or program can be removed.<\/span>\u0938\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u092e \u0930\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u094b\u0930<\/strong> \u0935\u0948\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u092b\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0932\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u091b\u0941\u090f \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940-\u0938\u0947\u091f\u093f\u0902\u0917\u094d\u0938 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0940 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u094d\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u0928-\u092c\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0941<\/strong> \u092a\u0930 \u0932\u094c\u091f\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0938\u0947\u092b\u093c \u092e\u094b\u0921<\/strong> \u0935\u093f\u0902\u0921\u094b\u091c\u093c \u0915\u094b \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0928\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0928\u0924\u092e \u091a\u093e\u0932\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u0906\u0930\u0902\u092d \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0926\u094b\u0937\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u091a\u093e\u0932\u0915 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e \u0939\u091f\u093e\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0947\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <hr class=\"section-divider\">\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d2-9\">\n 2.9<\/span>\n <h3>Keyboard Shortcuts<\/span>\u0915\u0941\u0902\u091c\u0940\u092a\u091f\u0932 \u0936\u0949\u0930\u094d\u091f\u0915\u091f<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n \n Shortcut keys are among the most frequently and most directly examined facts in this item, because they can be tested in a single line with no ambiguity. The tables below cover the combinations that recur. Those specific to word processing, spreadsheets and presentations appear again in \u00a73.10, \u00a74.10 and \u00a75.8, and all of them are gathered in the master sheet at \u00a7R.5.<\/span>\n \u0936\u0949\u0930\u094d\u091f\u0915\u091f \u0915\u0941\u0902\u091c\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u0907\u0938 \u092e\u0926 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092c\u093e\u0930 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0940\u0927\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u0916\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0924\u0925\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u0907\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0905\u0938\u094d\u092a\u0937\u094d\u091f\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u090f\u0915 \u092a\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0930\u0916\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0928\u0940\u091a\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u093e\u0930\u0923\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u0935\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u091c\u094b \u092c\u093e\u0930-\u092c\u093e\u0930 \u0906\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0936\u092c\u094d\u0926 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u093e\u0927\u0928, \u0938\u094d\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0921\u0936\u0940\u091f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924\u093f \u0938\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0938\u0902\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u00a73.10, \u00a74.10 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u00a75.8 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0903 \u0906\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0938\u092d\u0940 \u00a7R.5 \u0915\u0940 \u092e\u093e\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0930 \u0936\u0940\u091f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u090f\u0915\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span>\n <\/p>\n\n <h4>A. Universal editing shortcuts<\/span>\u0915. \u0938\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0928 \u0936\u0949\u0930\u094d\u091f\u0915\u091f<\/span><\/h4>\n\n <div class=\"abbr-grid\">\n <table>\n <thead><tr><th>Keys<\/span>\u0915\u0941\u0902\u091c\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901<\/span><\/th><th>Action<\/span>\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e<\/span><\/th><\/tr><\/thead>\n <tbody>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">Ctrl + C<\/td><td>Copy<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0932\u093f\u092a\u093f<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">Ctrl + X<\/td><td>Cut<\/span>\u0915\u093e\u091f\u0947\u0902<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">Ctrl + V<\/td><td>Paste<\/span>\u091a\u093f\u092a\u0915\u093e\u090f\u0901<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">Ctrl + Z<\/td><td>Undo<\/span>\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0935\u0924\u094d \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">Ctrl + Y<\/td><td>Redo<\/span>\u092a\u0941\u0928\u0903 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">Ctrl + A<\/td><td>Select all<\/span>\u0938\u092c \u091a\u0941\u0928\u0947\u0902<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">Ctrl + S<\/td><td>Save<\/span>\u0938\u0902\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">Ctrl + P<\/td><td>Print<\/span>\u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0923<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <\/tbody>\n <\/table>\n <table>\n <thead><tr><th>Keys<\/span>\u0915\u0941\u0902\u091c\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901<\/span><\/th><th>Action<\/span>\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e<\/span><\/th><\/tr><\/thead>\n <tbody>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">Ctrl + N<\/td><td>New file or window<\/span>\u0928\u0908 \u092b\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0932 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0902\u0921\u094b<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">Ctrl + O<\/td><td>Open<\/span>\u0916\u094b\u0932\u0947\u0902<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">Ctrl + F<\/td><td>Find<\/span>\u0916\u094b\u091c\u0947\u0902<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">Ctrl + W<\/td><td>Close the current document or tab<\/span>\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0926\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0947\u091c\u093c \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u091f\u0948\u092c \u092c\u0902\u0926 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">Ctrl + F4<\/td><td>Close the document window<\/span>\u0926\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0947\u091c\u093c-\u0935\u093f\u0902\u0921\u094b \u092c\u0902\u0926 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">Alt + F4<\/td><td>Close the whole program<\/span>\u0938\u0902\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e \u092c\u0902\u0926 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">Alt + Tab<\/td><td>Switch between open windows<\/span>\u0916\u0941\u0932\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0902\u0921\u094b\u091c\u093c \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0947\u0902<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">Ctrl + Shift + Esc<\/td><td>Open Task Manager<\/span>\u091f\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0915 \u092e\u0948\u0928\u0947\u091c\u0930 \u0916\u094b\u0932\u0947\u0902<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <\/tbody>\n <\/table>\n <\/div>\n\n <h4>B. Windows key and file management<\/span>\u0916. \u0935\u093f\u0902\u0921\u094b\u091c\u093c \u0915\u0941\u0902\u091c\u0940 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092b\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0932 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0928<\/span><\/h4>\n\n <div class=\"abbr-grid\">\n <table>\n <thead><tr><th>Keys<\/span>\u0915\u0941\u0902\u091c\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901<\/span><\/th><th>Action<\/span>\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e<\/span><\/th><\/tr><\/thead>\n <tbody>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">Win + D<\/td><td>Show the desktop<\/span>\u0921\u0947\u0938\u094d\u0915\u091f\u0949\u092a \u0926\u093f\u0916\u093e\u090f\u0901<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">Win + E<\/td><td>Open File Explorer<\/span>\u092b\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0932 \u090f\u0915\u094d\u0938\u092a\u094d\u0932\u094b\u0930\u0930 \u0916\u094b\u0932\u0947\u0902<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">Win + L<\/td><td>Lock the computer<\/strong><\/span>\u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u0932\u0949\u0915 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902<\/strong><\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">Win + R<\/td><td>Open the Run dialog<\/span>\u0930\u0928 \u0938\u0902\u0935\u093e\u0926 \u0916\u094b\u0932\u0947\u0902<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">Win + I<\/td><td>Open Settings<\/span>\u0938\u0947\u091f\u093f\u0902\u0917\u094d\u0938 \u0916\u094b\u0932\u0947\u0902<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">Win + U<\/td><td>Open Ease of Access settings<\/span>\u0938\u0941\u0917\u092e\u094d\u092f\u0924\u093e \u0938\u0947\u091f\u093f\u0902\u0917\u094d\u0938 \u0916\u094b\u0932\u0947\u0902<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <\/tbody>\n <\/table>\n <table>\n <thead><tr><th>Keys<\/span>\u0915\u0941\u0902\u091c\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901<\/span><\/th><th>Action<\/span>\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e<\/span><\/th><\/tr><\/thead>\n <tbody>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">F2<\/td><td>Rename the selected item<\/span>\u091a\u092f\u0928\u093f\u0924 \u092e\u0926 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093e\u092e \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0947\u0902<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">F5<\/td><td>Refresh<\/span>\u0924\u093e\u091c\u093c\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">Shift + Delete<\/td><td>Delete permanently<\/span>\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092f\u0940 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u092e\u093f\u091f\u093e\u090f\u0901<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">Ctrl + Shift + N<\/td><td>Create a new folder<\/span>\u0928\u092f\u093e \u092b\u093c\u094b\u0932\u094d\u0921\u0930 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u090f\u0901<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">Alt + Enter<\/td><td>Show Properties of the selected item<\/span>\u091a\u092f\u0928\u093f\u0924 \u092e\u0926 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0949\u092a\u0930\u094d\u091f\u0940\u091c\u093c \u0926\u093f\u0916\u093e\u090f\u0901<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">Print Screen<\/td><td>Capture the screen to the clipboard<\/span>\u092a\u0930\u094d\u0926\u093e \u0915\u094d\u0932\u093f\u092a\u092c\u094b\u0930\u094d\u0921 \u092a\u0930 \u0932\u0947\u0902<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <\/tbody>\n <\/table>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"exam-tip\">\n <div class=\"et-icon\">\ud83d\udd10<\/div>\n <div class=\"et-body\">\n The one shortcut a school head should insist on.<\/strong> <kbd>Win<\/kbd> + <kbd>L<\/kbd> locks the computer instantly while leaving all work open. An office machine left unlocked and unattended exposes staff records, salary data and examination material to anyone who walks past, and no password policy compensates for that. It costs one keystroke on leaving the desk.<\/span>\n \u0935\u0939 \u090f\u0915 \u0936\u0949\u0930\u094d\u091f\u0915\u091f \u091c\u093f\u0938 \u092a\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0941\u0916 \u0915\u094b \u0906\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f\u0964<\/strong> <kbd>Win<\/kbd> + <kbd>L<\/kbd> \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0916\u0941\u0932\u093e \u091b\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0941\u090f \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u0924\u0924\u094d\u0915\u093e\u0932 \u0932\u0949\u0915 \u0915\u0930 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0932\u0949\u0915 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0917\u0930\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u091b\u094b\u0921\u093c\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f\u0940 \u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0930\u094d\u092e\u091a\u093e\u0930\u0940-\u0905\u092d\u093f\u0932\u0947\u0916, \u0935\u0947\u0924\u0928-\u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e-\u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0939\u0930 \u0906\u0924\u0947-\u091c\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0928\u0947 \u0916\u094b\u0932 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u092a\u093e\u0938\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0921-\u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u092d\u0930\u092a\u093e\u0908 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940\u0964 \u092e\u0947\u091c\u093c \u091b\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0924\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u092f \u0907\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u090f\u0915 \u0939\u0940 \u0915\u0941\u0902\u091c\u0940-\u0926\u093e\u092c \u0932\u0917\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"mcq-box\">\n <div class=\"mcq-title\">\n Practice<\/span>\u0905\u092d\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938<\/span><\/span>\n Questions on utilities, backup and shortcuts<\/span>\u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0924\u093e\u0913\u0902, \u092c\u0948\u0915\u0905\u092a \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0936\u0949\u0930\u094d\u091f\u0915\u091f \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928<\/span><\/span>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"mcq-note\">Objective questions in the pattern of the examination. Click to reveal the answer and its explanation.<\/span>\u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u0930 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928\u0964 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0916\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u094d\u0932\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u0940\u091c\u093f\u090f\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <details class=\"mcq-q\">\n <summary>27<\/span>A backup that copies only the data changed since the last full backup is called:<\/span><\/summary>\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\n <li>(a) Full backup<\/li>\n <li>(b) Incremental backup<\/li>\n <li>(c) Differential backup<\/li>\n <li>(d) Mirror backup<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\">(c) Differential backup<\/b> The distinction turns on the reference point. A differential<\/em> measures change since the last full<\/strong> backup; an incremental<\/em> measures change since the last backup of any kind<\/strong>. Restoring from a differential needs only two sets; restoring from incrementals needs the whole chain.<\/span>\u092d\u0947\u0926 \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0930\u094d\u092d-\u092c\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0941 \u092a\u0930 \u091f\u093f\u0915\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915<\/em> \u0905\u0902\u0924\u093f\u092e \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923<\/strong> \u092c\u0948\u0915\u0905\u092a \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u092e\u093e\u092a\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948; \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0927\u0940<\/em> \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092d\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0947<\/strong> \u0905\u0902\u0924\u093f\u092e \u092c\u0948\u0915\u0905\u092a \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u0915\u093e\u0964 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u094d\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u0928 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0926\u094b \u0938\u092e\u0941\u091a\u094d\u091a\u092f \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f; \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0927\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u0940 \u0936\u0943\u0902\u0916\u0932\u093e\u0964<\/span>\u00a72.8 A<\/span><\/div>\n <\/details>\n <details class=\"mcq-q\">\n <summary>28<\/span>Which utility should not be run on a Solid State Drive?<\/span><\/summary>\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\n <li>(a) Disk Cleanup<\/li>\n <li>(b) Antivirus scan<\/li>\n <li>(c) Disk Defragmenter<\/li>\n <li>(d) Check Disk<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\">(c) Disk Defragmenter<\/b> Defragmentation exists to reduce the seek time of a moving read-write head. An SSD has no moving head, so it gains nothing, and because it has a finite number of write cycles, defragmenting shortens its life.<\/span>\u0921\u0940\u092b\u093c\u094d\u0930\u0948\u0917\u092e\u0947\u0902\u091f\u0947\u0936\u0928 \u091a\u0932\u093e\u092f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u0920\u0928-\u0932\u0947\u0916\u0928 \u0939\u0947\u0921 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0928\u094d\u0935\u0947\u0937\u0923-\u0915\u093e\u0932 \u0918\u091f\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0939\u0948\u0964 SSD \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091a\u0932\u093e\u092f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0939\u0947\u0921 \u0939\u0948 \u0939\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0905\u0924\u0903 \u0932\u093e\u092d \u0915\u0941\u091b \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0914\u0930 \u091a\u0942\u0901\u0915\u093f \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0932\u0947\u0916\u0928-\u091a\u0915\u094d\u0930 \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0921\u0940\u092b\u093c\u094d\u0930\u0948\u0917\u092e\u0947\u0902\u091f \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u0909\u0938\u0915\u093e \u091c\u0940\u0935\u0928 \u0918\u091f\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\u00a72.8 B, \u00a71.7 D<\/span><\/div>\n <\/details>\n <details class=\"mcq-q\">\n <summary>29<\/span>Which key combination locks the computer without closing any open work?<\/span><\/summary>\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\n <li>(a) Win + D<\/li>\n <li>(b) Win + L<\/li>\n <li>(c) Alt + F4<\/li>\n <li>(d) Ctrl + Alt + Del<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\">(b) Win + L<\/b> Win + D merely shows the desktop and protects nothing; Alt + F4 closes the active program; Ctrl + Alt + Del opens a security menu from which locking is one option among several.<\/span>Win + D \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0921\u0947\u0938\u094d\u0915\u091f\u0949\u092a \u0926\u093f\u0916\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u0941\u091b \u0938\u0902\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e; Alt + F4 \u0938\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e \u092c\u0902\u0926 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948; Ctrl + Alt + Del \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e-\u092e\u0947\u0928\u0942 \u0916\u094b\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0932\u0949\u0915 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u0905\u0928\u0947\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u090f\u0915 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\u00a72.9 B<\/span><\/div>\n <\/details>\n <details class=\"mcq-q\">\n <summary>30<\/span>The correct way to remove an installed program from a Windows computer is to:<\/span><\/summary>\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\n <li>(a) Delete its folder from Program Files<\/li>\n <li>(b) Delete its desktop shortcut<\/li>\n <li>(c) Use Settings \u2192 Apps \u2192 Uninstall<\/li>\n <li>(d) Move its folder to the Recycle Bin<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\">(c) Use Settings \u2192 Apps \u2192 Uninstall<\/b> Only the uninstall routine removes the registry entries, services and shared files created during installation. Deleting the folder leaves those behind, and deleting the shortcut removes nothing but the icon.<\/span>\u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0915\u093e\u0938\u0928-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u092f \u092c\u0928\u0940 \u0930\u091c\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901, \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u093e\u091d\u093e \u092b\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0932\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u091f\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092b\u093c\u094b\u0932\u094d\u0921\u0930 \u092e\u093f\u091f\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u0935\u0947 \u092a\u0940\u091b\u0947 \u0930\u0939 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0936\u0949\u0930\u094d\u091f\u0915\u091f \u092e\u093f\u091f\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u0906\u0907\u0915\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0924\u093f\u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0941\u091b \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u091f\u0924\u093e\u0964<\/span>\u00a72.7<\/span><\/div>\n <\/details>\n <\/div>\n\n <\/section>\n\n \n <section class=\"chapter-content\" data-chap=\"3\" id=\"c3\">\n <div class=\"chapter-heading-block\">\n SYLLABUS ITEM 3<\/span>\u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u092e\u0926 3<\/span><\/span>\n <h2>Word Processing<\/span>\u0936\u092c\u094d\u0926 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u093e\u0927\u0928<\/span><\/h2>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"callout amber\">\n <div class=\"callout-label\">\ud83d\udccc What this chapter covers<\/span>\ud83d\udccc \u0907\u0938 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/div>\n Document formatting, tables, headers and footers, page setup, mail merge, track changes, and PDF conversion<\/span>\n \u0926\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0947\u091c\u093c \u0938\u0902\u0930\u0942\u092a\u0923, \u0938\u093e\u0930\u0923\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901, \u0936\u0940\u0930\u094d\u0937\u0932\u0947\u0916 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u093e\u0926\u0932\u0947\u0916, \u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920-\u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e, \u092e\u0947\u0932 \u092e\u0930\u094d\u091c, \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928-\u0905\u0928\u0941\u0930\u0947\u0916\u0923 \u0924\u0925\u093e PDF \u0930\u0942\u092a\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930\u0923<\/span>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"keyfact-grid\">\n <div class=\"keyfact-card navy-hi\">\n \ud83d\udcc4<\/span>\n <div class=\"kf-label\">The Defaults to Know<\/span>\u091c\u093e\u0928\u0928\u0947 \u092f\u094b\u0917\u094d\u092f \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u092e\u093e\u0928<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"kf-value\" style=\"font-size:13px;\">.docx \u00b7 A4 \u00b7 1\u2033<\/div>\n <div class=\"kf-sub\">Default extension, the paper size used in India, and the default margin on all four sides<\/span>\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u090f\u0915\u094d\u0938\u091f\u0947\u0902\u0936\u0928, \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u093e\u0917\u091c\u093c-\u0906\u0915\u093e\u0930, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0913\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u093e\u0936\u093f\u092f\u093e-\u091a\u094c\u0921\u093c\u093e\u0908<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"keyfact-card teal-hi\">\n \ud83d\udd00<\/span>\n <div class=\"kf-label\">Mail Merge Needs<\/span>\u092e\u0947\u0932 \u092e\u0930\u094d\u091c \u0915\u094b \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"kf-value\">3<\/div>\n <div class=\"kf-sub\">A main document, a data source, and the merged output that results from joining them<\/span>\u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f \u0926\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0947\u091c\u093c, \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u093e-\u0938\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0924, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0928\u093e \u0938\u0902\u092e\u093f\u0932\u093f\u0924 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0924<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"keyfact-card amber-hi\">\n \ud83e\udded<\/span>\n <div class=\"kf-label\">How the Ribbon Is Built<\/span>\u0930\u093f\u092c\u0928 \u0915\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0928\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"kf-value\" style=\"font-size:13px;\">Tab \u2192 Group \u2192 Command<\/span>\u091f\u0948\u092c \u2192 \u0938\u092e\u0942\u0939 \u2192 \u0906\u0926\u0947\u0936<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"kf-sub\">Every question of the form \"X is found under which tab\" rests on this one structure<\/span>\"X \u0915\u093f\u0938 \u091f\u0948\u092c \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\" \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u0907\u0938\u0940 \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e \u092a\u0930 \u091f\u093f\u0915\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d3-0\">\n 3.0<\/span>\n <h3>Introduction<\/span>\u092a\u0930\u093f\u091a\u092f<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n <ul class=\"icon-list\">\n <li>\u25b8<\/span>\n A word processor<\/strong> is application software for creating, editing, formatting, storing and printing text documents<\/strong>. What separates it from the typewriter it replaced is that everything can be corrected before anything is committed to paper<\/strong>, and the same document can be reproduced, revised and redirected indefinitely.<\/span>\n \u0936\u092c\u094d\u0926 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u093e\u0927\u0915<\/strong> \u0935\u0939 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0938\u0949\u092b\u093c\u094d\u091f\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u092a\u093e\u0920-\u0926\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0947\u091c\u093c\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923, \u0938\u0902\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0928, \u0938\u0902\u0930\u0942\u092a\u0923, \u092d\u0902\u0921\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0923<\/strong> \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u091c\u093f\u0938 \u091f\u093e\u0907\u092a\u0930\u093e\u0907\u091f\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u0938\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928 \u0932\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0909\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0907\u0938\u0947 \u092f\u0939 \u092c\u093e\u0924 \u0905\u0932\u0917 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0915\u093e\u0917\u091c\u093c \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u0941\u091b \u092d\u0940 \u0909\u0924\u093e\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u0938\u092c \u0915\u0941\u091b \u0938\u0941\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/strong>, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0935\u0939\u0940 \u0926\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0947\u091c\u093c \u0905\u0928\u0902\u0924 \u092c\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u0941\u0924\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u093f\u0924, \u0938\u0902\u0936\u094b\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u094d\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\n <\/span><\/li>\n <li>\u25b8<\/span>\n The principle behind the screen is WYSIWYG<\/strong> \u2014 What You See Is What You Get<\/em> \u2014 meaning the display corresponds to the printed page. The common packages are Microsoft Word<\/strong>, the open-source LibreOffice Writer<\/strong>, the browser-based Google Docs<\/strong>, and WPS Office<\/strong>. The commands described here are named as in Microsoft Word, but every one of them has a close equivalent in the others.<\/span>\n \u092a\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0940\u091b\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924 WYSIWYG<\/strong> \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u091c\u094b \u0926\u093f\u0916\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0935\u0939\u0940 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/em> \u2014 \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0924\u094d \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u0928 \u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u0938\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0932 \u0916\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u091a\u0932\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u0948\u0915\u0947\u091c \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u092e\u093e\u0907\u0915\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0938\u0949\u092b\u093c\u094d\u091f \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0921<\/strong>, \u0913\u092a\u0928-\u0938\u094b\u0930\u094d\u0938 \u0932\u093f\u092c\u0930\u0911\u092b\u093c\u093f\u0938 \u0930\u093e\u0907\u091f\u0930<\/strong>, \u092c\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0909\u091c\u093c\u0930-\u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0917\u0942\u0917\u0932 \u0921\u0949\u0915\u094d\u0938<\/strong>, \u0924\u0925\u093e WPS \u0911\u092b\u093c\u093f\u0938<\/strong>\u0964 \u092f\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0923\u093f\u0924 \u0906\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u092e\u093e\u0907\u0915\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0938\u0949\u092b\u093c\u094d\u091f \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0921 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u093e\u0930 \u0928\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0915\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0941 \u0909\u0928\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0915\u093e \u0936\u0947\u0937 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u091f \u0924\u0941\u0932\u094d\u092f \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\n <\/span><\/li>\n <li>\u25b8<\/span>\n In a school office this is the single most used piece of software<\/strong>. Circulars, letters to the Directorate, minutes of staff meetings, question papers, transfer certificates, confidential reports, notices to parents and inspection replies all pass through it. Two features in particular \u2014 mail merge<\/strong> in \u00a73.7 and track changes<\/strong> in \u00a73.8 \u2014 convert what would be days of clerical labour into minutes.<\/span>\n \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092f\u0939 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0938\u0949\u092b\u093c\u094d\u091f\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930<\/strong> \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930, \u0928\u093f\u0926\u0947\u0936\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0915\u094b \u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930, \u0938\u094d\u091f\u093e\u092b\u093c-\u092c\u0948\u0920\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928-\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930, \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930\u0923 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930, \u0917\u094b\u092a\u0928\u0940\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0926\u0928, \u0905\u092d\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923-\u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0938\u092c \u0907\u0938\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u0917\u0941\u091c\u093c\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937\u0924\u0903 \u0926\u094b \u0938\u0941\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u2014 \u00a73.7 \u0915\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0932 \u092e\u0930\u094d\u091c<\/strong> \u0924\u0925\u093e \u00a73.8 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928-\u0905\u0928\u0941\u0930\u0947\u0916\u0923<\/strong> \u2014 \u0926\u093f\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u092a\u093f\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0936\u094d\u0930\u092e \u0915\u094b \u092e\u093f\u0928\u091f\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0926\u0932 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span>\n <\/span><\/li>\n <li>\u25b8<\/span>\n Questions from this item take three shapes, and it is worth recognising them: which tab holds a given command<\/strong>, what a named shortcut does<\/strong>, and what a named feature is for<\/strong>. All three reward exact recall rather than reasoning, so the tables in this chapter are meant to be memorised rather than merely read.<\/span>\n \u0907\u0938 \u092e\u0926 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u0924\u0940\u0928 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0932\u0947\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0939\u091a\u093e\u0928\u0928\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0940 \u0939\u0948: \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0906\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u0915\u093f\u0938 \u091f\u0948\u092c \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u0948<\/strong>, \u0928\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0936\u0949\u0930\u094d\u091f\u0915\u091f \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/strong>, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0928\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u0941\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093e \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0932\u093f\u090f \u0939\u0948<\/strong>\u0964 \u0924\u0940\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0924\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u092f\u0925\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u0938\u094d\u092e\u0930\u0923 \u091a\u093e\u0939\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0905\u0924\u0903 \u0907\u0938 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u093e\u0930\u0923\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u092a\u0922\u093c\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0915\u0902\u0920\u0938\u094d\u0925 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span>\n <\/span><\/li>\n <\/ul>\n\n <hr class=\"section-divider\">\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d3-1\">\n 3.1<\/span>\n <h3>The Word Processor Interface<\/span>\u0936\u092c\u094d\u0926 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u093e\u0927\u0915 \u0915\u093e \u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u092b\u093c\u0947\u0938<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n <svg class=\"full-diagram\" viewBox=\"0 0 900 492\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Realistic view of the Microsoft Word window with parts labelled\">\n <defs>\n <marker id=\"wl\" markerWidth=\"7\" markerHeight=\"7\" refX=\"6\" refY=\"2.4\" orient=\"auto\"><path d=\"M0,0 L0,4.8 L6,2.4 z\" fill=\"#8e2f5a\"\/><\/marker>\n <\/defs>\n\n <rect x=\"100\" y=\"14\" width=\"700\" height=\"444\" rx=\"5\" fill=\"#fff\" stroke=\"#a9b6c6\" stroke-width=\"1.5\"\/>\n\n \n <rect x=\"100\" y=\"14\" width=\"700\" height=\"30\" rx=\"5\" fill=\"#185ABD\"\/>\n <rect x=\"100\" y=\"30\" width=\"700\" height=\"14\" fill=\"#185ABD\"\/>\n \n <g stroke=\"#fff\" stroke-width=\"1.4\" fill=\"none\" opacity=\".95\">\n <path d=\"M112 23 h11 v12 h-11 z M115 23 v5 h5 v-5\"\/>\n <path d=\"M133 33 a6 6 0 0 1 11 -3\"\/><path d=\"M133 33 l-2.5 -3.5 M133 33 l4 -1\"\/>\n <path d=\"M164 33 a6 6 0 0 0 -11 -3\"\/><path d=\"M164 33 l2.5 -3.5 M164 33 l-4 -1\"\/>\n <\/g>\n <path d=\"M176 24 v10 M172 34 h8\" stroke=\"#fff\" stroke-width=\"1.2\" opacity=\".6\" fill=\"none\"\/>\n <text x=\"450\" y=\"33\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10.5\" font-weight=\"600\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Circular-2026.docx \u2014 Saved to this PC<\/text>\n <rect x=\"612\" y=\"21\" width=\"96\" height=\"16\" rx=\"8\" fill=\"#0f4a9e\"\/>\n <circle cx=\"622\" cy=\"29\" r=\"3.4\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#cfe0f7\" stroke-width=\"1.2\"\/><path d=\"M624.5 31.5 l3 3\" stroke=\"#cfe0f7\" stroke-width=\"1.2\"\/>\n <text x=\"632\" y=\"32.5\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#cfe0f7\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Search<\/text>\n <g stroke=\"#fff\" stroke-width=\"1.3\" fill=\"none\">\n <path d=\"M736 29 h9\"\/><rect x=\"756\" y=\"24.5\" width=\"9\" height=\"9\"\/><path d=\"M777 24.5 l9 9 M786 24.5 l-9 9\"\/>\n <\/g>\n\n \n <rect x=\"100\" y=\"44\" width=\"700\" height=\"22\" fill=\"#F3F2F1\"\/>\n <rect x=\"100\" y=\"44\" width=\"44\" height=\"22\" fill=\"#185ABD\"\/>\n <text x=\"122\" y=\"59\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">File<\/text>\n <rect x=\"146\" y=\"44\" width=\"46\" height=\"22\" fill=\"#fff\"\/>\n 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Sans, sans-serif\">Find<\/text>\n <text x=\"722\" y=\"100\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#3b3b3b\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Replace<\/text>\n <text x=\"722\" y=\"118\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#3b3b3b\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Select<\/text>\n\n \n <rect x=\"100\" y=\"146\" width=\"700\" height=\"16\" fill=\"#F3F2F1\"\/>\n <rect x=\"266\" y=\"149\" width=\"268\" height=\"10\" fill=\"#fff\" stroke=\"#cfcfcf\"\/>\n <g fill=\"#8a8a8a\" font-size=\"5.5\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\" text-anchor=\"middle\">\n <text x=\"300\" y=\"157\">1<\/text><text x=\"334\" y=\"157\">2<\/text><text x=\"368\" y=\"157\">3<\/text><text x=\"402\" y=\"157\">4<\/text><text x=\"436\" y=\"157\">5<\/text><text x=\"470\" y=\"157\">6<\/text><text x=\"504\" y=\"157\">7<\/text>\n <\/g>\n <path d=\"M266 148 l4 4 l-4 4 z\" fill=\"#5b5b5b\"\/><path d=\"M266 160 l4 -4 l-4 -4 z\" fill=\"#5b5b5b\"\/>\n <path d=\"M530 152 h4 v6 h-4 z\" fill=\"#5b5b5b\"\/>\n\n \n <rect x=\"100\" y=\"162\" width=\"700\" height=\"266\" fill=\"#E4E4E4\"\/>\n <rect x=\"256\" y=\"172\" width=\"288\" height=\"248\" fill=\"#fff\" stroke=\"#c9c9c9\"\/>\n <rect x=\"284\" y=\"192\" width=\"232\" height=\"208\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#dcdcdc\" stroke-dasharray=\"3 2\"\/>\n\n <text x=\"400\" y=\"212\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#2E74B5\" font-family=\"Georgia, serif\">CIRCULAR \u2014 ANNUAL EXAMINATION<\/text>\n <text x=\"400\" y=\"226\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"6.5\" fill=\"#777\" font-family=\"Georgia, serif\">Government Senior Secondary School, Malviya Nagar<\/text>\n <line x1=\"284\" y1=\"234\" x2=\"516\" y2=\"234\" stroke=\"#d8d8d8\"\/>\n <g fill=\"#3b3b3b\" font-size=\"6.5\" font-family=\"Georgia, serif\">\n <text x=\"288\" y=\"250\">All teachers are informed that the annual examination for classes<\/text>\n <text x=\"288\" y=\"262\">VI to VIII will commence on 4 March 2026. The detailed date sheet<\/text>\n <text x=\"288\" y=\"274\">is enclosed. Invigilation duties will be circulated separately.<\/text>\n <\/g>\n <text x=\"288\" y=\"296\" font-size=\"8\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#2E74B5\" font-family=\"Georgia, serif\">Instructions<\/text>\n <g fill=\"#3b3b3b\" font-size=\"6.5\" font-family=\"Georgia, serif\">\n <circle cx=\"294\" cy=\"310\" r=\"1.5\" fill=\"#3b3b3b\"\/><text x=\"302\" y=\"313\">Question papers to be collected from the office by 8:30 a.m.<\/text>\n <circle cx=\"294\" cy=\"324\" r=\"1.5\" fill=\"#3b3b3b\"\/><text x=\"302\" y=\"327\">Answer scripts to be submitted the same day.<\/text>\n <circle cx=\"294\" cy=\"338\" r=\"1.5\" fill=\"#3b3b3b\"\/><text x=\"302\" y=\"341\">Mobile phones are not permitted inside the examination hall.<\/text>\n <\/g>\n <g fill=\"#3b3b3b\" font-size=\"6.5\" font-family=\"Georgia, serif\">\n <text x=\"288\" y=\"364\">Cooperation of all staff members is solicited.<\/text>\n <text x=\"440\" y=\"392\">Principal<\/text>\n <\/g>\n <line x1=\"368\" y1=\"358\" x2=\"368\" y2=\"368\" stroke=\"#222\" stroke-width=\"1.2\"\/>\n\n <rect x=\"792\" y=\"162\" width=\"8\" height=\"266\" fill=\"#f1f1f1\"\/>\n <rect x=\"792.5\" y=\"170\" width=\"7\" height=\"70\" rx=\"3.5\" fill=\"#c1c1c1\"\/>\n\n \n <rect x=\"100\" y=\"428\" width=\"700\" height=\"30\" rx=\"5\" fill=\"#185ABD\"\/>\n <rect x=\"100\" y=\"428\" width=\"700\" height=\"14\" fill=\"#185ABD\"\/>\n <g fill=\"#fff\" font-size=\"8\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">\n <text x=\"112\" y=\"447\">Page 1 of 2<\/text><text x=\"182\" y=\"447\">312 words<\/text><text x=\"248\" y=\"447\">English (India)<\/text>\n <\/g>\n <g fill=\"#fff\" opacity=\".95\">\n <rect x=\"600\" y=\"438\" width=\"10\" height=\"8\" rx=\"1\"\/><rect x=\"618\" y=\"438\" width=\"10\" height=\"8\" rx=\"1\" opacity=\".55\"\/><rect x=\"636\" y=\"438\" width=\"10\" height=\"8\" rx=\"1\" opacity=\".55\"\/>\n <\/g>\n <line x1=\"666\" y1=\"443\" x2=\"740\" y2=\"443\" stroke=\"#fff\" stroke-width=\"1.2\" opacity=\".8\"\/>\n <circle cx=\"716\" cy=\"443\" 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marker-end=\"url(#wl)\"\/>\n <line x1=\"810\" y1=\"443\" x2=\"748\" y2=\"443\" marker-end=\"url(#wl)\"\/>\n <\/g>\n <g font-size=\"8\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#8e2f5a\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">\n <text x=\"0\" y=\"26\">Quick Access<\/text><text x=\"0\" y=\"36\">Toolbar<\/text>\n <text x=\"0\" y=\"59\">Ribbon tabs<\/text>\n <text x=\"0\" y=\"87\">Clipboard<\/text><text x=\"0\" y=\"97\">group<\/text>\n <text x=\"0\" y=\"157\">Ruler + indents<\/text>\n <text x=\"0\" y=\"247\">Text area with<\/text><text x=\"0\" y=\"257\">applied styles<\/text>\n <text x=\"0\" y=\"447\">Status bar<\/text>\n <text x=\"816\" y=\"32\">Title bar<\/text>\n <text x=\"816\" y=\"97\">Styles<\/text><text x=\"816\" y=\"107\">gallery<\/text>\n <text x=\"816\" y=\"141\">Dialog<\/text><text x=\"816\" y=\"151\">launcher<\/text>\n <text x=\"816\" y=\"208\">Scroll bar<\/text>\n <text x=\"816\" y=\"440\">Zoom<\/text><text x=\"816\" y=\"450\">slider<\/text>\n <\/g>\n<\/svg>\n The ribbon is organised in three levels: a tab holds groups, and a group holds commands.<\/span>\u0930\u093f\u092c\u0928 \u0924\u0940\u0928 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u0917\u0920\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948: \u091f\u0948\u092c \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u092e\u0942\u0939, \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u092e\u0942\u0939 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0906\u0926\u0947\u0936\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n\n <div class=\"callout\">\n <div class=\"callout-label\">\ud83d\udcd8 Parts of the window that carry exact names<\/span>\ud83d\udcd8 \u0935\u093f\u0902\u0921\u094b \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u0947 \u0905\u0902\u0917 \u091c\u093f\u0928\u0915\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u0936\u094d\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0928\u093e\u092e \u0939\u0948\u0902<\/span><\/div>\n <ul class=\"split-list\" style=\"margin-top:4px;\">\n <li>1<\/span>The Quick Access Toolbar<\/strong> sits above or below the ribbon and holds a few commands regardless of which tab is open \u2014 Save, Undo and Redo by default, and anything else added to it.<\/span>\u0915\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u090f\u0915\u094d\u0938\u0947\u0938 \u091f\u0942\u0932\u092c\u093e\u0930<\/strong> \u0930\u093f\u092c\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u090a\u092a\u0930 \u092f\u093e \u0928\u0940\u091a\u0947 \u0930\u0939\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u092d\u0940 \u091f\u0948\u092c \u0916\u0941\u0932\u093e \u0939\u094b, \u0915\u0941\u091b \u0906\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 Save, Undo \u090f\u0935\u0902 Redo, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u091c\u094b \u0915\u0941\u091b \u0909\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c\u093e \u091c\u093e\u090f\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n <li>2<\/span>The small diagonal arrow at the bottom-right corner of a group is the dialog box launcher<\/strong>. It opens the full dialog for that group, where options too detailed for the ribbon are found \u2014 the Font dialog, the Paragraph dialog, the Page Setup dialog.<\/span>\u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0938\u092e\u0942\u0939 \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u0940\u091a\u0947-\u0926\u093e\u0939\u093f\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u091b\u094b\u091f\u093e \u0924\u093f\u0930\u091b\u093e \u0924\u0940\u0930 \u0921\u093e\u092f\u0932\u0949\u0917 \u092c\u0949\u0915\u094d\u0938 \u0932\u0949\u0928\u094d\u091a\u0930<\/strong> \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0909\u0938 \u0938\u092e\u0942\u0939 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0938\u0902\u0935\u093e\u0926 \u0916\u094b\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0935\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u091c\u094b \u0930\u093f\u092c\u0928 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0905\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0902\u0924 \u0935\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0943\u0924 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u2014 \u092b\u093c\u0949\u0928\u094d\u091f \u0938\u0902\u0935\u093e\u0926, \u092a\u0948\u0930\u093e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092b\u093c \u0938\u0902\u0935\u093e\u0926, \u092a\u0947\u091c \u0938\u0947\u091f\u0905\u092a \u0938\u0902\u0935\u093e\u0926\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n <li>3<\/span>The File<\/strong> tab opens Backstage view<\/strong>, which is not about the content of the document but about the document as a whole \u2014 New, Open, Save As, Print, Share, Export, Info and Options.<\/span>File<\/strong> \u091f\u0948\u092c \u092c\u0948\u0915\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0947\u091c \u0926\u0943\u0936\u094d\u092f<\/strong> \u0916\u094b\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u094b \u0926\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0947\u091c\u093c \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0938\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930 \u0926\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0947\u091c\u093c \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f \u0939\u0948 \u2014 New, Open, Save As, Print, Share, Export, Info \u090f\u0935\u0902 Options\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n <li>4<\/span>The blinking vertical bar in the text is the insertion point<\/strong> or cursor, and it marks where typing will appear. It is not the same thing as the mouse pointer<\/strong>, which takes the shape of an I-beam over text.<\/span>\u092a\u093e\u0920 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091d\u092a\u0915\u0924\u0940 \u0916\u0921\u093c\u0940 \u0930\u0947\u0916\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0936-\u092c\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0941<\/strong> \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0915\u0930\u094d\u0938\u0930 \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u0939 \u092c\u0924\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u091f\u0902\u0915\u0923 \u0915\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0906\u090f\u0917\u093e\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u092e\u093e\u0909\u0938 \u092a\u0949\u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930<\/strong> \u0938\u0947 \u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u094b \u092a\u093e\u0920 \u0915\u0947 \u090a\u092a\u0930 I-\u0906\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0932\u0947 \u0932\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n <li>5<\/span>The status bar<\/strong> reports page number, word count, proofing language and zoom, and carries the buttons that switch between views. Contextual tabs<\/strong> \u2014 Table Design, Picture Format \u2014 appear only while the relevant object is selected.<\/span>\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u092a\u091f\u094d\u091f\u0940<\/strong> \u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920-\u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e, \u0936\u092c\u094d\u0926-\u0917\u0923\u0928\u093e, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0942\u092b\u093c\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0906\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0927\u0928 \u092c\u0924\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0926\u0943\u0936\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u092c\u091f\u0928 \u0930\u0916\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0938\u0902\u0917\u093f\u0915 \u091f\u0948\u092c<\/strong> \u2014 Table Design, Picture Format \u2014 \u0924\u092d\u0940 \u0926\u093f\u0916\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u091c\u092c \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u091a\u092f\u0928\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n\n <h4>A. What lives under each tab<\/span>\u0915. \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u091f\u0948\u092c \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/h4>\n\n \n This is the single table most worth committing to memory, because the commonest question in this item names a feature and asks for its tab.<\/span>\n \u0915\u0902\u0920\u0938\u094d\u0925 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u092f\u094b\u0917\u094d\u092f \u092f\u0939 \u090f\u0915\u092e\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0938\u093e\u0930\u0923\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u0907\u0938 \u092e\u0926 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u091a\u0932\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0938\u0941\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093e\u092e \u0932\u0947\u0915\u0930 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u093e \u091f\u0948\u092c \u092a\u0942\u091b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\n <\/p>\n\n <div class=\"tab-map\">\n <div class=\"tab-card t1\">\n <h6>Home<\/h6>\n <ul>\n <li>Clipboard<\/span>\u0915\u094d\u0932\u093f\u092a\u092c\u094b\u0930\u094d\u0921<\/span><\/b> \u2014 cut, copy, paste, format painter<\/span>\u0915\u093e\u091f\u0947\u0902, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0932\u093f\u092a\u093f, \u091a\u093f\u092a\u0915\u093e\u090f\u0901, \u092b\u093c\u0949\u0930\u094d\u092e\u0948\u091f \u092a\u0947\u0902\u091f\u0930<\/span><\/li>\n <li>Font<\/span>\u092b\u093c\u0949\u0928\u094d\u091f<\/span><\/b> \u2014 face, size, bold, colour, case<\/span>\u0930\u0942\u092a, \u0906\u0915\u093e\u0930, \u092e\u094b\u091f\u093e, \u0930\u0902\u0917, \u0905\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0930-\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f<\/span><\/li>\n <li>Paragraph<\/span>\u0905\u0928\u0941\u091a\u094d\u091b\u0947\u0926<\/span><\/b> \u2014 alignment, spacing, bullets, indents<\/span>\u0938\u0902\u0930\u0947\u0916\u0923, \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093e\u0932, \u092c\u0941\u0932\u0947\u091f, \u0939\u093e\u0936\u093f\u092f\u0947<\/span><\/li>\n <li>Styles<\/span>\u0936\u0948\u0932\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901<\/span><\/b> \u00b7 Editing<\/span>\u0938\u0902\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0928<\/span><\/b> \u2014 Find and Replace<\/span>\u0916\u094b\u091c\u0947\u0902 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0947\u0902<\/span><\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"tab-card t2\">\n <h6>Insert<\/h6>\n <ul>\n <li>Pages<\/span>\u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920<\/span><\/b> \u2014 cover page, blank page, page break<\/strong><\/span>\u0906\u0935\u0930\u0923 \u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920, \u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920, \u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u0935\u093f\u091a\u094d\u091b\u0947\u0926<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n <li>Tables<\/span>\u0938\u093e\u0930\u0923\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901<\/span><\/b> \u00b7 Illustrations<\/span>\u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930<\/span><\/b> \u2014 pictures, shapes, SmartArt, chart<\/span>\u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930, \u0906\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901, \u0938\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u091f\u0906\u0930\u094d\u091f, \u091a\u093e\u0930\u094d\u091f<\/span><\/li>\n <li>Header & Footer<\/span>\u0936\u0940\u0930\u094d\u0937\u0932\u0947\u0916 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u093e\u0926\u0932\u0947\u0916<\/span><\/b> \u2014 and page number<\/strong><\/span>\u0924\u0925\u093e \u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920-\u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n <li>Text<\/span>\u092a\u093e\u0920<\/span><\/b> \u2014 text box, WordArt, drop cap<\/span>\u091f\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0938\u094d\u091f \u092c\u0949\u0915\u094d\u0938, \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0921\u0906\u0930\u094d\u091f, \u0921\u094d\u0930\u0949\u092a \u0915\u0948\u092a<\/span><\/li>\n <li>Symbols<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u0940\u0915<\/span><\/b> \u2014 equation, symbol<\/span>\u0938\u092e\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u0940\u0915<\/span><\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"tab-card t3\">\n <h6>Design<\/h6>\n <ul>\n <li>Document formatting<\/span>\u0926\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0947\u091c\u093c \u0938\u0902\u0930\u0942\u092a\u0923<\/span><\/b> \u2014 themes, style sets, colours, fonts<\/span>\u0925\u0940\u092e, \u0936\u0948\u0932\u0940-\u0938\u092e\u0941\u091a\u094d\u091a\u092f, \u0930\u0902\u0917, \u092b\u093c\u0949\u0928\u094d\u091f<\/span><\/li>\n <li>Page background<\/span>\u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920-\u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920\u092d\u0942\u092e\u093f<\/span><\/b> \u2014 watermark<\/strong>, page colour, page borders<\/span>\u091c\u0932\u091a\u093f\u0939\u094d\u0928<\/strong>, \u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920-\u0930\u0902\u0917, \u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920-\u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e\u090f\u0901<\/span><\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"tab-card t4\">\n <h6>Layout<\/h6>\n <ul>\n <li>Page setup<\/span>\u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920-\u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e<\/span><\/b> \u2014 margins, orientation, size, columns<\/strong><\/span>\u0939\u093e\u0936\u093f\u092f\u0947, \u0926\u093f\u0936\u093e, \u0906\u0915\u093e\u0930, \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0902\u092d<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n <li>Breaks<\/span>\u0935\u093f\u091a\u094d\u091b\u0947\u0926<\/span><\/b> \u2014 page, column and section breaks<\/strong><\/span>\u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920, \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0902\u092d \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0916\u0902\u0921 \u0935\u093f\u091a\u094d\u091b\u0947\u0926<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n <li>Paragraph<\/span>\u0905\u0928\u0941\u091a\u094d\u091b\u0947\u0926<\/span><\/b> \u2014 indent and spacing<\/span>\u0939\u093e\u0936\u093f\u092f\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093e\u0932<\/span><\/li>\n <li>Arrange<\/span>\u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u0928<\/span><\/b> \u2014 position, wrap text, align<\/span>\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f, \u092a\u093e\u0920-\u0932\u092a\u0947\u091f, \u0938\u0902\u0930\u0947\u0916\u0923<\/span><\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"tab-card t5\">\n <h6>References<\/h6>\n <ul>\n <li>Table of Contents<\/span>\u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f-\u0938\u0942\u091a\u0940<\/span><\/b> \u2014 insert and update<\/span>\u0938\u092e\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0932\u093f\u0924 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0905\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0924\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902<\/span><\/li>\n <li>Footnotes<\/span>\u092a\u093e\u0926-\u091f\u093f\u092a\u094d\u092a\u0923\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901<\/span><\/b> \u2014 footnote and endnote<\/strong><\/span>\u092a\u093e\u0926-\u091f\u093f\u092a\u094d\u092a\u0923\u0940 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0905\u0902\u0924-\u091f\u093f\u092a\u094d\u092a\u0923\u0940<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n <li>Citations<\/span>\u0909\u0926\u094d\u0927\u0930\u0923<\/span><\/b> \u2014 bibliography, APA and MLA styles<\/span>\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0902\u0925-\u0938\u0942\u091a\u0940, APA \u090f\u0935\u0902 MLA \u0936\u0948\u0932\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901<\/span><\/li>\n <li>Captions<\/span>\u0936\u0940\u0930\u094d\u0937\u0915<\/span><\/b> \u00b7 Index<\/span>\u0905\u0928\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0923\u093f\u0915\u093e<\/span><\/b> \u2014 cross-reference<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f-\u0938\u0902\u0926\u0930\u094d\u092d<\/span><\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"tab-card t6\">\n <h6>Mailings<\/h6>\n <ul>\n <li>Start Mail Merge<\/span>\u092e\u0947\u0932 \u092e\u0930\u094d\u091c \u0906\u0930\u0902\u092d<\/span><\/b> \u2014 letters, envelopes, labels<\/span>\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930, \u0932\u093f\u092b\u093c\u093e\u092b\u093c\u0947, \u0932\u0947\u092c\u0932<\/span><\/li>\n <li>Select Recipients<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e \u091a\u0941\u0928\u0947\u0902<\/span><\/b> \u2014 the data source<\/span>\u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u093e-\u0938\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0924<\/span><\/li>\n <li>Write & Insert Fields<\/span>\u092b\u093c\u0940\u0932\u094d\u0921 \u0932\u093f\u0916\u0947\u0902 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0921\u093e\u0932\u0947\u0902<\/span><\/b> \u2014 address block, greeting line<\/span>\u092a\u0924\u093e-\u0916\u0902\u0921, \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0926\u0928-\u092a\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f<\/span><\/li>\n <li>Preview<\/span>\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0935\u0932\u094b\u0915\u0928<\/span><\/b> \u00b7 Finish & Merge<\/span>\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u092e\u093f\u0932\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902<\/span><\/b><\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"tab-card t7\">\n <h6>Review<\/h6>\n <ul>\n <li>Proofing<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0942\u092b\u093c\u093f\u0902\u0917<\/span><\/b> \u2014 spelling and grammar, thesaurus, word count<\/span>\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928\u0940 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0915\u0930\u0923, \u092a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f\u0915\u094b\u0936, \u0936\u092c\u094d\u0926-\u0917\u0923\u0928\u093e<\/span><\/li>\n <li>Comments<\/span>\u091f\u093f\u092a\u094d\u092a\u0923\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901<\/span><\/b> \u2014 new, delete, resolve<\/span>\u0928\u0908, \u092e\u093f\u091f\u093e\u090f\u0901, \u0928\u093f\u092a\u091f\u093e\u090f\u0901<\/span><\/li>\n <li>Tracking<\/span>\u0905\u0928\u0941\u0930\u0947\u0916\u0923<\/span><\/b> \u2014 track changes<\/strong>, markup views<\/span>\u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928-\u0905\u0928\u0941\u0930\u0947\u0916\u0923<\/strong>, \u091a\u093f\u0939\u094d\u0928\u093e\u0902\u0915\u0928-\u0926\u0943\u0936\u094d\u092f<\/span><\/li>\n <li>Compare<\/span>\u0924\u0941\u0932\u0928\u093e<\/span><\/b> \u00b7 Protect<\/span>\u0938\u0902\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923<\/span><\/b> \u2014 restrict editing<\/span>\u0938\u0902\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092c\u0902\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902<\/span><\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"tab-card t3\">\n <h6>View<\/h6>\n <ul>\n <li>Views<\/span>\u0926\u0943\u0936\u094d\u092f<\/span><\/b> \u2014 Print Layout<\/strong>, Read Mode, Web Layout, Outline, Draft<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0902\u091f \u0932\u0947\u0906\u0909\u091f<\/strong>, \u0930\u0940\u0921 \u092e\u094b\u0921, \u0935\u0947\u092c \u0932\u0947\u0906\u0909\u091f, \u0906\u0909\u091f\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0928, \u0921\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092b\u093c\u094d\u091f<\/span><\/li>\n <li>Show<\/span>\u0926\u093f\u0916\u093e\u090f\u0901<\/span><\/b> \u2014 ruler, gridlines, navigation pane<\/strong><\/span>\u0930\u0942\u0932\u0930, \u0917\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0921-\u0930\u0947\u0916\u093e\u090f\u0901, \u0928\u0947\u0935\u093f\u0917\u0947\u0936\u0928 \u092b\u0932\u0915<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n <li>Zoom<\/span>\u0906\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0927\u0928<\/span><\/b> \u00b7 Window<\/span>\u0935\u093f\u0902\u0921\u094b<\/span><\/b> \u2014 split, side by side<\/span>\u0935\u093f\u092d\u093e\u091c\u093f\u0924, \u0905\u0917\u0932-\u092c\u0917\u0932<\/span><\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"exam-tip\">\n <div class=\"et-icon\">\ud83e\uddf7<\/div>\n <div class=\"et-body\">\n The four tab placements most often mistaken.<\/strong> Page number is on Insert<\/strong>, not Layout, because it is inserted into<\/em> the header. Margins and orientation are on Layout<\/strong>, not Design. Watermark is on Design<\/strong>, not Insert, because it is a property of the page background. Word count is on Review<\/strong>, not Home, because it belongs to the Proofing group. Fixing these four settles most of the questions of this type.<\/span>\n \u091a\u093e\u0930 \u091f\u0948\u092c-\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928 \u091c\u093f\u0928\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092d\u0942\u0932 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/strong> \u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920-\u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e Insert \u092a\u0930 \u0939\u0948<\/strong>, Layout \u092a\u0930 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u0935\u0939 \u0936\u0940\u0930\u094d\u0937\u0932\u0947\u0916 \u0915\u0947 \u092d\u0940\u0924\u0930<\/em> \u0921\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0939\u093e\u0936\u093f\u092f\u0947 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0926\u093f\u0936\u093e Layout \u092a\u0930 \u0939\u0948\u0902<\/strong>, Design \u092a\u0930 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964 \u091c\u0932\u091a\u093f\u0939\u094d\u0928 Design \u092a\u0930 \u0939\u0948<\/strong>, Insert \u092a\u0930 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u0935\u0939 \u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920-\u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920\u092d\u0942\u092e\u093f \u0915\u093e \u0917\u0941\u0923 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0936\u092c\u094d\u0926-\u0917\u0923\u0928\u093e Review \u092a\u0930 \u0939\u0948<\/strong>, Home \u092a\u0930 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u0935\u0939 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0942\u092b\u093c\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0938\u092e\u0942\u0939 \u0915\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0907\u0928 \u091a\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0930 \u0915\u0930 \u0932\u0947\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u0907\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0902\u0936 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u0928\u093f\u092a\u091f \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <hr class=\"section-divider\">\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d3-2\">\n 3.2<\/span>\n <h3>Creating, Editing and Formatting Text<\/span>\u092a\u093e\u0920 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923, \u0938\u0902\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u0942\u092a\u0923<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n <h4>A. Selecting text<\/span>\u0915. \u092a\u093e\u0920 \u0915\u093e \u091a\u092f\u0928<\/span><\/h4>\n\n \n Nothing can be formatted until it is selected, and the selection techniques are themselves examinable.<\/span>\n \u091a\u092f\u0928 \u0915\u093f\u090f \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0902\u0930\u0942\u092a\u0923 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e, \u0914\u0930 \u091a\u092f\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u0924\u0915\u0928\u0940\u0915\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e-\u092f\u094b\u0917\u094d\u092f \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span>\n <\/p>\n\n <div class=\"abbr-grid\">\n <table>\n <thead><tr><th>Action<\/span>\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e<\/span><\/th><th>Selects<\/span>\u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u091a\u0941\u0928\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/th><\/tr><\/thead>\n <tbody>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">Double-click<\/span>\u0926\u094d\u0935\u093f-\u0915\u094d\u0932\u093f\u0915<\/span><\/td><td>A word<\/strong><\/span>\u090f\u0915 \u0936\u092c\u094d\u0926<\/strong><\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">Triple-click<\/span>\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f-\u0915\u094d\u0932\u093f\u0915<\/span><\/td><td>A paragraph<\/strong><\/span>\u090f\u0915 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u091a\u094d\u091b\u0947\u0926<\/strong><\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">Ctrl + click<\/span>\u0915\u094d\u0932\u093f\u0915<\/span><\/td><td>A sentence<\/strong><\/span>\u090f\u0915 \u0935\u093e\u0915\u094d\u092f<\/strong><\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">Ctrl + A<\/td><td>The whole document<\/strong><\/span>\u0938\u0902\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0926\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0947\u091c\u093c<\/strong><\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <\/tbody>\n <\/table>\n <table>\n <thead><tr><th>Action<\/span>\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e<\/span><\/th><th>Selects<\/span>\u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u091a\u0941\u0928\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/th><\/tr><\/thead>\n <tbody>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">Click in left margin<\/span>\u092c\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u0939\u093e\u0936\u093f\u092f\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u094d\u0932\u093f\u0915<\/span><\/td><td>One line<\/strong><\/span>\u090f\u0915 \u092a\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f<\/strong><\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">Shift + arrow<\/span>\u0924\u0940\u0930<\/span><\/td><td>Extends by one character or line<\/span>\u090f\u0915 \u0905\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0930 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u092a\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u092c\u0922\u093c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">Alt + drag<\/span>\u0916\u0940\u0902\u091a\u0947\u0902<\/span><\/td><td>A rectangular block<\/strong> of text<\/span>\u092a\u093e\u0920 \u0915\u093e \u0906\u092f\u0924\u093e\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0916\u0902\u0921<\/strong><\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">Ctrl + Shift + End<\/td><td>From the cursor to the end of the document<\/span>\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0938\u0930 \u0938\u0947 \u0926\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0947\u091c\u093c \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0902\u0924 \u0924\u0915<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <\/tbody>\n <\/table>\n <\/div>\n\n <h4>B. Character formatting<\/span>\u0916. \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0923-\u0938\u0902\u0930\u0942\u092a\u0923<\/span><\/h4>\n\n <table class=\"data-table\">\n <thead>\n <tr>\n <th>Feature<\/span>\u0938\u0941\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093e<\/span><\/th>\n <th>What it does<\/span>\u092f\u0939 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/th>\n <th>Where and how<\/span>\u0915\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0915\u0948\u0938\u0947<\/span><\/th>\n <\/tr>\n <\/thead>\n <tbody>\n <tr>\n <td>Font face and size<\/span>\u092b\u093c\u0949\u0928\u094d\u091f \u0930\u0942\u092a \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0906\u0915\u093e\u0930<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n <td>A serif<\/strong> face such as Times New Roman has small strokes at the ends of letters and suits printed body text; a sans-serif<\/strong> face such as Arial or Calibri has none and suits screens and headings. Size is measured in points<\/strong>, where 72 points make one inch<\/strong>.<\/span>\u0938\u0947\u0930\u093f\u092b\u093c<\/strong> \u0930\u0942\u092a \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u091f\u093e\u0907\u092e\u094d\u0938 \u0928\u094d\u092f\u0942 \u0930\u094b\u092e\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093f\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u091b\u094b\u091f\u0940 \u0930\u0947\u0916\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u0939 \u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u092e\u0942\u0932 \u092a\u093e\u0920 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u0948; \u0938\u0948\u0902\u0938-\u0938\u0947\u0930\u093f\u092b\u093c<\/strong> \u0930\u0942\u092a \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u090f\u0930\u093f\u092f\u0932 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0915\u0948\u0932\u093f\u092c\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u0947 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u0939 \u092a\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0947 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0936\u0940\u0930\u094d\u0937\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0906\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u0949\u0907\u0902\u091f<\/strong> \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u093e\u092a\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 72 \u092a\u0949\u0907\u0902\u091f \u0915\u093e \u090f\u0915 \u0907\u0902\u091a<\/strong> \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <td>Home<\/b>\u203a<\/i>Font<\/b><\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td>Bold, italic, underline<\/span>\u092e\u094b\u091f\u093e, \u0924\u093f\u0930\u091b\u093e, \u0930\u0947\u0916\u093e\u0902\u0915\u093f\u0924<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n <td>The three basic emphases. Overuse destroys emphasis: if half a circular is bold, nothing in it stands out.<\/span>\u0924\u0940\u0928 \u092e\u0942\u0932 \u092c\u0932\u093e\u0918\u093e\u0924\u0964 \u0905\u0924\u093f-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u092c\u0932\u093e\u0918\u093e\u0924 \u0928\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0915\u0930 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948: \u092f\u0926\u093f \u0906\u0927\u093e \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092e\u094b\u091f\u093e \u0939\u094b \u0924\u094b \u0909\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u0941\u091b \u092d\u0940 \u0909\u092d\u0930\u0915\u0930 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0906\u0924\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <td><kbd>Ctrl<\/kbd>+<kbd>B<\/kbd> \u00b7 <kbd>Ctrl<\/kbd>+<kbd>I<\/kbd> \u00b7 <kbd>Ctrl<\/kbd>+<kbd>U<\/kbd><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td>Subscript and superscript<\/span>\u0905\u0927\u094b\u0932\u0947\u0916 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u090a\u0930\u094d\u0927\u094d\u0935\u0932\u0947\u0916<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n <td>Text set below or above the line \u2014 H2<\/sub>O and 103<\/sup>. Needed constantly in science and mathematics question papers.<\/span>\u092a\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u0940\u091a\u0947 \u092f\u093e \u090a\u092a\u0930 \u0930\u0916\u093e \u092a\u093e\u0920 \u2014 H2<\/sub>O \u0924\u0925\u093e 103<\/sup>\u0964 \u0935\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0917\u0923\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928-\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u0902\u0924\u0930 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <td><kbd>Ctrl<\/kbd>+<kbd>=<\/kbd> \u00b7 <kbd>Ctrl<\/kbd>+<kbd>Shift<\/kbd>+<kbd>=<\/kbd><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td>Change Case<\/span>\u0905\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0930-\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0947\u0902<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n <td>Converts between Sentence case, lowercase, UPPERCASE, Capitalise Each Word and tOGGLE cASE<\/strong> without retyping.<\/span>\u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0903\u091f\u0902\u0915\u0923 \u0935\u093e\u0915\u094d\u092f-\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f, \u0932\u0918\u0941, \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0936\u092c\u094d\u0926 \u092c\u0921\u093c\u093e \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0909\u0932\u091f\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f<\/strong> \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <td><kbd>Shift<\/kbd>+<kbd>F3<\/kbd><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr style=\"background:#f3f8ff;\">\n <td>Format Painter<\/span>\u092b\u093c\u0949\u0930\u094d\u092e\u0948\u091f \u092a\u0947\u0902\u091f\u0930<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n <td>Copies formatting only<\/strong>, not text, from one place to another. A single click applies it once; a double-click keeps it active<\/strong> for repeated use until <kbd>Esc<\/kbd> is pressed \u2014 the detail that is usually asked.<\/span>\u092a\u093e\u0920 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u0942\u092a\u0923<\/strong> \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928 \u0938\u0947 \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u0932\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u090f\u0915 \u0915\u094d\u0932\u093f\u0915 \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u090f\u0915 \u092c\u093e\u0930 \u0932\u0917\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948; \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093f-\u0915\u094d\u0932\u093f\u0915 \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f \u0930\u0916\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/strong> \u091c\u092c \u0924\u0915 <kbd>Esc<\/kbd> \u0928 \u0926\u092c\u0947 \u2014 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092f\u0903 \u092f\u0939\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0935\u0930\u0923 \u092a\u0942\u091b\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <td>Home<\/b>\u203a<\/i>Clipboard<\/b><\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td>Find and Replace<\/span>\u0916\u094b\u091c\u0947\u0902 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0947\u0902<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n <td>Locates every occurrence of a word and optionally substitutes another. Replace All<\/strong> acts on the whole document at once, which is why it should be used with care in a long document.<\/span>\u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0936\u092c\u094d\u0926 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0909\u092a\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u0922\u0942\u0901\u0922\u093c\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u091a\u093e\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u0924\u094b \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u093e \u0930\u0916 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 Replace All<\/strong> \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0926\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0947\u091c\u093c \u092a\u0930 \u0932\u0917\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0907\u0938\u0940\u0932\u093f\u090f \u0932\u0902\u092c\u0947 \u0926\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0947\u091c\u093c \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0938\u093e\u0935\u0927\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <td><kbd>Ctrl<\/kbd>+<kbd>F<\/kbd> \u00b7 <kbd>Ctrl<\/kbd>+<kbd>H<\/kbd><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td>Spelling, grammar, thesaurus<\/span>\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928\u0940, \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0915\u0930\u0923, \u092a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f\u0915\u094b\u0936<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n <td>A red wavy underline marks a suspected spelling error<\/strong> and a blue or green one a grammatical one<\/strong>. The thesaurus offers synonyms.<\/span>\u0932\u093e\u0932 \u0932\u0939\u0930\u0926\u093e\u0930 \u0930\u0947\u0916\u093e \u0938\u0902\u092d\u093e\u0935\u093f\u0924 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928\u0940-\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0941\u091f\u093f<\/strong> \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0928\u0940\u0932\u0940 \u092f\u093e \u0939\u0930\u0940 \u0930\u0947\u0916\u093e \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0915\u0930\u0923-\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0941\u091f\u093f<\/strong> \u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f\u0915\u094b\u0936 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <td><kbd>F7<\/kbd> \u00b7 <kbd>Shift<\/kbd>+<kbd>F7<\/kbd><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td>AutoCorrect and AutoText<\/span>\u0938\u094d\u0935\u0924\u0903-\u0938\u0941\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0924\u0903-\u092a\u093e\u0920<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n <td>Corrects common typing errors as they are made, and can be taught to expand an abbreviation into a full phrase \u2014 useful for a school's own name or a recurring address.<\/span>\u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f \u091f\u0902\u0915\u0923-\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0941\u091f\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u092c\u0928\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0940 \u0938\u0941\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u092a \u0915\u094b \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0935\u093e\u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0936 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092b\u0948\u0932\u093e\u0928\u093e \u0938\u093f\u0916\u093e\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u0928\u093e\u092e \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u092c\u093e\u0930-\u092c\u093e\u0930 \u0906\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u092a\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0940\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <td>File<\/b>\u203a<\/i>Options<\/b>\u203a<\/i>Proofing<\/b><\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <\/tbody>\n <\/table>\n\n <hr class=\"section-divider\">\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d3-3\">\n 3.3<\/span>\n <h3>Paragraph Formatting and Page Setup<\/span>\u0905\u0928\u0941\u091a\u094d\u091b\u0947\u0926 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u0942\u092a\u0923 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920-\u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n <h4>A. Paragraph formatting<\/span>\u0915. \u0905\u0928\u0941\u091a\u094d\u091b\u0947\u0926 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u0942\u092a\u0923<\/span><\/h4>\n\n <div class=\"callout teal\">\n <div class=\"callout-label\">\ud83d\udcd0 The unit that matters<\/span>\ud83d\udcd0 \u0935\u0939 \u0907\u0915\u093e\u0908 \u091c\u094b \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/div>\n Character formatting applies to whatever is selected; paragraph formatting applies to the entire paragraph in which the cursor stands<\/strong>, whether or not anything is selected. This is why clicking anywhere in a paragraph and pressing <kbd>Ctrl<\/kbd>+<kbd>E<\/kbd> centres the whole of it. A paragraph, for this purpose, is everything between one press of Enter and the next<\/strong>.<\/span>\n \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0923-\u0938\u0902\u0930\u0942\u092a\u0923 \u091c\u094b \u091a\u092f\u0928\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b \u0909\u0938 \u092a\u0930 \u0932\u0917\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948; \u0905\u0928\u0941\u091a\u094d\u091b\u0947\u0926-\u0938\u0902\u0930\u0942\u092a\u0923 \u0909\u0938 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u091a\u094d\u091b\u0947\u0926 \u092a\u0930 \u0932\u0917\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u0930\u094d\u0938\u0930 \u0916\u0921\u093c\u093e \u0939\u094b<\/strong>, \u091a\u093e\u0939\u0947 \u0915\u0941\u091b \u091a\u092f\u0928\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b \u092f\u093e \u0928 \u0939\u094b\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0940\u0932\u093f\u090f \u0905\u0928\u0941\u091a\u094d\u091b\u0947\u0926 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u092d\u0940 \u0915\u094d\u0932\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u0930 <kbd>Ctrl<\/kbd>+<kbd>E<\/kbd> \u0926\u092c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u093e \u0905\u0928\u0941\u091a\u094d\u091b\u0947\u0926 \u092e\u0927\u094d\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0906 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0907\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u091a\u094d\u091b\u0947\u0926 \u0935\u0939 \u0938\u092c \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u090f\u0915 \u092c\u093e\u0930 \u090f\u0902\u091f\u0930 \u0926\u092c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u0917\u0932\u0940 \u092c\u093e\u0930 \u0926\u092c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a<\/strong> \u0939\u094b\u0964<\/span>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"feat-grid\">\n <div class=\"feat-card\">1<\/span>Alignment<\/span>\u0938\u0902\u0930\u0947\u0916\u0923<\/span><\/strong>Left <kbd>Ctrl<\/kbd>+<kbd>L<\/kbd>, Centre <kbd>Ctrl<\/kbd>+<kbd>E<\/kbd>, Right <kbd>Ctrl<\/kbd>+<kbd>R<\/kbd>, Justify<\/strong> <kbd>Ctrl<\/kbd>+<kbd>J<\/kbd>. Justified text has both margins straight<\/strong>, achieved by stretching the spaces between words.<\/span>\u092c\u093e\u090f\u0901 <kbd>Ctrl<\/kbd>+<kbd>L<\/kbd>, \u092e\u0927\u094d\u092f <kbd>Ctrl<\/kbd>+<kbd>E<\/kbd>, \u0926\u093e\u090f\u0901 <kbd>Ctrl<\/kbd>+<kbd>R<\/kbd>, \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930<\/strong> <kbd>Ctrl<\/kbd>+<kbd>J<\/kbd>\u0964 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930 \u092a\u093e\u0920 \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0939\u093e\u0936\u093f\u092f\u0947 \u0938\u0940\u0927\u0947<\/strong> \u0930\u0939\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u091c\u094b \u0936\u092c\u094d\u0926\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u0915\u0940 \u091c\u0917\u0939 \u0916\u0940\u0902\u091a\u0915\u0930 \u092a\u093e\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"feat-card\">2<\/span>Line and paragraph spacing<\/span>\u092a\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u091a\u094d\u091b\u0947\u0926 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093e\u0932<\/span><\/strong>Single <kbd>Ctrl<\/kbd>+<kbd>1<\/kbd>, double <kbd>Ctrl<\/kbd>+<kbd>2<\/kbd>, one-and-a-half <kbd>Ctrl<\/kbd>+<kbd>5<\/kbd>. Space before and after<\/strong> is set separately and is the correct way to separate paragraphs \u2014 not by pressing Enter twice.<\/span>\u090f\u0915\u0939\u0930\u093e <kbd>Ctrl<\/kbd>+<kbd>1<\/kbd>, \u0926\u0941\u0939\u0930\u093e <kbd>Ctrl<\/kbd>+<kbd>2<\/kbd>, \u0921\u0947\u0922\u093c <kbd>Ctrl<\/kbd>+<kbd>5<\/kbd>\u0964 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u0936\u094d\u091a\u093e\u0924\u094d \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093e\u0932<\/strong> \u0905\u0932\u0917 \u0938\u0947 \u0924\u092f \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u091a\u094d\u091b\u0947\u0926 \u092a\u0943\u0925\u0915 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u092f\u0939\u0940 \u0938\u0939\u0940 \u0930\u0940\u0924\u093f \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u0926\u094b \u092c\u093e\u0930 \u090f\u0902\u091f\u0930 \u0926\u092c\u093e\u0928\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"feat-card\">3<\/span>Indentation<\/span>\u0939\u093e\u0936\u093f\u092f\u093e-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0947\u0936<\/span><\/strong>Distance of text from the margin. A first-line indent<\/strong> pushes in only the first line; a hanging indent<\/strong> pushes in every line except<\/em> the first, and is what a bibliography entry uses.<\/span>\u0939\u093e\u0936\u093f\u092f\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u0920 \u0915\u0940 \u0926\u0942\u0930\u0940\u0964 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0925\u092e-\u092a\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0947\u0936<\/strong> \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0940 \u092a\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u092d\u0940\u0924\u0930 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948; \u0932\u0902\u092c\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0947\u0936<\/strong> \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0940 \u0915\u094b \u091b\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0915\u0930<\/em> \u0939\u0930 \u092a\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u092d\u0940\u0924\u0930 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0917\u094d\u0930\u0902\u0925-\u0938\u0942\u091a\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093f \u092f\u0939\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"feat-card\">4<\/span>Bullets and numbering<\/span>\u092c\u0941\u0932\u0947\u091f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0902\u0915\u0928<\/span><\/strong>Bullets for items of equal standing<\/strong>, numbers where order or count matters<\/strong>. A multilevel list<\/strong> gives the 1 \u2192 1.1 \u2192 1.1.1 structure used in official orders.<\/span>\u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930<\/strong> \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u0926\u094b\u0902 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u092c\u0941\u0932\u0947\u091f, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0917\u0923\u0928\u093e \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923<\/strong> \u0939\u094b \u0935\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0905\u0902\u0915\u0964 \u092c\u0939\u0941-\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0940<\/strong> \u0935\u0939 1 \u2192 1.1 \u2192 1.1.1 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0936\u093e\u0938\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0906\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"feat-card\">5<\/span>Tab stops<\/span>\u091f\u0948\u092c \u0938\u094d\u091f\u0949\u092a<\/span><\/strong>Positions the cursor jumps to on pressing <kbd>Tab<\/kbd>. Five kinds: left, centre, right, decimal and bar<\/strong>. The decimal tab aligns numbers on the decimal point<\/strong>, and a dot leader<\/strong> draws the row of dots seen in a contents page.<\/span>\u0935\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928 \u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 <kbd>Tab<\/kbd> \u0926\u092c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u0930\u094d\u0938\u0930 \u0915\u0942\u0926\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092a\u093e\u0901\u091a \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930: \u092c\u093e\u092f\u093e\u0901, \u092e\u0927\u094d\u092f, \u0926\u093e\u092f\u093e\u0901, \u0926\u0936\u092e\u0932\u0935 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0926\u0902\u0921<\/strong>\u0964 \u0926\u0936\u092e\u0932\u0935 \u091f\u0948\u092c \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0926\u0936\u092e\u0932\u0935 \u092c\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0941 \u092a\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u0947\u0916\u093f\u0924<\/strong> \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092c\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0941-\u0905\u0928\u0941\u091a\u0930<\/strong> \u0935\u0939 \u092c\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0941-\u092a\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0916\u0940\u0902\u091a\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f-\u0938\u0942\u091a\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0926\u093f\u0916\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"feat-card\">6<\/span>Borders and shading<\/span>\u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u091b\u093e\u092f\u093e<\/span><\/strong>Draws a box around a paragraph or fills it with colour \u2014 used for a boxed notice within a circular.<\/span>\u0905\u0928\u0941\u091a\u094d\u091b\u0947\u0926 \u0915\u0947 \u091a\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0913\u0930 \u092a\u0947\u091f\u0940 \u0916\u0940\u0902\u091a\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0930\u0902\u0917 \u0938\u0947 \u092d\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u092d\u0940\u0924\u0930 \u092a\u0947\u091f\u0940\u092c\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <h4>B. Page setup<\/span>\u0916. \u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920-\u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e<\/span><\/h4>\n\n <svg class=\"full-diagram\" viewBox=\"0 0 700 300\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Anatomy of a printed page showing margins, header and footer\">\n <rect x=\"238\" y=\"18\" width=\"224\" height=\"266\" rx=\"3\" fill=\"#fff\" stroke=\"#14243f\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\n <rect x=\"278\" y=\"52\" width=\"152\" height=\"200\" fill=\"#f7fbff\" stroke=\"#1f5fa9\" stroke-width=\"1.4\" stroke-dasharray=\"4 3\"\/>\n <rect x=\"278\" y=\"30\" width=\"152\" height=\"16\" fill=\"#eefbf7\" stroke=\"#0d8f79\" stroke-width=\"1.2\"\/>\n <text x=\"354\" y=\"42\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#0a6d5c\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">HEADER<\/text>\n <rect x=\"278\" y=\"258\" width=\"152\" height=\"16\" fill=\"#fdf0f5\" stroke=\"#8e2f5a\" stroke-width=\"1.2\"\/>\n <text x=\"354\" y=\"270\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#8e2f5a\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">FOOTER<\/text>\n <g fill=\"#2c3e50\" opacity=\".42\">\n <rect x=\"290\" y=\"66\" width=\"128\" height=\"4\" rx=\"2\"\/><rect x=\"290\" y=\"80\" width=\"128\" height=\"4\" rx=\"2\"\/>\n <rect x=\"290\" y=\"94\" width=\"104\" height=\"4\" rx=\"2\"\/><rect x=\"290\" y=\"114\" width=\"128\" height=\"4\" rx=\"2\"\/>\n <rect x=\"290\" y=\"128\" width=\"128\" height=\"4\" rx=\"2\"\/><rect x=\"290\" y=\"142\" width=\"88\" height=\"4\" rx=\"2\"\/>\n <rect x=\"290\" y=\"162\" width=\"128\" height=\"4\" rx=\"2\"\/><rect x=\"290\" y=\"176\" width=\"112\" height=\"4\" rx=\"2\"\/>\n <rect x=\"290\" y=\"196\" width=\"128\" height=\"4\" rx=\"2\"\/><rect x=\"290\" y=\"210\" width=\"128\" height=\"4\" rx=\"2\"\/>\n <rect x=\"290\" y=\"224\" width=\"70\" height=\"4\" rx=\"2\"\/>\n <\/g>\n <text x=\"354\" y=\"160\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\" opacity=\".38\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">TEXT AREA<\/text>\n\n <defs>\n <marker id=\"ma\" markerWidth=\"7\" markerHeight=\"7\" refX=\"6\" refY=\"2.4\" orient=\"auto\"><path d=\"M0,0 L0,4.8 L6,2.4 z\" fill=\"#c9760f\"\/><\/marker>\n <marker id=\"mb\" markerWidth=\"7\" markerHeight=\"7\" refX=\"1\" refY=\"2.4\" orient=\"auto\"><path d=\"M6,0 L6,4.8 L0,2.4 z\" fill=\"#c9760f\"\/><\/marker>\n <\/defs>\n <g stroke=\"#c9760f\" stroke-width=\"1.3\">\n <line x1=\"238\" y1=\"152\" x2=\"276\" y2=\"152\" marker-start=\"url(#mb)\" marker-end=\"url(#ma)\"\/>\n <line x1=\"432\" y1=\"152\" x2=\"462\" y2=\"152\" marker-start=\"url(#mb)\" marker-end=\"url(#ma)\"\/>\n <line x1=\"354\" y1=\"18\" x2=\"354\" y2=\"28\" marker-start=\"url(#mb)\" marker-end=\"url(#ma)\"\/>\n <line x1=\"354\" y1=\"276\" x2=\"354\" y2=\"284\" marker-start=\"url(#mb)\" marker-end=\"url(#ma)\"\/>\n <\/g>\n <g font-size=\"8.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#c9760f\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">\n <text x=\"240\" y=\"146\">LEFT<\/text><text x=\"238\" y=\"166\">MARGIN<\/text>\n <text x=\"436\" y=\"146\">RIGHT<\/text><text x=\"434\" y=\"166\">MARGIN<\/text>\n <text x=\"362\" y=\"26\">TOP MARGIN<\/text>\n <text x=\"362\" y=\"284\">BOTTOM MARGIN<\/text>\n <\/g>\n\n <rect x=\"24\" y=\"40\" width=\"184\" height=\"222\" rx=\"8\" fill=\"#f3f6fb\" stroke=\"#14243f\" stroke-width=\"1.4\" stroke-dasharray=\"4 3\"\/>\n <text x=\"40\" y=\"60\" font-size=\"9.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#14243f\" letter-spacing=\"1\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">PAGE SETUP FACTS<\/text>\n <g font-size=\"9\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">\n <text x=\"40\" y=\"82\">A4 = 210 \u00d7 297 mm<\/text>\n <text x=\"40\" y=\"100\">Legal = 216 \u00d7 356 mm<\/text>\n <text x=\"40\" y=\"118\">Letter = 216 \u00d7 279 mm<\/text>\n <text x=\"40\" y=\"142\">Default margin = 1 inch<\/text>\n <text x=\"40\" y=\"160\"> (2.54 cm)<\/text>\n <text x=\"40\" y=\"184\">Portrait = tall<\/text>\n <text x=\"40\" y=\"202\">Landscape = wide<\/text>\n <text x=\"40\" y=\"226\">Gutter = extra space<\/text>\n <text x=\"40\" y=\"244\"> left for binding<\/text>\n <\/g>\n\n <rect x=\"492\" y=\"40\" width=\"184\" height=\"222\" rx=\"8\" fill=\"#fffaef\" stroke=\"#c9760f\" stroke-width=\"1.4\" stroke-dasharray=\"4 3\"\/>\n <text x=\"508\" y=\"60\" font-size=\"9.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#8f5409\" letter-spacing=\"1\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">THE THREE BREAKS<\/text>\n <g font-size=\"9\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">\n <text x=\"508\" y=\"84\" font-weight=\"700\">Page break<\/text>\n <text x=\"508\" y=\"100\">Ctrl + Enter \u2014 starts<\/text>\n <text x=\"508\" y=\"114\">a new page, same<\/text>\n <text x=\"508\" y=\"128\">formatting throughout<\/text>\n <text x=\"508\" y=\"154\" font-weight=\"700\">Column break<\/text>\n <text x=\"508\" y=\"170\">moves text to the top<\/text>\n <text x=\"508\" y=\"184\">of the next column<\/text>\n <text x=\"508\" y=\"210\" font-weight=\"700\">Section break<\/text>\n <text x=\"508\" y=\"226\">allows different<\/text>\n <text x=\"508\" y=\"240\">margins, orientation<\/text>\n <text x=\"508\" y=\"254\">or numbering after it<\/text>\n <\/g>\n <\/svg>\n The printed page. Header and footer lie inside the top and bottom margins, outside the text area.<\/span>\u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920\u0964 \u0936\u0940\u0930\u094d\u0937\u0932\u0947\u0916 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u093e\u0926\u0932\u0947\u0916 \u090a\u092a\u0930\u0940 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0928\u093f\u091a\u0932\u0947 \u0939\u093e\u0936\u093f\u092f\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u092d\u0940\u0924\u0930, \u092a\u093e\u0920-\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0939\u0930 \u0930\u0939\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n\n <div class=\"exam-tip\">\n <div class=\"et-icon\">\u26a0\ufe0f<\/div>\n <div class=\"et-body\">\n Page break or repeated Enter \u2014 the distinction that separates a trained typist from an untrained one.<\/strong> Pressing Enter until the text falls onto the next page appears to work, but the moment a line is added or deleted above, every subsequent page shifts and the document must be repaired by hand. A page break, inserted with <kbd>Ctrl<\/kbd>+<kbd>Enter<\/kbd>, is a fixed instruction<\/strong> that survives every later edit. The same reasoning applies to using the Tab key rather than repeated spaces for indentation, and to using a table rather than aligned spaces for a column of figures.<\/span>\n \u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u0935\u093f\u091a\u094d\u091b\u0947\u0926 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u092c\u093e\u0930-\u092c\u093e\u0930 \u090f\u0902\u091f\u0930 \u2014 \u092f\u0939\u0940 \u092d\u0947\u0926 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u091f\u0902\u0915\u0915 \u0915\u094b \u0905\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0932\u0917 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/strong> \u092a\u093e\u0920 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0917\u0932\u0947 \u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u092a\u0930 \u0917\u093f\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0924\u0915 \u090f\u0902\u091f\u0930 \u0926\u092c\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u093e \u0915\u093e\u092e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u0940\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0915\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0941 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0939\u0940 \u090a\u092a\u0930 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u092a\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u091c\u0941\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u092f\u093e \u0939\u091f\u0947, \u0906\u0917\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u0916\u093f\u0938\u0915 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0926\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0947\u091c\u093c \u0939\u093e\u0925 \u0938\u0947 \u0920\u0940\u0915 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u092a\u0921\u093c\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 <kbd>Ctrl<\/kbd>+<kbd>Enter<\/kbd> \u0938\u0947 \u0921\u093e\u0932\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u0935\u093f\u091a\u094d\u091b\u0947\u0926 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0930 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u0939\u0948<\/strong> \u091c\u094b \u0939\u0930 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0928\u093e \u0930\u0939\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939\u0940 \u0924\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0939\u093e\u0936\u093f\u092f\u093e-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0947\u0936 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u092c\u093e\u0930-\u092c\u093e\u0930 \u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u091c\u093e\u092f \u091f\u0948\u092c \u0915\u0941\u0902\u091c\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0905\u0902\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0902\u092d \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u0947\u0916\u093f\u0924 \u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u091c\u093e\u092f \u0938\u093e\u0930\u0923\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u0932\u093e\u0917\u0942 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <hr class=\"section-divider\">\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d3-4\">\n 3.4<\/span>\n <h3>Tables<\/span>\u0938\u093e\u0930\u0923\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n \n A table<\/strong> arranges information in rows<\/strong> running across and columns<\/strong> running down, their intersection being a cell<\/strong>. For a school it is the structure behind the timetable, the attendance sheet, the marks statement and the staff list.<\/span>\n \u0938\u093e\u0930\u0923\u0940<\/strong> \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0906\u0921\u093c\u0940 \u091a\u0932\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u092a\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902<\/strong> \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0916\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u091a\u0932\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0902\u092d\u094b\u0902<\/strong> \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0928\u0915\u093e \u0915\u091f\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u094b\u0937\u094d\u0920<\/strong> \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u092f\u0939\u0940 \u0935\u0939 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938 \u092a\u0930 \u0938\u092e\u092f-\u0938\u093e\u0930\u0923\u0940, \u0909\u092a\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f-\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0915, \u0905\u0902\u0915-\u0935\u093f\u0935\u0930\u0923 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0915\u0930\u094d\u092e\u091a\u093e\u0930\u0940-\u0938\u0942\u091a\u0940 \u091f\u093f\u0915\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span>\n <\/p>\n\n <table class=\"data-table\">\n <thead>\n <tr>\n <th>Operation<\/span>\u0938\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e<\/span><\/th>\n <th>What it does and why it matters<\/span>\u092f\u0939 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/th>\n <\/tr>\n <\/thead>\n <tbody>\n <tr>\n <td>Inserting a table<\/span>\u0938\u093e\u0930\u0923\u0940 \u0921\u093e\u0932\u0928\u093e<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n <td>Four ways: dragging over the grid<\/strong>, the Insert Table<\/strong> dialog for an exact size, Draw Table<\/strong> for an irregular one, and Convert Text to Table<\/strong>, which turns text already separated by tabs or commas into a table \u2014 the quickest way to rescue a list someone has typed with spaces.<\/span>\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0930\u0940\u0924\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901: \u0917\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0921<\/strong> \u092a\u0930 \u0916\u0940\u0902\u091a\u0928\u093e, \u0920\u0940\u0915 \u0906\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 Insert Table<\/strong> \u0938\u0902\u0935\u093e\u0926, \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092e \u0938\u093e\u0930\u0923\u0940 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 Draw Table<\/strong>, \u0924\u0925\u093e Convert Text to Table<\/strong>, \u091c\u094b \u091f\u0948\u092c \u092f\u093e \u0905\u0932\u094d\u092a\u0935\u093f\u0930\u093e\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0943\u0925\u0915 \u092a\u093e\u0920 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u093e\u0930\u0923\u0940 \u092c\u0928\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u091f\u0902\u0915\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0940 \u092c\u091a\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u0924\u0947\u091c\u093c \u0930\u0940\u0924\u093f\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td>Merge and split cells<\/span>\u0915\u094b\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u093e\u0928\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093e\u091c\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n <td>Merge<\/strong> joins two or more adjacent cells into one \u2014 how a heading is made to span the whole width of a marks statement. Split<\/strong> divides one cell into several. Split Table<\/strong> separates one table into two.<\/span>Merge<\/strong> \u0926\u094b \u092f\u093e \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0940 \u0915\u094b\u0937\u094d\u0920\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u090f\u0915 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u0907\u0938\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u0936\u0940\u0930\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0905\u0902\u0915-\u0935\u093f\u0935\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u0940 \u091a\u094c\u0921\u093c\u093e\u0908 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092b\u0948\u0932\u093e\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 Split<\/strong> \u090f\u0915 \u0915\u094b\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u0915\u094b \u0905\u0928\u0947\u0915 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u093e\u0901\u091f\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 Split Table<\/strong> \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u0930\u0923\u0940 \u0915\u094b \u0926\u094b \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0943\u0925\u0915 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr style=\"background:#f3f8ff;\">\n <td>Repeat header rows<\/span>\u0936\u0940\u0930\u094d\u0937-\u092a\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0926\u094b\u0939\u0930\u093e\u0928\u093e<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n <td>Marks the first row as a heading so that it reprints automatically at the top of every page<\/strong> a long table runs onto. Without it, page two of an attendance register carries columns of figures with no labels. Found at Table Layout<\/b>\u203a<\/i>Repeat Header Rows<\/b><\/span><\/span>\u092a\u0939\u0932\u0940 \u092a\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0915\u094b \u0936\u0940\u0930\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u091a\u093f\u0939\u094d\u0928\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0932\u0902\u092c\u0940 \u0938\u093e\u0930\u0923\u0940 \u091c\u093f\u0924\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u091c\u093e\u090f, \u0935\u0939 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u0915\u0947 \u0936\u0940\u0930\u094d\u0937 \u092a\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0924\u0903 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u094d\u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924<\/strong> \u0939\u094b\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0909\u092a\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f-\u0930\u091c\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u0947 \u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u092a\u0930 \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0928\u093e\u092e \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0902\u0915-\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0902\u092d \u0930\u0939 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u092f\u0939 Table Layout<\/b>\u203a<\/i>Repeat Header Rows<\/b><\/span> \u092a\u0930 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td>Sorting<\/span>\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u092c\u0926\u094d\u0927\u0924\u093e<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n <td>Arranges rows in ascending or descending order by any column \u2014 alphabetically by name, or numerically by marks or roll number.<\/span>\u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092d\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0902\u092d \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0906\u0930\u094b\u0939\u0940 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0905\u0935\u0930\u094b\u0939\u0940 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0930\u0916\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u0928\u093e\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0923\u093e\u0928\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u092e\u0947\u0902, \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0905\u0902\u0915 \u092f\u093e \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0902\u0915 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u092e\u0947\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td>Formula in a table<\/span>\u0938\u093e\u0930\u0923\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n <td>A word processor table can calculate: <code>=SUM(ABOVE)<\/code> totals the cells above, <code>=AVERAGE(LEFT)<\/code> averages those to the left. Adequate for a small total, but a spreadsheet is the right tool<\/strong> once figures must be recalculated \u2014 the reason Chapter 4 exists.<\/span>\u0936\u092c\u094d\u0926 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u093e\u0927\u0915 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u093e\u0930\u0923\u0940 \u0917\u0923\u0928\u093e \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948: <code>=SUM(ABOVE)<\/code> \u090a\u092a\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u094b\u0937\u094d\u0920\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0924\u0925\u093e <code>=AVERAGE(LEFT)<\/code> \u092c\u093e\u0908\u0902 \u0913\u0930 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0914\u0938\u0924 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u091b\u094b\u091f\u0947 \u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u092a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924, \u0915\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0941 \u091c\u092c \u0905\u0902\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0923\u0928\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0940 \u0939\u094b \u0924\u094b \u0938\u094d\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0921\u0936\u0940\u091f \u0939\u0940 \u0938\u0939\u0940 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0939\u0948<\/strong> \u2014 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f 4 \u0907\u0938\u0940\u0932\u093f\u090f \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td>Moving within a table<\/span>\u0938\u093e\u0930\u0923\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u092d\u0940\u0924\u0930 \u091a\u0932\u0928\u093e<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n <td><kbd>Tab<\/kbd> moves to the next cell and <kbd>Shift<\/kbd>+<kbd>Tab<\/kbd> to the previous. Pressing <kbd>Tab<\/kbd> in the last cell adds a new row<\/strong> \u2014 the fastest way to extend a list. To put an actual tab character inside a cell, press <kbd>Ctrl<\/kbd>+<kbd>Tab<\/kbd>.<\/span><kbd>Tab<\/kbd> \u0905\u0917\u0932\u0947 \u0915\u094b\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0924\u0925\u093e <kbd>Shift<\/kbd>+<kbd>Tab<\/kbd> \u092a\u093f\u091b\u0932\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0932\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u093f\u092e \u0915\u094b\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u092e\u0947\u0902 <kbd>Tab<\/kbd> \u0926\u092c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u0928\u0908 \u092a\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u091c\u0941\u0921\u093c \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948<\/strong> \u2014 \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0940 \u092c\u0922\u093c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u0924\u0947\u091c\u093c \u0930\u0940\u0924\u093f\u0964 \u0915\u094b\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u0915\u0947 \u092d\u0940\u0924\u0930 \u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u091f\u0948\u092c \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0921\u093e\u0932\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 <kbd>Ctrl<\/kbd>+<kbd>Tab<\/kbd> \u0926\u092c\u093e\u090f\u0901\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <\/tbody>\n <\/table>\n\n <div class=\"mcq-box\">\n <div class=\"mcq-title\">\n Practice<\/span>\u0905\u092d\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938<\/span><\/span>\n Questions on the interface, formatting and tables<\/span>\u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u092b\u093c\u0947\u0938, \u0938\u0902\u0930\u0942\u092a\u0923 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u093e\u0930\u0923\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928<\/span><\/span>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"mcq-note\">Objective questions in the pattern of the examination. Click to reveal the answer and its explanation.<\/span>\u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u0930 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928\u0964 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0916\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u094d\u0932\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u0940\u091c\u093f\u090f\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <details class=\"mcq-q\">\n <summary>31<\/span>The Watermark command is found under which tab?<\/span><\/summary>\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\n <li>(a) Insert<\/li>\n <li>(b) Design<\/li>\n <li>(c) Layout<\/li>\n <li>(d) View<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\">(b) Design<\/b> Watermark belongs to the Page Background group on the Design tab, along with Page Colour and Page Borders. Insert is the natural guess and the intended trap, because the word suggests inserting something into the page.<\/span>\u091c\u0932\u091a\u093f\u0939\u094d\u0928 Design \u091f\u0948\u092c \u0915\u0947 Page Background \u0938\u092e\u0942\u0939 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u0948, \u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920-\u0930\u0902\u0917 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920-\u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925\u0964 Insert \u0938\u094d\u0935\u093e\u092d\u093e\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u0939\u0940 \u0905\u092d\u0940\u0937\u094d\u091f \u091c\u093e\u0932, \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u0936\u092c\u094d\u0926 \u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u0941\u091b \u0921\u093e\u0932\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u0906\u092d\u093e\u0938 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\u00a73.1 A<\/span><\/div>\n <\/details>\n <details class=\"mcq-q\">\n <summary>32<\/span>To keep the Format Painter active for applying formatting to several separate places, one should:<\/span><\/summary>\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\n <li>(a) Click it once<\/li>\n <li>(b) Double-click it<\/li>\n <li>(c) Hold Shift while clicking it<\/li>\n <li>(d) Right-click it<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\">(b) Double-click it<\/b> A single click applies the formatting once and then switches the tool off. A double-click keeps it on until Esc is pressed, which is what makes it useful for a long document.<\/span>\u090f\u0915 \u0915\u094d\u0932\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u0942\u092a\u0923 \u090f\u0915 \u092c\u093e\u0930 \u0932\u0917\u093e\u0915\u0930 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u092c\u0902\u0926 \u0915\u0930 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093f-\u0915\u094d\u0932\u093f\u0915 \u0909\u0938\u0947 Esc \u0926\u092c\u0928\u0947 \u0924\u0915 \u091a\u093e\u0932\u0942 \u0930\u0916\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u092f\u0939\u0940 \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0932\u0902\u092c\u0947 \u0926\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0947\u091c\u093c \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0940 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\u00a73.2 B<\/span><\/div>\n <\/details>\n <details class=\"mcq-q\">\n <summary>33<\/span>Which key combination inserts a page break?<\/span><\/summary>\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\n <li>(a) Ctrl + Enter<\/li>\n <li>(b) Shift + Enter<\/li>\n <li>(c) Alt + Enter<\/li>\n <li>(d) Ctrl + Shift + Enter<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\">(a) Ctrl + Enter<\/b> Shift + Enter inserts a line break, which starts a new line within the same paragraph and therefore keeps the paragraph formatting. Ctrl + Shift + Enter inserts a column break.<\/span>Shift + Enter \u092a\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f-\u0935\u093f\u091a\u094d\u091b\u0947\u0926 \u0921\u093e\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u094b \u0909\u0938\u0940 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u091a\u094d\u091b\u0947\u0926 \u0915\u0947 \u092d\u0940\u0924\u0930 \u0928\u0908 \u092a\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0906\u0930\u0902\u092d \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u0924\u0903 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u091a\u094d\u091b\u0947\u0926-\u0938\u0902\u0930\u0942\u092a\u0923 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u090f \u0930\u0916\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 Ctrl + Shift + Enter \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0902\u092d-\u0935\u093f\u091a\u094d\u091b\u0947\u0926 \u0921\u093e\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\u00a73.3 B<\/span><\/div>\n <\/details>\n <details class=\"mcq-q\">\n <summary>34<\/span>In a table, pressing the Tab key while the cursor is in the last cell of the last row will:<\/span><\/summary>\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\n <li>(a) Move the cursor out of the table<\/li>\n <li>(b) Insert a tab character in the cell<\/li>\n <li>(c) Add a new row to the table<\/li>\n <li>(d) Move to the first cell of the table<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\">(c) Add a new row to the table<\/b> This is the standard way of extending a list while typing. To insert an actual tab character inside a cell instead, the combination is Ctrl + Tab.<\/span>\u091f\u0902\u0915\u0923 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947-\u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0940 \u092c\u0922\u093c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u092f\u0939\u0940 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0915 \u0930\u0940\u0924\u093f \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0915\u094b\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u0915\u0947 \u092d\u0940\u0924\u0930 \u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u091f\u0948\u092c \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0921\u093e\u0932\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0938\u0902\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928 Ctrl + Tab \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\u00a73.4<\/span><\/div>\n <\/details>\n <details class=\"mcq-q\">\n <summary>35<\/span>The size of a font is measured in points, where one inch equals:<\/span><\/summary>\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\n <li>(a) 10 points<\/li>\n <li>(b) 12 points<\/li>\n <li>(c) 64 points<\/li>\n <li>(d) 72 points<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\">(d) 72 points<\/b> A 72-point letter is therefore an inch tall, and the common body size of 12 points is one-sixth of an inch. The figure comes from traditional printing measurement, not from the computer.<\/span>\u0905\u0924\u0903 72-\u092a\u0949\u0907\u0902\u091f \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0930 \u090f\u0915 \u0907\u0902\u091a \u090a\u0901\u091a\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u0925\u093e 12 \u092a\u0949\u0907\u0902\u091f \u0915\u093e \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f \u092e\u0942\u0932-\u092a\u093e\u0920 \u0906\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0907\u0902\u091a \u0915\u093e \u091b\u0920\u093e \u092d\u093e\u0917\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0905\u0902\u0915 \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u0938\u0947 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u092a\u0930\u0902\u092a\u0930\u093e\u0917\u0924 \u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0923-\u092e\u093e\u092a\u0928 \u0938\u0947 \u0906\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\u00a73.2 B<\/span><\/div>\n <\/details>\n <\/div>\n\n <hr class=\"section-divider\">\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d3-5\">\n 3.5<\/span>\n <h3>Headers, Footers, Page Numbers and Sections<\/span>\u0936\u0940\u0930\u094d\u0937\u0932\u0947\u0916, \u092a\u093e\u0926\u0932\u0947\u0916, \u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920-\u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0916\u0902\u0921<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"callout\">\n <div class=\"callout-label\">\ud83d\udcd8 Concept<\/span>\ud83d\udcd8 \u0905\u0935\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923\u093e<\/span><\/div>\n A header<\/strong> is the area within the top margin and a footer<\/strong> the area within the bottom margin, whose contents repeat automatically on every page<\/strong>. Typed once, they appear throughout \u2014 which is why the school's name and address belong in the header of a circular and the page number in its footer, rather than being retyped page by page.<\/span>\n \u0936\u0940\u0930\u094d\u0937\u0932\u0947\u0916<\/strong> \u090a\u092a\u0930\u0940 \u0939\u093e\u0936\u093f\u092f\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u092d\u0940\u0924\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0939\u0948 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092a\u093e\u0926\u0932\u0947\u0916<\/strong> \u0928\u093f\u091a\u0932\u0947 \u0939\u093e\u0936\u093f\u092f\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u092d\u0940\u0924\u0930 \u0915\u093e, \u091c\u093f\u0928\u0915\u0940 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u092a\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0924\u0903 \u0926\u094b\u0939\u0930\u093e\u0908<\/strong> \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u090f\u0915 \u092c\u093e\u0930 \u091f\u0902\u0915\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0915\u0930 \u0935\u0947 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0906\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u2014 \u0907\u0938\u0940\u0932\u093f\u090f \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093e\u092e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u0924\u093e \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0936\u0940\u0930\u094d\u0937\u0932\u0947\u0916 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920-\u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u0926\u0932\u0947\u0916 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0940 \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f, \u0928 \u0915\u093f \u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920-\u0926\u0930-\u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0903\u091f\u0902\u0915\u093f\u0924\u0964<\/span>\n <\/div>\n\n <ul class=\"icon-list\">\n <li>1<\/span>\n Entering and leaving.<\/strong> Double-click<\/strong> in the top or bottom margin to open the header or footer area, and press <kbd>Esc<\/kbd> or double-click in the body to leave it. Alternatively, Insert<\/b>\u203a<\/i>Header & Footer<\/b><\/span><\/span>\n \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0947\u0936 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938\u0964<\/strong> \u0936\u0940\u0930\u094d\u0937\u0932\u0947\u0916 \u092f\u093e \u092a\u093e\u0926\u0932\u0947\u0916 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0916\u094b\u0932\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u090a\u092a\u0930\u0940 \u092f\u093e \u0928\u093f\u091a\u0932\u0947 \u0939\u093e\u0936\u093f\u092f\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093f-\u0915\u094d\u0932\u093f\u0915<\/strong> \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0909\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u0932\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 <kbd>Esc<\/kbd> \u0926\u092c\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u092f\u093e \u092e\u0942\u0932 \u092a\u093e\u0920 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093f-\u0915\u094d\u0932\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902\u0964 \u0935\u0948\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a\u093f\u0915 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947, Insert<\/b>\u203a<\/i>Header & Footer<\/b><\/span><\/span>\n <\/span><\/li>\n <li>2<\/span>\n Different first page.<\/strong> A tick in this box suppresses the header and footer on page one, which is how a letter whose first page is on printed letterhead avoids repeating the letterhead in type.<\/span>\n \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0925\u092e \u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928\u0964<\/strong> \u0907\u0938 \u092a\u0947\u091f\u0940 \u092a\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u0936\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u0915\u093e \u0936\u0940\u0930\u094d\u0937\u0932\u0947\u0916 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u093e\u0926\u0932\u0947\u0916 \u0926\u092c\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0935\u0939 \u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u093e \u092a\u0939\u0932\u093e \u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0932\u0947\u091f\u0930\u0939\u0947\u0921 \u092a\u0930 \u0939\u094b, \u0932\u0947\u091f\u0930\u0939\u0947\u0921 \u0915\u094b \u091f\u0902\u0915\u0923 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0926\u094b\u0939\u0930\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u091a \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\n <\/span><\/li>\n <li>3<\/span>\n Different odd and even pages.<\/strong> Allows the page number to sit on the outer edge of each page, as in a printed book, and the chapter name to alternate with the book title.<\/span>\n \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u092e \u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928\u0964<\/strong> \u0907\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920-\u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u093f\u0928\u093e\u0930\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u0930\u0939 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u0941\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0915 \u092e\u0947\u0902, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f-\u0928\u093e\u092e \u092a\u0941\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0915-\u0936\u0940\u0930\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0930\u0939 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\n <\/span><\/li>\n <li>4<\/span>\n Page numbers.<\/strong> Inserted from Insert<\/b>\u203a<\/i>Page Number<\/b><\/span> and formatted separately for position, number format<\/strong> \u2014 1, 2, 3 or i, ii, iii or a, b, c \u2014 and starting value<\/strong>. The number is a field<\/strong>, meaning it updates itself as pages are added or removed.<\/span>\n \u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920-\u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e\u090f\u0901\u0964<\/strong> Insert<\/b>\u203a<\/i>Page Number<\/b><\/span> \u0938\u0947 \u0921\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f, \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0930\u0942\u092a<\/strong> \u2014 1, 2, 3 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e i, ii, iii \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e a, b, c \u2014 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0906\u0930\u0902\u092d\u093f\u0915 \u092e\u093e\u0928<\/strong> \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0905\u0932\u0917 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u0942\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u090f\u0915 \u092b\u093c\u0940\u0932\u094d\u0921<\/strong> \u0939\u0948, \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0924\u094d \u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u091c\u0941\u0921\u093c\u0928\u0947 \u092f\u093e \u0939\u091f\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u0935\u0939 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u0905\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0924\u0928 \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\n <\/span><\/li>\n <\/ul>\n\n <div class=\"enrich-box\">\n Worked case \u2014 a school report with two numbering schemes<\/span>\u0939\u0932 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u2014 \u0926\u094b \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0902\u0915\u0928-\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0926\u0928<\/span><\/span>\n \n An annual report needs its preliminary pages \u2014 title, foreword, contents \u2014 numbered i, ii, iii<\/strong>, and the main body numbered 1, 2, 3<\/strong> beginning again from one. A single continuous document cannot do this, and the answer is the section break<\/strong>.<\/span>\n \u0935\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0926\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0930\u0902\u092d\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u2014 \u0936\u0940\u0930\u094d\u0937\u0915, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0915\u094d\u0915\u0925\u0928, \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f-\u0938\u0942\u091a\u0940 \u2014 i, ii, iii<\/strong> \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0902\u0915\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f \u092d\u093e\u0917 \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0903 \u0906\u0930\u0902\u092d \u0939\u094b\u0915\u0930 1, 2, 3<\/strong>\u0964 \u090f\u0915\u0932 \u0938\u0924\u0924 \u0926\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0947\u091c\u093c \u092f\u0939 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e, \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0939\u0948 \u0916\u0902\u0921 \u0935\u093f\u091a\u094d\u091b\u0947\u0926<\/strong>\u0964<\/span>\n <\/p>\n <ul class=\"split-list\">\n <li>1<\/span>Place the cursor at the start of the main body and insert Layout<\/b>\u203a<\/i>Breaks<\/b>\u203a<\/i>Next Page<\/b><\/span> This creates a section break<\/strong>, which divides the document into two independently formattable parts.<\/span>\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0938\u0930 \u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f \u092d\u093e\u0917 \u0915\u0947 \u0906\u0930\u0902\u092d \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0930\u0916\u0915\u0930 Layout<\/b>\u203a<\/i>Breaks<\/b>\u203a<\/i>Next Page<\/b><\/span> \u0921\u093e\u0932\u0947\u0902\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0916\u0902\u0921 \u0935\u093f\u091a\u094d\u091b\u0947\u0926<\/strong> \u092c\u0928\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u094b \u0926\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0947\u091c\u093c \u0915\u094b \u0926\u094b \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u0942\u092a\u0923\u0940\u092f \u092d\u093e\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u093e\u0901\u091f \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n <li>2<\/span>Open the footer of the second section and switch off \"Link to Previous\"<\/strong>. This is the decisive step: while the link is on, the second section merely copies the first, and nothing can be changed independently.<\/span>\u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u0947 \u0916\u0902\u0921 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u093e\u0926\u0932\u0947\u0916 \u0916\u094b\u0932\u0915\u0930 \"Link to Previous\" \u092c\u0902\u0926 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902<\/strong>\u0964 \u092f\u0939\u0940 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0923\u093e\u092f\u0915 \u091a\u0930\u0923 \u0939\u0948: \u091c\u092c \u0924\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927 \u091a\u093e\u0932\u0942 \u0939\u0948, \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u093e \u0916\u0902\u0921 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0928\u0915\u0932 \u092d\u0930 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0941\u091b \u092c\u0926\u0932\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n <li>3<\/span>In the first section set the number format to i, ii, iii<\/strong>; in the second set it to 1, 2, 3<\/strong> and choose Start at 1<\/strong>.<\/span>\u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0916\u0902\u0921 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0930\u0942\u092a i, ii, iii<\/strong> \u0930\u0916\u0947\u0902; \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 1, 2, 3<\/strong> \u0930\u0916\u0915\u0930 Start at 1<\/strong> \u091a\u0941\u0928\u0947\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n <li>\u2713<\/span>The same technique handles a report in which one page must be landscape<\/strong> for a wide table while the rest stays portrait: a section break before and after that page frees its orientation from the others.<\/span>\u092f\u0939\u0940 \u0924\u0915\u0928\u0940\u0915 \u0909\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0926\u0928 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0902\u092d\u093e\u0932\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091a\u094c\u0921\u093c\u0940 \u0938\u093e\u0930\u0923\u0940 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u090f\u0915 \u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u092d\u0942-\u0926\u093f\u0936\u093e<\/strong> \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f \u0914\u0930 \u0936\u0947\u0937 \u0916\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u0930\u0939\u0947\u0902: \u0909\u0938 \u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0916\u0902\u0921 \u0935\u093f\u091a\u094d\u091b\u0947\u0926 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u0926\u093f\u0936\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0936\u0947\u0937 \u0938\u0947 \u092e\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0930 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"exam-tip\">\n <div class=\"et-icon\">\ud83d\udd17<\/div>\n <div class=\"et-body\">\n Page break and section break are not interchangeable.<\/strong> A page break<\/strong> merely pushes text onto a new page; every page keeps the same margins, orientation, headers and numbering. A section break<\/strong> creates a new formatting region<\/em>, after which margins, orientation, columns, headers, footers and page numbering can all differ. Any question describing a document in which part must be formatted differently from the rest<\/strong> is answered by section break, never by page break.<\/span>\n \u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u0935\u093f\u091a\u094d\u091b\u0947\u0926 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0916\u0902\u0921 \u0935\u093f\u091a\u094d\u091b\u0947\u0926 \u092a\u0930\u0938\u094d\u092a\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092e\u0947\u092f \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/strong> \u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u0935\u093f\u091a\u094d\u091b\u0947\u0926<\/strong> \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u092a\u093e\u0920 \u0915\u094b \u0928\u090f \u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u092a\u0930 \u0927\u0915\u0947\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948; \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u0915\u0947 \u0939\u093e\u0936\u093f\u092f\u0947, \u0926\u093f\u0936\u093e, \u0936\u0940\u0930\u094d\u0937\u0932\u0947\u0916 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0902\u0915\u0928 \u0935\u0939\u0940 \u0930\u0939\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0916\u0902\u0921 \u0935\u093f\u091a\u094d\u091b\u0947\u0926<\/strong> \u0928\u092f\u093e \u0938\u0902\u0930\u0942\u092a\u0923-\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930<\/em> \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u0939\u093e\u0936\u093f\u092f\u0947, \u0926\u093f\u0936\u093e, \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0902\u092d, \u0936\u0940\u0930\u094d\u0937\u0932\u0947\u0916, \u092a\u093e\u0926\u0932\u0947\u0916 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920-\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0902\u0915\u0928 \u0938\u092c \u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0910\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092d\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0926\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0947\u091c\u093c \u0915\u093e \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u092d\u093e\u0917 \u0936\u0947\u0937 \u0938\u0947 \u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u0942\u092a\u093f\u0924<\/strong> \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u0939\u094b, \u0916\u0902\u0921 \u0935\u093f\u091a\u094d\u091b\u0947\u0926 \u0939\u0948, \u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u0935\u093f\u091a\u094d\u091b\u0947\u0926 \u0915\u092d\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964<\/span>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <hr class=\"section-divider\">\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d3-6\">\n 3.6<\/span>\n <h3>Styles, Table of Contents and References<\/span>\u0936\u0948\u0932\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901, \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f-\u0938\u0942\u091a\u0940 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0930\u094d\u092d<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"callout purple\">\n <div class=\"callout-label\">\ud83d\udcd8 What a style is<\/span>\ud83d\udcd8 \u0936\u0948\u0932\u0940 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/div>\n A style<\/strong> is a named set of formatting instructions<\/strong> \u2014 font, size, colour, spacing, indentation \u2014 applied as a single unit. Applying Heading 1<\/em> to a line does not merely make it large and bold; it records that the line is a first-level heading<\/strong>. That recorded meaning, not the appearance, is what makes everything else in this section possible.<\/span>\n \u0936\u0948\u0932\u0940<\/strong> \u0938\u0902\u0930\u0942\u092a\u0923-\u0905\u0928\u0941\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u092e\u0941\u091a\u094d\u091a\u092f<\/strong> \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u092b\u093c\u0949\u0928\u094d\u091f, \u0906\u0915\u093e\u0930, \u0930\u0902\u0917, \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093e\u0932, \u0939\u093e\u0936\u093f\u092f\u093e-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0947\u0936 \u2014 \u091c\u094b \u090f\u0915 \u0907\u0915\u093e\u0908 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0932\u0917\u093e\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092a\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u092a\u0930 Heading 1<\/em> \u0932\u0917\u093e\u0928\u093e \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u092c\u0921\u093c\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092e\u094b\u091f\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u093e; \u0935\u0939 \u092f\u0939 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0932\u093f\u0916\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u092a\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0925\u092e-\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0936\u0940\u0930\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0939\u0948<\/strong>\u0964 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0935\u0939\u0940 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0932\u093f\u0916\u093f\u0924 \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u0907\u0938 \u092d\u093e\u0917 \u0915\u0940 \u0936\u0947\u0937 \u0938\u092c \u092c\u093e\u0924\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u092d\u0935 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"pc-grid\">\n <div class=\"pc-panel con\">\n <div class=\"pc-head\">\u2717<\/span>Formatting each heading by hand<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0936\u0940\u0930\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0939\u093e\u0925 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u0942\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n <ul>\n <li>Changing the look of all headings later means editing every one of them separately<\/strong><\/span>\u092c\u093e\u0926 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u092d\u0940 \u0936\u0940\u0930\u094d\u0937\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u0939\u0948 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0915\u094b \u0905\u0932\u0917-\u0905\u0932\u0917 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u093e\u0926\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n <li>Small inconsistencies creep in \u2014 14 point here, 13 there \u2014 and a long document ends up looking assembled rather than written<\/span>\u091b\u094b\u091f\u0940 \u0905\u0938\u0902\u0917\u0924\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u0918\u0941\u0938 \u0906\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u2014 \u092f\u0939\u093e\u0901 14 \u092a\u0949\u0907\u0902\u091f, \u0935\u0939\u093e\u0901 13 \u2014 \u0914\u0930 \u0932\u0902\u092c\u093e \u0926\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0947\u091c\u093c \u0932\u093f\u0916\u093e \u0939\u0941\u0906 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c\u093e \u0939\u0941\u0906 \u0932\u0917\u0928\u0947 \u0932\u0917\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/li>\n <li>A table of contents cannot be generated at all<\/strong>, because nothing tells the program which lines are headings<\/span>\u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f-\u0938\u0942\u091a\u0940 \u092c\u0928 \u0939\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940<\/strong>, \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e \u0915\u094b \u0915\u0941\u091b \u092c\u0924\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u093f \u0915\u094c\u0928-\u0938\u0940 \u092a\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u0936\u0940\u0930\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0939\u0948\u0902<\/span><\/li>\n <li>A screen reader cannot navigate<\/strong> the document by heading, so it is inaccessible to a visually impaired reader<\/span>\u0938\u094d\u0915\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0928 \u0930\u0940\u0921\u0930<\/strong> \u0926\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0947\u091c\u093c \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0936\u0940\u0930\u094d\u0937\u0915-\u0926\u0930-\u0936\u0940\u0930\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u091a\u0932 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e<\/strong>, \u0905\u0924\u0903 \u0935\u0939 \u0926\u0943\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093f\u092c\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u093e\u0920\u0915 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0905\u0917\u092e\u094d\u092f \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"pc-panel pro\">\n <div class=\"pc-head\">\u2713<\/span>Using heading styles<\/span>\u0936\u0940\u0930\u094d\u0937\u0915-\u0936\u0948\u0932\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n <ul>\n <li>Modifying the style once changes every heading in the document instantly<\/strong><\/span>\u0936\u0948\u0932\u0940 \u090f\u0915 \u092c\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u0936\u094b\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u0926\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0947\u091c\u093c \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0936\u0940\u0930\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0924\u0924\u094d\u0915\u093e\u0932 \u092c\u0926\u0932 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n <li>Formatting is uniform by construction, so consistency needs no vigilance<\/span>\u0938\u0902\u0930\u0942\u092a\u0923 \u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u0939\u0940 \u090f\u0915\u0930\u0942\u092a \u0930\u0939\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0905\u0924\u0903 \u0938\u0902\u0917\u0924\u093f \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0938\u0924\u0930\u094d\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f<\/span><\/li>\n <li>A table of contents builds and updates itself<\/strong>, and the Navigation pane<\/strong> gives a clickable outline of the whole document<\/span>\u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f-\u0938\u0942\u091a\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u092c\u0928\u0924\u0940 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0905\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0924\u0928 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948<\/strong>, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0928\u0947\u0935\u093f\u0917\u0947\u0936\u0928 \u092b\u0932\u0915<\/strong> \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0926\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0947\u091c\u093c \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u094d\u0932\u093f\u0915-\u092f\u094b\u0917\u094d\u092f \u0930\u0942\u092a\u0930\u0947\u0916\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/li>\n <li>The document is accessible<\/strong>, and converts to a properly tagged PDF \u2014 the point taken up again in \u00a714.5<\/span>\u0926\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0947\u091c\u093c \u0938\u0941\u0917\u092e\u094d\u092f<\/strong> \u0930\u0939\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0920\u0940\u0915 \u0938\u0947 \u091a\u093f\u0939\u094d\u0928\u093f\u0924 PDF \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u092f\u0939\u0940 \u092c\u093e\u0924 \u00a714.5 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0903 \u0932\u0940 \u0917\u0908 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <table class=\"data-table\">\n <thead>\n <tr>\n <th>Feature<\/span>\u0938\u0941\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093e<\/span><\/th>\n <th>What it does<\/span>\u092f\u0939 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/th>\n <th>Where<\/span>\u0915\u0939\u093e\u0901<\/span><\/th>\n <\/tr>\n <\/thead>\n <tbody>\n <tr>\n <td>Table of Contents<\/span>\u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f-\u0938\u0942\u091a\u0940<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n <td>Generated automatically from the heading styles<\/strong>, with page numbers filled in. It does not follow later edits by itself: after adding or removing text, Update Table<\/strong> must be chosen, or the field refreshed with <kbd>F9<\/kbd>.<\/span>\u0936\u0940\u0930\u094d\u0937\u0915-\u0936\u0948\u0932\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0924\u0903<\/strong> \u092c\u0928\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920-\u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u092d\u0930\u0940 \u0939\u0941\u0908\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u0930\u0923 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940: \u092a\u093e\u0920 \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0928\u0947 \u092f\u093e \u0939\u091f\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0926 Update Table<\/strong> \u091a\u0941\u0928\u0928\u093e \u092a\u0921\u093c\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e <kbd>F9<\/kbd> \u0938\u0947 \u092b\u093c\u0940\u0932\u094d\u0921 \u0924\u093e\u091c\u093c\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0940 \u092a\u0921\u093c\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <td>References<\/b>\u203a<\/i>Table of Contents<\/b><\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td>Footnote and endnote<\/span>\u092a\u093e\u0926-\u091f\u093f\u092a\u094d\u092a\u0923\u0940 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0905\u0902\u0924-\u091f\u093f\u092a\u094d\u092a\u0923\u0940<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n <td>A footnote appears at the foot of the same page<\/strong>; an endnote is collected at the end of the document<\/strong>. Both are numbered automatically and renumber themselves when one is inserted in the middle.<\/span>\u092a\u093e\u0926-\u091f\u093f\u092a\u094d\u092a\u0923\u0940 \u0909\u0938\u0940 \u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u0915\u0947 \u0924\u0932 \u092a\u0930<\/strong> \u0906\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948; \u0905\u0902\u0924-\u091f\u093f\u092a\u094d\u092a\u0923\u0940 \u0926\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0947\u091c\u093c \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0902\u0924 \u092e\u0947\u0902<\/strong> \u090f\u0915\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0924\u0903 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0902\u0915\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0921\u093e\u0932\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0903\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0902\u0915\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <td><kbd>Ctrl<\/kbd>+<kbd>Alt<\/kbd>+<kbd>F<\/kbd> \u00b7 <kbd>Ctrl<\/kbd>+<kbd>Alt<\/kbd>+<kbd>D<\/kbd><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td>Caption and cross-reference<\/span>\u0936\u0940\u0930\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f-\u0938\u0902\u0926\u0930\u094d\u092d<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n <td>A caption<\/strong> numbers a table or figure automatically. A cross-reference<\/strong> then points to it \u2014 \"as shown in Table 4\" \u2014 and corrects itself<\/strong> if a table is inserted earlier and the numbering shifts.<\/span>\u0936\u0940\u0930\u094d\u0937\u0915<\/strong> \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0938\u093e\u0930\u0923\u0940 \u092f\u093e \u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0924\u0903 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0902\u0915\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092b\u093f\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f-\u0938\u0902\u0926\u0930\u094d\u092d<\/strong> \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u0913\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0947\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \"\u091c\u0948\u0938\u093e \u0938\u093e\u0930\u0923\u0940 4 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0926\u093f\u0916\u093e\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e\" \u2014 \u0914\u0930 \u092f\u0926\u093f \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0938\u093e\u0930\u0923\u0940 \u091c\u0941\u0921\u093c\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0902\u0915\u0928 \u0916\u093f\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0924\u094b \u0935\u0939 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u0938\u0941\u0927\u0930 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/strong>\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <td>References<\/b>\u203a<\/i>Captions<\/b><\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td>Citations and bibliography<\/span>\u0909\u0926\u094d\u0927\u0930\u0923 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0917\u094d\u0930\u0902\u0925-\u0938\u0942\u091a\u0940<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n <td>Sources are entered once and inserted as citations; the bibliography is then compiled in a chosen style \u2014 APA, MLA or Chicago<\/strong>. Of direct use in the research writing described in the Educational Measurement paper.<\/span>\u0938\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0924 \u090f\u0915 \u092c\u093e\u0930 \u092d\u0930\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0915\u0930 \u0909\u0926\u094d\u0927\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0921\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902; \u092b\u093f\u0930 \u0917\u094d\u0930\u0902\u0925-\u0938\u0942\u091a\u0940 \u091a\u0941\u0928\u0940 \u0939\u0941\u0908 \u0936\u0948\u0932\u0940 \u2014 APA, MLA \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0917\u094b<\/strong> \u2014 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0932\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0936\u0948\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0915 \u092e\u093e\u092a\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928-\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0923\u093f\u0924 \u0936\u094b\u0927-\u0932\u0947\u0916\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0940\u0927\u0947 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0940\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <td>References<\/b>\u203a<\/i>Citations<\/b><\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <\/tbody>\n <\/table>\n\n <hr class=\"section-divider\">\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d3-7\">\n 3.7<\/span>\n <h3>Mail Merge<\/span>\u092e\u0947\u0932 \u092e\u0930\u094d\u091c<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"callout\">\n <div class=\"callout-label\">\ud83d\udcd8 Definition<\/span>\ud83d\udcd8 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e<\/span><\/div>\n Mail merge<\/strong> is the process of combining a main document<\/strong>, which holds the text common to everyone, with a data source<\/strong>, which holds the details that differ from person to person, to produce a set of individually personalised documents<\/strong> in one operation. One letter typed once becomes six hundred addressed letters.<\/span>\n \u092e\u0947\u0932 \u092e\u0930\u094d\u091c<\/strong> \u0935\u0939 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f \u0926\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0947\u091c\u093c<\/strong> \u2014 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u092c\u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u093e\u0920 \u0939\u094b \u2014 \u0915\u094b \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u093e-\u0938\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0924<\/strong> \u0938\u0947 \u2014 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f-\u0926\u0930-\u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0935\u093f\u0935\u0930\u0923 \u0939\u094b\u0902 \u2014 \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0915\u0930 \u090f\u0915 \u0939\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0917\u0924 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0935\u0948\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0915\u0943\u0924 \u0926\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0947\u091c\u093c\u094b\u0902<\/strong> \u0915\u093e \u0938\u092e\u0941\u091a\u094d\u091a\u092f \u092c\u0928\u093e\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u090f\u0915 \u092c\u093e\u0930 \u091f\u0902\u0915\u093f\u0924 \u090f\u0915 \u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u091b\u0939 \u0938\u094c \u0938\u0902\u092c\u094b\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092c\u0928 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\n <\/div>\n\n <svg class=\"full-diagram\" viewBox=\"0 0 700 290\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"How mail merge combines a main document with a data source\">\n <rect x=\"20\" y=\"24\" width=\"182\" height=\"122\" rx=\"7\" fill=\"#fff\" stroke=\"#1f5fa9\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\n <rect x=\"20\" y=\"24\" width=\"182\" height=\"20\" rx=\"7\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\"\/><rect x=\"20\" y=\"37\" width=\"182\" height=\"7\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\"\/>\n <text x=\"111\" y=\"38\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#fff\" letter-spacing=\".5\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">1 \u00b7 MAIN DOCUMENT<\/text>\n <g font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">\n <text x=\"34\" y=\"60\">Dear<\/text>\n <text x=\"58\" y=\"60\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#8e2f5a\">\u00abName\u00bb<\/text>\n <text x=\"97\" y=\"60\">,<\/text>\n <text x=\"34\" y=\"76\">The parent\u2013teacher meeting<\/text>\n <text x=\"34\" y=\"90\">for class<\/text>\n <text x=\"76\" y=\"90\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#8e2f5a\">\u00abClass\u00bb<\/text>\n <text x=\"115\" y=\"90\">will be<\/text>\n <text x=\"34\" y=\"104\">held on<\/text>\n <text x=\"70\" y=\"104\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#8e2f5a\">\u00abDate\u00bb<\/text>\n <text x=\"105\" y=\"104\">at 10 a.m.<\/text>\n <text x=\"34\" y=\"128\">Principal<\/text>\n <\/g>\n <text x=\"111\" y=\"160\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#5a6d80\" font-style=\"italic\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">common text + merge fields<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"20\" y=\"176\" width=\"182\" height=\"98\" rx=\"7\" fill=\"#fff\" stroke=\"#0d8f79\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\n <rect x=\"20\" y=\"176\" width=\"182\" height=\"20\" rx=\"7\" fill=\"#0d8f79\"\/><rect x=\"20\" y=\"189\" width=\"182\" height=\"7\" fill=\"#0d8f79\"\/>\n <text x=\"111\" y=\"190\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#fff\" letter-spacing=\".5\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">2 \u00b7 DATA SOURCE<\/text>\n <g stroke=\"#c3d2e2\" stroke-width=\"1\">\n <line x1=\"30\" y1=\"216\" x2=\"192\" y2=\"216\"\/><line x1=\"30\" y1=\"234\" x2=\"192\" y2=\"234\"\/><line x1=\"30\" y1=\"252\" x2=\"192\" y2=\"252\"\/>\n <line x1=\"90\" y1=\"202\" x2=\"90\" y2=\"266\"\/><line x1=\"140\" y1=\"202\" x2=\"140\" y2=\"266\"\/>\n <\/g>\n <g font-size=\"8\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">\n <text x=\"34\" y=\"213\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#0a6d5c\">Name<\/text><text x=\"94\" y=\"213\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#0a6d5c\">Class<\/text><text x=\"144\" y=\"213\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#0a6d5c\">Date<\/text>\n <text x=\"34\" y=\"231\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">Meera<\/text><text x=\"94\" y=\"231\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">VIII-A<\/text><text x=\"144\" y=\"231\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">14 Sep<\/text>\n <text x=\"34\" y=\"249\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">Arun<\/text><text x=\"94\" y=\"249\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">IX-B<\/text><text x=\"144\" y=\"249\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">15 Sep<\/text>\n <text x=\"34\" y=\"266\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">Fatima<\/text><text x=\"94\" y=\"266\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">X-C<\/text><text x=\"144\" y=\"266\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">15 Sep<\/text>\n <\/g>\n\n <defs>\n <marker id=\"mm\" markerWidth=\"10\" markerHeight=\"10\" refX=\"9\" refY=\"3.4\" orient=\"auto\">\n <path d=\"M0,0 L0,6.8 L9,3.4 z\" fill=\"#c9760f\"\/>\n <\/marker>\n <\/defs>\n <g stroke=\"#c9760f\" stroke-width=\"2.4\" fill=\"none\">\n <path d=\"M206 86 L250 86 L250 148\" marker-end=\"url(#mm)\"\/>\n <path d=\"M206 224 L250 224 L250 168\" marker-end=\"url(#mm)\"\/>\n <line x1=\"316\" y1=\"156\" x2=\"382\" y2=\"156\" marker-end=\"url(#mm)\"\/>\n <\/g>\n <circle cx=\"284\" cy=\"156\" r=\"34\" fill=\"#fffaef\" stroke=\"#c9760f\" stroke-width=\"2.2\"\/>\n <text x=\"284\" y=\"153\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"11\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#8f5409\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">MERGE<\/text>\n <text x=\"284\" y=\"167\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#8f5409\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Finish & Merge<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"416\" y=\"46\" width=\"168\" height=\"112\" rx=\"6\" fill=\"#fff\" stroke=\"#8e2f5a\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" opacity=\".45\"\/>\n <rect x=\"426\" y=\"58\" width=\"168\" height=\"112\" rx=\"6\" fill=\"#fff\" stroke=\"#8e2f5a\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" opacity=\".7\"\/>\n <rect x=\"436\" y=\"70\" width=\"168\" height=\"112\" rx=\"6\" fill=\"#fff\" stroke=\"#8e2f5a\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\n <rect x=\"436\" y=\"70\" width=\"168\" height=\"18\" rx=\"6\" fill=\"#8e2f5a\"\/><rect x=\"436\" y=\"82\" width=\"168\" height=\"6\" fill=\"#8e2f5a\"\/>\n <text x=\"520\" y=\"84\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#fff\" letter-spacing=\".5\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">3 \u00b7 MERGED OUTPUT<\/text>\n <g font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">\n <text x=\"448\" y=\"104\">Dear<\/text><text x=\"472\" y=\"104\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#0a6d5c\">Meera<\/text><text x=\"506\" y=\"104\">,<\/text>\n <text x=\"448\" y=\"120\">The parent\u2013teacher meeting<\/text>\n <text x=\"448\" y=\"134\">for class<\/text><text x=\"490\" y=\"134\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#0a6d5c\">VIII-A<\/text><text x=\"522\" y=\"134\">will be<\/text>\n <text x=\"448\" y=\"148\">held on<\/text><text x=\"484\" y=\"148\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#0a6d5c\">14 Sep<\/text><text x=\"521\" y=\"148\">at 10 a.m.<\/text>\n <text x=\"448\" y=\"172\">Principal<\/text>\n <\/g>\n <text x=\"520\" y=\"200\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#5a6d80\" font-style=\"italic\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">one personalised letter per record<\/text>\n <text x=\"520\" y=\"228\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#8e2f5a\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">3 records \u2192 3 letters<\/text>\n <text x=\"520\" y=\"248\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#5a6d80\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">600 records \u2192 600 letters,<\/text>\n <text x=\"520\" y=\"262\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#5a6d80\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">typed once<\/text>\n <\/svg>\n The three components of a mail merge. Merge fields in the main document are placeholders, shown between guillemets.<\/span>\u092e\u0947\u0932 \u092e\u0930\u094d\u091c \u0915\u0947 \u0924\u0940\u0928 \u0918\u091f\u0915\u0964 \u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f \u0926\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0947\u091c\u093c \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u0930\u094d\u091c \u092b\u093c\u0940\u0932\u094d\u0921 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928-\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0915 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u091c\u094b \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0915\u094b\u0923\u0940\u092f \u0915\u094b\u0937\u094d\u0920\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0926\u093f\u0916\u093e\u090f \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n\n <div class=\"flow-wrap\">\n <div class=\"flow-note\">\n \ud83d\udd01 The Mail Merge Wizard<\/strong> runs in six steps, and every command in it sits on the Mailings<\/strong> tab.<\/span>\n \ud83d\udd01 \u092e\u0947\u0932 \u092e\u0930\u094d\u091c \u0935\u093f\u091c\u093c\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0921<\/strong> \u091b\u0939 \u091a\u0930\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091a\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0906\u0926\u0947\u0936 Mailings<\/strong> \u091f\u0948\u092c \u092a\u0930 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"flow-steps\">\n <div class=\"flow-step\">\n 1<\/span>\n <div class=\"fs-body\">\n Select the document type<\/span>\u0926\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0947\u091c\u093c-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u091a\u0941\u0928\u0947\u0902<\/span><\/strong>\n Letters, e-mail messages, envelopes, labels<\/strong> or a directory. Envelopes and labels are the ones a school office most often overlooks.<\/span>\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930, \u0908-\u092e\u0947\u0932 \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0947\u0936, \u0932\u093f\u092b\u093c\u093e\u092b\u093c\u0947, \u0932\u0947\u092c\u0932<\/strong> \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0964 \u0932\u093f\u092b\u093c\u093e\u092b\u093c\u0947 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0932\u0947\u092c\u0932 \u0935\u0939\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u091c\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092f\u0903 \u092d\u0942\u0932 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/span>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"flow-step\">\n 2<\/span>\n <div class=\"fs-body\">\n Choose the starting document<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0930\u0902\u092d\u093f\u0915 \u0926\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0947\u091c\u093c \u091a\u0941\u0928\u0947\u0902<\/span><\/strong>\n The document open on screen, a template, or an existing file. This becomes the main document<\/strong>.<\/span>\u092a\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u0916\u0941\u0932\u093e \u0926\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0947\u091c\u093c, \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u091f\u0947\u092e\u094d\u092a\u0932\u0947\u091f, \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092b\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0932\u0964 \u092f\u0939\u0940 \u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f \u0926\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0947\u091c\u093c<\/strong> \u092c\u0928\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/span>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"flow-step\">\n 3<\/span>\n <div class=\"fs-body\">\n Select the recipients<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e \u091a\u0941\u0928\u0947\u0902<\/span><\/strong>\n The data source<\/strong>: an Excel worksheet<\/strong>, an Access database, Outlook contacts, or a new list typed on the spot. An Excel sheet is the usual choice in a school, and its first row must contain the column headings<\/strong>.<\/span>\u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u093e-\u0938\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0924<\/strong>: \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u090f\u0915\u094d\u0938\u0947\u0932 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0915<\/strong>, \u090f\u0915\u094d\u0938\u0947\u0938 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e\u092c\u0947\u0938, \u0906\u0909\u091f\u0932\u0941\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0930\u094d\u0915, \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0935\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u091f\u0902\u0915\u093f\u0924 \u0928\u0908 \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0940\u0964 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u090f\u0915\u094d\u0938\u0947\u0932 \u0936\u0940\u091f \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f \u091a\u092f\u0928 \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0940 \u092a\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0902\u092d-\u0936\u0940\u0930\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f<\/strong>\u0964<\/span><\/span>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"flow-step\">\n 4<\/span>\n <div class=\"fs-body\">\n Write the letter and insert merge fields<\/span>\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0932\u093f\u0916\u0947\u0902 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092e\u0930\u094d\u091c \u092b\u093c\u0940\u0932\u094d\u0921 \u0921\u093e\u0932\u0947\u0902<\/span><\/strong>\n A merge field<\/strong> is a placeholder such as \u00abName\u00bb that will be replaced by the value from each record. Ready-made compounds are Address Block<\/strong> and Greeting Line<\/strong>; Match Fields<\/strong> tells the program which column answers to which part of an address.<\/span>\u092e\u0930\u094d\u091c \u092b\u093c\u0940\u0932\u094d\u0921<\/strong> \u00abName\u00bb \u091c\u0948\u0938\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928-\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0915 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0932\u0947\u0916 \u0915\u093e \u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0932\u0947 \u0932\u0947\u0917\u093e\u0964 \u0924\u0948\u092f\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0939\u0948\u0902 Address Block<\/strong> \u090f\u0935\u0902 Greeting Line<\/strong>; Match Fields<\/strong> \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e \u0915\u094b \u092c\u0924\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u092a\u0924\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093f\u0938 \u092d\u093e\u0917 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u094c\u0928-\u0938\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0902\u092d \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/span>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"flow-step\">\n 5<\/span>\n <div class=\"fs-body\">\n Preview the letters<\/span>\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0935\u0932\u094b\u0915\u0928<\/span><\/strong>\n Each record is displayed in turn with the real values in place. Recipients may be filtered or sorted here<\/strong> \u2014 only class X, or only those with fees outstanding \u2014 and any record excluded.<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0932\u0947\u0916 \u092c\u093e\u0930\u0940-\u092c\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u0926\u093f\u0916\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e \u092f\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u091b\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u092c\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0915\u093f\u090f \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902<\/strong> \u2014 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0926\u0938, \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0935\u0947 \u091c\u093f\u0928\u0915\u0940 \u092b\u093c\u0940\u0938 \u092c\u093e\u0915\u093c\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u092d\u0940 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0932\u0947\u0916 \u0939\u091f\u093e\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/span>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"flow-step\">\n 6<\/span>\n <div class=\"fs-body\">\n Complete the merge<\/span>\u092e\u0930\u094d\u091c \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902<\/span><\/strong>\n Three outcomes: Edit Individual Documents<\/strong>, which creates one long file that can be corrected before printing; Print Documents<\/strong>, which sends them straight to the printer; and Send E-mail Messages<\/strong>.<\/span>\u0924\u0940\u0928 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e: Edit Individual Documents<\/strong>, \u091c\u094b \u090f\u0915 \u0932\u0902\u092c\u0940 \u092b\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0932 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0923 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u0938\u0941\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0947; Print Documents<\/strong>, \u091c\u094b \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0940\u0927\u0947 \u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0915 \u0915\u094b \u092d\u0947\u091c\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948; \u0924\u0925\u093e Send E-mail Messages<\/strong>\u0964<\/span><\/span>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"exam-tip\">\n <div class=\"et-icon\">\ud83c\udfeb<\/div>\n <div class=\"et-body\">\n What this is actually worth in a school.<\/strong> Admission letters, transfer certificates, parent-meeting notices, fee reminders, examination admit cards, address labels for envelopes, and appreciation certificates for a prize day all follow the same pattern \u2014 one design, many names<\/strong>. A clerk producing six hundred certificates by editing a name six hundred times will make mistakes; a mail merge from the class list will not. The one precaution is that the data source must be clean before the merge<\/strong>, since every error in the spreadsheet is faithfully reproduced in every letter.<\/span>\n \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u092e\u0942\u0932\u094d\u092f\u0964<\/strong> \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0947\u0936-\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930, \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930\u0923 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930, \u0905\u092d\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0915-\u092c\u0948\u0920\u0915 \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e\u090f\u0901, \u092b\u093c\u0940\u0938-\u0938\u094d\u092e\u0930\u0923, \u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0947\u0936-\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930, \u0932\u093f\u092b\u093c\u093e\u092b\u093c\u094b\u0902 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u092a\u0924\u093e-\u0932\u0947\u092c\u0932, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092a\u0941\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0915\u093e\u0930-\u0926\u093f\u0935\u0938 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u0902\u0938\u093e-\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u2014 \u0938\u092c \u090f\u0915 \u0939\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u0930 \u0939\u0948\u0902: \u090f\u0915 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a, \u0905\u0928\u0947\u0915 \u0928\u093e\u092e<\/strong>\u0964 \u091b\u0939 \u0938\u094c \u092c\u093e\u0930 \u0928\u093e\u092e \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0915\u0930 \u091b\u0939 \u0938\u094c \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e \u0932\u093f\u092a\u093f\u0915 \u092d\u0942\u0932\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0917\u093e; \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e-\u0938\u0942\u091a\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0932 \u092e\u0930\u094d\u091c \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0917\u093e\u0964 \u090f\u0915\u092e\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0938\u093e\u0935\u0927\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u092f\u0939 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u092e\u0930\u094d\u091c \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u093e-\u0938\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0924 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u091a\u094d\u091b \u0939\u094b\u0928\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f<\/strong>, \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u0938\u094d\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0921\u0936\u0940\u091f \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0924\u094d\u0930\u0941\u091f\u093f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0920\u093e\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0915 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u0941\u0924\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <hr class=\"section-divider\">\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d3-8\">\n 3.8<\/span>\n <h3>Track Changes, Comments and Review<\/span>\u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928-\u0905\u0928\u0941\u0930\u0947\u0916\u0923, \u091f\u093f\u092a\u094d\u092a\u0923\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n \n Track Changes<\/strong> records every insertion, deletion and formatting change made to a document, together with who made it and when<\/strong>, and displays them as markup instead of applying them silently. Nothing is lost and nothing is disguised: the original author can see exactly what a reviewer proposes and accept or reject each change separately<\/strong>.<\/span>\n \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928-\u0905\u0928\u0941\u0930\u0947\u0916\u0923<\/strong> \u0926\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0947\u091c\u093c \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u093f\u090f \u0917\u090f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0928\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0936\u0928, \u0935\u093f\u0932\u094b\u092a\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u0942\u092a\u0923-\u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u0915\u094b \u092f\u0939 \u0938\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0932\u093f\u0916\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0928\u0947 \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u092c \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e<\/strong>, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u091a\u0941\u092a\u091a\u093e\u092a \u0932\u093e\u0917\u0942 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u091c\u093e\u092f \u091a\u093f\u0939\u094d\u0928\u093e\u0902\u0915\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0926\u093f\u0916\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0928 \u0915\u0941\u091b \u0916\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0928 \u091b\u093f\u092a\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948: \u092e\u0942\u0932 \u0932\u0947\u0916\u0915 \u0920\u0940\u0915-\u0920\u0940\u0915 \u0926\u0947\u0916 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0938\u0941\u091d\u093e \u0930\u0939\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u0905\u0932\u0917 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0940\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u092f\u093e \u0905\u0938\u094d\u0935\u0940\u0915\u093e\u0930<\/strong> \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\n <\/p>\n\n <div class=\"markup\">\n <div class=\"mk-head\">How a tracked change appears on screen<\/span>\u0905\u0928\u0941\u0930\u0947\u0916\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u092a\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u0948\u0938\u093e \u0926\u093f\u0916\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/div>\n The parent\u2013teacher meeting will be held on <del>Saturday, 12 September<\/del><ins>Saturday, 19 September<\/ins> in the school auditorium. <ins>Attendance is requested by 9.45 a.m.<\/ins> \ud83d\udcac Vice-Principal: shifted by a week \u2014 sports day clashes<\/span><\/p>\n <div class=\"mk-legend\">\n Struck through in red<\/span> \u2014 text the reviewer proposes to delete. \u00b7 Underlined in green<\/span> \u2014 text proposed for insertion. \u00b7 Bubble in the margin<\/span> \u2014 a comment, which suggests rather than alters and never becomes part of the text.<\/span>\n \u0932\u093e\u0932 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u093e\u091f\u093e \u0939\u0941\u0906<\/span> \u2014 \u0935\u0939 \u092a\u093e\u0920 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0939\u091f\u093e\u0928\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0939\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u00b7 \u0939\u0930\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0930\u0947\u0916\u093e\u0902\u0915\u093f\u0924<\/span> \u2014 \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u093e\u0920\u0964 \u00b7 \u0939\u093e\u0936\u093f\u092f\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u092c\u0941\u0932\u092c\u0941\u0932\u093e<\/span> \u2014 \u091f\u093f\u092a\u094d\u092a\u0923\u0940, \u091c\u094b \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0924\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0938\u0941\u091d\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u092d\u0940 \u092a\u093e\u0920 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0902\u0917 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u092c\u0928\u0924\u0940\u0964<\/span>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"feat-grid\">\n <div class=\"feat-card\">1<\/span>Turning it on<\/span>\u0907\u0938\u0947 \u091a\u093e\u0932\u0942 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e<\/span><\/strong>Review<\/b>\u203a<\/i>Tracking<\/b>\u203a<\/i>Track Changes<\/b><\/span> or <kbd>Ctrl<\/kbd>+<kbd>Shift<\/kbd>+<kbd>E<\/kbd>. Until it is switched on nothing is recorded<\/strong>, and edits already made cannot be recovered as markup afterwards.<\/span>Review<\/b>\u203a<\/i>Tracking<\/b>\u203a<\/i>Track Changes<\/b><\/span> \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e <kbd>Ctrl<\/kbd>+<kbd>Shift<\/kbd>+<kbd>E<\/kbd>\u0964 \u091a\u093e\u0932\u0942 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u0924\u0915 \u0915\u0941\u091b \u092d\u0940 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0932\u093f\u0916\u093f\u0924 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e<\/strong>, \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0915\u093f\u090f \u0917\u090f \u0938\u0902\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0928 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091a\u093f\u0939\u094d\u0928\u093e\u0902\u0915\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093e\u092a\u0938 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0906 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0947\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"feat-card\">2<\/span>The four markup views<\/span>\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u091a\u093f\u0939\u094d\u0928\u093e\u0902\u0915\u0928-\u0926\u0943\u0936\u094d\u092f<\/span><\/strong>Simple Markup<\/strong> shows a change bar only; All Markup<\/strong> shows everything; No Markup<\/strong> shows the document as it would read if all changes were accepted<\/em>; Original<\/strong> shows it as it was. These change only the display<\/em> \u2014 the changes themselves remain.<\/span>Simple Markup<\/strong> \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928-\u092a\u091f\u094d\u091f\u0940 \u0926\u093f\u0916\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948; All Markup<\/strong> \u0938\u092c \u0915\u0941\u091b; No Markup<\/strong> \u0926\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0947\u091c\u093c \u0935\u0948\u0938\u093e \u0926\u093f\u0916\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u093e \u0938\u092d\u0940 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0940\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u0922\u093c\u093e \u091c\u093e\u090f\u0917\u093e<\/em>; Original<\/strong> \u0935\u0948\u0938\u093e \u091c\u0948\u0938\u093e \u0935\u0939 \u0925\u093e\u0964 \u092f\u0947 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u0928<\/em> \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u2014 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u092c\u0928\u0947 \u0930\u0939\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"feat-card\">3<\/span>Accepting and rejecting<\/span>\u0938\u094d\u0935\u0940\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0928\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0905\u0938\u094d\u0935\u0940\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0928\u093e<\/span><\/strong>Each change can be accepted or rejected one at a time<\/strong>, or all at once. Only when a change is accepted or rejected does it stop being markup<\/strong> and become, or cease to be, part of the text.<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u090f\u0915-\u090f\u0915 \u0915\u0930<\/strong> \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0938\u092c \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0940\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u092f\u093e \u0905\u0938\u094d\u0935\u0940\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0940\u0915\u0943\u0924 \u092f\u093e \u0905\u0938\u094d\u0935\u0940\u0915\u0943\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u0939\u0940 \u0935\u0939 \u091a\u093f\u0939\u094d\u0928\u093e\u0902\u0915\u0928 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0930\u0939 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e<\/strong> \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u093e\u0920 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0902\u0917 \u092c\u0928\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u092f\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0930\u0939\u0924\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"feat-card\">4<\/span>Comments<\/span>\u091f\u093f\u092a\u094d\u092a\u0923\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901<\/span><\/strong>A note attached to a passage that suggests without altering<\/strong>. Comments can be replied to and resolved<\/strong>, which greys them out without deleting the discussion.<\/span>\u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0905\u0902\u0936 \u0938\u0947 \u091c\u0941\u0921\u093c\u0940 \u0935\u0939 \u091f\u093f\u092a\u094d\u092a\u0923\u0940 \u091c\u094b \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0947 \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0938\u0941\u091d\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948<\/strong>\u0964 \u091f\u093f\u092a\u094d\u092a\u0923\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u093f\u092a\u091f\u093e\u092f\u093e<\/strong> \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0935\u0947 \u091a\u0930\u094d\u091a\u093e \u092e\u093f\u091f\u093e\u090f \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0927\u0941\u0901\u0927\u0932\u0940 \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"feat-card\">5<\/span>Compare and Combine<\/span>\u0924\u0941\u0932\u0928\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928<\/span><\/strong>Compare<\/strong> takes two versions of a document and produces a third showing every difference as markup \u2014 the way to deal with a colleague who edited without tracking. Combine<\/strong> merges revisions from several reviewers into one file.<\/span>Compare<\/strong> \u0926\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0947\u091c\u093c \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u094b \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0932\u0947\u0915\u0930 \u0924\u0940\u0938\u0930\u093e \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930 \u091a\u093f\u0939\u094d\u0928\u093e\u0902\u0915\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0926\u093f\u0916\u0947 \u2014 \u0909\u0938 \u0938\u0939\u0915\u0930\u094d\u092e\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u092a\u091f\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0930\u0940\u0924\u093f \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0928\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0930\u0947\u0916\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0938\u0902\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0928 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0964 Combine<\/strong> \u0905\u0928\u0947\u0915 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u0936\u094b\u0927\u0928 \u090f\u0915 \u092b\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0932 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"feat-card\">6<\/span>Restrict Editing<\/span>\u0938\u0902\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092c\u0902\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902<\/span><\/strong>Limits what a recipient may do \u2014 allow comments only, allow tracked changes only, or fill in forms only. It can be locked with a password, which is how a circulated draft is kept from being silently rewritten.<\/span>\u0938\u0940\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0947 \u2014 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u091f\u093f\u092a\u094d\u092a\u0923\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901, \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0930\u0947\u0916\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928, \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u092b\u093c\u0949\u0930\u094d\u092e \u092d\u0930\u0928\u093e\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u0938\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0921 \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0902\u0926 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0907\u0938\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u091a\u093e\u0932\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0930\u0942\u092a \u091a\u0941\u092a\u091a\u093e\u092a \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u094d\u0932\u093f\u0916\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u091a\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"callout red\">\n <div class=\"callout-label\">\u26a0\ufe0f The administrative trap in Track Changes<\/span>\u26a0\ufe0f \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928-\u0905\u0928\u0941\u0930\u0947\u0916\u0923 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u093e\u0938\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u091c\u093e\u0932<\/span><\/div>\n Choosing No Markup<\/strong> hides the changes on screen but does not remove them from the file<\/strong>. A document forwarded in that state still carries every deletion, every reviewer's name and every comment, and the recipient need only switch the view to read the entire internal discussion. Before a document leaves the school, all changes must be accepted or rejected<\/strong>, all comments deleted, and File<\/b>\u203a<\/i>Info<\/b>\u203a<\/i>Inspect Document<\/b><\/span> run to strip the remaining hidden metadata. This is a matter of confidentiality, not of tidiness \u2014 the same principle governs a draft reply to an inspection note or a confidential report.<\/span>\n No Markup<\/strong> \u091a\u0941\u0928\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u092a\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u091b\u093f\u092a \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0915\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0941 \u092b\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0932 \u0938\u0947 \u0939\u091f\u0924\u0947 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902<\/strong>\u0964 \u0909\u0938 \u0905\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0926\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0947\u091c\u093c \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0932\u094b\u092a\u0928, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093e\u092e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u091f\u093f\u092a\u094d\u092a\u0923\u0940 \u092c\u0928\u0940 \u0930\u0939\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0906\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u091a\u0930\u094d\u091a\u093e \u092a\u0922\u093c\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0926\u0943\u0936\u094d\u092f \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0928\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0926\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0947\u091c\u093c \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0939\u0930 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u0938\u092e\u0938\u094d\u0924 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0940\u0915\u0943\u0924 \u092f\u093e \u0905\u0938\u094d\u0935\u0940\u0915\u0943\u0924<\/strong> \u0915\u093f\u090f \u091c\u093e\u090f\u0901, \u0938\u092e\u0938\u094d\u0924 \u091f\u093f\u092a\u094d\u092a\u0923\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u092e\u093f\u091f\u093e\u0908 \u091c\u093e\u090f\u0901, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0936\u0947\u0937 \u091b\u093f\u092a\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u091f\u093e\u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u0939\u091f\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 File<\/b>\u203a<\/i>Info<\/b>\u203a<\/i>Inspect Document<\/b><\/span> \u091a\u0932\u093e\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u090f\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u091a\u094d\u091b\u0924\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0917\u094b\u092a\u0928\u0940\u092f\u0924\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u092f\u0939\u0940 \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923-\u091f\u093f\u092a\u094d\u092a\u0923\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0930\u0942\u092a \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0917\u094b\u092a\u0928\u0940\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0926\u0928 \u092a\u0930 \u092d\u0940 \u0932\u093e\u0917\u0942 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\n <\/div>\n\n <hr class=\"section-divider\">\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d3-9\">\n 3.9<\/span>\n <h3>Printing, PDF Conversion and Protection<\/span>\u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0923, PDF \u0930\u0942\u092a\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930\u0923 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n <h4>A. Printing<\/span>\u0915. \u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0923<\/span><\/h4>\n\n <table class=\"data-table\">\n <thead>\n <tr>\n <th>Setting<\/span>\u0938\u0947\u091f\u093f\u0902\u0917<\/span><\/th>\n <th>What it controls<\/span>\u092f\u0939 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/th>\n <\/tr>\n <\/thead>\n <tbody>\n <tr><td>Page range<\/span>\u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920-\u092a\u0930\u093e\u0938<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>All pages, the current page, a selection, or a custom range. The notation is exact: <code>1-3<\/code> means pages one to three, and <code>1,3,7<\/code> means only those three<\/strong>; the two may be combined as <code>1-3,7<\/code>.<\/span>\u0938\u092d\u0940 \u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920, \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920, \u091a\u092f\u0928, \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0907\u091a\u094d\u091b\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u0930\u093e\u0938\u0964 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0947\u0924\u0928 \u0920\u0940\u0915-\u0920\u0940\u0915 \u0939\u0948: <code>1-3<\/code> \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u0947 \u0924\u0940\u0928, \u0924\u0925\u093e <code>1,3,7<\/code> \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0935\u0939\u0940 \u0924\u0940\u0928<\/strong>; \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b <code>1-3,7<\/code> \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u093e\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>Collated or uncollated<\/span>\u0938\u0902\u092f\u094b\u091c\u093f\u0924 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0905\u0938\u0902\u092f\u094b\u091c\u093f\u0924<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>For three copies of a four-page document, collated<\/strong> prints 1,2,3,4 \u2014 1,2,3,4 \u2014 1,2,3,4, ready to staple. Uncollated<\/strong> prints all the page ones, then all the page twos. The distinction is regularly asked.<\/span>\u091a\u093e\u0930-\u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920\u0940\u092f \u0926\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0947\u091c\u093c \u0915\u0940 \u0924\u0940\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0938\u0902\u092f\u094b\u091c\u093f\u0924<\/strong> 1,2,3,4 \u2014 1,2,3,4 \u2014 1,2,3,4 \u091b\u093e\u092a\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0928\u0924\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u094b \u0924\u0948\u092f\u093e\u0930\u0964 \u0905\u0938\u0902\u092f\u094b\u091c\u093f\u0924<\/strong> \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0930\u0947 \u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u090f\u0915, \u092b\u093f\u0930 \u0938\u093e\u0930\u0947 \u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u0926\u094b \u091b\u093e\u092a\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u092d\u0947\u0926 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u091b\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>One-sided or two-sided<\/span>\u090f\u0915-\u0924\u0930\u092b\u093c\u093e \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0926\u094b-\u0924\u0930\u092b\u093c\u093e<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>Two-sided printing, or duplex<\/strong>, halves paper consumption \u2014 a real saving on a school's examination and circular printing.<\/span>\u0926\u094b-\u0924\u0930\u092b\u093c\u093e \u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0923, \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0924\u094d \u0921\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0938<\/strong>, \u0915\u093e\u0917\u091c\u093c \u0915\u0940 \u0916\u092a\u0924 \u0906\u0927\u0940 \u0915\u0930 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0923 \u092a\u0930 \u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u092c\u091a\u0924\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>Pages per sheet and scaling<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f \u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092e\u093e\u092a\u0928<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>Prints two or four pages on one sheet, and Scale to Paper Size<\/strong> fits a document laid out for Letter onto A4 without reformatting it.<\/span>\u090f\u0915 \u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u0926\u094b \u092f\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u091b\u093e\u092a\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u0925\u093e Scale to Paper Size<\/strong> \u0932\u0947\u091f\u0930 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u092c\u0928\u0947 \u0926\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0947\u091c\u093c \u0915\u094b \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u094d\u0938\u0902\u0930\u0942\u092a\u0923 A4 \u092a\u0930 \u092c\u093f\u0920\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>Print Preview<\/span>\u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0923-\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0935\u0932\u094b\u0915\u0928<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>Shows the page exactly as it will print. <kbd>Ctrl<\/kbd>+<kbd>P<\/kbd> opens the print screen with the preview beside the settings \u2014 the last check before paper is consumed.<\/span>\u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u0920\u0940\u0915 \u0935\u0948\u0938\u093e \u0926\u093f\u0916\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u093e \u091b\u092a\u0947\u0917\u093e\u0964 <kbd>Ctrl<\/kbd>+<kbd>P<\/kbd> \u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0923-\u092a\u0930\u094d\u0926\u093e \u0938\u0947\u091f\u093f\u0902\u0917\u094d\u0938 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0935\u0932\u094b\u0915\u0928 \u0938\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u0916\u094b\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u0915\u093e\u0917\u091c\u093c \u0916\u0930\u094d\u091a \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u093f\u092e \u091c\u093e\u0901\u091a\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <\/tbody>\n <\/table>\n\n <h4>B. PDF conversion and document protection<\/span>\u0916. PDF \u0930\u0942\u092a\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930\u0923 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0926\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0947\u091c\u093c-\u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e<\/span><\/h4>\n\n <div class=\"feat-grid\">\n <div class=\"feat-card\">1<\/span>Saving as PDF<\/span>PDF \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e<\/span><\/strong>Two equivalent routes: File<\/b>\u203a<\/i>Save As<\/b>\u203a<\/i>PDF<\/b><\/span> or File<\/b>\u203a<\/i>Export<\/b>\u203a<\/i>Create PDF<\/b><\/span> The layout is then fixed and no longer editable<\/strong> in the ordinary way.<\/span>\u0926\u094b \u0924\u0941\u0932\u094d\u092f \u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0917: File<\/b>\u203a<\/i>Save As<\/b>\u203a<\/i>PDF<\/b><\/span> \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e File<\/b>\u203a<\/i>Export<\/b>\u203a<\/i>Create PDF<\/b><\/span> \u0924\u092c \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0930 \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0930\u0940\u0924\u093f \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0928\u0940\u092f \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0930\u0939\u0924\u093e<\/strong>\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"feat-card\">2<\/span>Why a notice should go as PDF<\/span>\u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e PDF \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f<\/span><\/strong>A .docx sent to a parent may open with different fonts, shifted tables and a broken layout, and can be altered. A PDF looks identical everywhere<\/strong> and cannot be casually changed \u2014 which matters when the document is a fee notice or a certificate.<\/span>\u0905\u092d\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0915 \u0915\u094b \u092d\u0947\u091c\u093e .docx \u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u092b\u093c\u0949\u0928\u094d\u091f, \u0916\u093f\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u0938\u093e\u0930\u0923\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u091f\u0942\u091f\u0947 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0916\u0941\u0932 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u092c\u0926\u0932\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 PDF \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u090f\u0915-\u0938\u093e<\/strong> \u0926\u093f\u0916\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0939\u0940 \u092c\u0926\u0932\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u2014 \u092f\u0939 \u0924\u092c \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u092c \u0926\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0947\u091c\u093c \u092b\u093c\u0940\u0938-\u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e \u092f\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0939\u094b\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"feat-card\">3<\/span>Passwords<\/span>\u092a\u093e\u0938\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0921<\/span><\/strong>Two distinct kinds: a password to open<\/strong>, without which the file cannot be read at all, and a password to modify<\/strong>, which allows reading but not editing. A question-paper file needs the first; a template needs the second.<\/span>\u0926\u094b \u092a\u0943\u0925\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930: \u0916\u094b\u0932\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u093e\u0938\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0921<\/strong>, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u092b\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0932 \u092a\u0922\u093c\u0940 \u0939\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u093e\u0938\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0921<\/strong>, \u091c\u094b \u092a\u0922\u093c\u0928\u0947 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0938\u0902\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0928 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928-\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092b\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0932 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u0939\u0932\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f; \u091f\u0947\u092e\u094d\u092a\u0932\u0947\u091f \u0915\u094b \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"feat-card\">4<\/span>Mark as Final<\/span>\u0905\u0902\u0924\u093f\u092e \u091a\u093f\u0939\u094d\u0928\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902<\/span><\/strong>Sets the document read-only and shows a notice bar. It is a courtesy, not a security control<\/strong> \u2014 any reader can switch it off with one click, so it must not be relied on to protect anything confidential.<\/span>\u0926\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0947\u091c\u093c \u0915\u094b \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932-\u092a\u0920\u0928 \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e-\u092a\u091f\u094d\u091f\u0940 \u0926\u093f\u0916\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0936\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093e\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0939\u0948, \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e-\u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0923 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902<\/strong> \u2014 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u092d\u0940 \u092a\u093e\u0920\u0915 \u090f\u0915 \u0915\u094d\u0932\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0947 \u0907\u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0902\u0926 \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0905\u0924\u0903 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0917\u094b\u092a\u0928\u0940\u092f \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u0940 \u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0907\u0938 \u092a\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092d\u0930 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0930\u0939\u0928\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"feat-card\">5<\/span>Inspect Document<\/span>\u0926\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0947\u091c\u093c \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923<\/span><\/strong>Finds and removes hidden metadata<\/strong> \u2014 author name, editing history, comments, tracked changes, hidden text. The step that should precede every outward transmission.<\/span>\u091b\u093f\u092a\u093e \u092e\u0947\u091f\u093e\u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e<\/strong> \u0916\u094b\u091c\u0915\u0930 \u0939\u091f\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u0932\u0947\u0916\u0915 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093e\u092e, \u0938\u0902\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0928-\u0907\u0924\u093f\u0939\u093e\u0938, \u091f\u093f\u092a\u094d\u092a\u0923\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901, \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0930\u0947\u0916\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928, \u091b\u093f\u092a\u093e \u092a\u093e\u0920\u0964 \u092c\u093e\u0939\u0930 \u092d\u0947\u091c\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u092f\u0939 \u091a\u0930\u0923 \u0938\u0926\u0948\u0935 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"feat-card\">6<\/span>AutoRecover<\/span>\u0938\u094d\u0935\u0924\u0903-\u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u094d\u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924\u093f<\/span><\/strong>Saves a temporary copy at a set interval, so that work survives a power failure. It is a safety net, not a substitute for saving<\/strong>, and unsaved files can be looked for at File<\/b>\u203a<\/i>Info<\/b>\u203a<\/i>Manage Document<\/b><\/span><\/span>\u0928\u093f\u092f\u0924 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093e\u0932 \u092a\u0930 \u0905\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092f\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u092c\u093f\u091c\u0932\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u092c\u091a\u093e \u0930\u0939\u0947\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e-\u091c\u093e\u0932 \u0939\u0948, \u0938\u0902\u091a\u092f\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902<\/strong>, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0905\u0938\u0902\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u092b\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0932\u0947\u0902 File<\/b>\u203a<\/i>Info<\/b>\u203a<\/i>Manage Document<\/b><\/span> \u092a\u0930 \u0926\u0947\u0916\u0940 \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <hr class=\"section-divider\">\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d3-10\">\n 3.10<\/span>\n <h3>Word Processing Shortcut Keys<\/span>\u0936\u092c\u094d\u0926 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u093e\u0927\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u0936\u0949\u0930\u094d\u091f\u0915\u091f \u0915\u0941\u0902\u091c\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n \n The universal editing shortcuts listed in \u00a72.9 \u2014 copy, cut, paste, undo, save, print \u2014 apply here unchanged. The combinations below are the ones specific to a word processor.<\/span>\n \u00a72.9 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0926\u0940 \u0917\u0908 \u0938\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0928-\u0936\u0949\u0930\u094d\u091f\u0915\u091f \u2014 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0932\u093f\u092a\u093f, \u0915\u093e\u091f\u0947\u0902, \u091a\u093f\u092a\u0915\u093e\u090f\u0901, \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0935\u0924\u094d, \u0938\u0902\u091a\u092f\u0928, \u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0923 \u2014 \u092f\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0905\u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0924 \u0932\u093e\u0917\u0942 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0928\u0940\u091a\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u0936\u092c\u094d\u0926 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u093e\u0927\u0915 \u0938\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span>\n <\/p>\n\n <div class=\"abbr-grid\">\n <table>\n <thead><tr><th>Formatting<\/span>\u0938\u0902\u0930\u0942\u092a\u0923<\/span><\/th><th>Action<\/span>\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e<\/span><\/th><\/tr><\/thead>\n <tbody>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">Ctrl + B \/ I \/ U<\/td><td>Bold \u00b7 Italic \u00b7 Underline<\/span>\u092e\u094b\u091f\u093e \u00b7 \u0924\u093f\u0930\u091b\u093e \u00b7 \u0930\u0947\u0916\u093e\u0902\u0915\u093f\u0924<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">Ctrl + L \/ E \/ R \/ J<\/td><td>Align left \u00b7 centre \u00b7 right \u00b7 justify<\/strong><\/span>\u092c\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u00b7 \u092e\u0927\u094d\u092f \u00b7 \u0926\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u00b7 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930<\/strong> \u0938\u0902\u0930\u0947\u0916\u0923<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">Ctrl + 1 \/ 2 \/ 5<\/td><td>Single \u00b7 double \u00b7 1.5 line spacing<\/span>\u090f\u0915\u0939\u0930\u093e \u00b7 \u0926\u0941\u0939\u0930\u093e \u00b7 \u0921\u0947\u0922\u093c \u092a\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f-\u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093e\u0932<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">Ctrl + Shift + > \/ <<\/td><td>Increase \u00b7 decrease font size<\/span>\u092b\u093c\u0949\u0928\u094d\u091f \u0906\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u092c\u0922\u093c\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u00b7 \u0918\u091f\u093e\u090f\u0901<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">Shift + F3<\/td><td>Change case<\/span>\u0905\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0930-\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0947\u0902<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">Ctrl + Spacebar<\/td><td>Remove character formatting<\/span>\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0923-\u0938\u0902\u0930\u0942\u092a\u0923 \u0939\u091f\u093e\u090f\u0901<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">Ctrl + Shift + C \/ V<\/td><td>Copy \u00b7 paste formatting<\/strong><\/span>\u0938\u0902\u0930\u0942\u092a\u0923<\/strong> \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0932\u093f\u092a\u093f \u00b7 \u091a\u093f\u092a\u0915\u093e\u0928\u093e<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <\/tbody>\n <\/table>\n <table>\n <thead><tr><th>Editing and navigation<\/span>\u0938\u0902\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u0930\u0923<\/span><\/th><th>Action<\/span>\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e<\/span><\/th><\/tr><\/thead>\n <tbody>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">Ctrl + Enter<\/td><td>Page break<\/strong><\/span>\u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u0935\u093f\u091a\u094d\u091b\u0947\u0926<\/strong><\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">Shift + Enter<\/td><td>Line break within the paragraph<\/span>\u0905\u0928\u0941\u091a\u094d\u091b\u0947\u0926 \u0915\u0947 \u092d\u0940\u0924\u0930 \u092a\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f-\u0935\u093f\u091a\u094d\u091b\u0947\u0926<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">Ctrl + H<\/td><td>Find and Replace<\/span>\u0916\u094b\u091c\u0947\u0902 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0947\u0902<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">Ctrl + Home \/ End<\/td><td>Go to start \u00b7 end of the document<\/span>\u0926\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0947\u091c\u093c \u0915\u0947 \u0906\u0930\u0902\u092d \u00b7 \u0905\u0902\u0924 \u092a\u0930 \u091c\u093e\u090f\u0901<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">F7 \u00b7 Shift + F7<\/td><td>Spelling and grammar \u00b7 thesaurus<\/span>\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928\u0940 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u00b7 \u092a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f\u0915\u094b\u0936<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">F12 \u00b7 Ctrl + F2<\/td><td>Save As \u00b7 Print Preview<\/span>\u0907\u0938 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902 \u00b7 \u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0923-\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0935\u0932\u094b\u0915\u0928<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">Ctrl + Shift + E<\/td><td>Turn Track Changes on or off<\/strong><\/span>\u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928-\u0905\u0928\u0941\u0930\u0947\u0916\u0923 \u091a\u093e\u0932\u0942 \u092f\u093e \u092c\u0902\u0926 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902<\/strong><\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">Ctrl + Alt + F \/ D<\/td><td>Insert footnote \u00b7 endnote<\/span>\u092a\u093e\u0926-\u091f\u093f\u092a\u094d\u092a\u0923\u0940 \u00b7 \u0905\u0902\u0924-\u091f\u093f\u092a\u094d\u092a\u0923\u0940 \u0921\u093e\u0932\u0947\u0902<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <\/tbody>\n <\/table>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"mcq-box\">\n <div class=\"mcq-title\">\n Practice<\/span>\u0905\u092d\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938<\/span><\/span>\n Questions on mail merge, review and printing<\/span>\u092e\u0947\u0932 \u092e\u0930\u094d\u091c, \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0923 \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928<\/span><\/span>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"mcq-note\">Objective questions in the pattern of the examination. Click to reveal the answer and its explanation.<\/span>\u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u0930 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928\u0964 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0916\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u094d\u0932\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u0940\u091c\u093f\u090f\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <details class=\"mcq-q\">\n <summary>36<\/span>Mail merge requires which of the following?<\/span><\/summary>\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\n <li>(a) A main document only<\/li>\n <li>(b) A data source only<\/li>\n <li>(c) Both a main document and a data source<\/li>\n <li>(d) Two main documents<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\">(c) Both a main document and a data source<\/b> The main document holds the common text and the merge fields; the data source holds one record per recipient. Joining them produces the third component, the merged output.<\/span>\u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f \u0926\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0947\u091c\u093c \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u093e\u0920 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092e\u0930\u094d\u091c \u092b\u093c\u0940\u0932\u094d\u0921 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902; \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u093e-\u0938\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0924 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e \u090f\u0915 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0932\u0947\u0916\u0964 \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u0924\u0940\u0938\u0930\u093e \u0918\u091f\u0915, \u0938\u0902\u092e\u093f\u0932\u093f\u0924 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0924, \u092c\u0928\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\u00a73.7<\/span><\/div>\n <\/details>\n <details class=\"mcq-q\">\n <summary>37<\/span>The Mail Merge command is located on which tab?<\/span><\/summary>\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\n <li>(a) Insert<\/li>\n <li>(b) References<\/li>\n <li>(c) Mailings<\/li>\n <li>(d) Review<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\">(c) Mailings<\/b> The entire merge sequence \u2014 Start Mail Merge, Select Recipients, Insert Merge Field, Preview Results, Finish and Merge \u2014 sits on this one tab, arranged left to right in the order the steps are performed.<\/span>\u0938\u0902\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u092e\u0930\u094d\u091c \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u2014 Start Mail Merge, Select Recipients, Insert Merge Field, Preview Results, Finish and Merge \u2014 \u0907\u0938\u0940 \u090f\u0915 \u091f\u0948\u092c \u092a\u0930 \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u092c\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u0938\u0947 \u0926\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u0909\u0938\u0940 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u091c\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091a\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u093f\u090f \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span>\u00a73.1 A, \u00a73.7<\/span><\/div>\n <\/details>\n <details class=\"mcq-q\">\n <summary>38<\/span>To allow a document to have Roman numerals on its first few pages and Arabic numerals thereafter, one must insert a:<\/span><\/summary>\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\n <li>(a) Page break<\/li>\n <li>(b) Column break<\/li>\n <li>(c) Section break<\/li>\n <li>(d) Line break<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\">(c) Section break<\/b> Only a section break creates a new formatting region in which page numbering, margins and orientation can differ. The further essential step is to switch off \"Link to Previous\" in the footer of the new section, without which it merely copies the one before it.<\/span>\u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0916\u0902\u0921 \u0935\u093f\u091a\u094d\u091b\u0947\u0926 \u0939\u0940 \u0928\u092f\u093e \u0938\u0902\u0930\u0942\u092a\u0923-\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920-\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0902\u0915\u0928, \u0939\u093e\u0936\u093f\u092f\u0947 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0926\u093f\u0936\u093e \u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0947\u0902\u0964 \u0906\u0917\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0928\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u091a\u0930\u0923 \u0939\u0948 \u0928\u090f \u0916\u0902\u0921 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u0926\u0932\u0947\u0916 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \"Link to Previous\" \u092c\u0902\u0926 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0935\u0939 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u092a\u093f\u091b\u0932\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0928\u0915\u0932 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0930\u0939\u0947\u0917\u093e\u0964<\/span>\u00a73.5<\/span><\/div>\n <\/details>\n <details class=\"mcq-q\">\n <summary>39<\/span>Three copies of a four-page document are printed with the Collated option selected. The pages emerge in the order:<\/span><\/summary>\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\n <li>(a) 1,1,1 \u2013 2,2,2 \u2013 3,3,3 \u2013 4,4,4<\/li>\n <li>(b) 1,2,3,4 \u2013 1,2,3,4 \u2013 1,2,3,4<\/li>\n <li>(c) 4,3,2,1 \u2013 4,3,2,1 \u2013 4,3,2,1<\/li>\n <li>(d) 1,2,3,4 only<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\">(b) 1,2,3,4 \u2013 1,2,3,4 \u2013 1,2,3,4<\/b> Collated means each complete copy is printed in sequence, ready to be stapled without sorting. Option (a) describes uncollated printing, which is faster on some printers but leaves the sorting to be done by hand.<\/span>\u0938\u0902\u092f\u094b\u091c\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u0939\u0948 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091b\u092a\u0947, \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u091b\u093e\u0901\u091f\u0947 \u0928\u0924\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u094b \u0924\u0948\u092f\u093e\u0930\u0964 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a (\u0915) \u0905\u0938\u0902\u092f\u094b\u091c\u093f\u0924 \u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0923 \u092c\u0924\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u094b \u0915\u0941\u091b \u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u0924\u0947\u091c\u093c \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0941 \u091b\u0901\u091f\u093e\u0908 \u0939\u093e\u0925 \u092a\u0930 \u091b\u094b\u0921\u093c \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\u00a73.9 A<\/span><\/div>\n <\/details>\n <details class=\"mcq-q\">\n <summary>40<\/span>Setting the markup view to \"No Markup\" before forwarding a document will:<\/span><\/summary>\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\n <li>(a) Permanently delete all tracked changes<\/li>\n <li>(b) Accept all tracked changes<\/li>\n <li>(c) Hide the changes on screen while leaving them in the file<\/li>\n <li>(d) Convert the document to PDF<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\">(c) Hide the changes on screen while leaving them in the file<\/b> The markup views alter only the display. Every deletion, reviewer name and comment travels with the file, and the recipient need only change the view to read them. Changes must be explicitly accepted or rejected, and Inspect Document run, before a file leaves the office.<\/span>\u091a\u093f\u0939\u094d\u0928\u093e\u0902\u0915\u0928-\u0926\u0943\u0936\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u0928 \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0932\u094b\u092a\u0928, \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093e\u092e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u091f\u093f\u092a\u094d\u092a\u0923\u0940 \u092b\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0932 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0922\u093c\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0926\u0943\u0936\u094d\u092f \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0928\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092b\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0932 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0939\u0930 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u0938\u094d\u092a\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0940\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u092f\u093e \u0905\u0938\u094d\u0935\u0940\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u093f\u090f \u091c\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u0924\u0925\u093e Inspect Document \u091a\u0932\u093e\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u090f\u0964<\/span>\u00a73.8<\/span><\/div>\n <\/details>\n <\/div>\n\n <\/section>\n\n \n <section class=\"chapter-content\" data-chap=\"4\" id=\"c4\">\n <div class=\"chapter-heading-block\">\n SYLLABUS ITEM 4<\/span>\u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u092e\u0926 4<\/span><\/span>\n <h2>Spreadsheets<\/span>\u0938\u094d\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0921\u0936\u0940\u091f<\/span><\/h2>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"callout amber\">\n <div class=\"callout-label\">\ud83d\udccc What this chapter covers<\/span>\ud83d\udccc \u0907\u0938 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/div>\n Rows, columns, formulas, functions, sorting, filtering, charts, attendance management, and result analysis<\/span>\n \u092a\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901, \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0902\u092d, \u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930, \u092b\u0932\u0928, \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u092c\u0926\u094d\u0927\u0924\u093e, \u091b\u093e\u0928\u0928\u093e, \u091a\u093e\u0930\u094d\u091f, \u0909\u092a\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0928 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e-\u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0937\u0923<\/span>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"keyfact-grid\">\n <div class=\"keyfact-card navy-hi\">\n \ud83d\udd22<\/span>\n <div class=\"kf-label\">The Rule That Starts Everything<\/span>\u0935\u0939 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u092c \u0906\u0930\u0902\u092d \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"kf-value\" style=\"font-size:20px;\">= <\/div>\n <div class=\"kf-sub\">Every formula begins with an equals sign. Without it the entry is treated as ordinary text<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092c\u0930\u093e\u092c\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u091a\u093f\u0939\u094d\u0928 \u0938\u0947 \u0906\u0930\u0902\u092d \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093f \u0938\u093e\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u092a\u093e\u0920 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"keyfact-card teal-hi\">\n \ud83d\udd12<\/span>\n <div class=\"kf-label\">The Reference Types<\/span>\u0938\u0902\u0926\u0930\u094d\u092d \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"kf-value\" style=\"font-size:15px;\">A1 \u00b7 $A$1 \u00b7 A$1<\/div>\n <div class=\"kf-sub\">Relative, absolute and mixed \u2014 and <kbd>F4<\/kbd> cycles between them<\/span>\u0938\u093e\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937, \u0928\u093f\u0930\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092e\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u2014 \u0924\u0925\u093e <kbd>F4<\/kbd> \u0907\u0928\u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u091a\u0915\u094d\u0930 \u091a\u0932\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"keyfact-card amber-hi\">\n \ud83d\udcd0<\/span>\n <div class=\"kf-label\">The Size of One Sheet<\/span>\u090f\u0915 \u0936\u0940\u091f \u0915\u093e \u0906\u0915\u093e\u0930<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"kf-value\" style=\"font-size:13px;\">16,384 \u00d7 1,048,576<\/div>\n <div class=\"kf-sub\">Columns A to XFD, and rows 1 to just over ten lakh<\/span>\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0902\u092d A \u0938\u0947 XFD \u0924\u0915, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092a\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 1 \u0938\u0947 \u0926\u0938 \u0932\u093e\u0916 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0941\u091b \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0924\u0915<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d4-0\">\n 4.0<\/span>\n <h3>Introduction<\/span>\u092a\u0930\u093f\u091a\u092f<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n <ul class=\"icon-list\">\n <li>\u25b8<\/span>\n A spreadsheet<\/strong> is application software that arranges data in a grid of rows and columns and performs calculations on it<\/strong>. Its defining property, and the whole reason it exists, is that a formula recalculates itself the instant any figure it depends on changes<\/strong>. Correct one mark in a result sheet and the total, the percentage, the grade and the class average all move by themselves.<\/span>\n \u0938\u094d\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0921\u0936\u0940\u091f<\/strong> \u0935\u0939 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0938\u0949\u092b\u093c\u094d\u091f\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0902\u092d\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0932 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0930\u0916\u0915\u0930 \u0909\u0928 \u092a\u0930 \u0917\u0923\u0928\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/strong>\u0964 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u093e \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u0915 \u0917\u0941\u0923, \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u092f\u0939 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u091c\u093f\u0938 \u092d\u0940 \u0905\u0902\u0915 \u092a\u0930 \u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092d\u0930 \u0939\u0948 \u0935\u0939 \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0940 \u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0923\u0928\u093e \u0915\u0930 \u0932\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/strong>\u0964 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e-\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0915 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u090f\u0915 \u0905\u0902\u0915 \u0938\u0941\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u090f \u0914\u0930 \u092f\u094b\u0917, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0936\u0924, \u0936\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0923\u0940 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e-\u0914\u0938\u0924 \u0938\u092c \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u092c\u0926\u0932 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span>\n <\/span><\/li>\n <li>\u25b8<\/span>\n That single property is what makes the difference from the table in a word processor described in \u00a73.4. A word-processor table displays<\/em> numbers; a spreadsheet maintains a relationship between them<\/strong>. This is why a result sheet, a fee register or an attendance record belongs here and not there.<\/span>\n \u092f\u0939\u0940 \u090f\u0915 \u0917\u0941\u0923 \u00a73.4 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0923\u093f\u0924 \u0936\u092c\u094d\u0926 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u093e\u0927\u0915 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u093e\u0930\u0923\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u092d\u0947\u0926 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0936\u092c\u094d\u0926 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u093e\u0927\u0915 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u093e\u0930\u0923\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u0926\u093f\u0916\u093e\u0924\u0940<\/em> \u0939\u0948; \u0938\u094d\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0921\u0936\u0940\u091f \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u090f \u0930\u0916\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948<\/strong>\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0940\u0932\u093f\u090f \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e-\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0915, \u092b\u093c\u0940\u0938-\u0930\u091c\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0930 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0909\u092a\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f-\u0905\u092d\u093f\u0932\u0947\u0916 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928 \u092f\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0939\u0948, \u0935\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964<\/span>\n <\/span><\/li>\n <li>\u25b8<\/span>\n The first electronic spreadsheet was VisiCalc<\/strong>, written by Dan Bricklin<\/strong> in 1979<\/strong>; Lotus 1-2-3<\/strong> followed, and Microsoft Excel<\/strong> has been dominant since. The alternatives are LibreOffice Calc<\/strong>, Google Sheets<\/strong> and WPS Spreadsheets<\/strong>, and the functions described below work in all of them with the same names.<\/span>\n \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0925\u092e \u0907\u0932\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0921\u0936\u0940\u091f \u0935\u093f\u091c\u093c\u0940\u0915\u0948\u0932\u094d\u0915<\/strong> \u0925\u0940, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u0921\u0948\u0928 \u092c\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0915\u0932\u093f\u0928<\/strong> \u0928\u0947 1979<\/strong> \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0932\u093f\u0916\u093e; \u092b\u093f\u0930 \u0932\u094b\u091f\u0938 1-2-3<\/strong> \u0906\u092f\u093e, \u0914\u0930 \u0924\u092c \u0938\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0907\u0915\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0938\u0949\u092b\u093c\u094d\u091f \u090f\u0915\u094d\u0938\u0947\u0932<\/strong> \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0932\u093f\u092c\u0930\u0911\u092b\u093c\u093f\u0938 \u0915\u0948\u0932\u094d\u0915<\/strong>, \u0917\u0942\u0917\u0932 \u0936\u0940\u091f\u094d\u0938<\/strong> \u090f\u0935\u0902 WPS \u0938\u094d\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0921\u0936\u0940\u091f\u094d\u0938<\/strong>, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0928\u0940\u091a\u0947 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0923\u093f\u0924 \u092b\u0932\u0928 \u0909\u0928 \u0938\u092c\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0928\u093e\u092e\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u092e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span>\n <\/span><\/li>\n <li>\u25b8<\/span>\n This is the longest and most technical item<\/strong> in the Digital Literacy syllabus, and also the one with the closest bearing on the Educational Measurement paper: mean, median, mode, standard deviation, rank and correlation<\/strong> are all single functions here. \u00a74.9 draws that connection out in full.<\/span>\n \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u0938\u093e\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0930\u0924\u093e \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u0915\u0940 \u092f\u0939 \u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u0932\u0902\u092c\u0940 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0924\u0915\u0928\u0940\u0915\u0940 \u092e\u0926<\/strong> \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0936\u0948\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0915 \u092e\u093e\u092a\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928-\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0938\u0947 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927 \u092d\u0940 \u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u091f \u0915\u093e \u0939\u0948: \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f, \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093f\u0915\u093e, \u092c\u0939\u0941\u0932\u0915, \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u091a\u0932\u0928, \u0915\u094b\u091f\u093f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0939\u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927<\/strong> \u2014 \u0938\u092c \u092f\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u090f\u0915-\u090f\u0915 \u092b\u0932\u0928 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u00a74.9 \u0909\u0938 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u0942\u0930\u093e \u0916\u094b\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\n <\/span><\/li>\n <\/ul>\n\n <hr class=\"section-divider\">\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d4-1\">\n 4.1<\/span>\n <h3>Workbook, Worksheet, Row, Column and Cell<\/span>\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u092a\u0941\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0915\u093e, \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0915, \u092a\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f, \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0902\u092d \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0915\u094b\u0937\u094d\u0920<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n <svg class=\"full-diagram\" viewBox=\"0 0 900 496\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Realistic view of the spreadsheet window with parts labelled\">\n <defs>\n <marker id=\"xl\" markerWidth=\"7\" markerHeight=\"7\" refX=\"6\" refY=\"2.4\" orient=\"auto\"><path d=\"M0,0 L0,4.8 L6,2.4 z\" fill=\"#8e2f5a\"\/><\/marker>\n <\/defs>\n\n <rect x=\"100\" y=\"14\" width=\"700\" height=\"448\" rx=\"5\" fill=\"#fff\" stroke=\"#a9b6c6\" stroke-width=\"1.5\"\/>\n\n \n <rect x=\"100\" y=\"14\" width=\"700\" height=\"30\" rx=\"5\" fill=\"#107C41\"\/>\n <rect x=\"100\" y=\"30\" width=\"700\" height=\"14\" fill=\"#107C41\"\/>\n <g stroke=\"#fff\" stroke-width=\"1.4\" fill=\"none\" opacity=\".95\">\n <path d=\"M112 23 h11 v12 h-11 z M115 23 v5 h5 v-5\"\/>\n <path d=\"M133 33 a6 6 0 0 1 11 -3\"\/><path d=\"M133 33 l-2.5 -3.5 M133 33 l4 -1\"\/>\n <path d=\"M164 33 a6 6 0 0 0 -11 -3\"\/><path d=\"M164 33 l2.5 -3.5 M164 33 l-4 -1\"\/>\n <\/g>\n <text x=\"450\" y=\"33\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10.5\" font-weight=\"600\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Class-X-Result-2026.xlsx \u2014 Saved to this PC<\/text>\n <g stroke=\"#fff\" stroke-width=\"1.3\" fill=\"none\">\n <path d=\"M736 29 h9\"\/><rect x=\"756\" y=\"24.5\" width=\"9\" height=\"9\"\/><path d=\"M777 24.5 l9 9 M786 24.5 l-9 9\"\/>\n <\/g>\n\n \n <rect x=\"100\" y=\"44\" width=\"700\" height=\"22\" fill=\"#F3F2F1\"\/>\n <rect x=\"100\" y=\"44\" width=\"44\" height=\"22\" fill=\"#107C41\"\/>\n <text x=\"122\" y=\"59\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">File<\/text>\n <rect x=\"146\" y=\"44\" width=\"46\" height=\"22\" fill=\"#fff\"\/>\n <rect x=\"146\" y=\"44\" width=\"46\" height=\"2.4\" fill=\"#107C41\"\/>\n <text x=\"169\" y=\"59\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#107C41\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Home<\/text>\n <g font-size=\"9.5\" fill=\"#3b3b3b\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">\n <text x=\"200\" y=\"59\">Insert<\/text><text x=\"236\" y=\"59\">Page Layout<\/text><text x=\"306\" y=\"59\">Formulas<\/text><text x=\"362\" y=\"59\">Data<\/text>\n <text x=\"396\" y=\"59\">Review<\/text><text x=\"440\" y=\"59\">View<\/text><text x=\"474\" y=\"59\">Automate<\/text><text x=\"532\" y=\"59\">Help<\/text>\n <\/g>\n\n \n <rect x=\"100\" y=\"66\" width=\"700\" height=\"80\" fill=\"#fff\"\/>\n <line x1=\"100\" y1=\"146\" x2=\"800\" y2=\"146\" stroke=\"#d0d0d0\" stroke-width=\"1.2\"\/>\n <g stroke=\"#e6e6e6\" stroke-width=\"1\">\n <line x1=\"168\" y1=\"70\" x2=\"168\" y2=\"132\"\/><line x1=\"352\" y1=\"70\" x2=\"352\" y2=\"132\"\/>\n <line x1=\"500\" y1=\"70\" x2=\"500\" y2=\"132\"\/><line x1=\"606\" y1=\"70\" x2=\"606\" y2=\"132\"\/><line x1=\"710\" y1=\"70\" x2=\"710\" y2=\"132\"\/>\n <\/g>\n <g font-size=\"6.5\" fill=\"#767676\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">\n <text x=\"134\" y=\"142\">Clipboard<\/text><text x=\"260\" y=\"142\">Font<\/text><text x=\"426\" y=\"142\">Alignment<\/text><text x=\"553\" y=\"142\">Number<\/text><text x=\"658\" y=\"142\">Styles<\/text><text x=\"755\" y=\"142\">Editing<\/text>\n <\/g>\n\n \n <rect x=\"108\" y=\"72\" width=\"24\" height=\"30\" rx=\"2\" fill=\"#f7f7f7\" stroke=\"#cfcfcf\"\/>\n <path d=\"M114 76 h12 v20 h-12 z\" fill=\"#fff\" stroke=\"#8a8a8a\"\/><path d=\"M117 74 h6 v4 h-6 z\" fill=\"#c9e5d3\" stroke=\"#8a8a8a\" stroke-width=\".8\"\/>\n <text x=\"120\" y=\"112\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7\" fill=\"#3b3b3b\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Paste<\/text>\n <g stroke=\"#5b5b5b\" stroke-width=\"1.1\" fill=\"none\">\n <circle cx=\"143\" cy=\"79\" r=\"2\"\/><circle cx=\"143\" cy=\"86\" r=\"2\"\/><path d=\"M144.5 78 l8 9 M144.5 87 l8 -9\"\/>\n <rect x=\"140\" y=\"96\" width=\"7\" height=\"9\"\/><rect x=\"143\" y=\"99\" width=\"7\" height=\"9\" fill=\"#fff\"\/>\n <\/g>\n\n \n <rect x=\"174\" y=\"72\" width=\"80\" height=\"15\" rx=\"2\" fill=\"#fff\" stroke=\"#c8c8c8\"\/>\n <text x=\"178\" y=\"83\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#222\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Calibri<\/text>\n <path d=\"M246 78 l4 4 l4 -4\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#555\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/>\n <rect x=\"258\" y=\"72\" width=\"30\" height=\"15\" rx=\"2\" fill=\"#fff\" stroke=\"#c8c8c8\"\/>\n <text x=\"262\" y=\"83\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#222\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">11<\/text>\n <path d=\"M280 78 l4 4 l4 -4\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#555\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/>\n <text x=\"296\" y=\"84\" font-size=\"11\" font-weight=\"600\" fill=\"#3b3b3b\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">A<\/text><path d=\"M306 76 l3 -4 l3 4\" fill=\"#3b3b3b\"\/>\n <text x=\"318\" y=\"84\" font-size=\"8.5\" font-weight=\"600\" fill=\"#3b3b3b\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">A<\/text><path d=\"M326 78 l3 4 l3 -4\" fill=\"#3b3b3b\"\/>\n <g font-family=\"Georgia, serif\" fill=\"#222\">\n <text x=\"176\" y=\"106\" font-size=\"12\" font-weight=\"700\">B<\/text>\n <text x=\"194\" y=\"106\" font-size=\"12\" font-style=\"italic\">I<\/text>\n <text x=\"210\" y=\"106\" font-size=\"12\">U<\/text><line x1=\"209\" y1=\"109\" x2=\"219\" y2=\"109\" stroke=\"#222\" stroke-width=\"1.2\"\/>\n <\/g>\n <g stroke=\"#4a4a4a\" stroke-width=\"1\" fill=\"none\"><rect x=\"232\" y=\"96\" width=\"12\" height=\"12\"\/><path d=\"M232 102 h12 M238 96 v12\"\/><\/g>\n <text x=\"256\" y=\"106\" font-size=\"11\" font-weight=\"600\" fill=\"#222\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">A<\/text><rect x=\"254\" y=\"108\" width=\"12\" height=\"4\" fill=\"#c0392b\"\/>\n <rect x=\"284\" y=\"96\" width=\"12\" height=\"12\" fill=\"#ffe600\" stroke=\"#bdbdbd\"\/>\n\n \n <g fill=\"#4a4a4a\">\n <rect x=\"360\" y=\"74\" width=\"14\" height=\"1.4\"\/><rect x=\"360\" y=\"78\" width=\"10\" height=\"1.4\"\/><rect x=\"360\" y=\"82\" width=\"14\" height=\"1.4\"\/>\n <rect x=\"384\" y=\"74\" width=\"14\" height=\"1.4\"\/><rect x=\"386\" y=\"78\" width=\"10\" height=\"1.4\"\/><rect x=\"384\" y=\"82\" width=\"14\" height=\"1.4\"\/>\n <rect x=\"408\" y=\"74\" width=\"14\" height=\"1.4\"\/><rect x=\"412\" y=\"78\" width=\"10\" height=\"1.4\"\/><rect x=\"408\" y=\"82\" width=\"14\" height=\"1.4\"\/>\n <rect x=\"360\" y=\"98\" width=\"14\" height=\"1.4\"\/><rect x=\"360\" y=\"102\" width=\"10\" height=\"1.4\"\/><rect x=\"360\" y=\"106\" width=\"14\" height=\"1.4\"\/>\n <rect x=\"384\" y=\"98\" width=\"14\" height=\"1.4\"\/><rect x=\"386\" y=\"102\" width=\"10\" height=\"1.4\"\/><rect x=\"384\" y=\"106\" width=\"14\" height=\"1.4\"\/>\n <rect x=\"408\" y=\"98\" width=\"14\" height=\"1.4\"\/><rect x=\"412\" y=\"102\" width=\"10\" height=\"1.4\"\/><rect x=\"408\" y=\"106\" width=\"14\" height=\"1.4\"\/>\n <\/g>\n <rect x=\"436\" y=\"72\" width=\"56\" height=\"15\" rx=\"2\" fill=\"#fff\" stroke=\"#c8c8c8\"\/>\n <text x=\"440\" y=\"83\" font-size=\"6.5\" fill=\"#3b3b3b\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Wrap Text<\/text>\n <rect x=\"436\" y=\"96\" width=\"56\" height=\"15\" rx=\"2\" fill=\"#fff\" stroke=\"#c8c8c8\"\/>\n <text x=\"440\" y=\"107\" font-size=\"6.5\" fill=\"#3b3b3b\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Merge & Centre<\/text>\n\n \n <rect x=\"508\" y=\"72\" width=\"76\" height=\"15\" rx=\"2\" fill=\"#fff\" stroke=\"#c8c8c8\"\/>\n <text x=\"512\" y=\"83\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#222\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">General<\/text>\n <path d=\"M574 78 l4 4 l4 -4\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#555\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/>\n <g fill=\"#3b3b3b\" font-size=\"9.5\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">\n <text x=\"512\" y=\"107\">\u20b9<\/text><text x=\"530\" y=\"107\">%<\/text><text x=\"548\" y=\"107\">,<\/text>\n <text x=\"564\" y=\"107\" font-size=\"7\">.00<\/text><text x=\"582\" y=\"107\" font-size=\"7\">.0<\/text>\n <\/g>\n\n \n <rect x=\"614\" y=\"72\" width=\"42\" height=\"26\" rx=\"2\" fill=\"#fff\" stroke=\"#c8c8c8\"\/>\n <text x=\"635\" y=\"82\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"6\" fill=\"#3b3b3b\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Conditional<\/text>\n <text x=\"635\" y=\"92\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"6\" fill=\"#3b3b3b\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Formatting<\/text>\n <rect x=\"660\" y=\"72\" width=\"42\" height=\"26\" rx=\"2\" fill=\"#fff\" stroke=\"#c8c8c8\"\/>\n <text x=\"681\" y=\"82\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"6\" fill=\"#3b3b3b\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Format as<\/text>\n <text x=\"681\" y=\"92\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"6\" fill=\"#3b3b3b\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Table<\/text>\n <rect x=\"614\" y=\"102\" width=\"88\" height=\"14\" rx=\"2\" fill=\"#fff\" stroke=\"#c8c8c8\"\/>\n <text x=\"658\" y=\"112\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"6.5\" fill=\"#3b3b3b\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Cell Styles<\/text>\n\n \n <text x=\"718\" y=\"82\" font-size=\"10\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#107C41\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">\u03a3<\/text>\n <text x=\"730\" y=\"82\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#3b3b3b\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">AutoSum<\/text>\n <path d=\"M780 78 l4 4 l4 -4\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#555\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/>\n <text x=\"718\" y=\"102\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#3b3b3b\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Sort & Filter<\/text>\n <text x=\"718\" y=\"120\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#3b3b3b\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Find & Select<\/text>\n\n \n <rect x=\"100\" y=\"146\" width=\"700\" height=\"22\" fill=\"#F3F2F1\"\/>\n <rect x=\"106\" y=\"149\" width=\"62\" height=\"16\" rx=\"2\" fill=\"#fff\" stroke=\"#bdbdbd\"\/>\n <text x=\"112\" y=\"161\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#222\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">F5<\/text>\n <path d=\"M158 155 l3.5 3.5 l3.5 -3.5\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#666\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/>\n <g fill=\"#666\" font-size=\"8\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\"><text x=\"176\" y=\"161\">\u2715<\/text><text x=\"192\" y=\"161\">\u2713<\/text><\/g>\n <text x=\"208\" y=\"161\" font-size=\"9\" font-style=\"italic\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#107C41\" font-family=\"Georgia, serif\">fx<\/text>\n <rect x=\"224\" y=\"149\" width=\"570\" height=\"16\" rx=\"2\" fill=\"#fff\" stroke=\"#bdbdbd\"\/>\n <text x=\"230\" y=\"161\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#222\" font-family=\"JetBrains Mono, monospace\">=IF(E5>=33,\"PASS\",\"FAIL\")<\/text>\n\n \n <rect x=\"100\" y=\"168\" width=\"700\" height=\"256\" fill=\"#fff\"\/>\n <rect x=\"100\" y=\"168\" width=\"700\" height=\"16\" fill=\"#F3F2F1\"\/>\n <rect x=\"100\" y=\"168\" width=\"30\" height=\"256\" fill=\"#F3F2F1\"\/>\n <g font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#444\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">\n <text x=\"160\" y=\"179\">A<\/text><text x=\"238\" y=\"179\">B<\/text><text x=\"310\" y=\"179\">C<\/text><text x=\"382\" y=\"179\">D<\/text><text x=\"454\" y=\"179\">E<\/text><text x=\"526\" y=\"179\">F<\/text><text x=\"598\" y=\"179\">G<\/text><text x=\"670\" y=\"179\">H<\/text><text x=\"742\" y=\"179\">I<\/text>\n <\/g>\n <rect x=\"418\" y=\"168\" width=\"72\" height=\"16\" fill=\"#107C41\"\/>\n <text x=\"454\" y=\"179\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">E<\/text>\n <g font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#444\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">\n <text x=\"115\" y=\"196\">1<\/text><text x=\"115\" y=\"214\">2<\/text><text x=\"115\" y=\"232\">3<\/text><text x=\"115\" y=\"250\">4<\/text>\n <text x=\"115\" y=\"268\">5<\/text><text x=\"115\" y=\"286\">6<\/text><text x=\"115\" y=\"304\">7<\/text><text x=\"115\" y=\"322\">8<\/text><text x=\"115\" y=\"340\">9<\/text><text x=\"115\" y=\"358\">10<\/text>\n <\/g>\n <rect x=\"100\" y=\"256\" width=\"30\" height=\"18\" fill=\"#107C41\"\/>\n <text x=\"115\" y=\"268\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">5<\/text>\n <g stroke=\"#dcdcdc\" stroke-width=\".8\">\n <line x1=\"130\" y1=\"184\" x2=\"800\" y2=\"184\"\/><line x1=\"130\" y1=\"202\" x2=\"800\" y2=\"202\"\/><line x1=\"130\" y1=\"220\" x2=\"800\" y2=\"220\"\/>\n <line x1=\"130\" y1=\"238\" x2=\"800\" y2=\"238\"\/><line x1=\"130\" y1=\"256\" x2=\"800\" y2=\"256\"\/><line x1=\"130\" y1=\"274\" x2=\"800\" y2=\"274\"\/>\n <line 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y=\"196\">Roll No<\/text><text x=\"206\" y=\"196\">Name<\/text><text x=\"278\" y=\"196\">Hindi<\/text><text x=\"350\" y=\"196\">English<\/text><text x=\"422\" y=\"196\">Maths<\/text><text x=\"494\" y=\"196\">Total<\/text><text x=\"566\" y=\"196\">Result<\/text>\n <\/g>\n <g font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#222\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">\n <text x=\"134\" y=\"214\">1001<\/text><text x=\"206\" y=\"214\">Aarti Sharma<\/text><text x=\"278\" y=\"214\">72<\/text><text x=\"350\" y=\"214\">68<\/text><text x=\"422\" y=\"214\">81<\/text><text x=\"494\" y=\"214\">221<\/text><text x=\"566\" y=\"214\" fill=\"#107C41\">PASS<\/text>\n <text x=\"134\" y=\"232\">1002<\/text><text x=\"206\" y=\"232\">Bilal Khan<\/text><text x=\"278\" y=\"232\">64<\/text><text x=\"350\" y=\"232\">75<\/text><text x=\"422\" y=\"232\">59<\/text><text x=\"494\" y=\"232\">198<\/text><text x=\"566\" y=\"232\" fill=\"#107C41\">PASS<\/text>\n <text x=\"134\" y=\"250\">1003<\/text><text x=\"206\" y=\"250\">Chetan Rao<\/text><text x=\"278\" y=\"250\">45<\/text><text x=\"350\" y=\"250\">38<\/text><text x=\"422\" y=\"250\">52<\/text><text x=\"494\" y=\"250\">135<\/text><text x=\"566\" y=\"250\" fill=\"#107C41\">PASS<\/text>\n <text x=\"134\" y=\"268\">1004<\/text><text x=\"206\" y=\"268\">Divya Nair<\/text><text x=\"278\" y=\"268\">28<\/text><text x=\"350\" y=\"268\">41<\/text><text x=\"422\" y=\"268\">30<\/text><text x=\"494\" y=\"268\">99<\/text>\n <text x=\"134\" y=\"286\">1005<\/text><text x=\"206\" y=\"286\">Ekta Verma<\/text><text x=\"278\" y=\"286\">88<\/text><text x=\"350\" y=\"286\">91<\/text><text x=\"422\" y=\"286\">85<\/text><text x=\"494\" y=\"286\">264<\/text><text x=\"566\" y=\"286\" fill=\"#107C41\">PASS<\/text>\n <text x=\"134\" y=\"304\">1006<\/text><text x=\"206\" y=\"304\">Farhan Ali<\/text><text x=\"278\" y=\"304\">57<\/text><text x=\"350\" y=\"304\">62<\/text><text x=\"422\" y=\"304\">70<\/text><text x=\"494\" y=\"304\">189<\/text><text x=\"566\" y=\"304\" fill=\"#107C41\">PASS<\/text>\n <\/g>\n <rect x=\"274\" y=\"256\" width=\"72\" height=\"18\" fill=\"#FFC7CE\"\/>\n <text x=\"278\" y=\"268\" font-size=\"7.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#9C0006\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">28<\/text>\n <rect x=\"418\" y=\"256\" width=\"72\" height=\"18\" fill=\"#FFC7CE\"\/>\n <text x=\"422\" y=\"268\" font-size=\"7.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#9C0006\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">30<\/text>\n <text x=\"566\" y=\"268\" font-size=\"7.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#9C0006\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">FAIL<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"418\" y=\"256\" width=\"72\" height=\"18\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#107C41\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\n <rect x=\"486\" y=\"270\" width=\"6\" height=\"6\" fill=\"#107C41\"\/>\n\n <g stroke=\"#c8c8c8\" stroke-width=\".8\" fill=\"none\">\n <path d=\"M278 190 h10 v6 h-10 z\" opacity=\"0\"\/>\n <\/g>\n <g fill=\"#666\"><path d=\"M186 191 l4 4 l4 -4 z\"\/><path d=\"M258 191 l4 4 l4 -4 z\"\/><path d=\"M330 191 l4 4 l4 -4 z\"\/><path d=\"M402 191 l4 4 l4 -4 z\"\/><path d=\"M474 191 l4 4 l4 -4 z\"\/><path d=\"M546 191 l4 4 l4 -4 z\"\/><path d=\"M618 191 l4 4 l4 -4 z\"\/><\/g>\n\n \n <rect x=\"100\" y=\"424\" width=\"700\" height=\"20\" fill=\"#F3F2F1\"\/>\n <rect x=\"132\" y=\"426\" width=\"58\" height=\"18\" fill=\"#fff\"\/>\n <rect x=\"132\" y=\"426\" width=\"58\" height=\"2\" fill=\"#107C41\"\/>\n <text x=\"161\" y=\"438\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#107C41\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Class X<\/text>\n <text x=\"212\" y=\"438\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#555\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Class IX<\/text>\n <text x=\"262\" y=\"438\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#555\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Summary<\/text>\n <text x=\"322\" y=\"439\" font-size=\"11\" fill=\"#107C41\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">+<\/text>\n <g stroke=\"#666\" stroke-width=\"1.1\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M110 435 l5 -4 l5 4\" transform=\"rotate(-90 115 435)\"\/><\/g>\n\n \n <rect x=\"100\" y=\"444\" width=\"700\" height=\"18\" rx=\"5\" fill=\"#107C41\"\/>\n <rect x=\"100\" y=\"444\" width=\"700\" height=\"10\" fill=\"#107C41\"\/>\n <g fill=\"#fff\" font-size=\"7.5\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">\n <text x=\"112\" y=\"456\">Ready<\/text>\n <text x=\"420\" y=\"456\">Average: 51.7<\/text><text x=\"494\" y=\"456\">Count: 6<\/text><text x=\"546\" y=\"456\">Sum: 310<\/text>\n <\/g>\n <line x1=\"666\" y1=\"453\" x2=\"740\" y2=\"453\" stroke=\"#fff\" stroke-width=\"1.1\" opacity=\".8\"\/>\n <circle cx=\"712\" cy=\"453\" r=\"3\" fill=\"#fff\"\/>\n <text x=\"768\" y=\"456\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">100%<\/text>\n\n \n <g stroke=\"#8e2f5a\" stroke-width=\"1.1\" fill=\"none\" stroke-dasharray=\"3 2\">\n <line x1=\"90\" y1=\"30\" x2=\"130\" y2=\"30\" marker-end=\"url(#xl)\"\/>\n <line x1=\"90\" y1=\"90\" x2=\"118\" y2=\"90\" marker-end=\"url(#xl)\"\/>\n <line x1=\"90\" y1=\"157\" x2=\"132\" y2=\"157\" marker-end=\"url(#xl)\"\/>\n <line x1=\"90\" y1=\"196\" x2=\"126\" y2=\"192\" marker-end=\"url(#xl)\"\/>\n <line x1=\"90\" y1=\"266\" x2=\"126\" y2=\"266\" marker-end=\"url(#xl)\"\/>\n <line x1=\"90\" y1=\"436\" x2=\"128\" y2=\"436\" marker-end=\"url(#xl)\"\/>\n <line x1=\"810\" y1=\"157\" x2=\"500\" y2=\"157\" marker-end=\"url(#xl)\"\/>\n <line x1=\"810\" y1=\"176\" x2=\"494\" y2=\"176\" marker-end=\"url(#xl)\"\/>\n <line x1=\"810\" y1=\"240\" x2=\"494\" y2=\"258\" marker-end=\"url(#xl)\"\/>\n <line x1=\"810\" y1=\"290\" x2=\"350\" y2=\"272\" marker-end=\"url(#xl)\"\/>\n <line x1=\"810\" y1=\"455\" x2=\"600\" y2=\"455\" marker-end=\"url(#xl)\"\/>\n <\/g>\n <g font-size=\"8\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#8e2f5a\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">\n <text x=\"0\" y=\"33\">Title bar<\/text>\n <text x=\"0\" y=\"87\">Ribbon<\/text><text x=\"0\" y=\"97\">groups<\/text>\n <text x=\"0\" y=\"153\">Name Box<\/text><text x=\"0\" y=\"163\">(active cell)<\/text>\n <text x=\"0\" y=\"193\">Column<\/text><text x=\"0\" y=\"203\">headings<\/text>\n <text x=\"0\" y=\"263\">Row<\/text><text x=\"0\" y=\"273\">headings<\/text>\n <text x=\"0\" y=\"433\">Sheet<\/text><text x=\"0\" y=\"443\">tabs<\/text>\n <text x=\"816\" y=\"154\">Formula bar<\/text>\n <text x=\"816\" y=\"179\">Selected column<\/text>\n <text x=\"816\" y=\"237\">Active cell E5<\/text><text x=\"816\" y=\"247\">+ fill handle<\/text>\n <text x=\"816\" y=\"287\">Conditional<\/text><text x=\"816\" y=\"297\">formatting<\/text>\n <text x=\"816\" y=\"452\">Status bar \u2014<\/text><text x=\"816\" y=\"462\">quick statistics<\/text>\n <\/g>\n<\/svg>\n The Name Box shows the address of the active cell; the Formula Bar shows what that cell actually contains, which is not always what it displays.<\/span>\u0928\u0947\u092e \u092c\u0949\u0915\u094d\u0938 \u0938\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f \u0915\u094b\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u0924\u093e \u0926\u093f\u0916\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948; \u092b\u093c\u0949\u0930\u094d\u092e\u0942\u0932\u093e \u092c\u093e\u0930 \u0926\u093f\u0916\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0909\u0938 \u0915\u094b\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924\u0903 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u094b \u0938\u0926\u0948\u0935 \u0935\u0939\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u091c\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b \u0930\u0939\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n\n <div class=\"exam-tip\">\n <div class=\"et-icon\">\ud83d\udd0d<\/div>\n <div class=\"et-body\">\n Read the diagram once more before going on.<\/strong> Cell F5<\/strong> is the active cell. The grid displays<\/em> the number 204<\/strong>, but the Formula Bar shows the cell actually contains <code>=SUM(C5:E5)<\/code><\/strong>. A cell displays a result but stores an instruction<\/strong> \u2014 and that difference is the whole of this chapter. The small green square at the bottom-right corner of the active cell is the fill handle<\/strong>, and the status bar at the foot is already reporting the average, count and sum of whatever is selected, without any formula having been written.<\/span>\n \u0906\u0917\u0947 \u092c\u0922\u093c\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u0906\u0930\u0947\u0916 \u090f\u0915 \u092c\u093e\u0930 \u0914\u0930 \u0926\u0947\u0916\u093f\u090f\u0964<\/strong> \u0915\u094b\u0937\u094d\u0920 F5<\/strong> \u0938\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f \u0915\u094b\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u091c\u093e\u0932 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e 204<\/strong> \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u093f\u0924<\/em> \u0939\u0948, \u0915\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0941 \u092b\u093c\u0949\u0930\u094d\u092e\u0942\u0932\u093e \u092c\u093e\u0930 \u0926\u093f\u0916\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0915\u094b\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924\u0903 <code>=SUM(C5:E5)<\/code><\/strong> \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0915\u094b\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e \u0926\u093f\u0916\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0941 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/strong> \u2014 \u0914\u0930 \u092f\u0939\u0940 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0938\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f \u0915\u094b\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u0940\u091a\u0947-\u0926\u093e\u0939\u093f\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u091b\u094b\u091f\u093e \u0939\u0930\u093e \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0917 \u092b\u093c\u093f\u0932 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0921\u0932<\/strong> \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0924\u0932 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f-\u092a\u091f\u094d\u091f\u0940 \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0932\u093f\u0916\u0947 \u0939\u0940 \u091a\u092f\u0928\u093f\u0924 \u0905\u0902\u0936 \u0915\u093e \u0914\u0938\u0924, \u0917\u0923\u0928\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092f\u094b\u0917 \u092c\u0924\u093e \u0930\u0939\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <table class=\"data-table\">\n <thead>\n <tr>\n <th>Term<\/span>\u092a\u0926<\/span><\/th>\n <th>Meaning and the fact usually asked<\/span>\u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092f\u0903 \u092a\u0942\u091b\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e \u0924\u0925\u094d\u092f<\/span><\/th>\n <\/tr>\n <\/thead>\n <tbody>\n <tr><td>Workbook<\/span>\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u092a\u0941\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0915\u093e<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>The file itself<\/strong>, saved with the extension .xlsx<\/strong>. One workbook contains many worksheets, the way one register contains many pages.<\/span>\u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u092b\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0932<\/strong>, \u091c\u094b .xlsx<\/strong> \u090f\u0915\u094d\u0938\u091f\u0947\u0902\u0936\u0928 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u090f\u0915 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u092a\u0941\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0915\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0928\u0947\u0915 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0915 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u090f\u0915 \u0930\u091c\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0928\u0947\u0915 \u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>Worksheet<\/span>\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0915<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>A single sheet within the workbook<\/strong>, reached by the tabs at the bottom. Sheets can be renamed, coloured, reordered, hidden, copied and moved between workbooks.<\/span>\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u092a\u0941\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0915\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u092d\u0940\u0924\u0930 \u090f\u0915 \u0936\u0940\u091f<\/strong>, \u091c\u094b \u0924\u0932 \u0915\u0947 \u091f\u0948\u092c\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0936\u0940\u091f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093e\u092e \u092c\u0926\u0932\u093e, \u0930\u0902\u0917 \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e, \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u092c\u0926\u0932\u093e, \u091b\u093f\u092a\u093e\u092f\u093e, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0932\u093f\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u092a\u0941\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr style=\"background:#f3f8ff;\"><td>Row and column<\/span>\u092a\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0902\u092d<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>Rows run horizontally and are numbered 1 to 10,48,576. Columns run vertically and are lettered A to XFD, being 16,384 in all.<\/strong> After Z the lettering continues AA, AB \u2026 and after ZZ, AAA.<\/span>\u092a\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0948\u0924\u093f\u091c \u091a\u0932\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0914\u0930 1 \u0938\u0947 10,48,576 \u0924\u0915 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0902\u0915\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0902\u092d \u090a\u0930\u094d\u0927\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u0930 \u091a\u0932\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0914\u0930 A \u0938\u0947 XFD \u0924\u0915 \u0905\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0915\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0915\u0941\u0932 16,384\u0964<\/strong> Z \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u0905\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0915\u0928 AA, AB \u2026 \u0924\u0925\u093e ZZ \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0926 AAA \u091a\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>Cell and cell reference<\/span>\u0915\u094b\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0915\u094b\u0937\u094d\u0920-\u0938\u0902\u0926\u0930\u094d\u092d<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>The intersection of a row and a column. Its address is written column letter first, then row number<\/strong> \u2014 F5, never 5F<\/strong>. The cell in use is the active cell<\/strong>, outlined in green.<\/span>\u092a\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0902\u092d \u0915\u093e \u0915\u091f\u093e\u0928\u0964 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u093e \u092a\u0924\u093e \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0902\u092d-\u0905\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0930, \u092b\u093f\u0930 \u092a\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f-\u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e<\/strong> \u0932\u093f\u0916\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u2014 F5, \u0915\u092d\u0940 5F \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902<\/strong>\u0964 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093e\u0927\u0940\u0928 \u0915\u094b\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u0938\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f \u0915\u094b\u0937\u094d\u0920<\/strong> \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u094b \u0939\u0930\u0940 \u0930\u0947\u0916\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u0918\u093f\u0930\u093e \u0930\u0939\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>Range<\/span>\u092a\u0930\u093e\u0938<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>A block of cells. A colon means \"through\"<\/strong>: <code>C5:E5<\/code> is three cells in a row and <code>C3:E8<\/code> is an eighteen-cell block. A comma means \"and\"<\/strong>: <code>C5,E5<\/code> is two separate cells.<\/span>\u0915\u094b\u0937\u094d\u0920\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0916\u0902\u0921\u0964 \u0905\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0935\u093f\u0930\u093e\u092e \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u0939\u0948 \"\u0938\u0947...\u0924\u0915\"<\/strong>: <code>C5:E5<\/code> \u090f\u0915 \u092a\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0947 \u0924\u0940\u0928 \u0915\u094b\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u0924\u0925\u093e <code>C3:E8<\/code> \u0905\u0920\u093e\u0930\u0939-\u0915\u094b\u0937\u094d\u0920\u0940\u092f \u0916\u0902\u0921 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0905\u0932\u094d\u092a\u0935\u093f\u0930\u093e\u092e \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u0939\u0948 \"\u0924\u0925\u093e\"<\/strong>: <code>C5,E5<\/code> \u0926\u094b \u092a\u0943\u0925\u0915 \u0915\u094b\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>Freeze Panes<\/span>\u092b\u0932\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0930 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>Locks the heading rows or columns so they stay visible while the rest scrolls<\/strong>. Without it, the hundredth row of an attendance register shows columns of figures with no names against them. At View<\/b>\u203a<\/i>Freeze Panes<\/b><\/span><\/span>\u0936\u0940\u0930\u094d\u0937\u0915-\u092a\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u092f\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0902\u092d \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0930 \u0915\u0930 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0924\u093e\u0915\u093f \u0936\u0947\u0937 \u0916\u093f\u0938\u0915\u0924\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u092f \u0935\u0947 \u0926\u093f\u0916\u0924\u0947 \u0930\u0939\u0947\u0902<\/strong>\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0909\u092a\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f-\u0930\u091c\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u094c\u0935\u0940\u0902 \u092a\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0928\u093e\u092e\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0902\u0915-\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0902\u092d \u0930\u0939 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u092f\u0939 View<\/b>\u203a<\/i>Freeze Panes<\/b><\/span> \u092a\u0930 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <\/tbody>\n <\/table>\n\n <hr class=\"section-divider\">\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d4-2\">\n 4.2<\/span>\n <h3>Data Entry and Cell Formatting<\/span>\u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u093e-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0915\u094b\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u0942\u092a\u0923<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"callout teal\">\n <div class=\"callout-label\">\ud83d\udcd8 The alignment rule \u2014 a free diagnostic<\/span>\ud83d\udcd8 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u0947\u0916\u0923 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e \u2014 \u0928\u093f:\u0936\u0941\u0932\u094d\u0915 \u0928\u093f\u0926\u093e\u0928<\/span><\/div>\n By default a spreadsheet aligns text to the left<\/strong> and numbers and dates to the right<\/strong>. This is not decoration; it is a signal. If a column of marks appears left-aligned, those marks are being stored as text, not as numbers<\/strong>, and every SUM and AVERAGE over them will silently return zero. The usual causes are a stray space, a leading apostrophe, or data pasted from a website. The alignment tells the truth before any formula fails.<\/span>\n \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0921\u0936\u0940\u091f \u092a\u093e\u0920 \u0915\u094b \u092c\u093e\u090f\u0901<\/strong> \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0924\u093f\u0925\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0926\u093e\u090f\u0901<\/strong> \u0938\u0902\u0930\u0947\u0916\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0938\u091c\u093e\u0935\u091f \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0947\u0924 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0926\u093f \u0905\u0902\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0902\u092d \u092c\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u0947\u0916\u093f\u0924 \u0926\u093f\u0916\u0947 \u0924\u094b \u0935\u0947 \u0905\u0902\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u092a\u093e\u0920 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b \u0930\u0939\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902<\/strong>, \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0928 \u092a\u0930 \u0932\u0917\u093e\u092f\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 SUM \u090f\u0935\u0902 AVERAGE \u091a\u0941\u092a\u091a\u093e\u092a \u0936\u0942\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0932\u094c\u091f\u093e\u090f\u0917\u093e\u0964 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u092d\u091f\u0915\u093e \u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928, \u0906\u0930\u0902\u092d \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0932\u0917\u093e \u090a\u0930\u094d\u0927\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u091a\u093f\u0939\u094d\u0928, \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0935\u0947\u092c\u0938\u093e\u0907\u091f \u0938\u0947 \u091a\u093f\u092a\u0915\u093e\u090f \u0917\u090f \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u0947\u0964 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u092b\u0932 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0939\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u0947\u0916\u0923 \u0938\u091a \u092c\u0924\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"feat-grid\">\n <div class=\"feat-card\">1<\/span>Types of data<\/span>\u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930<\/span><\/strong>Text<\/strong> (labels and names), numbers<\/strong>, dates and times<\/strong>, logical values<\/strong> TRUE and FALSE, and formulas<\/strong>. Dates are stored internally as serial numbers counted from 1 January 1900<\/strong>, which is why one date can be subtracted from another to get a number of days.<\/span>\u092a\u093e\u0920<\/strong> (\u0928\u093e\u092e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0936\u0940\u0930\u094d\u0937\u0915), \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e\u090f\u0901<\/strong>, \u0924\u093f\u0925\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u092e\u092f<\/strong>, \u0924\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0915\u093f\u0915 \u092e\u093e\u0928<\/strong> TRUE \u090f\u0935\u0902 FALSE, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930<\/strong>\u0964 \u0924\u093f\u0925\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u092d\u0940\u0924\u0930 1 \u091c\u0928\u0935\u0930\u0940 1900 \u0938\u0947 \u0917\u093f\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e-\u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0915<\/strong> \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0907\u0938\u0940\u0932\u093f\u090f \u090f\u0915 \u0924\u093f\u0925\u093f \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u0918\u091f\u093e\u0915\u0930 \u0926\u093f\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u092e\u093f\u0932 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"feat-card\">2<\/span>Fill handle and AutoFill<\/span>\u092b\u093c\u093f\u0932 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0921\u0932 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0924\u0903-\u092d\u0930\u0923<\/span><\/strong>Dragging the small square at the corner of a selection copies a formula down a column<\/strong> or continues a series<\/strong> \u2014 1, 2, 3 or Mon, Tue, Wed or Jan, Feb, Mar. A double-click on the fill handle<\/strong> fills down as far as the neighbouring column has data, which for a class list of sixty is a single action.<\/span>\u091a\u092f\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u091b\u094b\u091f\u093e \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0917 \u0916\u0940\u0902\u091a\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0902\u092d \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u0940\u091a\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0932\u093f\u092a\u093f\u0924<\/strong> \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0936\u0943\u0902\u0916\u0932\u093e \u0906\u0917\u0947 \u092c\u0922\u093c\u0924\u0940<\/strong> \u0939\u0948 \u2014 1, 2, 3 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0938\u094b\u092e, \u092e\u0902\u0917\u0932, \u092c\u0941\u0927\u0964 \u092b\u093c\u093f\u0932 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0921\u0932 \u092a\u0930 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093f-\u0915\u094d\u0932\u093f\u0915<\/strong> \u0935\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0924\u0915 \u092d\u0930 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0924\u0915 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0902\u092d \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u091c\u094b \u0938\u093e\u0920 \u092c\u091a\u094d\u091a\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e-\u0938\u0942\u091a\u0940 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u090f\u0915 \u0939\u0940 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"feat-card\">3<\/span>Number formats<\/span>\u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0930\u0942\u092a<\/span><\/strong>General, Number, Currency<\/strong>, Accounting, Date<\/strong>, Percentage<\/strong>, Fraction, Scientific and Text. Formatting changes only the display, never the stored value<\/strong>: a cell showing 78% still holds 0.78, and a cell showing 68 may hold 67.5 rounded for display.<\/span>\u091c\u0928\u0930\u0932, \u0928\u0902\u092c\u0930, \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902\u0938\u0940<\/strong>, \u0905\u0915\u093e\u0909\u0902\u091f\u093f\u0902\u0917, \u0921\u0947\u091f<\/strong>, \u092a\u0930\u0938\u0947\u0902\u091f\u0947\u091c<\/strong>, \u092b\u093c\u094d\u0930\u0948\u0915\u094d\u0936\u0928, \u0938\u093e\u0907\u0902\u091f\u093f\u092b\u093c\u093f\u0915 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u091f\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0964 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u0942\u092a\u0923 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u0928 \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u092d\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902<\/strong>: 78% \u0926\u093f\u0916\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0915\u094b\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u092e\u0947\u0902 0.78 \u0939\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 68 \u0926\u093f\u0916\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u0928 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923\u093e\u0902\u0915\u093f\u0924 67.5 \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"feat-card\">4<\/span>Wrap Text and Merge & Centre<\/span>\u092a\u093e\u0920 \u0932\u092a\u0947\u091f\u0947\u0902 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u093e\u0915\u0930 \u092e\u0927\u094d\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902<\/span><\/strong>Wrap Text<\/strong> makes a long entry break onto several lines within the same cell instead of spilling across. Merge & Centre<\/strong> joins cells for a heading \u2014 but it should be used sparingly, since merged cells break sorting and filtering<\/strong>.<\/span>Wrap Text<\/strong> \u0932\u0902\u092c\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093f \u0915\u094b \u092b\u0948\u0932\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u091c\u093e\u092f \u0909\u0938\u0940 \u0915\u094b\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0928\u0947\u0915 \u092a\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0924\u094b\u0921\u093c \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 Merge & Centre<\/strong> \u0936\u0940\u0930\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u094b\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u0915\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0941 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u092e \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f, \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0947 \u0939\u0941\u090f \u0915\u094b\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u092c\u0926\u094d\u0927\u0924\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u091b\u093e\u0928\u0928\u093e \u0924\u094b\u0921\u093c \u0926\u0947\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902<\/strong>\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"feat-card\">5<\/span>Conditional formatting<\/span>\u0938\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092c\u0902\u0927 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u0942\u092a\u0923<\/span><\/strong>Applies formatting only where a stated condition is met<\/strong> \u2014 the failing percentage shown in red in the diagram above. Varieties include Highlight Cells Rules, Top and Bottom Rules, Data Bars, Colour Scales and Icon Sets<\/strong>. It is the fastest way to make a result sheet readable at a glance.<\/span>\u0938\u0902\u0930\u0942\u092a\u0923 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0935\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0932\u0917\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0915\u0939\u0940 \u0917\u0908 \u0936\u0930\u094d\u0924 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u0940 \u0939\u094b<\/strong> \u2014 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u090a\u092a\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0906\u0930\u0947\u0916 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0940\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0936\u0924 \u0932\u093e\u0932 \u092e\u0947\u0902\u0964 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u0948\u0902 Highlight Cells Rules, Top and Bottom Rules, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u092c\u093e\u0930, \u0915\u0932\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u0915\u0947\u0932 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0906\u0907\u0915\u0928 \u0938\u0947\u091f<\/strong>\u0964 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e-\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0915 \u0915\u094b \u090f\u0915 \u0926\u0943\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0920\u0928\u0940\u092f \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u092f\u0939 \u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u0924\u0947\u091c\u093c \u0930\u0940\u0924\u093f \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"feat-card\">6<\/span>Flash Fill<\/span>\u092b\u093c\u094d\u0932\u0948\u0936 \u092b\u093c\u093f\u0932<\/span><\/strong>Recognises a pattern from one or two examples and completes the rest \u2014 splitting \"Aarav Sharma\" into first and last name, or building an email address from a name. <kbd>Ctrl<\/kbd>+<kbd>E<\/kbd>.<\/span>\u090f\u0915-\u0926\u094b \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u0939\u091a\u093e\u0928\u0915\u0930 \u0936\u0947\u0937 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u093e \u0915\u0930 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \"\u0906\u0930\u0935 \u0936\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\" \u0915\u094b \u0928\u093e\u092e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0915\u0941\u0932\u0928\u093e\u092e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u093e\u0901\u091f\u0928\u093e, \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0928\u093e\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u0908\u092e\u0947\u0932 \u092a\u0924\u093e \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0964 <kbd>Ctrl<\/kbd>+<kbd>E<\/kbd>\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <h4>Error values and what each one means<\/span>\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0941\u091f\u093f-\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925<\/span><\/h4>\n\n <div class=\"abbr-grid\">\n <table>\n <thead><tr><th>Error<\/span>\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0941\u091f\u093f<\/span><\/th><th>Cause<\/span>\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923<\/span><\/th><\/tr><\/thead>\n <tbody>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">#####<\/td><td>Not an error at all \u2014 the column is too narrow<\/strong> to show the number. Widen it.<\/span>\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0941\u091f\u093f \u0939\u0948 \u0939\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u2014 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0902\u092d \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0926\u093f\u0916\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u092c\u0939\u0941\u0924 \u0938\u0901\u0915\u0930\u093e<\/strong> \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u091a\u094c\u0921\u093c\u093e \u0915\u0940\u091c\u093f\u090f\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">#DIV\/0!<\/td><td>Division by zero, or by an empty cell<\/strong>.<\/span>\u0936\u0942\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0938\u0947, \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u094b\u0937\u094d\u0920<\/strong> \u0938\u0947 \u092d\u093e\u0917\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">#VALUE!<\/td><td>A wrong type of argument<\/strong> \u2014 arithmetic attempted on text.<\/span>\u0917\u093c\u0932\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u091a\u0932<\/strong> \u2014 \u092a\u093e\u0920 \u092a\u0930 \u0905\u0902\u0915\u0917\u0923\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u093e\u0938\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">#NAME?<\/td><td>A misspelt function name<\/strong>, or text typed without quotation marks.<\/span>\u092b\u0932\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093e\u092e \u0917\u093c\u0932\u0924 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928\u0940<\/strong> \u092e\u0947\u0902, \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0909\u0926\u094d\u0927\u0930\u0923-\u091a\u093f\u0939\u094d\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u091f\u0902\u0915\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u093e\u0920\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <\/tbody>\n <\/table>\n <table>\n <thead><tr><th>Error<\/span>\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0941\u091f\u093f<\/span><\/th><th>Cause<\/span>\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923<\/span><\/th><\/tr><\/thead>\n <tbody>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">#REF!<\/td><td>The formula points to a cell that no longer exists<\/strong>, usually because a row or column was deleted.<\/span>\u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0910\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u094b\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u0915\u0940 \u0913\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0947\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0905\u092c \u0939\u0948 \u0939\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902<\/strong>, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092f\u0903 \u0907\u0938\u0932\u093f\u090f \u0915\u093f \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u092a\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u092f\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0902\u092d \u092e\u093f\u091f\u093e \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">#N\/A<\/td><td>A lookup found no matching value<\/strong>. Common with VLOOKUP.<\/span>\u0916\u094b\u091c \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u092e\u0947\u0932 \u0916\u093e\u0924\u093e \u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902<\/strong> \u092e\u093f\u0932\u093e\u0964 VLOOKUP \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">#NUM!<\/td><td>An invalid numeric argument<\/strong> \u2014 the square root of a negative number, for instance.<\/span>\u0905\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u091a\u0932<\/strong> \u2014 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u090b\u0923\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0917\u092e\u0942\u0932\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">#NULL!<\/td><td>Two ranges given that do not intersect<\/strong>, usually a missing comma.<\/span>\u0910\u0938\u0947 \u0926\u094b \u092a\u0930\u093e\u0938 \u0926\u093f\u090f \u0917\u090f \u091c\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u091a\u094d\u091b\u0947\u0926 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947<\/strong>, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092f\u0903 \u0905\u0932\u094d\u092a\u0935\u093f\u0930\u093e\u092e \u091b\u0942\u091f \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <\/tbody>\n <\/table>\n <\/div>\n\n <hr class=\"section-divider\">\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d4-3\">\n 4.3<\/span>\n <h3>Formulas, Operators and Cell Referencing<\/span>\u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930, \u0938\u0902\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0915 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0915\u094b\u0937\u094d\u0920-\u0938\u0902\u0926\u0930\u094d\u092d\u0928<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"formula-card\">\n <div class=\"fx-eyebrow\">Order of precedence \u2014 the sequence in which a formula is evaluated<\/span>\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0924\u093e-\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u2014 \u0935\u0939 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u092e\u0942\u0932\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0915\u0928 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"fx-body\">\n ( )<\/em> \u2192 %<\/em> \u2192 ^<\/em> \u2192 * \/<\/em> \u2192 + \u2212<\/em> \u2192 &<\/em> \u2192 = < > <= >= <><\/em>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"fx-note\">\n =2+3*4<\/b> gives 14<\/b>, not 20, because multiplication is performed before addition. =(2+3)*4<\/b> gives 20<\/b>. Parentheses are the only way to override the order, and when in doubt they cost nothing. The &<\/b> operator joins text: =A2&\" \"&B2<\/b> turns \"Aarav\" and \"Sharma\" into \"Aarav Sharma\".<\/span>\n =2+3*4<\/b> \u0938\u0947 14<\/b> \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, 20 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u0917\u0941\u0923\u093e \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 =(2+3)*4<\/b> \u0938\u0947 20<\/b> \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u090f\u0915\u092e\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0909\u092a\u093e\u092f \u0915\u094b\u0937\u094d\u0920\u0915 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0947\u0939 \u0939\u094b \u0924\u094b \u0909\u0928\u0915\u093e \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u092e\u0942\u0932\u094d\u092f \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0932\u0917\u0924\u093e\u0964 &<\/b> \u0938\u0902\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0915 \u092a\u093e\u0920 \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948: =A2&\" \"&B2<\/b> \"\u0906\u0930\u0935\" \u090f\u0935\u0902 \"\u0936\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\" \u0915\u094b \"\u0906\u0930\u0935 \u0936\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\" \u092c\u0928\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <h4>Relative, absolute and mixed references<\/span>\u0938\u093e\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937, \u0928\u093f\u0930\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092e\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0930\u094d\u092d<\/span><\/h4>\n\n \n This is the single most important idea in the chapter<\/strong>, and the one most often examined. When a formula is copied to another cell, its references may either shift with it<\/strong> or stay fixed<\/strong>, and the dollar sign is what decides.<\/span>\n \u092f\u0939 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0935\u093f\u091a\u093e\u0930<\/strong> \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092c\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u0930\u0916\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e \u092d\u0940\u0964 \u091c\u092c \u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u0947 \u0915\u094b\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0932\u093f\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0924\u094b \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0930\u094d\u092d \u092f\u093e \u0924\u094b \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0916\u093f\u0938\u0915\u0924\u0947<\/strong> \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u092f\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0930 \u0930\u0939\u0924\u0947<\/strong> \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0914\u0930 \u092f\u0939 \u0921\u0949\u0932\u0930-\u091a\u093f\u0939\u094d\u0928 \u0924\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\n <\/p>\n\n <svg class=\"full-diagram\" viewBox=\"0 0 717 300\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"How relative and absolute references behave when a formula is copied down\">\n <text x=\"24\" y=\"22\" font-size=\"10.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#c0392b\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">\u2717 WITHOUT the dollar signs \u2014 the reference to the pass mark slides down and breaks<\/text>\n <g font-size=\"8\" font-weight=\"600\" fill=\"#555\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\" text-anchor=\"middle\">\n <rect x=\"24\" y=\"32\" width=\"26\" height=\"15\" fill=\"#e8eaed\" stroke=\"#c9ced6\" stroke-width=\".7\"\/>\n <rect x=\"50\" y=\"32\" width=\"86\" height=\"15\" fill=\"#e8eaed\" stroke=\"#c9ced6\" stroke-width=\".7\"\/><text x=\"93\" y=\"43\">A<\/text>\n <rect x=\"136\" y=\"32\" width=\"52\" height=\"15\" fill=\"#e8eaed\" stroke=\"#c9ced6\" stroke-width=\".7\"\/><text x=\"162\" y=\"43\">B<\/text>\n <rect x=\"188\" y=\"32\" width=\"128\" height=\"15\" fill=\"#e8eaed\" stroke=\"#c9ced6\" stroke-width=\".7\"\/><text x=\"252\" y=\"43\">C<\/text>\n <\/g>\n <g font-size=\"8\" font-weight=\"600\" fill=\"#555\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">\n <rect x=\"24\" y=\"47\" width=\"26\" height=\"17\" fill=\"#e8eaed\" stroke=\"#c9ced6\" stroke-width=\".7\"\/><text x=\"37\" y=\"59\">1<\/text>\n <rect x=\"24\" y=\"64\" width=\"26\" height=\"17\" fill=\"#e8eaed\" stroke=\"#c9ced6\" stroke-width=\".7\"\/><text x=\"37\" y=\"76\">2<\/text>\n <rect x=\"24\" y=\"81\" width=\"26\" height=\"17\" fill=\"#e8eaed\" stroke=\"#c9ced6\" stroke-width=\".7\"\/><text x=\"37\" y=\"93\">3<\/text>\n <rect x=\"24\" y=\"98\" width=\"26\" height=\"17\" fill=\"#e8eaed\" stroke=\"#c9ced6\" stroke-width=\".7\"\/><text x=\"37\" y=\"110\">4<\/text>\n <\/g>\n <g fill=\"#fff\" stroke=\"#e0e4e9\" stroke-width=\".8\">\n <rect x=\"50\" y=\"47\" width=\"86\" height=\"17\"\/><rect x=\"136\" y=\"47\" width=\"52\" height=\"17\"\/><rect x=\"188\" y=\"47\" width=\"128\" height=\"17\"\/>\n <rect x=\"50\" y=\"64\" width=\"86\" height=\"17\"\/><rect x=\"136\" y=\"64\" width=\"52\" height=\"17\"\/><rect x=\"188\" y=\"64\" width=\"128\" height=\"17\"\/>\n <rect x=\"50\" y=\"81\" width=\"86\" height=\"17\"\/><rect x=\"136\" y=\"81\" width=\"52\" height=\"17\"\/><rect x=\"188\" y=\"81\" width=\"128\" height=\"17\"\/>\n <rect x=\"50\" y=\"98\" width=\"86\" height=\"17\"\/><rect x=\"136\" y=\"98\" width=\"52\" height=\"17\"\/><rect x=\"188\" y=\"98\" width=\"128\" height=\"17\"\/>\n <\/g>\n <rect x=\"136\" y=\"47\" width=\"52\" height=\"17\" fill=\"#fff6e8\"\/>\n <g font-size=\"8\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">\n <text x=\"56\" y=\"59\" fill=\"#222\" font-weight=\"700\">Pass mark<\/text><text x=\"182\" y=\"59\" text-anchor=\"end\" fill=\"#c9760f\" font-weight=\"700\">33<\/text>\n <text x=\"56\" y=\"76\" fill=\"#222\">Aarav<\/text><text x=\"182\" y=\"76\" text-anchor=\"end\" fill=\"#222\">78<\/text><text x=\"194\" y=\"76\" fill=\"#107C41\" font-family=\"JetBrains Mono, monospace\">=B2>B1<\/text><text x=\"252\" y=\"76\" fill=\"#666\">\u2192 TRUE \u2713<\/text>\n <text x=\"56\" y=\"93\" fill=\"#222\">Meera<\/text><text x=\"182\" y=\"93\" text-anchor=\"end\" fill=\"#222\">92<\/text><text x=\"194\" y=\"93\" fill=\"#c0392b\" font-family=\"JetBrains Mono, monospace\">=B3>B2<\/text><text x=\"252\" y=\"93\" fill=\"#c0392b\">\u2192 wrong cell<\/text>\n <text x=\"56\" y=\"110\" fill=\"#222\">Rahul<\/text><text x=\"182\" y=\"110\" text-anchor=\"end\" fill=\"#222\">31<\/text><text x=\"194\" y=\"110\" fill=\"#c0392b\" font-family=\"JetBrains Mono, monospace\">=B4>B3<\/text><text x=\"252\" y=\"110\" fill=\"#c0392b\">\u2192 wrong cell<\/text>\n <\/g>\n\n <text x=\"384\" y=\"22\" font-size=\"10.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#107C41\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">\u2713 WITH the dollar signs \u2014 the pass mark stays locked at B1<\/text>\n <g font-size=\"8\" font-weight=\"600\" fill=\"#555\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\" text-anchor=\"middle\">\n <rect x=\"384\" y=\"32\" width=\"26\" height=\"15\" fill=\"#e8eaed\" stroke=\"#c9ced6\" stroke-width=\".7\"\/>\n <rect x=\"410\" y=\"32\" width=\"86\" height=\"15\" fill=\"#e8eaed\" stroke=\"#c9ced6\" stroke-width=\".7\"\/><text x=\"453\" y=\"43\">A<\/text>\n <rect x=\"496\" y=\"32\" width=\"52\" height=\"15\" fill=\"#e8eaed\" stroke=\"#c9ced6\" stroke-width=\".7\"\/><text x=\"522\" y=\"43\">B<\/text>\n <rect x=\"548\" y=\"32\" width=\"128\" height=\"15\" fill=\"#e8eaed\" stroke=\"#c9ced6\" stroke-width=\".7\"\/><text x=\"612\" y=\"43\">C<\/text>\n <\/g>\n <g font-size=\"8\" font-weight=\"600\" fill=\"#555\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">\n <rect x=\"384\" y=\"47\" width=\"26\" height=\"17\" fill=\"#e8eaed\" stroke=\"#c9ced6\" stroke-width=\".7\"\/><text x=\"397\" y=\"59\">1<\/text>\n <rect x=\"384\" y=\"64\" width=\"26\" height=\"17\" fill=\"#e8eaed\" stroke=\"#c9ced6\" stroke-width=\".7\"\/><text x=\"397\" y=\"76\">2<\/text>\n <rect x=\"384\" y=\"81\" width=\"26\" height=\"17\" fill=\"#e8eaed\" stroke=\"#c9ced6\" stroke-width=\".7\"\/><text x=\"397\" y=\"93\">3<\/text>\n <rect x=\"384\" y=\"98\" width=\"26\" height=\"17\" fill=\"#e8eaed\" stroke=\"#c9ced6\" stroke-width=\".7\"\/><text x=\"397\" y=\"110\">4<\/text>\n <\/g>\n <g fill=\"#fff\" stroke=\"#e0e4e9\" stroke-width=\".8\">\n <rect x=\"410\" y=\"47\" width=\"86\" height=\"17\"\/><rect x=\"496\" y=\"47\" width=\"52\" height=\"17\"\/><rect x=\"548\" y=\"47\" width=\"128\" height=\"17\"\/>\n <rect x=\"410\" y=\"64\" width=\"86\" height=\"17\"\/><rect x=\"496\" y=\"64\" width=\"52\" height=\"17\"\/><rect x=\"548\" y=\"64\" width=\"128\" height=\"17\"\/>\n <rect x=\"410\" y=\"81\" width=\"86\" height=\"17\"\/><rect x=\"496\" y=\"81\" width=\"52\" height=\"17\"\/><rect x=\"548\" y=\"81\" width=\"128\" height=\"17\"\/>\n <rect x=\"410\" y=\"98\" width=\"86\" height=\"17\"\/><rect x=\"496\" y=\"98\" width=\"52\" height=\"17\"\/><rect x=\"548\" y=\"98\" width=\"128\" height=\"17\"\/>\n <\/g>\n <rect x=\"496\" y=\"47\" width=\"52\" height=\"17\" fill=\"#e6f4ec\" stroke=\"#107C41\" stroke-width=\"1.4\"\/>\n <g font-size=\"8\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">\n <text x=\"416\" y=\"59\" fill=\"#222\" font-weight=\"700\">Pass mark<\/text><text x=\"542\" y=\"59\" text-anchor=\"end\" fill=\"#107C41\" font-weight=\"700\">33<\/text>\n <text x=\"416\" y=\"76\" fill=\"#222\">Aarav<\/text><text x=\"542\" y=\"76\" text-anchor=\"end\" fill=\"#222\">78<\/text><text x=\"554\" y=\"76\" fill=\"#107C41\" font-family=\"JetBrains Mono, monospace\">=B2>$B$1<\/text><text x=\"626\" y=\"76\" fill=\"#666\">\u2192 TRUE \u2713<\/text>\n <text x=\"416\" y=\"93\" fill=\"#222\">Meera<\/text><text x=\"542\" y=\"93\" text-anchor=\"end\" fill=\"#222\">92<\/text><text x=\"554\" y=\"93\" fill=\"#107C41\" font-family=\"JetBrains Mono, monospace\">=B3>$B$1<\/text><text x=\"626\" y=\"93\" fill=\"#666\">\u2192 TRUE \u2713<\/text>\n <text x=\"416\" y=\"110\" fill=\"#222\">Rahul<\/text><text x=\"542\" y=\"110\" text-anchor=\"end\" fill=\"#222\">31<\/text><text x=\"554\" y=\"110\" fill=\"#107C41\" font-family=\"JetBrains Mono, monospace\">=B4>$B$1<\/text><text x=\"626\" y=\"110\" fill=\"#666\">\u2192 FALSE \u2713<\/text>\n <\/g>\n <g stroke=\"#107C41\" stroke-width=\"1.1\" stroke-dasharray=\"3 2\" fill=\"none\">\n <path d=\"M596 70 L596 66 L522 66 L522 64\"\/>\n <path d=\"M596 87 L600 87 L600 66\"\/>\n <path d=\"M596 104 L604 104 L604 66\"\/>\n <\/g>\n\n <rect x=\"24\" y=\"136\" width=\"669\" height=\"150\" rx=\"9\" fill=\"#f7fbff\" stroke=\"#c3d2e2\" stroke-width=\"1.4\"\/>\n <text x=\"44\" y=\"158\" font-size=\"11\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#14243f\" letter-spacing=\".5\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">THE THREE KINDS OF REFERENCE<\/text>\n <line x1=\"44\" y1=\"166\" x2=\"656\" y2=\"166\" stroke=\"#dbe4ee\"\/>\n\n <rect x=\"44\" y=\"178\" width=\"192\" height=\"94\" rx=\"7\" fill=\"#fff\" stroke=\"#2f92d1\" stroke-width=\"1.6\"\/>\n <text x=\"140\" y=\"197\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"13\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\" font-family=\"JetBrains Mono, monospace\">B1<\/text>\n <text x=\"140\" y=\"212\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#2f92d1\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">RELATIVE<\/text>\n <text x=\"140\" y=\"230\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Both parts shift when copied.<\/text>\n <text x=\"140\" y=\"244\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Copy down a row and it<\/text>\n <text x=\"140\" y=\"258\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">becomes B2, then B3.<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"254\" y=\"178\" width=\"192\" height=\"94\" rx=\"7\" fill=\"#fff\" stroke=\"#107C41\" stroke-width=\"1.6\"\/>\n <text x=\"358.5\" y=\"197\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"13\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#107C41\" font-family=\"JetBrains Mono, monospace\">$B$1<\/text>\n <text x=\"358.5\" y=\"212\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#107C41\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">ABSOLUTE<\/text>\n <text x=\"358.5\" y=\"230\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Neither part moves, ever.<\/text>\n <text x=\"358.5\" y=\"244\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Use for a constant \u2014 a pass<\/text>\n <text x=\"358.5\" y=\"258\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">mark, a rate, a total.<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"464\" y=\"178\" width=\"192\" height=\"94\" rx=\"7\" fill=\"#fff\" stroke=\"#c9760f\" stroke-width=\"1.6\"\/>\n <text x=\"560\" y=\"197\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"13\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#c9760f\" font-family=\"JetBrains Mono, monospace\">B$1 \u00b7 $B1<\/text>\n <text x=\"560\" y=\"212\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#c9760f\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">MIXED<\/text>\n <text x=\"560\" y=\"230\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">One part locked, one free.<\/text>\n <text x=\"560\" y=\"244\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">The dollar always locks what<\/text>\n <text x=\"560\" y=\"258\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">comes immediately after it.<\/text>\n <\/svg>\n Pressing <kbd>F4<\/kbd> while editing a reference cycles it through B1 \u2192 $B$1 \u2192 B$1 \u2192 $B1 \u2192 B1.<\/span>\u0938\u0902\u0926\u0930\u094d\u092d \u0938\u0902\u092a\u093e\u0926\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u092f <kbd>F4<\/kbd> \u0926\u092c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u0935\u0939 B1 \u2192 $B$1 \u2192 B$1 \u2192 $B1 \u2192 B1 \u0915\u0947 \u091a\u0915\u094d\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0918\u0942\u092e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n\n <div class=\"exam-tip\">\n <div class=\"et-icon\">\ud83d\udcb2<\/div>\n <div class=\"et-body\">\n How to read a dollar sign in one second.<\/strong> The dollar locks whatever stands immediately after it.<\/strong> In <code>$B1<\/code> the column B is locked and the row is free; in <code>B$1<\/code> the row 1 is locked and the column is free; in <code>$B$1<\/code> both are locked. A useful test in the examination hall: cover the formula, ask \"when this is copied one row down, should this reference move?\"<\/em> If the answer is no, it needs a dollar before the row number.<\/span>\n \u0921\u0949\u0932\u0930-\u091a\u093f\u0939\u094d\u0928 \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u0947\u0915\u0902\u0921 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0922\u093c\u0947\u0902\u0964<\/strong> \u0921\u0949\u0932\u0930 \u0909\u0938\u0940 \u0915\u094b \u092c\u093e\u0901\u0927\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0920\u0940\u0915 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u0916\u0921\u093c\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0964<\/strong> <code>$B1<\/code> \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0902\u092d B \u092c\u0901\u0927\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u092e\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924; <code>B$1<\/code> \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f 1 \u092c\u0901\u0927\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0902\u092d \u092e\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924; <code>$B$1<\/code> \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u092c\u0901\u0927\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e-\u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0940 \u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923: \u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0922\u0915\u0915\u0930 \u092a\u0942\u091b\u093f\u090f \"\u0907\u0938\u0947 \u090f\u0915 \u092a\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0928\u0940\u091a\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0932\u093f\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0907\u0938 \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0930\u094d\u092d \u0915\u094b \u0939\u093f\u0932\u0928\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f?\"<\/em> \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u094b \u0924\u094b \u092a\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f-\u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0921\u0949\u0932\u0930 \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f\u0964<\/span>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <hr class=\"section-divider\">\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d4-4\">\n 4.4<\/span>\n <h3>Essential Functions<\/span>\u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915 \u092b\u0932\u0928<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n \n A function<\/strong> is a ready-made formula built into the program. Its syntax<\/strong> is the function name followed by arguments in parentheses<\/strong>: <code>=SUM(C2:E2)<\/code>. Arguments are separated by commas, and a function may be placed inside another, which is called nesting<\/strong>.<\/span>\n \u092b\u0932\u0928<\/strong> \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0928\u093e \u092c\u0928\u093e\u092f\u093e \u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0935\u093e\u0915\u094d\u092f-\u0935\u093f\u0928\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938<\/strong> \u0939\u0948 \u092b\u0932\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093e\u092e, \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u0915\u094b\u0937\u094d\u0920\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u091a\u0932<\/strong>: <code>=SUM(C2:E2)<\/code>\u0964 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u091a\u0932 \u0905\u0932\u094d\u092a\u0935\u093f\u0930\u093e\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0943\u0925\u0915 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0914\u0930 \u090f\u0915 \u092b\u0932\u0928 \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u092d\u0940\u0924\u0930 \u0930\u0916\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u0928\u0947\u0938\u094d\u091f\u093f\u0902\u0917<\/strong> \u0915\u0939\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span>\n <\/p>\n\n <table class=\"data-table\">\n <thead>\n <tr>\n <th>Function<\/span>\u092b\u0932\u0928<\/span><\/th>\n <th>What it returns<\/span>\u092f\u0939 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0932\u094c\u091f\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/th>\n <th>Example in a result sheet<\/span>\u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e-\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0915 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923<\/span><\/th>\n <\/tr>\n <\/thead>\n <tbody>\n <tr><td><code>SUM<\/strong><\/code><\/td><td>The total of a range.<\/span>\u092a\u0930\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u093e \u092f\u094b\u0917\u0964<\/span><\/td><td><code>=SUM(C2:E2)<\/code> \u2014 total marks<\/span>\u2014 \u0915\u0941\u0932 \u0905\u0902\u0915<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td><code>AVERAGE<\/strong><\/code><\/td><td>The arithmetic mean, ignoring empty cells.<\/span>\u0938\u092e\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f, \u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u094b\u0937\u094d\u0920\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u091b\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0915\u0930\u0964<\/span><\/td><td><code>=AVERAGE(C2:C61)<\/code> \u2014 class average in Maths<\/span>\u2014 \u0917\u0923\u093f\u0924 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e-\u0914\u0938\u0924<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr style=\"background:#f3f8ff;\"><td><code>COUNT<\/strong><\/code><\/td><td>How many cells contain numbers<\/strong>.<\/span>\u0915\u093f\u0924\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u094b\u0937\u094d\u0920\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e\u090f\u0901<\/strong> \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/td><td rowspan=\"3\">The three are constantly confused. <code>COUNT<\/code> ignores text, <code>COUNTA<\/code> counts anything that is not empty<\/strong>, and <code>COUNTBLANK<\/code> counts the empties. To count students who appeared, <code>COUNT<\/code> on the marks column; to count names on the roll, <code>COUNTA<\/code> on the name column.<\/span>\u0924\u0940\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u0902\u0924\u0930 \u092d\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 <code>COUNT<\/code> \u092a\u093e\u0920 \u091b\u094b\u0921\u093c \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, <code>COUNTA<\/code> \u091c\u094b \u092d\u0940 \u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0928 \u0939\u094b<\/strong> \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0917\u093f\u0928\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u0925\u093e <code>COUNTBLANK<\/code> \u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b\u0964 \u0909\u092a\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0917\u093f\u0928\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0905\u0902\u0915-\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0902\u092d \u092a\u0930 <code>COUNT<\/code>; \u0909\u092a\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f-\u092a\u0902\u091c\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u093e\u092e \u0917\u093f\u0928\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0928\u093e\u092e-\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0902\u092d \u092a\u0930 <code>COUNTA<\/code>\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr style=\"background:#f3f8ff;\"><td><code>COUNTA<\/strong><\/code><\/td><td>How many cells are not empty<\/strong>, whatever they hold.<\/span>\u0915\u093f\u0924\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u094b\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902<\/strong> \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u091a\u093e\u0939\u0947 \u0909\u0928\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u0941\u091b \u092d\u0940 \u0939\u094b\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr style=\"background:#f3f8ff;\"><td><code>COUNTBLANK<\/strong><\/code><\/td><td>How many cells are<\/strong> empty.<\/span>\u0915\u093f\u0924\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u094b\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u0948\u0902<\/strong>\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td><code>MAX<\/strong><\/code> \u00b7 <code>MIN<\/strong><\/code><\/td><td>The largest and the smallest value in a range.<\/span>\u092a\u0930\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0921\u093c\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u091b\u094b\u091f\u093e \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0964<\/span><\/td><td><code>=MAX(F2:F61)<\/code> \u2014 highest total in the class<\/span>\u2014 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a\u0924\u092e \u092f\u094b\u0917<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td><code>ROUND<\/strong><\/code><\/td><td>A number rounded to a stated number of decimal places. <code>ROUNDUP<\/code> and <code>ROUNDDOWN<\/code> force the direction; <code>INT<\/code> discards the fraction entirely.<\/span>\u0915\u0939\u0940 \u0917\u0908 \u0926\u0936\u092e\u0932\u0935-\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0924\u0915 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923\u093e\u0902\u0915\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0964 <code>ROUNDUP<\/code> \u090f\u0935\u0902 <code>ROUNDDOWN<\/code> \u0926\u093f\u0936\u093e \u0924\u092f \u0915\u0930 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902; <code>INT<\/code> \u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923\u0924\u0903 \u0939\u091f\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><td><code>=ROUND(G2,2)<\/code> \u2014 percentage to two places<\/span>\u2014 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0936\u0924 \u0926\u094b \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0924\u0915<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr style=\"background:#faf6ff;\"><td><code>MEDIAN<\/strong><\/code> \u00b7 <code>MODE<\/strong><\/code><\/td><td>The middle value and the most frequent value. The measures of central tendency from the Measurement paper, each a single function here.<\/strong><\/span>\u092e\u0927\u094d\u092f \u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092c\u093e\u0930\u0902\u092c\u093e\u0930 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0964 \u092e\u093e\u092a\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928-\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0940 \u092e\u093e\u092a\u0947\u0902, \u092f\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u090f\u0915-\u090f\u0915 \u092b\u0932\u0928\u0964<\/strong><\/span><\/td><td><code>=MEDIAN(F2:F61)<\/code><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr style=\"background:#faf6ff;\"><td><code>STDEV.S<\/strong><\/code> \u00b7 <code>VAR.S<\/strong><\/code><\/td><td>Standard deviation and variance of a sample. <code>STDEV.P<\/code> and <code>VAR.P<\/code> are the population versions.<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936 \u0915\u093e \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u091a\u0932\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u0930\u0923\u0964 <code>STDEV.P<\/code> \u090f\u0935\u0902 <code>VAR.P<\/code> \u0938\u092e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093f-\u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/td><td><code>=STDEV.S(F2:F61)<\/code> \u2014 spread of the class<\/span>\u2014 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0930<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td><code>TODAY<\/strong><\/code> \u00b7 <code>NOW<\/strong><\/code><\/td><td>The current date, and the current date with time. Both update themselves<\/strong> every time the sheet is opened.<\/span>\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0924\u093f\u0925\u093f, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0938\u092e\u092f \u0938\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0924\u093f\u0925\u093f\u0964 \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0936\u0940\u091f \u0916\u0941\u0932\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u0905\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0924\u0928<\/strong> \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/td><td><code>=TODAY()<\/code> \u2014 note the empty parentheses<\/span>\u2014 \u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u094b\u0937\u094d\u0920\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0928 \u0926\u0947\u0902<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td><code>LEN<\/strong><\/code> \u00b7 <code>LEFT<\/strong><\/code> \u00b7 <code>RIGHT<\/strong><\/code> \u00b7 <code>MID<\/strong><\/code><\/td><td>The length of a text entry, and portions taken from its left, right or middle.<\/span>\u092a\u093e\u0920-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093f \u0915\u0940 \u0932\u0902\u092c\u093e\u0908, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u090f\u0901, \u0926\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u092e\u0927\u094d\u092f \u0938\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0917\u090f \u0905\u0902\u0936\u0964<\/span><\/td><td><code>=LEFT(A2,4)<\/code> \u2014 the year from an admission number<\/span>\u2014 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0947\u0936-\u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td><code>UPPER<\/strong><\/code> \u00b7 <code>PROPER<\/strong><\/code> \u00b7 <code>TRIM<\/strong><\/code><\/td><td>Converts case, and <code>TRIM<\/code> removes stray spaces<\/strong> \u2014 the first repair to attempt when a lookup mysteriously fails.<\/span>\u0905\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0930-\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0924\u0925\u093e <code>TRIM<\/code> \u092d\u091f\u0915\u0947 \u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928 \u0939\u091f\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/strong> \u2014 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0916\u094b\u091c \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0939\u0938\u094d\u092f\u092e\u092f \u0922\u0902\u0917 \u0938\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u092b\u0932 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u092f\u0939\u0940 \u0938\u0941\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u0906\u091c\u093c\u092e\u093e\u090f\u0901\u0964<\/span><\/td><td><code>=PROPER(B2)<\/code> \u2014 \"aarav sharma\" \u2192 \"Aarav Sharma\"<\/span>\u2014 \"aarav sharma\" \u2192 \"Aarav Sharma\"<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <\/tbody>\n <\/table>\n\n <div class=\"callout amber\">\n <div class=\"callout-label\">\u2328\ufe0f AutoSum \u2014 the one button worth knowing<\/span>\u2328\ufe0f \u0911\u091f\u094b\u0938\u092e \u2014 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0928\u0947 \u092f\u094b\u0917\u094d\u092f \u090f\u0915 \u092c\u091f\u0928<\/span><\/div>\n Selecting the cell below a column of figures and pressing <kbd>Alt<\/kbd>+<kbd>=<\/kbd> writes the SUM formula with the range already guessed. The dropdown beside the \u03a3 button on the Home tab offers Average, Count Numbers, Max and Min<\/strong> in the same way. For a school clerk totalling a fee register, this alone saves an hour a week.<\/span>\n \u0905\u0902\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0902\u092d \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u0940\u091a\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e \u0915\u094b\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u091a\u0941\u0928\u0915\u0930 <kbd>Alt<\/kbd>+<kbd>=<\/kbd> \u0926\u092c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 SUM \u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092a\u0930\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0938\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u0932\u093f\u0916 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 Home \u091f\u0948\u092c \u0915\u0947 \u03a3 \u092c\u091f\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0917\u0932 \u0915\u093e \u0921\u094d\u0930\u0949\u092a\u0921\u093e\u0909\u0928 \u0909\u0938\u0940 \u0930\u0940\u0924\u093f \u0938\u0947 Average, Count Numbers, Max \u090f\u0935\u0902 Min<\/strong> \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092b\u093c\u0940\u0938-\u0930\u091c\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0930 \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0924\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f\u0940 \u0932\u093f\u092a\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u092f\u0939\u0940 \u0905\u0915\u0947\u0932\u093e \u0938\u092a\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0939 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u090f\u0915 \u0918\u0902\u091f\u093e \u092c\u091a\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\n <\/div>\n <hr class=\"section-divider\">\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d4-5\">\n 4.5<\/span>\n <h3>Logical and Lookup Functions<\/span>\u0924\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0915\u093f\u0915 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0916\u094b\u091c \u092b\u0932\u0928<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n <h4>A. The IF function<\/span>\u0915. IF \u092b\u0932\u0928<\/span><\/h4>\n\n <div class=\"formula-card\">\n <div class=\"fx-eyebrow\">Syntax of IF \u2014 memorise the order of the three arguments<\/span>IF \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093e\u0915\u094d\u092f-\u0935\u093f\u0928\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938 \u2014 \u0924\u0940\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u091a\u0932\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u0915\u0902\u0920\u0938\u094d\u0925 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"fx-body\">\n =IF( condition<\/em> , value if TRUE<\/em> , value if FALSE<\/em> )\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"fx-note\">\n =IF(F2>=33,\"Pass\",\"Fail\")<\/b> \u2014 the condition is tested first, and exactly one of the two remaining arguments is returned. Text inside a formula must be enclosed in double quotation marks<\/b>; numbers must not be. Omitting the quotes produces #NAME?<\/b>.<\/span>\n =IF(F2>=33,\"\u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0940\u0930\u094d\u0923\",\"\u0905\u0928\u0941\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0940\u0930\u094d\u0923\")<\/b> \u2014 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0936\u0930\u094d\u0924 \u092a\u0930\u0916\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0936\u0947\u0937 \u0926\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u091a\u0932\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0920\u0940\u0915 \u090f\u0915 \u0932\u094c\u091f\u093e\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u092d\u0940\u0924\u0930 \u092a\u093e\u0920 \u0926\u094b\u0939\u0930\u0947 \u0909\u0926\u094d\u0927\u0930\u0923-\u091a\u093f\u0939\u094d\u0928\u094b\u0902<\/b> \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f; \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964 \u0909\u0926\u094d\u0927\u0930\u0923 \u091b\u0942\u091f\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 #NAME?<\/b> \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"callout\">\n <div class=\"callout-label\">\ud83e\ude86 Nested IF \u2014 assigning grades<\/span>\ud83e\ude86 \u0928\u0947\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0947\u0921 IF \u2014 \u0936\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0923\u0940 \u0926\u0947\u0928\u093e<\/span><\/div>\n One IF can be placed inside another to test several conditions in turn. To assign grades from a percentage in column G:<\/span>\n \u0905\u0928\u0947\u0915 \u0936\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u093e\u0930\u0940-\u092c\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u092a\u0930\u0916\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u090f\u0915 IF \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u092d\u0940\u0924\u0930 \u0930\u0916\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0902\u092d G \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0936\u0924 \u0938\u0947 \u0936\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0923\u0940 \u0926\u0947\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941:<\/span>\n <div style=\"background:#fff;border:1px solid #f0d58a;border-radius:6px;padding:11px 14px;margin:10px 0 8px;font-family:'JetBrains Mono',monospace;font-size:12px;color:#14243f;line-height:1.8;\">\n =IF(G2>=90,\"A+\",IF(G2>=75,\"A\",IF(G2>=60,\"B\",IF(G2>=45,\"C\",IF(G2>=33,\"D\",\"F\")))))\n <\/div>\n <ul class=\"split-list\" style=\"margin-top:4px;\">\n <li>1<\/span>The conditions must be arranged from the highest boundary downward<\/strong>. If <code>G2>=33<\/code> came first, every passing student would be graded D, because the test would succeed before the higher bands were ever reached.<\/span>\u0936\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a\u0924\u092e \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u0928\u0940\u091a\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0913\u0930<\/strong> \u0930\u0916\u0928\u0940 \u092a\u0921\u093c\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u092f\u0926\u093f <code>G2>=33<\/code> \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0906\u0924\u093e \u0924\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0940\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0915\u094b D \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0924\u0940, \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u090a\u092a\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0936\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0923\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0924\u0915 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0939\u0940 \u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0938\u092b\u0932 \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n <li>2<\/span>Every opening parenthesis needs a closing one, which is why five nested IFs end in five brackets. The modern <code>IFS<\/code><\/strong> function does the same without the nesting: <code>=IFS(G2>=90,\"A+\",G2>=75,\"A\",\u2026)<\/code><\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0916\u0941\u0932\u0947 \u0915\u094b\u0937\u094d\u0920\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u090f\u0915 \u092c\u0902\u0926 \u0915\u094b\u0937\u094d\u0920\u0915 \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f, \u0907\u0938\u0940\u0932\u093f\u090f \u092a\u093e\u0901\u091a \u0928\u0947\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0947\u0921 IF \u092a\u093e\u0901\u091a \u0915\u094b\u0937\u094d\u0920\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0906\u0927\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0915 <code>IFS<\/code><\/strong> \u092b\u0932\u0928 \u0935\u0939\u0940 \u0915\u093e\u092e \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0928\u0947\u0938\u094d\u091f\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948: <code>=IFS(G2>=90,\"A+\",G2>=75,\"A\",\u2026)<\/code><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n <li>3<\/span><code>AND<\/code><\/strong> requires every<\/em> condition to be true, <code>OR<\/code><\/strong> requires at least one<\/em>. To award a distinction only to a student who has both passed and scored above ninety: <code>=IF(AND(F2>=33,G2>=90),\"Distinction\",\"\")<\/code><\/span><code>AND<\/code><\/strong> \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915<\/em> \u0936\u0930\u094d\u0924 \u0938\u0924\u094d\u092f \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0940 \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f, <code>OR<\/code><\/strong> \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u092e \u090f\u0915<\/em>\u0964 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937 \u092f\u094b\u0917\u094d\u092f\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0909\u0938 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0915\u094b \u0926\u0947\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u091c\u094b \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0940\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u092d\u0940 \u0939\u094b \u0914\u0930 \u0928\u092c\u094d\u092c\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u090a\u092a\u0930 \u092d\u0940: <code>=IF(AND(F2>=33,G2>=90),\"\u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937 \u092f\u094b\u0917\u094d\u092f\u0924\u093e\",\"\")<\/code><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n\n <h4>B. Conditional counting and totalling<\/span>\u0916. \u0938\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092c\u0902\u0927 \u0917\u0923\u0928\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092f\u094b\u0917<\/span><\/h4>\n\n <table class=\"data-table\">\n <thead>\n <tr>\n <th>Function<\/span>\u092b\u0932\u0928<\/span><\/th>\n <th>What it does<\/span>\u092f\u0939 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/th>\n <th>Example<\/span>\u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923<\/span><\/th>\n <\/tr>\n <\/thead>\n <tbody>\n <tr><td><code>COUNTIF<\/strong><\/code><\/td><td>Counts the cells in a range that meet one condition<\/strong>.<\/span>\u092a\u0930\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u0947 \u0909\u0928 \u0915\u094b\u0937\u094d\u0920\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0917\u093f\u0928\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u090f\u0915 \u0936\u0930\u094d\u0924 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902<\/strong>\u0964<\/span><\/td><td><code>=COUNTIF(H2:H61,\"Pass\")<\/code> \u2014 how many passed<\/span>\u2014 \u0915\u093f\u0924\u0928\u0947 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0940\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0939\u0941\u090f<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td><code>COUNTIFS<\/strong><\/code><\/td><td>Counts against several conditions at once<\/strong>.<\/span>\u090f\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0905\u0928\u0947\u0915 \u0936\u0930\u094d\u0924\u094b\u0902<\/strong> \u092a\u0930 \u0917\u093f\u0928\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><td><code>=COUNTIFS(C2:C61,\">=75\",D2:D61,\">=75\")<\/code> \u2014 above 75 in both subjects<\/span>\u2014 \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 75 \u0938\u0947 \u090a\u092a\u0930<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td><code>SUMIF<\/strong><\/code> \u00b7 <code>SUMIFS<\/strong><\/code><\/td><td>Adds only those values that meet the condition or conditions.<\/span>\u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0936\u0930\u094d\u0924 \u092f\u093e \u0936\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/td><td><code>=SUMIF(B2:B61,\"X-A\",F2:F61)<\/code> \u2014 total marks of section A only<\/span>\u2014 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0917 A \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u0941\u0932 \u0905\u0902\u0915<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td><code>AVERAGEIF<\/strong><\/code><\/td><td>Averages only the values meeting the condition.<\/span>\u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0936\u0930\u094d\u0924 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0914\u0938\u0924 \u0932\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><td><code>=AVERAGEIF(C2:C61,\">0\")<\/code> \u2014 average of those who appeared<\/span>\u2014 \u0909\u092a\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u0930\u0939\u0947 \u0932\u094b\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0914\u0938\u0924<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td><code>RANK.EQ<\/strong><\/code><\/td><td>Gives the position of a value within a list<\/strong>. Equal values receive the same rank, and the next rank is skipped.<\/span>\u0938\u0942\u091a\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f<\/strong> \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u094b\u091f\u093f \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u0917\u0932\u0940 \u0915\u094b\u091f\u093f \u091b\u0942\u091f \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><td><code>=RANK.EQ(F2,$F$2:$F$61)<\/code> \u2014 note the absolute range<\/span>\u2014 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u092a\u0930\u093e\u0938 \u092a\u0930 \u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0928 \u0926\u0947\u0902<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td><code>IFERROR<\/strong><\/code><\/td><td>Replaces an error value with something readable, so a printed result sheet does not display <code>#N\/A<\/code> or <code>#DIV\/0!<\/code> to a parent.<\/span>\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0941\u091f\u093f-\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u0941\u091b \u092a\u0920\u0928\u0940\u092f \u0930\u0916 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e-\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0915 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0915 \u0915\u094b <code>#N\/A<\/code> \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e <code>#DIV\/0!<\/code> \u0928 \u0926\u093f\u0916\u093e\u090f\u0964<\/span><\/td><td><code>=IFERROR(F2\/E2,\"\u2014\")<\/code><\/td><\/tr>\n <\/tbody>\n <\/table>\n\n <h4>C. VLOOKUP<\/span>\u0917. VLOOKUP<\/span><\/h4>\n\n <svg class=\"full-diagram\" viewBox=\"0 0 700 320\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Anatomy of the VLOOKUP function shown against a lookup table\">\n <rect x=\"20\" y=\"16\" width=\"660\" height=\"46\" rx=\"8\" fill=\"#14243f\"\/>\n <text x=\"40\" y=\"45\" font-size=\"14\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"JetBrains Mono, monospace\">=VLOOKUP(<\/text>\n <text x=\"152\" y=\"45\" font-size=\"14\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#7fc4e8\" font-family=\"JetBrains Mono, monospace\">A9<\/text>\n <text x=\"176\" y=\"45\" font-size=\"14\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"JetBrains Mono, monospace\">,<\/text>\n <text x=\"190\" y=\"45\" font-size=\"14\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#8ee0c8\" font-family=\"JetBrains Mono, monospace\">$A$2:$D$6<\/text>\n <text x=\"292\" y=\"45\" font-size=\"14\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"JetBrains Mono, monospace\">,<\/text>\n <text x=\"306\" y=\"45\" font-size=\"14\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#ffd970\" font-family=\"JetBrains Mono, monospace\">3<\/text>\n <text x=\"318\" y=\"45\" font-size=\"14\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"JetBrains Mono, monospace\">,<\/text>\n <text x=\"332\" y=\"45\" font-size=\"14\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#f0a8c4\" font-family=\"JetBrains Mono, monospace\">FALSE<\/text>\n <text x=\"396\" y=\"45\" font-size=\"14\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"JetBrains Mono, monospace\">)<\/text>\n <text x=\"440\" y=\"41\" font-size=\"9.5\" fill=\"#b8c8dc\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">reads: find A9 in the first column of<\/text>\n <text x=\"440\" y=\"53\" font-size=\"9.5\" fill=\"#b8c8dc\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">the table, return the 3rd column, exact match<\/text>\n\n <g font-size=\"9\" font-weight=\"700\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">\n <text x=\"152\" y=\"80\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\">1 \u00b7 lookup_value<\/text>\n <text x=\"190\" y=\"96\" fill=\"#107C41\">2 \u00b7 table_array<\/text>\n <text x=\"290\" y=\"112\" fill=\"#c9760f\">3 \u00b7 col_index_num<\/text>\n <text x=\"330\" y=\"128\" fill=\"#8e2f5a\">4 \u00b7 range_lookup<\/text>\n <\/g>\n <g stroke=\"#adb8c4\" stroke-width=\"1\" stroke-dasharray=\"2 2\" fill=\"none\">\n <path d=\"M158 62 L158 72\"\/><path d=\"M204 62 L204 88\"\/><path d=\"M310 62 L310 104\"\/><path d=\"M356 62 L356 120\"\/>\n <\/g>\n\n <g font-size=\"8\" font-weight=\"600\" fill=\"#555\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\" text-anchor=\"middle\">\n <rect x=\"24\" y=\"150\" width=\"26\" height=\"15\" fill=\"#e8eaed\" stroke=\"#c9ced6\" stroke-width=\".7\"\/>\n <rect x=\"50\" y=\"150\" width=\"70\" height=\"15\" fill=\"#d6e9dd\" stroke=\"#107C41\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/><text x=\"85\" y=\"161\" fill=\"#107C41\">A<\/text>\n <rect x=\"120\" y=\"150\" width=\"106\" height=\"15\" fill=\"#e8eaed\" stroke=\"#c9ced6\" stroke-width=\".7\"\/><text x=\"173\" y=\"161\">B<\/text>\n <rect x=\"226\" y=\"150\" width=\"74\" height=\"15\" fill=\"#fff2dc\" stroke=\"#c9760f\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/><text x=\"263\" y=\"161\" fill=\"#c9760f\">C<\/text>\n <rect x=\"300\" y=\"150\" width=\"66\" height=\"15\" fill=\"#e8eaed\" stroke=\"#c9ced6\" stroke-width=\".7\"\/><text x=\"333\" y=\"161\">D<\/text>\n <\/g>\n <g font-size=\"8\" font-weight=\"600\" fill=\"#555\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">\n <rect x=\"24\" y=\"165\" width=\"26\" height=\"17\" fill=\"#e8eaed\" stroke=\"#c9ced6\" stroke-width=\".7\"\/><text x=\"37\" y=\"177\">1<\/text>\n <rect x=\"24\" y=\"182\" width=\"26\" height=\"17\" fill=\"#e8eaed\" stroke=\"#c9ced6\" stroke-width=\".7\"\/><text x=\"37\" y=\"194\">2<\/text>\n <rect x=\"24\" y=\"199\" width=\"26\" height=\"17\" fill=\"#e8eaed\" stroke=\"#c9ced6\" stroke-width=\".7\"\/><text x=\"37\" y=\"211\">3<\/text>\n <rect x=\"24\" y=\"216\" width=\"26\" height=\"17\" fill=\"#e8eaed\" stroke=\"#c9ced6\" stroke-width=\".7\"\/><text x=\"37\" y=\"228\">4<\/text>\n <rect x=\"24\" y=\"233\" width=\"26\" height=\"17\" fill=\"#e8eaed\" stroke=\"#c9ced6\" stroke-width=\".7\"\/><text x=\"37\" y=\"245\">5<\/text>\n <rect x=\"24\" y=\"250\" width=\"26\" height=\"17\" fill=\"#e8eaed\" stroke=\"#c9ced6\" stroke-width=\".7\"\/><text x=\"37\" y=\"262\">6<\/text>\n <rect x=\"24\" y=\"276\" width=\"26\" height=\"17\" fill=\"#e8eaed\" stroke=\"#c9ced6\" stroke-width=\".7\"\/><text x=\"37\" y=\"288\">9<\/text>\n <\/g>\n <g fill=\"#fff\" stroke=\"#e0e4e9\" stroke-width=\".8\">\n <rect x=\"50\" y=\"165\" width=\"70\" height=\"17\"\/><rect x=\"120\" y=\"165\" width=\"106\" height=\"17\"\/><rect x=\"226\" y=\"165\" width=\"74\" height=\"17\"\/><rect x=\"300\" y=\"165\" width=\"66\" height=\"17\"\/>\n <rect x=\"50\" y=\"182\" width=\"70\" height=\"17\"\/><rect x=\"120\" y=\"182\" width=\"106\" height=\"17\"\/><rect x=\"226\" y=\"182\" width=\"74\" height=\"17\"\/><rect x=\"300\" y=\"182\" width=\"66\" height=\"17\"\/>\n <rect x=\"50\" y=\"199\" width=\"70\" height=\"17\"\/><rect x=\"120\" y=\"199\" width=\"106\" height=\"17\"\/><rect x=\"226\" y=\"199\" width=\"74\" height=\"17\"\/><rect x=\"300\" y=\"199\" width=\"66\" height=\"17\"\/>\n <rect x=\"50\" y=\"216\" width=\"70\" height=\"17\"\/><rect x=\"120\" y=\"216\" width=\"106\" height=\"17\"\/><rect x=\"226\" y=\"216\" width=\"74\" height=\"17\"\/><rect x=\"300\" y=\"216\" width=\"66\" height=\"17\"\/>\n <rect x=\"50\" y=\"233\" width=\"70\" height=\"17\"\/><rect x=\"120\" y=\"233\" width=\"106\" height=\"17\"\/><rect x=\"226\" y=\"233\" width=\"74\" height=\"17\"\/><rect x=\"300\" y=\"233\" width=\"66\" height=\"17\"\/>\n <rect x=\"50\" y=\"250\" width=\"70\" height=\"17\"\/><rect x=\"120\" y=\"250\" width=\"106\" height=\"17\"\/><rect x=\"226\" y=\"250\" width=\"74\" height=\"17\"\/><rect x=\"300\" y=\"250\" width=\"66\" height=\"17\"\/>\n <rect x=\"50\" y=\"276\" width=\"70\" height=\"17\"\/><rect x=\"120\" y=\"276\" width=\"106\" height=\"17\"\/><rect x=\"226\" y=\"276\" width=\"74\" height=\"17\"\/><rect x=\"300\" y=\"276\" width=\"66\" height=\"17\"\/>\n <\/g>\n <rect x=\"50\" y=\"165\" width=\"316\" height=\"17\" fill=\"#14243f\"\/>\n <g font-size=\"7.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">\n <text x=\"56\" y=\"177\">Roll No<\/text><text x=\"126\" y=\"177\">Name<\/text><text x=\"232\" y=\"177\">Total<\/text><text x=\"306\" y=\"177\">Grade<\/text>\n <\/g>\n <g font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#222\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">\n <text x=\"56\" y=\"194\">X-001<\/text><text x=\"126\" y=\"194\">Aarav Sharma<\/text><text x=\"292\" y=\"194\" text-anchor=\"end\">235<\/text><text x=\"333\" y=\"194\" text-anchor=\"middle\">B<\/text>\n <text x=\"56\" y=\"211\">X-002<\/text><text x=\"126\" y=\"211\">Meera Nair<\/text><text x=\"292\" y=\"211\" text-anchor=\"end\">275<\/text><text x=\"333\" y=\"211\" text-anchor=\"middle\">A<\/text>\n <text x=\"56\" y=\"228\">X-003<\/text><text x=\"126\" y=\"228\">Imran Qureshi<\/text><text x=\"292\" y=\"228\" text-anchor=\"end\">204<\/text><text x=\"333\" y=\"228\" text-anchor=\"middle\">C<\/text>\n <text x=\"56\" y=\"245\">X-004<\/text><text x=\"126\" y=\"245\">Divya Patel<\/text><text x=\"292\" y=\"245\" text-anchor=\"end\">164<\/text><text x=\"333\" y=\"245\" text-anchor=\"middle\">D<\/text>\n <text x=\"56\" y=\"262\">X-005<\/text><text x=\"126\" y=\"262\">Rahul Verma<\/text><text x=\"292\" y=\"262\" text-anchor=\"end\">114<\/text><text x=\"333\" y=\"262\" text-anchor=\"middle\">F<\/text>\n <\/g>\n <rect x=\"50\" y=\"182\" width=\"316\" height=\"85\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#107C41\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-dasharray=\"4 3\"\/>\n\n <rect x=\"50\" y=\"276\" width=\"70\" height=\"17\" fill=\"#e8f1fb\" stroke=\"#1f5fa9\" stroke-width=\"1.6\"\/>\n <text x=\"56\" y=\"288\" font-size=\"8\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">X-003<\/text>\n <rect x=\"226\" y=\"276\" width=\"74\" height=\"17\" fill=\"#fff2dc\" stroke=\"#c9760f\" stroke-width=\"1.6\"\/>\n <text x=\"292\" y=\"288\" text-anchor=\"end\" font-size=\"8\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#c9760f\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">204<\/text>\n <text x=\"126\" y=\"288\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#5a6d80\" font-style=\"italic\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">enter a roll number here \u2192<\/text>\n\n <defs><marker id=\"vk\" markerWidth=\"8\" markerHeight=\"8\" refX=\"7\" refY=\"2.6\" orient=\"auto\"><path d=\"M0,0 L0,5.2 L7,2.6 z\" fill=\"#c9760f\"\/><\/marker><\/defs>\n <g stroke=\"#1f5fa9\" stroke-width=\"1.4\" fill=\"none\" stroke-dasharray=\"3 2\">\n <path d=\"M85 274 L85 232\" marker-end=\"url(#vk)\"\/>\n <\/g>\n <g stroke=\"#c9760f\" stroke-width=\"1.4\" fill=\"none\" stroke-dasharray=\"3 2\">\n <path d=\"M120 226 L226 226\" marker-end=\"url(#vk)\"\/>\n <path d=\"M263 234 L263 274\" marker-end=\"url(#vk)\"\/>\n <\/g>\n\n <rect x=\"392\" y=\"150\" width=\"286\" height=\"143\" rx=\"8\" fill=\"#fff6f4\" stroke=\"#f0bcb4\" stroke-width=\"1.4\"\/>\n <text x=\"410\" y=\"170\" font-size=\"10\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#c0392b\" letter-spacing=\".5\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">FOUR RULES THAT DECIDE THE ANSWER<\/text>\n <g font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">\n <text x=\"410\" y=\"192\">1. The lookup value must be in the<\/text>\n <text x=\"420\" y=\"205\" font-weight=\"700\">FIRST column of the table array.<\/text>\n <text x=\"410\" y=\"222\">2. col_index_num is counted from the<\/text>\n <text x=\"420\" y=\"235\" font-weight=\"700\">left edge of the table, not the sheet.<\/text>\n <text x=\"410\" y=\"252\">3. FALSE = exact match. Almost always<\/text>\n <text x=\"420\" y=\"265\" font-weight=\"700\">what is wanted. TRUE = approximate.<\/text>\n <text x=\"410\" y=\"282\">4. Lock the table array with $ signs, or<\/text>\n <text x=\"420\" y=\"295\" font-weight=\"700\">it slides when the formula is copied.<\/text>\n <\/g>\n <\/svg>\n VLOOKUP searches downward through the first column, then moves right by the number of columns given.<\/span>VLOOKUP \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0902\u092d \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u0940\u091a\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0913\u0930 \u0916\u094b\u091c\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u092b\u093f\u0930 \u0926\u0940 \u0917\u0908 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0902\u092d-\u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u093e\u0930 \u0926\u093e\u0908\u0902 \u0913\u0930 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n\n <div class=\"exam-tip\">\n <div class=\"et-icon\">\ud83c\udfaf<\/div>\n <div class=\"et-body\">\n The two limitations of VLOOKUP, and what replaced it.<\/strong> First, it can only look to the right<\/strong> \u2014 the value returned must lie in a column after the one being searched, so a name cannot be found from a total. Second, inserting a column inside the table breaks it<\/strong>, because the column index is a fixed number. The modern <code>XLOOKUP<\/code><\/strong> removes both problems, and the older combination <code>INDEX<\/code> with <code>MATCH<\/code><\/strong> has long done the same. <code>HLOOKUP<\/code> is the horizontal counterpart, searching along the first row<\/em> instead of the first column.<\/span>\n VLOOKUP \u0915\u0940 \u0926\u094b \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e\u090f\u0901, \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0928\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/strong> \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0925\u092e, \u092f\u0939 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0926\u093e\u0908\u0902 \u0913\u0930 \u0926\u0947\u0916 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/strong> \u2014 \u0932\u094c\u091f\u093e\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e \u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0916\u094b\u091c\u0947 \u091c\u093e \u0930\u0939\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0902\u092d \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0902\u092d \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f, \u0905\u0924\u0903 \u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0938\u0947 \u0928\u093e\u092e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0916\u094b\u091c\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e\u0964 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0924\u0940\u092f, \u0938\u093e\u0930\u0923\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u092d\u0940\u0924\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0902\u092d \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u092f\u0939 \u091f\u0942\u091f \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/strong>, \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0902\u092d-\u0905\u0928\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0902\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0906\u0927\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0915 <code>XLOOKUP<\/code><\/strong> \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u092e\u0938\u094d\u092f\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u0939\u091f\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092a\u0941\u0930\u093e\u0928\u093e \u0938\u0902\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928 <code>INDEX<\/code> \u090f\u0935\u0902 <code>MATCH<\/code><\/strong> \u092c\u0939\u0941\u0924 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u092f\u0939\u0940 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0906\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 <code>HLOOKUP<\/code> \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0948\u0924\u093f\u091c \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u0942\u092a \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u094b \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0902\u092d \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u091c\u093e\u092f \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0940 \u092a\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f<\/em> \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0916\u094b\u091c\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <hr class=\"section-divider\">\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d4-6\">\n 4.6<\/span>\n <h3>Sorting, Filtering and Data Validation<\/span>\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u092c\u0926\u094d\u0927\u0924\u093e, \u091b\u093e\u0928\u0928\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u093e-\u0938\u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u0928<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"vs-compare\">\n <div class=\"vs-side left\">\n Operation 1<\/span>\u0938\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e 1<\/span><\/span>\n <h5>Sorting<\/span>\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u092c\u0926\u094d\u0927\u0924\u093e<\/span><\/h5>\n <ul>\n <li>Rearranges the rows<\/strong> into ascending or descending order by a chosen column. Every row is kept and every row moves.<\/strong><\/span>\u091a\u0941\u0928\u0947 \u0917\u090f \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0902\u092d \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u094d\u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924<\/strong> \u0915\u0930 \u0906\u0930\u094b\u0939\u0940 \u092f\u093e \u0905\u0935\u0930\u094b\u0939\u0940 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0930\u0916\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u092a\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0930\u0939\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u092a\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0939\u093f\u0932\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n <li>Multi-level sort<\/strong> applies a second and third key \u2014 by class, then by total descending, which is exactly how a merit list is produced.<\/span>\u092c\u0939\u0941-\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u092c\u0926\u094d\u0927\u0924\u093e<\/strong> \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u0940 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0924\u0940\u0938\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u0941\u0902\u091c\u0940 \u0932\u0917\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0938\u0947, \u092b\u093f\u0930 \u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0935\u0930\u094b\u0939\u0940 \u2014 \u092e\u0947\u0927\u093e-\u0938\u0942\u091a\u0940 \u0920\u0940\u0915 \u0907\u0938\u0940 \u0924\u0930\u0939 \u092c\u0928\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n <li>Cells may also be sorted by colour<\/strong>, which pairs well with conditional formatting.<\/span>\u0915\u094b\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u0930\u0902\u0917 \u0938\u0947<\/strong> \u092d\u0940 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u092c\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0915\u093f\u090f \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u091c\u094b \u0938\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092c\u0902\u0927 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u0942\u092a\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0905\u091a\u094d\u091b\u093e \u092c\u0948\u0920\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"vs-mid\">VS<\/div>\n <div class=\"vs-side right\">\n Operation 2<\/span>\u0938\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e 2<\/span><\/span>\n <h5>Filtering<\/span>\u091b\u093e\u0928\u0928\u093e<\/span><\/h5>\n <ul>\n <li>Hides the rows that do not match<\/strong> a stated criterion. Nothing moves and nothing is deleted<\/strong> \u2014 the hidden rows return when the filter is cleared.<\/span>\u0915\u0939\u0940 \u0917\u0908 \u0915\u0938\u094c\u091f\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0932 \u0928 \u0916\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u092a\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u091b\u093f\u092a\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/strong>\u0964 \u0915\u0941\u091b \u0939\u093f\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u0941\u091b \u092e\u093f\u091f\u0924\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902<\/strong> \u2014 \u092b\u093c\u093f\u0932\u094d\u091f\u0930 \u0939\u091f\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0940 \u091b\u093f\u092a\u0940 \u092a\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u0932\u094c\u091f \u0906\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n <li>Turned on with <kbd>Ctrl<\/kbd>+<kbd>Shift<\/kbd>+<kbd>L<\/kbd>, which places a small arrow on every heading.<\/span><kbd>Ctrl<\/kbd>+<kbd>Shift<\/kbd>+<kbd>L<\/kbd> \u0938\u0947 \u091a\u093e\u0932\u0942 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0936\u0940\u0930\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u092a\u0930 \u091b\u094b\u091f\u093e \u0924\u0940\u0930 \u0932\u0917\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n <li>Offers text filters, number filters \u2014 greater than, top ten, below average<\/em> \u2014 and date filters.<\/span>\u092a\u093e\u0920-\u092b\u093c\u093f\u0932\u094d\u091f\u0930, \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e-\u092b\u093c\u093f\u0932\u094d\u091f\u0930 \u2014 \u0907\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0921\u093c\u093e, \u0936\u0940\u0930\u094d\u0937 \u0926\u0938, \u0914\u0938\u0924 \u0938\u0947 \u0928\u0940\u091a\u0947<\/em> \u2014 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0924\u093f\u0925\u093f-\u092b\u093c\u093f\u0932\u094d\u091f\u0930 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"callout red\">\n <div class=\"callout-label\">\u26a0\ufe0f The mistake that destroys a result sheet<\/span>\u26a0\ufe0f \u0935\u0939 \u092d\u0942\u0932 \u091c\u094b \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e-\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0915 \u0928\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0915\u0930 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/div>\n If a single column is selected and then sorted<\/strong>, only that column is rearranged while every other column stays where it was. The marks are then attached to the wrong names, and because each individual figure is still a valid number, nothing looks wrong<\/strong>. The damage may be discovered only after the report cards are printed. The rule is absolute: click any one cell inside the data and let the program detect the whole table, or select the entire table including its headings \u2014 never one column alone.<\/strong> Merged cells prevent correct sorting altogether, which is the practical reason \u00a74.2 advised using Merge and Centre sparingly.<\/span>\n \u092f\u0926\u093f \u090f\u0915 \u0939\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0902\u092d \u091a\u0941\u0928\u0915\u0930 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u092c\u0926\u094d\u0927<\/strong> \u0915\u0930 \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u090f \u0924\u094b \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0935\u0939\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0902\u092d \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u094d\u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u092c\u0915\u093f \u0936\u0947\u0937 \u0938\u092d\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0902\u092d \u092f\u0925\u093e\u0935\u0924\u094d \u0930\u0939 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0924\u092c \u0905\u0902\u0915 \u0917\u093c\u0932\u0924 \u0928\u093e\u092e\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u091c\u0941\u0921\u093c \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0914\u0930 \u091a\u0942\u0901\u0915\u093f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0905\u0902\u0915 \u0905\u0915\u0947\u0932\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u0948\u0927 \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0915\u0941\u091b \u0917\u093c\u0932\u0924 \u0926\u093f\u0916\u0924\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902<\/strong>\u0964 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0924\u093f \u0915\u093e \u092a\u0924\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0917\u0924\u093f-\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u091b\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u0939\u0940 \u091a\u0932\u0947, \u092f\u0939 \u0938\u0902\u092d\u0935 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0939\u0948: \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092d\u0940\u0924\u0930 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u090f\u0915 \u0915\u094b\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u094d\u0932\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e \u0915\u094b \u092a\u0942\u0930\u0940 \u0938\u093e\u0930\u0923\u0940 \u092a\u0939\u091a\u093e\u0928\u0928\u0947 \u0926\u0947\u0902, \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0936\u0940\u0930\u094d\u0937\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0938\u093e\u0930\u0923\u0940 \u091a\u0941\u0928\u0947\u0902 \u2014 \u0915\u092d\u0940 \u0905\u0915\u0947\u0932\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0902\u092d \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964<\/strong> \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0947 \u0939\u0941\u090f \u0915\u094b\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u0938\u0939\u0940 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u092c\u0926\u094d\u0927\u0924\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u0947, \u0914\u0930 \u092f\u0939\u0940 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u00a74.2 \u092e\u0947\u0902 Merge and Centre \u0915\u092e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0932\u093e\u0939 \u0926\u0940 \u0917\u0908\u0964<\/span>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"feat-grid\">\n <div class=\"feat-card\">1<\/span>Data Validation<\/span>\u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u093e-\u0938\u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u0928<\/span><\/strong>Restricts what may be typed into a cell<\/strong> \u2014 a whole number between 0 and 100, a date within a range, or a value chosen from a dropdown list<\/strong>. It stops a mark of 105 or a misspelt section name at the point of entry, which is the only place an error is cheap to fix. At Data<\/b>\u203a<\/i>Data Validation<\/b><\/span><\/span>\u092f\u0939 \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0915\u094b\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u091f\u0902\u0915\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0947<\/strong> \u2014 0 \u0938\u0947 100 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923\u093e\u0902\u0915, \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092a\u0930\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u0940 \u0924\u093f\u0925\u093f, \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0921\u094d\u0930\u0949\u092a\u0921\u093e\u0909\u0928 \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0940<\/strong> \u0938\u0947 \u091a\u0941\u0928\u093e \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0964 \u092f\u0939 105 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0902\u0915 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0917\u093c\u0932\u0924 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0917-\u0928\u093e\u092e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093f \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0941 \u092a\u0930 \u0939\u0940 \u0930\u094b\u0915 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0924\u094d\u0930\u0941\u091f\u093f \u0938\u0941\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0928\u093e \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0935\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0938\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939 Data<\/b>\u203a<\/i>Data Validation<\/b><\/span> \u092a\u0930 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"feat-card\">2<\/span>Remove Duplicates<\/span>\u0921\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0932\u0940\u0915\u0947\u091f \u0939\u091f\u093e\u090f\u0901<\/span><\/strong>Deletes repeated rows based on chosen columns. Useful when two class lists are combined, but it deletes permanently<\/strong>, so a copy of the sheet should exist first.<\/span>\u091a\u0941\u0928\u0947 \u0917\u090f \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0902\u092d\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u0926\u094b\u0939\u0930\u093e\u0908 \u0917\u0908 \u092a\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u092e\u093f\u091f\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0926\u094b \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e-\u0938\u0942\u091a\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u092f \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0940, \u0915\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0941 \u092f\u0939 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092f\u0940 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u092e\u093f\u091f\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/strong>, \u0905\u0924\u0903 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0936\u0940\u091f \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0940 \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"feat-card\">3<\/span>Text to Columns<\/span>\u091f\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0938\u094d\u091f \u091f\u0941 \u0915\u0949\u0932\u092e\u094d\u0938<\/span><\/strong>Splits one column into several at a chosen separator \u2014 a full name into first and last, or a date pasted as text into a real date.<\/span>\u091a\u0941\u0928\u0947 \u0917\u090f \u092a\u0943\u0925\u0915\u094d\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0915 \u092a\u0930 \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0902\u092d \u0915\u094b \u0905\u0928\u0947\u0915 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u093e\u0901\u091f\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u093e \u0928\u093e\u092e \u0928\u093e\u092e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0915\u0941\u0932\u0928\u093e\u092e \u092e\u0947\u0902, \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u092a\u093e\u0920 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091a\u093f\u092a\u0915\u093e\u0908 \u0924\u093f\u0925\u093f \u0915\u094b \u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u0924\u093f\u0925\u093f \u092e\u0947\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"feat-card\">4<\/span>Protect Sheet<\/span>\u0936\u0940\u091f \u0938\u0902\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902<\/span><\/strong>Locks the sheet against change. The useful pattern is to unlock only the cells where marks are to be entered<\/strong> and then protect the sheet, so that a subject teacher can fill in marks but cannot disturb the formulas that compute totals and grades.<\/span>\u0936\u0940\u091f \u0915\u094b \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0902\u0926 \u0915\u0930 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092f\u0939 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0909\u0928 \u0915\u094b\u0937\u094d\u0920\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0916\u094b\u0932\u093e \u091c\u093e\u090f \u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0905\u0902\u0915 \u092d\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902<\/strong> \u0914\u0930 \u092b\u093f\u0930 \u0936\u0940\u091f \u0938\u0902\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930 \u0926\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u090f, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f-\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0905\u0902\u0915 \u092d\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0941 \u092f\u094b\u0917 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0936\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0923\u0940 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0932\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0928 \u092c\u093f\u0917\u093e\u0921\u093c \u0938\u0915\u0947\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <hr class=\"section-divider\">\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d4-7\">\n 4.7<\/span>\n <h3>Charts and Graphs<\/span>\u091a\u093e\u0930\u094d\u091f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0906\u0932\u0947\u0916<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n \n A chart<\/strong> is a graphical representation of numerical data. It is linked to the cells it was made from<\/strong>, so correcting a mark redraws the chart at once. The elements have exact names: the chart area<\/strong> encloses everything, the plot area<\/strong> holds the bars or lines, the X axis is the category axis<\/strong> and the Y axis the value axis<\/strong>, and the legend<\/strong> identifies each data series<\/strong>.<\/span>\n \u091a\u093e\u0930\u094d\u091f<\/strong> \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0906\u0932\u0947\u0916\u0940\u092f \u0928\u093f\u0930\u0942\u092a\u0923 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u094b\u0937\u094d\u0920\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u091c\u0941\u0921\u093c\u093e \u0930\u0939\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0928\u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0928\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/strong>, \u0905\u0924\u0903 \u0905\u0902\u0915 \u0938\u0941\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0940 \u091a\u093e\u0930\u094d\u091f \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0903 \u0916\u093f\u0902\u091a \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0924\u0924\u094d\u0935\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u0936\u094d\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0928\u093e\u092e \u0939\u0948\u0902: \u091a\u093e\u0930\u094d\u091f \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930<\/strong> \u0938\u092c \u0915\u0941\u091b \u0918\u0947\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u092a\u094d\u0932\u0949\u091f \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930<\/strong> \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0926\u0902\u0921 \u092f\u093e \u0930\u0947\u0916\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u0930\u0939\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902, X \u0905\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0936\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0923\u0940-\u0905\u0915\u094d\u0937<\/strong> \u0924\u0925\u093e Y \u0905\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u092e\u093e\u0928-\u0905\u0915\u094d\u0937<\/strong> \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0932\u0947\u091c\u0947\u0902\u0921<\/strong> \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u093e-\u0936\u0943\u0902\u0916\u0932\u093e<\/strong> \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0939\u091a\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\n <\/p>\n\n <table class=\"data-table\">\n <thead>\n <tr>\n <th class=\"thumb-cell\">Chart<\/span>\u091a\u093e\u0930\u094d\u091f<\/span><\/th>\n <th>Type<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930<\/span><\/th>\n <th>Use it when the question is\u2026<\/span>\u0907\u0938\u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0924\u092c \u091c\u092c \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u0939\u094b\u2026<\/span><\/th>\n <\/tr>\n <\/thead>\n <tbody>\n <tr>\n <td class=\"thumb-cell\">\n <svg class=\"graph-thumb\" viewBox=\"0 0 100 62\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\">\n <line x1=\"12\" y1=\"52\" x2=\"94\" y2=\"52\" stroke=\"#adb8c4\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/><line x1=\"12\" y1=\"6\" x2=\"12\" y2=\"52\" stroke=\"#adb8c4\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/>\n <rect x=\"20\" y=\"24\" width=\"12\" height=\"28\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\"\/><rect x=\"38\" y=\"14\" width=\"12\" height=\"38\" fill=\"#2f92d1\"\/>\n <rect x=\"56\" y=\"32\" width=\"12\" height=\"20\" fill=\"#0d8f79\"\/><rect x=\"74\" y=\"20\" width=\"12\" height=\"32\" fill=\"#c9760f\"\/>\n <\/svg>\n <\/td>\n <td>Column and Bar<\/span>\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0902\u092d \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0926\u0902\u0921<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n <td>Comparison across categories.<\/strong> Average marks by subject, or by section. A bar chart is a column chart on its side<\/strong>, and is preferred when the category names are long.<\/span>\u0936\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0923\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u0924\u0941\u0932\u0928\u093e\u0964<\/strong> \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u093e\u0930 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0917 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u093e\u0930 \u0914\u0938\u0924 \u0905\u0902\u0915\u0964 \u0926\u0902\u0921 \u091a\u093e\u0930\u094d\u091f \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0902\u092d \u091a\u093e\u0930\u094d\u091f \u0915\u093e \u092a\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0936\u094d\u0935 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0939\u0948<\/strong>, \u0914\u0930 \u0936\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0923\u0940-\u0928\u093e\u092e \u0932\u0902\u092c\u0947 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u0935\u0939\u0940 \u0935\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td class=\"thumb-cell\">\n <svg class=\"graph-thumb\" viewBox=\"0 0 100 62\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\">\n <line x1=\"12\" y1=\"52\" x2=\"94\" y2=\"52\" stroke=\"#adb8c4\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/><line x1=\"12\" y1=\"6\" x2=\"12\" y2=\"52\" stroke=\"#adb8c4\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/>\n <polyline points=\"18,44 34,32 50,36 66,20 82,12\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#1f5fa9\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\n <g fill=\"#1f5fa9\"><circle cx=\"18\" cy=\"44\" r=\"2.2\"\/><circle cx=\"34\" cy=\"32\" r=\"2.2\"\/><circle cx=\"50\" cy=\"36\" r=\"2.2\"\/><circle cx=\"66\" cy=\"20\" r=\"2.2\"\/><circle cx=\"82\" cy=\"12\" r=\"2.2\"\/><\/g>\n <\/svg>\n <\/td>\n <td>Line<\/span>\u0930\u0947\u0916\u093e<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n <td>A trend over time.<\/strong> Enrolment across five years, or a pupil's marks across four terms. The X axis must carry a time sequence<\/strong> for the chart to mean anything.<\/span>\u0938\u092e\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0964<\/strong> \u092a\u093e\u0901\u091a \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0902\u0915\u0928, \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0902\u0915\u0964 \u091a\u093e\u0930\u094d\u091f \u0915\u093e \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u0939\u094b, \u0907\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f X \u0905\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u092a\u0930 \u0938\u092e\u092f-\u0905\u0928\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e<\/strong> \u0939\u094b\u0928\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td class=\"thumb-cell\">\n <svg class=\"graph-thumb\" viewBox=\"0 0 100 62\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\">\n <path d=\"M50 30 L50 8 A22 22 0 0 1 68 41 Z\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\"\/>\n <path d=\"M50 30 L68 41 A22 22 0 0 1 32 41 Z\" fill=\"#0d8f79\"\/>\n <path d=\"M50 30 L32 41 A22 22 0 0 1 50 8 Z\" fill=\"#c9760f\"\/>\n <\/svg>\n <\/td>\n <td>Pie<\/span>\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n <td>Parts of a single whole.<\/strong> The share of students in each grade band. Only one data series may be shown, and the parts must total 100 per cent<\/strong> \u2014 the two conditions most often violated.<\/span>\u090f\u0915 \u0939\u0940 \u0938\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u092d\u093e\u0917\u0964<\/strong> \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0936\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0923\u0940-\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0917 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0902\u0936\u0964 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u090f\u0915 \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u093e-\u0936\u0943\u0902\u0916\u0932\u093e \u0926\u093f\u0916\u093e\u0908 \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u092d\u093e\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0938\u094c \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0936\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f<\/strong> \u2014 \u092f\u0939\u0940 \u0926\u094b \u0936\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0924\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td class=\"thumb-cell\">\n <svg class=\"graph-thumb\" viewBox=\"0 0 100 62\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\">\n <line x1=\"12\" y1=\"52\" x2=\"94\" y2=\"52\" stroke=\"#adb8c4\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/><line x1=\"12\" y1=\"6\" x2=\"12\" y2=\"52\" stroke=\"#adb8c4\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/>\n <g fill=\"#8e2f5a\"><circle cx=\"24\" cy=\"44\" r=\"2.4\"\/><circle cx=\"34\" cy=\"38\" r=\"2.4\"\/><circle cx=\"42\" cy=\"40\" r=\"2.4\"\/><circle cx=\"52\" cy=\"30\" r=\"2.4\"\/><circle cx=\"60\" cy=\"26\" r=\"2.4\"\/><circle cx=\"70\" cy=\"22\" r=\"2.4\"\/><circle cx=\"80\" cy=\"14\" r=\"2.4\"\/><\/g>\n <line x1=\"20\" y1=\"46\" x2=\"86\" y2=\"14\" stroke=\"#c9760f\" stroke-width=\"1.4\" stroke-dasharray=\"3 2\"\/>\n <\/svg>\n <\/td>\n <td>Scatter (XY)<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u0940\u0930\u094d\u0923 (XY)<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n <td>The relationship between two numeric variables.<\/strong> Attendance percentage against marks. This is the chart that shows correlation<\/strong>, and it is the direct visual counterpart of the correlation coefficient in the Measurement paper.<\/span>\u0926\u094b \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u091a\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0964<\/strong> \u0909\u092a\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0936\u0924 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u092e \u0905\u0902\u0915\u0964 \u092f\u0939\u0940 \u0935\u0939 \u091a\u093e\u0930\u094d\u091f \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0938\u0939\u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927<\/strong> \u0926\u093f\u0916\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u092e\u093e\u092a\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928-\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0939\u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927 \u0917\u0941\u0923\u093e\u0902\u0915 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0940\u0927\u093e \u0926\u0943\u0936\u094d\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u0942\u092a \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td class=\"thumb-cell\">\n <svg class=\"graph-thumb\" viewBox=\"0 0 100 62\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\">\n <line x1=\"12\" y1=\"52\" x2=\"94\" y2=\"52\" stroke=\"#adb8c4\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/><line x1=\"12\" y1=\"6\" x2=\"12\" y2=\"52\" stroke=\"#adb8c4\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/>\n <rect x=\"16\" y=\"42\" width=\"13\" height=\"10\" fill=\"#2f92d1\" stroke=\"#fff\" stroke-width=\".6\"\/>\n <rect x=\"29\" y=\"30\" width=\"13\" height=\"22\" fill=\"#2f92d1\" stroke=\"#fff\" stroke-width=\".6\"\/>\n <rect x=\"42\" y=\"12\" width=\"13\" height=\"40\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\" stroke=\"#fff\" stroke-width=\".6\"\/>\n <rect x=\"55\" y=\"26\" width=\"13\" height=\"26\" fill=\"#2f92d1\" stroke=\"#fff\" stroke-width=\".6\"\/>\n <rect x=\"68\" y=\"40\" width=\"13\" height=\"12\" fill=\"#2f92d1\" stroke=\"#fff\" stroke-width=\".6\"\/>\n <\/svg>\n <\/td>\n <td>Histogram<\/span>\u0906\u092f\u0924\u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n <td>The distribution of one continuous variable.<\/strong> How many pupils fall in each mark band. Note the difference from a column chart: a histogram's bars touch, because the categories are continuous intervals rather than separate items.<\/strong><\/span>\u090f\u0915 \u0938\u0924\u0924 \u091a\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u092c\u0902\u091f\u0928\u0964<\/strong> \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0905\u0902\u0915-\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0917 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u093f\u0924\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0902\u092d \u091a\u093e\u0930\u094d\u091f \u0938\u0947 \u092d\u0947\u0926 \u0926\u0947\u0916\u093f\u090f: \u0906\u092f\u0924\u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u0902\u0921 \u092a\u0930\u0938\u094d\u092a\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u092a\u0930\u094d\u0936 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u0936\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0923\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u092a\u0943\u0925\u0915 \u092e\u0926 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0938\u0924\u0924 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093e\u0932 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/strong><\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <\/tbody>\n <\/table>\n\n <div class=\"callout teal\">\n <div class=\"callout-label\">\ud83d\udcca Making and placing a chart<\/span>\ud83d\udcca \u091a\u093e\u0930\u094d\u091f \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0928\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0930\u0916\u0928\u093e<\/span><\/div>\n <ul class=\"split-list\" style=\"margin-top:4px;\">\n <li>1<\/span>Select the data including the row and column headings<\/strong>, then Insert<\/b>\u203a<\/i>Charts<\/b><\/span> The headings become the axis labels and the legend automatically.<\/span>\u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u092a\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0902\u092d \u0936\u0940\u0930\u094d\u0937\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0939\u093f\u0924<\/strong> \u091a\u0941\u0928\u0947\u0902, \u092b\u093f\u0930 Insert<\/b>\u203a<\/i>Charts<\/b><\/span>\u0964 \u0936\u0940\u0930\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0924\u0903 \u0905\u0915\u094d\u0937-\u0928\u093e\u092e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0932\u0947\u091c\u0947\u0902\u0921 \u092c\u0928 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n <li>2<\/span><kbd>F11<\/kbd> creates the chart on a separate chart sheet<\/strong>; <kbd>Alt<\/kbd>+<kbd>F1<\/kbd> creates it embedded in the current sheet<\/strong>. The distinction is a standard question.<\/span><kbd>F11<\/kbd> \u091a\u093e\u0930\u094d\u091f \u0915\u094b \u092a\u0943\u0925\u0915 \u091a\u093e\u0930\u094d\u091f-\u0936\u0940\u091f<\/strong> \u092a\u0930 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948; <kbd>Alt<\/kbd>+<kbd>F1<\/kbd> \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0936\u0940\u091f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0903\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u093f\u0924<\/strong> \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u092d\u0947\u0926 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n <li>3<\/span>A sparkline<\/strong> is a miniature chart occupying a single cell, useful for showing each pupil's trend across four terms beside their name without a full chart for each.<\/span>\u0938\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0915\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0928<\/strong> \u090f\u0915 \u0939\u0940 \u0915\u094b\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u092f\u093e \u0932\u0918\u0941 \u091a\u093e\u0930\u094d\u091f \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0928\u093e\u092e \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0917\u0932 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0905\u0932\u0917 \u091a\u093e\u0930\u094d\u091f \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u093f\u0916\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n\n <hr class=\"section-divider\">\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d4-8\">\n 4.8<\/span>\n <h3>Pivot Tables and Data Analysis<\/span>\u092a\u093f\u0935\u091f \u0938\u093e\u0930\u0923\u0940 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u093e-\u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0937\u0923<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"callout purple\">\n <div class=\"callout-label\">\ud83d\udcd8 Concept<\/span>\ud83d\udcd8 \u0905\u0935\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923\u093e<\/span><\/div>\n A pivot table<\/strong> summarises a large body of raw data into a compact cross-tabulation, without a single formula being written<\/strong>, and allows the arrangement to be changed simply by dragging a field from one position to another \u2014 which is where the name comes from. Eight hundred rows of individual marks become a table of average marks by class and by section in about a minute.<\/span>\n \u092a\u093f\u0935\u091f \u0938\u093e\u0930\u0923\u0940<\/strong> \u092c\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u0915\u091a\u094d\u091a\u0947 \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0938-\u0938\u093e\u0930\u0923\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u092e\u0947\u091f\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u090f\u0915 \u092d\u0940 \u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0932\u093f\u0916\u0947<\/strong>, \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092b\u093c\u0940\u0932\u094d\u0921 \u0915\u094b \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928 \u0938\u0947 \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u0916\u0940\u0902\u091a\u0915\u0930 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0928\u0947 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u0928\u093e\u092e \u0935\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0906\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0906\u0920 \u0938\u094c \u092a\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0932\u0917-\u0905\u0932\u0917 \u0905\u0902\u0915 \u0932\u0917\u092d\u0917 \u090f\u0915 \u092e\u093f\u0928\u091f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0917 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u093e\u0930 \u0914\u0938\u0924 \u0905\u0902\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u093e\u0930\u0923\u0940 \u092c\u0928 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span>\n <\/div>\n\n <svg class=\"full-diagram\" viewBox=\"0 0 700 290\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"The four areas of a pivot table and the resulting summary\">\n <rect x=\"20\" y=\"18\" width=\"196\" height=\"256\" rx=\"7\" fill=\"#fff\" stroke=\"#adb8c4\" stroke-width=\"1.4\"\/>\n <rect x=\"20\" y=\"18\" width=\"196\" height=\"22\" rx=\"7\" fill=\"#f3f2f1\"\/><rect x=\"20\" y=\"32\" width=\"196\" height=\"8\" fill=\"#f3f2f1\"\/>\n <text x=\"118\" y=\"33\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#333\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">PivotTable Fields<\/text>\n <g font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">\n <rect x=\"32\" y=\"50\" width=\"8\" height=\"8\" fill=\"#fff\" stroke=\"#8a95a3\"\/><text x=\"48\" y=\"58\">Roll No<\/text>\n <rect x=\"32\" y=\"66\" width=\"8\" height=\"8\" fill=\"#107C41\" stroke=\"#107C41\"\/><path d=\"M33.6 70 l2 2 l3.4 -4\" stroke=\"#fff\" stroke-width=\"1.2\" fill=\"none\"\/><text x=\"48\" y=\"74\" font-weight=\"700\">Class<\/text>\n <rect x=\"32\" y=\"82\" width=\"8\" height=\"8\" fill=\"#107C41\" stroke=\"#107C41\"\/><path d=\"M33.6 86 l2 2 l3.4 -4\" stroke=\"#fff\" stroke-width=\"1.2\" fill=\"none\"\/><text x=\"48\" y=\"90\" font-weight=\"700\">Section<\/text>\n <rect x=\"32\" y=\"98\" width=\"8\" height=\"8\" fill=\"#fff\" stroke=\"#8a95a3\"\/><text x=\"48\" y=\"106\">Name<\/text>\n <rect x=\"32\" y=\"114\" width=\"8\" height=\"8\" fill=\"#107C41\" stroke=\"#107C41\"\/><path d=\"M33.6 118 l2 2 l3.4 -4\" stroke=\"#fff\" stroke-width=\"1.2\" fill=\"none\"\/><text x=\"48\" y=\"122\" font-weight=\"700\">Marks<\/text>\n <rect x=\"32\" y=\"130\" width=\"8\" height=\"8\" fill=\"#107C41\" stroke=\"#107C41\"\/><path d=\"M33.6 134 l2 2 l3.4 -4\" stroke=\"#fff\" stroke-width=\"1.2\" fill=\"none\"\/><text x=\"48\" y=\"138\" font-weight=\"700\">Gender<\/text>\n <\/g>\n <line x1=\"32\" y1=\"150\" x2=\"204\" y2=\"150\" stroke=\"#e0e4e9\"\/>\n\n <rect x=\"32\" y=\"158\" width=\"80\" height=\"50\" rx=\"4\" fill=\"#faf6ff\" stroke=\"#6b3a8f\" stroke-width=\"1.2\"\/>\n <text x=\"72\" y=\"170\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#6b3a8f\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">FILTERS<\/text>\n <rect x=\"38\" y=\"176\" width=\"68\" height=\"13\" rx=\"2\" fill=\"#fff\" stroke=\"#c3b0d8\"\/><text x=\"72\" y=\"185\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#4b2766\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Gender<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"120\" y=\"158\" width=\"80\" height=\"50\" rx=\"4\" fill=\"#eef4fc\" stroke=\"#1f5fa9\" stroke-width=\"1.2\"\/>\n <text x=\"160\" y=\"170\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">COLUMNS<\/text>\n <rect x=\"126\" y=\"176\" width=\"68\" height=\"13\" rx=\"2\" fill=\"#fff\" stroke=\"#a8c4e4\"\/><text x=\"160\" y=\"185\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#14243f\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Section<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"32\" y=\"214\" width=\"80\" height=\"50\" rx=\"4\" fill=\"#fffbf0\" stroke=\"#c9760f\" stroke-width=\"1.2\"\/>\n <text x=\"72\" y=\"226\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#c9760f\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">ROWS<\/text>\n <rect x=\"38\" y=\"232\" width=\"68\" height=\"13\" rx=\"2\" fill=\"#fff\" stroke=\"#f0d58a\"\/><text x=\"72\" y=\"241\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#8f5409\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Class<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"120\" y=\"214\" width=\"80\" height=\"50\" rx=\"4\" fill=\"#eefbf7\" stroke=\"#0d8f79\" stroke-width=\"1.2\"\/>\n <text x=\"160\" y=\"226\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#0d8f79\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">VALUES<\/text>\n <rect x=\"126\" y=\"232\" width=\"68\" height=\"13\" rx=\"2\" fill=\"#fff\" stroke=\"#a3dbcc\"\/><text x=\"160\" y=\"241\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7\" fill=\"#0a6d5c\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Average of Marks<\/text>\n\n <defs><marker id=\"pv\" markerWidth=\"9\" markerHeight=\"9\" refX=\"8\" refY=\"3\" orient=\"auto\"><path d=\"M0,0 L0,6 L8,3 z\" fill=\"#c9760f\"\/><\/marker><\/defs>\n <line x1=\"224\" y1=\"146\" x2=\"286\" y2=\"146\" stroke=\"#c9760f\" stroke-width=\"2.4\" marker-end=\"url(#pv)\"\/>\n <text x=\"255\" y=\"138\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#c9760f\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">drag<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"300\" y=\"18\" width=\"380\" height=\"256\" rx=\"7\" fill=\"#fff\" stroke=\"#adb8c4\" stroke-width=\"1.4\"\/>\n <text x=\"316\" y=\"38\" font-size=\"9.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#14243f\" letter-spacing=\".5\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">RESULT \u2014 AVERAGE MARKS BY CLASS AND SECTION<\/text>\n <text x=\"316\" y=\"52\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#6b3a8f\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Gender: (All) \u25be<\/text>\n\n <g font-size=\"8\" font-weight=\"600\" fill=\"#555\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\" text-anchor=\"middle\">\n <rect x=\"316\" y=\"62\" width=\"112\" height=\"17\" fill=\"#e8eaed\" stroke=\"#c9ced6\" stroke-width=\".7\"\/><text x=\"372\" y=\"74\">Average of Marks<\/text>\n <rect x=\"428\" y=\"62\" width=\"58\" height=\"17\" fill=\"#eef4fc\" stroke=\"#1f5fa9\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/><text x=\"457\" y=\"74\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\">A<\/text>\n <rect x=\"486\" y=\"62\" width=\"58\" height=\"17\" fill=\"#eef4fc\" stroke=\"#1f5fa9\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/><text x=\"515\" y=\"74\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\">B<\/text>\n <rect x=\"544\" y=\"62\" width=\"58\" height=\"17\" fill=\"#eef4fc\" stroke=\"#1f5fa9\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/><text x=\"573\" y=\"74\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\">C<\/text>\n <rect x=\"602\" y=\"62\" width=\"62\" height=\"17\" fill=\"#e8eaed\" stroke=\"#c9ced6\" stroke-width=\".7\"\/><text x=\"633\" y=\"74\">Total<\/text>\n <\/g>\n <g fill=\"#fff\" stroke=\"#e0e4e9\" stroke-width=\".8\">\n <rect x=\"316\" y=\"79\" width=\"112\" height=\"17\"\/><rect x=\"428\" y=\"79\" width=\"58\" height=\"17\"\/><rect x=\"486\" y=\"79\" width=\"58\" height=\"17\"\/><rect x=\"544\" y=\"79\" width=\"58\" height=\"17\"\/><rect x=\"602\" y=\"79\" width=\"62\" height=\"17\"\/>\n <rect x=\"316\" y=\"96\" width=\"112\" height=\"17\"\/><rect x=\"428\" y=\"96\" width=\"58\" height=\"17\"\/><rect x=\"486\" y=\"96\" width=\"58\" height=\"17\"\/><rect x=\"544\" y=\"96\" width=\"58\" height=\"17\"\/><rect x=\"602\" y=\"96\" width=\"62\" height=\"17\"\/>\n <rect x=\"316\" y=\"113\" width=\"112\" height=\"17\"\/><rect x=\"428\" y=\"113\" width=\"58\" height=\"17\"\/><rect x=\"486\" y=\"113\" width=\"58\" height=\"17\"\/><rect x=\"544\" y=\"113\" width=\"58\" height=\"17\"\/><rect x=\"602\" y=\"113\" width=\"62\" height=\"17\"\/>\n <rect x=\"316\" y=\"130\" width=\"112\" height=\"17\"\/><rect x=\"428\" y=\"130\" width=\"58\" height=\"17\"\/><rect x=\"486\" y=\"130\" width=\"58\" height=\"17\"\/><rect x=\"544\" y=\"130\" width=\"58\" height=\"17\"\/><rect x=\"602\" y=\"130\" width=\"62\" height=\"17\"\/>\n <rect x=\"316\" y=\"147\" width=\"112\" height=\"17\"\/><rect x=\"428\" y=\"147\" width=\"58\" height=\"17\"\/><rect x=\"486\" y=\"147\" width=\"58\" height=\"17\"\/><rect x=\"544\" y=\"147\" width=\"58\" height=\"17\"\/><rect x=\"602\" y=\"147\" width=\"62\" height=\"17\"\/>\n <\/g>\n <rect x=\"316\" y=\"147\" width=\"348\" height=\"17\" fill=\"#f3f6fb\"\/>\n <g font-size=\"8\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\" fill=\"#222\">\n <text x=\"322\" y=\"91\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#8f5409\">Class VIII<\/text><text x=\"478\" y=\"91\" text-anchor=\"end\">68.4<\/text><text x=\"536\" y=\"91\" text-anchor=\"end\">71.2<\/text><text x=\"594\" y=\"91\" text-anchor=\"end\">65.9<\/text><text x=\"656\" y=\"91\" text-anchor=\"end\" font-weight=\"700\">68.5<\/text>\n <text x=\"322\" y=\"108\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#8f5409\">Class IX<\/text><text x=\"478\" y=\"108\" text-anchor=\"end\">72.1<\/text><text x=\"536\" y=\"108\" text-anchor=\"end\">69.8<\/text><text x=\"594\" y=\"108\" text-anchor=\"end\">74.3<\/text><text x=\"656\" y=\"108\" text-anchor=\"end\" font-weight=\"700\">72.1<\/text>\n <text x=\"322\" y=\"125\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#8f5409\">Class X<\/text><text x=\"478\" y=\"125\" text-anchor=\"end\">78.6<\/text><text x=\"536\" y=\"125\" text-anchor=\"end\">75.4<\/text><text x=\"594\" y=\"125\" text-anchor=\"end\">70.2<\/text><text x=\"656\" y=\"125\" text-anchor=\"end\" font-weight=\"700\">74.7<\/text>\n <text x=\"322\" y=\"142\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#8f5409\">Class XI<\/text><text x=\"478\" y=\"142\" text-anchor=\"end\">70.9<\/text><text x=\"536\" y=\"142\" text-anchor=\"end\">73.6<\/text><text x=\"594\" y=\"142\" text-anchor=\"end\">72.8<\/text><text x=\"656\" y=\"142\" text-anchor=\"end\" font-weight=\"700\">72.4<\/text>\n <text x=\"322\" y=\"159\" font-weight=\"700\">Grand Total<\/text><text x=\"478\" y=\"159\" text-anchor=\"end\" font-weight=\"700\">72.5<\/text><text x=\"536\" y=\"159\" text-anchor=\"end\" font-weight=\"700\">72.5<\/text><text x=\"594\" y=\"159\" text-anchor=\"end\" font-weight=\"700\">70.8<\/text><text x=\"656\" y=\"159\" text-anchor=\"end\" font-weight=\"700\">71.9<\/text>\n <\/g>\n\n <rect x=\"316\" y=\"178\" width=\"348\" height=\"80\" rx=\"7\" fill=\"#f7fbff\" stroke=\"#c3d2e2\" stroke-width=\"1.2\"\/>\n <text x=\"330\" y=\"196\" font-size=\"9\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#14243f\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">WHAT EACH AREA DOES<\/text>\n <g font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">\n <text x=\"330\" y=\"212\"><tspan font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#c9760f\">ROWS<\/tspan> \u2014 the field listed down the left edge<\/text>\n <text x=\"330\" y=\"226\"><tspan font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\">COLUMNS<\/tspan> \u2014 the field spread across the top<\/text>\n <text x=\"330\" y=\"240\"><tspan font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#0d8f79\">VALUES<\/tspan> \u2014 the figure calculated at each intersection<\/text>\n <text x=\"330\" y=\"254\"><tspan font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#6b3a8f\">FILTERS<\/tspan> \u2014 restricts the whole table to a subset<\/text>\n <\/g>\n <\/svg>\n Moving Class from Rows to Columns transposes the whole table in one drag \u2014 no formula is rewritten.<\/span>Class \u0915\u094b Rows \u0938\u0947 Columns \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0932\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u0940 \u0938\u093e\u0930\u0923\u0940 \u090f\u0915 \u0939\u0940 \u0916\u093f\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0935 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0932\u091f \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u094d\u0932\u093f\u0916\u093f\u0924 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n\n <div class=\"exam-tip\">\n <div class=\"et-icon\">\ud83d\udd04<\/div>\n <div class=\"et-body\">\n Three points that decide pivot table questions.<\/strong> (1)<\/strong> The source data must be a clean rectangular list with a single row of headings and no blank rows or merged cells<\/strong>. (2)<\/strong> A pivot table does not update itself<\/strong> when the source data changes \u2014 it must be refreshed<\/strong>, which is the single most common complaint against it. (3)<\/strong> The figure in the Values area can be changed from Sum to Count, Average, Max or Min<\/strong> through Value Field Settings; a slicer<\/strong> is a set of on-screen buttons that filters the table more visibly than the Filters area, and a pivot chart<\/strong> plots the result.<\/span>\n \u092a\u093f\u0935\u091f \u0938\u093e\u0930\u0923\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u0924\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0924\u0940\u0928 \u092c\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0941\u0964<\/strong> (1)<\/strong> \u0938\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0924-\u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u091a\u094d\u091b \u0906\u092f\u0924\u093e\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0940 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0936\u0940\u0930\u094d\u0937\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u090f\u0915 \u0939\u0940 \u092a\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0939\u094b \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u092a\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u092f\u093e \u092e\u093f\u0932\u093e \u0939\u0941\u0906 \u0915\u094b\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u0928 \u0939\u094b<\/strong>\u0964 (2)<\/strong> \u0938\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0924-\u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u093f\u0935\u091f \u0938\u093e\u0930\u0923\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u0905\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0924\u0928 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940<\/strong> \u2014 \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0930\u093f\u092b\u093c\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0936<\/strong> \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u092a\u0921\u093c\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u092f\u0939\u0940 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0930\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u091a\u0932\u093f\u0924 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e\u092f\u0924 \u0939\u0948\u0964 (3)<\/strong> Values \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0902\u0915 Value Field Settings \u0938\u0947 Sum \u0938\u0947 Count, Average, Max \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e Min<\/strong> \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0926\u0932\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948; \u0938\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0938\u0930<\/strong> \u092a\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u0926\u093f\u0916\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u092c\u091f\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u092e\u0941\u091a\u094d\u091a\u092f \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b Filters \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u092a\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0930\u0923\u0940 \u091b\u093e\u0928\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092a\u093f\u0935\u091f \u091a\u093e\u0930\u094d\u091f<\/strong> \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e \u0915\u093e \u0906\u0932\u0947\u0916 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <hr class=\"section-divider\">\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d4-9\">\n 4.9<\/span>\n <h3>School Applications: Attendance and Result Analysis<\/span>\u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f\u0940 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917: \u0909\u092a\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e-\u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0937\u0923<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n <h4>A. An attendance register<\/span>\u0915. \u0909\u092a\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f-\u0930\u091c\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0930<\/span><\/h4>\n\n <table class=\"data-table\">\n <thead>\n <tr>\n <th>Requirement<\/span>\u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0924\u093e<\/span><\/th>\n <th>Formula<\/span>\u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930<\/span><\/th>\n <th>Note<\/span>\u091f\u093f\u092a\u094d\u092a\u0923\u0940<\/span><\/th>\n <\/tr>\n <\/thead>\n <tbody>\n <tr><td>Days present<\/span>\u0909\u092a\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u0926\u093f\u0928<\/span><\/td><td><code>=COUNTIF(D2:AH2,\"P\")<\/code><\/td><td>Counts every P across the month's columns for one pupil.<\/span>\u090f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u092e\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0902\u092d\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 P \u0917\u093f\u0928\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>Days marked<\/span>\u091a\u093f\u0939\u094d\u0928\u093f\u0924 \u0926\u093f\u0928<\/span><\/td><td><code>=COUNTA(D2:AH2)<\/code><\/td><td>Working days on which anything was entered, so holidays left blank are excluded.<\/span>\u0935\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f-\u0926\u093f\u0935\u0938 \u091c\u093f\u0928\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u0941\u091b \u092d\u0930\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e, \u0905\u0924\u0903 \u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u091b\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u0905\u0935\u0915\u093e\u0936 \u091b\u0942\u091f \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>Attendance percentage<\/span>\u0909\u092a\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0936\u0924<\/span><\/td><td><code>=ROUND(AI2\/AJ2*100,1)<\/code><\/td><td>Present divided by marked, rounded to one decimal place.<\/span>\u0909\u092a\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u092d\u093e\u0917 \u091a\u093f\u0939\u094d\u0928\u093f\u0924, \u090f\u0915 \u0926\u0936\u092e\u0932\u0935 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928 \u0924\u0915 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923\u093e\u0902\u0915\u093f\u0924\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr style=\"background:#fff6f4;\"><td>Flagging short attendance<\/span>\u0915\u092e \u0909\u092a\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u091a\u093f\u0939\u094d\u0928\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e<\/span><\/td><td>Conditional formatting: cell value less than 75<\/span>\u0938\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092c\u0902\u0927 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u0942\u092a\u0923: \u0915\u094b\u0937\u094d\u0920-\u092e\u093e\u0928 75 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u092e<\/span><\/td><td>Every pupil below the threshold turns red without anyone reading the column.<\/span>\u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u0928\u0940\u091a\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0902\u092d \u092a\u0922\u093c\u0947 \u0932\u093e\u0932 \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>Class attendance for the day<\/span>\u0926\u093f\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e-\u0909\u092a\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f<\/span><\/td><td><code>=COUNTIF(D2:D61,\"P\")<\/code><\/td><td>The same function read down a column instead of across a row.<\/span>\u0935\u0939\u0940 \u092b\u0932\u0928, \u092a\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0906\u0921\u093c\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0902\u092d \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0916\u0921\u093c\u093e \u092a\u0922\u093c\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <\/tbody>\n <\/table>\n\n <h4>B. A result sheet, built in order<\/span>\u0916. \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e-\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0915, \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e<\/span><\/h4>\n\n <div class=\"flow-wrap\">\n <div class=\"flow-note\">\n \ud83e\uddee Each formula is written once in the top data row and then filled down with a double-click on the fill handle. The columns follow the layout shown in the diagram at \u00a74.1.<\/span>\n \ud83e\uddee \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u090a\u092a\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u093e-\u092a\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u090f\u0915 \u092c\u093e\u0930 \u0932\u093f\u0916\u0915\u0930 \u092b\u093c\u093f\u0932 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0921\u0932 \u092a\u0930 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093f-\u0915\u094d\u0932\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0947 \u0928\u0940\u091a\u0947 \u092d\u0930 \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0902\u092d \u00a74.1 \u0915\u0947 \u0906\u0930\u0947\u0916 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0926\u093f\u0916\u093e\u090f \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u093e\u0930 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"flow-steps\">\n <div class=\"flow-step\">\n 1<\/span>\n <div class=\"fs-body\">\n Total<\/span>\u0915\u0941\u0932<\/span><\/strong>\n <code>=SUM(C2:E2)<\/code> \u2014 adds the three subject marks.<\/span>\u0924\u0940\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0902\u0915 \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/span>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"flow-step\">\n 2<\/span>\n <div class=\"fs-body\">\n Percentage<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0936\u0924<\/span><\/strong>\n <code>=ROUND(F2\/$F$1*100,2)<\/code> \u2014 where <code>$F$1<\/code> holds the maximum total. The dollar signs are essential<\/strong>, or the divisor slides down with the formula.<\/span>\u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 <code>$F$1<\/code> \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u0924\u092e \u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0921\u0949\u0932\u0930-\u091a\u093f\u0939\u094d\u0928 \u0905\u0928\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0939\u0948\u0902<\/strong>, \u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0925\u093e \u092d\u093e\u091c\u0915 \u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0928\u0940\u091a\u0947 \u0916\u093f\u0938\u0915 \u091c\u093e\u090f\u0917\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/span>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"flow-step\">\n 3<\/span>\n <div class=\"fs-body\">\n Grade<\/span>\u0936\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0923\u0940<\/span><\/strong>\n <code>=IF(G2>=90,\"A+\",IF(G2>=75,\"A\",IF(G2>=60,\"B\",IF(G2>=45,\"C\",IF(G2>=33,\"D\",\"F\")))))<\/code> \u2014 bands arranged from the top down.<\/span>\u0936\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0923\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u090a\u092a\u0930 \u0938\u0947 \u0928\u0940\u091a\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u092e\u0947\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/span>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"flow-step\">\n 4<\/span>\n <div class=\"fs-body\">\n Result<\/span>\u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e<\/span><\/strong>\n <code>=IF(MIN(C2:E2)>=33,\"Pass\",\"Fail\")<\/code> \u2014 a pupil passes only if the lowest<\/em> subject mark clears the bar, which is more accurate than testing the total.<\/span>\u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0924\u092d\u0940 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0940\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u092c \u0928\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0928\u0924\u092e<\/em> \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f-\u0905\u0902\u0915 \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e \u092a\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0930\u0947, \u091c\u094b \u092f\u094b\u0917 \u092a\u0930\u0916\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092f\u0925\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/span>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"flow-step\">\n 5<\/span>\n <div class=\"fs-body\">\n Rank<\/span>\u0915\u094b\u091f\u093f<\/span><\/strong>\n <code>=RANK.EQ(F2,$F$2:$F$61)<\/code> \u2014 the range must be absolute so that every pupil is ranked against the same class.<\/span>\u092a\u0930\u093e\u0938 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f \u0924\u093e\u0915\u093f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u094b\u091f\u093f \u0909\u0938\u0940 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u0932\u0947\u0964<\/span><\/span>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"flow-step\">\n 6<\/span>\n <div class=\"fs-body\">\n Class summary<\/span>\u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e-\u0938\u093e\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0936<\/span><\/strong>\n Below the list: <code>=AVERAGE(F2:F61)<\/code>, <code>=MAX(F2:F61)<\/code>, <code>=MIN(F2:F61)<\/code>, <code>=MEDIAN(F2:F61)<\/code>, <code>=STDEV.S(F2:F61)<\/code>, and the pass percentage as <code>=COUNTIF(I2:I61,\"Pass\")\/COUNTA(I2:I61)*100<\/code>.<\/span>\u0938\u0942\u091a\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u0940\u091a\u0947: <code>=AVERAGE(F2:F61)<\/code>, <code>=MAX(F2:F61)<\/code>, <code>=MIN(F2:F61)<\/code>, <code>=MEDIAN(F2:F61)<\/code>, <code>=STDEV.S(F2:F61)<\/code>, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0940\u0930\u094d\u0923\u0924\u093e-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0936\u0924 <code>=COUNTIF(I2:I61,\"\u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0940\u0930\u094d\u0923\")\/COUNTA(I2:I61)*100<\/code>\u0964<\/span><\/span>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"enrich-box\">\n Cross-paper link \u2014 Measurement and Evaluation<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928-\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927 \u2014 \u092e\u093e\u092a\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092e\u0942\u0932\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0915\u0928<\/span><\/span>\n \n The statistics required in the Educational Measurement paper are, in a spreadsheet, one function each. This connection is worth noticing because the same ideas are examined twice in the same examination<\/strong>, once conceptually and once as a tool.<\/span>\n \u0936\u0948\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0915 \u092e\u093e\u092a\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928-\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u093e\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0921\u0936\u0940\u091f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u090f\u0915-\u090f\u0915 \u092b\u0932\u0928 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927 \u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0928 \u0926\u0947\u0928\u0947 \u092f\u094b\u0917\u094d\u092f \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u090f\u0915 \u0939\u0940 \u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u0939\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0926\u094b \u092c\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u0930\u0916\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902<\/strong>, \u090f\u0915 \u092c\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u090f\u0915 \u092c\u093e\u0930 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902\u0964<\/span>\n <\/p>\n <div class=\"abbr-grid\" style=\"margin-bottom:0;\">\n <table>\n <thead><tr><th>Concept<\/span>\u0938\u0902\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u092f<\/span><\/th><th>Function<\/span>\u092b\u0932\u0928<\/span><\/th><\/tr><\/thead>\n <tbody>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">Mean<\/span>\u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f<\/span><\/td><td><code>=AVERAGE()<\/code><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">Median<\/span>\u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093f\u0915\u093e<\/span><\/td><td><code>=MEDIAN()<\/code><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">Mode<\/span>\u092c\u0939\u0941\u0932\u0915<\/span><\/td><td><code>=MODE.SNGL()<\/code><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">Range<\/span>\u092a\u0930\u093e\u0938<\/span><\/td><td><code>=MAX()-MIN()<\/code><\/td><\/tr>\n <\/tbody>\n <\/table>\n <table>\n <thead><tr><th>Concept<\/span>\u0938\u0902\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u092f<\/span><\/th><th>Function<\/span>\u092b\u0932\u0928<\/span><\/th><\/tr><\/thead>\n <tbody>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">Standard deviation<\/span>\u092e\u093e\u0928\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u091a\u0932\u0928<\/span><\/td><td><code>=STDEV.S()<\/code><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">Correlation<\/span>\u0938\u0939\u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927<\/span><\/td><td><code>=CORREL()<\/code><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">Percentile<\/span>\u0936\u0924\u092e\u0915<\/span><\/td><td><code>=PERCENTILE.INC()<\/code><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">Z-score<\/span>Z-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0902\u0915<\/span><\/td><td><code>=STANDARDIZE()<\/code><\/td><\/tr>\n <\/tbody>\n <\/table>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <hr class=\"section-divider\">\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d4-10\">\n 4.10<\/span>\n <h3>Spreadsheet Shortcut Keys<\/span>\u0938\u094d\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0921\u0936\u0940\u091f \u0915\u0940 \u0936\u0949\u0930\u094d\u091f\u0915\u091f \u0915\u0941\u0902\u091c\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"abbr-grid\">\n <table>\n <thead><tr><th>Entry and formulas<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930<\/span><\/th><th>Action<\/span>\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e<\/span><\/th><\/tr><\/thead>\n <tbody>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">Alt + =<\/td><td>AutoSum<\/strong><\/span>\u0911\u091f\u094b\u0938\u092e<\/strong><\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">F2<\/td><td>Edit the active cell<\/span>\u0938\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f \u0915\u094b\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u093e\u0926\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">F4<\/td><td>Cycle relative \u2192 absolute \u2192 mixed<\/strong><\/span>\u0938\u093e\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u2192 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u2192 \u092e\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u091a\u0915\u094d\u0930<\/strong><\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">Ctrl + `<\/td><td>Show formulas instead of results<\/span>\u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u0930 \u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0926\u093f\u0916\u093e\u090f\u0901<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">Ctrl + D \u00b7 Ctrl + R<\/td><td>Fill down \u00b7 fill right<\/span>\u0928\u0940\u091a\u0947 \u092d\u0930\u0947\u0902 \u00b7 \u0926\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u092d\u0930\u0947\u0902<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">Ctrl + Enter<\/td><td>Fill the whole selection with the entry<\/span>\u0938\u0902\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u091a\u092f\u0928 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093f \u0938\u0947 \u092d\u0930\u0947\u0902<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">Ctrl + ;<\/td><td>Insert today's date as a fixed value<\/span>\u0906\u091c \u0915\u0940 \u0924\u093f\u0925\u093f \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0930 \u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0921\u093e\u0932\u0947\u0902<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <\/tbody>\n <\/table>\n <table>\n <thead><tr><th>Navigation and analysis<\/span>\u0938\u0902\u091a\u0930\u0923 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0937\u0923<\/span><\/th><th>Action<\/span>\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e<\/span><\/th><\/tr><\/thead>\n <tbody>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">Ctrl + Home<\/td><td>Go to cell A1<\/span>\u0915\u094b\u0937\u094d\u0920 A1 \u092a\u0930 \u091c\u093e\u090f\u0901<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">Ctrl + arrow<\/span>\u0924\u0940\u0930<\/span><\/td><td>Jump to the edge of the data block<\/span>\u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u093e-\u0916\u0902\u0921 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093f\u0928\u093e\u0930\u0947 \u0924\u0915 \u0915\u0942\u0926\u0947\u0902<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">Ctrl + Shift + L<\/td><td>Turn Filter on or off<\/strong><\/span>\u092b\u093c\u093f\u0932\u094d\u091f\u0930 \u091a\u093e\u0932\u0942 \u092f\u093e \u092c\u0902\u0926 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902<\/strong><\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">Ctrl + Shift + %<\/td><td>Apply percentage format<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0936\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0930\u0942\u092a \u0932\u0917\u093e\u090f\u0901<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">F11 \u00b7 Alt + F1<\/td><td>Chart on a new sheet \u00b7 embedded chart<\/strong><\/span>\u0928\u0908 \u0936\u0940\u091f \u092a\u0930 \u091a\u093e\u0930\u094d\u091f \u00b7 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0903\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u091a\u093e\u0930\u094d\u091f<\/strong><\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">Shift + F11<\/td><td>Insert a new worksheet<\/span>\u0928\u092f\u093e \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0915 \u0921\u093e\u0932\u0947\u0902<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">Ctrl + Page Up \/ Down<\/td><td>Move to the previous \u00b7 next sheet<\/span>\u092a\u093f\u091b\u0932\u0940 \u00b7 \u0905\u0917\u0932\u0940 \u0936\u0940\u091f \u092a\u0930 \u091c\u093e\u090f\u0901<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <\/tbody>\n <\/table>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"mcq-box\">\n <div class=\"mcq-title\">\n Practice<\/span>\u0905\u092d\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938<\/span><\/span>\n Questions on the spreadsheet<\/span>\u0938\u094d\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0921\u0936\u0940\u091f \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928<\/span><\/span>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"mcq-note\">Objective questions in the pattern of the examination. Click to reveal the answer and its explanation.<\/span>\u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u0930 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928\u0964 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0916\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u094d\u0932\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u0940\u091c\u093f\u090f\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <details class=\"mcq-q\">\n <summary>41<\/span>The formula =B2*$C$1 is written in D2 and copied to D3. In D3 it will read:<\/span><\/summary>\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\n <li>(a) =B2*$C$1<\/li>\n <li>(b) =B3*$C$1<\/li>\n <li>(c) =B3*$C$2<\/li>\n <li>(d) =B2*$C$2<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\">(b) =B3*$C$1<\/b> B2 is relative, so it moves down one row with the formula and becomes B3. $C$1 is absolute, so neither the column nor the row changes. This single question tests the whole of \u00a74.3.<\/span>B2 \u0938\u093e\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0939\u0948, \u0905\u0924\u0903 \u0935\u0939 \u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u090f\u0915 \u092a\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0928\u0940\u091a\u0947 \u0916\u093f\u0938\u0915\u0915\u0930 B3 \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 $C$1 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0939\u0948, \u0905\u0924\u0903 \u0928 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0902\u092d \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0928 \u092a\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0964 \u092f\u0939\u0940 \u090f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u00a74.3 \u092a\u0930\u0916\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\u00a74.3<\/span><\/div>\n <\/details>\n <details class=\"mcq-q\">\n <summary>42<\/span>A cell displays ##### instead of a number. This means:<\/span><\/summary>\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\n <li>(a) The formula contains an error<\/li>\n <li>(b) The column is too narrow<\/li>\n <li>(c) The value is negative<\/li>\n <li>(d) The cell is protected<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\">(b) The column is too narrow<\/b> This is not an error value at all. Widening the column, or double-clicking the boundary between the column headings to autofit, displays the number normally.<\/span>\u092f\u0939 \u0924\u094d\u0930\u0941\u091f\u093f-\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0939\u0948 \u0939\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0902\u092d \u091a\u094c\u0921\u093c\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947, \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0902\u092d-\u0936\u0940\u0930\u094d\u0937\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e \u092a\u0930 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093f-\u0915\u094d\u0932\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0924\u0903-\u092b\u093c\u093f\u091f \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0926\u093f\u0916 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\u00a74.2<\/span><\/div>\n <\/details>\n <details class=\"mcq-q\">\n <summary>43<\/span>Which function counts only those cells in a range that contain numbers?<\/span><\/summary>\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\n <li>(a) COUNTA<\/li>\n <li>(b) COUNTBLANK<\/li>\n <li>(c) COUNT<\/li>\n <li>(d) COUNTIF<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\">(c) COUNT<\/b> COUNT takes numbers only. COUNTA counts every non-empty cell whatever it holds, COUNTBLANK counts the empty ones, and COUNTIF counts those meeting a stated condition.<\/span>COUNT \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u0932\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 COUNTA \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0905\u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u094b\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u0917\u093f\u0928\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091a\u093e\u0939\u0947 \u0909\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u0941\u091b \u092d\u0940 \u0939\u094b, COUNTBLANK \u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0917\u093f\u0928\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u0925\u093e COUNTIF \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u091c\u094b \u0915\u0939\u0940 \u0917\u0908 \u0936\u0930\u094d\u0924 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902\u0964<\/span>\u00a74.4<\/span><\/div>\n <\/details>\n <details class=\"mcq-q\">\n <summary>44<\/span>In =VLOOKUP(A9,$A$2:$D$6,3,FALSE), the argument FALSE specifies:<\/span><\/summary>\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\n <li>(a) That the table is sorted<\/li>\n <li>(b) An exact match<\/li>\n <li>(c) An approximate match<\/li>\n <li>(d) That errors should be hidden<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\">(b) An exact match<\/b> FALSE, or 0, demands an exact match and is what is wanted in almost every practical case. TRUE, or 1, permits an approximate match and requires the first column to be sorted in ascending order.<\/span>FALSE \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e 0 \u092f\u0925\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u092e\u0947\u0932 \u092e\u093e\u0901\u0917\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0932\u0917\u092d\u0917 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092f\u0939\u0940 \u0905\u092d\u0940\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0939\u0948\u0964 TRUE \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e 1 \u0938\u0928\u094d\u0928\u093f\u0915\u091f \u092e\u0947\u0932 \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092e\u0924\u093f \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u092a\u0939\u0932\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0902\u092d \u0906\u0930\u094b\u0939\u0940 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f\u0964<\/span>\u00a74.5 C<\/span><\/div>\n <\/details>\n <details class=\"mcq-q\">\n <summary>45<\/span>Which chart type is most appropriate for showing the relationship between attendance percentage and marks obtained?<\/span><\/summary>\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\n <li>(a) Pie chart<\/li>\n <li>(b) Line chart<\/li>\n <li>(c) Scatter chart<\/li>\n <li>(d) Column chart<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\">(c) Scatter chart<\/b> A scatter chart plots two numeric variables against each other and is the standard way of displaying correlation. A line chart is for a trend over time, a pie chart for parts of one whole, and a column chart for comparison across categories.<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u0940\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u091a\u093e\u0930\u094d\u091f \u0926\u094b \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u091a\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u0930\u0938\u094d\u092a\u0930 \u0906\u0932\u0947\u0916\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0939\u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927 \u0926\u093f\u0916\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0915 \u0930\u0940\u0924\u093f \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0930\u0947\u0916\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0930\u094d\u091f \u0938\u092e\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941, \u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924 \u091a\u093e\u0930\u094d\u091f \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u092d\u093e\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0902\u092d \u091a\u093e\u0930\u094d\u091f \u0936\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0923\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u0924\u0941\u0932\u0928\u093e \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\u00a74.7<\/span><\/div>\n <\/details>\n <details class=\"mcq-q\">\n <summary>46<\/span>When the source data of a pivot table is changed, the pivot table:<\/span><\/summary>\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\n <li>(a) Updates automatically<\/li>\n <li>(b) Must be refreshed<\/li>\n <li>(c) Must be created again from the start<\/li>\n <li>(d) Is deleted<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\">(b) Must be refreshed<\/b> A pivot table works on a cached copy of the source data taken when it was built. Refresh, on the PivotTable Analyze tab or from the right-click menu, rebuilds it from the current data.<\/span>\u092a\u093f\u0935\u091f \u0938\u093e\u0930\u0923\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0924-\u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0909\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u093e\u092e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0928\u0924\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u092f \u0932\u0940 \u0917\u0908 \u0925\u0940\u0964 PivotTable Analyze \u091f\u0948\u092c \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0926\u093e\u092f\u093e\u0901-\u0915\u094d\u0932\u093f\u0915 \u092e\u0947\u0928\u0942 \u0915\u093e Refresh \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0903 \u092c\u0928\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\u00a74.8<\/span><\/div>\n <\/details>\n <details class=\"mcq-q\">\n <summary>47<\/span>A column of marks is selected on its own and sorted in descending order. The likely consequence is that:<\/span><\/summary>\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\n <li>(a) The whole table is sorted correctly<\/li>\n <li>(b) The marks are separated from the names they belong to<\/li>\n <li>(c) An error message is displayed<\/li>\n <li>(d) Nothing happens<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\">(b) The marks are separated from the names they belong to<\/b> Only the selected column moves; every other column stays in place. Because each figure remains a valid number, the sheet looks normal and the damage may go unnoticed until report cards are issued. Always click one cell inside the table and let the whole range be detected.<\/span>\u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u091a\u092f\u0928\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0902\u092d \u0939\u093f\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948; \u0936\u0947\u0937 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0902\u092d \u092f\u0925\u093e\u0935\u0924\u094d \u0930\u0939\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u091a\u0942\u0901\u0915\u093f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0905\u0902\u0915 \u0935\u0948\u0927 \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0940 \u0930\u0939\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0936\u0940\u091f \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0926\u093f\u0916\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0924\u093f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0917\u0924\u093f-\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u091c\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u0924\u0915 \u0905\u0928\u0926\u0947\u0916\u0940 \u0930\u0939 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0938\u0926\u0948\u0935 \u0938\u093e\u0930\u0923\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u092d\u0940\u0924\u0930 \u090f\u0915 \u0915\u094b\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u094d\u0932\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u0930 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u0939\u091a\u093e\u0928\u0928\u0947 \u0926\u0947\u0902\u0964<\/span>\u00a74.6<\/span><\/div>\n <\/details>\n <\/div>\n\n <\/section>\n\n \n <section class=\"chapter-content\" data-chap=\"5\" id=\"c5\">\n <div class=\"chapter-heading-block\">\n SYLLABUS ITEM 5<\/span>\u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u092e\u0926 5<\/span><\/span>\n <h2>Presentations<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923<\/span><\/h2>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"callout amber\">\n <div class=\"callout-label\">\ud83d\udccc What this chapter covers<\/span>\ud83d\udccc \u0907\u0938 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/div>\n Slides, themes, animations, transitions, multimedia integration, the Slide Master, and presentation tools<\/span>\n \u0938\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0921, \u0925\u0940\u092e, \u091a\u0947\u0924\u0928\u093e\u0902\u0915\u0928, \u0938\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0923, \u092c\u0939\u0941\u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0938\u092e\u0947\u0915\u0928, \u0938\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u092e\u093e\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0930 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0947 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923<\/span>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"keyfact-grid\">\n <div class=\"keyfact-card navy-hi\">\n \ud83c\udfac<\/span>\n <div class=\"kf-label\">The Distinction That Decides Most Questions<\/span>\u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0902\u0936 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u0924\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e \u092d\u0947\u0926<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"kf-value\" style=\"font-size:12.5px;\">Transition = between slides Animation = within a slide<\/span>\u0938\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0923 = \u0938\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0921\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u091a\u0947\u0924\u0928\u093e\u0902\u0915\u0928 = \u0938\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u0915\u0947 \u092d\u0940\u0924\u0930<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"kf-sub\">One transition per slide; many animations per slide<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f \u0938\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0923; \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f \u0938\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u0905\u0928\u0947\u0915 \u091a\u0947\u0924\u0928\u093e\u0902\u0915\u0928<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"keyfact-card teal-hi\">\n \ud83e\uddec<\/span>\n <div class=\"kf-label\">Change Once, Applies Everywhere<\/span>\u090f\u0915 \u092c\u093e\u0930 \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0947\u0902, \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0932\u093e\u0917\u0942<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"kf-value\" style=\"font-size:14px;\">Slide Master<\/span>\u0938\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u092e\u093e\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0930<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"kf-sub\">A logo placed here appears on every slide of the deck<\/span>\u092f\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0930\u0916\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u0940\u0915-\u091a\u093f\u0939\u094d\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u092a\u0930 \u0906\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"keyfact-card amber-hi\">\n \u25b6\ufe0f<\/span>\n <div class=\"kf-label\">Starting the Show<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u0928 \u0906\u0930\u0902\u092d \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"kf-value\" style=\"font-size:15px;\">F5 \u00b7 Shift+F5<\/div>\n <div class=\"kf-sub\">From the first slide, and from the slide currently open<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0925\u092e \u0938\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u0938\u0947, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0916\u0941\u0932\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u0938\u0947<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d5-0\">\n 5.0<\/span>\n <h3>Introduction<\/span>\u092a\u0930\u093f\u091a\u092f<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n <ul class=\"icon-list\">\n <li>\u25b8<\/span>\n Presentation software<\/strong> creates a sequence of slides<\/strong> combining text, images, sound, video and animation, meant to be projected before an audience while a person speaks<\/strong>. That last clause is the whole design brief: a slide is not a document, and the two fail when confused.<\/span>\n \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924\u093f \u0938\u0949\u092b\u093c\u094d\u091f\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930<\/strong> \u092a\u093e\u0920, \u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930, \u0927\u094d\u0935\u0928\u093f, \u0935\u0940\u0921\u093f\u092f\u094b \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u091a\u0947\u0924\u0928\u093e\u0902\u0915\u0928 \u0915\u094b \u092e\u093f\u0932\u093e\u0915\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0921\u094b\u0902<\/strong> \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u094b \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0935\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u094b\u0932\u0924\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u092f \u0936\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0924\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u092a\u093f\u0924<\/strong> \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939\u0940 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u093f\u092e \u0909\u092a\u0935\u093e\u0915\u094d\u092f \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a-\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u0939\u0948: \u0938\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u0926\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0947\u091c\u093c \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u092d\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u092b\u0932 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span>\n <\/span><\/li>\n <li>\u25b8<\/span>\n The common packages are Microsoft PowerPoint<\/strong>, the open-source LibreOffice Impress<\/strong>, the browser-based Google Slides<\/strong>, and Canva<\/strong>. The default extension is .pptx<\/strong>; .ppt<\/strong> is the older format, .ppsx<\/strong> opens straight into the slide show rather than the editor, and .potx<\/strong> is a template.<\/span>\n \u092a\u094d\u0930\u091a\u0932\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u0948\u0915\u0947\u091c \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u092e\u093e\u0907\u0915\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0938\u0949\u092b\u093c\u094d\u091f \u092a\u093e\u0935\u0930\u092a\u0949\u0907\u0902\u091f<\/strong>, \u0913\u092a\u0928-\u0938\u094b\u0930\u094d\u0938 \u0932\u093f\u092c\u0930\u0911\u092b\u093c\u093f\u0938 \u0907\u092e\u094d\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0938<\/strong>, \u092c\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0909\u091c\u093c\u0930-\u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0917\u0942\u0917\u0932 \u0938\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0921\u094d\u0938<\/strong>, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0915\u0948\u0928\u0935\u093e<\/strong>\u0964 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u090f\u0915\u094d\u0938\u091f\u0947\u0902\u0936\u0928 .pptx<\/strong> \u0939\u0948; .ppt<\/strong> \u092a\u0941\u0930\u093e\u0928\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0930\u0942\u092a \u0939\u0948, .ppsx<\/strong> \u0938\u0902\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u091c\u093e\u092f \u0938\u0940\u0927\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u0936\u094b \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0916\u0941\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u0925\u093e .potx<\/strong> \u091f\u0947\u092e\u094d\u092a\u0932\u0947\u091f \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\n <\/span><\/li>\n <li>\u25b8<\/span>\n In a school the uses are constant: morning assembly, staff meetings, parent orientation, subject teaching, School Management Committee briefings, and presentations to an inspecting officer<\/strong>. A head who can build a clear twelve-slide deck in half an hour has an advantage that shows in every one of those settings.<\/span>\n \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u0902\u0924\u0930 \u0939\u0948\u0902: \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0924\u0903\u0915\u093e\u0932\u0940\u0928 \u0938\u092d\u093e, \u0938\u094d\u091f\u093e\u092b\u093c-\u092c\u0948\u0920\u0915, \u0905\u092d\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0915-\u092a\u0930\u093f\u091a\u092f, \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f-\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923, \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0928 \u0938\u092e\u093f\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924\u093f<\/strong>\u0964 \u091c\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0941\u0916 \u0906\u0927\u0947 \u0918\u0902\u091f\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u092a\u0937\u094d\u091f \u092c\u093e\u0930\u0939-\u0938\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924\u093f \u092c\u0928\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0947, \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0907\u0928\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0905\u0935\u0938\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u0932\u093e\u092d \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\n <\/span><\/li>\n <li>\u25b8<\/span>\n Questions from this item cluster around four things: which view serves which purpose<\/strong>, what the Slide Master does<\/strong>, the difference between an animation and a transition<\/strong>, and the shortcut keys of the slide show<\/strong>. \u00a75.7 goes beyond the software into design principles, which carry over into the Pedagogy paper.<\/span>\n \u0907\u0938 \u092e\u0926 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u091a\u093e\u0930 \u092c\u093e\u0924\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0906\u0938\u092a\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948\u0902: \u0915\u094c\u0928-\u0938\u093e \u0926\u0943\u0936\u094d\u092f \u0915\u093f\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/strong>, \u0938\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u092e\u093e\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0930 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/strong>, \u091a\u0947\u0924\u0928\u093e\u0902\u0915\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0923 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930<\/strong>, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u0936\u094b \u0915\u0940 \u0936\u0949\u0930\u094d\u091f\u0915\u091f \u0915\u0941\u0902\u091c\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901<\/strong>\u0964 \u00a75.7 \u0938\u0949\u092b\u093c\u094d\u091f\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u0938\u0947 \u0906\u0917\u0947 \u092c\u0922\u093c\u0915\u0930 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a-\u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924\u094b\u0902 \u0924\u0915 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u094b \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928-\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092d\u0940 \u0915\u093e\u092e \u0906\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span>\n <\/span><\/li>\n <\/ul>\n\n <hr class=\"section-divider\">\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d5-1\">\n 5.1<\/span>\n <h3>The Presentation Interface and Views<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924\u093f \u0915\u093e \u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u092b\u093c\u0947\u0938 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0926\u0943\u0936\u094d\u092f<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n <svg class=\"full-diagram\" viewBox=\"0 0 900 496\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Realistic view of the presentation software window with parts labelled\">\n <defs>\n <marker 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y=\"83\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#222\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">28<\/text>\n <text x=\"376\" y=\"84\" font-size=\"11\" font-weight=\"600\" fill=\"#3b3b3b\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">A<\/text><path d=\"M386 76 l3 -4 l3 4\" fill=\"#3b3b3b\"\/>\n <text x=\"398\" y=\"84\" font-size=\"8.5\" font-weight=\"600\" fill=\"#3b3b3b\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">A<\/text><path d=\"M406 78 l3 4 l3 -4\" fill=\"#3b3b3b\"\/>\n <g font-family=\"Georgia, serif\" fill=\"#222\">\n <text x=\"252\" y=\"106\" font-size=\"12\" font-weight=\"700\">B<\/text>\n <text x=\"270\" y=\"106\" font-size=\"12\" font-style=\"italic\">I<\/text>\n <text x=\"286\" y=\"106\" font-size=\"12\">U<\/text><line x1=\"285\" y1=\"109\" x2=\"295\" y2=\"109\" stroke=\"#222\" stroke-width=\"1.2\"\/>\n <text x=\"304\" y=\"106\" font-size=\"12\">S<\/text><line x1=\"302\" y1=\"102\" x2=\"312\" y2=\"102\" stroke=\"#222\" stroke-width=\"1.2\"\/>\n <\/g>\n <text x=\"322\" y=\"106\" font-size=\"11\" 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sans-serif\">Find<\/text>\n <text x=\"724\" y=\"100\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#3b3b3b\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Replace<\/text>\n <text x=\"724\" y=\"118\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#3b3b3b\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Select<\/text>\n\n \n <rect x=\"100\" y=\"146\" width=\"96\" height=\"278\" fill=\"#F3F2F1\"\/>\n <line x1=\"196\" y1=\"146\" x2=\"196\" y2=\"424\" stroke=\"#d6d6d6\"\/>\n <g>\n <text x=\"108\" y=\"164\" font-size=\"7\" fill=\"#666\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">1<\/text>\n <rect x=\"116\" y=\"153\" width=\"72\" height=\"41\" fill=\"#fff\" stroke=\"#c9c9c9\"\/>\n <rect x=\"116\" y=\"153\" width=\"72\" height=\"12\" fill=\"#1F3864\"\/>\n <text x=\"152\" y=\"162\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"5\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">THE WATER CYCLE<\/text>\n <text x=\"152\" y=\"180\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"4.5\" fill=\"#666\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Class VI \u00b7 Science<\/text>\n <\/g>\n <g>\n <text x=\"108\" y=\"212\" font-size=\"7\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#C43E1C\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">2<\/text>\n <rect x=\"116\" y=\"201\" width=\"72\" height=\"41\" fill=\"#fff\" stroke=\"#C43E1C\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\n <text x=\"121\" y=\"211\" font-size=\"5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#1F3864\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Four Stages<\/text>\n <g fill=\"#7fb3e0\"><circle cx=\"130\" cy=\"224\" r=\"4\"\/><circle cx=\"146\" cy=\"221\" r=\"5.5\"\/><circle cx=\"164\" cy=\"225\" r=\"4.5\"\/><\/g>\n <path d=\"M130 231 v5 M146 229 v7 M164 231 v5\" stroke=\"#5b9bd5\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/>\n <\/g>\n <g opacity=\".85\">\n <text x=\"108\" y=\"260\" font-size=\"7\" fill=\"#666\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">3<\/text>\n <rect x=\"116\" y=\"249\" width=\"72\" height=\"41\" fill=\"#fff\" stroke=\"#c9c9c9\"\/>\n <text x=\"121\" y=\"259\" font-size=\"5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#1F3864\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Evaporation<\/text>\n <g fill=\"#dbe8f7\"><rect 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fill=\"#fff\" stroke=\"#c9c9c9\"\/>\n <text x=\"121\" y=\"355\" font-size=\"5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#1F3864\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Summary<\/text>\n <g fill=\"#8a8a8a\"><rect x=\"121\" y=\"362\" width=\"62\" height=\"1.6\"\/><rect x=\"121\" y=\"367\" width=\"50\" height=\"1.6\"\/><\/g>\n <\/g>\n\n \n <rect x=\"196\" y=\"146\" width=\"604\" height=\"230\" fill=\"#E4E4E4\"\/>\n <rect x=\"240\" y=\"160\" width=\"512\" height=\"200\" fill=\"#fff\" stroke=\"#bfbfbf\"\/>\n <rect x=\"240\" y=\"160\" width=\"512\" height=\"34\" fill=\"#1F3864\"\/>\n <text x=\"260\" y=\"183\" font-size=\"15\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"Georgia, serif\">The Four Stages<\/text>\n <rect x=\"252\" y=\"200\" width=\"230\" height=\"146\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#9ec3e6\" stroke-dasharray=\"4 3\"\/>\n <g font-size=\"9\" fill=\"#222\" font-family=\"Georgia, serif\">\n <circle cx=\"264\" cy=\"220\" r=\"2.6\" fill=\"#1F3864\"\/><text x=\"276\" y=\"223\">Evaporation \u2014 water rises as vapour<\/text>\n <circle cx=\"264\" cy=\"248\" r=\"2.6\" fill=\"#1F3864\"\/><text x=\"276\" y=\"251\">Condensation \u2014 vapour forms clouds<\/text>\n <circle cx=\"264\" cy=\"276\" r=\"2.6\" fill=\"#1F3864\"\/><text x=\"276\" y=\"279\">Precipitation \u2014 rain, hail or snow<\/text>\n <circle cx=\"264\" cy=\"304\" r=\"2.6\" fill=\"#1F3864\"\/><text x=\"276\" y=\"307\">Collection \u2014 water returns to rivers<\/text>\n <\/g>\n <text x=\"264\" y=\"336\" font-size=\"7.5\" font-style=\"italic\" fill=\"#777\" font-family=\"Georgia, serif\">The cycle has no beginning and no end.<\/text>\n <rect x=\"500\" y=\"200\" width=\"238\" height=\"146\" fill=\"#EAF3FB\" stroke=\"#9ec3e6\"\/>\n <circle cx=\"560\" cy=\"238\" r=\"15\" fill=\"#f5c542\"\/>\n <g fill=\"#fff\" stroke=\"#9ec3e6\" stroke-width=\"1\"><circle cx=\"640\" cy=\"228\" r=\"13\"\/><circle cx=\"660\" cy=\"232\" r=\"16\"\/><circle cx=\"622\" cy=\"234\" r=\"11\"\/><\/g>\n <path d=\"M628 250 v14 M644 250 v18 M660 252 v14\" stroke=\"#5b9bd5\" stroke-width=\"1.8\"\/>\n <path d=\"M520 300 q60 -22 120 0 q60 22 100 0\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#5b9bd5\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\n <rect x=\"500\" y=\"308\" width=\"238\" height=\"38\" fill=\"#cfe4f5\"\/>\n <g stroke=\"#7fb3e0\" stroke-width=\"1.4\" fill=\"none\">\n <path d=\"M540 296 l0 -34 M540 262 l-4 6 M540 262 l4 6\"\/>\n <\/g>\n <text x=\"560\" y=\"284\" font-size=\"6.5\" fill=\"#5b9bd5\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">evaporation<\/text>\n <g fill=\"#9ec3e6\"><rect x=\"236\" y=\"196\" width=\"6\" height=\"6\"\/><rect x=\"236\" y=\"270\" width=\"6\" height=\"6\"\/><rect x=\"236\" y=\"343\" width=\"6\" height=\"6\"\/><rect x=\"479\" y=\"196\" width=\"6\" height=\"6\"\/><rect x=\"479\" y=\"343\" width=\"6\" height=\"6\"\/><\/g>\n\n \n <rect x=\"196\" y=\"376\" width=\"604\" height=\"48\" fill=\"#fff\"\/>\n <line x1=\"196\" y1=\"376\" x2=\"800\" y2=\"376\" stroke=\"#d6d6d6\"\/>\n <text x=\"212\" y=\"392\" font-size=\"7.5\" font-style=\"italic\" fill=\"#999\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Click to add notes<\/text>\n <text x=\"212\" y=\"408\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#555\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Ask the class where they have seen each stage happen at home before showing the diagram.<\/text>\n\n \n <rect x=\"100\" y=\"424\" width=\"700\" height=\"38\" rx=\"5\" fill=\"#C43E1C\"\/>\n <rect x=\"100\" y=\"424\" width=\"700\" height=\"18\" fill=\"#C43E1C\"\/>\n <g fill=\"#fff\" font-size=\"8\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">\n <text x=\"112\" y=\"447\">Slide 2 of 5<\/text><text x=\"186\" y=\"447\">English (India)<\/text><text x=\"266\" y=\"447\">Notes<\/text>\n <\/g>\n <g fill=\"#fff\" opacity=\".95\">\n <rect x=\"560\" y=\"440\" width=\"11\" height=\"9\" rx=\"1\"\/>\n <rect x=\"580\" y=\"440\" width=\"11\" height=\"9\" rx=\"1\" opacity=\".55\"\/>\n <rect x=\"600\" y=\"440\" width=\"11\" height=\"9\" rx=\"1\" opacity=\".55\"\/>\n <path d=\"M622 440 h11 v9 h-11 z\" opacity=\".55\"\/>\n <\/g>\n <line x1=\"656\" y1=\"445\" x2=\"734\" y2=\"445\" stroke=\"#fff\" stroke-width=\"1.2\" opacity=\".8\"\/>\n <circle cx=\"700\" cy=\"445\" r=\"3.5\" fill=\"#fff\"\/>\n <text x=\"762\" y=\"448\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">72%<\/text>\n\n \n <g stroke=\"#8e2f5a\" stroke-width=\"1.1\" fill=\"none\" stroke-dasharray=\"3 2\">\n <line x1=\"90\" y1=\"30\" x2=\"130\" y2=\"30\" marker-end=\"url(#pl)\"\/>\n <line x1=\"90\" y1=\"90\" x2=\"118\" y2=\"90\" marker-end=\"url(#pl)\"\/>\n <line x1=\"90\" y1=\"222\" x2=\"112\" y2=\"222\" marker-end=\"url(#pl)\"\/>\n <line x1=\"90\" y1=\"392\" x2=\"206\" y2=\"392\" marker-end=\"url(#pl)\"\/>\n <line x1=\"90\" y1=\"446\" x2=\"176\" y2=\"446\" marker-end=\"url(#pl)\"\/>\n <line x1=\"810\" y1=\"176\" x2=\"756\" y2=\"176\" marker-end=\"url(#pl)\"\/>\n <line x1=\"810\" y1=\"250\" x2=\"490\" y2=\"250\" marker-end=\"url(#pl)\"\/>\n <line x1=\"810\" y1=\"320\" x2=\"742\" y2=\"320\" marker-end=\"url(#pl)\"\/>\n <line x1=\"810\" y1=\"445\" x2=\"640\" y2=\"445\" marker-end=\"url(#pl)\"\/>\n <\/g>\n <g font-size=\"8\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#8e2f5a\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">\n <text x=\"0\" y=\"33\">Title bar<\/text>\n <text x=\"0\" y=\"87\">Ribbon<\/text><text x=\"0\" y=\"97\">groups<\/text>\n <text x=\"0\" y=\"219\">Slide<\/text><text x=\"0\" y=\"229\">thumbnails<\/text>\n <text x=\"0\" y=\"389\">Notes<\/text><text x=\"0\" y=\"399\">pane<\/text>\n <text x=\"0\" y=\"449\">Status bar<\/text>\n <text x=\"816\" y=\"173\">Title<\/text><text x=\"816\" y=\"183\">placeholder<\/text>\n <text x=\"816\" y=\"247\">Content<\/text><text x=\"816\" y=\"257\">placeholder<\/text>\n <text x=\"816\" y=\"317\">Slide<\/text><text x=\"816\" y=\"327\">canvas<\/text>\n <text x=\"816\" y=\"442\">View buttons<\/text><text x=\"816\" y=\"452\">+ zoom<\/text>\n <\/g>\n<\/svg>\n The dashed rectangles on the slide are placeholders<\/strong> \u2014 reserved boxes defined by the layout, not free-floating text boxes.<\/span>\u0938\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u092a\u0930 \u092c\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0941\u0930\u0947\u0916\u093f\u0924 \u0906\u092f\u0924 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928-\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0915<\/strong> \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u2014 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0906\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u0947\u091f\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901, \u0928 \u0915\u093f \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u091f\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0938\u094d\u091f \u092c\u0949\u0915\u094d\u0938\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n\n <div class=\"callout\">\n <div class=\"callout-label\">\ud83d\udcd8 Placeholder, text box and layout<\/span>\ud83d\udcd8 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928-\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0915, \u091f\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0938\u094d\u091f \u092c\u0949\u0915\u094d\u0938 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938<\/span><\/div>\n A placeholder<\/strong> is a box that the layout has reserved<\/strong> for a particular kind of content \u2014 a title, a bulleted list, a picture, a chart. Its position, size and formatting come from the Slide Master, so every slide using that layout matches. A text box<\/strong>, by contrast, is drawn by hand anywhere on the slide and belongs to no layout. Text typed into a placeholder appears in Outline view; text in a text box does not<\/strong> \u2014 which is the practical reason to prefer placeholders.<\/span>\n \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928-\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0915<\/strong> \u0935\u0939 \u092a\u0947\u091f\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938 \u0928\u0947 \u0906\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924<\/strong> \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0939\u094b, \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u2014 \u0936\u0940\u0930\u094d\u0937\u0915, \u092c\u0941\u0932\u0947\u091f-\u0938\u0942\u091a\u0940, \u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930, \u091a\u093e\u0930\u094d\u091f\u0964 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f, \u0906\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u0942\u092a\u0923 \u0938\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u092e\u093e\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0930 \u0938\u0947 \u0906\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0905\u0924\u0903 \u0909\u0938 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u092e\u0947\u0932 \u0916\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u092a\u0930\u0940\u0924 \u091f\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0938\u094d\u091f \u092c\u0949\u0915\u094d\u0938<\/strong> \u0938\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u092d\u0940 \u0939\u093e\u0925 \u0938\u0947 \u0916\u0940\u0902\u091a\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e\u0964 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928-\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0915 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091f\u0902\u0915\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u093e\u0920 \u0906\u0909\u091f\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u0926\u0943\u0936\u094d\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0926\u093f\u0916\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948; \u091f\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0938\u094d\u091f \u092c\u0949\u0915\u094d\u0938 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902<\/strong> \u2014 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928-\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0915 \u0915\u094b \u0935\u0930\u0940\u092f\u0924\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u092f\u0939\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\n <\/div>\n\n <h4>The views, and what each is for<\/span>\u0926\u0943\u0936\u094d\u092f, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0932\u093f\u090f \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/h4>\n\n <table class=\"data-table\">\n <thead>\n <tr>\n <th>View<\/span>\u0926\u0943\u0936\u094d\u092f<\/span><\/th>\n <th>What it shows<\/span>\u092f\u0939 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0926\u093f\u0916\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/th>\n <th>Use it to\u2026<\/span>\u0907\u0938\u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917\u2026<\/span><\/th>\n <\/tr>\n <\/thead>\n <tbody>\n <tr style=\"background:#f3f8ff;\">\n <td>Normal<\/span>\u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n <td>The thumbnail pane, one large slide, and the notes pane \u2014 the arrangement in the diagram above. This is the default view.<\/strong><\/span>\u0925\u0902\u092c\u0928\u0947\u0932 \u092b\u0932\u0915, \u090f\u0915 \u092c\u0921\u093c\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0921, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0928\u094b\u091f\u094d\u0938 \u092b\u0932\u0915 \u2014 \u0935\u0939\u0940 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u091c\u094b \u090a\u092a\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0906\u0930\u0947\u0916 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939\u0940 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0926\u0943\u0936\u094d\u092f \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/strong><\/span><\/td>\n <td>Write and edit the content of one slide at a time.<\/span>\u090f\u0915 \u0938\u092e\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u0932\u093f\u0916\u0928\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u093e\u0926\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td>Outline<\/span>\u0906\u0909\u091f\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0928<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n <td>Only the text from the title and content placeholders<\/strong>, as an indented outline. Pictures, charts and text boxes do not appear.<\/span>\u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0936\u0940\u0930\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928-\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u093e\u0920<\/strong>, \u0939\u093e\u0936\u093f\u092f\u093e-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0947\u0936\u093f\u0924 \u0930\u0942\u092a\u0930\u0947\u0916\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902\u0964 \u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930, \u091a\u093e\u0930\u094d\u091f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u091f\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0938\u094d\u091f \u092c\u0949\u0915\u094d\u0938 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0926\u093f\u0916\u0924\u0947\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <td>Draft the argument before touching the design<\/strong>, and reorder whole slides by dragging their titles.<\/span>\u0905\u092d\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a \u091b\u0941\u090f \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0924\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0930\u0942\u092a \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0928\u093e<\/strong>, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0936\u0940\u0930\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0916\u0940\u0902\u091a\u0915\u0930 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0921\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0928\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td>Slide Sorter<\/span>\u0938\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u0938\u0949\u0930\u094d\u091f\u0930<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n <td>All the slides as thumbnails on one screen<\/strong>, with any transition marked by a small star.<\/span>\u0938\u092d\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0921\u0947\u0902 \u090f\u0915 \u0939\u0940 \u092a\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u0925\u0902\u092c\u0928\u0947\u0932<\/strong> \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902, \u091c\u093f\u0928\u0915\u093e \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0923 \u091b\u094b\u091f\u0947 \u0924\u093e\u0930\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u091a\u093f\u0939\u094d\u0928\u093f\u0924 \u0930\u0939\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <td>Reorder, duplicate, delete, hide slides and apply transitions<\/strong> to many slides at once.<\/span>\u0905\u0928\u0947\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0921\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0928\u093e, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0932\u093f\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e, \u092e\u093f\u091f\u093e\u0928\u093e, \u091b\u093f\u092a\u093e\u0928\u093e \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0938\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0923 \u0932\u0917\u093e\u0928\u093e<\/strong>\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td>Notes Page<\/span>\u0928\u094b\u091f\u094d\u0938 \u092a\u0947\u091c<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n <td>One slide in the upper half of a page with its speaker notes below, laid out as it will print.<\/span>\u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u0915\u0947 \u090a\u092a\u0930\u0940 \u0906\u0927\u0947 \u092d\u093e\u0917 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0921, \u0928\u0940\u091a\u0947 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0935\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093e-\u0928\u094b\u091f\u094d\u0938, \u0920\u0940\u0915 \u0935\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u091b\u092a\u0947\u0902\u0917\u0947\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <td>Prepare and print the speaking notes<\/strong> for the person delivering the talk.<\/span>\u0935\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u092c\u094b\u0932\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u094b\u091f\u094d\u0938 \u0924\u0948\u092f\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u091b\u093e\u092a\u0928\u093e<\/strong>\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td>Reading<\/span>\u0930\u0940\u0921\u093f\u0902\u0917<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n <td>The presentation running inside the window<\/strong> rather than filling the screen.<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924\u093f \u092a\u0942\u0930\u093e \u092a\u0930\u094d\u0926\u093e \u0918\u0947\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u091c\u093e\u092f \u0935\u093f\u0902\u0921\u094b \u0915\u0947 \u092d\u0940\u0924\u0930<\/strong> \u091a\u0932\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <td>Check the flow without losing access to the rest of the desktop.<\/span>\u0936\u0947\u0937 \u0921\u0947\u0938\u094d\u0915\u091f\u0949\u092a \u0924\u0915 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a \u0916\u094b\u090f \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0939 \u091c\u093e\u0901\u091a\u0928\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr style=\"background:#f3f8ff;\">\n <td>Slide Show<\/span>\u0938\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u0936\u094b<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n <td>The presentation filling the whole screen<\/strong>, with animations and transitions running.<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924\u093f \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u092a\u0930\u094d\u0926\u093e \u0918\u0947\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0941\u0908<\/strong>, \u091a\u0947\u0924\u0928\u093e\u0902\u0915\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0923 \u091a\u0932\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0941\u090f\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <td>Deliver<\/strong> the presentation. <kbd>F5<\/kbd> from the beginning, <kbd>Shift<\/kbd>+<kbd>F5<\/kbd> from the current slide.<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924\u093f \u0926\u0947\u0928\u093e<\/strong>\u0964 \u0906\u0930\u0902\u092d \u0938\u0947 <kbd>F5<\/kbd>, \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0938\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u0938\u0947 <kbd>Shift<\/kbd>+<kbd>F5<\/kbd>\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td>Master views<\/span>\u092e\u093e\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0930 \u0926\u0943\u0936\u094d\u092f<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n <td>Three of them: Slide Master, Handout Master and Notes Master<\/strong>, each governing the appearance of its own output.<\/span>\u0924\u0940\u0928 \u0939\u0948\u0902: \u0938\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u092e\u093e\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0930, \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0921\u0906\u0909\u091f \u092e\u093e\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0930 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0928\u094b\u091f\u094d\u0938 \u092e\u093e\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0930<\/strong>, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0924 \u0915\u093e \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <td>Set the design that every<\/strong> slide, handout or notes page will follow. Treated in \u00a75.3.<\/span>\u0935\u0939 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a \u0924\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u0930\u0923 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915<\/strong> \u0938\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0921, \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0921\u0906\u0909\u091f \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0928\u094b\u091f\u094d\u0938 \u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0917\u093e\u0964 \u00a75.3 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0935\u0947\u091a\u093f\u0924\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <\/tbody>\n <\/table>\n\n <hr class=\"section-divider\">\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d5-2\">\n 5.2<\/span>\n <h3>Slides, Layouts and Themes<\/span>\u0938\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0921, \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0925\u0940\u092e<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"vs-compare\">\n <div class=\"vs-side left\">\n Term 1<\/span>\u092a\u0926 1<\/span><\/span>\n <h5>Layout<\/span>\u0905\u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938<\/span><\/h5>\n <ul>\n <li>Governs the arrangement of placeholders on a single slide<\/strong> \u2014 where the title sits, how many content boxes there are.<\/span>\u090f\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u092a\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928-\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e<\/strong> \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u0936\u0940\u0930\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0915\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0939\u0948, \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941-\u092a\u0947\u091f\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u0915\u093f\u0924\u0928\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n <li>Chosen slide by slide from Home<\/b>\u203a<\/i>Layout<\/b><\/span><\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0905\u0932\u0917-\u0905\u0932\u0917 Home<\/b>\u203a<\/i>Layout<\/b><\/span> \u0938\u0947 \u091a\u0941\u0928\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n <li>The standard set: Title Slide, Title and Content, Section Header, Two Content, Comparison, Title Only, Blank, Content with Caption, Picture with Caption<\/strong>.<\/span>\u092e\u093e\u0928\u0915 \u0938\u092e\u0941\u091a\u094d\u091a\u092f: \u091f\u093e\u0907\u091f\u0932 \u0938\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0921, \u091f\u093e\u0907\u091f\u0932 \u090f\u0902\u0921 \u0915\u0902\u091f\u0947\u0902\u091f, \u0938\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0936\u0928 \u0939\u0947\u0921\u0930, \u091f\u0942 \u0915\u0902\u091f\u0947\u0902\u091f, \u0915\u0902\u092a\u0948\u0930\u093f\u091c\u093c\u0928, \u091f\u093e\u0907\u091f\u0932 \u0913\u0928\u0932\u0940, \u092c\u094d\u0932\u0948\u0902\u0915, \u0915\u0902\u091f\u0947\u0902\u091f \u0935\u093f\u0926 \u0915\u0948\u092a\u094d\u0936\u0928, \u092a\u093f\u0915\u094d\u091a\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0926 \u0915\u0948\u092a\u094d\u0936\u0928<\/strong>\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"vs-mid\">VS<\/div>\n <div class=\"vs-side right\">\n Term 2<\/span>\u092a\u0926 2<\/span><\/span>\n <h5>Theme<\/span>\u0925\u0940\u092e<\/span><\/h5>\n <ul>\n <li>A coordinated set of colours, fonts, effects and background<\/strong> applied to the whole presentation<\/strong> at once.<\/span>\u0930\u0902\u0917\u094b\u0902, \u092b\u093c\u0949\u0928\u094d\u091f\u094b\u0902, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u094b\u0902 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920\u092d\u0942\u092e\u093f<\/strong> \u0915\u093e \u0938\u092e\u0928\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u092e\u0941\u091a\u094d\u091a\u092f, \u091c\u094b \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924\u093f<\/strong> \u092a\u0930 \u0932\u0917\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n <li>Chosen from Design<\/b>\u203a<\/i>Themes<\/b><\/span> and adjustable through Variants<\/strong>.<\/span>Design<\/b>\u203a<\/i>Themes<\/b><\/span> \u0938\u0947 \u091a\u0941\u0928\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0924\u0925\u093e Variants<\/strong> \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u092f\u094b\u091c\u094d\u092f \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n <li>Changing the theme redesigns every slide simultaneously<\/strong> without disturbing the content.<\/span>\u0925\u0940\u092e \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u092c\u093f\u0917\u093e\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0903\u0905\u092d\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a\u093f\u0924<\/strong> \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"feat-grid\">\n <div class=\"feat-card\">1<\/span>Adding and organising slides<\/span>\u0938\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0928\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e<\/span><\/strong><kbd>Ctrl<\/kbd>+<kbd>M<\/kbd> inserts a new slide. <kbd>Ctrl<\/kbd>+<kbd>D<\/kbd> duplicates the selected one. Sections<\/strong> group slides under headings, which makes a long deck manageable, and Hide Slide<\/strong> keeps a slide in the file but skips it during the show.<\/span><kbd>Ctrl<\/kbd>+<kbd>M<\/kbd> \u0928\u0908 \u0938\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u0921\u093e\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 <kbd>Ctrl<\/kbd>+<kbd>D<\/kbd> \u091a\u092f\u0928\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0932\u093f\u092a\u093f \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0938\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0936\u0928<\/strong> \u0938\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0921\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0936\u0940\u0930\u094d\u0937\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u0940\u0928 \u0938\u092e\u0942\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0932\u0902\u092c\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924\u093f \u0938\u0902\u092d\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0947, \u0924\u0925\u093e Hide Slide<\/strong> \u0938\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u0915\u094b \u092b\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0932 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0930\u0916\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0941 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091b\u094b\u0921\u093c \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"feat-card\">2<\/span>Slide size<\/span>\u0938\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0921-\u0906\u0915\u093e\u0930<\/span><\/strong>The default is Widescreen, 16:9<\/strong>, matching modern projectors and panels. Standard, 4:3<\/strong> suits older equipment. Choosing the wrong ratio leaves black bands at the sides or crops the slide, so it should be settled before<\/strong> the content is built.<\/span>\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0935\u093e\u0907\u0921\u0938\u094d\u0915\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0928, 16:9<\/strong> \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u094b \u0906\u0927\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u092a\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u0948\u0928\u0932\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0932 \u0916\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0938\u094d\u091f\u0948\u0902\u0921\u0930\u094d\u0921, 4:3<\/strong> \u092a\u0941\u0930\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0917\u093c\u0932\u0924 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u093e\u0924 \u091a\u0941\u0928\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u093f\u0928\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u092a\u091f\u094d\u091f\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u0930\u0939 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u0915\u091f \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0905\u0924\u0903 \u0907\u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935<\/strong> \u0924\u092f \u0915\u0930 \u0932\u0947\u0928\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"feat-card\">3<\/span>Background and Format Background<\/span>\u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920\u092d\u0942\u092e\u093f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092b\u093c\u0949\u0930\u094d\u092e\u0948\u091f \u092c\u0948\u0915\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0909\u0902\u0921<\/span><\/strong>Sets a solid colour, gradient, picture or texture behind the content, either for one slide or, through Apply to All<\/strong>, for the whole deck.<\/span>\u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0940\u091b\u0947 \u090f\u0915\u0932 \u0930\u0902\u0917, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0923\u0924\u093e, \u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0935\u091f \u0930\u0916\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091a\u093e\u0939\u0947 \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e Apply to All<\/strong> \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924\u093f \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"feat-card\">4<\/span>Reuse Slides<\/span>\u0930\u0940\u092f\u0942\u091c\u093c \u0938\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0921\u094d\u0938<\/span><\/strong>Pulls slides in from another presentation, with the option to keep their original formatting or adopt the current theme. Useful when last year's annual report supplies half of this year's.<\/span>\u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924\u093f \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0921\u0947\u0902 \u0932\u0947 \u0906\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0907\u0938 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a \u0938\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f \u0909\u0928\u0915\u093e \u092e\u0942\u0932 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u0942\u092a\u0923 \u0930\u0916\u093e \u091c\u093e\u090f \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0925\u0940\u092e \u0905\u092a\u0928\u093e\u0908 \u091c\u093e\u090f\u0964 \u0924\u092c \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0940 \u091c\u092c \u092a\u093f\u091b\u0932\u0947 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0926\u0928 \u0907\u0938 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937 \u0915\u093e \u0906\u0927\u093e \u0926\u0947 \u0926\u0947\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <hr class=\"section-divider\">\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d5-3\">\n 5.3<\/span>\n <h3>The Slide Master<\/span>\u0938\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u092e\u093e\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0930<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"callout purple\">\n <div class=\"callout-label\">\ud83d\udcd8 Definition<\/span>\ud83d\udcd8 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e<\/span><\/div>\n The Slide Master<\/strong> is the top slide in a hierarchy<\/strong> that stores the theme, the fonts, the colours, the background and the position of every placeholder. Anything placed on the Slide Master appears on every slide of the presentation<\/strong>, and anything changed there changes everywhere at once. It is the exact counterpart of the style<\/em> in a word processor from \u00a73.6: format once, apply throughout, and never repeat the work by hand.<\/span>\n \u0938\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u092e\u093e\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0930<\/strong> \u0909\u0938 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u094b\u091a\u094d\u091a \u0938\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0921<\/strong> \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0925\u0940\u092e, \u092b\u093c\u0949\u0928\u094d\u091f, \u0930\u0902\u0917, \u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920\u092d\u0942\u092e\u093f \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928-\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0915 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0938\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u092e\u093e\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u0930\u0916\u0940 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u092d\u0940 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u092a\u0930 \u0906\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948<\/strong>, \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0940 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u092d\u0940 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u092c\u0926\u0932 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u00a73.6 \u0915\u0947 \u0936\u092c\u094d\u0926 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u093e\u0927\u0915 \u0915\u0940 \u0936\u0948\u0932\u0940<\/em> \u0915\u093e \u0920\u0940\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u0942\u092a \u0939\u0948: \u090f\u0915 \u092c\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u0942\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0940\u091c\u093f\u090f, \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0932\u093e\u0917\u0942 \u0915\u0940\u091c\u093f\u090f, \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u0939 \u0936\u094d\u0930\u092e \u0939\u093e\u0925 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u092d\u0940 \u0928 \u0926\u094b\u0939\u0930\u093e\u0907\u090f\u0964<\/span>\n <\/div>\n\n <svg class=\"full-diagram\" viewBox=\"0 0 700 306\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"The three-level hierarchy from Slide Master to layouts to individual slides\">\n <rect x=\"248\" y=\"16\" width=\"204\" height=\"76\" rx=\"7\" fill=\"#faf6ff\" stroke=\"#6b3a8f\" stroke-width=\"2.4\"\/>\n <rect x=\"248\" y=\"16\" width=\"204\" height=\"16\" rx=\"7\" fill=\"#6b3a8f\"\/><rect x=\"248\" y=\"25\" width=\"204\" height=\"7\" fill=\"#6b3a8f\"\/>\n <text x=\"350\" y=\"28\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#fff\" letter-spacing=\".6\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">LEVEL 1 \u00b7 SLIDE MASTER<\/text>\n <rect x=\"260\" y=\"40\" width=\"12\" height=\"12\" rx=\"2\" fill=\"#c9760f\"\/>\n <text x=\"278\" y=\"49\" font-size=\"7.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#4b2766\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">School logo<\/text>\n <rect x=\"260\" y=\"58\" width=\"180\" height=\"6\" rx=\"2\" fill=\"#6b3a8f\" opacity=\".5\"\/>\n <rect x=\"260\" y=\"70\" width=\"140\" height=\"4\" rx=\"2\" fill=\"#6b3a8f\" opacity=\".3\"\/>\n <rect x=\"260\" y=\"78\" width=\"120\" height=\"4\" rx=\"2\" fill=\"#6b3a8f\" opacity=\".3\"\/>\n <text x=\"408\" y=\"83\" font-size=\"6.5\" fill=\"#4b2766\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Page 1<\/text>\n\n <defs><marker id=\"sm\" markerWidth=\"9\" markerHeight=\"9\" refX=\"8\" refY=\"3\" orient=\"auto\"><path d=\"M0,0 L0,6 L8,3 z\" fill=\"#8a95a3\"\/><\/marker><\/defs>\n <g stroke=\"#8a95a3\" stroke-width=\"1.4\" fill=\"none\">\n <path d=\"M350 92 L350 106 L118 106 L118 118\" marker-end=\"url(#sm)\"\/>\n <path d=\"M350 92 L350 106 L350 118\" marker-end=\"url(#sm)\"\/>\n <path d=\"M350 92 L350 106 L582 106 L582 118\" marker-end=\"url(#sm)\"\/>\n <\/g>\n <text x=\"366\" y=\"103\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#5a6d80\" font-style=\"italic\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">inherits from<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"42\" y=\"120\" width=\"152\" height=\"66\" rx=\"6\" fill=\"#eef4fc\" stroke=\"#1f5fa9\" stroke-width=\"1.8\"\/>\n <rect x=\"42\" y=\"120\" width=\"152\" height=\"14\" rx=\"6\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\"\/><rect x=\"42\" y=\"128\" width=\"152\" height=\"6\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\"\/>\n <text x=\"118\" y=\"131\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Title Slide layout<\/text>\n <rect x=\"50\" y=\"140\" width=\"8\" height=\"8\" rx=\"1.5\" fill=\"#c9760f\"\/>\n <rect x=\"66\" y=\"152\" width=\"104\" height=\"7\" rx=\"2\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\" opacity=\".55\"\/>\n <rect x=\"80\" y=\"165\" width=\"76\" height=\"4\" rx=\"2\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\" opacity=\".3\"\/>\n\n <rect x=\"274\" y=\"120\" width=\"152\" height=\"66\" rx=\"6\" fill=\"#eef4fc\" stroke=\"#1f5fa9\" stroke-width=\"1.8\"\/>\n <rect x=\"274\" y=\"120\" width=\"152\" height=\"14\" rx=\"6\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\"\/><rect x=\"274\" y=\"128\" width=\"152\" height=\"6\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\"\/>\n <text x=\"350\" y=\"131\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Title and Content<\/text>\n <rect x=\"282\" y=\"140\" width=\"8\" height=\"8\" rx=\"1.5\" fill=\"#c9760f\"\/>\n <rect x=\"296\" y=\"140\" width=\"90\" height=\"6\" rx=\"2\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\" opacity=\".55\"\/>\n <rect x=\"282\" y=\"156\" width=\"130\" height=\"4\" rx=\"2\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\" opacity=\".3\"\/>\n <rect x=\"282\" y=\"165\" width=\"110\" height=\"4\" rx=\"2\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\" opacity=\".3\"\/>\n <rect x=\"282\" y=\"174\" width=\"120\" height=\"4\" rx=\"2\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\" opacity=\".3\"\/>\n\n <rect x=\"506\" y=\"120\" width=\"152\" height=\"66\" rx=\"6\" fill=\"#eef4fc\" stroke=\"#1f5fa9\" stroke-width=\"1.8\"\/>\n <rect x=\"506\" y=\"120\" width=\"152\" height=\"14\" rx=\"6\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\"\/><rect x=\"506\" y=\"128\" width=\"152\" height=\"6\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\"\/>\n <text x=\"582\" y=\"131\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Two Content<\/text>\n <rect x=\"514\" y=\"140\" width=\"8\" height=\"8\" rx=\"1.5\" fill=\"#c9760f\"\/>\n <rect x=\"528\" y=\"140\" width=\"90\" height=\"6\" rx=\"2\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\" opacity=\".55\"\/>\n <rect x=\"514\" y=\"154\" width=\"64\" height=\"26\" rx=\"2\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\" opacity=\".18\"\/>\n <rect x=\"586\" y=\"154\" width=\"64\" height=\"26\" rx=\"2\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\" opacity=\".18\"\/>\n\n <text x=\"24\" y=\"152\" font-size=\"9\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\" transform=\"rotate(-90 24 152)\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">LEVEL 2 \u00b7 LAYOUTS<\/text>\n\n <g stroke=\"#8a95a3\" stroke-width=\"1.2\" fill=\"none\">\n <path d=\"M118 186 L118 200 L84 200 L84 212\" marker-end=\"url(#sm)\"\/>\n <path d=\"M118 186 L118 200 L172 200 L172 212\" marker-end=\"url(#sm)\"\/>\n <path d=\"M350 186 L350 200 L296 200 L296 212\" marker-end=\"url(#sm)\"\/>\n <path d=\"M350 186 L350 200 L384 200 L384 212\" marker-end=\"url(#sm)\"\/>\n <path d=\"M350 186 L350 200 L472 200 L472 212\" marker-end=\"url(#sm)\"\/>\n <path d=\"M582 186 L582 200 L582 212\" marker-end=\"url(#sm)\"\/>\n <\/g>\n\n <g>\n <rect x=\"48\" y=\"214\" width=\"72\" height=\"42\" rx=\"4\" fill=\"#fff\" stroke=\"#adb8c4\" stroke-width=\"1.2\"\/>\n <rect x=\"52\" y=\"217\" width=\"6\" height=\"6\" rx=\"1\" fill=\"#c9760f\"\/>\n <rect x=\"60\" y=\"230\" width=\"48\" height=\"5\" rx=\"2\" fill=\"#14243f\" opacity=\".6\"\/>\n <text x=\"84\" y=\"266\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7\" fill=\"#5a6d80\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Slide 1<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"136\" y=\"214\" width=\"72\" height=\"42\" rx=\"4\" fill=\"#fff\" stroke=\"#adb8c4\" stroke-width=\"1.2\"\/>\n <rect x=\"140\" y=\"217\" width=\"6\" height=\"6\" rx=\"1\" fill=\"#c9760f\"\/>\n <rect x=\"148\" y=\"230\" width=\"48\" height=\"5\" rx=\"2\" fill=\"#14243f\" opacity=\".6\"\/>\n <text x=\"172\" y=\"266\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7\" fill=\"#5a6d80\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Slide 12<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"260\" y=\"214\" width=\"72\" height=\"42\" rx=\"4\" fill=\"#fff\" stroke=\"#adb8c4\" stroke-width=\"1.2\"\/>\n <rect x=\"264\" y=\"217\" width=\"6\" height=\"6\" rx=\"1\" fill=\"#c9760f\"\/>\n <rect x=\"272\" y=\"217\" width=\"40\" height=\"4\" rx=\"2\" fill=\"#14243f\" opacity=\".55\"\/>\n <g fill=\"#14243f\" opacity=\".28\"><rect x=\"264\" y=\"230\" width=\"58\" height=\"3\"\/><rect x=\"264\" y=\"237\" width=\"48\" height=\"3\"\/><rect x=\"264\" y=\"244\" width=\"52\" height=\"3\"\/><\/g>\n <text x=\"296\" y=\"266\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7\" fill=\"#5a6d80\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Slide 2<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"348\" y=\"214\" width=\"72\" height=\"42\" rx=\"4\" fill=\"#fff\" stroke=\"#adb8c4\" stroke-width=\"1.2\"\/>\n <rect x=\"352\" y=\"217\" width=\"6\" height=\"6\" rx=\"1\" fill=\"#c9760f\"\/>\n <rect x=\"360\" y=\"217\" width=\"40\" height=\"4\" rx=\"2\" fill=\"#14243f\" opacity=\".55\"\/>\n <g fill=\"#2f92d1\"><rect x=\"356\" y=\"242\" width=\"8\" height=\"10\"\/><rect x=\"368\" y=\"236\" width=\"8\" height=\"16\"\/><rect x=\"380\" y=\"232\" width=\"8\" height=\"20\"\/><rect x=\"392\" y=\"238\" width=\"8\" height=\"14\"\/><\/g>\n <text x=\"384\" y=\"266\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7\" fill=\"#5a6d80\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Slide 3<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"436\" y=\"214\" width=\"72\" height=\"42\" rx=\"4\" fill=\"#fff\" stroke=\"#adb8c4\" stroke-width=\"1.2\"\/>\n <rect x=\"440\" y=\"217\" width=\"6\" height=\"6\" rx=\"1\" fill=\"#c9760f\"\/>\n <rect x=\"448\" y=\"217\" width=\"40\" height=\"4\" rx=\"2\" fill=\"#14243f\" opacity=\".55\"\/>\n <g fill=\"#14243f\" opacity=\".28\"><rect x=\"440\" y=\"230\" width=\"58\" height=\"3\"\/><rect x=\"440\" y=\"237\" width=\"42\" height=\"3\"\/><\/g>\n <text x=\"472\" y=\"266\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7\" fill=\"#5a6d80\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Slide 4 \u2026 11<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"546\" y=\"214\" width=\"72\" height=\"42\" rx=\"4\" fill=\"#fff\" stroke=\"#adb8c4\" stroke-width=\"1.2\"\/>\n <rect x=\"550\" y=\"217\" width=\"6\" height=\"6\" rx=\"1\" fill=\"#c9760f\"\/>\n <rect x=\"558\" y=\"217\" width=\"40\" height=\"4\" rx=\"2\" fill=\"#14243f\" opacity=\".55\"\/>\n <rect x=\"550\" y=\"228\" width=\"30\" height=\"22\" rx=\"2\" fill=\"#14243f\" opacity=\".14\"\/>\n <rect x=\"584\" y=\"228\" width=\"30\" height=\"22\" rx=\"2\" fill=\"#14243f\" opacity=\".14\"\/>\n <text x=\"582\" y=\"266\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7\" fill=\"#5a6d80\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Slide 9<\/text>\n <\/g>\n <text x=\"24\" y=\"240\" font-size=\"9\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#5a6d80\" transform=\"rotate(-90 24 240)\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">LEVEL 3 \u00b7 SLIDES<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"42\" y=\"278\" width=\"616\" height=\"22\" rx=\"6\" fill=\"#fffbf0\" stroke=\"#c9760f\" stroke-width=\"1.2\"\/>\n <rect x=\"54\" y=\"284\" width=\"9\" height=\"9\" rx=\"1.5\" fill=\"#c9760f\"\/>\n <text x=\"72\" y=\"293\" font-size=\"9\" fill=\"#8f5409\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">The logo was placed <tspan font-weight=\"700\">once<\/tspan>, on the Slide Master. It now appears on all twelve slides, and moving it there moves it on all twelve.<\/text>\n <\/svg>\n Formatting flows downward only. A change made on an individual slide overrides the master for that slide alone.<\/span>\u0938\u0902\u0930\u0942\u092a\u0923 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0928\u0940\u091a\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0913\u0930 \u092c\u0939\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0909\u0938\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u092e\u093e\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0930 \u0915\u094b \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n\n <div class=\"exam-tip\">\n <div class=\"et-icon\">\ud83c\udfeb<\/div>\n <div class=\"et-body\">\n The question this section exists to answer.<\/strong> \"To display the school emblem on every slide of a presentation, where should it be inserted?\" The answer is the Slide Master<\/strong>, reached at View<\/b>\u203a<\/i>Slide Master<\/b><\/span> Inserting the emblem on slide one and copying it to the rest produces the same appearance but is a different thing entirely: it must be repositioned twelve times if it moves, and a slide added later will be missing it. The other two masters follow the same logic \u2014 the Handout Master<\/strong> governs printed handouts and the Notes Master<\/strong> the printed notes pages.<\/span>\n \u092f\u0939 \u092d\u093e\u0917 \u091c\u093f\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/strong> \"\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u092a\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u0940\u0915-\u091a\u093f\u0939\u094d\u0928 \u0926\u093f\u0916\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0921\u093e\u0932\u093e \u091c\u093e\u090f?\" \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0939\u0948 \u0938\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u092e\u093e\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0930<\/strong>, \u091c\u094b View<\/b>\u203a<\/i>Slide Master<\/b><\/span> \u092a\u0930 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u0940\u0915-\u091a\u093f\u0939\u094d\u0928 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u092a\u0930 \u0921\u093e\u0932\u0915\u0930 \u0936\u0947\u0937 \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0932\u093f\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0935\u0939\u0940 \u092c\u0928\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0941 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923\u0924\u0903 \u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0939\u0948: \u0939\u093f\u0932\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0930\u0939 \u092c\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0903\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u092a\u0921\u093c\u0947\u0917\u093e, \u0914\u0930 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0940 \u0917\u0908 \u0938\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u092a\u0930 \u0935\u0939 \u0939\u094b\u0917\u093e \u0939\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964 \u0936\u0947\u0937 \u0926\u094b \u092e\u093e\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0930 \u092d\u0940 \u092f\u0939\u0940 \u0924\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0930\u0916\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u2014 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0921\u0906\u0909\u091f \u092e\u093e\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0930<\/strong> \u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0921\u0906\u0909\u091f \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0928\u094b\u091f\u094d\u0938 \u092e\u093e\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0930<\/strong> \u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0928\u094b\u091f\u094d\u0938-\u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <hr class=\"section-divider\">\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d5-4\">\n 5.4<\/span>\n <h3>Multimedia Integration<\/span>\u092c\u0939\u0941\u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0938\u092e\u0947\u0915\u0928<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n <table class=\"data-table\">\n <thead>\n <tr>\n <th>Element<\/span>\u0924\u0924\u094d\u0935<\/span><\/th>\n <th>What it does and what to watch<\/span>\u092f\u0939 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u093f\u0938 \u092a\u0930 \u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0928 \u0926\u0947\u0902<\/span><\/th>\n <\/tr>\n <\/thead>\n <tbody>\n <tr>\n <td>Pictures<\/span>\u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n <td>Inserted from the device, from stock images or from the web. Crop<\/strong> removes unwanted edges; Remove Background<\/strong> isolates a subject; Compress Pictures<\/strong> reduces file size, which matters because a deck of uncompressed photographs can exceed an email attachment limit within a dozen slides.<\/span>\u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0938\u0947, \u0938\u094d\u091f\u0949\u0915 \u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0935\u0947\u092c \u0938\u0947 \u0921\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 Crop<\/strong> \u0905\u0935\u093e\u0902\u091b\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u0928\u093e\u0930\u0947 \u0939\u091f\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948; Remove Background<\/strong> \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f \u0915\u094b \u092a\u0943\u0925\u0915 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948; Compress Pictures<\/strong> \u092b\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0932-\u0906\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0918\u091f\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u094b \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u0905\u0938\u0902\u092a\u0940\u0921\u093f\u0924 \u091b\u093e\u092f\u093e\u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924\u093f \u090f\u0915 \u0926\u0930\u094d\u091c\u0928 \u0938\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0921\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u0940 \u0908\u092e\u0947\u0932-\u0938\u0902\u0932\u0917\u094d\u0928\u0915 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e \u092a\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr style=\"background:#f3f8ff;\">\n <td>SmartArt<\/strong><\/td>\n <td>Converts a list of text into a ready-made diagram<\/strong>. The categories are List, Process, Cycle, Hierarchy, Relationship, Matrix and Pyramid<\/strong>. Hierarchy<\/strong> produces an organisation chart \u2014 the school's staff structure, or the five tiers of an implementation body \u2014 in a few clicks, and the text remains editable as text.<\/span>\u092a\u093e\u0920 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0940 \u0915\u094b \u0924\u0948\u092f\u093e\u0930 \u0906\u0930\u0947\u0916<\/strong> \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0926\u0932 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0936\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0923\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0932\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0938\u0947\u0938, \u0938\u093e\u0907\u0915\u093f\u0932, \u0939\u093e\u092f\u0930\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0915\u0940, \u0930\u093f\u0932\u0947\u0936\u0928\u0936\u093f\u092a, \u092e\u0948\u091f\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0938 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u093f\u0930\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0921<\/strong>\u0964 \u0939\u093e\u092f\u0930\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0915\u0940<\/strong> \u0915\u0941\u091b \u0939\u0940 \u0915\u094d\u0932\u093f\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u0917\u0920\u0928-\u091a\u093e\u0930\u094d\u091f \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u091f\u093e\u092b\u093c-\u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e, \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0928\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0928-\u0928\u093f\u0915\u093e\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u0901\u091a \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u2014 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u093e\u0920 \u092a\u093e\u0920 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0928\u0940\u092f \u092c\u0928\u093e \u0930\u0939\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td>Charts and tables<\/span>\u091a\u093e\u0930\u094d\u091f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u093e\u0930\u0923\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n <td>A chart inserted here opens a miniature spreadsheet<\/strong> for its data, and every chart type from \u00a74.7 is available. A chart may instead be pasted from a spreadsheet with a link<\/strong>, so that it updates when the source workbook changes.<\/span>\u092f\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0921\u093e\u0932\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0930\u094d\u091f \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u094b\u0902 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0932\u0918\u0941 \u0938\u094d\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0921\u0936\u0940\u091f<\/strong> \u0916\u094b\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u00a74.7 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u091a\u093e\u0930\u094d\u091f-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0909\u092a\u0932\u092c\u094d\u0927 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u091a\u093e\u0930\u094d\u091f \u0915\u094b \u0907\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092c\u091c\u093e\u092f \u0938\u094d\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0921\u0936\u0940\u091f \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927 \u0938\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u091a\u093f\u092a\u0915\u093e\u092f\u093e<\/strong> \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0924-\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u092a\u0941\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0915\u093e \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u0935\u0939 \u0905\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0924\u0928 \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u090f\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td>Video<\/span>\u0935\u0940\u0921\u093f\u092f\u094b<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n <td>Inserted from the device or embedded from an online source. The playback settings decide whether it starts on a click or automatically<\/strong>, plays full screen<\/strong>, or loops<\/strong>. Trim Video<\/strong> shortens it without editing the original file, and a poster frame<\/strong> sets the still image shown before it plays.<\/span>\u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0938\u0947 \u0921\u093e\u0932\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0911\u0928\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u0938\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0924 \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0903\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u093f\u0924\u0964 \u092a\u094d\u0932\u0947\u092c\u0948\u0915 \u0938\u0947\u091f\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0924\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0915\u093f \u0935\u0939 \u0915\u094d\u0932\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u0930 \u0906\u0930\u0902\u092d \u0939\u094b \u092f\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0924\u0903<\/strong>, \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u092a\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0947<\/strong> \u092a\u0930 \u091a\u0932\u0947, \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u093e\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924<\/strong> \u0939\u094b\u0964 Trim Video<\/strong> \u092e\u0942\u0932 \u092b\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0932 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u093e\u0926\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u090f \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u091b\u094b\u091f\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092a\u094b\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0930 \u092b\u093c\u094d\u0930\u0947\u092e<\/strong> \u0935\u0939 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0930 \u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0924\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u091a\u0932\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u0926\u093f\u0916\u0947\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td>Audio<\/span>\u0936\u094d\u0930\u0935\u094d\u092f<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n <td>A sound clip or recorded narration. Play Across Slides<\/strong> lets music continue behind several slides, and Hide During Show<\/strong> removes the speaker icon from view.<\/span>\u0927\u094d\u0935\u0928\u093f-\u0905\u0902\u0936 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0932\u093f\u0916\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0925\u0928\u0964 Play Across Slides<\/strong> \u0938\u0902\u0917\u0940\u0924 \u0915\u094b \u0905\u0928\u0947\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0921\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0940\u091b\u0947 \u091a\u0932\u0924\u0947 \u0930\u0939\u0928\u0947 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u0925\u093e Hide During Show<\/strong> \u0935\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093e-\u091a\u093f\u0939\u094d\u0928 \u0926\u0943\u0936\u094d\u092f \u0938\u0947 \u0939\u091f\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td>Hyperlink and Action<\/span>\u0939\u093e\u0907\u092a\u0930\u0932\u093f\u0902\u0915 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0910\u0915\u094d\u0936\u0928<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n <td><kbd>Ctrl<\/kbd>+<kbd>K<\/kbd> links selected text or an object to another slide, a file, a web page or an email address<\/strong>. Action buttons<\/strong> are ready-made shapes that jump forward, back, home or to a chosen slide \u2014 the way a non-linear presentation is built for a kiosk or a self-paced lesson.<\/span><kbd>Ctrl<\/kbd>+<kbd>K<\/kbd> \u091a\u092f\u0928\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u093e\u0920 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u094b \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0921, \u092b\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0932, \u0935\u0947\u092c \u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0908\u092e\u0947\u0932 \u092a\u0924\u0947<\/strong> \u0938\u0947 \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0910\u0915\u094d\u0936\u0928 \u092c\u091f\u0928<\/strong> \u0924\u0948\u092f\u093e\u0930 \u0906\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u091c\u094b \u0906\u0917\u0947, \u092a\u0940\u091b\u0947, \u0906\u0930\u0902\u092d \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u091a\u0941\u0928\u0940 \u0939\u0941\u0908 \u0938\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u092a\u0930 \u0932\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u2014 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0938\u094d\u0915 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0935-\u0917\u0924\u093f \u092a\u093e\u0920 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0905\u0930\u0948\u0916\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924\u093f \u0907\u0938\u0940 \u0930\u0940\u0924\u093f \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0928\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr style=\"background:#faf6ff;\">\n <td>Alt text<\/span>\u0935\u0948\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u093e\u0920<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n <td>A written description attached to every image, chart and diagram, read aloud by a screen reader. Without it a visually impaired pupil or colleague receives nothing at all<\/strong> from that part of the slide. Set through the right-click menu, and taken up fully in \u00a714.5.<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930, \u091a\u093e\u0930\u094d\u091f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0906\u0930\u0947\u0916 \u0938\u0947 \u091c\u0941\u0921\u093c\u093e \u0932\u093f\u0916\u093f\u0924 \u0935\u093f\u0935\u0930\u0923, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0915\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0928 \u0930\u0940\u0921\u0930 \u092a\u0922\u093c\u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0941\u0928\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0926\u0943\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093f\u092c\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0938\u0939\u0915\u0930\u094d\u092e\u0940 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u0915\u0947 \u0909\u0938 \u092d\u093e\u0917 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0941\u091b \u092d\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902<\/strong> \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0924\u093e\u0964 \u0926\u093e\u092f\u093e\u0901-\u0915\u094d\u0932\u093f\u0915 \u092e\u0947\u0928\u0942 \u0938\u0947 \u0924\u092f \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u00a714.5 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0935\u093f\u0935\u0947\u091a\u0928\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <\/tbody>\n <\/table>\n <hr class=\"section-divider\">\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d5-5\">\n 5.5<\/span>\n <h3>Animations and Transitions<\/span>\u091a\u0947\u0924\u0928\u093e\u0902\u0915\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0923<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n \n These two are constantly confused, and the confusion is the point of most questions on this item. The distinction is exact and easy once seen: a transition is the movement from one slide to the next; an animation is the movement of an object inside a single slide<\/strong>.<\/span>\n \u092f\u0947 \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u0902\u0924\u0930 \u092d\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u090f \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0914\u0930 \u092f\u0939\u0940 \u092d\u094d\u0930\u092e \u0907\u0938 \u092e\u0926 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0902\u0936 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092d\u0947\u0926 \u092f\u0925\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u090f\u0915 \u092c\u093e\u0930 \u0926\u0947\u0916 \u0932\u0947\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u0938\u0930\u0932: \u0938\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0923 \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0917\u0932\u0940 \u0924\u0915 \u0915\u0940 \u0917\u0924\u093f \u0939\u0948; \u091a\u0947\u0924\u0928\u093e\u0902\u0915\u0928 \u090f\u0915 \u0939\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u0915\u0947 \u092d\u0940\u0924\u0930 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u0940 \u0917\u0924\u093f \u0939\u0948<\/strong>\u0964<\/span>\n <\/p>\n\n <svg class=\"full-diagram\" viewBox=\"0 0 700 300\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"The difference between a transition and an animation\">\n <rect x=\"20\" y=\"14\" width=\"660\" height=\"128\" rx=\"9\" fill=\"#f7fbff\" stroke=\"#1f5fa9\" stroke-width=\"1.6\"\/>\n <rect x=\"20\" y=\"14\" width=\"660\" height=\"20\" rx=\"9\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\"\/><rect x=\"20\" y=\"26\" width=\"660\" height=\"8\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\"\/>\n <text x=\"36\" y=\"28\" font-size=\"10\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#fff\" letter-spacing=\".6\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">TRANSITION \u2014 the move BETWEEN two slides \u00b7 one per slide \u00b7 Transitions tab<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"52\" y=\"48\" width=\"150\" height=\"84\" rx=\"4\" fill=\"#fff\" stroke=\"#adb8c4\" stroke-width=\"1.4\"\/>\n <rect x=\"52\" y=\"48\" width=\"150\" height=\"18\" fill=\"#14243f\"\/>\n <text x=\"62\" y=\"61\" font-size=\"8\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">ATTENDANCE TRENDS<\/text>\n <g fill=\"#2f92d1\"><rect x=\"70\" y=\"100\" width=\"16\" height=\"22\"\/><rect x=\"94\" y=\"92\" width=\"16\" height=\"30\"\/><rect x=\"118\" y=\"84\" width=\"16\" height=\"38\"\/><rect x=\"142\" y=\"88\" width=\"16\" height=\"34\"\/><\/g>\n <line x1=\"64\" y1=\"122\" x2=\"190\" y2=\"122\" stroke=\"#adb8c4\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/>\n <text x=\"127\" y=\"144\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#5a6d80\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Slide 2<\/text>\n\n <defs>\n <marker id=\"tr\" markerWidth=\"10\" markerHeight=\"10\" refX=\"9\" refY=\"3.4\" orient=\"auto\"><path d=\"M0,0 L0,6.8 L9,3.4 z\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\"\/><\/marker>\n <\/defs>\n <g stroke=\"#1f5fa9\" stroke-width=\"2.6\" fill=\"none\">\n <line x1=\"214\" y1=\"90\" x2=\"292\" y2=\"90\" marker-end=\"url(#tr)\"\/>\n <\/g>\n <rect x=\"222\" y=\"60\" width=\"64\" height=\"20\" rx=\"10\" fill=\"#fff\" stroke=\"#1f5fa9\" stroke-width=\"1.4\"\/>\n <text x=\"254\" y=\"74\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Fade \u00b7 Push<\/text>\n <text x=\"254\" y=\"112\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#5a6d80\" font-style=\"italic\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">the whole slide<\/text>\n <text x=\"254\" y=\"124\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#5a6d80\" font-style=\"italic\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">changes at once<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"304\" y=\"48\" width=\"150\" height=\"84\" rx=\"4\" fill=\"#fff\" stroke=\"#adb8c4\" stroke-width=\"1.4\"\/>\n <rect x=\"304\" y=\"48\" width=\"150\" height=\"18\" fill=\"#14243f\"\/>\n <text x=\"314\" y=\"61\" font-size=\"8\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">RESULT ANALYSIS<\/text>\n <g fill=\"#14243f\" opacity=\".3\"><rect x=\"316\" y=\"80\" width=\"120\" height=\"5\"\/><rect x=\"316\" y=\"94\" width=\"98\" height=\"5\"\/><rect x=\"316\" y=\"108\" width=\"110\" height=\"5\"\/><\/g>\n <text x=\"379\" y=\"144\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#5a6d80\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Slide 3<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"480\" y=\"48\" width=\"180\" height=\"84\" rx=\"6\" fill=\"#fff\" stroke=\"#a8c4e4\" stroke-width=\"1.2\"\/>\n <text x=\"494\" y=\"64\" font-size=\"8.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">SETTINGS AVAILABLE<\/text>\n <g font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">\n <text x=\"494\" y=\"80\">Effect Options \u2014 direction<\/text>\n <text x=\"494\" y=\"94\">Duration \u00b7 Sound<\/text>\n <text x=\"494\" y=\"108\">Advance: On Click \/ After time<\/text>\n <text x=\"494\" y=\"122\" font-weight=\"700\">Apply To All<\/text>\n <\/g>\n\n <rect x=\"20\" y=\"156\" width=\"660\" height=\"132\" rx=\"9\" fill=\"#f2fdfa\" stroke=\"#0d8f79\" stroke-width=\"1.6\"\/>\n <rect x=\"20\" y=\"156\" width=\"660\" height=\"20\" rx=\"9\" fill=\"#0d8f79\"\/><rect x=\"20\" y=\"168\" width=\"660\" height=\"8\" fill=\"#0d8f79\"\/>\n <text x=\"36\" y=\"170\" font-size=\"10\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#fff\" letter-spacing=\".6\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">ANIMATION \u2014 the move of an OBJECT WITHIN one slide \u00b7 many per slide \u00b7 Animations tab<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"52\" y=\"190\" width=\"150\" height=\"84\" rx=\"4\" fill=\"#fff\" stroke=\"#adb8c4\" stroke-width=\"1.4\"\/>\n <rect x=\"52\" y=\"190\" width=\"150\" height=\"18\" fill=\"#14243f\"\/>\n <text x=\"62\" y=\"203\" font-size=\"8\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">RESULT ANALYSIS<\/text>\n <rect x=\"64\" y=\"220\" width=\"120\" height=\"5\" rx=\"2\" fill=\"#14243f\" opacity=\".3\"\/>\n <circle cx=\"58\" cy=\"222\" r=\"6\" fill=\"#0d8f79\"\/><text x=\"58\" y=\"225\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">1<\/text>\n <text x=\"127\" y=\"286\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#5a6d80\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">click 1<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"222\" y=\"190\" width=\"150\" height=\"84\" rx=\"4\" fill=\"#fff\" stroke=\"#adb8c4\" stroke-width=\"1.4\"\/>\n <rect x=\"222\" y=\"190\" width=\"150\" height=\"18\" fill=\"#14243f\"\/>\n <text x=\"232\" y=\"203\" font-size=\"8\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">RESULT ANALYSIS<\/text>\n <rect x=\"234\" y=\"220\" width=\"120\" height=\"5\" rx=\"2\" fill=\"#14243f\" opacity=\".3\"\/>\n <rect x=\"234\" y=\"236\" width=\"98\" height=\"5\" rx=\"2\" fill=\"#14243f\" opacity=\".3\"\/>\n <circle cx=\"228\" cy=\"238\" r=\"6\" fill=\"#0d8f79\"\/><text x=\"228\" y=\"241\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">2<\/text>\n <text x=\"297\" y=\"286\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#5a6d80\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">click 2<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"392\" y=\"190\" width=\"150\" height=\"84\" rx=\"4\" fill=\"#fff\" stroke=\"#adb8c4\" stroke-width=\"1.4\"\/>\n <rect x=\"392\" y=\"190\" width=\"150\" height=\"18\" fill=\"#14243f\"\/>\n <text x=\"402\" y=\"203\" font-size=\"8\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">RESULT ANALYSIS<\/text>\n <rect x=\"404\" y=\"220\" width=\"120\" height=\"5\" rx=\"2\" fill=\"#14243f\" opacity=\".3\"\/>\n <rect x=\"404\" y=\"236\" width=\"98\" height=\"5\" rx=\"2\" fill=\"#14243f\" opacity=\".3\"\/>\n <rect x=\"404\" y=\"252\" width=\"110\" height=\"5\" rx=\"2\" fill=\"#14243f\" opacity=\".3\"\/>\n <circle cx=\"398\" cy=\"254\" r=\"6\" fill=\"#0d8f79\"\/><text x=\"398\" y=\"257\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">3<\/text>\n <text x=\"467\" y=\"286\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#5a6d80\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">click 3<\/text>\n\n <g stroke=\"#0d8f79\" stroke-width=\"2\" fill=\"none\">\n <line x1=\"208\" y1=\"232\" x2=\"216\" y2=\"232\" marker-end=\"url(#tr)\" stroke=\"#0d8f79\"\/>\n <line x1=\"378\" y1=\"232\" x2=\"386\" y2=\"232\" marker-end=\"url(#tr)\" stroke=\"#0d8f79\"\/>\n <\/g>\n\n <rect x=\"560\" y=\"190\" width=\"100\" height=\"84\" rx=\"6\" fill=\"#fff\" stroke=\"#a3dbcc\" stroke-width=\"1.2\"\/>\n <text x=\"572\" y=\"205\" font-size=\"8\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#0a6d5c\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">SAME SLIDE<\/text>\n <g font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">\n <text x=\"572\" y=\"221\">Three bullets,<\/text>\n <text x=\"572\" y=\"234\">three animations,<\/text>\n <text x=\"572\" y=\"247\">revealed one at<\/text>\n <text x=\"572\" y=\"260\">a time by the<\/text>\n <text x=\"572\" y=\"270\">speaker.<\/text>\n <\/g>\n <\/svg>\n A slide can carry only one transition but any number of animations, each with its own order and timing.<\/span>\u090f\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0923 \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0941 \u091a\u0947\u0924\u0928\u093e\u0902\u0915\u0928 \u0915\u093f\u0924\u0928\u0947 \u092d\u0940, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u092e\u092f \u0938\u0939\u093f\u0924\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n\n <h4>The four categories of animation<\/span>\u091a\u0947\u0924\u0928\u093e\u0902\u0915\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0936\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0923\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901<\/span><\/h4>\n\n <div class=\"scale-strip\">\n <div class=\"scale-step\">\n GREEN<\/span>\u0939\u0930\u093e<\/span><\/span>\n <h6>Entrance<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0947\u0936<\/span><\/h6>\n The object arrives<\/strong>. Appear, Fade, Fly In, Float In, Wipe, Zoom.<\/span>\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u0906\u0924\u0940<\/strong> \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0905\u092a\u093f\u092f\u0930, \u092b\u093c\u0947\u0921, \u092b\u093c\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0908 \u0907\u0928, \u092b\u093c\u094d\u0932\u094b\u091f \u0907\u0928, \u0935\u093e\u0907\u092a, \u091c\u093c\u0942\u092e\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"scale-step\">\n YELLOW<\/span>\u092a\u0940\u0932\u093e<\/span><\/span>\n <h6>Emphasis<\/span>\u092c\u0932\u093e\u0918\u093e\u0924<\/span><\/h6>\n An object already visible<\/strong> draws attention. Pulse, Spin, Grow, Colour Pulse.<\/span>\u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u0926\u093f\u0916\u0924\u0940<\/strong> \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0928 \u0916\u0940\u0902\u091a\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092a\u0932\u094d\u0938, \u0938\u094d\u092a\u093f\u0928, \u0917\u094d\u0930\u094b, \u0915\u0932\u0930 \u092a\u0932\u094d\u0938\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"scale-step\">\n RED<\/span>\u0932\u093e\u0932<\/span><\/span>\n <h6>Exit<\/span>\u0928\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938<\/span><\/h6>\n The object leaves<\/strong>. Disappear, Fade Out, Fly Out, Shrink.<\/span>\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u091a\u0932\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940<\/strong> \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0921\u093f\u0938\u0905\u092a\u093f\u092f\u0930, \u092b\u093c\u0947\u0921 \u0906\u0909\u091f, \u092b\u093c\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0908 \u0906\u0909\u091f, \u0936\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0902\u0915\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"scale-step\">\n PATH<\/span>\u092a\u0925<\/span><\/span>\n <h6>Motion Path<\/span>\u0917\u0924\u093f-\u092a\u0925<\/span><\/h6>\n The object travels along a drawn route<\/strong>. Line, Arc, Turn, Loop, Custom.<\/span>\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u0916\u0940\u0902\u091a\u0947 \u0917\u090f \u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0917 \u092a\u0930 \u091a\u0932\u0924\u0940<\/strong> \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0932\u093e\u0907\u0928, \u0906\u0930\u094d\u0915, \u091f\u0930\u094d\u0928, \u0932\u0942\u092a, \u0915\u0938\u094d\u091f\u092e\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"callout teal\">\n <div class=\"callout-label\">\u23f1\ufe0f The Animation Pane and the three start options<\/span>\u23f1\ufe0f \u091a\u0947\u0924\u0928\u093e\u0902\u0915\u0928 \u092b\u0932\u0915 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0924\u0940\u0928 \u0906\u0930\u0902\u092d-\u0935\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a<\/span><\/div>\n The Animation Pane<\/strong> lists every animation on the slide in the order it will run, and allows each to be reordered, retimed or removed. Each carries one of three start settings, and questions turn on the difference:<\/span>\n \u091a\u0947\u0924\u0928\u093e\u0902\u0915\u0928 \u092b\u0932\u0915<\/strong> \u0938\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u091a\u0947\u0924\u0928\u093e\u0902\u0915\u0928 \u0915\u094b \u0909\u0938\u0940 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0940\u092c\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u0939 \u091a\u0932\u0947\u0917\u093e, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0915\u093e \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e, \u0938\u092e\u092f \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0928\u0947 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0939\u091f\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u092a\u0930 \u0924\u0940\u0928 \u0906\u0930\u0902\u092d-\u0938\u0947\u091f\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u090f\u0915 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u0909\u0938\u0940 \u092d\u0947\u0926 \u092a\u0930 \u091f\u093f\u0915\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902:<\/span>\n <ul class=\"split-list\" style=\"margin-top:8px;\">\n <li>1<\/span>On Click<\/strong> \u2014 waits for the speaker. The right choice when each point is to be discussed before the next appears.<\/span>\u0911\u0928 \u0915\u094d\u0932\u093f\u0915<\/strong> \u2014 \u0935\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0924\u092c \u0909\u092a\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u091c\u092c \u0905\u0917\u0932\u093e \u092c\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0941 \u0906\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u092a\u0930 \u091a\u0930\u094d\u091a\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0940 \u0939\u094b\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n <li>2<\/span>With Previous<\/strong> \u2014 runs at the same time<\/em> as the animation before it, so two objects move together.<\/span>\u0935\u093f\u0926 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0935\u093f\u092f\u0938<\/strong> \u2014 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u091a\u0947\u0924\u0928\u093e\u0902\u0915\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0939\u0940<\/em> \u091a\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0926\u094b \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u090f\u0901 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0939\u093f\u0932\u0947\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n <li>3<\/span>After Previous<\/strong> \u2014 runs automatically once the one before it has finished<\/em>, with no click. This is how a self-running display is built.<\/span>\u0906\u092b\u093c\u094d\u091f\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0935\u093f\u092f\u0938<\/strong> \u2014 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0924\u0903<\/em> \u091a\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0915\u094d\u0932\u093f\u0915\u0964 \u0938\u094d\u0935-\u091a\u093e\u0932\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u0928 \u0907\u0938\u0940 \u0930\u0940\u0924\u093f \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0928\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n <li>4<\/span>Duration<\/strong> sets how long the effect takes and Delay<\/strong> how long it waits before starting. The Animation Painter<\/strong> copies a whole animation setting from one object to another, exactly as the Format Painter copies formatting.<\/span>\u0921\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0930\u0947\u0936\u0928<\/strong> \u0924\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935 \u0915\u093f\u0924\u0928\u093e \u0938\u092e\u092f \u0932\u0947 \u0914\u0930 \u0921\u093f\u0932\u0947<\/strong> \u0915\u093f \u0906\u0930\u0902\u092d \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u0915\u093f\u0924\u0928\u093e \u0930\u0941\u0915\u0947\u0964 \u0910\u0928\u093f\u092e\u0947\u0936\u0928 \u092a\u0947\u0902\u091f\u0930<\/strong> \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u091a\u0947\u0924\u0928\u093e\u0902\u0915\u0928-\u0938\u0947\u091f\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u090f\u0915 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u0938\u0947 \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u0940 \u092a\u0930 \u0932\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0920\u0940\u0915 \u0935\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u092b\u093c\u0949\u0930\u094d\u092e\u0948\u091f \u092a\u0947\u0902\u091f\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u0942\u092a\u0923 \u0932\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n\n <hr class=\"section-divider\">\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d5-6\">\n 5.6<\/span>\n <h3>Slide Show, Rehearsal and Presenter View<\/span>\u0938\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u0936\u094b, \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u092d\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0926\u0943\u0936\u094d\u092f<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n <svg class=\"full-diagram\" viewBox=\"0 0 700 268\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Presenter view on the speaker's screen against the audience projection\">\n <text x=\"24\" y=\"20\" font-size=\"10\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#5a6d80\" letter-spacing=\".5\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">WHAT THE AUDIENCE SEES \u2014 the projector<\/text>\n <rect x=\"24\" y=\"30\" width=\"266\" height=\"150\" rx=\"4\" fill=\"#fff\" stroke=\"#14243f\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\n <rect x=\"24\" y=\"30\" width=\"266\" height=\"30\" fill=\"#14243f\"\/>\n <text x=\"40\" y=\"50\" font-size=\"12\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"Georgia, serif\">Attendance Trends, 2023 \u2013 2026<\/text>\n <line x1=\"60\" y1=\"158\" x2=\"270\" y2=\"158\" stroke=\"#adb8c4\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/>\n <g fill=\"#2f92d1\"><rect x=\"76\" y=\"122\" width=\"26\" height=\"36\"\/><rect x=\"116\" y=\"112\" width=\"26\" height=\"46\"\/><rect x=\"156\" y=\"100\" width=\"26\" height=\"58\"\/><rect x=\"196\" y=\"92\" width=\"26\" height=\"66\"\/><\/g>\n <rect x=\"236\" y=\"82\" width=\"26\" height=\"76\" fill=\"#0d8f79\"\/>\n <text x=\"157\" y=\"196\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#5a6d80\" font-style=\"italic\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">the slide alone, filling the screen<\/text>\n\n <text x=\"330\" y=\"20\" font-size=\"10\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#c9760f\" letter-spacing=\".5\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">WHAT THE SPEAKER SEES \u2014 Presenter View on the laptop<\/text>\n <rect x=\"330\" y=\"30\" width=\"346\" height=\"206\" rx=\"5\" fill=\"#2b2b2b\" stroke=\"#14243f\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\n\n <rect x=\"342\" y=\"42\" width=\"196\" height=\"110\" rx=\"3\" fill=\"#fff\"\/>\n <rect x=\"342\" y=\"42\" width=\"196\" height=\"22\" fill=\"#14243f\"\/>\n <text x=\"352\" y=\"57\" font-size=\"8.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"Georgia, serif\">Attendance Trends, 2023 \u2013 2026<\/text>\n <line x1=\"360\" y1=\"138\" x2=\"522\" y2=\"138\" stroke=\"#adb8c4\" stroke-width=\".8\"\/>\n <g fill=\"#2f92d1\"><rect x=\"372\" y=\"114\" width=\"18\" height=\"24\"\/><rect x=\"400\" y=\"107\" width=\"18\" height=\"31\"\/><rect x=\"428\" y=\"98\" width=\"18\" height=\"40\"\/><rect x=\"456\" y=\"93\" width=\"18\" height=\"45\"\/><\/g>\n <rect x=\"484\" y=\"86\" width=\"18\" height=\"52\" fill=\"#0d8f79\"\/>\n <text x=\"440\" y=\"164\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#c9daf0\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">current slide<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"550\" y=\"42\" width=\"114\" height=\"64\" rx=\"3\" fill=\"#fff\" opacity=\".92\"\/>\n <rect x=\"550\" y=\"42\" width=\"114\" height=\"14\" fill=\"#14243f\"\/>\n <text x=\"557\" y=\"52\" font-size=\"6\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">RESULT ANALYSIS<\/text>\n <g fill=\"#14243f\" opacity=\".3\"><rect x=\"558\" y=\"68\" width=\"86\" height=\"4\"\/><rect x=\"558\" y=\"79\" width=\"70\" height=\"4\"\/><rect x=\"558\" y=\"90\" width=\"78\" height=\"4\"\/><\/g>\n <text x=\"607\" y=\"118\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#c9daf0\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">next slide<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"550\" y=\"128\" width=\"114\" height=\"42\" rx=\"4\" fill=\"#3a3a3a\" stroke=\"#5a5a5a\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/>\n <text x=\"607\" y=\"146\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"15\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#8ee0c8\" font-family=\"JetBrains Mono, monospace\">04:17<\/text>\n <text x=\"607\" y=\"160\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7\" fill=\"#adb8c4\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">elapsed \u00b7 slide 2 of 12<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"342\" y=\"176\" width=\"322\" height=\"48\" rx=\"4\" fill=\"#3a3a3a\" stroke=\"#5a5a5a\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/>\n <text x=\"352\" y=\"190\" font-size=\"7\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#ffd970\" letter-spacing=\".5\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">SPEAKER NOTES<\/text>\n <g font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#e4e8ee\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">\n <text x=\"352\" y=\"204\">Mention the mid-day meal effect on class VI. Keep to 90 seconds \u2014 the<\/text>\n <text x=\"352\" y=\"216\">infrastructure slide needs the remaining time.<\/text>\n <\/g>\n <text x=\"503\" y=\"248\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#5a6d80\" font-style=\"italic\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">notes, timing and the slide ahead \u2014 none of it visible to the audience<\/text>\n <\/svg>\n Presenter View requires two displays. It appears automatically when a projector is connected, and can be switched off from the Slide Show tab.<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0926\u0943\u0936\u094d\u092f \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0926\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936 \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f\u0964 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u092a\u0915 \u091c\u0941\u0921\u093c\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u092f\u0939 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0924\u0903 \u0906 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 Slide Show \u091f\u0948\u092c \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0902\u0926 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n\n <div class=\"feat-grid\">\n <div class=\"feat-card\">1<\/span>Running the show<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u0928 \u091a\u0932\u093e\u0928\u093e<\/span><\/strong><kbd>F5<\/kbd> starts from the first slide, <kbd>Shift<\/kbd>+<kbd>F5<\/kbd> from the slide currently open. During the show, click, Space, N or the right arrow<\/strong> advance; Backspace, P or the left arrow<\/strong> go back; typing a slide number and pressing Enter<\/strong> jumps straight to it; and <kbd>Esc<\/kbd> ends the show.<\/span><kbd>F5<\/kbd> \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u0938\u0947 \u0906\u0930\u0902\u092d \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, <kbd>Shift<\/kbd>+<kbd>F5<\/kbd> \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0916\u0941\u0932\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u0938\u0947\u0964 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u094c\u0930\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u094d\u0932\u093f\u0915, \u0938\u094d\u092a\u0947\u0938, N \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0926\u093e\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u0924\u0940\u0930<\/strong> \u0906\u0917\u0947 \u092c\u0922\u093c\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902; \u092c\u0948\u0915\u0938\u094d\u092a\u0947\u0938, P \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u092c\u093e\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u0924\u0940\u0930<\/strong> \u092a\u0940\u091b\u0947 \u0932\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902; \u0938\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0921-\u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u091f\u0902\u0915\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930 \u090f\u0902\u091f\u0930<\/strong> \u0926\u092c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0940\u0927\u0947 \u0935\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948; \u0924\u0925\u093e <kbd>Esc<\/kbd> \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u0928 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"feat-card\">2<\/span>Blanking the screen<\/span>\u092a\u0930\u094d\u0926\u093e \u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e<\/span><\/strong>Pressing <kbd>B<\/kbd> turns the screen black<\/strong> and <kbd>W<\/kbd> turns it white<\/strong>; pressing the same key again restores the slide. This is how attention is brought back to the speaker during a discussion, and it is a frequently asked pair.<\/span><kbd>B<\/kbd> \u0926\u092c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u094d\u0926\u093e \u0915\u093e\u0932\u093e<\/strong> \u0924\u0925\u093e <kbd>W<\/kbd> \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u092b\u093c\u0947\u0926<\/strong> \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948; \u0935\u0939\u0940 \u0915\u0941\u0902\u091c\u0940 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0903 \u0926\u092c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u0932\u094c\u091f \u0906\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u091a\u0930\u094d\u091a\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u094c\u0930\u093e\u0928 \u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0928 \u0935\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093e \u092a\u0930 \u0932\u094c\u091f\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u092f\u0939\u0940 \u0930\u0940\u0924\u093f \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u092f\u0939 \u092f\u0941\u0917\u094d\u092e \u092c\u093e\u0930-\u092c\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u0942\u091b\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"feat-card\">3<\/span>Pointer and ink<\/span>\u0938\u0902\u0915\u0947\u0924\u0915 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0939\u0940<\/span><\/strong>The pointer can become a laser<\/strong>, a pen<\/strong> or a highlighter<\/strong> during the show. Marks made with the pen are ink annotations<\/strong>, and on ending the show there is an option to keep or discard<\/strong> them \u2014 a small feature of real use when a diagram is annotated while teaching.<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u094c\u0930\u093e\u0928 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0947\u0924\u0915 \u0932\u0947\u091c\u093c\u0930<\/strong>, \u0915\u0932\u092e<\/strong> \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0939\u093e\u0907\u0932\u093e\u0907\u091f\u0930<\/strong> \u092c\u0928 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0915\u0932\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u093f\u090f \u091a\u093f\u0939\u094d\u0928 \u0938\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0939\u0940-\u091f\u093f\u092a\u094d\u092a\u0923\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901<\/strong> \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u0928 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u092f \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u0930\u0916\u0928\u0947 \u092f\u093e \u091b\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0928\u0947<\/strong> \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u094c\u0930\u093e\u0928 \u0906\u0930\u0947\u0916 \u092a\u0930 \u091f\u093f\u092a\u094d\u092a\u0923\u0940 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u092f \u092f\u0939 \u091b\u094b\u091f\u0940 \u0938\u0941\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093e \u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u093e\u092e \u0915\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"feat-card\">4<\/span>Rehearse Timings<\/span>\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u092d\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938-\u0938\u092e\u092f<\/span><\/strong>Runs the show while recording how long is spent on each slide<\/strong>. The recorded timings can then advance the slides automatically. Record Slide Show<\/strong> goes further and captures narration and ink as well.<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u0928 \u091a\u0932\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0939\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u092a\u0930 \u0932\u0917\u093e \u0938\u092e\u092f \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0932\u093f\u0916\u093f\u0924<\/strong> \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092b\u093f\u0930 \u0935\u0939\u0940 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0932\u093f\u0916\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u092e\u092f \u0938\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0921\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0924\u0903 \u0906\u0917\u0947 \u092c\u0922\u093c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 Record Slide Show<\/strong> \u0907\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0906\u0917\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0915\u0930 \u0915\u0925\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0939\u0940 \u092d\u0940 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0932\u093f\u0916\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"feat-card\">5<\/span>Set Up Slide Show<\/span>\u0938\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u0936\u094b \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902<\/span><\/strong>Three modes: presented by a speaker<\/strong> (full screen, the normal case), browsed by an individual<\/strong> (in a window), and browsed at a kiosk<\/strong> (full screen and looping continuously<\/strong>) \u2014 the setting for an unattended display at an exhibition or in a school foyer.<\/span>\u0924\u0940\u0928 \u0935\u093f\u0927\u093e\u090f\u0901: \u0935\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924<\/strong> (\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u092a\u0930\u094d\u0926\u093e, \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f), \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0916\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0928\u093e<\/strong> (\u0935\u093f\u0902\u0921\u094b \u092e\u0947\u0902), \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0915\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0938\u094d\u0915 \u092a\u0930 \u0926\u0947\u0916\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0928\u093e<\/strong> (\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u092a\u0930\u094d\u0926\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0924\u0924 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u093e\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f<\/strong>) \u2014 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u0928\u0940 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0947\u0936-\u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0917\u0930\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u0928 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u092f\u0939\u0940 \u0938\u0947\u091f\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"feat-card\">6<\/span>Printing and exporting<\/span>\u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0923 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0924<\/span><\/strong>Printing offers full-page slides, notes pages, an outline, or handouts<\/strong> at 1, 2, 3, 4, 6 or 9 slides per page. The 3-per-page handout carries ruled lines beside each slide<\/strong> for the audience to write on \u2014 the layout to choose for a training session. The deck can also be exported as PDF or as a video<\/strong>.<\/span>\u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0923 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923-\u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u0938\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0921, \u0928\u094b\u091f\u094d\u0938 \u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920, \u0930\u0942\u092a\u0930\u0947\u0916\u093e, \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0921\u0906\u0909\u091f<\/strong> \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u2014 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f \u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920 1, 2, 3, 4, 6 \u092f\u093e 9 \u0938\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0921\u0964 3-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f-\u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0921\u0906\u0909\u091f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0917\u0932 \u0930\u0947\u0916\u093e\u0902\u0915\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901<\/strong> \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u091c\u093f\u0928 \u092a\u0930 \u0936\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0932\u093f\u0916 \u0938\u0915\u0947\u0902 \u2014 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923-\u0938\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u092f\u0939\u0940 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938 \u091a\u0941\u0928\u0947\u0902\u0964 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924\u093f PDF \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0935\u0940\u0921\u093f\u092f\u094b<\/strong> \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092d\u0940 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0924 \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <hr class=\"section-divider\">\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d5-7\">\n 5.7<\/span>\n <h3>Principles of Effective Presentation Design<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924\u093f-\u0905\u092d\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n \n The commands in the preceding sections say what the software can<\/em> do. This section says what it should<\/em> do, and the reasoning is not aesthetic but cognitive<\/strong>: an audience has a limited working memory, and a slide that competes with the speaker for that memory reduces learning rather than aiding it. The principles below rest on Mayer's research into multimedia learning, which recurs in the Pedagogy paper.<\/span>\n \u092a\u093f\u091b\u0932\u0947 \u092d\u093e\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0906\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u092c\u0924\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0915\u093f \u0938\u0949\u092b\u093c\u094d\u091f\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e<\/em> \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u092d\u093e\u0917 \u092c\u0924\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f<\/em>, \u0914\u0930 \u0924\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0938\u094c\u0902\u0926\u0930\u094d\u092f\u092a\u0930\u0915 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0938\u0902\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915<\/strong> \u0939\u0948: \u0936\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u092e\u0943\u0924\u093f \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u091c\u094b \u0938\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u0909\u0938 \u0938\u094d\u092e\u0943\u0924\u093f \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0935\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0938\u094d\u092a\u0930\u094d\u0927\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0947 \u0935\u0939 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0939\u093e\u092f\u0924\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0915\u092e\u0940 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0928\u0940\u091a\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924 \u092e\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0939\u0941\u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0940 \u0936\u094b\u0927 \u092a\u0930 \u091f\u093f\u0915\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u091c\u094b \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928-\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0903 \u0906\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\n <\/p>\n\n <div class=\"pc-grid\">\n <div class=\"pc-panel con\">\n <div class=\"pc-head\">\u2717<\/span>What makes a slide fail<\/span>\u0938\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u092b\u0932 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n <ul>\n <li>Paragraphs of text.<\/strong> The audience reads and stops listening, because reading and listening compete for the same channel<\/span>\u092a\u093e\u0920 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u091a\u094d\u091b\u0947\u0926\u0964<\/strong> \u0936\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0924\u093e \u092a\u0922\u093c\u0928\u0947 \u0932\u0917\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0941\u0928\u0928\u093e \u092c\u0902\u0926 \u0915\u0930 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u092a\u0922\u093c\u0928\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0941\u0928\u0928\u093e \u090f\u0915 \u0939\u0940 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0938\u094d\u092a\u0930\u094d\u0927\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902<\/span><\/li>\n <li>The speaker reading the slide aloud.<\/strong> This is the redundancy effect<\/em>, and it measurably lowers retention<\/span>\u0935\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u092a\u0922\u093c\u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0941\u0928\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0964<\/strong> \u092f\u0939 \u0905\u0924\u093f\u0930\u0947\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935<\/em> \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u092f\u0939 \u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923-\u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e\u0924\u093e \u092e\u093e\u092a\u0928\u0940\u092f \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0918\u091f\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/li>\n <li>Decorative images, background music and heavy animation<\/strong> that carry no information \u2014 the coherence<\/em> principle says every element that does not teach, distracts<\/span>\u0938\u091c\u093e\u0935\u091f\u0940 \u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930, \u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920\u092d\u0942\u092e\u093f-\u0938\u0902\u0917\u0940\u0924 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u091a\u0947\u0924\u0928\u093e\u0902\u0915\u0928<\/strong> \u091c\u094b \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0928 \u0926\u0947\u0902 \u2014 \u0938\u0902\u0917\u0924\u093f<\/em> \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924 \u0915\u0939\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u091c\u094b \u0924\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u0938\u093f\u0916\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0935\u0939 \u092d\u091f\u0915\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/li>\n <li>Body text below 24 points<\/strong>, which is unreadable from the back of a hall<\/span>24 \u092a\u0949\u0907\u0902\u091f \u0938\u0947 \u091b\u094b\u091f\u093e \u092e\u0942\u0932 \u092a\u093e\u0920<\/strong>, \u091c\u094b \u0938\u092d\u093e\u0917\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0940\u091b\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0922\u093c\u093e \u0939\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e<\/span><\/li>\n <li>Red text on a green background<\/strong> or any similar pairing, invisible to a colour-blind viewer<\/span>\u0939\u0930\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u0932\u093e\u0932 \u092a\u093e\u0920<\/strong> \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u092d\u0940 \u0910\u0938\u093e \u092f\u0941\u0917\u094d\u092e, \u091c\u094b \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0923\u093e\u0902\u0927 \u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u0915 \u0915\u094b \u0926\u093f\u0916\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902<\/span><\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"pc-panel pro\">\n <div class=\"pc-head\">\u2713<\/span>What makes a slide work<\/span>\u0938\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u092e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n <ul>\n <li>One idea per slide<\/strong>, and the 6\u00d76 guide<\/strong> \u2014 at most about six bullets of about six words<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f \u0938\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u090f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u091a\u093e\u0930<\/strong>, \u0924\u0925\u093e 6\u00d76 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936<\/strong> \u2014 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u0924\u092e \u0932\u0917\u092d\u0917 \u091b\u0939 \u092c\u0941\u0932\u0947\u091f, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0932\u0917\u092d\u0917 \u091b\u0939 \u0936\u092c\u094d\u0926\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e<\/span><\/li>\n <li>A title that states a claim<\/strong>, not a label. \"Attendance rose nine points in three years\" teaches; \"Attendance\" does not<\/span>\u0910\u0938\u093e \u0936\u0940\u0930\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u091c\u094b \u0926\u093e\u0935\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0947<\/strong>, \u0928\u093e\u092e \u092d\u0930 \u0928 \u0939\u094b\u0964 \"\u0924\u0940\u0928 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u092a\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u0928\u094c \u0905\u0902\u0915 \u092c\u0922\u093c\u0940\" \u0938\u093f\u0916\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948; \"\u0909\u092a\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f\" \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902<\/span><\/li>\n <li>A graph rather than a table of figures<\/strong>, since shape is grasped faster than number<\/span>\u0905\u0902\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u093e\u0930\u0923\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u091c\u093e\u092f \u0906\u0932\u0947\u0916<\/strong>, \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u0906\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u0936\u0940\u0918\u094d\u0930 \u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939\u0923 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/li>\n <li>Labels placed next to what they describe<\/strong>, not gathered in a legend far away \u2014 the spatial contiguity<\/em> principle<\/span>\u0928\u093e\u092e \u0935\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0930\u0916\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0935\u0947 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0923\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902<\/strong>, \u0926\u0942\u0930 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0932\u0947\u091c\u0947\u0902\u0921 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u090f\u0915\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u2014 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0928\u094d\u0928\u093f\u0915\u091f\u0924\u093e<\/em> \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924<\/span><\/li>\n <li>Detail moved to the notes pane and the handout<\/strong>, where it can be read at leisure, leaving the slide clear<\/span>\u0935\u093f\u0935\u0930\u0923 \u0928\u094b\u091f\u094d\u0938 \u092b\u0932\u0915 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0921\u0906\u0909\u091f \u092e\u0947\u0902<\/strong> \u0932\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u090f, \u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0905\u0935\u0915\u093e\u0936 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0922\u093c\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0947, \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u091a\u094d\u091b \u0930\u0939\u0947<\/span><\/li>\n <li>Consistency imposed through the Slide Master<\/strong>, so no attention is spent on a shifting design<\/span>\u0938\u0902\u0917\u0924\u093f \u0938\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u092e\u093e\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0930 \u0938\u0947 \u0932\u093e\u0917\u0942<\/strong> \u0915\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u090f, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0924\u0947 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a \u092a\u0930 \u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0928 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u092f \u0928 \u0939\u094b<\/span><\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"enrich-box\">\n Cross-paper link \u2014 Mayer's multimedia principles<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928-\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927 \u2014 \u092e\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0939\u0941\u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924<\/span><\/span>\n <div class=\"abbr-grid\" style=\"margin-bottom:0;\">\n <table>\n <thead><tr><th>Principle<\/span>\u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924<\/span><\/th><th>What it holds<\/span>\u092f\u0939 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0939\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/th><\/tr><\/thead>\n <tbody>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">Coherence<\/span>\u0938\u0902\u0917\u0924\u093f<\/span><\/td><td>Remove whatever does not serve the point.<\/span>\u091c\u094b \u092c\u093e\u0924 \u0915\u094b \u0928 \u0938\u093e\u0927\u0947, \u0939\u091f\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">Signalling<\/span>\u0938\u0902\u0915\u0947\u0924\u0928<\/span><\/td><td>Mark what matters \u2014 a highlight, an arrow.<\/span>\u091c\u094b \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0939\u094b \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u091a\u093f\u0939\u094d\u0928\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902 \u2014 \u0909\u092d\u093e\u0930, \u0924\u0940\u0930\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">Redundancy<\/span>\u0905\u0924\u093f\u0930\u0947\u0915<\/span><\/td><td>Do not narrate text the audience is reading.<\/span>\u091c\u094b \u092a\u093e\u0920 \u0936\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0924\u093e \u092a\u0922\u093c \u0930\u0939\u0947 \u0939\u094b\u0902, \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u092c\u094b\u0932\u0915\u0930 \u0928 \u0938\u0941\u0928\u093e\u090f\u0901\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">Segmenting<\/span>\u0916\u0902\u0921\u0928<\/span><\/td><td>Break the material into speaker-paced parts.<\/span>\u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u094b \u0935\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093e-\u0917\u0924\u093f \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u092d\u093e\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0924\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0947\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <\/tbody>\n <\/table>\n <table>\n <thead><tr><th>Principle<\/span>\u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924<\/span><\/th><th>What it holds<\/span>\u092f\u0939 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0939\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/th><\/tr><\/thead>\n <tbody>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">Spatial contiguity<\/span>\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0928\u094d\u0928\u093f\u0915\u091f\u0924\u093e<\/span><\/td><td>Keep a label beside its picture.<\/span>\u0928\u093e\u092e \u0915\u094b \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u0938 \u0930\u0916\u0947\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">Temporal contiguity<\/span>\u0915\u093e\u0932\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0928\u094d\u0928\u093f\u0915\u091f\u0924\u093e<\/span><\/td><td>Show the image while speaking of it.<\/span>\u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u091a\u0930\u094d\u091a\u093e \u0939\u094b, \u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0924\u092d\u0940 \u0926\u093f\u0916\u093e\u090f\u0901\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">Modality<\/span>\u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e\u093f\u0915\u0924\u093e<\/span><\/td><td>Picture with spoken words beats picture with written ones.<\/span>\u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u092c\u094b\u0932\u0947 \u0936\u092c\u094d\u0926, \u0932\u093f\u0916\u0947 \u0936\u092c\u094d\u0926\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0947\u0939\u0924\u0930 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">Personalisation<\/span>\u0935\u0948\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0915\u0930\u0923<\/span><\/td><td>Conversational wording aids learning.<\/span>\u0938\u0902\u0935\u093e\u0926\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0936\u092c\u094d\u0926\u093e\u0935\u0932\u0940 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0939\u093e\u092f\u0915 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <\/tbody>\n <\/table>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <hr class=\"section-divider\">\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d5-8\">\n 5.8<\/span>\n <h3>Presentation Shortcut Keys<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0940 \u0936\u0949\u0930\u094d\u091f\u0915\u091f \u0915\u0941\u0902\u091c\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"abbr-grid\">\n <table>\n <thead><tr><th>Editing<\/span>\u0938\u0902\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0928<\/span><\/th><th>Action<\/span>\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e<\/span><\/th><\/tr><\/thead>\n <tbody>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">Ctrl + M<\/td><td>Insert a new slide<\/strong><\/span>\u0928\u0908 \u0938\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u0921\u093e\u0932\u0947\u0902<\/strong><\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">Ctrl + D<\/td><td>Duplicate the selected slide or object<\/span>\u091a\u092f\u0928\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0932\u093f\u092a\u093f<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">Ctrl + K<\/td><td>Insert a hyperlink<\/span>\u0939\u093e\u0907\u092a\u0930\u0932\u093f\u0902\u0915 \u0921\u093e\u0932\u0947\u0902<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">Ctrl + G \u00b7 Ctrl + Shift + G<\/td><td>Group \u00b7 ungroup objects<\/span>\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u090f\u0901 \u0938\u092e\u0942\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u00b7 \u0905\u0938\u092e\u0942\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">Tab<\/td><td>Move to the next placeholder or object<\/span>\u0905\u0917\u0932\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928-\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0915 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u092a\u0930 \u091c\u093e\u090f\u0901<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">Tab \u00b7 Shift + Tab in a list<\/span>\u0938\u0942\u091a\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902<\/span><\/td><td>Demote \u00b7 promote a bullet level<\/span>\u092c\u0941\u0932\u0947\u091f-\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0928\u0940\u091a\u0947 \u00b7 \u090a\u092a\u0930 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <\/tbody>\n <\/table>\n <table>\n <thead><tr><th>During the slide show<\/span>\u0938\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u0936\u094b \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u094c\u0930\u093e\u0928<\/span><\/th><th>Action<\/span>\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e<\/span><\/th><\/tr><\/thead>\n <tbody>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">F5 \u00b7 Shift + F5<\/td><td>Start from the beginning \u00b7 from this slide<\/strong><\/span>\u0906\u0930\u0902\u092d \u0938\u0947 \u00b7 \u0907\u0938\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u0938\u0947 \u0906\u0930\u0902\u092d \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902<\/strong><\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">N \u00b7 Space \u00b7 \u2192<\/td><td>Next slide or next animation<\/span>\u0905\u0917\u0932\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0905\u0917\u0932\u093e \u091a\u0947\u0924\u0928\u093e\u0902\u0915\u0928<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">P \u00b7 Backspace \u00b7 \u2190<\/td><td>Previous slide or animation<\/span>\u092a\u093f\u091b\u0932\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u091a\u0947\u0924\u0928\u093e\u0902\u0915\u0928<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">number + Enter<\/span>\u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e + Enter<\/span><\/td><td>Jump directly to that slide<\/span>\u0938\u0940\u0927\u0947 \u0909\u0938\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u092a\u0930 \u091c\u093e\u090f\u0901<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">B \u00b7 W<\/td><td>Black screen \u00b7 white screen<\/strong><\/span>\u0915\u093e\u0932\u093e \u092a\u0930\u094d\u0926\u093e \u00b7 \u0938\u092b\u093c\u0947\u0926 \u092a\u0930\u094d\u0926\u093e<\/strong><\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">Ctrl + P \u00b7 Ctrl + A<\/td><td>Pen pointer \u00b7 arrow pointer<\/span>\u0915\u0932\u092e \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0947\u0924\u0915 \u00b7 \u0924\u0940\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0947\u0924\u0915<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">Esc<\/td><td>End the slide show<\/span>\u0938\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u0936\u094b \u0938\u092e\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <\/tbody>\n <\/table>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"mcq-box\">\n <div class=\"mcq-title\">\n Practice<\/span>\u0905\u092d\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938<\/span><\/span>\n Questions on presentations<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928<\/span><\/span>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"mcq-note\">Objective questions in the pattern of the examination. Click to reveal the answer and its explanation.<\/span>\u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u0930 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928\u0964 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0916\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u094d\u0932\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u0940\u091c\u093f\u090f\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <details class=\"mcq-q\">\n <summary>48<\/span>To place the school emblem so that it appears on every slide of a presentation, it should be inserted in the:<\/span><\/summary>\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\n <li>(a) First slide<\/li>\n <li>(b) Slide Master<\/li>\n <li>(c) Notes Page<\/li>\n <li>(d) Handout Master<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\">(b) Slide Master<\/b> Anything placed on the Slide Master appears on every slide and can be repositioned for all of them at once. The Handout Master governs only printed handouts, and inserting on the first slide affects that slide alone.<\/span>\u0938\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u092e\u093e\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u0930\u0916\u0940 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u092a\u0930 \u0906\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u092c\u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0903\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0940 \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0921\u0906\u0909\u091f \u092e\u093e\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0930 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0921\u0906\u0909\u091f \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u092a\u0930 \u0921\u093e\u0932\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0935\u0939\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\u00a75.3<\/span><\/div>\n <\/details>\n <details class=\"mcq-q\">\n <summary>49<\/span>The effect applied to control how one slide replaces another is called a:<\/span><\/summary>\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\n <li>(a) Animation<\/li>\n <li>(b) Transition<\/li>\n <li>(c) Motion path<\/li>\n <li>(d) Trigger<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\">(b) Transition<\/b> A transition acts between slides, and a slide may carry only one. An animation acts on an object within a slide, and a slide may carry many. A motion path is one of the four categories of animation.<\/span>\u0938\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0923 \u0938\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0921\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u0932\u0917\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u090f\u0915 \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u091a\u0947\u0924\u0928\u093e\u0902\u0915\u0928 \u0938\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u0915\u0947 \u092d\u0940\u0924\u0930 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u092a\u0930 \u0932\u0917\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u092a\u0930 \u0905\u0928\u0947\u0915 \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0917\u0924\u093f-\u092a\u0925 \u091a\u0947\u0924\u0928\u093e\u0902\u0915\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0936\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0923\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u090f\u0915 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\u00a75.5<\/span><\/div>\n <\/details>\n <details class=\"mcq-q\">\n <summary>50<\/span>Which view displays all the slides of a presentation as thumbnails on one screen for reordering?<\/span><\/summary>\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\n <li>(a) Normal view<\/li>\n <li>(b) Outline view<\/li>\n <li>(c) Slide Sorter view<\/li>\n <li>(d) Reading view<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\">(c) Slide Sorter view<\/b> Slide Sorter is used to reorder, duplicate, delete and hide slides and to apply transitions to several at once. Outline view shows only the text of the placeholders, and Normal view shows one slide at a time.<\/span>\u0938\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u0938\u0949\u0930\u094d\u091f\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0921\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0928\u0947, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0932\u093f\u092a\u093f \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0928\u0947, \u092e\u093f\u091f\u093e\u0928\u0947, \u091b\u093f\u092a\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0905\u0928\u0947\u0915 \u092a\u0930 \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0923 \u0932\u0917\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0906\u0909\u091f\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u0926\u0943\u0936\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928-\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u093e\u0920 \u0926\u093f\u0916\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0926\u0943\u0936\u094d\u092f \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u092e\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0921\u0964<\/span>\u00a75.1<\/span><\/div>\n <\/details>\n <details class=\"mcq-q\">\n <summary>51<\/span>During a slide show, pressing the B key will:<\/span><\/summary>\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\n <li>(a) Move to the beginning<\/li>\n <li>(b) Turn the screen black<\/li>\n <li>(c) Make the text bold<\/li>\n <li>(d) End the show<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\">(b) Turn the screen black<\/b> Pressing B again restores the slide, and W does the same in white. This is used to return the audience's attention to the speaker during a discussion. Esc ends the show.<\/span>B \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0903 \u0926\u092c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u0932\u094c\u091f \u0906\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u0925\u093e W \u0935\u0939\u0940 \u0915\u093e\u092e \u0938\u092b\u093c\u0947\u0926 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u091a\u0930\u094d\u091a\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u094c\u0930\u093e\u0928 \u0936\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0924\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0928 \u0935\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093e \u092a\u0930 \u0932\u094c\u091f\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 Esc \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u0928 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\u00a75.6<\/span><\/div>\n <\/details>\n <details class=\"mcq-q\">\n <summary>52<\/span>An animation set to start \"After Previous\" will:<\/span><\/summary>\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\n <li>(a) Wait for a mouse click<\/li>\n <li>(b) Run at the same time as the animation before it<\/li>\n <li>(c) Run automatically when the animation before it finishes<\/li>\n <li>(d) Run only on the last slide<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\">(c) Run automatically when the animation before it finishes<\/b> \"On Click\" waits for the speaker and \"With Previous\" runs simultaneously with the preceding effect. \"After Previous\" is what makes a self-running presentation possible without any clicking.<\/span>\"\u0911\u0928 \u0915\u094d\u0932\u093f\u0915\" \u0935\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0924\u0925\u093e \"\u0935\u093f\u0926 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0935\u093f\u092f\u0938\" \u092a\u093f\u091b\u0932\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925-\u0938\u093e\u0925 \u091a\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \"\u0906\u092b\u093c\u094d\u091f\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0935\u093f\u092f\u0938\" \u0939\u0940 \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0915\u094d\u0932\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0935-\u091a\u093e\u0932\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924\u093f \u0938\u0902\u092d\u0935 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\u00a75.5<\/span><\/div>\n <\/details>\n <details class=\"mcq-q\">\n <summary>53<\/span>Which feature allows a speaker to see the speaker notes and the next slide while the audience sees only the current slide?<\/span><\/summary>\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\n <li>(a) Reading view<\/li>\n <li>(b) Presenter View<\/li>\n <li>(c) Slide Sorter view<\/li>\n <li>(d) Rehearse Timings<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\">(b) Presenter View<\/b> It requires two displays and shows the current slide, the next slide, the notes and an elapsed timer on the speaker's screen while the projector carries the slide alone. Rehearse Timings records how long each slide takes but does not display notes.<\/span>\u0907\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0926\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936 \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f \u0914\u0930 \u092f\u0939 \u0935\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0938\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0921, \u0905\u0917\u0932\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0921, \u0928\u094b\u091f\u094d\u0938 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092c\u0940\u0924\u093e \u0938\u092e\u092f \u0926\u093f\u0916\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u092c\u0915\u093f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u092a\u0915 \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0938\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u0930\u0939\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u092d\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938-\u0938\u092e\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u092a\u0930 \u0932\u0917\u093e \u0938\u092e\u092f \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0932\u093f\u0916\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0941 \u0928\u094b\u091f\u094d\u0938 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0926\u093f\u0916\u093e\u0924\u093e\u0964<\/span>\u00a75.6<\/span><\/div>\n <\/details>\n <\/div>\n\n <\/section>\n\n \n <section class=\"chapter-content\" data-chap=\"6\" id=\"c6\">\n <div class=\"chapter-heading-block\">\n SYLLABUS ITEM 6<\/span>\u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u092e\u0926 6<\/span><\/span>\n <h2>Internet and Networking<\/span>\u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u0928\u0947\u091f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915\u093f\u0902\u0917<\/span><\/h2>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"callout amber\">\n <div class=\"callout-label\">\ud83d\udccc What this chapter covers<\/span>\ud83d\udccc \u0907\u0938 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/div>\n Web browsers, search engines, URLs, IP addresses, Wi-Fi, LAN, WAN, modems, routers, and cloud storage<\/span>\n \u0935\u0947\u092c \u092c\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0909\u091c\u093c\u0930, \u0916\u094b\u091c-\u0907\u0902\u091c\u0928, URL, IP \u092a\u0924\u0947, \u0935\u093e\u0908-\u092b\u093c\u093e\u0908, LAN, WAN, \u092e\u0949\u0921\u0947\u092e, \u0930\u093e\u0909\u091f\u0930 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0915\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0909\u0921 \u092d\u0902\u0921\u093e\u0930\u0923<\/span>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"keyfact-grid\">\n <div class=\"keyfact-card navy-hi\">\n \ud83c\udf10<\/span>\n <div class=\"kf-label\">The Distinction to Fix First<\/span>\u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0924\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u092f\u094b\u0917\u094d\u092f \u092d\u0947\u0926<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"kf-value\" style=\"font-size:12.5px;\">Internet \u2260 World Wide Web<\/span>\u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u0928\u0947\u091f \u2260 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0932\u094d\u0921 \u0935\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u0935\u0947\u092c<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"kf-sub\">The Internet is the network itself; the Web is one service running on it<\/span>\u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u0928\u0947\u091f \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0939\u0948; \u0935\u0947\u092c \u0909\u0938 \u092a\u0930 \u091a\u0932\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"keyfact-card teal-hi\">\n \ud83d\udd22<\/span>\n <div class=\"kf-label\">Address Sizes<\/span>\u092a\u0924\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0906\u0915\u093e\u0930<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"kf-value\" style=\"font-size:14px;\">IPv4 = 32 \u00b7 IPv6 = 128<\/div>\n <div class=\"kf-sub\">Bits. And a MAC address is 48 bits, written in hexadecimal<\/span>\u092c\u093f\u091f\u0964 \u0924\u0925\u093e MAC \u092a\u0924\u093e 48 \u092c\u093f\u091f \u0915\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0937\u094b\u0921\u0936\u093e\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0932\u093f\u0916\u093e \u0939\u0941\u0906<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"keyfact-card amber-hi\">\n \ud83c\uddee\ud83c\uddf3<\/span>\n <div class=\"kf-label\">Internet in India<\/span>\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u0928\u0947\u091f<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"kf-value\" style=\"font-size:14px;\">15 Aug 1995<\/div>\n <div class=\"kf-sub\">Public access launched by VSNL. ERNET had begun in 1986<\/span>VSNL \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0938\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0935\u091c\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a \u0906\u0930\u0902\u092d\u0964 ERNET 1986 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0936\u0941\u0930\u0942 \u0939\u094b \u091a\u0941\u0915\u093e \u0925\u093e<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d6-0\">\n 6.0<\/span>\n <h3>Introduction<\/span>\u092a\u0930\u093f\u091a\u092f<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n <ul class=\"icon-list\">\n <li>\u25b8<\/span>\n Everything in the previous five chapters happens on one machine<\/strong>. This chapter is about what changes when machines are joined: a file becomes shareable, a printer serves twenty rooms, a result sheet can be filled in by six teachers at once, and a school's records become reachable from the Directorate.<\/span>\n \u092a\u093f\u091b\u0932\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u0901\u091a \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u092c \u0915\u0941\u091b \u090f\u0915 \u0939\u0940 \u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930<\/strong> \u092a\u0930 \u0918\u091f\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f \u092c\u0924\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u091c\u0941\u0921\u093c\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948: \u092b\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0932 \u0938\u093e\u091d\u093e-\u092f\u094b\u0917\u094d\u092f \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u090f\u0915 \u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0915 \u092c\u0940\u0938 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u090f\u0915 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e-\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0915 \u091b\u0939 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u092d\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0932\u0947\u0916 \u0928\u093f\u0926\u0947\u0936\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0906 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span>\n <\/span><\/li>\n <li>\u25b8<\/span>\n A computer network<\/strong> is two or more computing devices connected so as to share data and resources<\/strong>. The Internet<\/strong> is simply the largest such network \u2014 a network of networks spanning the world \u2014 and everything from \u00a76.5 onward is a description of how it works.<\/span>\n \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915<\/strong> \u0926\u094b \u092f\u093e \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0917\u0923\u0928-\u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0910\u0938\u093e \u0938\u0902\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u093e\u0927\u0928 \u0938\u093e\u091d\u093e<\/strong> \u0915\u093f\u090f \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0947\u0902\u0964 \u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u0928\u0947\u091f<\/strong> \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0921\u093c\u093e \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0935\u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u0940 \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u2014 \u0914\u0930 \u00a76.5 \u0938\u0947 \u0906\u0917\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u092c \u0915\u0941\u091b \u092f\u0939\u0940 \u092c\u0924\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0935\u0939 \u0915\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u092e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\n <\/span><\/li>\n <li>\u25b8<\/span>\n This item yields the most full-form and matching questions<\/strong> of any in the syllabus \u2014 LAN, WAN, TCP\/IP, HTTP, DNS, ISP, URL, Wi-Fi, MAC. The tables in this chapter are built for that, and \u00a7R.4 gathers every abbreviation in one place.<\/span>\n \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092d\u0940 \u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f \u092e\u0926 \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923-\u0930\u0942\u092a \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928<\/strong> \u0907\u0938\u0940 \u092e\u0926 \u0938\u0947 \u0906\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u2014 LAN, WAN, TCP\/IP, HTTP, DNS, ISP, URL, Wi-Fi, MAC\u0964 \u0907\u0938 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u093e\u0930\u0923\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u0909\u0938\u0940 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u092c\u0928\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u00a7R.4 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u092a\u093e\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0930 \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u0930 \u090f\u0915\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\n <\/span><\/li>\n <\/ul>\n\n <hr class=\"section-divider\">\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d6-1\">\n 6.1<\/span>\n <h3>Computer Networks: Concept and Components<\/span>\u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915: \u0938\u0902\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u092f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0918\u091f\u0915<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"callout\">\n <div class=\"callout-label\">\ud83d\udcd8 The five components of data communication<\/span>\ud83d\udcd8 \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u093e-\u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u0901\u091a \u0918\u091f\u0915<\/span><\/div>\n Every act of communication over a network, from a chat message to a video call, has exactly five parts: the sender<\/strong>, the receiver<\/strong>, the message<\/strong> itself, the transmission medium<\/strong> along which it travels, and the protocol<\/strong> \u2014 the agreed set of rules without which the two ends could not interpret each other. Remove any one and communication fails.<\/span>\n \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u092a\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e, \u091a\u0948\u091f \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u0938\u0947 \u0935\u0940\u0921\u093f\u092f\u094b \u0915\u0949\u0932 \u0924\u0915, \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0920\u0940\u0915 \u092a\u093e\u0901\u091a \u0905\u0902\u0917 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902: \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0937\u0915<\/strong>, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e<\/strong>, \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0947\u0936<\/strong>, \u0935\u0939 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u0930\u0923 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e<\/strong> \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0935\u0939 \u091a\u0932\u0947, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091f\u094b\u0915\u0949\u0932<\/strong> \u2014 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u0939 \u0938\u0939\u092e\u0924 \u0938\u092e\u0941\u091a\u094d\u091a\u092f \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u093f\u0930\u0947 \u090f\u0915-\u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u0947 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u092e\u091d \u0939\u0940 \u0928 \u0938\u0915\u0947\u0902\u0964 \u0907\u0928\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u090f\u0915 \u092d\u0940 \u0939\u091f\u093e \u0926\u0940\u091c\u093f\u090f, \u0938\u0902\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0937\u0923 \u0935\u093f\u092b\u0932 \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"pc-grid\">\n <div class=\"pc-panel pro\">\n <div class=\"pc-head\">\u2713<\/span>What a network gives a school<\/span>\u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0915\u094b \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n <ul>\n <li>Resource sharing<\/strong> \u2014 one printer, one scanner and one internet connection serve the whole office<\/span>\u0938\u0902\u0938\u093e\u0927\u0928-\u0938\u093e\u091d\u093e\u0915\u0930\u0923<\/strong> \u2014 \u090f\u0915 \u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0915, \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u0915\u0948\u0928\u0930 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u090f\u0915 \u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u0928\u0947\u091f \u0938\u0902\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902<\/span><\/li>\n <li>Central storage<\/strong> \u2014 records live on one server, so there is a single authoritative copy rather than six versions on six desktops<\/span>\u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u092d\u0902\u0921\u093e\u0930\u0923<\/strong> \u2014 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0932\u0947\u0916 \u090f\u0915 \u0939\u0940 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u0930\u0939\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0905\u0924\u0903 \u091b\u0939 \u0921\u0947\u0938\u094d\u0915\u091f\u0949\u092a\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u091b\u0939 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0930\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u091c\u093e\u092f \u090f\u0915 \u0939\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0923\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/li>\n <li>Communication<\/strong> \u2014 email, messaging and video conferencing within and beyond the institution<\/span>\u0938\u0902\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0937\u0923<\/strong> \u2014 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u092d\u0940\u0924\u0930 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092c\u093e\u0939\u0930 \u0908\u092e\u0947\u0932, \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0947\u0936\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0935\u0940\u0921\u093f\u092f\u094b \u0915\u0949\u0928\u094d\u092b\u093c\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0902\u0938\u093f\u0902\u0917<\/span><\/li>\n <li>Centralised backup and administration<\/strong> \u2014 one nightly backup covers everyone, and software is updated from one point<\/span>\u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0915\u0943\u0924 \u092c\u0948\u0915\u0905\u092a \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u093e\u0938\u0928<\/strong> \u2014 \u090f\u0915 \u0930\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0932\u0940\u0928 \u092c\u0948\u0915\u0905\u092a \u0938\u092c\u0915\u094b \u0906\u0935\u0943\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0949\u092b\u093c\u094d\u091f\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u090f\u0915 \u0939\u0940 \u092c\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0941 \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0924\u0928 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"pc-panel con\">\n <div class=\"pc-head\">\u2717<\/span>What it costs<\/span>\u0907\u0938\u0915\u093e \u092e\u0942\u0932\u094d\u092f \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n <ul>\n <li>Setup and maintenance cost<\/strong> \u2014 cabling, switches, a server, and someone competent to look after them<\/span>\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u0928\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u0940 \u0932\u093e\u0917\u0924<\/strong> \u2014 \u0924\u093e\u0930, \u0938\u094d\u0935\u093f\u091a, \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0930, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0940 \u0926\u0947\u0916\u092d\u093e\u0932 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e \u0938\u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f<\/span><\/li>\n <li>Security exposure<\/strong> \u2014 a network is a path inward as much as outward, which is why Chapter 8 exists<\/span>\u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e-\u091c\u094b\u0916\u093f\u092e<\/strong> \u2014 \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u091c\u093f\u0924\u0928\u093e \u092c\u093e\u0939\u0930 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0917 \u0939\u0948 \u0909\u0924\u0928\u093e \u0939\u0940 \u092d\u0940\u0924\u0930 \u0906\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u093e, \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f 8 \u0907\u0938\u0940\u0932\u093f\u090f \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/li>\n <li>Rapid spread of infection<\/strong> \u2014 malware reaching one machine can reach all of them<\/span>\u0938\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0923 \u0915\u093e \u0924\u0940\u0935\u094d\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u093e\u0930<\/strong> \u2014 \u090f\u0915 \u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0924\u0915 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a\u093e \u092e\u093e\u0932\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u0938\u092c \u0924\u0915 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/li>\n <li>Dependence<\/strong> \u2014 when the server or the link fails, work stops everywhere at once<\/span>\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092d\u0930\u0924\u093e<\/strong> \u2014 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0930 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0938\u0902\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u0935\u093f\u092b\u0932 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0930\u0941\u0915 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <table class=\"data-table\">\n <thead>\n <tr>\n <th>Term<\/span>\u092a\u0926<\/span><\/th>\n <th>Meaning<\/span>\u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925<\/span><\/th>\n <\/tr>\n <\/thead>\n <tbody>\n <tr><td>Node and host<\/span>\u0928\u094b\u0921 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0939\u094b\u0938\u094d\u091f<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>A node<\/strong> is any device attached to the network; a host<\/strong> is a node that can send or receive data on its own account.<\/span>\u0928\u094b\u0921<\/strong> \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0938\u0947 \u091c\u0941\u0921\u093c\u093e \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u092d\u0940 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0939\u0948; \u0939\u094b\u0938\u094d\u091f<\/strong> \u0935\u0939 \u0928\u094b\u0921 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0940 \u0913\u0930 \u0938\u0947 \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u092d\u0947\u091c \u092f\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0947\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>Server and client<\/span>\u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0930 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0915\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0902\u091f<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>A server provides<\/strong> a service \u2014 files, printing, web pages, a database; a client requests<\/strong> it. A server is defined by its role, not its size<\/strong>.<\/span>\u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0930<\/strong> \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e<\/strong> \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u092b\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0932, \u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0923, \u0935\u0947\u092c \u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920, \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e\u092c\u0947\u0938; \u0915\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0902\u091f<\/strong> \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u092e\u093e\u0901\u0917<\/strong> \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0930 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u092d\u0942\u092e\u093f\u0915\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0906\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u0947 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902<\/strong>\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr style=\"background:#f3f8ff;\"><td>Client-server and peer-to-peer<\/span>\u0915\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0902\u091f-\u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0930 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u092e\u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937-\u0938\u0947-\u0938\u092e\u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>In a client-server<\/strong> network a central server holds the data and controls access \u2014 the arrangement of any school office. In a peer-to-peer<\/strong> network every machine is equal and shares directly with the others; cheaper and simpler, but with no central control or backup.<\/span>\u0915\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0902\u091f-\u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0930<\/strong> \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0930 \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u0930\u0916\u0924\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092d\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0915\u0940 \u092f\u0939\u0940 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0938\u092e\u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937-\u0938\u0947-\u0938\u092e\u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937<\/strong> \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092c\u0930\u093e\u092c\u0930 \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0940\u0927\u0947 \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u091d\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948; \u0938\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0930\u0932, \u0915\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0941 \u0928 \u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0923 \u0928 \u092c\u0948\u0915\u0905\u092a\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>Bandwidth, throughput and latency<\/span>\u092c\u0948\u0902\u0921\u0935\u093f\u0921\u094d\u0925, \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0917\u092e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0932\u0902\u092c\u0924\u093e<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>Bandwidth<\/strong> is the maximum capacity of a link, measured in bits per second<\/strong>. Throughput<\/strong> is what is actually achieved, always less. Latency<\/strong> is the delay before data begins to arrive \u2014 the reason a video call stutters even on a fast connection.<\/span>\u092c\u0948\u0902\u0921\u0935\u093f\u0921\u094d\u0925<\/strong> \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u0924\u092e \u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u094b \u092c\u093f\u091f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f \u0938\u0947\u0915\u0902\u0921<\/strong> \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u093e\u092a\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0917\u092e<\/strong> \u0935\u0939 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924\u0903 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u094b, \u0938\u0926\u0948\u0935 \u0915\u092e\u0964 \u0935\u093f\u0932\u0902\u092c\u0924\u093e<\/strong> \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u0906\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u0915\u093e \u0920\u0939\u0930\u093e\u0935 \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u0924\u0947\u091c\u093c \u0938\u0902\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u092a\u0930 \u092d\u0940 \u0935\u0940\u0921\u093f\u092f\u094b \u0915\u0949\u0932 \u0905\u091f\u0915\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u092f\u0939\u0940 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>Simplex, half-duplex, full-duplex<\/span>\u090f\u0915\u0932, \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0927-\u0926\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0915, \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923-\u0926\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0915<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>Simplex<\/strong> \u2014 one direction only, as in a radio broadcast or a keyboard. Half-duplex<\/strong> \u2014 both directions but one at a time<\/strong>, as in a walkie-talkie. Full-duplex<\/strong> \u2014 both directions simultaneously<\/strong>, as in a telephone call. A standard matching question.<\/span>\u090f\u0915\u0932<\/strong> \u2014 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u090f\u0915 \u0926\u093f\u0936\u093e, \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0930\u0947\u0921\u093f\u092f\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0915\u0941\u0902\u091c\u0940\u092a\u091f\u0932\u0964 \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0927-\u0926\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0915<\/strong> \u2014 \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0926\u093f\u0936\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u0915\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0941 \u090f\u0915 \u092c\u093e\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u090f\u0915<\/strong>, \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0935\u0949\u0915\u0940-\u091f\u0949\u0915\u0940\u0964 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923-\u0926\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0915<\/strong> \u2014 \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0926\u093f\u0936\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u0925<\/strong>, \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0926\u0942\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0937 \u0935\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0915 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u093e\u0928-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <\/tbody>\n <\/table>\n\n <hr class=\"section-divider\">\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d6-2\">\n 6.2<\/span>\n <h3>Types of Networks: PAN, LAN, MAN, WAN<\/span>\u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930: PAN, LAN, MAN, WAN<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n <table class=\"data-table\">\n <thead>\n <tr>\n <th class=\"narrow\">Type<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930<\/span><\/th>\n <th>Full form and reach<\/span>\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0930<\/span><\/th>\n <th>Characteristics<\/span>\u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937\u0924\u093e\u090f\u0901<\/span><\/th>\n <th>Example<\/span>\u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923<\/span><\/th>\n <\/tr>\n <\/thead>\n <tbody>\n <tr>\n <td class=\"narrow\">PAN<\/strong><\/td>\n <td>Personal Area Network<\/strong> \u2014 about 10 metres<\/strong>, around one person.<\/span>\u092a\u0930\u094d\u0938\u0928\u0932 \u090f\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915<\/strong> \u2014 \u0932\u0917\u092d\u0917 10 \u092e\u0940\u091f\u0930<\/strong>, \u090f\u0915 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0947 \u0906\u0938\u092a\u093e\u0938\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <td>Very short range, usually wireless, owned by an individual.<\/span>\u0905\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0902\u0924 \u0905\u0932\u094d\u092a \u092a\u0930\u093e\u0938, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092f\u0903 \u092c\u0947\u0924\u093e\u0930, \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u092e\u0947\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <td>Bluetooth earphones; a phone hotspot; a smartwatch.<\/span>\u092c\u094d\u0932\u0942\u091f\u0942\u0925 \u0908\u092f\u0930\u092b\u093c\u094b\u0928; \u092b\u093c\u094b\u0928 \u0939\u0949\u091f\u0938\u094d\u092a\u0949\u091f; \u0938\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u091f\u0935\u0949\u091a\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr style=\"background:#f3f8ff;\">\n <td class=\"narrow\">LAN<\/strong><\/td>\n <td>Local Area Network<\/strong> \u2014 one building or campus, up to a few kilometres.<\/span>\u0932\u094b\u0915\u0932 \u090f\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915<\/strong> \u2014 \u090f\u0915 \u092d\u0935\u0928 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0938\u0930, \u0915\u0941\u091b \u0915\u093f\u0932\u094b\u092e\u0940\u091f\u0930 \u0924\u0915\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <td>Highest speed, lowest error rate, privately owned<\/strong> by the organisation itself. Built on Ethernet cable or Wi-Fi.<\/span>\u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0917\u0924\u093f, \u0928\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0928\u0924\u092e \u0924\u094d\u0930\u0941\u091f\u093f-\u0926\u0930, \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0935<\/strong> \u092e\u0947\u0902\u0964 \u0908\u0925\u0930\u0928\u0947\u091f \u0924\u093e\u0930 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0935\u093e\u0908-\u092b\u093c\u093e\u0908 \u092a\u0930 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <td>A school computer laboratory<\/strong>; an office floor.<\/span>\u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0936\u093e\u0932\u093e<\/strong>; \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0915\u093e \u090f\u0915 \u0924\u0932\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td class=\"narrow\">MAN<\/strong><\/td>\n <td>Metropolitan Area Network<\/strong> \u2014 a city or large town, up to about 50 km.<\/span>\u092e\u0947\u091f\u094d\u0930\u094b\u092a\u0949\u0932\u093f\u091f\u0928 \u090f\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915<\/strong> \u2014 \u090f\u0915 \u0928\u0917\u0930 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u092c\u0921\u093c\u093e \u0915\u0938\u094d\u092c\u093e, \u0932\u0917\u092d\u0917 50 \u0915\u093f\u092e\u0940 \u0924\u0915\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <td>Larger than a LAN, smaller than a WAN; often owned by a single provider or authority.<\/span>LAN \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0921\u093c\u093e, WAN \u0938\u0947 \u091b\u094b\u091f\u093e; \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092f\u0903 \u090f\u0915\u0932 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u092e\u0947\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <td>A cable television network; the branches of a bank across one city.<\/span>\u0915\u0947\u092c\u0932 \u091f\u0947\u0932\u0940\u0935\u093f\u091c\u093c\u0928 \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915; \u090f\u0915 \u0928\u0917\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092c\u0948\u0902\u0915 \u0915\u0940 \u0936\u093e\u0916\u093e\u090f\u0901\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td class=\"narrow\">WAN<\/strong><\/td>\n <td>Wide Area Network<\/strong> \u2014 across states, countries or the world, with no limit of distance.<\/span>\u0935\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u090f\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915<\/strong> \u2014 \u0930\u093e\u091c\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902, \u0926\u0947\u0936\u094b\u0902 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0935 \u092d\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902, \u0926\u0942\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <td>Lowest speed and highest error rate<\/strong> of the four, and usually leased from a telecom provider rather than owned.<\/span>\u091a\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0928\u0924\u092e \u0917\u0924\u093f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0924\u094d\u0930\u0941\u091f\u093f-\u0926\u0930<\/strong>, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092f\u0903 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u091c\u093e\u092f \u0926\u0942\u0930\u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u091f\u094d\u091f\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <td>The Internet is the largest WAN in existence.<\/strong> Also railway reservation and banking networks.<\/span>\u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u0928\u0947\u091f \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0921\u093c\u093e WAN \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/strong> \u0930\u0947\u0932\u0935\u0947 \u0906\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092c\u0948\u0902\u0915\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u092d\u0940\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <\/tbody>\n <\/table>\n\n <div class=\"callout teal\">\n <div class=\"callout-label\">\ud83d\udd10 Internet, Intranet and Extranet \u2014 a recurring three-way question<\/span>\ud83d\udd10 \u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u0928\u0947\u091f, \u0907\u0902\u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0928\u0947\u091f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u090f\u0915\u094d\u0938\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0928\u0947\u091f \u2014 \u092c\u093e\u0930-\u092c\u093e\u0930 \u0906\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e \u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f-\u092d\u0947\u0926 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928<\/span><\/div>\n <ul class=\"split-list\" style=\"margin-top:4px;\">\n <li>1<\/span>The Internet<\/strong> is public and global<\/strong> \u2014 open to anyone with a connection.<\/span>\u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u0928\u0947\u091f<\/strong> \u0938\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0935\u091c\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0935\u0948\u0936\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0915<\/strong> \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u0938\u0902\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u0930\u0916\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092d\u0940 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0916\u0941\u0932\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n <li>2<\/span>An intranet<\/strong> is a private network confined to one organisation<\/strong>, using the same technologies but closed to outsiders \u2014 a Directorate portal that only its own staff can reach.<\/span>\u0907\u0902\u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0928\u0947\u091f<\/strong> \u090f\u0915 \u0939\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0917\u0920\u0928 \u0924\u0915 \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0928\u093f\u091c\u0940 \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915<\/strong> \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u094b \u0935\u0939\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0941 \u092c\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0940 \u0932\u094b\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u092c\u0902\u0926 \u0930\u0939\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u0910\u0938\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0926\u0947\u0936\u093e\u0932\u092f \u092a\u094b\u0930\u094d\u091f\u0932 \u091c\u093f\u0938 \u0924\u0915 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0930\u094d\u092e\u091a\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a \u0938\u0915\u0947\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n <li>3<\/span>An extranet<\/strong> is an intranet extended to selected outsiders<\/strong> \u2014 the same portal opened to accredited schools or to a vendor, but to no one else.<\/span>\u090f\u0915\u094d\u0938\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0928\u0947\u091f<\/strong> \u0935\u0939 \u0907\u0902\u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0928\u0947\u091f \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u091a\u0941\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0941\u090f \u092c\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0940 \u0932\u094b\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u0924\u0915 \u092c\u0922\u093c\u093e\u092f\u093e<\/strong> \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0939\u094b \u2014 \u0935\u0939\u0940 \u092a\u094b\u0930\u094d\u091f\u0932 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0924\u093e-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0916\u0941\u0932\u093e, \u0915\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0941 \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n\n <hr class=\"section-divider\">\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d6-3\">\n 6.3<\/span>\n <h3>Topologies and Transmission Media<\/span>\u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u0930\u0923 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n \n A topology<\/strong> is the arrangement in which the nodes of a network are connected<\/strong>. It determines the cost of cabling, the ease of adding a device, and \u2014 most examinably \u2014 what happens when one part fails<\/strong>.<\/span>\n \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f<\/strong> \u0935\u0939 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u094b\u0921 \u091c\u0941\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902<\/strong>\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0924\u093e\u0930-\u092c\u093f\u091b\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0932\u093e\u0917\u0924, \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0941\u0917\u092e\u0924\u093e, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u2014 \u091c\u094b \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e-\u092f\u094b\u0917\u094d\u092f \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u092f\u0939 \u0924\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u090f\u0915 \u092d\u093e\u0917 \u0935\u093f\u092b\u0932 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/strong>\u0964<\/span>\n <\/p>\n\n <svg class=\"full-diagram\" viewBox=\"0 0 700 330\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"The five network topologies\">\n <g fill=\"#1f5fa9\">\n <rect x=\"26\" y=\"14\" width=\"212\" height=\"18\" rx=\"4\"\/>\n <rect x=\"250\" y=\"14\" width=\"212\" height=\"18\" rx=\"4\"\/>\n <rect x=\"474\" y=\"14\" width=\"200\" height=\"18\" rx=\"4\"\/>\n <\/g>\n <g font-size=\"9.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\" text-anchor=\"middle\">\n <text x=\"132\" y=\"27\">BUS<\/text><text x=\"356\" y=\"27\">STAR<\/text><text x=\"574\" y=\"27\">RING<\/text>\n <\/g>\n\n <line x1=\"40\" y1=\"82\" x2=\"224\" y2=\"82\" stroke=\"#14243f\" stroke-width=\"3.5\"\/>\n <line x1=\"40\" y1=\"76\" x2=\"40\" y2=\"88\" stroke=\"#c0392b\" stroke-width=\"3\"\/>\n <line x1=\"224\" y1=\"76\" x2=\"224\" y2=\"88\" stroke=\"#c0392b\" stroke-width=\"3\"\/>\n <g stroke=\"#5a6d80\" stroke-width=\"1.6\">\n <line x1=\"72\" y1=\"82\" x2=\"72\" y2=\"60\"\/><line x1=\"120\" y1=\"82\" x2=\"120\" y2=\"60\"\/>\n <line x1=\"168\" y1=\"82\" x2=\"168\" y2=\"60\"\/><line x1=\"96\" y1=\"82\" x2=\"96\" y2=\"104\"\/><line x1=\"192\" y1=\"82\" x2=\"192\" y2=\"104\"\/>\n <\/g>\n <g fill=\"#eef4fc\" stroke=\"#1f5fa9\" stroke-width=\"1.4\">\n <rect x=\"62\" y=\"46\" width=\"20\" height=\"15\" rx=\"2\"\/><rect x=\"110\" y=\"46\" width=\"20\" height=\"15\" rx=\"2\"\/>\n <rect x=\"158\" y=\"46\" width=\"20\" height=\"15\" rx=\"2\"\/><rect x=\"86\" y=\"104\" width=\"20\" height=\"15\" rx=\"2\"\/><rect x=\"182\" y=\"104\" width=\"20\" height=\"15\" rx=\"2\"\/>\n <\/g>\n <text x=\"132\" y=\"136\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#c0392b\" font-weight=\"700\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">backbone fails \u2192 whole network down<\/text>\n <text x=\"132\" y=\"147\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#5a6d80\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">cheapest \u00b7 red ends are terminators<\/text>\n\n <circle cx=\"356\" cy=\"82\" r=\"15\" fill=\"#0d8f79\"\/>\n <text x=\"356\" y=\"86\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">SW<\/text>\n <g stroke=\"#5a6d80\" stroke-width=\"1.6\">\n <line x1=\"356\" y1=\"67\" x2=\"356\" y2=\"52\"\/><line x1=\"343\" y1=\"74\" x2=\"300\" y2=\"58\"\/><line x1=\"343\" y1=\"90\" x2=\"300\" y2=\"106\"\/>\n <line x1=\"369\" y1=\"74\" x2=\"412\" y2=\"58\"\/><line x1=\"369\" y1=\"90\" x2=\"412\" y2=\"106\"\/>\n <\/g>\n <g fill=\"#eef4fc\" stroke=\"#1f5fa9\" stroke-width=\"1.4\">\n <rect x=\"346\" y=\"36\" width=\"20\" height=\"15\" rx=\"2\"\/><rect x=\"280\" y=\"50\" width=\"20\" height=\"15\" rx=\"2\"\/>\n <rect x=\"280\" y=\"102\" width=\"20\" height=\"15\" rx=\"2\"\/><rect x=\"412\" y=\"50\" width=\"20\" height=\"15\" rx=\"2\"\/><rect x=\"412\" y=\"102\" width=\"20\" height=\"15\" rx=\"2\"\/>\n <\/g>\n <text x=\"356\" y=\"136\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#0a6d5c\" font-weight=\"700\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">one cable fails \u2192 only that node lost<\/text>\n <text x=\"356\" y=\"147\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#5a6d80\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">most common today \u00b7 switch failure kills all<\/text>\n\n <circle cx=\"574\" cy=\"80\" r=\"38\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#14243f\" stroke-width=\"3\"\/>\n <g fill=\"#eef4fc\" stroke=\"#1f5fa9\" stroke-width=\"1.4\">\n <rect x=\"564\" y=\"34\" width=\"20\" height=\"15\" rx=\"2\"\/><rect x=\"606\" y=\"62\" width=\"20\" height=\"15\" rx=\"2\"\/>\n <rect x=\"590\" y=\"106\" width=\"20\" height=\"15\" rx=\"2\"\/><rect x=\"538\" y=\"106\" width=\"20\" height=\"15\" rx=\"2\"\/><rect x=\"522\" y=\"62\" width=\"20\" height=\"15\" rx=\"2\"\/>\n <\/g>\n <path d=\"M596 52 a10 10 0 0 1 6 8\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#c9760f\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\n <path d=\"M602 60 l4 -3 l-4 -3 z\" fill=\"#c9760f\"\/>\n <text x=\"574\" y=\"136\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#c0392b\" font-weight=\"700\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">a break stops the ring<\/text>\n <text x=\"574\" y=\"147\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#5a6d80\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">data travels one way \u00b7 token passing<\/text>\n\n <g fill=\"#1f5fa9\">\n <rect x=\"26\" y=\"166\" width=\"318\" height=\"18\" rx=\"4\"\/>\n <rect x=\"356\" y=\"166\" width=\"318\" height=\"18\" rx=\"4\"\/>\n <\/g>\n <g font-size=\"9.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\" text-anchor=\"middle\">\n <text x=\"185\" y=\"179\">MESH<\/text><text x=\"515\" y=\"179\">TREE<\/text>\n <\/g>\n\n <g stroke=\"#8a95a3\" stroke-width=\"1.2\">\n <line x1=\"96\" y1=\"212\" x2=\"200\" y2=\"212\"\/><line x1=\"96\" y1=\"212\" x2=\"96\" y2=\"278\"\/><line x1=\"96\" y1=\"212\" x2=\"200\" y2=\"278\"\/><line x1=\"96\" y1=\"212\" x2=\"148\" y2=\"245\"\/>\n <line x1=\"200\" y1=\"212\" x2=\"200\" y2=\"278\"\/><line x1=\"200\" y1=\"212\" x2=\"96\" y2=\"278\"\/><line x1=\"200\" y1=\"212\" x2=\"148\" y2=\"245\"\/>\n <line x1=\"96\" y1=\"278\" x2=\"200\" y2=\"278\"\/><line x1=\"96\" y1=\"278\" x2=\"148\" y2=\"245\"\/><line x1=\"200\" y1=\"278\" x2=\"148\" y2=\"245\"\/>\n <\/g>\n <g fill=\"#eef4fc\" stroke=\"#1f5fa9\" stroke-width=\"1.4\">\n <rect x=\"86\" y=\"204\" width=\"20\" height=\"15\" rx=\"2\"\/><rect x=\"190\" y=\"204\" width=\"20\" height=\"15\" rx=\"2\"\/>\n <rect x=\"86\" y=\"271\" width=\"20\" height=\"15\" rx=\"2\"\/><rect x=\"190\" y=\"271\" width=\"20\" height=\"15\" rx=\"2\"\/><rect x=\"138\" y=\"238\" width=\"20\" height=\"15\" rx=\"2\"\/>\n <\/g>\n <rect x=\"238\" y=\"204\" width=\"96\" height=\"82\" rx=\"6\" fill=\"#fffbf0\" stroke=\"#c9760f\" stroke-width=\"1.3\"\/>\n <text x=\"286\" y=\"221\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#8f5409\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">LINKS NEEDED<\/text>\n <text x=\"286\" y=\"244\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"14\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#c9760f\" font-family=\"JetBrains Mono, monospace\">n(n\u22121)\/2<\/text>\n <text x=\"286\" y=\"262\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#5a6d80\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">5 nodes \u2192 10 links<\/text>\n <text x=\"286\" y=\"276\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#5a6d80\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">most reliable, most costly<\/text>\n\n <g stroke=\"#5a6d80\" stroke-width=\"1.6\">\n <line x1=\"515\" y1=\"212\" x2=\"440\" y2=\"238\"\/><line x1=\"515\" y1=\"212\" x2=\"590\" y2=\"238\"\/>\n <line x1=\"440\" y1=\"252\" x2=\"404\" y2=\"272\"\/><line x1=\"440\" y1=\"252\" x2=\"476\" y2=\"272\"\/>\n <line x1=\"590\" y1=\"252\" x2=\"554\" y2=\"272\"\/><line x1=\"590\" y1=\"252\" x2=\"626\" y2=\"272\"\/>\n <\/g>\n <circle cx=\"515\" cy=\"206\" r=\"12\" fill=\"#0d8f79\"\/><text x=\"515\" y=\"210\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">RT<\/text>\n <circle cx=\"440\" cy=\"245\" r=\"10\" fill=\"#2f92d1\"\/><text x=\"440\" y=\"248\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"6\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">SW<\/text>\n <circle cx=\"590\" cy=\"245\" r=\"10\" fill=\"#2f92d1\"\/><text x=\"590\" y=\"248\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"6\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">SW<\/text>\n <g fill=\"#eef4fc\" stroke=\"#1f5fa9\" stroke-width=\"1.4\">\n <rect x=\"394\" y=\"272\" width=\"20\" height=\"15\" rx=\"2\"\/><rect x=\"466\" y=\"272\" width=\"20\" height=\"15\" rx=\"2\"\/>\n <rect x=\"544\" y=\"272\" width=\"20\" height=\"15\" rx=\"2\"\/><rect x=\"616\" y=\"272\" width=\"20\" height=\"15\" rx=\"2\"\/>\n <\/g>\n <text x=\"515\" y=\"308\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#5a6d80\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">hierarchical \u2014 stars joined to a backbone; how a multi-storey school is wired<\/text>\n <\/svg>\n Star is the topology of nearly every modern LAN. Mesh appears where failure cannot be tolerated, and the Internet itself is partly mesh.<\/span>\u0924\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0932\u0917\u092d\u0917 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0906\u0927\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0915 LAN \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u091c\u093e\u0932 \u0935\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0906\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0935\u093f\u092b\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0938\u0939\u0928\u0940\u092f \u0928 \u0939\u094b, \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u0928\u0947\u091f \u0905\u0902\u0936\u0924\u0903 \u091c\u093e\u0932 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n\n <h4>Transmission media<\/span>\u0938\u0902\u091a\u0930\u0923 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e<\/span><\/h4>\n\n <div class=\"vs-compare\">\n <div class=\"vs-side left\">\n Guided \u00b7 wired<\/span>\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u093f\u0924 \u00b7 \u0924\u093e\u0930\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924<\/span><\/span>\n <h5>Signal travels along a physical path<\/span>\u0938\u0902\u0915\u0947\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092d\u094c\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0917 \u0938\u0947 \u091a\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/h5>\n <ul>\n <li>Twisted pair<\/strong> \u2014 pairs of copper wires twisted to cancel interference. UTP<\/strong> is unshielded and STP<\/strong> shielded; grades run Cat5e, Cat6, Cat6a, and the connector is RJ-45<\/strong>. The commonest LAN cable.<\/strong><\/span>\u091f\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0947\u0921 \u092a\u0947\u092f\u0930<\/strong> \u2014 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0924\u093f\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0930\u094b\u0915\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0910\u0902\u0920\u0947 \u0924\u093e\u0901\u092c\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0924\u093e\u0930-\u092f\u0941\u0917\u094d\u092e\u0964 UTP<\/strong> \u0905\u092a\u0930\u093f\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u090f\u0935\u0902 STP<\/strong> \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924; \u0936\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0923\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 Cat5e, Cat6, Cat6a, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0915\u0928\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u0930 RJ-45<\/strong>\u0964 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u091a\u0932\u093f\u0924 LAN \u0924\u093e\u0930\u0964<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n <li>Coaxial<\/strong> \u2014 a central conductor within a braided shield; once used for cable television and older networks.<\/span>\u0938\u092e\u093e\u0915\u094d\u0937<\/strong> \u2014 \u0917\u0941\u0901\u0925\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u092d\u0940\u0924\u0930 \u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u091a\u093e\u0932\u0915; \u0915\u092d\u0940 \u0915\u0947\u092c\u0932 \u091f\u0947\u0932\u0940\u0935\u093f\u091c\u093c\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u0941\u0930\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n <li>Fibre optic<\/strong> \u2014 carries data as pulses of light<\/strong> through glass. Fastest, longest range and completely immune to electromagnetic interference<\/strong>, but costly and fragile. The backbone of the modern internet.<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0936\u093f\u0915 \u0924\u0902\u0924\u0941<\/strong> \u2014 \u0915\u093e\u0901\u091a \u0938\u0947 \u0939\u094b\u0915\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0936-\u0938\u094d\u092a\u0902\u0926\u094b\u0902<\/strong> \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u0932\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0924\u0940\u0935\u094d\u0930, \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u0930\u093e\u0938 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924\u094d-\u091a\u0941\u0902\u092c\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0924\u093f\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923\u0924\u0903 \u0905\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u093f\u0924<\/strong>, \u0915\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0941 \u092e\u0939\u0901\u0917\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0928\u093e\u091c\u093c\u0941\u0915\u0964 \u0906\u0927\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u0928\u0947\u091f \u0915\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0930\u0941\u0926\u0902\u0921\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"vs-mid\">VS<\/div>\n <div class=\"vs-side right\">\n Unguided \u00b7 wireless<\/span>\u0905\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u093f\u0924 \u00b7 \u092c\u0947\u0924\u093e\u0930<\/span><\/span>\n <h5>Signal travels through free space<\/span>\u0938\u0902\u0915\u0947\u0924 \u092e\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0906\u0915\u093e\u0936 \u0938\u0947 \u091a\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/h5>\n <ul>\n <li>Radio waves<\/strong> \u2014 omnidirectional and able to pass through walls; the basis of Wi-Fi and mobile telephony.<\/span>\u0930\u0947\u0921\u093f\u092f\u094b \u0924\u0930\u0902\u0917\u0947\u0902<\/strong> \u2014 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0926\u093f\u0936\u0940\u092f \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0926\u0940\u0935\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u0930 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e; \u0935\u093e\u0908-\u092b\u093c\u093e\u0908 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092e\u094b\u092c\u093e\u0907\u0932 \u0926\u0942\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0937 \u0915\u093e \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n <li>Microwaves<\/strong> \u2014 travel in a straight line and need an unobstructed path between towers.<\/span>\u0938\u0942\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u092e \u0924\u0930\u0902\u0917\u0947\u0902<\/strong> \u2014 \u0938\u0940\u0927\u0940 \u0930\u0947\u0916\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091a\u0932\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u092e\u0940\u0928\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u0905\u092c\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0917 \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n <li>Infrared<\/strong> \u2014 very short range and cannot pass through walls<\/strong>, as in a television remote.<\/span>\u0905\u0935\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0924<\/strong> \u2014 \u0905\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0902\u0924 \u0905\u0932\u094d\u092a \u092a\u0930\u093e\u0938 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0926\u0940\u0935\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u0930 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940<\/strong>, \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u091f\u0947\u0932\u0940\u0935\u093f\u091c\u093c\u0928 \u0930\u093f\u092e\u094b\u091f \u092e\u0947\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n <li>Satellite<\/strong> \u2014 covers remote and inaccessible areas where cable cannot reach, at the cost of high latency.<\/span>\u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939<\/strong> \u2014 \u0909\u0928 \u0926\u0942\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0925 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0926\u0941\u0930\u094d\u0917\u092e \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0906\u0935\u0943\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0924\u093e\u0930 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e, \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u0935\u093f\u0932\u0902\u092c\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u093c\u0940\u092e\u0924 \u092a\u0930\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <hr class=\"section-divider\">\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d6-4\">\n 6.4<\/span>\n <h3>Networking Devices<\/span>\u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n <svg class=\"full-diagram\" viewBox=\"0 0 700 262\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"How a school network is put together, from the internet connection to the classroom\">\n <path d=\"M40 44 a20 20 0 0 1 38 -9 a16 16 0 0 1 13 25 H42 a16 16 0 0 1 -2 -16 z\" fill=\"#e8f3fb\" stroke=\"#1f5fa9\" stroke-width=\"1.8\"\/>\n <text x=\"66\" y=\"52\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">INTERNET<\/text>\n <text x=\"66\" y=\"78\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#5a6d80\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">via the ISP<\/text>\n\n <defs><marker id=\"nw\" markerWidth=\"8\" markerHeight=\"8\" refX=\"7\" refY=\"2.6\" orient=\"auto\"><path d=\"M0,0 L0,5.2 L7,2.6 z\" fill=\"#5a6d80\"\/><\/marker><\/defs>\n <g stroke=\"#5a6d80\" stroke-width=\"1.8\" fill=\"none\">\n <line x1=\"96\" y1=\"46\" x2=\"138\" y2=\"46\" marker-end=\"url(#nw)\"\/>\n <line x1=\"196\" y1=\"46\" x2=\"238\" y2=\"46\" marker-end=\"url(#nw)\"\/>\n <line x1=\"296\" y1=\"46\" x2=\"338\" y2=\"46\" marker-end=\"url(#nw)\"\/>\n <line x1=\"368\" y1=\"70\" x2=\"368\" y2=\"100\"\/>\n <line x1=\"160\" y1=\"118\" x2=\"576\" y2=\"118\"\/>\n <line x1=\"200\" y1=\"118\" x2=\"200\" y2=\"150\" marker-end=\"url(#nw)\"\/>\n <line x1=\"296\" y1=\"118\" x2=\"296\" y2=\"150\" marker-end=\"url(#nw)\"\/>\n <line x1=\"392\" y1=\"118\" x2=\"392\" y2=\"150\" marker-end=\"url(#nw)\"\/>\n <line x1=\"512\" y1=\"118\" x2=\"512\" y2=\"150\" marker-end=\"url(#nw)\"\/>\n <\/g>\n\n <rect x=\"140\" y=\"32\" width=\"56\" height=\"28\" rx=\"4\" fill=\"#fffbf0\" stroke=\"#c9760f\" stroke-width=\"1.8\"\/>\n <text x=\"168\" y=\"43\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#c9760f\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">MODEM<\/text>\n <text x=\"168\" y=\"54\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"6\" fill=\"#8f5409\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">analog \u21c4 digital<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"240\" y=\"32\" width=\"56\" height=\"28\" rx=\"4\" fill=\"#fff6f4\" stroke=\"#c0392b\" stroke-width=\"1.8\"\/>\n <text x=\"268\" y=\"43\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#c0392b\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">FIREWALL<\/text>\n <text x=\"268\" y=\"54\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"6\" fill=\"#8e2318\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">filters traffic<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"340\" y=\"32\" width=\"56\" height=\"38\" rx=\"4\" fill=\"#eefbf7\" stroke=\"#0d8f79\" stroke-width=\"1.8\"\/>\n <text x=\"368\" y=\"46\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#0d8f79\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">ROUTER<\/text>\n <text x=\"368\" y=\"57\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"6\" fill=\"#0a6d5c\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">joins networks<\/text>\n <text x=\"368\" y=\"66\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"6\" fill=\"#0a6d5c\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">uses IP address<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"300\" y=\"100\" width=\"136\" height=\"18\" rx=\"4\" fill=\"#eef4fc\" stroke=\"#1f5fa9\" stroke-width=\"1.8\"\/>\n <text x=\"368\" y=\"113\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">SWITCH \u2014 uses MAC address<\/text>\n\n <g fill=\"#f5f6f8\" stroke=\"#8a95a3\" stroke-width=\"1.4\">\n <rect x=\"176\" y=\"150\" width=\"48\" height=\"34\" rx=\"3\"\/><rect x=\"272\" y=\"150\" width=\"48\" height=\"34\" rx=\"3\"\/><rect x=\"368\" y=\"150\" width=\"48\" height=\"34\" rx=\"3\"\/>\n <\/g>\n <g fill=\"#c9daf0\"><rect x=\"181\" y=\"155\" width=\"38\" height=\"20\"\/><rect x=\"277\" y=\"155\" width=\"38\" height=\"20\"\/><rect x=\"373\" y=\"155\" width=\"38\" height=\"20\"\/><\/g>\n <g font-size=\"7\" fill=\"#5a6d80\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\" text-anchor=\"middle\">\n <text x=\"200\" y=\"196\">Lab PC 1<\/text><text x=\"296\" y=\"196\">Lab PC 2<\/text><text x=\"392\" y=\"196\">Office PC<\/text>\n <\/g>\n\n <rect x=\"486\" y=\"150\" width=\"52\" height=\"26\" rx=\"4\" fill=\"#faf6ff\" stroke=\"#6b3a8f\" stroke-width=\"1.8\"\/>\n <text x=\"512\" y=\"161\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#6b3a8f\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">ACCESS<\/text>\n <text x=\"512\" y=\"171\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#6b3a8f\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">POINT<\/text>\n <g fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#6b3a8f\" stroke-width=\"1.4\" stroke-linecap=\"round\">\n <path d=\"M498 146 a20 20 0 0 1 28 0\"\/><path d=\"M504 140 a12 12 0 0 1 16 0\"\/>\n <\/g>\n <g stroke=\"#6b3a8f\" stroke-width=\"1.4\" stroke-dasharray=\"3 3\" fill=\"none\">\n <line x1=\"500\" y1=\"176\" x2=\"470\" y2=\"206\"\/><line x1=\"524\" y1=\"176\" x2=\"556\" y2=\"206\"\/>\n <\/g>\n <rect x=\"446\" y=\"206\" width=\"42\" height=\"28\" rx=\"3\" fill=\"#f5f6f8\" stroke=\"#8a95a3\" stroke-width=\"1.4\"\/>\n <rect x=\"450\" y=\"210\" width=\"34\" height=\"17\" fill=\"#c9daf0\"\/>\n <text x=\"467\" y=\"246\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7\" fill=\"#5a6d80\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Laptop<\/text>\n <rect x=\"542\" y=\"206\" width=\"24\" height=\"34\" rx=\"3\" fill=\"#f5f6f8\" stroke=\"#8a95a3\" stroke-width=\"1.4\"\/>\n <rect x=\"545\" y=\"211\" width=\"18\" height=\"24\" fill=\"#c9daf0\"\/>\n <text x=\"554\" y=\"252\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7\" fill=\"#5a6d80\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Tablet<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"590\" y=\"150\" width=\"80\" height=\"34\" rx=\"4\" fill=\"#f5f6f8\" stroke=\"#8a95a3\" stroke-width=\"1.4\"\/>\n <text x=\"630\" y=\"164\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#444\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Shared printer<\/text>\n <text x=\"630\" y=\"176\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#444\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">and file server<\/text>\n <line x1=\"576\" y1=\"118\" x2=\"630\" y2=\"118\" stroke=\"#5a6d80\" stroke-width=\"1.8\"\/>\n <line x1=\"630\" y1=\"118\" x2=\"630\" y2=\"150\" stroke=\"#5a6d80\" stroke-width=\"1.8\" marker-end=\"url(#nw)\"\/>\n\n <rect x=\"24\" y=\"206\" width=\"396\" height=\"46\" rx=\"6\" fill=\"#f7fbff\" stroke=\"#c3d2e2\" stroke-width=\"1.2\"\/>\n <text x=\"38\" y=\"222\" font-size=\"8.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#14243f\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">READING THE CHAIN<\/text>\n <text x=\"38\" y=\"237\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">The modem converts the signal \u00b7 the router decides which network traffic goes to \u00b7<\/text>\n <text x=\"38\" y=\"248\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">the switch decides which machine inside the school it goes to.<\/text>\n <\/svg>\n A typical school network. In domestic use a single box combines the modem, router, switch and access point, which is why the four are so often confused.<\/span>\u090f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f\u0940 \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915\u0964 \u0918\u0930\u0947\u0932\u0942 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u090f\u0915 \u0939\u0940 \u0921\u093f\u092c\u094d\u092c\u093e \u092e\u0949\u0921\u0947\u092e, \u0930\u093e\u0909\u091f\u0930, \u0938\u094d\u0935\u093f\u091a \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0910\u0915\u094d\u0938\u0947\u0938 \u092a\u0949\u0907\u0902\u091f \u0915\u094b \u092e\u093f\u0932\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0907\u0938\u0940\u0932\u093f\u090f \u092f\u0947 \u091a\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0907\u0924\u0928\u0940 \u092c\u093e\u0930 \u092d\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n\n <table class=\"data-table\">\n <thead>\n <tr>\n <th>Device<\/span>\u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923<\/span><\/th>\n <th>What it does<\/span>\u092f\u0939 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/th>\n <\/tr>\n <\/thead>\n <tbody>\n <tr><td>Modem<\/span>\u092e\u0949\u0921\u0947\u092e<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>From MO<\/strong>dulator\u2013DEM<\/strong>odulator. Modulates<\/strong> the computer's digital signal into analog form for the telephone or cable line, and demodulates<\/strong> the incoming analog signal back to digital. Because it does both, it is an input and an output device at once<\/strong>.<\/span>MO<\/strong>dulator\u2013DEM<\/strong>odulator \u0938\u0947\u0964 \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0902\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0947\u0924 \u0915\u094b \u0926\u0942\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0937 \u092f\u093e \u0915\u0947\u092c\u0932 \u0932\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u090f\u0928\u093e\u0932\u0949\u0917 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u0949\u0921\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0932\u093f\u0924<\/strong> \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0906\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0941\u090f \u090f\u0928\u093e\u0932\u0949\u0917 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0947\u0924 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0903 \u0905\u0902\u0915\u0940\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u092e\u0949\u0921\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0932\u093f\u0924<\/strong> \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u092f\u0939 \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0928\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0936 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0924 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923<\/strong> \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr style=\"background:#f3f8ff;\"><td>Router<\/span>\u0930\u093e\u0909\u091f\u0930<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>Connects two different networks<\/strong> \u2014 the school's LAN to the Internet \u2014 and decides the path a packet should take. It works at the Network layer<\/strong> and uses IP addresses<\/strong>.<\/span>\u0926\u094b \u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/strong> \u2014 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0915\u0947 LAN \u0915\u094b \u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u0928\u0947\u091f \u0938\u0947 \u2014 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0924\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u092a\u0948\u0915\u0947\u091f \u0915\u093f\u0938 \u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0917 \u0938\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u090f\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u092a\u0930\u0924<\/strong> \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u093e\u092e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 IP \u092a\u0924\u0947<\/strong> \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr style=\"background:#f3f8ff;\"><td>Switch<\/span>\u0938\u094d\u0935\u093f\u091a<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>Connects devices within one LAN<\/strong> and sends each frame only to the port of the intended machine<\/strong>. It works at the Data Link layer<\/strong> and uses MAC addresses<\/strong>. This selectivity is what makes it \"intelligent\".<\/span>\u090f\u0915 \u0939\u0940 LAN \u0915\u0947 \u092d\u0940\u0924\u0930<\/strong> \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u092b\u093c\u094d\u0930\u0947\u092e \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0905\u092d\u0940\u0937\u094d\u091f \u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094b\u0930\u094d\u091f \u092a\u0930<\/strong> \u092d\u0947\u091c\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u0932\u093f\u0902\u0915 \u092a\u0930\u0924<\/strong> \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u093e\u092e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 MAC \u092a\u0924\u0947<\/strong> \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939\u0940 \u091a\u092f\u0928\u0936\u0940\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0909\u0938\u0947 \"\u092c\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0928\" \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr style=\"background:#f3f8ff;\"><td>Hub<\/span>\u0939\u092c<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>The switch's obsolete predecessor. It broadcasts every incoming signal to every port<\/strong> without regard to the destination, wasting bandwidth and exposing traffic to all. Described as a \"dumb\" device for exactly this reason.<\/span>\u0938\u094d\u0935\u093f\u091a \u0915\u093e \u0905\u092a\u094d\u0930\u091a\u0932\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0940\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0917\u0902\u0924\u0935\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0939 \u0915\u093f\u090f \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0906\u0924\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0947\u0924 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u092a\u094b\u0930\u094d\u091f \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924<\/strong> \u0915\u0930 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0948\u0902\u0921\u0935\u093f\u0921\u094d\u0925 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u092f\u093e\u0924\u093e\u092f\u093e\u0924 \u0938\u092c\u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0928\u0947 \u0916\u0941\u0932 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0920\u0940\u0915 \u0907\u0938\u0940 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0907\u0938\u0947 \"\u092e\u0942\u0922\u093c\" \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0939\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>Repeater<\/span>\u0930\u093f\u092a\u0940\u091f\u0930<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>Regenerates a weakening signal<\/strong> so that it can travel further, working at the Physical layer<\/strong>. It adds distance but no intelligence.<\/span>\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0940\u0923 \u092a\u0921\u093c\u0924\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0947\u0924 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u094d\u091c\u0928\u093f\u0924<\/strong> \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0935\u0939 \u0906\u0917\u0947 \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0947, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092d\u094c\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u0930\u0924<\/strong> \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u093e\u092e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0926\u0942\u0930\u0940 \u092c\u0922\u093c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u092c\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093f \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>Bridge and Gateway<\/span>\u092c\u094d\u0930\u093f\u091c \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0917\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0947<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>A bridge<\/strong> joins two segments of the same<\/em> kind of network. A gateway<\/strong> joins networks that use different protocols<\/em> and translates between them \u2014 the most general of all the connecting devices.<\/span>\u092c\u094d\u0930\u093f\u091c<\/strong> \u090f\u0915 \u0939\u0940<\/em> \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u094b \u0916\u0902\u0921 \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0917\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0947<\/strong> \u0909\u0928 \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091f\u094b\u0915\u0949\u0932<\/em> \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u094b\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0935\u093e\u0926 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u0938\u092e\u0938\u094d\u0924 \u0938\u0902\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0915 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>NIC<\/strong><\/td><td>Network Interface Card<\/strong> \u2014 the hardware inside a computer that connects it to the network, and the component that carries the machine's MAC address<\/strong>.<\/span>\u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u092b\u093c\u0947\u0938 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0921<\/strong> \u2014 \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u092d\u0940\u0924\u0930 \u0935\u0939 \u0939\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0921\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u091c\u094b \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0938\u0947 \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0935\u0939\u0940 \u0918\u091f\u0915 \u091c\u094b \u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u093e MAC \u092a\u0924\u093e \u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/strong>\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <\/tbody>\n <\/table>\n\n <div class=\"exam-tip\">\n <div class=\"et-icon\">\ud83c\udff7\ufe0f<\/div>\n <div class=\"et-body\">\n MAC address and IP address are not alternatives; every machine has both.<\/strong> A MAC address<\/strong> is 48 bits, written as six pairs of hexadecimal digits<\/strong> such as <code>3C:5A:B4:0F:2E:19<\/code>. It is burnt into the network card at manufacture, is physical and permanent<\/strong>, and identifies the device itself. An IP address<\/strong> is logical and changeable<\/strong>: it identifies where the device currently is on the network, and it changes when the machine moves to a different network. The switch uses the MAC address to deliver inside the building; the router uses the IP address to deliver between buildings.<\/span>\n MAC \u092a\u0924\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 IP \u092a\u0924\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u0948\u0902; \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u0938 \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/strong> MAC \u092a\u0924\u093e<\/strong> 48 \u092c\u093f\u091f \u0915\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0937\u094b\u0921\u0936\u093e\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0905\u0902\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u091b\u0939 \u092f\u0941\u0917\u094d\u092e\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0932\u093f\u0916\u093e<\/strong>, \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 <code>3C:5A:B4:0F:2E:19<\/code>\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u092f \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0921 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0902\u0915\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u092d\u094c\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092f\u0940<\/strong> \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0939\u091a\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 IP \u092a\u0924\u093e<\/strong> \u0924\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0915\u093f\u0915 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928\u0940\u092f<\/strong> \u0939\u0948: \u092f\u0939 \u092c\u0924\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0907\u0938 \u0938\u092e\u092f \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u0947 \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0940 \u092c\u0926\u0932 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u093f\u091a \u092d\u0935\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u092d\u0940\u0924\u0930 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 MAC \u092a\u0924\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948; \u0930\u093e\u0909\u091f\u0930 \u092d\u0935\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 IP \u092a\u0924\u093e\u0964<\/span>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <hr class=\"section-divider\">\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d6-5\">\n 6.5<\/span>\n <h3>Protocols, IP Addresses and Domain Names<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091f\u094b\u0915\u0949\u0932, IP \u092a\u0924\u0947 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0921\u094b\u092e\u0947\u0928 \u0928\u093e\u092e<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n <h4>A. Protocols<\/span>\u0915. \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091f\u094b\u0915\u0949\u0932<\/span><\/h4>\n\n \n A protocol<\/strong> is an agreed set of rules governing how data is formatted, transmitted and received<\/strong>. Two machines that do not share a protocol cannot communicate, however well they are connected.<\/span>\n \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091f\u094b\u0915\u0949\u0932<\/strong> \u0909\u0928 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0939\u092e\u0924 \u0938\u092e\u0941\u091a\u094d\u091a\u092f \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0924\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0915\u093f \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u0915\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u0942\u092a\u093f\u0924, \u0938\u0902\u091a\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0902<\/strong>\u0964 \u091c\u094b \u0926\u094b \u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u090f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091f\u094b\u0915\u0949\u0932 \u0938\u093e\u091d\u093e \u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u094b\u0902, \u0935\u0947 \u0915\u093f\u0924\u0928\u0947 \u092d\u0940 \u0905\u091a\u094d\u091b\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u091c\u0941\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u0939\u094b\u0902, \u0938\u0902\u0935\u093e\u0926 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0947\u0964<\/span>\n <\/p>\n\n <div class=\"abbr-grid\">\n <table>\n <thead><tr><th>Protocol<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091f\u094b\u0915\u0949\u0932<\/span><\/th><th>Full form and purpose<\/span>\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928<\/span><\/th><\/tr><\/thead>\n <tbody>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">TCP\/IP<\/td><td>Transmission Control Protocol \/ Internet Protocol \u2014 the foundational suite of the Internet<\/strong>.<\/span>\u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0938\u092e\u093f\u0936\u0928 \u0915\u0902\u091f\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0932 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091f\u094b\u0915\u0949\u0932 \/ \u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u0928\u0947\u091f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091f\u094b\u0915\u0949\u0932 \u2014 \u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u0928\u0947\u091f \u0915\u093e \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u092d\u0942\u0924 \u0938\u092e\u0941\u091a\u094d\u091a\u092f<\/strong>\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">HTTP<\/td><td>HyperText Transfer Protocol \u2014 transfers web pages<\/strong>.<\/span>\u0939\u093e\u0907\u092a\u0930\u091f\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0938\u094d\u091f \u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0938\u092b\u093c\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091f\u094b\u0915\u0949\u0932 \u2014 \u0935\u0947\u092c \u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920<\/strong> \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">HTTPS<\/td><td>The same, secured by encryption<\/strong>. The padlock in the address bar.<\/span>\u0935\u0939\u0940, \u0915\u0942\u091f\u0932\u0947\u0916\u0928 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924<\/strong>\u0964 \u092a\u0924\u093e-\u092a\u091f\u094d\u091f\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u0924\u093e\u0932\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">FTP<\/td><td>File Transfer Protocol \u2014 moves files<\/strong> between machines.<\/span>\u092b\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0932 \u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0938\u092b\u093c\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091f\u094b\u0915\u0949\u0932 \u2014 \u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u092b\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0932\u0947\u0902<\/strong> \u0932\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">SMTP<\/td><td>Simple Mail Transfer Protocol \u2014 sends<\/strong> email.<\/span>\u0938\u093f\u0902\u092a\u0932 \u092e\u0947\u0932 \u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0938\u092b\u093c\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091f\u094b\u0915\u0949\u0932 \u2014 \u0908\u092e\u0947\u0932 \u092d\u0947\u091c\u0924\u093e<\/strong> \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <\/tbody>\n <\/table>\n <table>\n <thead><tr><th>Protocol<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091f\u094b\u0915\u0949\u0932<\/span><\/th><th>Full form and purpose<\/span>\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928<\/span><\/th><\/tr><\/thead>\n <tbody>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">POP3 \u00b7 IMAP<\/td><td>Post Office Protocol \u00b7 Internet Message Access Protocol \u2014 retrieve<\/strong> email. Compared in \u00a77.1.<\/span>\u092a\u094b\u0938\u094d\u091f \u0911\u092b\u093c\u093f\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091f\u094b\u0915\u0949\u0932 \u00b7 \u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u0928\u0947\u091f \u092e\u0948\u0938\u0947\u091c \u0910\u0915\u094d\u0938\u0947\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091f\u094b\u0915\u0949\u0932 \u2014 \u0908\u092e\u0947\u0932 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924<\/strong> \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0924\u0941\u0932\u0928\u093e \u00a77.1 \u092e\u0947\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">DNS<\/td><td>Domain Name System \u2014 translates a name into an IP address<\/strong>.<\/span>\u0921\u094b\u092e\u0947\u0928 \u0928\u0947\u092e \u0938\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u092e \u2014 \u0928\u093e\u092e \u0915\u094b IP \u092a\u0924\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/strong>\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">DHCP<\/td><td>Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol \u2014 assigns IP addresses automatically<\/strong>.<\/span>\u0921\u093e\u092f\u0928\u0948\u092e\u093f\u0915 \u0939\u094b\u0938\u094d\u091f \u0915\u0949\u0928\u094d\u092b\u093c\u093f\u0917\u0930\u0947\u0936\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091f\u094b\u0915\u0949\u0932 \u2014 IP \u092a\u0924\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0924\u0903 \u0906\u0935\u0902\u091f\u093f\u0924<\/strong> \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">TELNET \u00b7 SSH<\/td><td>Remote login to another machine; SSH is the encrypted, secure form<\/strong>.<\/span>\u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u0947 \u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0926\u0942\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0925 \u0932\u0949\u0917\u093f\u0928; SSH \u0915\u0942\u091f\u092c\u0926\u094d\u0927, \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0939\u0948<\/strong>\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">VoIP<\/td><td>Voice over Internet Protocol \u2014 voice calls carried over the internet<\/strong>.<\/span>\u0935\u0949\u0907\u0938 \u0913\u0935\u0930 \u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u0928\u0947\u091f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091f\u094b\u0915\u0949\u0932 \u2014 \u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u0928\u0947\u091f \u092a\u0930 \u0932\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0908 \u0917\u0908 \u0927\u094d\u0935\u0928\u093f-\u0935\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e<\/strong>\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <\/tbody>\n <\/table>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"callout amber\">\n <div class=\"callout-label\">\ud83d\udcda The OSI model \u2014 seven layers<\/span>\ud83d\udcda OSI \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u0942\u092a \u2014 \u0938\u093e\u0924 \u092a\u0930\u0924\u0947\u0902<\/span><\/div>\n The Open Systems Interconnection<\/strong> model divides network communication into seven layers, from the bottom upward: Physical, Data Link, Network, Transport, Session, Presentation, Application<\/strong>. The practical TCP\/IP model compresses these into four<\/strong>: Network Access, Internet, Transport and Application. Questions usually ask which layer a device belongs to \u2014 repeater at Physical, switch and bridge at Data Link, router at Network<\/strong>.<\/span>\n \u0913\u092a\u0928 \u0938\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u092e\u094d\u0938 \u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u0915\u0928\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0936\u0928<\/strong> \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u0942\u092a \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u093e\u0924 \u092a\u0930\u0924\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u093e\u0901\u091f\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0928\u0940\u091a\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u090a\u092a\u0930: \u092d\u094c\u0924\u093f\u0915, \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u0932\u093f\u0902\u0915, \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915, \u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0938\u092a\u094b\u0930\u094d\u091f, \u0938\u0924\u094d\u0930, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924\u093f, \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917<\/strong>\u0964 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0915 TCP\/IP \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u0942\u092a \u0907\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u091a\u093e\u0930<\/strong> \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u092e\u0947\u091f\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948: \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0910\u0915\u094d\u0938\u0947\u0938, \u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u0928\u0947\u091f, \u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0938\u092a\u094b\u0930\u094d\u091f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0910\u092a\u094d\u0932\u093f\u0915\u0947\u0936\u0928\u0964 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092f\u0903 \u092a\u0942\u091b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0915\u093f \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u093f\u0938 \u092a\u0930\u0924 \u0915\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u0930\u093f\u092a\u0940\u091f\u0930 \u092d\u094c\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u0930, \u0938\u094d\u0935\u093f\u091a \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092c\u094d\u0930\u093f\u091c \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u0932\u093f\u0902\u0915 \u092a\u0930, \u0930\u093e\u0909\u091f\u0930 \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u092a\u0930<\/strong>\u0964<\/span>\n <\/div>\n\n <h4>B. IP addresses<\/span>\u0916. IP \u092a\u0924\u0947<\/span><\/h4>\n\n <div class=\"formula-card\">\n <div class=\"fx-eyebrow\">The two versions, and the figures that are asked<\/span>\u0926\u094b \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0930\u0923, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0935\u0947 \u0905\u0902\u0915 \u091c\u094b \u092a\u0942\u091b\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"fx-body\">\n IPv4<\/em> \u2014 32 bits \u00b7 four octets \u00b7 each 0 to 255 \u00b7 192.168.1.10<\/em> IPv6<\/em> \u2014 128 bits \u00b7 eight groups \u00b7 hexadecimal \u00b7 2001:0db8:85a3::8a2e:0370:7334<\/em><\/span>\n IPv4<\/em> \u2014 32 \u092c\u093f\u091f \u00b7 \u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0905\u0937\u094d\u091f\u0915 \u00b7 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 0 \u0938\u0947 255 \u00b7 192.168.1.10<\/em> IPv6<\/em> \u2014 128 \u092c\u093f\u091f \u00b7 \u0906\u0920 \u0938\u092e\u0942\u0939 \u00b7 \u0937\u094b\u0921\u0936\u093e\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u00b7 2001:0db8:85a3::8a2e:0370:7334<\/em><\/span>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"fx-note\">\n IPv6 exists because the roughly 4.3 billion addresses of IPv4 were exhausted. Classes: A<\/b> 1\u2013126, B<\/b> 128\u2013191, C<\/b> 192\u2013223, D<\/b> 224\u2013239 (multicast), E<\/b> 240\u2013255 (experimental). 127.0.0.1 is the loopback address<\/b>, meaning \"this machine itself\", and 127 belongs to no class.<\/span>\n IPv6 \u0907\u0938\u0932\u093f\u090f \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f IPv4 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u0917\u092d\u0917 4.3 \u0905\u0930\u092c \u092a\u0924\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u094b \u0917\u090f\u0964 \u0936\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0923\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901: A<\/b> 1\u2013126, B<\/b> 128\u2013191, C<\/b> 192\u2013223, D<\/b> 224\u2013239 (\u092e\u0932\u094d\u091f\u0940\u0915\u093e\u0938\u094d\u091f), E<\/b> 240\u2013255 (\u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915)\u0964 127.0.0.1 \u0932\u0942\u092a\u092c\u0948\u0915 \u092a\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/b>, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u0939\u0948 \"\u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u092f\u0939\u0940 \u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\", \u0914\u0930 127 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0936\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0923\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964<\/span>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <ul class=\"icon-list\">\n <li>1<\/span>\n Public and private.<\/strong> A public<\/strong> address is unique across the whole Internet. A private<\/strong> address is used only inside a local network and is not routable on the Internet; the reserved private ranges begin 10.<\/strong>, 172.16\u2013172.31<\/strong> and 192.168.<\/strong> \u2014 which is why almost every school router hands out addresses beginning 192.168.<\/span>\n \u0938\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0935\u091c\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0928\u093f\u091c\u0940\u0964<\/strong> \u0938\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0935\u091c\u0928\u093f\u0915<\/strong> \u092a\u0924\u093e \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u0928\u0947\u091f \u092a\u0930 \u0905\u0926\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0928\u093f\u091c\u0940<\/strong> \u092a\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u0940\u092f \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u092d\u0940\u0924\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u0928\u0947\u091f \u092a\u0930 \u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0917\u093f\u0924 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e; \u0906\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0928\u093f\u091c\u0940 \u092a\u0930\u093e\u0938 10.<\/strong>, 172.16\u2013172.31<\/strong> \u0924\u0925\u093e 192.168.<\/strong> \u0938\u0947 \u0906\u0930\u0902\u092d \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u2014 \u0907\u0938\u0940\u0932\u093f\u090f \u0932\u0917\u092d\u0917 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f\u0940 \u0930\u093e\u0909\u091f\u0930 192.168 \u0938\u0947 \u0906\u0930\u0902\u092d \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u092a\u0924\u0947 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\n <\/span><\/li>\n <li>2<\/span>\n Static and dynamic.<\/strong> A static<\/strong> address is fixed by hand and stays the same \u2014 appropriate for a server or a network printer. A dynamic<\/strong> address is issued automatically by DHCP<\/strong> each time a device joins, and may differ from one day to the next.<\/span>\n \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0930 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0917\u0924\u093f\u0915\u0964<\/strong> \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0930<\/strong> \u092a\u0924\u093e \u0939\u093e\u0925 \u0938\u0947 \u0924\u092f \u0939\u094b\u0915\u0930 \u0935\u0939\u0940 \u092c\u0928\u093e \u0930\u0939\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0930 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0915 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924\u0964 \u0917\u0924\u093f\u0915<\/strong> \u092a\u0924\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u092c\u093e\u0930 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u091c\u0941\u0921\u093c\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 DHCP<\/strong> \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0924\u0903 \u091c\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u090f\u0915 \u0926\u093f\u0928 \u0938\u0947 \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u0947 \u0926\u093f\u0928 \u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\n <\/span><\/li>\n <\/ul>\n\n <h4>C. Domain names and the anatomy of a URL<\/span>\u0917. \u0921\u094b\u092e\u0947\u0928 \u0928\u093e\u092e \u090f\u0935\u0902 URL \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e<\/span><\/h4>\n\n \n People remember names; machines route by numbers. The Domain Name System<\/strong> bridges the two by translating a domain name into its IP address<\/strong> \u2014 for which reason it is often called the telephone directory of the Internet<\/strong>.<\/span>\n \u0932\u094b\u0917 \u0928\u093e\u092e \u092f\u093e\u0926 \u0930\u0916\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902; \u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0917 \u0924\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0921\u094b\u092e\u0947\u0928 \u0928\u0947\u092e \u0938\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u092e<\/strong> \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u092f\u0939 \u0921\u094b\u092e\u0947\u0928 \u0928\u093e\u092e \u0915\u094b \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 IP \u092a\u0924\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/strong> \u2014 \u0907\u0938\u0940\u0932\u093f\u090f \u0907\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092f\u0903 \u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u0928\u0947\u091f \u0915\u0940 \u0926\u0942\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0937-\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e<\/strong> \u0915\u0939\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\n <\/p>\n\n <svg class=\"full-diagram\" viewBox=\"0 0 740 228\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"The parts of a web address dissected\">\n <rect x=\"20\" y=\"16\" width=\"700\" height=\"44\" rx=\"8\" fill=\"#14243f\"\/>\n <g font-family=\"JetBrains Mono, monospace\" font-size=\"14.5\" font-weight=\"700\">\n <text x=\"38\" y=\"45\" fill=\"#7fc4e8\">https:\/\/<\/text>\n <text x=\"112\" y=\"45\" fill=\"#8ee0c8\">www.<\/text>\n <text x=\"158\" y=\"45\" fill=\"#ffd970\">education<\/text>\n <text x=\"258\" y=\"45\" fill=\"#f0a8c4\">.gov<\/text>\n <text x=\"300\" y=\"45\" fill=\"#f5b58a\">.in<\/text>\n <text x=\"330\" y=\"45\" fill=\"#c9daf0\">\/circulars\/2026\/<\/text>\n <text x=\"494\" y=\"45\" fill=\"#a8e6a0\">rte-notice.pdf<\/text>\n <\/g>\n\n <g stroke=\"#5a6d80\" stroke-width=\"1\" stroke-dasharray=\"2 2\" fill=\"none\">\n <path d=\"M70 60 L70 74\"\/><path d=\"M132 60 L132 90\"\/><path d=\"M204 60 L204 106\"\/>\n <path d=\"M276 60 L276 122\"\/><path d=\"M312 60 L312 138\"\/><path d=\"M408 60 L408 154\"\/><path d=\"M556 60 L556 170\"\/>\n <\/g>\n\n <g font-size=\"8.5\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">\n <text x=\"74\" y=\"78\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#2f92d1\">Protocol<\/text>\n <text x=\"146\" y=\"78\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">\u2014 HTTPS, the secure form of HTTP. The padlock in the browser depends on this.<\/text>\n\n <text x=\"136\" y=\"94\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#0d8f79\">Subdomain<\/text>\n <text x=\"216\" y=\"94\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">\u2014 a subdivision of the site; \"www\" is conventional but not compulsory.<\/text>\n\n <text x=\"208\" y=\"110\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#c9760f\">Second-level domain<\/text>\n <text x=\"336\" y=\"110\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">\u2014 the registered name of the organisation.<\/text>\n\n <text x=\"280\" y=\"126\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#8e2f5a\">Top-level domain (TLD)<\/text>\n <text x=\"418\" y=\"126\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">\u2014 .gov marks a government body.<\/text>\n\n <text x=\"316\" y=\"142\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#c9760f\">Country code (ccTLD)<\/text>\n <text x=\"446\" y=\"142\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">\u2014 .in for India, .uk, .au.<\/text>\n\n <text x=\"412\" y=\"158\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#5a6d80\">Path<\/text>\n <text x=\"446\" y=\"158\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">\u2014 the folders on the server leading to the file.<\/text>\n\n <text x=\"560\" y=\"174\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#0a6d5c\">File name<\/text>\n <text x=\"632\" y=\"174\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">\u2014 the resource itself.<\/text>\n <\/g>\n\n <rect x=\"20\" y=\"184\" width=\"700\" height=\"36\" rx=\"6\" fill=\"#f7fbff\" stroke=\"#c3d2e2\" stroke-width=\"1.1\"\/>\n <text x=\"34\" y=\"198\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\"><tspan font-weight=\"700\">URL<\/tspan> = Uniform Resource Locator \u2014 the full address of a resource on the web.<\/text>\n <text x=\"34\" y=\"211\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\"><tspan font-weight=\"700\">Indian domains to know:<\/tspan> .in \u00b7 .co.in \u00b7 .gov.in \u00b7 .nic.in \u00b7 .ac.in \u00b7 .edu.in \u00b7 .res.in<\/text>\n <\/svg>\n Reading a URL before clicking is the single most effective defence against a phishing link, as \u00a78.3 explains.<\/span>\u0915\u094d\u0932\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 URL \u092a\u0922\u093c \u0932\u0947\u0928\u093e \u092b\u093c\u093f\u0936\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0932\u093f\u0902\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0930\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0940 \u092c\u091a\u093e\u0935 \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u0948\u0938\u093e \u00a78.3 \u092c\u0924\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n <hr class=\"section-divider\">\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d6-6\">\n 6.6<\/span>\n <h3>The Internet and the World Wide Web<\/span>\u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u0928\u0947\u091f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0932\u094d\u0921 \u0935\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u0935\u0947\u092c<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"vs-compare\">\n <div class=\"vs-side left\">\n The network<\/span>\u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915<\/span><\/span>\n <h5>The Internet<\/span>\u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u0928\u0947\u091f<\/span><\/h5>\n <ul>\n <li>A global network of interconnected networks<\/strong> \u2014 the physical and logical infrastructure of cables, satellites, routers and addresses.<\/span>\u092a\u0930\u0938\u094d\u092a\u0930 \u091c\u0941\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u0948\u0936\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915<\/strong> \u2014 \u0924\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902, \u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939\u094b\u0902, \u0930\u093e\u0909\u091f\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u0924\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u092d\u094c\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0924\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0915\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u0935\u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n <li>Began as ARPANET in 1969<\/strong>, funded by the United States Department of Defense.<\/span>1969 \u092e\u0947\u0902 ARPANET<\/strong> \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0906\u0930\u0902\u092d, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u0905\u092e\u0947\u0930\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0917 \u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0924-\u092a\u094b\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n <li>The Web is only one of the services it carries<\/strong>. Email, FTP, VoIP and online gaming are others, and none of them is the Web.<\/span>\u0935\u0947\u092c \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u0905\u0928\u0947\u0915 \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u090f\u0915<\/strong> \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0908\u092e\u0947\u0932, FTP, VoIP \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0911\u0928\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u0917\u0947\u092e\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0928\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0935\u0947\u092c \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"vs-mid\">\u2260<\/div>\n <div class=\"vs-side right\">\n A service on it<\/span>\u0909\u0938 \u092a\u0930 \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e<\/span><\/span>\n <h5>The World Wide Web<\/span>\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0932\u094d\u0921 \u0935\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u0935\u0947\u092c<\/span><\/h5>\n <ul>\n <li>A system of interlinked hypertext documents<\/strong> \u2014 web pages \u2014 reached through browsers and identified by URLs.<\/span>\u092a\u0930\u0938\u094d\u092a\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0939\u093e\u0907\u092a\u0930\u091f\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0938\u094d\u091f \u0926\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0947\u091c\u093c\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940<\/strong> \u2014 \u0935\u0947\u092c \u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u2014 \u091c\u093f\u0928 \u0924\u0915 \u092c\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0909\u091c\u093c\u0930 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u091c\u093f\u0928\u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0939\u091a\u093e\u0928 URL \u0938\u0947 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n <li>Invented by Tim Berners-Lee at CERN in 1989<\/strong> and opened to the public in 1991<\/strong>.<\/span>1989 \u092e\u0947\u0902 CERN \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091f\u093f\u092e \u092c\u0930\u094d\u0928\u0930\u094d\u0938-\u0932\u0940<\/strong> \u0928\u0947 \u0906\u0935\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0914\u0930 1991<\/strong> \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091c\u0928\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0916\u094b\u0932\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n <li>Rests on three inventions of his: HTML<\/strong> to write pages, HTTP<\/strong> to transfer them, and the URL<\/strong> to address them.<\/span>\u0909\u0928\u0915\u0947 \u0924\u0940\u0928 \u0906\u0935\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u091f\u093f\u0915\u093e \u0939\u0948: \u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u0932\u093f\u0916\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 HTML<\/strong>, \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 HTTP<\/strong>, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0909\u0928\u0915\u093e \u092a\u0924\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 URL<\/strong>\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"enrich-box\">\n Dates and firsts worth memorising<\/span>\u0915\u0902\u0920\u0938\u094d\u0925 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u092f\u094b\u0917\u094d\u092f \u0924\u093f\u0925\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0925\u092e<\/span><\/span>\n <ul class=\"split-list\">\n <li>1<\/span>1969<\/strong> \u2014 ARPANET<\/strong>, the ancestor of the Internet, connects four American universities.<\/span>1969<\/strong> \u2014 \u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u0928\u0947\u091f \u0915\u093e \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935\u091c ARPANET<\/strong> \u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0905\u092e\u0947\u0930\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0935\u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n <li>2<\/span>1983<\/strong> \u2014 TCP\/IP<\/strong> is adopted as the standard, the date usually given as the birth of the Internet proper. Vinton Cerf and Robert Kahn<\/strong> are called its fathers.<\/span>1983<\/strong> \u2014 TCP\/IP<\/strong> \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u093e\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u092f\u0939\u0940 \u0924\u093f\u0925\u093f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092f\u0903 \u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u0928\u0947\u091f \u0915\u093e \u091c\u0928\u094d\u092e \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0935\u093f\u0902\u091f\u0928 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u092b\u093c \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0930\u0949\u092c\u0930\u094d\u091f \u0915\u093e\u0939\u094d\u0928<\/strong> \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u091c\u0928\u0915 \u0915\u0939\u0932\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n <li>3<\/span>1989\u201391<\/strong> \u2014 Tim Berners-Lee<\/strong> invents the World Wide Web<\/strong> at CERN in Switzerland.<\/span>1989\u201391<\/strong> \u2014 \u091f\u093f\u092e \u092c\u0930\u094d\u0928\u0930\u094d\u0938-\u0932\u0940<\/strong> \u0938\u094d\u0935\u093f\u091f\u094d\u091c\u093c\u0930\u0932\u0948\u0902\u0921 \u0915\u0947 CERN \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0932\u094d\u0921 \u0935\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u0935\u0947\u092c<\/strong> \u0915\u093e \u0906\u0935\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n <li>4<\/span>1986<\/strong> \u2014 ERNET<\/strong>, the Education and Research Network, brings the first internet connectivity to India, for academic use.<\/span>1986<\/strong> \u2014 ERNET<\/strong>, \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u0902\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915, \u0936\u0948\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u093f\u0915 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0925\u092e \u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u0928\u0947\u091f \u0938\u0902\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0932\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n <li>5<\/span>15 August 1995<\/strong> \u2014 VSNL launches public internet access in India<\/strong>. This date is asked directly.<\/span>15 \u0905\u0917\u0938\u094d\u0924 1995<\/strong> \u2014 VSNL \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0935\u091c\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u0928\u0947\u091f \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a \u0906\u0930\u0902\u092d \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/strong>\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0924\u093f\u0925\u093f \u0938\u0940\u0927\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u091b\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n <li>6<\/span>The generations of the Web: Web 1.0<\/strong> was read-only, a page to be consumed. Web 2.0<\/strong> is read-and-write and participatory \u2014 social media, wikis, comments. Web 3.0<\/strong> is the emerging semantic and decentralised web.<\/span>\u0935\u0947\u092c \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0940\u0922\u093c\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901: \u0935\u0947\u092c 1.0<\/strong> \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932-\u092a\u0920\u0928 \u0925\u093e, \u0909\u092a\u092d\u094b\u0917 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920\u0964 \u0935\u0947\u092c 2.0<\/strong> \u092a\u0920\u0928-\u0932\u0947\u0916\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0939\u092d\u093e\u0917\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u0938\u094b\u0936\u0932 \u092e\u0940\u0921\u093f\u092f\u093e, \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093f, \u091f\u093f\u092a\u094d\u092a\u0923\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901\u0964 \u0935\u0947\u092c 3.0<\/strong> \u0909\u092d\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0941\u0906 \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0935\u0947\u092c \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n\n <hr class=\"section-divider\">\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d6-7\">\n 6.7<\/span>\n <h3>Browsers, URLs and Search Engines<\/span>\u092c\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0909\u091c\u093c\u0930, URL \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0916\u094b\u091c-\u0907\u0902\u091c\u0928<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n <svg class=\"full-diagram\" viewBox=\"0 0 753 350\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Realistic view of a web browser with parts labelled\">\n <rect x=\"86\" y=\"24\" width=\"548\" height=\"302\" rx=\"6\" fill=\"#fff\" stroke=\"#b9c6d6\" stroke-width=\"1.5\"\/>\n\n <rect x=\"86\" y=\"24\" width=\"548\" height=\"26\" rx=\"6\" fill=\"#dee1e6\"\/>\n <rect x=\"86\" y=\"40\" width=\"548\" height=\"10\" fill=\"#dee1e6\"\/>\n <path d=\"M96 50 v-12 a5 5 0 0 1 5 -5 h108 a5 5 0 0 1 5 5 v12 z\" fill=\"#fff\"\/>\n <circle cx=\"106\" cy=\"42\" r=\"4\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\"\/>\n <text x=\"118\" y=\"45\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#333\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Directorate of Education<\/text>\n <path d=\"M203 39 l7 7 M210 39 l-7 7\" stroke=\"#777\" stroke-width=\"1.2\"\/>\n <path d=\"M222 50 v-12 a5 5 0 0 1 5 -5 h92 a5 5 0 0 1 5 5 v12 z\" fill=\"#c9ced6\" opacity=\".55\"\/>\n <text x=\"234\" y=\"45\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#555\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">DIKSHA<\/text>\n <text x=\"340\" y=\"45\" font-size=\"13\" fill=\"#555\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">+<\/text>\n <g fill=\"#777\"><rect x=\"576\" y=\"36\" width=\"9\" height=\"1.4\"\/><rect x=\"596\" y=\"33\" width=\"8\" height=\"8\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#777\" stroke-width=\"1.2\"\/><\/g>\n <path d=\"M616 33 l9 9 M625 33 l-9 9\" stroke=\"#777\" stroke-width=\"1.4\"\/>\n\n <rect x=\"86\" y=\"50\" width=\"548\" height=\"28\" fill=\"#f1f3f4\"\/>\n <g stroke=\"#5f6368\" stroke-width=\"1.6\" fill=\"none\" stroke-linecap=\"round\">\n <path d=\"M106 64 l-6 -6 M106 64 l-6 6 M100 64 h14\"\/>\n <path d=\"M130 64 l6 -6 M130 64 l6 6 M136 64 h-14\" opacity=\".35\"\/>\n <path d=\"M158 60 a7 7 0 1 0 3 -5\" \/><path d=\"M158 55 v6 h6\"\/>\n <\/g>\n <rect x=\"180\" y=\"56\" width=\"404\" height=\"18\" rx=\"9\" fill=\"#fff\" stroke=\"#dadce0\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/>\n <g fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#0d8f79\" stroke-width=\"1.5\">\n <rect x=\"190\" y=\"61\" width=\"7\" height=\"6\" rx=\"1\"\/><path d=\"M191.5 61 v-2 a2 2 0 0 1 4 0 v2\"\/>\n <\/g>\n <text x=\"204\" y=\"69\" font-size=\"8.5\" font-family=\"JetBrains Mono, monospace\"><tspan fill=\"#5f6368\">https:\/\/www.<\/tspan><tspan fill=\"#202124\" font-weight=\"700\">education.delhi.gov.in<\/tspan><tspan fill=\"#5f6368\">\/circulars\/2026<\/tspan><\/text>\n <g fill=\"#5f6368\"><circle cx=\"562\" cy=\"61\" r=\"1.4\"\/><circle cx=\"562\" cy=\"65\" r=\"1.4\"\/><circle cx=\"562\" cy=\"69\" r=\"1.4\"\/><\/g>\n <path d=\"M596 60 l6 6 l6 -6\" stroke=\"#5f6368\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" fill=\"none\"\/>\n\n <rect x=\"86\" y=\"78\" width=\"548\" height=\"18\" fill=\"#f8f9fa\"\/>\n <g font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#3c4043\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">\n <rect x=\"98\" y=\"83\" width=\"7\" height=\"7\" rx=\"1\" fill=\"#c9760f\"\/><text x=\"110\" y=\"90\">UDISE+<\/text>\n <rect x=\"156\" y=\"83\" width=\"7\" height=\"7\" rx=\"1\" fill=\"#0d8f79\"\/><text x=\"168\" y=\"90\">DIKSHA<\/text>\n <rect x=\"216\" y=\"83\" width=\"7\" height=\"7\" rx=\"1\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\"\/><text x=\"228\" y=\"90\">DigiLocker<\/text>\n <rect x=\"288\" y=\"83\" width=\"7\" height=\"7\" rx=\"1\" fill=\"#8e2f5a\"\/><text x=\"300\" y=\"90\">SWAYAM<\/text>\n <\/g>\n\n <rect x=\"86\" y=\"96\" width=\"548\" height=\"206\" fill=\"#fff\"\/>\n <rect x=\"86\" y=\"96\" width=\"548\" height=\"42\" fill=\"#14243f\"\/>\n <circle cx=\"116\" cy=\"117\" r=\"12\" fill=\"#c9760f\"\/>\n <text x=\"140\" y=\"114\" font-size=\"11\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"Georgia, serif\">Directorate of Education<\/text>\n <text x=\"140\" y=\"128\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#c9daf0\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Government of NCT of Delhi<\/text>\n <g font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#c9daf0\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">\n <text x=\"420\" y=\"121\">Home<\/text><text x=\"462\" y=\"121\">Circulars<\/text><text x=\"516\" y=\"121\">Schemes<\/text><text x=\"574\" y=\"121\">Contact<\/text>\n <\/g>\n\n <text x=\"110\" y=\"164\" font-size=\"11\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#14243f\" font-family=\"Georgia, serif\">Latest Circulars<\/text>\n <line x1=\"110\" y1=\"170\" x2=\"180\" y2=\"170\" stroke=\"#c9760f\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\n <g font-size=\"8\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">\n <rect x=\"110\" y=\"180\" width=\"6\" height=\"6\" fill=\"#c9760f\"\/>\n <text x=\"124\" y=\"186\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\" text-decoration=\"underline\">Revised examination schedule for classes IX and XI<\/text>\n <text x=\"450\" y=\"186\" fill=\"#8a95a3\">22 Aug 2026<\/text>\n <rect x=\"110\" y=\"200\" width=\"6\" height=\"6\" fill=\"#c9760f\"\/>\n <text x=\"124\" y=\"206\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\" text-decoration=\"underline\">Guidelines on UDISE+ data entry, session 2026\u201327<\/text>\n <text x=\"450\" y=\"206\" fill=\"#8a95a3\">19 Aug 2026<\/text>\n <rect x=\"110\" y=\"220\" width=\"6\" height=\"6\" fill=\"#c9760f\"\/>\n <text x=\"124\" y=\"226\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\" text-decoration=\"underline\">Admission notice under the RTE Act, 2009<\/text>\n <text x=\"450\" y=\"226\" fill=\"#8a95a3\">14 Aug 2026<\/text>\n <\/g>\n <rect x=\"110\" y=\"246\" width=\"180\" height=\"40\" rx=\"5\" fill=\"#eefbf7\" stroke=\"#0d8f79\" stroke-width=\"1.2\"\/>\n <text x=\"122\" y=\"262\" font-size=\"8\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#0a6d5c\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Download the school calendar<\/text>\n <text x=\"122\" y=\"276\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#0a6d5c\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">PDF \u00b7 1.8 MB<\/text>\n <rect x=\"308\" y=\"246\" width=\"180\" height=\"40\" rx=\"5\" fill=\"#fffbf0\" stroke=\"#c9760f\" stroke-width=\"1.2\"\/>\n <text x=\"320\" y=\"262\" font-size=\"8\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#8f5409\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Grievance redressal portal<\/text>\n <text x=\"320\" y=\"276\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#8f5409\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Log in with school code<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"620\" y=\"96\" width=\"14\" height=\"206\" fill=\"#f5f6f8\"\/>\n <rect x=\"622\" y=\"102\" width=\"10\" height=\"58\" rx=\"5\" fill=\"#b8c2ce\"\/>\n\n <rect x=\"86\" y=\"302\" width=\"548\" height=\"24\" rx=\"0\" fill=\"#f1f3f4\"\/>\n <rect x=\"86\" y=\"316\" width=\"548\" height=\"10\" rx=\"6\" fill=\"#f1f3f4\"\/>\n <text x=\"98\" y=\"318\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#5f6368\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">school-calendar-2026.pdf \u00b7 downloaded<\/text>\n\n <defs><marker id=\"br\" markerWidth=\"8\" markerHeight=\"8\" refX=\"7\" refY=\"2.6\" orient=\"auto\"><path d=\"M0,0 L0,5.2 L7,2.6 z\" fill=\"#8e2f5a\"\/><\/marker><\/defs>\n <g stroke=\"#8e2f5a\" stroke-width=\"1.2\" fill=\"none\">\n <line x1=\"52\" y1=\"40\" x2=\"92\" y2=\"40\" marker-end=\"url(#br)\"\/>\n <line x1=\"52\" y1=\"64\" x2=\"96\" y2=\"64\" marker-end=\"url(#br)\"\/>\n <line x1=\"52\" y1=\"88\" x2=\"92\" y2=\"88\" marker-end=\"url(#br)\"\/>\n <line x1=\"52\" y1=\"316\" x2=\"92\" y2=\"316\" marker-end=\"url(#br)\"\/>\n <line x1=\"690\" y1=\"64\" x2=\"196\" y2=\"64\" marker-end=\"url(#br)\"\/>\n <line x1=\"690\" y1=\"122\" x2=\"612\" y2=\"122\" marker-end=\"url(#br)\"\/>\n <line x1=\"690\" y1=\"192\" x2=\"486\" y2=\"188\" marker-end=\"url(#br)\"\/>\n <\/g>\n <g font-size=\"8.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#8e2f5a\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">\n <text x=\"0\" y=\"43\">Tabs<\/text>\n <text x=\"0\" y=\"60\">Back \u00b7 Forward<\/text>\n <text x=\"0\" y=\"72\">\u00b7 Reload<\/text>\n <text x=\"0\" y=\"91\">Bookmarks bar<\/text>\n <text x=\"0\" y=\"319\">Downloads<\/text>\n <text x=\"694\" y=\"60\">Address bar<\/text>\n <text x=\"694\" y=\"72\">+ padlock<\/text>\n <text x=\"694\" y=\"125\">Web page<\/text>\n <text x=\"694\" y=\"189\">Hyperlinks<\/text>\n <\/g>\n <\/svg>\n The padlock beside the address confirms only that the connection is encrypted. It does not certify that the site is honest \u2014 a point \u00a78.3 returns to.<\/span>\u092a\u0924\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0917\u0932 \u0915\u093e \u0924\u093e\u0932\u093e \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u092f\u0939 \u092c\u0924\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0938\u0902\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u0915\u0942\u091f\u092c\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u093f\u0924 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0915\u093f \u0938\u093e\u0907\u091f \u0908\u092e\u093e\u0928\u0926\u093e\u0930 \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u00a78.3 \u0907\u0938\u0940 \u092c\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0941 \u092a\u0930 \u0932\u094c\u091f\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n\n <div class=\"feat-grid\">\n <div class=\"feat-card\">1<\/span>Browser<\/span>\u092c\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0909\u091c\u093c\u0930<\/span><\/strong>The software that requests, interprets and displays web pages. The common ones are Chrome, Firefox, Edge, Safari and Opera<\/strong>. The first was written by Tim Berners-Lee himself; Mosaic<\/strong> in 1993 made the Web popular.<\/span>\u0935\u0939 \u0938\u0949\u092b\u093c\u094d\u091f\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u091c\u094b \u0935\u0947\u092c \u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u092e\u093e\u0901\u0917\u0924\u093e, \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0940 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u0926\u093f\u0916\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u091a\u0932\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u094b\u092e, \u092b\u093c\u093e\u092f\u0930\u092b\u093c\u0949\u0915\u094d\u0938, \u090f\u091c, \u0938\u092b\u093c\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0913\u092a\u0947\u0930\u093e<\/strong>\u0964 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0925\u092e \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u091f\u093f\u092e \u092c\u0930\u094d\u0928\u0930\u094d\u0938-\u0932\u0940 \u0928\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u0916\u093e; 1993 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u094b\u091c\u093c\u0947\u0915<\/strong> \u0928\u0947 \u0935\u0947\u092c \u0915\u094b \u0932\u094b\u0915\u092a\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f \u092c\u0928\u093e\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"feat-card\">2<\/span>Cache and cookies<\/span>\u0915\u0948\u0936 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0915\u0941\u0915\u0940\u091c\u093c<\/span><\/strong>The cache<\/strong> stores page elements locally so a repeat visit loads faster. A cookie<\/strong> is a small file a site stores on the device to remember a login or a preference. Third-party cookies<\/strong> track across sites and are the basis of targeted advertising \u2014 the privacy point taken up in \u00a711.3.<\/span>\u0915\u0948\u0936<\/strong> \u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0902\u0936 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u0940\u092f \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0930\u0916\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0926\u094b\u092c\u093e\u0930\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u0935\u0939 \u0936\u0940\u0918\u094d\u0930 \u0916\u0941\u0932\u0947\u0964 \u0915\u0941\u0915\u0940<\/strong> \u0935\u0939 \u091b\u094b\u091f\u0940 \u092b\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0932 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0938\u093e\u0907\u091f \u0932\u0949\u0917\u093f\u0928 \u092f\u093e \u0935\u0930\u0940\u092f\u0924\u093e \u092f\u093e\u0926 \u0930\u0916\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u092a\u0930 \u0930\u0916\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0924\u0943\u0924\u0940\u092f-\u092a\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0915\u0941\u0915\u0940\u091c\u093c<\/strong> \u0938\u093e\u0907\u091f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0906\u0930-\u092a\u093e\u0930 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0930\u0947\u0916\u0923 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0935\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u092a\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u2014 \u0928\u093f\u091c\u0924\u093e \u0915\u093e \u092f\u0939\u0940 \u092c\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0941 \u00a711.3 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0932\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"feat-card\">3<\/span>Private or incognito mode<\/span>\u0928\u093f\u091c\u0940 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0917\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0935\u093f\u0927\u093e<\/span><\/strong>Keeps no history, cookies or form data on the device<\/strong> after the window closes. It does not<\/strong> make browsing anonymous: the internet provider, the employer's network and the sites visited can all still see the activity. This is the commonest misunderstanding about it.<\/span>\u0935\u093f\u0902\u0921\u094b \u092c\u0902\u0926 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u092a\u0930 \u0928 \u0907\u0924\u093f\u0939\u093e\u0938, \u0928 \u0915\u0941\u0915\u0940, \u0928 \u092b\u093c\u0949\u0930\u094d\u092e-\u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u0947<\/strong> \u0930\u0916\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u092c\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0909\u091c\u093c\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0915\u094b \u0917\u0941\u092e\u0928\u093e\u092e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902<\/strong> \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u093e: \u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u0928\u0947\u091f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u093e\u0924\u093e, \u0928\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0916\u0940 \u0917\u0908 \u0938\u093e\u0907\u091f\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u092c \u0917\u0924\u093f\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f \u0926\u0947\u0916 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092f\u0939\u0940 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u091a\u0932\u093f\u0924 \u092d\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0924\u093f \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"feat-card\">4<\/span>Search engine<\/span>\u0916\u094b\u091c-\u0907\u0902\u091c\u0928<\/span><\/strong>A site that finds web pages matching a query \u2014 Google, Bing, DuckDuckGo, Yahoo<\/strong>. It works in three stages: crawling<\/strong> the web with automated programs, indexing<\/strong> what is found, and ranking<\/strong> the results by relevance.<\/span>\u0935\u0939 \u0938\u093e\u0907\u091f \u091c\u094b \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u0938\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0932 \u0916\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0935\u0947\u092c \u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u0916\u094b\u091c\u0947 \u2014 \u0917\u0942\u0917\u0932, \u092c\u093f\u0902\u0917, \u0921\u0915\u0921\u0915\u0917\u094b, \u092f\u093e\u0939\u0942<\/strong>\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0924\u0940\u0928 \u091a\u0930\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u093e\u092e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948: \u0938\u094d\u0935\u091a\u093e\u0932\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0935\u0947\u092c \u0915\u093e \u0915\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0932\u093f\u0902\u0917<\/strong>, \u091c\u094b \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0947 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0923<\/strong>, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0938\u0902\u0917\u093f\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0936\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0923\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923<\/strong>\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"callout teal\">\n <div class=\"callout-label\">\ud83d\udd0e Search operators that repay learning<\/span>\ud83d\udd0e \u0938\u0940\u0916\u0928\u0947 \u092f\u094b\u0917\u094d\u092f \u0916\u094b\u091c-\u0938\u0902\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0915<\/span><\/div>\n These turn a vague search into a precise one, and are of daily use when a specific circular or rule has to be traced.<\/span>\n \u092f\u0947 \u0905\u0938\u094d\u092a\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0916\u094b\u091c \u0915\u094b \u092f\u0925\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u092c\u0928\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0914\u0930 \u0924\u092c \u0926\u0948\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u093e\u092e \u0906\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u091c\u092c \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e \u0922\u0942\u0901\u0922\u093c\u0928\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0964<\/span>\n <div class=\"abbr-grid\" style=\"margin:10px 0 0;\">\n <table>\n <thead><tr><th>Operator<\/span>\u0938\u0902\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0915<\/span><\/th><th>Effect<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935<\/span><\/th><\/tr><\/thead>\n <tbody>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">\"exact phrase\"<\/td><td>Finds the words in that exact order<\/strong>.<\/span>\u0936\u092c\u094d\u0926 \u0920\u0940\u0915 \u0909\u0938\u0940 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e<\/strong> \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0916\u094b\u091c\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">site:gov.in<\/td><td>Restricts results to one site or domain<\/strong>.<\/span>\u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u0907\u091f \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0921\u094b\u092e\u0947\u0928<\/strong> \u0924\u0915 \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">filetype:pdf<\/td><td>Returns only files of that format<\/strong>.<\/span>\u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0909\u0938\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0930\u0942\u092a<\/strong> \u0915\u0940 \u092b\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0932\u0947\u0902 \u0932\u094c\u091f\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <\/tbody>\n <\/table>\n <table>\n <thead><tr><th>Operator<\/span>\u0938\u0902\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0915<\/span><\/th><th>Effect<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935<\/span><\/th><\/tr><\/thead>\n <tbody>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">\u2212word<\/td><td>Excludes<\/strong> pages containing that word.<\/span>\u0909\u0938 \u0936\u092c\u094d\u0926 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u092c\u093e\u0939\u0930<\/strong> \u0915\u0930 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">A OR B<\/td><td>Finds pages with either<\/strong> term.<\/span>\u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092d\u0940<\/strong> \u092a\u0926 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u0916\u094b\u091c\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">Tools \u2192 time<\/span>Tools \u2192 \u0938\u092e\u092f<\/span><\/td><td>Limits results to a recent period<\/strong> \u2014 vital for rules that change.<\/span>\u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e \u0939\u093e\u0932 \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u0935\u0927\u093f<\/strong> \u0924\u0915 \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0924\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e\u094b\u0902 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0905\u0928\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <\/tbody>\n <\/table>\n <\/div>\n A worked example: <code>site:education.delhi.gov.in filetype:pdf \"admission\" 2026<\/code> returns official admission circulars in PDF from that department alone, and nothing else.<\/span>\n \u090f\u0915 \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923: <code>site:education.delhi.gov.in filetype:pdf \"admission\" 2026<\/code> \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0909\u0938\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0917 \u0915\u0947 \u0906\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0947\u0936-\u092a\u0930\u093f\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930 PDF \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0932\u094c\u091f\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u0941\u091b \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964<\/span>\n <\/div>\n\n <hr class=\"section-divider\">\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d6-8\">\n 6.8<\/span>\n <h3>Wi-Fi, Mobile Networks and Broadband<\/span>\u0935\u093e\u0908-\u092b\u093c\u093e\u0908, \u092e\u094b\u092c\u093e\u0907\u0932 \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092c\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0921\u092c\u0948\u0902\u0921<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n <table class=\"data-table\">\n <thead>\n <tr>\n <th>Technology<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u0940<\/span><\/th>\n <th>What to know<\/span>\u091c\u093e\u0928\u0928\u0947 \u092f\u094b\u0917\u094d\u092f \u092c\u093e\u0924\u0947\u0902<\/span><\/th>\n <\/tr>\n <\/thead>\n <tbody>\n <tr>\n <td>Wi-Fi<\/strong><\/td>\n <td>Wireless networking over the IEEE 802.11<\/strong> family of standards, running on the 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz<\/strong> bands. 2.4 GHz travels further and penetrates walls better; 5 GHz is faster but shorter in range<\/strong> \u2014 the practical reason a classroom at the far end of a corridor connects but loads slowly. The network's name is its SSID<\/strong>, and security should be WPA2 or WPA3<\/strong>; the older WEP is broken and must not be used.<\/span>IEEE 802.11<\/strong> \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0915-\u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u092c\u0947\u0924\u093e\u0930 \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915\u093f\u0902\u0917, \u091c\u094b 2.4 GHz \u090f\u0935\u0902 5 GHz<\/strong> \u092c\u0948\u0902\u0921 \u092a\u0930 \u091a\u0932\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 2.4 GHz \u0926\u0942\u0930 \u0924\u0915 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0926\u0940\u0935\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u092c\u0947\u0939\u0924\u0930 \u092d\u0947\u0926\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948; 5 GHz \u0924\u0940\u0935\u094d\u0930 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0941 \u092a\u0930\u093e\u0938 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u092e<\/strong> \u2014 \u0917\u0932\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0930\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u0947 \u091b\u094b\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u091c\u0941\u0921\u093c \u0924\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u092a\u0930 \u0927\u0940\u0930\u0947 \u0916\u0941\u0932\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0907\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u092f\u0939\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093e\u092e \u0909\u0938\u0915\u093e SSID<\/strong> \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e WPA2 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e WPA3<\/strong> \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0940 \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f; \u092a\u0941\u0930\u093e\u0928\u093e WEP \u091f\u0942\u091f \u091a\u0941\u0915\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td>Bluetooth<\/strong><\/td>\n <td>Short-range wireless under IEEE 802.15<\/strong>, reaching about 10 metres<\/strong>, used for earphones, keyboards and file transfer between phones. The connecting process is called pairing<\/strong>.<\/span>IEEE 802.15<\/strong> \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u0940\u0928 \u0905\u0932\u094d\u092a-\u092a\u0930\u093e\u0938 \u092c\u0947\u0924\u093e\u0930, \u091c\u094b \u0932\u0917\u092d\u0917 10 \u092e\u0940\u091f\u0930<\/strong> \u0924\u0915 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0908\u092f\u0930\u092b\u093c\u094b\u0928, \u0915\u0941\u0902\u091c\u0940\u092a\u091f\u0932 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092b\u093c\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u092b\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0932-\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930\u0923 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924\u0964 \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u092a\u0947\u092f\u0930\u093f\u0902\u0917<\/strong> \u0915\u0939\u0932\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr style=\"background:#f3f8ff;\">\n <td>Mobile generations<\/span>\u092e\u094b\u092c\u093e\u0907\u0932 \u092a\u0940\u0922\u093c\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n <td>1G<\/strong> analog voice only \u00b7 2G<\/strong> digital voice and SMS \u00b7 3G<\/strong> mobile internet and video calling \u00b7 4G LTE<\/strong> high-speed data and streaming \u00b7 5G<\/strong> very high speed with very low latency<\/strong>, which is what enables remote surgery, autonomous vehicles and large-scale IoT. India's 5G rollout began in October 2022<\/strong>.<\/span>1G<\/strong> \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u090f\u0928\u093e\u0932\u0949\u0917 \u0927\u094d\u0935\u0928\u093f \u00b7 2G<\/strong> \u0905\u0902\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0927\u094d\u0935\u0928\u093f \u090f\u0935\u0902 SMS \u00b7 3G<\/strong> \u092e\u094b\u092c\u093e\u0907\u0932 \u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u0928\u0947\u091f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0935\u0940\u0921\u093f\u092f\u094b \u0915\u0949\u0932 \u00b7 4G LTE<\/strong> \u0924\u0940\u0935\u094d\u0930-\u0917\u0924\u093f \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092e\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u00b7 5G<\/strong> \u0905\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0902\u0924 \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u0917\u0924\u093f \u0938\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u0905\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0932\u094d\u092a \u0935\u093f\u0932\u0902\u092c\u0924\u093e<\/strong>, \u091c\u094b \u0926\u0942\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0925 \u0936\u0932\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e, \u0938\u094d\u0935\u091a\u093e\u0932\u093f\u0924 \u0935\u093e\u0939\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0935\u0943\u0939\u0924\u094d-\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930\u0940\u092f IoT \u0938\u0902\u092d\u0935 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u092e\u0947\u0902 5G \u0915\u093e \u0906\u0930\u0902\u092d \u0905\u0915\u094d\u091f\u0942\u092c\u0930 2022<\/strong> \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u0941\u0906\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td>Broadband<\/span>\u092c\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0921\u092c\u0948\u0902\u0921<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n <td>High-speed, always-on<\/strong> internet, as against the old dial-up<\/strong> which occupied the telephone line and reached only 56 kbps. Its forms are DSL<\/strong> over telephone copper, cable<\/strong>, fibre to the home<\/strong>, and a leased line<\/strong> for guaranteed institutional bandwidth.<\/span>\u0924\u0940\u0935\u094d\u0930-\u0917\u0924\u093f, \u0938\u0926\u0948\u0935-\u091a\u093e\u0932\u0942<\/strong> \u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u0928\u0947\u091f, \u0909\u0938 \u092a\u0941\u0930\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0921\u093e\u092f\u0932-\u0905\u092a<\/strong> \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u092a\u0930\u0940\u0924 \u091c\u094b \u0926\u0942\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0937 \u0932\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u0918\u0947\u0930 \u0932\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0925\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 56 kbps \u0924\u0915 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a\u0924\u093e \u0925\u093e\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0926\u0942\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0937 \u0915\u0947 \u0924\u093e\u0901\u092c\u0947 \u092a\u0930 DSL<\/strong>, \u0915\u0947\u092c\u0932<\/strong>, \u0918\u0930 \u0924\u0915 \u0924\u0902\u0924\u0941<\/strong>, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0917\u0924 \u092c\u0948\u0902\u0921\u0935\u093f\u0921\u094d\u0925 \u0915\u0940 \u0917\u093e\u0930\u0902\u091f\u0940 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u092a\u091f\u094d\u091f\u093e-\u0930\u0947\u0916\u093e<\/strong>\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td>BharatNet<\/strong><\/td>\n <td>The national programme to lay optical fibre to every gram panchayat<\/strong> in India, so that broadband reaches rural schools, health centres and common service centres. It is the physical foundation on which digital education in rural areas rests.<\/span>\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e \u092a\u0902\u091a\u093e\u092f\u0924 \u0924\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0936\u093f\u0915 \u0924\u0902\u0924\u0941<\/strong> \u092c\u093f\u091b\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u092c\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0921\u092c\u0948\u0902\u0921 \u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e\u0940\u0923 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f\u094b\u0902, \u0938\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0925\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e \u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0924\u0915 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a\u0947\u0964 \u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e\u0940\u0923 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0907\u0938\u0940 \u092d\u094c\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0928\u0940\u0902\u0935 \u092a\u0930 \u091f\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <\/tbody>\n <\/table>\n\n <div class=\"exam-tip\">\n <div class=\"et-icon\">\ud83e\uddee<\/div>\n <div class=\"et-body\">\n Mbps and MBps are not the same, and the difference is a factor of eight.<\/strong> Network speed is measured in megabits<\/strong> per second, written Mbps<\/strong> with a small b. File size is measured in megabytes<\/strong>, written MB<\/strong> with a capital B. Since one byte is eight bits<\/strong>, a connection sold as 100 Mbps delivers at best about 12.5 MB per second<\/strong>. A school comparing a broadband quotation against the size of the files it must upload to a portal needs this conversion, and a question may test it directly.<\/span>\n Mbps \u090f\u0935\u0902 MBps \u090f\u0915 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930 \u0906\u0920 \u0917\u0941\u0928\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/strong> \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915-\u0917\u0924\u093f \u092e\u0947\u0917\u093e\u092c\u093f\u091f<\/strong> \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f \u0938\u0947\u0915\u0902\u0921 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u093e\u092a\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u094b \u091b\u094b\u091f\u0947 b \u0938\u0939\u093f\u0924 Mbps<\/strong> \u0932\u093f\u0916\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092b\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0932-\u0906\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0917\u093e\u092c\u093e\u0907\u091f<\/strong> \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u093e\u092a\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u094b \u092c\u0921\u093c\u0947 B \u0938\u0939\u093f\u0924 MB<\/strong> \u0932\u093f\u0916\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u091a\u0942\u0901\u0915\u093f \u090f\u0915 \u092c\u093e\u0907\u091f \u0906\u0920 \u092c\u093f\u091f \u0915\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/strong>, \u0905\u0924\u0903 100 Mbps \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0947\u091a\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0938\u0902\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0932\u0917\u092d\u0917 12.5 MB \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f \u0938\u0947\u0915\u0902\u0921<\/strong> \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u091c\u093f\u0938 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0915\u094b \u092a\u094b\u0930\u094d\u091f\u0932 \u092a\u0930 \u091a\u0922\u093c\u093e\u0908 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u092b\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0932\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0906\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u092c\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0921\u092c\u0948\u0902\u0921 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u0926\u094d\u0927\u0930\u0923 \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0928\u093e \u0939\u094b, \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u092f\u0939 \u0930\u0942\u092a\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930\u0923 \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f, \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u0907\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0940\u0927\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u0916 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <hr class=\"section-divider\">\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d6-9\">\n 6.9<\/span>\n <h3>Cloud Computing and Cloud Storage<\/span>\u0915\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0909\u0921 \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0915\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0909\u0921 \u092d\u0902\u0921\u093e\u0930\u0923<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"callout purple\">\n <div class=\"callout-label\">\ud83d\udcd8 Concept<\/span>\ud83d\udcd8 \u0905\u0935\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923\u093e<\/span><\/div>\n Cloud computing<\/strong> is the delivery of computing services \u2014 storage, processing, software, databases \u2014 over the internet, on demand, and paid for according to use<\/strong> rather than owned outright. Cloud storage<\/strong> is the branch of it that concerns files: data is held on servers maintained by a provider and reached from any device with a connection. The service models are set out in \u00a712.2; this section deals with storage.<\/span>\n \u0915\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0909\u0921 \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u093f\u0902\u0917<\/strong> \u0938\u0902\u0917\u0923\u0928-\u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u2014 \u092d\u0902\u0921\u093e\u0930\u0923, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0930\u0923, \u0938\u0949\u092b\u093c\u094d\u091f\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930, \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e\u092c\u0947\u0938 \u2014 \u0915\u0940 \u0935\u0939 \u0906\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u0928\u0947\u091f \u092a\u0930, \u092e\u093e\u0901\u0917 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u093e\u0930, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0935\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u091c\u093e\u092f \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u093e\u0930 \u092d\u0941\u0917\u0924\u093e\u0928<\/strong> \u092a\u0930 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0915\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0909\u0921 \u092d\u0902\u0921\u093e\u0930\u0923<\/strong> \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u0935\u0939 \u0936\u093e\u0916\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u092b\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0932\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948: \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u0930\u0939\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092d\u0940 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a\u0947 \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u0942\u092a \u00a712.2 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0926\u093f\u090f \u0939\u0948\u0902; \u092f\u0939 \u092d\u093e\u0917 \u092d\u0902\u0921\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"pc-grid\">\n <div class=\"pc-panel pro\">\n <div class=\"pc-head\">\u2713<\/span>Advantages<\/span>\u0932\u093e\u092d<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n <ul>\n <li>Access from anywhere<\/strong> and from any device \u2014 a circular drafted in the office can be finished at home<\/span>\u0915\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u092d\u0940<\/strong> \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092d\u0940 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a \u2014 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0932\u093f\u0916\u093e \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0918\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u093e \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/li>\n <li>Automatic off-site backup<\/strong>, which satisfies the third condition of the 3-2-1 rule from \u00a72.8 without any effort<\/span>\u0938\u094d\u0935\u0924\u0903 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0938\u0930-\u092c\u093e\u0939\u094d\u092f \u092c\u0948\u0915\u0905\u092a<\/strong>, \u091c\u094b \u00a72.8 \u0915\u0947 3-2-1 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e \u0915\u0940 \u0924\u0940\u0938\u0930\u0940 \u0936\u0930\u094d\u0924 \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u093e\u0938 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u0930 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/li>\n <li>Simultaneous collaboration<\/strong> \u2014 six teachers entering marks into one result sheet at the same moment<\/span>\u090f\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0938\u0939\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f<\/strong> \u2014 \u091b\u0939 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u090f\u0915 \u0939\u0940 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u090f\u0915 \u0939\u0940 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e-\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0915 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0902\u0915 \u092d\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0941\u090f<\/span><\/li>\n <li>Scalable and cheap to start<\/strong> \u2014 no server to buy, and capacity added as needed<\/span>\u0935\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0930-\u092f\u094b\u0917\u094d\u092f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0906\u0930\u0902\u092d \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e<\/strong> \u2014 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0930 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0916\u0930\u0940\u0926\u0928\u093e \u092a\u0921\u093c\u0924\u093e, \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e\u0924\u093e \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0924\u093e\u0928\u0941\u0938\u093e\u0930 \u092c\u0922\u093c\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/li>\n <li>Version history<\/strong>, so an earlier draft can be recovered after a mistaken edit<\/span>\u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0930\u0923-\u0907\u0924\u093f\u0939\u093e\u0938<\/strong>, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u092d\u0942\u0932 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u093f\u090f \u0938\u0902\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0930\u0942\u092a \u0932\u094c\u091f\u093e\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0947<\/span><\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"pc-panel con\">\n <div class=\"pc-head\">\u2717<\/span>Limitations<\/span>\u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e\u090f\u0901<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n <ul>\n <li>Nothing works without a connection<\/strong> \u2014 a serious constraint where bandwidth is unreliable<\/span>\u0938\u0902\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0915\u0941\u091b \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u091a\u0932\u0924\u093e<\/strong> \u2014 \u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u092c\u0948\u0902\u0921\u0935\u093f\u0921\u094d\u0925 \u0905\u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0935\u0938\u0928\u0940\u092f \u0939\u094b \u0935\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0917\u0902\u092d\u0940\u0930 \u092c\u093e\u0927\u093e<\/span><\/li>\n <li>Privacy and custody<\/strong> \u2014 student data sits on someone else's servers, which raises the questions \u00a78.8 examines<\/span>\u0928\u093f\u091c\u0924\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e<\/strong> \u2014 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u0930\u0939\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0935\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u0909\u0920\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u091c\u093f\u0928\u0915\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0935\u0947\u091a\u0928\u093e \u00a78.8 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/li>\n <li>Data sovereignty<\/strong> \u2014 the servers may be outside India, which matters for official records<\/span>\u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u093e-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u0941\u0938\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093e<\/strong> \u2014 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0930 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0939\u0930 \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u091c\u094b \u0936\u093e\u0938\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0932\u0947\u0916\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/li>\n <li>Recurring cost and vendor lock-in<\/strong> \u2014 the subscription never ends, and migrating away later is difficult<\/span>\u0906\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0940 \u0932\u093e\u0917\u0924 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0924\u093e-\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0928<\/strong> \u2014 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u092d\u0940 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e, \u0914\u0930 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u091f\u0928\u093e \u0915\u0920\u093f\u0928 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"callout red\">\n <div class=\"callout-label\">\u26a0\ufe0f Synchronisation is not backup<\/span>\u26a0\ufe0f \u0938\u092e\u0915\u093e\u0932\u0928 \u092c\u0948\u0915\u0905\u092a \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/div>\n A synchronised folder such as Google Drive or OneDrive mirrors whatever happens on the device<\/strong>. If a file is deleted locally, or corrupted, or encrypted by ransomware, that change is faithfully copied to the cloud within seconds<\/strong> \u2014 and the cloud copy is destroyed along with the original. Sync gives availability, not protection. A true backup is a separate copy that the working system cannot alter<\/strong>, which is why \u00a72.8 insisted on three copies rather than two locations of the same one. Most cloud services keep deleted files in a bin and hold version history for a limited period, and knowing that retention window is part of knowing whether the data is actually safe.<\/span>\n \u0917\u0942\u0917\u0932 \u0921\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0907\u0935 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0935\u0928\u0921\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0907\u0935 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u093e \u0938\u092e\u0915\u093e\u0932\u093f\u0924 \u092b\u093c\u094b\u0932\u094d\u0921\u0930 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u092a\u0930 \u091c\u094b \u092d\u0940 \u0939\u094b \u0909\u0938\u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092c\u093f\u0902\u092c \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/strong>\u0964 \u092f\u0926\u093f \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u092b\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0932 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u0940\u092f \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u092e\u093f\u091f \u091c\u093e\u090f, \u092f\u093e \u0926\u0942\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u090f, \u092f\u093e \u0930\u0948\u0928\u0938\u092e\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0942\u091f\u092c\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0915\u0930 \u0926\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u090f, \u0924\u094b \u0935\u0939 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u0915\u0941\u091b \u0939\u0940 \u0938\u0947\u0915\u0902\u0921\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0920\u093e\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0915 \u0915\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0909\u0921 \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0932\u093f\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/strong> \u2014 \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0909\u0921 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f \u092e\u0942\u0932 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0939\u0940 \u0928\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0938\u092e\u0915\u093e\u0932\u0928 \u0909\u092a\u0932\u092c\u094d\u0927\u0924\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0938\u0902\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964 \u0938\u091a\u094d\u091a\u093e \u092c\u0948\u0915\u0905\u092a \u0935\u0939 \u092a\u0943\u0925\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u0930\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u092c\u0926\u0932 \u0928 \u0938\u0915\u0947<\/strong>, \u0907\u0938\u0940\u0932\u093f\u090f \u00a72.8 \u0928\u0947 \u090f\u0915 \u0939\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u094b \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u091c\u093e\u092f \u0924\u0940\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u0906\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0925\u093e\u0964 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0902\u0936 \u0915\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0909\u0921 \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u092e\u093f\u091f\u093e\u0908 \u092b\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0932\u0947\u0902 \u090f\u0915 \u092a\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0930\u0916\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0905\u0935\u0927\u093f \u0924\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0930\u0923-\u0907\u0924\u093f\u0939\u093e\u0938 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0909\u0938 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923-\u0905\u0935\u0927\u093f \u0915\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0928\u093e \u092f\u0939 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0902\u0917 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924\u0903 \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u092f\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964<\/span>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"mcq-box\">\n <div class=\"mcq-title\">\n Practice<\/span>\u0905\u092d\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938<\/span><\/span>\n Questions on networking and the internet<\/span>\u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u0928\u0947\u091f \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928<\/span><\/span>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"mcq-note\">Objective questions in the pattern of the examination. Click to reveal the answer and its explanation.<\/span>\u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u0930 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928\u0964 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0916\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u094d\u0932\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u0940\u091c\u093f\u090f\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <details class=\"mcq-q\">\n <summary>54<\/span>In which topology does the failure of the central device bring down the entire network?<\/span><\/summary>\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\n <li>(a) Bus<\/li>\n <li>(b) Star<\/li>\n <li>(c) Ring<\/li>\n <li>(d) Mesh<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\">(b) Star<\/b> In a star every node connects to a central hub or switch, so a single cable failure isolates only one machine but a failure of the central device disconnects all. In a bus it is the backbone whose failure is fatal, and in a mesh no single failure is.<\/span>\u0924\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0928\u094b\u0921 \u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0939\u092c \u092f\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0935\u093f\u091a \u0938\u0947 \u091c\u0941\u0921\u093c\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0905\u0924\u0903 \u090f\u0915 \u0924\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u092b\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u090f\u0915 \u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0905\u0932\u0917 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u092b\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0938\u092c\u0915\u094b \u0915\u093e\u091f \u0926\u0947\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092c\u0938 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0930\u0941\u0926\u0902\u0921 \u0915\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u092b\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0918\u093e\u0924\u0915 \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0932 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u090f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u092b\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0918\u093e\u0924\u0915 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964<\/span>\u00a76.3<\/span><\/div>\n <\/details>\n <details class=\"mcq-q\">\n <summary>55<\/span>A device that connects two different networks and forwards data between them using IP addresses is a:<\/span><\/summary>\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\n <li>(a) Hub<\/li>\n <li>(b) Switch<\/li>\n <li>(c) Router<\/li>\n <li>(d) Repeater<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\">(c) Router<\/b> The router joins networks and works at the Network layer with IP addresses. A switch works inside one LAN using MAC addresses, a hub broadcasts blindly to every port, and a repeater only regenerates a weakening signal.<\/span>\u0930\u093e\u0909\u091f\u0930 \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 IP \u092a\u0924\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u092a\u0930\u0924 \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u093e\u092e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u093f\u091a \u090f\u0915 \u0939\u0940 LAN \u0915\u0947 \u092d\u0940\u0924\u0930 MAC \u092a\u0924\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u092e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0939\u092c \u0906\u0901\u0916 \u092e\u0942\u0901\u0926\u0915\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u092a\u094b\u0930\u094d\u091f \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0930\u093f\u092a\u0940\u091f\u0930 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0940\u0923 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0947\u0924 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u094d\u091c\u0928\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\u00a76.4<\/span><\/div>\n <\/details>\n <details class=\"mcq-q\">\n <summary>56<\/span>An IPv4 address consists of how many bits?<\/span><\/summary>\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\n <li>(a) 16<\/li>\n <li>(b) 32<\/li>\n <li>(c) 48<\/li>\n <li>(d) 128<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\">(b) 32<\/b> IPv4 is 32 bits in four octets. 48 bits is the size of a MAC address, and 128 bits is IPv6. All three figures appear in the options of this question in various combinations, so all three should be held separately in memory.<\/span>IPv4 \u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0905\u0937\u094d\u091f\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 32 \u092c\u093f\u091f \u0915\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 48 \u092c\u093f\u091f MAC \u092a\u0924\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u0906\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u0925\u093e 128 \u092c\u093f\u091f IPv6 \u0915\u093e\u0964 \u0924\u0940\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0905\u0902\u0915 \u0907\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0935\u093f\u0927 \u0938\u0902\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0906\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0905\u0924\u0903 \u0924\u0940\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0905\u0932\u0917-\u0905\u0932\u0917 \u0938\u094d\u092e\u0930\u0923 \u0930\u0916\u0928\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f\u0964<\/span>\u00a76.5 B<\/span><\/div>\n <\/details>\n <details class=\"mcq-q\">\n <summary>57<\/span>Which protocol translates a domain name into an IP address?<\/span><\/summary>\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\n <li>(a) DHCP<\/li>\n <li>(b) DNS<\/li>\n <li>(c) FTP<\/li>\n <li>(d) SMTP<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\">(b) DNS<\/b> The Domain Name System is the telephone directory of the Internet. DHCP assigns IP addresses to devices, FTP transfers files, and SMTP sends email. DHCP and DNS are the pair most often confused because both concern addresses.<\/span>\u0921\u094b\u092e\u0947\u0928 \u0928\u0947\u092e \u0938\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u092e \u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u0928\u0947\u091f \u0915\u0940 \u0926\u0942\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0937-\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 DHCP \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b IP \u092a\u0924\u0947 \u0906\u0935\u0902\u091f\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, FTP \u092b\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0932\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u0925\u093e SMTP \u0908\u092e\u0947\u0932 \u092d\u0947\u091c\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 DHCP \u090f\u0935\u0902 DNS \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092d\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u092f\u0941\u0917\u094d\u092e \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0924\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span>\u00a76.5<\/span><\/div>\n <\/details>\n <details class=\"mcq-q\">\n <summary>58<\/span>Public internet access was launched in India on:<\/span><\/summary>\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\n <li>(a) 15 August 1995<\/li>\n <li>(b) 26 January 1991<\/li>\n <li>(c) 15 August 1986<\/li>\n <li>(d) 1 April 1999<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\">(a) 15 August 1995<\/b> Launched by VSNL. ERNET had brought connectivity to India in 1986, but for academic and research use only, not for the public.<\/span>VSNL \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0906\u0930\u0902\u092d\u0964 ERNET 1986 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0932\u093e \u091a\u0941\u0915\u093e \u0925\u093e, \u0915\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0936\u0948\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u093f\u0915 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u0902\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941, \u091c\u0928\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964<\/span>\u00a76.6<\/span><\/div>\n <\/details>\n <details class=\"mcq-q\">\n <summary>59<\/span>In a mesh topology with 6 nodes, the number of links required is:<\/span><\/summary>\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\n <li>(a) 6<\/li>\n <li>(b) 12<\/li>\n <li>(c) 15<\/li>\n <li>(d) 30<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\">(c) 15<\/b> The formula is n(n\u22121)\/2, so 6 \u00d7 5 \u00f7 2 = 15. Option (d) is the trap for anyone who forgets to halve, since a link between two nodes is counted once, not twice.<\/span>\u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930 n(n\u22121)\/2 \u0939\u0948, \u0905\u0924\u0903 6 \u00d7 5 \u00f7 2 = 15\u0964 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a (\u0918) \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u091c\u093e\u0932 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0906\u0927\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u092d\u0942\u0932 \u091c\u093e\u090f\u0901, \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u0926\u094b \u0928\u094b\u0921\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0902\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u090f\u0915 \u092c\u093e\u0930 \u0917\u093f\u0928\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0926\u094b \u092c\u093e\u0930 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964<\/span>\u00a76.3<\/span><\/div>\n <\/details>\n <details class=\"mcq-q\">\n <summary>60<\/span>Which statement about a synchronised cloud folder is correct?<\/span><\/summary>\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\n <li>(a) It protects files against accidental deletion<\/li>\n <li>(b) A file deleted on the device is also removed from the cloud<\/li>\n <li>(c) It works without an internet connection at all times<\/li>\n <li>(d) It is the same as an offline backup<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\">(b) A file deleted on the device is also removed from the cloud<\/b> Synchronisation mirrors every change, including deletion and corruption. It provides availability rather than protection, which is why a genuine backup must be a separate copy the working system cannot alter.<\/span>\u0938\u092e\u0915\u093e\u0932\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092c\u093f\u0902\u092c \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0935\u093f\u0932\u094b\u092a\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0926\u0942\u0937\u0923 \u0938\u0939\u093f\u0924\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0909\u092a\u0932\u092c\u094d\u0927\u0924\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0907\u0938\u0940\u0932\u093f\u090f \u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u092c\u0948\u0915\u0905\u092a \u0910\u0938\u0940 \u092a\u0943\u0925\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0940 \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u0930\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u092c\u0926\u0932 \u0928 \u0938\u0915\u0947\u0964<\/span>\u00a76.9<\/span><\/div>\n <\/details>\n <\/div>\n\n <\/section>\n\n \n <section class=\"chapter-content\" data-chap=\"7\" id=\"c7\">\n <div class=\"chapter-heading-block\">\n SYLLABUS ITEM 7<\/span>\u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u092e\u0926 7<\/span><\/span>\n <h2>Email and Digital Communication<\/span>\u0908\u092e\u0947\u0932 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0937\u0923<\/span><\/h2>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"callout amber\">\n <div class=\"callout-label\">\ud83d\udccc What this chapter covers<\/span>\ud83d\udccc \u0907\u0938 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/div>\n CC, BCC, attachments, spam management, professional email writing, video conferencing, and online collaboration tools<\/span>\n CC, BCC, \u0938\u0902\u0932\u0917\u094d\u0928\u0915, \u0938\u094d\u092a\u0948\u092e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0928, \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0935\u0938\u093e\u092f\u093f\u0915 \u0908\u092e\u0947\u0932 \u0932\u0947\u0916\u0928, \u0935\u0940\u0921\u093f\u092f\u094b \u0915\u0949\u0928\u094d\u092b\u093c\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0902\u0938\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0911\u0928\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u0938\u0939\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923<\/span>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"keyfact-grid\">\n <div class=\"keyfact-card navy-hi\">\n \ud83d\udc41\ufe0f<\/span>\n <div class=\"kf-label\">The Rule Behind Every CC\/BCC Question<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 CC\/BCC \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0940\u091b\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"kf-value\" style=\"font-size:12.5px;\">CC is visible to all BCC is visible to none<\/span>CC \u0938\u092c\u0915\u094b \u0926\u093f\u0916\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 BCC \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0915\u094b \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"kf-sub\">A BCC recipient sees everyone else; no one else sees them<\/span>BCC \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0938\u092c\u0915\u094b \u0926\u0947\u0916\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948; \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0926\u0947\u0916\u0924\u093e<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"keyfact-card teal-hi\">\n \ud83d\udcee<\/span>\n <div class=\"kf-label\">The Three Protocols<\/span>\u0924\u0940\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091f\u094b\u0915\u0949\u0932<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"kf-value\" style=\"font-size:13.5px;\">SMTP \u00b7 POP3 \u00b7 IMAP<\/div>\n <div class=\"kf-sub\">One sends; two retrieve, and only one of those keeps devices in step<\/span>\u090f\u0915 \u092d\u0947\u091c\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948; \u0926\u094b \u0932\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0928\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u090f\u0915 \u0939\u0940 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u092e\u093f\u0932\u093e\u0915\u0930 \u0930\u0916\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"keyfact-card amber-hi\">\n \ud83d\udcce<\/span>\n <div class=\"kf-label\">Usual Attachment Limit<\/span>\u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0938\u0902\u0932\u0917\u094d\u0928\u0915-\u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"kf-value\" style=\"font-size:16px;\">25 MB<\/div>\n <div class=\"kf-sub\">Beyond it, compress the file or send a cloud link instead<\/span>\u0909\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0939\u094b \u0924\u094b \u092b\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0932 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0940\u0921\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0915\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0909\u0921 \u0932\u093f\u0902\u0915 \u092d\u0947\u091c\u0947\u0902<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d7-0\">\n 7.0<\/span>\n <h3>Introduction<\/span>\u092a\u0930\u093f\u091a\u092f<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n <ul class=\"icon-list\">\n <li>\u25b8<\/span>\n Electronic mail<\/strong> is the exchange of written messages between computers over a network. It is asynchronous<\/strong> \u2014 the sender and the receiver need not be present at the same moment \u2014 and that is precisely what makes it the medium of official correspondence, as against a telephone call which leaves no record.<\/span>\n \u0907\u0932\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u092e\u0947\u0932<\/strong> \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u0932\u093f\u0916\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0906\u0926\u093e\u0928-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0905\u0924\u0941\u0932\u094d\u092f\u0915\u093e\u0932\u093f\u0915<\/strong> \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0937\u0915 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0915\u093e \u090f\u0915 \u0939\u0940 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0909\u092a\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u093e \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u2014 \u0914\u0930 \u092f\u0939\u0940 \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0936\u093e\u0938\u0915\u0940\u092f \u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093e\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0909\u0938 \u0926\u0942\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0937-\u0935\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u092a\u0930\u0940\u0924 \u091c\u094b \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0932\u0947\u0916 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u091b\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0924\u0940\u0964<\/span>\n <\/span><\/li>\n <li>\u25b8<\/span>\n The first network email was sent by Ray Tomlinson in 1971<\/strong>, who chose the @ symbol<\/strong> to separate the user from the machine because it appeared in no name and meant \"at\". Every email address in the world still follows that decision.<\/span>\n \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0925\u092e \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0908\u092e\u0947\u0932 1971 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0930\u0947 \u091f\u0949\u092e\u0932\u093f\u0902\u0938\u0928<\/strong> \u0928\u0947 \u092d\u0947\u091c\u093e, \u091c\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0939\u094b\u0902\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0915\u094b \u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0943\u0925\u0915 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 @ \u091a\u093f\u0939\u094d\u0928<\/strong> \u091a\u0941\u0928\u093e \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u0935\u0939 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0928\u093e\u092e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0906\u0924\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0925\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u0925\u093e \"\u092a\u0930\"\u0964 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0935 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0908\u092e\u0947\u0932 \u092a\u0924\u093e \u0906\u091c \u092d\u0940 \u0909\u0938\u0940 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0923\u092f \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\n <\/span><\/li>\n <li>\u25b8<\/span>\n For a school head the governing fact is this: an official email is a record<\/strong>. It can be produced in a departmental enquiry, called for under the Right to Information Act, and forwarded beyond its intended reader without any further consent. Everything in \u00a77.5 and \u00a77.8 follows from that single circumstance.<\/span>\n \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0941\u0916 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0923\u093e\u092f\u0915 \u0924\u0925\u094d\u092f \u092f\u0939 \u0939\u0948: \u0936\u093e\u0938\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0908\u092e\u0947\u0932 \u090f\u0915 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0932\u0947\u0916 \u0939\u0948<\/strong>\u0964 \u0935\u0939 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0917\u0940\u092f \u091c\u093e\u0901\u091a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u0940\u0928 \u092e\u093e\u0901\u0917\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0905\u0924\u093f\u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0938\u0939\u092e\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u0905\u092d\u0940\u0937\u094d\u091f \u092a\u093e\u0920\u0915 \u0938\u0947 \u0906\u0917\u0947 \u0905\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u00a77.5 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u00a77.8 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u092c \u0915\u0941\u091b \u0907\u0938\u0940 \u090f\u0915 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u0938\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\n <\/span><\/li>\n <\/ul>\n\n <hr class=\"section-divider\">\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d7-1\">\n 7.1<\/span>\n <h3>Email: The Address and the Message<\/span>\u0908\u092e\u0947\u0932: \u092a\u0924\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0947\u0936<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n <svg class=\"full-diagram\" viewBox=\"0 0 740 150\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"The parts of an email address\">\n <rect x=\"20\" y=\"16\" width=\"700\" height=\"42\" rx=\"8\" fill=\"#14243f\"\/>\n <g font-family=\"JetBrains Mono, monospace\" font-size=\"16\" font-weight=\"700\">\n <text x=\"112\" y=\"44\" fill=\"#ffd970\">principal<\/text>\n <text x=\"216\" y=\"44\" fill=\"#fff\">@<\/text>\n <text x=\"240\" y=\"44\" fill=\"#8ee0c8\">gssschool<\/text>\n <text x=\"352\" y=\"44\" fill=\"#f0a8c4\">.edu<\/text>\n <text x=\"398\" y=\"44\" fill=\"#f5b58a\">.in<\/text>\n <\/g>\n <g stroke=\"#5a6d80\" stroke-width=\"1\" stroke-dasharray=\"2 2\" fill=\"none\">\n <path d=\"M156 58 L156 72\"\/><path d=\"M222 58 L222 90\"\/><path d=\"M292 58 L292 108\"\/><path d=\"M418 58 L418 126\"\/>\n <\/g>\n <g font-size=\"9\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">\n <text x=\"160\" y=\"76\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#c9760f\">Username<\/text>\n <text x=\"234\" y=\"76\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">\u2014 identifies the account holder. Case is usually ignored, and no spaces are allowed.<\/text>\n <text x=\"226\" y=\"94\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#14243f\">@<\/text>\n <text x=\"242\" y=\"94\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">\u2014 the separator, read aloud as \"at\". Every address has exactly one.<\/text>\n <text x=\"296\" y=\"112\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#0d8f79\">Domain<\/text>\n <text x=\"348\" y=\"112\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">\u2014 the organisation or provider that holds the mailbox.<\/text>\n <text x=\"422\" y=\"130\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#8e2f5a\">TLD and country code<\/text>\n <text x=\"552\" y=\"130\" fill=\"#2c3e50\">\u2014 .edu.in marks an Indian institution.<\/text>\n <\/g>\n <\/svg>\n\n <table class=\"data-table\">\n <thead>\n <tr>\n <th>Part of the message<\/span>\u0938\u0902\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0902\u0917<\/span><\/th>\n <th>What it holds<\/span>\u0907\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/th>\n <\/tr>\n <\/thead>\n <tbody>\n <tr><td>From<\/strong><\/td><td>The sender's address, filled in automatically by the account in use.<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0937\u0915 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u0924\u093e, \u091c\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093e\u0927\u0940\u0928 \u0916\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0924\u0903 \u092d\u0930 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>To \u00b7 Cc \u00b7 Bcc<\/strong><\/td><td>The three recipient fields, distinguished in \u00a77.2 \u2014 the most examinable part of this whole item.<\/span>\u0924\u0940\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e-\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930, \u091c\u093f\u0928\u0915\u093e \u092d\u0947\u0926 \u00a77.2 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u0907\u0938 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u092e\u0926 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e-\u092f\u094b\u0917\u094d\u092f \u0905\u0902\u0936\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr style=\"background:#f3f8ff;\"><td>Subject<\/span>\u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>A one-line statement of what the message concerns. It determines whether the message is opened, whether it can be found six months later, and how it is filed. An email sent without a subject is often filtered as spam.<\/strong><\/span>\u090f\u0915 \u092a\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0915\u093e \u0915\u0925\u0928 \u0915\u093f \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u0915\u093f\u0938 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939\u0940 \u0924\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u0916\u094b\u0932\u093e \u091c\u093e\u090f\u0917\u093e \u092f\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u091b\u0939 \u092e\u093e\u0938 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u0935\u0939 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0947\u0917\u093e \u092f\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0928\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0939\u094b\u0917\u093e\u0964 \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f \u092d\u0947\u091c\u093e \u0908\u092e\u0947\u0932 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092f\u0903 \u0938\u094d\u092a\u0948\u092e \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0915\u0930 \u091b\u093e\u0928 \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/strong><\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>Body<\/span>\u092e\u0942\u0932 \u092a\u093e\u0920<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>The message itself, in plain text or formatted HTML.<\/span>\u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0947\u0936, \u0938\u093e\u0926\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u0920 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0938\u0902\u0930\u0942\u092a\u093f\u0924 HTML \u092e\u0947\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>Signature<\/span>\u0939\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0930<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>A block appended automatically to every message \u2014 name, designation, institution, telephone. It saves retyping and it establishes authority.<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0902\u0924 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0924\u0903 \u091c\u0941\u0921\u093c\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e \u0916\u0902\u0921 \u2014 \u0928\u093e\u092e, \u092a\u0926\u0928\u093e\u092e, \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e, \u0926\u0942\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0937\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0903\u091f\u0902\u0915\u0923 \u092c\u091a\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>Attachment<\/span>\u0938\u0902\u0932\u0917\u094d\u0928\u0915<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>Any file carried with the message. Treated in \u00a77.3.<\/span>\u0938\u0902\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u092d\u0940 \u092b\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0932\u0964 \u0935\u093f\u0935\u0947\u091a\u0928 \u00a77.3 \u092e\u0947\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>Header and timestamp<\/span>\u0936\u0940\u0930\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u092e\u092f-\u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930\u093e<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>Technical information travelling with every message \u2014 the route it took, the servers it passed through, and the exact date and time. This is what makes an email traceable and is why it carries evidential weight.<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u091a\u0932\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0924\u0915\u0928\u0940\u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e \u2014 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u093e \u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0917, \u0935\u0947 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0930 \u091c\u093f\u0928\u0938\u0947 \u0935\u0939 \u0917\u0941\u091c\u093c\u0930\u093e, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0920\u0940\u0915-\u0920\u0940\u0915 \u0924\u093f\u0925\u093f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u092e\u092f\u0964 \u092f\u0939\u0940 \u0908\u092e\u0947\u0932 \u0915\u094b \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0930\u0947\u0916\u0923\u0940\u092f \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0907\u0938\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u092f-\u092e\u0942\u0932\u094d\u092f \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <\/tbody>\n <\/table>\n\n <h4>POP3 and IMAP \u2014 the distinction that decides how mail behaves<\/span>POP3 \u090f\u0935\u0902 IMAP \u2014 \u0935\u0939 \u092d\u0947\u0926 \u091c\u094b \u0924\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u092e\u0947\u0932 \u0915\u0948\u0938\u093e \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0930\u0947<\/span><\/h4>\n\n <div class=\"vs-compare\">\n <div class=\"vs-side left\">\n POP3<\/span>\n <h5>Post Office Protocol<\/span>\u092a\u094b\u0938\u094d\u091f \u0911\u092b\u093c\u093f\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091f\u094b\u0915\u0949\u0932<\/span><\/h5>\n <ul>\n <li>Downloads mail to one device and, by default, removes it from the server.<\/strong><\/span>\u092e\u0947\u0932 \u0915\u094b \u090f\u0915 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u092a\u0930 \u0909\u0924\u093e\u0930 \u0932\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0930 \u0938\u0947 \u0939\u091f\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n <li>Mail is then available only on that machine<\/strong>, and a message read on the office desktop will not appear on the phone.<\/span>\u0924\u092c \u092e\u0947\u0932 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0909\u0938\u0940 \u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u0909\u092a\u0932\u092c\u094d\u0927<\/strong> \u0930\u0939\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u0921\u0947\u0938\u094d\u0915\u091f\u0949\u092a \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u0922\u093c\u093e \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u092b\u093c\u094b\u0928 \u092a\u0930 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0906\u090f\u0917\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n <li>Suits a single computer with limited connectivity<\/strong>, since mail can be read offline once downloaded.<\/span>\u0938\u0940\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u0902\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u090f\u0915\u0932 \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930<\/strong> \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924, \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u090f\u0915 \u092c\u093e\u0930 \u0909\u0924\u0930 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0932 \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0938\u0902\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u092a\u0922\u093c\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"vs-mid\">VS<\/div>\n <div class=\"vs-side right\">\n IMAP<\/span>\n <h5>Internet Message Access Protocol<\/span>\u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u0928\u0947\u091f \u092e\u0948\u0938\u0947\u091c \u0910\u0915\u094d\u0938\u0947\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091f\u094b\u0915\u0949\u0932<\/span><\/h5>\n <ul>\n <li>Keeps the mail on the server and synchronises every device with it.<\/strong><\/span>\u092e\u0947\u0932 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u0930\u0916\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u094b \u0909\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u0915\u093e\u0932\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n <li>A message read, filed or deleted on one device shows the same state everywhere<\/strong>.<\/span>\u090f\u0915 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u0922\u093c\u093e, \u0928\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0940\u092c\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u092e\u093f\u091f\u093e\u092f\u093e \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0935\u0939\u0940 \u0905\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u0926\u093f\u0916\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/strong>\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n <li>The right choice for anyone using a desktop and a phone<\/strong>, which today is nearly everyone. Consumes server storage against the account quota.<\/span>\u0921\u0947\u0938\u094d\u0915\u091f\u0949\u092a \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092b\u093c\u094b\u0928 \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u091a\u092f\u0928<\/strong>, \u091c\u094b \u0906\u091c \u0932\u0917\u092d\u0917 \u0938\u092d\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0916\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0930-\u092d\u0902\u0921\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0916\u0930\u094d\u091a \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"exam-tip\">\n <div class=\"et-icon\">\ud83d\udce4<\/div>\n <div class=\"et-body\">\n SMTP is not an alternative to these two; it does the opposite job.<\/strong> SMTP sends<\/strong> mail outward from the client to the server and between servers. POP3 and IMAP retrieve<\/strong> mail inward from the server to the client. A question asking which protocol is used to send<\/em> email is answered by SMTP; one asking which is used to receive<\/em> it has two possible answers, and the distinguishing word will be synchronise<\/em> for IMAP or download and delete<\/em> for POP3.<\/span>\n SMTP \u0907\u0928 \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u0948; \u0935\u0939 \u0909\u0932\u091f\u093e \u0915\u093e\u092e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/strong> SMTP<\/strong> \u092e\u0947\u0932 \u0915\u094b \u0915\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0902\u091f \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0930 \u0924\u0915 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u092c\u093e\u0939\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0913\u0930 \u092d\u0947\u091c\u0924\u093e<\/strong> \u0939\u0948\u0964 POP3 \u090f\u0935\u0902 IMAP<\/strong> \u092e\u0947\u0932 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0930 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0902\u091f \u0924\u0915 \u092d\u0940\u0924\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0913\u0930 \u0932\u093e\u0924\u0947<\/strong> \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u091c\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u092a\u0942\u091b\u0947 \u0915\u093f \u0908\u092e\u0947\u0932 \u092d\u0947\u091c\u0928\u0947<\/em> \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u094c\u0928-\u0938\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091f\u094b\u0915\u0949\u0932 \u0939\u0948, \u0909\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 SMTP \u0939\u0948; \u091c\u094b \u092a\u0942\u091b\u0947 \u0915\u093f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947<\/em> \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u094c\u0928-\u0938\u093e, \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0926\u094b \u0938\u0902\u092d\u093e\u0935\u093f\u0924 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u0947\u0926\u0915 \u0936\u092c\u094d\u0926 \u0939\u094b\u0917\u093e IMAP \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0938\u092e\u0915\u093e\u0932\u0928<\/em> \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e POP3 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0909\u0924\u093e\u0930\u0928\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092e\u093f\u091f\u093e\u0928\u093e<\/em>\u0964<\/span>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <hr class=\"section-divider\">\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d7-2\">\n 7.2<\/span>\n <h3>To, CC and BCC<\/span>To, CC \u090f\u0935\u0902 BCC<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n <svg class=\"full-diagram\" viewBox=\"0 0 720 380\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"A realistic compose window showing the To, Cc and Bcc fields\">\n <rect x=\"150\" y=\"20\" width=\"440\" height=\"342\" rx=\"6\" fill=\"#fff\" stroke=\"#b9c6d6\" stroke-width=\"1.5\"\/>\n <rect x=\"150\" y=\"20\" width=\"440\" height=\"26\" rx=\"6\" fill=\"#404040\"\/>\n <rect x=\"150\" y=\"36\" width=\"440\" height=\"10\" fill=\"#404040\"\/>\n <text x=\"164\" y=\"38\" font-size=\"10\" font-weight=\"600\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">New Message<\/text>\n <g fill=\"#fff\" opacity=\".8\"><rect x=\"536\" y=\"31\" width=\"8\" height=\"1.3\"\/><rect x=\"554\" y=\"28\" width=\"7\" height=\"7\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#fff\" stroke-width=\"1.1\"\/><\/g>\n <path d=\"M572 28 l8 8 M580 28 l-8 8\" stroke=\"#fff\" stroke-width=\"1.3\"\/>\n\n <line x1=\"150\" y1=\"70\" x2=\"590\" y2=\"70\" stroke=\"#e0e4e9\"\/>\n <text x=\"164\" y=\"62\" font-size=\"9\" fill=\"#5f6368\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">To<\/text>\n <rect x=\"190\" y=\"52\" width=\"130\" height=\"14\" rx=\"7\" fill=\"#e8f1fb\" stroke=\"#a8c4e4\" stroke-width=\".8\"\/>\n <text x=\"198\" y=\"62\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#14243f\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">ddeast@education...in<\/text>\n <text x=\"536\" y=\"62\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#5f6368\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Cc Bcc<\/text>\n\n <line x1=\"150\" y1=\"94\" x2=\"590\" y2=\"94\" stroke=\"#e0e4e9\"\/>\n <text x=\"164\" y=\"86\" font-size=\"9\" fill=\"#5f6368\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Cc<\/text>\n <rect x=\"190\" y=\"76\" width=\"112\" height=\"14\" rx=\"7\" fill=\"#eefbf7\" stroke=\"#a3dbcc\" stroke-width=\".8\"\/>\n <text x=\"198\" y=\"86\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#0a6d5c\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">vp@gssschool.edu.in<\/text>\n <rect x=\"308\" y=\"76\" width=\"118\" height=\"14\" rx=\"7\" fill=\"#eefbf7\" stroke=\"#a3dbcc\" stroke-width=\".8\"\/>\n <text x=\"316\" y=\"86\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#0a6d5c\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">hoi@gssschool.edu.in<\/text>\n\n <line x1=\"150\" y1=\"118\" x2=\"590\" y2=\"118\" stroke=\"#e0e4e9\"\/>\n <text x=\"164\" y=\"110\" font-size=\"9\" fill=\"#5f6368\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Bcc<\/text>\n <rect x=\"190\" y=\"100\" width=\"126\" height=\"14\" rx=\"7\" fill=\"#faf6ff\" stroke=\"#c3b0d8\" stroke-width=\".8\"\/>\n <text x=\"198\" y=\"110\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#4b2766\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">records@gssschool.edu.in<\/text>\n\n <line x1=\"150\" y1=\"142\" x2=\"590\" y2=\"142\" stroke=\"#e0e4e9\"\/>\n <text x=\"164\" y=\"134\" font-size=\"9\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#202124\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Submission of UDISE+ data for session 2026\u201327 \u2014 GSSS Malviya Nagar<\/text>\n\n <g font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#202124\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">\n <text x=\"164\" y=\"164\">Respected Sir,<\/text>\n <text x=\"164\" y=\"184\">The UDISE+ data card for this school, duly verified by the undersigned, is<\/text>\n <text x=\"164\" y=\"198\">enclosed for kind perusal. The details are as follows:<\/text>\n <text x=\"176\" y=\"218\">\u2022 Total enrolment as on 30 September 2026 \u2014 1,248<\/text>\n <text x=\"176\" y=\"232\">\u2022 Teaching posts sanctioned 46, filled 41<\/text>\n <text x=\"176\" y=\"246\">\u2022 Data entry completed on 22 August 2026<\/text>\n <text x=\"164\" y=\"268\">It is requested that the same may kindly be taken on record.<\/text>\n <text x=\"164\" y=\"292\">Yours faithfully,<\/text>\n <text x=\"164\" y=\"306\" font-weight=\"700\">Neetu Sharma<\/text>\n <text x=\"164\" y=\"318\" fill=\"#5f6368\">Principal, GSSS Malviya Nagar \u00b7 011-2668 XXXX<\/text>\n <\/g>\n\n <rect x=\"164\" y=\"328\" width=\"128\" height=\"20\" rx=\"4\" fill=\"#f1f3f4\" stroke=\"#dadce0\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/>\n <path d=\"M174 334 v8 a3 3 0 0 0 6 0 v-9 a2 2 0 0 0 -4 0 v8\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#c9760f\" stroke-width=\"1.3\"\/>\n <text x=\"186\" y=\"341\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#202124\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">UDISE-datacard.pdf \u00b7 1.2 MB<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"164\" y=\"356\" width=\"56\" height=\"0\" fill=\"none\"\/>\n <rect x=\"150\" y=\"348\" width=\"440\" height=\"14\" rx=\"0\" fill=\"#fff\"\/>\n <rect x=\"164\" y=\"349\" width=\"52\" height=\"0\" fill=\"none\"\/>\n\n <rect x=\"410\" y=\"328\" width=\"60\" height=\"20\" rx=\"10\" fill=\"#1a73e8\"\/>\n <text x=\"440\" y=\"342\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Send<\/text>\n <g stroke=\"#5f6368\" stroke-width=\"1.3\" fill=\"none\">\n <path d=\"M486 334 h10 M486 338 h10 M486 342 h7\"\/>\n <path d=\"M508 332 v12 M502 338 h12\"\/>\n <circle cx=\"532\" cy=\"338\" r=\"5\"\/>\n <\/g>\n <g fill=\"#5f6368\"><circle cx=\"560\" cy=\"334\" r=\"1.3\"\/><circle cx=\"560\" cy=\"338\" r=\"1.3\"\/><circle cx=\"560\" cy=\"342\" r=\"1.3\"\/><\/g>\n\n <defs><marker id=\"em\" markerWidth=\"8\" markerHeight=\"8\" refX=\"7\" refY=\"2.6\" orient=\"auto\"><path d=\"M0,0 L0,5.2 L7,2.6 z\" fill=\"#8e2f5a\"\/><\/marker><\/defs>\n <g stroke=\"#8e2f5a\" stroke-width=\"1.2\" fill=\"none\">\n <line x1=\"118\" y1=\"60\" x2=\"158\" y2=\"60\" marker-end=\"url(#em)\"\/>\n <line x1=\"118\" y1=\"84\" x2=\"186\" y2=\"84\" marker-end=\"url(#em)\"\/>\n <line x1=\"118\" y1=\"108\" x2=\"186\" y2=\"108\" marker-end=\"url(#em)\"\/>\n <line x1=\"118\" y1=\"132\" x2=\"158\" y2=\"132\" marker-end=\"url(#em)\"\/>\n <line x1=\"118\" y1=\"338\" x2=\"160\" y2=\"338\" marker-end=\"url(#em)\"\/>\n <line x1=\"672\" y1=\"300\" x2=\"330\" y2=\"308\" marker-end=\"url(#em)\"\/>\n <line x1=\"672\" y1=\"340\" x2=\"476\" y2=\"338\" marker-end=\"url(#em)\"\/>\n <\/g>\n <g font-size=\"8.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#8e2f5a\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">\n <text x=\"0\" y=\"56\">To \u2014 action<\/text>\n <text x=\"0\" y=\"67\">expected<\/text>\n <text x=\"0\" y=\"80\">Cc \u2014 for<\/text>\n <text x=\"0\" y=\"91\">information only<\/text>\n <text x=\"0\" y=\"104\">Bcc \u2014 hidden<\/text>\n <text x=\"0\" y=\"115\">from everyone<\/text>\n <text x=\"0\" y=\"135\">Subject line<\/text>\n <text x=\"0\" y=\"341\">Attachment<\/text>\n <text x=\"676\" y=\"297\">Signature<\/text>\n <text x=\"676\" y=\"337\">Send<\/text>\n <\/g>\n <\/svg>\n A single message may carry all three recipient fields at once. What differs is who can see whom.<\/span>\u090f\u0915 \u0939\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u0924\u0940\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e-\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0930\u0916 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092d\u0947\u0926 \u092f\u0939 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0915\u094c\u0928 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u0926\u0947\u0916 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n\n <svg class=\"full-diagram\" viewBox=\"0 0 723 292\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Who can see whom when a message is sent to To, Cc and Bcc recipients\">\n <rect x=\"20\" y=\"76\" width=\"96\" height=\"52\" rx=\"7\" fill=\"#14243f\"\/>\n <text x=\"68\" y=\"98\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">SENDER<\/text>\n <text x=\"68\" y=\"114\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#c9daf0\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">the Principal<\/text>\n\n <defs><marker id=\"cc\" markerWidth=\"9\" markerHeight=\"9\" refX=\"8\" refY=\"3\" orient=\"auto\"><path d=\"M0,0 L0,6 L8,3 z\" fill=\"#5a6d80\"\/><\/marker><\/defs>\n <g stroke=\"#5a6d80\" stroke-width=\"1.6\" fill=\"none\">\n <path d=\"M120 92 L150 92 L150 46 L182 46\" marker-end=\"url(#cc)\"\/>\n <path d=\"M120 102 L150 102 L150 122 L182 122\" marker-end=\"url(#cc)\"\/>\n <path d=\"M120 112 L150 112 L150 208 L182 208\" marker-end=\"url(#cc)\"\/>\n <\/g>\n\n <rect x=\"186\" y=\"20\" width=\"200\" height=\"56\" rx=\"7\" fill=\"#eef4fc\" stroke=\"#1f5fa9\" stroke-width=\"1.8\"\/>\n <text x=\"198\" y=\"38\" font-size=\"9.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">To<\/text>\n <text x=\"222\" y=\"38\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#14243f\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">\u2014 action is expected of them<\/text>\n <g fill=\"#1f5fa9\"><circle cx=\"212\" cy=\"58\" r=\"9\"\/><circle cx=\"240\" cy=\"58\" r=\"9\"\/><\/g>\n <text x=\"212\" y=\"61\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">A<\/text>\n <text x=\"240\" y=\"61\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">B<\/text>\n <text x=\"262\" y=\"61\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#5a6d80\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Deputy Director, Section Officer<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"186\" y=\"96\" width=\"200\" height=\"56\" rx=\"7\" fill=\"#eefbf7\" stroke=\"#0d8f79\" stroke-width=\"1.8\"\/>\n <text x=\"198\" y=\"114\" font-size=\"9.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#0d8f79\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Cc<\/text>\n <text x=\"222\" y=\"114\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#14243f\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">\u2014 informed, no action required<\/text>\n <g fill=\"#0d8f79\"><circle cx=\"212\" cy=\"134\" r=\"9\"\/><circle cx=\"240\" cy=\"134\" r=\"9\"\/><\/g>\n <text x=\"212\" y=\"137\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">C<\/text>\n <text x=\"240\" y=\"137\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">D<\/text>\n <text x=\"262\" y=\"137\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#5a6d80\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Vice-Principal, Head of Institution<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"186\" y=\"182\" width=\"200\" height=\"56\" rx=\"7\" fill=\"#faf6ff\" stroke=\"#6b3a8f\" stroke-width=\"1.8\" stroke-dasharray=\"5 3\"\/>\n <text x=\"198\" y=\"200\" font-size=\"9.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#6b3a8f\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Bcc<\/text>\n <text x=\"228\" y=\"200\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#14243f\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">\u2014 present but invisible<\/text>\n <g fill=\"#6b3a8f\"><circle cx=\"212\" cy=\"220\" r=\"9\"\/><\/g>\n <text x=\"212\" y=\"223\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">E<\/text>\n <text x=\"234\" y=\"223\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#5a6d80\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Records section<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"410\" y=\"20\" width=\"270\" height=\"218\" rx=\"8\" fill=\"#fff\" stroke=\"#adb8c4\" stroke-width=\"1.4\"\/>\n <rect x=\"410\" y=\"20\" width=\"270\" height=\"22\" rx=\"8\" fill=\"#14243f\"\/><rect x=\"410\" y=\"34\" width=\"270\" height=\"8\" fill=\"#14243f\"\/>\n <text x=\"545\" y=\"35\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#fff\" letter-spacing=\".5\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">WHO CAN SEE WHOM<\/text>\n\n <g font-size=\"8\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#5a6d80\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\" text-anchor=\"middle\">\n <text x=\"452\" y=\"60\">Recipient<\/text><text x=\"536\" y=\"60\">sees To<\/text><text x=\"592\" y=\"60\">sees Cc<\/text><text x=\"648\" y=\"60\">sees Bcc<\/text>\n <\/g>\n <line x1=\"422\" y1=\"66\" x2=\"668\" y2=\"66\" stroke=\"#e0e4e9\"\/>\n\n <g font-size=\"8.5\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">\n <text x=\"452\" y=\"86\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\">To (A, B)<\/text>\n <text x=\"536\" y=\"86\" text-anchor=\"middle\" fill=\"#0d8f79\" font-weight=\"700\">\u2713<\/text>\n <text x=\"592\" y=\"86\" text-anchor=\"middle\" fill=\"#0d8f79\" font-weight=\"700\">\u2713<\/text>\n <text x=\"648\" y=\"86\" text-anchor=\"middle\" fill=\"#c0392b\" font-weight=\"700\">\u2717<\/text>\n\n <text x=\"452\" y=\"112\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#0d8f79\">Cc (C, D)<\/text>\n <text x=\"536\" y=\"112\" text-anchor=\"middle\" fill=\"#0d8f79\" font-weight=\"700\">\u2713<\/text>\n <text x=\"592\" y=\"112\" text-anchor=\"middle\" fill=\"#0d8f79\" font-weight=\"700\">\u2713<\/text>\n <text x=\"648\" y=\"112\" text-anchor=\"middle\" fill=\"#c0392b\" font-weight=\"700\">\u2717<\/text>\n\n <text x=\"452\" y=\"138\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#6b3a8f\">Bcc (E)<\/text>\n <text x=\"536\" y=\"138\" text-anchor=\"middle\" fill=\"#0d8f79\" font-weight=\"700\">\u2713<\/text>\n <text x=\"592\" y=\"138\" text-anchor=\"middle\" fill=\"#0d8f79\" font-weight=\"700\">\u2713<\/text>\n <text x=\"648\" y=\"138\" text-anchor=\"middle\" fill=\"#c9760f\" font-weight=\"700\">only self<\/text>\n <\/g>\n <line x1=\"422\" y1=\"94\" x2=\"668\" y2=\"94\" stroke=\"#f0f2f5\"\/>\n <line x1=\"422\" y1=\"120\" x2=\"668\" y2=\"120\" stroke=\"#f0f2f5\"\/>\n <rect x=\"422\" y=\"126\" width=\"246\" height=\"20\" fill=\"#faf6ff\" opacity=\".55\"\/>\n\n <rect x=\"422\" y=\"158\" width=\"246\" height=\"68\" rx=\"6\" fill=\"#fffbf0\" stroke=\"#c9760f\" stroke-width=\"1.2\"\/>\n <text x=\"434\" y=\"175\" font-size=\"8.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#8f5409\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">THE TWO CONSEQUENCES<\/text>\n <g font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">\n <text x=\"434\" y=\"192\">1. E receives the message and can read the whole<\/text>\n <text x=\"444\" y=\"204\">recipient list \u2014 but A, B, C and D never learn E exists.<\/text>\n <text x=\"434\" y=\"220\">2. If E presses Reply All, the concealment collapses.<\/text>\n <\/g>\n\n <rect x=\"20\" y=\"252\" width=\"683\" height=\"30\" rx=\"6\" fill=\"#f7fbff\" stroke=\"#c3d2e2\" stroke-width=\"1.2\"\/>\n <text x=\"34\" y=\"271\" font-size=\"9\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\"><tspan font-weight=\"700\">The names come from carbon paper:<\/tspan> CC = Carbon Copy, a duplicate everyone knew about \u00b7 BCC = Blind Carbon Copy, a duplicate no one was told of.<\/text>\n <\/svg>\n A BCC recipient sits inside the conversation while remaining outside the record of it that the others can see.<\/span>BCC \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0935\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0932\u093e\u092a \u0915\u0947 \u092d\u0940\u0924\u0930 \u092c\u0948\u0920\u093e \u0930\u0939\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0915\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0941 \u0909\u0938 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0932\u0947\u0916 \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0939\u0930 \u091c\u094b \u0936\u0947\u0937 \u0932\u094b\u0917 \u0926\u0947\u0916 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n\n <div class=\"callout red\">\n <div class=\"callout-label\">\u26a0\ufe0f The one use of BCC a school head must not get wrong<\/span>\u26a0\ufe0f BCC \u0915\u093e \u0935\u0939 \u090f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0941\u0916 \u0915\u094b \u092d\u0942\u0932 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0940 \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f<\/span><\/div>\n When a single notice is sent to all the parents of a class<\/strong>, their addresses must go in BCC, never in To or Cc<\/strong>. Putting four hundred parent addresses in the To field discloses every one of them to every other recipient<\/strong> \u2014 a disclosure of personal data made without consent, and one that cannot be recalled once sent. It also invites a Reply All storm in which a private grievance reaches four hundred families. The correct construction is: the school's own address in To<\/strong>, and all the parents in BCC<\/strong>.<\/span>\n \u091c\u092c \u090f\u0915 \u0939\u0940 \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u0938\u094d\u0924 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0915\u094b\u0902<\/strong> \u0915\u094b \u092d\u0947\u091c\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u090f, \u0924\u094b \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0924\u0947 BCC \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f, To \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e Cc \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u092d\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902<\/strong>\u0964 \u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u094c \u0905\u092d\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0924\u0947 To \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0930\u0916\u0928\u093e \u0909\u0928\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0915\u094b \u0936\u0947\u0937 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u091f<\/strong> \u0915\u0930 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u0935\u0948\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0910\u0938\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u091f\u0928 \u091c\u094b \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0938\u0939\u092e\u0924\u093f \u0939\u0941\u0906 \u0914\u0930 \u091c\u094b \u092d\u0947\u091c\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u0935\u093e\u092a\u0938 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0932\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0938\u0947 Reply All \u0915\u0940 \u0935\u0939 \u0906\u0901\u0927\u0940 \u092d\u0940 \u0906\u092e\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0928\u093f\u091c\u0940 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e\u092f\u0924 \u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u094c \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0924\u0915 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0938\u0939\u0940 \u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e \u092f\u0939 \u0939\u0948: To<\/strong> \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0915\u093e \u092a\u0924\u093e, \u0924\u0925\u093e BCC<\/strong> \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u092e\u0938\u094d\u0924 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0915\u0964<\/span>\n <\/div>\n\n <hr class=\"section-divider\">\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d7-3\">\n 7.3<\/span>\n <h3>Attachments and Size Limits<\/span>\u0938\u0902\u0932\u0917\u094d\u0928\u0915 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0906\u0915\u093e\u0930-\u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e\u090f\u0901<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"feat-grid\">\n <div class=\"feat-card\">1<\/span>The usual limit<\/span>\u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e<\/span><\/strong>Most services allow about 25 MB<\/strong> per message, counting all attachments together. A message that exceeds it is rejected outright or silently held, and the sender may not be told.<\/span>\u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0902\u0936 \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u0932\u0917\u092d\u0917 25 MB<\/strong> \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092e\u0924\u093f \u0926\u0947\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0938\u092e\u0938\u094d\u0924 \u0938\u0902\u0932\u0917\u094d\u0928\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u092e\u093f\u0932\u093e\u0915\u0930\u0964 \u0909\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u092f\u093e \u0924\u094b \u0938\u0940\u0927\u0947 \u0905\u0938\u094d\u0935\u0940\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u092f\u093e \u091a\u0941\u092a\u091a\u093e\u092a \u0930\u094b\u0915 \u0932\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0937\u0915 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u0924\u093e \u092d\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u091a\u0932\u0924\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"feat-card\">2<\/span>When the file is too large<\/span>\u091c\u092c \u092b\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0932 \u092c\u0939\u0941\u0924 \u092c\u0921\u093c\u0940 \u0939\u094b<\/span><\/strong>Four remedies in order of preference: compress to a ZIP archive<\/strong>; reduce the resolution of scans and photographs<\/strong>, which usually cuts the size by most of it; send a cloud link<\/strong> instead of the file; or split the material across several messages.<\/span>\u0935\u0930\u0940\u092f\u0924\u093e-\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0909\u092a\u093e\u092f: ZIP \u0938\u0902\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0940\u0921\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902<\/strong>; \u0938\u094d\u0915\u0948\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u091b\u093e\u092f\u093e\u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u092d\u0947\u0926\u0928 \u0918\u091f\u093e\u090f\u0901<\/strong>, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092f\u0903 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0902\u0936 \u0906\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u091f \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948; \u092b\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0932 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u091c\u093e\u092f \u0915\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0909\u0921 \u0932\u093f\u0902\u0915 \u092d\u0947\u091c\u0947\u0902<\/strong>; \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0905\u0928\u0947\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u093e\u0901\u091f \u0926\u0947\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"feat-card\">3<\/span>Blocked file types<\/span>\u0905\u0935\u0930\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u092b\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0932-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930<\/span><\/strong>Executable formats such as .exe, .bat and .msi are refused by nearly every mail service<\/strong>, including inside a ZIP, because they are the standard carrier of malware. A legitimate program must therefore be shared by another route.<\/span>.exe, .bat \u090f\u0935\u0902 .msi<\/strong> \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0928\u0940\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0930\u0942\u092a \u0932\u0917\u092d\u0917 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u092e\u0947\u0932 \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0905\u0938\u094d\u0935\u0940\u0915\u0943\u0924<\/strong> \u0915\u0930 \u0926\u093f\u090f \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, ZIP \u0915\u0947 \u092d\u0940\u0924\u0930 \u092d\u0940, \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u0935\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0932\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0915 \u0935\u093e\u0939\u0915 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0905\u0924\u0903 \u0935\u0948\u0927 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f \u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0917 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u091d\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u092a\u0921\u093c\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"feat-card\">4<\/span>Naming and format<\/span>\u0928\u093e\u092e\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0930\u0942\u092a<\/span><\/strong>An attachment named scan001.pdf<\/em> is untraceable a month later; UDISE-datacard-GSSS-MalviyaNagar-2026.pdf<\/em> files itself. Official documents should travel as PDF<\/strong>, for the reasons given in \u00a72.6.<\/span>scan001.pdf<\/em> \u0928\u093e\u092e \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0902\u0932\u0917\u094d\u0928\u0915 \u090f\u0915 \u092e\u093e\u0938 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0930\u0947\u0916\u0923\u0940\u092f \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0930\u0939\u0924\u093e; UDISE-datacard-GSSS-MalviyaNagar-2026.pdf<\/em> \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u093e \u0928\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0930 \u0932\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0936\u093e\u0938\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0926\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0947\u091c\u093c PDF<\/strong> \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f, \u00a72.6 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0926\u093f\u090f \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"feat-card\">5<\/span>Never open an unexpected attachment<\/span>\u0905\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0936\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u0902\u0932\u0917\u094d\u0928\u0915 \u0915\u092d\u0940 \u0928 \u0916\u094b\u0932\u0947\u0902<\/span><\/strong>An attachment from an unknown sender, or an unexpected one from a known sender whose account may have been compromised, is the commonest entry point for ransomware<\/strong>. The reasoning is set out fully in \u00a78.3.<\/span>\u0905\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0937\u0915 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0902\u0932\u0917\u094d\u0928\u0915, \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0937\u0915 \u0915\u093e \u0910\u0938\u093e \u0905\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0936\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u0902\u0932\u0917\u094d\u0928\u0915 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0916\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0938\u092e\u091d\u094c\u0924\u093e-\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u094b, \u0930\u0948\u0928\u0938\u092e\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u091a\u0932\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0947\u0936-\u092c\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0941<\/strong> \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0924\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u00a78.3 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"feat-card\">6<\/span>The forgotten attachment<\/span>\u092d\u0942\u0932\u093e \u0939\u0941\u0906 \u0938\u0902\u0932\u0917\u094d\u0928\u0915<\/span><\/strong>The commonest error in official email. Most clients now scan the body for the word \"attached\" and warn if nothing is attached, but the habit of attaching the file first and writing the message afterwards<\/strong> removes the problem entirely.<\/span>\u0936\u093e\u0938\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0908\u092e\u0947\u0932 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u091a\u0932\u093f\u0924 \u092d\u0942\u0932\u0964 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0902\u0936 \u0915\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0902\u091f \u0905\u092c \u092e\u0942\u0932 \u092a\u093e\u0920 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \"\u0938\u0902\u0932\u0917\u094d\u0928\" \u0936\u092c\u094d\u0926 \u0916\u094b\u091c\u0915\u0930 \u091a\u0947\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0928\u0940 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u092f\u0926\u093f \u0915\u0941\u091b \u0938\u0902\u0932\u0917\u094d\u0928 \u0928 \u0939\u094b, \u0915\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0941 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u092b\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0932 \u0938\u0902\u0932\u0917\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u0930 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u0932\u093f\u0916\u0928\u0947<\/strong> \u0915\u0940 \u0906\u0926\u0924 \u0938\u092e\u0938\u094d\u092f\u093e \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923\u0924\u0903 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0930 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <hr class=\"section-divider\">\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d7-4\">\n 7.4<\/span>\n <h3>Spam, Filters and Mailbox Management<\/span>\u0938\u094d\u092a\u0948\u092e, \u092b\u093c\u093f\u0932\u094d\u091f\u0930 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0932\u092c\u0949\u0915\u094d\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0928<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n <svg class=\"full-diagram\" viewBox=\"0 0 782 300\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Realistic view of a mailbox with its folders and message list\">\n <rect x=\"20\" y=\"18\" width=\"742\" height=\"266\" rx=\"6\" fill=\"#fff\" stroke=\"#b9c6d6\" stroke-width=\"1.5\"\/>\n\n <rect x=\"20\" y=\"18\" width=\"742\" height=\"32\" fill=\"#f6f8fc\"\/>\n <rect x=\"150\" y=\"26\" width=\"376\" height=\"18\" rx=\"9\" fill=\"#eaf1fb\"\/>\n <circle cx=\"164\" cy=\"35\" r=\"4.5\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#5f6368\" stroke-width=\"1.3\"\/>\n <line x1=\"167\" y1=\"38\" x2=\"170\" y2=\"41\" stroke=\"#5f6368\" stroke-width=\"1.4\"\/>\n <text x=\"178\" y=\"38\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#5f6368\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">from:education.delhi.gov.in has:attachment<\/text>\n <circle cx=\"666\" cy=\"34\" r=\"9\" fill=\"#14243f\"\/>\n <text x=\"666\" y=\"37\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">NS<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"20\" y=\"50\" width=\"132\" height=\"234\" fill=\"#f6f8fc\"\/>\n <rect x=\"32\" y=\"60\" width=\"72\" height=\"20\" rx=\"10\" fill=\"#c2e7ff\"\/>\n <text x=\"68\" y=\"74\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#001d35\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Compose<\/text>\n <rect x=\"20\" y=\"92\" width=\"132\" height=\"20\" rx=\"0\" fill=\"#d3e3fd\"\/>\n <g font-size=\"8.5\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">\n <text x=\"42\" y=\"106\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#001d35\">Inbox<\/text><text x=\"132\" y=\"106\" text-anchor=\"end\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#001d35\">12<\/text>\n <text x=\"42\" y=\"128\" fill=\"#444\">Starred<\/text>\n <text x=\"42\" y=\"148\" fill=\"#444\">Sent<\/text>\n <text x=\"42\" y=\"168\" fill=\"#444\">Drafts<\/text><text x=\"132\" y=\"168\" text-anchor=\"end\" fill=\"#c0392b\">3<\/text>\n <text x=\"42\" y=\"188\" fill=\"#444\">Spam<\/text><text x=\"132\" y=\"188\" text-anchor=\"end\" fill=\"#5f6368\">41<\/text>\n <text x=\"42\" y=\"208\" fill=\"#444\">Trash<\/text>\n <\/g>\n <line x1=\"32\" y1=\"220\" x2=\"140\" y2=\"220\" stroke=\"#dde3ea\"\/>\n <text x=\"32\" y=\"236\" font-size=\"7.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#5f6368\" letter-spacing=\".5\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">LABELS<\/text>\n <g font-size=\"8\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">\n <rect x=\"34\" y=\"245\" width=\"7\" height=\"7\" rx=\"1.5\" fill=\"#c9760f\"\/><text x=\"48\" y=\"252\" fill=\"#444\">Directorate<\/text>\n <rect x=\"34\" y=\"261\" width=\"7\" height=\"7\" rx=\"1.5\" fill=\"#0d8f79\"\/><text x=\"48\" y=\"268\" fill=\"#444\">Examination<\/text>\n <\/g>\n\n <rect x=\"152\" y=\"50\" width=\"548\" height=\"234\" fill=\"#fff\"\/>\n <g stroke=\"#eef0f3\" stroke-width=\"1\">\n <line x1=\"152\" y1=\"88\" x2=\"700\" y2=\"88\"\/><line x1=\"152\" y1=\"126\" x2=\"700\" y2=\"126\"\/><line x1=\"152\" y1=\"164\" x2=\"700\" y2=\"164\"\/>\n <line x1=\"152\" y1=\"202\" x2=\"700\" y2=\"202\"\/><line x1=\"152\" y1=\"240\" x2=\"700\" y2=\"240\"\/>\n <\/g>\n\n <rect x=\"152\" y=\"50\" width=\"548\" height=\"38\" fill=\"#f8fbff\"\/>\n <path d=\"M168 64 l4 4 l7 -8\" stroke=\"#5f6368\" stroke-width=\"1.4\" fill=\"none\"\/>\n <path d=\"M192 62 l5 5 l5 -5 z\" fill=\"#c9760f\"\/>\n <text x=\"212\" y=\"66\" font-size=\"8.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#202124\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Directorate of Education<\/text>\n <text x=\"212\" y=\"79\" font-size=\"8\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#202124\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Revised schedule \u2014 Class IX and XI examinations<\/text>\n <text x=\"470\" y=\"79\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#5f6368\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">\u2014 kindly circulate among all\u2026<\/text>\n <path d=\"M646 68 v8 a3 3 0 0 0 6 0 v-9 a2 2 0 0 0 -4 0 v8\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#5f6368\" stroke-width=\"1.2\"\/>\n <text x=\"686\" y=\"72\" text-anchor=\"end\" font-size=\"8\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#202124\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">10:42<\/text>\n\n <text x=\"212\" y=\"104\" font-size=\"8.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#202124\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Vice-Principal<\/text>\n <text x=\"212\" y=\"117\" font-size=\"8\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#202124\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Staff meeting minutes for approval<\/text>\n <text x=\"686\" y=\"110\" text-anchor=\"end\" font-size=\"8\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#202124\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">09:15<\/text>\n\n <text x=\"212\" y=\"142\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#5f6368\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">SCERT Delhi<\/text>\n <text x=\"212\" y=\"155\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#5f6368\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">NISHTHA module 4 \u2014 nomination of teachers<\/text>\n <text x=\"686\" y=\"148\" text-anchor=\"end\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#5f6368\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">21 Aug<\/text>\n\n <text x=\"212\" y=\"180\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#5f6368\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Accounts Section<\/text>\n <text x=\"212\" y=\"193\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#5f6368\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Utilisation certificate \u2014 composite grant<\/text>\n <text x=\"686\" y=\"186\" text-anchor=\"end\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#5f6368\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">20 Aug<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"152\" y=\"240\" width=\"548\" height=\"44\" fill=\"#fff6f4\"\/>\n <path d=\"M170 258 l6 -10 l6 10 z\" fill=\"#c0392b\"\/>\n <text x=\"176\" y=\"257\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"6\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">!<\/text>\n <text x=\"212\" y=\"258\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#c0392b\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">no-reply@educati0n-delhi-gov.co<\/text>\n <text x=\"212\" y=\"271\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#c0392b\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">URGENT: salary account will be suspended \u2014 verify within 24 hrs<\/text>\n <text x=\"686\" y=\"264\" text-anchor=\"end\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#c0392b\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Spam<\/text>\n\n <defs><marker id=\"mbx\" markerWidth=\"8\" markerHeight=\"8\" refX=\"7\" refY=\"2.6\" orient=\"auto\"><path d=\"M0,0 L0,5.2 L7,2.6 z\" fill=\"#8e2f5a\"\/><\/marker><\/defs>\n <g stroke=\"#8e2f5a\" stroke-width=\"1.2\" fill=\"none\">\n <line x1=\"710\" y1=\"36\" x2=\"536\" y2=\"36\" marker-end=\"url(#mbx)\"\/>\n <line x1=\"710\" y1=\"262\" x2=\"452\" y2=\"262\" marker-end=\"url(#mbx)\"\/>\n <\/g>\n <g font-size=\"8.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#8e2f5a\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">\n <text x=\"714\" y=\"33\">Search with<\/text>\n <text x=\"714\" y=\"45\">operators<\/text>\n <text x=\"714\" y=\"259\">Caught by the<\/text>\n <text x=\"714\" y=\"271\">spam filter<\/text>\n <\/g>\n <\/svg>\n Note the address of the last message: educati0n<\/strong> with a zero, and .co<\/strong> rather than .gov.in<\/strong>. Two characters separate a real notice from a fraudulent one.<\/span>\u0905\u0902\u0924\u093f\u092e \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u0924\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0916\u093f\u090f: \u0936\u0942\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0938\u0939\u093f\u0924 educati0n<\/strong>, \u0924\u0925\u093e .gov.in<\/strong> \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u091c\u093e\u092f .co<\/strong>\u0964 \u0926\u094b \u0905\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0930 \u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0915\u092a\u091f\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0932\u0917 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n\n <table class=\"data-table\">\n <thead>\n <tr>\n <th>Tool<\/span>\u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923<\/span><\/th>\n <th>What it does<\/span>\u092f\u0939 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/th>\n <\/tr>\n <\/thead>\n <tbody>\n <tr><td>Spam or junk filter<\/span>\u0938\u094d\u092a\u0948\u092e \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u091c\u0902\u0915 \u092b\u093c\u093f\u0932\u094d\u091f\u0930<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>Spam<\/strong> is unsolicited bulk email. The filter diverts it to a separate folder, and marking a message as spam trains the filter<\/strong> for the future. The folder should still be glanced at occasionally, because a genuine circular is sometimes caught in it.<\/span>\u0938\u094d\u092a\u0948\u092e<\/strong> \u0905\u0935\u093e\u0902\u091b\u093f\u0924 \u0925\u094b\u0915 \u0908\u092e\u0947\u0932 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092b\u093c\u093f\u0932\u094d\u091f\u0930 \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0943\u0925\u0915 \u092b\u093c\u094b\u0932\u094d\u0921\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u094b\u0921\u093c \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u094d\u092a\u0948\u092e \u091a\u093f\u0939\u094d\u0928\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u092b\u093c\u093f\u0932\u094d\u091f\u0930 \u0915\u094b \u092d\u0935\u093f\u0937\u094d\u092f \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924<\/strong> \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092b\u093f\u0930 \u092d\u0940 \u0909\u0938 \u092b\u093c\u094b\u0932\u094d\u0921\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u092d\u0940-\u0915\u092d\u0940 \u0926\u0943\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093f \u0921\u093e\u0932\u0928\u0940 \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f, \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092d\u0940 \u0909\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092b\u0901\u0938 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>Filters or rules<\/span>\u092b\u093c\u093f\u0932\u094d\u091f\u0930 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>Instructions applied automatically to incoming mail \u2014 anything from the Directorate is labelled and starred; anything from the examination branch goes to its own folder<\/em>. Ten minutes spent setting these up saves an hour a week of sorting.<\/span>\u0906\u0924\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0932 \u092a\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0924\u0903 \u0932\u0917\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u2014 \u0928\u093f\u0926\u0947\u0936\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0938\u0947 \u0906\u092f\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u0928\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0902\u0915\u093f\u0924 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0924\u093e\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0915\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b; \u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0936\u093e\u0916\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u0906\u092f\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u092b\u093c\u094b\u0932\u094d\u0921\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091c\u093e\u090f<\/em>\u0964 \u0907\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0932\u0917\u0947 \u0926\u0938 \u092e\u093f\u0928\u091f \u0938\u092a\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0939 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u090f\u0915 \u0918\u0902\u091f\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u091b\u0901\u091f\u093e\u0908 \u092c\u091a\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>Labels and folders<\/span>\u0928\u093e\u092e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092b\u093c\u094b\u0932\u094d\u0921\u0930<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>Categories for filing. A label<\/strong> can be applied several at a time to one message; a folder<\/strong> holds a message in one place only.<\/span>\u0928\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0940 \u0936\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0923\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901\u0964 \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u092a\u0930 \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0905\u0928\u0947\u0915 \u0928\u093e\u092e<\/strong> \u0932\u0917\u093e\u090f \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902; \u092b\u093c\u094b\u0932\u094d\u0921\u0930<\/strong> \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u0915\u094b \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u090f\u0915 \u0939\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u0930 \u0930\u0916\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr style=\"background:#f3f8ff;\"><td>Archive and delete<\/span>\u0905\u092d\u093f\u0932\u0947\u0916\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0932\u094b\u092a\u0928<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>Archiving removes a message from the inbox but keeps it, searchable, for ever. Deleting sends it to Trash, from which it is purged after about thirty days.<\/strong> For anything that is an official record, archive; never delete.<\/span>\u0905\u092d\u093f\u0932\u0947\u0916\u0928 \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u0915\u094b \u0907\u0928\u092c\u0949\u0915\u094d\u0938 \u0938\u0947 \u0939\u091f\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0941 \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0916\u094b\u091c\u0928\u0947-\u092f\u094b\u0917\u094d\u092f \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0926\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0930\u0916\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0935\u093f\u0932\u094b\u092a\u0928 \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u091f\u094d\u0930\u0948\u0936 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092d\u0947\u091c\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0938\u0947 \u0935\u0939 \u0932\u0917\u092d\u0917 \u0924\u0940\u0938 \u0926\u093f\u0928 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0932 \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/strong> \u091c\u094b \u092d\u0940 \u0936\u093e\u0938\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0932\u0947\u0916 \u0939\u094b, \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0932\u0947\u0916\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902; \u0915\u092d\u0940 \u092e\u093f\u091f\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>Search operators<\/span>\u0916\u094b\u091c-\u0938\u0902\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0915<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>The same idea as \u00a76.7, applied to mail: <code>from:<\/code>, <code>to:<\/code>, <code>subject:<\/code>, <code>has:attachment<\/code>, <code>is:unread<\/code>, <code>before:<\/code> and <code>after:<\/code>. Combining two of them locates a circular from eight months ago in seconds.<\/span>\u0935\u0939\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u091c\u094b \u00a76.7 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0925\u093e, \u092e\u0947\u0932 \u092a\u0930 \u0932\u093e\u0917\u0942: <code>from:<\/code>, <code>to:<\/code>, <code>subject:<\/code>, <code>has:attachment<\/code>, <code>is:unread<\/code>, <code>before:<\/code> \u0924\u0925\u093e <code>after:<\/code>\u0964 \u0907\u0928\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0926\u094b \u092e\u093f\u0932\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u0906\u0920 \u092e\u093e\u0938 \u092a\u0941\u0930\u093e\u0928\u093e \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0938\u0947\u0915\u0902\u0921\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u093f\u0932 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>Auto-reply<\/span>\u0938\u094d\u0935\u0924\u0903-\u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>An out-of-office message sent automatically during leave, stating the period of absence and who may be contacted meanwhile. Courtesy, and in an office with deadlines, a practical necessity.<\/span>\u0905\u0935\u0915\u093e\u0936 \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u094c\u0930\u093e\u0928 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0924\u0903 \u092d\u0947\u091c\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f-\u092c\u093e\u0939\u094d\u092f \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0947\u0936, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u0935\u0927\u093f \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0907\u0938 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u090f, \u092f\u0939 \u0932\u093f\u0916\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0964 \u0936\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093e\u091a\u093e\u0930, \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u092e\u092f-\u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0924\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <\/tbody>\n <\/table>\n <hr class=\"section-divider\">\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d7-5\">\n 7.5<\/span>\n <h3>Writing a Professional Email<\/span>\u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0935\u0938\u093e\u092f\u093f\u0915 \u0908\u092e\u0947\u0932 \u0932\u0947\u0916\u0928<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"flow-wrap\">\n <div class=\"flow-note\">\n \u270d\ufe0f An official email has a settled structure, and departing from it costs the writer credibility before the content is read at all.<\/span>\n \u270d\ufe0f \u0936\u093e\u0938\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0908\u092e\u0947\u0932 \u0915\u0940 \u090f\u0915 \u0928\u093f\u0936\u094d\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u091a\u0932\u0928 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u092a\u0922\u093c\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u0939\u0940 \u0932\u0947\u0916\u0915 \u0915\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0935\u0938\u0928\u0940\u092f\u0924\u093e \u0918\u091f\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"flow-steps\">\n <div class=\"flow-step\">\n 1<\/span>\n <div class=\"fs-body\">\n Subject line \u2014 specific, and dated where it matters<\/span>\u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f-\u092a\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u2014 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915 \u0939\u094b \u0935\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0926\u093f\u0928\u093e\u0902\u0915\u093f\u0924<\/span><\/strong>\n \"Submission of UDISE+ data for session 2026\u201327 \u2014 GSSS Malviya Nagar\"<\/em> can be found and filed. \"Regarding data\"<\/em> cannot.<\/span>\"\u0938\u0924\u094d\u0930 2026\u201327 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 UDISE+ \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0937\u0923 \u2014 GSSS \u092e\u093e\u0932\u0935\u0940\u092f \u0928\u0917\u0930\"<\/em> \u0916\u094b\u091c\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0928\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0940\u092c\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \"\u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927 \u092e\u0947\u0902\"<\/em> \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/span>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"flow-step\">\n 2<\/span>\n <div class=\"fs-body\">\n Salutation appropriate to the relationship<\/span>\u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0902\u092c\u094b\u0927\u0928<\/span><\/strong>\n Respected Sir \/ Madam<\/em> upward; Dear Colleagues<\/em> laterally; Dear Parents<\/em> outward. Never open an official message without a salutation.<\/span>\u090a\u092a\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0913\u0930 \u092e\u0939\u094b\u0926\u092f \/ \u092e\u0939\u094b\u0926\u092f\u093e<\/em>; \u0938\u092e\u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f \u0938\u0939\u0915\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093f\u092f\u094b<\/em>; \u092c\u093e\u0939\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0913\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f \u0905\u092d\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0915\u0917\u0923<\/em>\u0964 \u0936\u093e\u0938\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u0915\u092d\u0940 \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0938\u0902\u092c\u094b\u0927\u0928 \u0906\u0930\u0902\u092d \u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/span>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"flow-step\">\n 3<\/span>\n <div class=\"fs-body\">\n The purpose in the first two lines<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0940 \u0926\u094b \u092a\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902<\/span><\/strong>\n A reader in a busy office decides within seconds whether to act now or later. The reason for writing belongs at the top, not after three paragraphs of background.<\/span>\u0935\u094d\u092f\u0938\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0915\u093e \u092a\u093e\u0920\u0915 \u0938\u0947\u0915\u0902\u0921\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0924\u092f \u0915\u0930 \u0932\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0905\u092d\u0940 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u092f\u093e \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u092e\u0947\u0902\u0964 \u0932\u093f\u0916\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u090a\u092a\u0930 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f, \u0924\u0940\u0928 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u091a\u094d\u091b\u0947\u0926\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920\u092d\u0942\u092e\u093f \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/span>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"flow-step\">\n 4<\/span>\n <div class=\"fs-body\">\n The body \u2014 one subject, short paragraphs, action in bullets<\/span>\u092e\u0942\u0932 \u092a\u093e\u0920 \u2014 \u090f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f, \u091b\u094b\u091f\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u091a\u094d\u091b\u0947\u0926, \u092c\u0941\u0932\u0947\u091f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f<\/span><\/strong>\n One email, one matter.<\/strong> Two unrelated subjects in a single message means one of them will be forgotten, and the message can be filed under only one heading.<\/span>\u090f\u0915 \u0908\u092e\u0947\u0932, \u090f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f\u0964<\/strong> \u090f\u0915 \u0939\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0926\u094b \u0905\u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0909\u0928\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u090f\u0915 \u092d\u0941\u0932\u093e \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u090f\u0917\u093e, \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u090f\u0915 \u0939\u0940 \u0936\u0940\u0930\u094d\u0937 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u0940\u0928 \u0928\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0940\u092c\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0947\u0917\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/span>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"flow-step\">\n 5<\/span>\n <div class=\"fs-body\">\n State the action and the date explicitly<\/span>\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0924\u093f\u0925\u093f \u0938\u094d\u092a\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u0916\u0947\u0902<\/span><\/strong>\n \"Kindly forward the nomination by 5 September 2026\"<\/em> is a request that can be complied with. \"Kindly do the needful at the earliest\"<\/em> is not, and it is the phrase that most often produces no action at all.<\/span>\"\u0915\u0943\u092a\u092f\u093e \u0928\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0902\u0915\u0928 5 \u0938\u093f\u0924\u0902\u092c\u0930 2026 \u0924\u0915 \u0905\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902\"<\/em> \u0910\u0938\u0940 \u092e\u093e\u0901\u0917 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u093e\u0932\u0928 \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \"\u0915\u0943\u092a\u092f\u093e \u0936\u0940\u0918\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0924\u093f\u0936\u0940\u0918\u094d\u0930 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u0935\u093e\u0939\u0940 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902\"<\/em> \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0914\u0930 \u092f\u0939\u0940 \u0935\u0939 \u0935\u093e\u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0936 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092c\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u0935\u093e\u0939\u0940 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/span>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"flow-step\">\n 6<\/span>\n <div class=\"fs-body\">\n Close, sign, and check the recipient before sending<\/span>\u0938\u092e\u093e\u092a\u0928, \u0939\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0930, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092d\u0947\u091c\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0901\u091a<\/span><\/strong>\n Yours faithfully<\/em> to a superior, Yours sincerely<\/em> where the name is known, followed by name, designation and school. The recipient field should be the last thing checked, not the first thing filled<\/strong>.<\/span>\u0935\u0930\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u0915\u094b \u092d\u0935\u0926\u0940\u092f<\/em>, \u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0928\u093e\u092e \u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0924 \u0939\u094b \u0935\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0938\u093e\u0926\u0930<\/em>, \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u0928\u093e\u092e, \u092a\u0926\u0928\u093e\u092e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f\u0964 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e-\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0905\u0902\u0924 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091c\u093e\u0901\u091a\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0940 \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f, \u0906\u0930\u0902\u092d \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092d\u0930\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902<\/strong>\u0964<\/span><\/span>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"pc-grid\">\n <div class=\"pc-panel con\">\n <div class=\"pc-head\">\u2717<\/span>A message that will fail<\/span>\u0935\u0939 \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u091c\u094b \u0935\u093f\u092b\u0932 \u0939\u094b\u0917\u093e<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n <ul>\n <li>Subject:<\/strong> \"Important!!!\"<\/em> \u2014 unsearchable, and the exclamation marks may trip the spam filter<\/span>\u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f:<\/strong> \"\u091c\u0930\u0942\u0930\u0940!!!\"<\/em> \u2014 \u0916\u094b\u091c\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e, \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0938\u094d\u092e\u092f\u093e\u0926\u093f\u092c\u094b\u0927\u0915 \u091a\u093f\u0939\u094d\u0928 \u0938\u094d\u092a\u0948\u092e \u092b\u093c\u093f\u0932\u094d\u091f\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902<\/span><\/li>\n <li>No salutation; the message opens straight into the demand<\/span>\u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u094b\u0927\u0928 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902; \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u0938\u0940\u0927\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0901\u0917 \u0938\u0947 \u0906\u0930\u0902\u092d \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/li>\n <li>Three unrelated matters<\/strong> in one message \u2014 a grant, a leave application and a broken projector<\/span>\u090f\u0915 \u0939\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0924\u0940\u0928 \u0905\u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f<\/strong> \u2014 \u090f\u0915 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0926\u093e\u0928, \u090f\u0915 \u0905\u0935\u0915\u093e\u0936-\u0906\u0935\u0947\u0926\u0928 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u090f\u0915 \u091f\u0942\u091f\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u092a\u0915<\/span><\/li>\n <li>Written in capital letters throughout<\/strong>, which reads as shouting<\/span>\u092a\u0942\u0930\u093e \u092c\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u0905\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0930\u094b\u0902<\/strong> \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0932\u093f\u0916\u093e \u0939\u0941\u0906, \u091c\u094b \u091a\u093f\u0932\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u093e \u092a\u0922\u093c\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/li>\n <li>Sent from a personal address<\/strong> such as sharmaji1978@\u2026<\/em> rather than the official school account<\/span>\u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u0936\u093e\u0938\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0916\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u091c\u093e\u092f sharmaji1978@\u2026<\/em> \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u091c\u0940 \u092a\u0924\u0947<\/strong> \u0938\u0947 \u092d\u0947\u091c\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e<\/span><\/li>\n <li>No deadline, no signature, and the attachment forgotten<\/span>\u0928 \u0938\u092e\u092f-\u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e, \u0928 \u0939\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0930, \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u0932\u0917\u094d\u0928\u0915 \u092d\u0942\u0932\u093e \u0939\u0941\u0906<\/span><\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"pc-panel pro\">\n <div class=\"pc-head\">\u2713<\/span>The same message, written properly<\/span>\u0935\u0939\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0947\u0936, \u0920\u0940\u0915 \u0922\u0902\u0917 \u0938\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u0916\u093e \u0939\u0941\u0906<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n <ul>\n <li>Subject:<\/strong> \"Repair of LCD projector, Room 14 \u2014 request for sanction of \u20b98,400\"<\/em><\/span>\u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f:<\/strong> \"\u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937 14 \u0915\u0947 LCD \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u092a\u0915 \u0915\u0940 \u092e\u0930\u092e\u094d\u092e\u0924 \u2014 \u20b98,400 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0940\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0930\u094b\u0927\"<\/em><\/span><\/li>\n <li>Opens Respected Sir<\/em>, and states the request in the first sentence<\/span>\u092e\u0939\u094b\u0926\u092f<\/em> \u0938\u0947 \u0906\u0930\u0902\u092d \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0939\u0940 \u0935\u093e\u0915\u094d\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0930\u094b\u0927 \u0930\u0916\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/li>\n <li>One matter only<\/strong>; the leave application and the grant go as separate messages<\/span>\u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u090f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f<\/strong>; \u0905\u0935\u0915\u093e\u0936-\u0906\u0935\u0947\u0926\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u0943\u0925\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902<\/span><\/li>\n <li>The quotation is attached as a PDF, named for what it is<\/strong><\/span>\u0909\u0926\u094d\u0927\u0930\u0923 PDF \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u0932\u0917\u094d\u0928 \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0928\u093e\u092e \u092c\u0924\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0935\u0939 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n <li>Carries a date by which sanction is sought<\/strong>, with the reason for the urgency<\/span>\u0935\u0939 \u0924\u093f\u0925\u093f \u0932\u093f\u0916\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938 \u0924\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0940\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f<\/strong>, \u0914\u0930 \u0924\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0915\u093e\u0932\u093f\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u092d\u0940<\/span><\/li>\n <li>Closes with the full signature block<\/strong> and is sent from the school account<\/span>\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0939\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0930-\u0916\u0902\u0921<\/strong> \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u0916\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u092d\u0947\u091c\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"exam-tip\">\n <div class=\"et-icon\">\u23f8\ufe0f<\/div>\n <div class=\"et-body\">\n The rule about writing in anger.<\/strong> An email written in irritation reads worse a week later than it felt at the time, cannot be recalled once sent, and can be forwarded to anyone by its recipient. A draft written to relieve feeling should be saved, not sent<\/strong>, and read again the next morning. Where a matter is genuinely contentious, the safer instrument is a measured letter through the proper channel<\/strong>, of which a copy is kept \u2014 and where a reply is likely to be forwarded, every word should be written on the assumption that it will be<\/strong>.<\/span>\n \u0915\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0927 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0932\u093f\u0916\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e\u0964<\/strong> \u091d\u0941\u0901\u091d\u0932\u093e\u0939\u091f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0932\u093f\u0916\u093e \u0908\u092e\u0947\u0932 \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u092a\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0939 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u0909\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u092c\u0941\u0930\u093e \u092a\u0922\u093c\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0924\u0928\u093e \u0909\u0938 \u0938\u092e\u092f \u0932\u0917\u093e \u0925\u093e, \u092d\u0947\u091c\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u0935\u093e\u092a\u0938 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0932\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e, \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0915\u094b \u092d\u0940 \u0905\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092d\u093e\u0935 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0932\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0932\u093f\u0916\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u090f, \u092d\u0947\u091c\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902<\/strong>, \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u0917\u0932\u0940 \u0938\u0941\u092c\u0939 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0903 \u092a\u0922\u093c\u093e \u091c\u093e\u090f\u0964 \u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u092e\u093e\u092e\u0932\u093e \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924\u0903 \u0935\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0926\u093e\u0938\u094d\u092a\u0926 \u0939\u094b \u0935\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u093e\u0927\u0928 \u0939\u0948 \u0909\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u092d\u0947\u091c\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0938\u0902\u092f\u0924 \u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930<\/strong>, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f \u0930\u0916\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u090f \u2014 \u0914\u0930 \u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0928\u093e \u0939\u094b, \u0935\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0936\u092c\u094d\u0926 \u092f\u0939 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0915\u0930 \u0932\u093f\u0916\u093e \u091c\u093e\u090f \u0915\u093f \u0935\u0939 \u0905\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0917\u093e \u0939\u0940<\/strong>\u0964<\/span>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <hr class=\"section-divider\">\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d7-6\">\n 7.6<\/span>\n <h3>Video Conferencing<\/span>\u0935\u0940\u0921\u093f\u092f\u094b \u0915\u0949\u0928\u094d\u092b\u093c\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0902\u0938\u093f\u0902\u0917<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n <svg class=\"full-diagram\" viewBox=\"0 0 700 316\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Realistic view of a video conference window with its controls\">\n <rect x=\"20\" y=\"18\" width=\"660\" height=\"280\" rx=\"7\" fill=\"#202124\" stroke=\"#14243f\" stroke-width=\"1.5\"\/>\n\n <rect x=\"34\" y=\"30\" width=\"120\" height=\"16\" rx=\"8\" fill=\"#3c4043\"\/>\n <circle cx=\"44\" cy=\"38\" r=\"4\" fill=\"#c0392b\"\/>\n <text x=\"54\" y=\"42\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Recording \u00b7 32:14<\/text>\n <text x=\"666\" y=\"42\" text-anchor=\"end\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#c9daf0\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Staff Meeting \u2014 22 August<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"34\" y=\"56\" width=\"196\" height=\"112\" rx=\"5\" fill=\"#2f3336\" stroke=\"#0d8f79\" stroke-width=\"2.5\"\/>\n <circle cx=\"132\" cy=\"104\" r=\"26\" fill=\"#0d8f79\"\/>\n <text x=\"132\" y=\"110\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"16\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">NS<\/text>\n <rect x=\"42\" y=\"148\" width=\"66\" height=\"13\" rx=\"3\" fill=\"rgba(0,0,0,.55)\"\/>\n <text x=\"48\" y=\"158\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">N. Sharma<\/text>\n <g fill=\"#0d8f79\"><rect x=\"200\" y=\"150\" width=\"2.5\" height=\"9\" rx=\"1\"\/><rect x=\"205\" y=\"146\" width=\"2.5\" height=\"13\" rx=\"1\"\/><rect x=\"210\" y=\"149\" width=\"2.5\" height=\"10\" rx=\"1\"\/><\/g>\n <text x=\"224\" y=\"70\" text-anchor=\"end\" font-size=\"7\" fill=\"#8ee0c8\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">speaking<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"238\" y=\"56\" width=\"140\" height=\"80\" rx=\"5\" fill=\"#2f3336\"\/>\n <circle cx=\"308\" cy=\"90\" r=\"18\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\"\/>\n <text x=\"308\" y=\"95\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"11\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">RV<\/text>\n <rect x=\"244\" y=\"118\" width=\"56\" height=\"12\" rx=\"3\" fill=\"rgba(0,0,0,.55)\"\/>\n <text x=\"250\" y=\"127\" font-size=\"7\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">R. Verma<\/text>\n <path d=\"M362 120 l8 8 M370 120 l-8 8\" stroke=\"#c0392b\" stroke-width=\"1.6\"\/>\n\n <rect x=\"386\" y=\"56\" width=\"140\" height=\"80\" rx=\"5\" fill=\"#2f3336\"\/>\n <circle cx=\"456\" cy=\"90\" r=\"18\" fill=\"#c9760f\"\/>\n <text x=\"456\" y=\"95\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"11\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">MK<\/text>\n <rect x=\"392\" y=\"118\" width=\"52\" height=\"12\" rx=\"3\" fill=\"rgba(0,0,0,.55)\"\/>\n <text x=\"398\" y=\"127\" font-size=\"7\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">M. Khan<\/text>\n <text x=\"510\" y=\"72\" font-size=\"12\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">\u270b<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"534\" y=\"56\" width=\"132\" height=\"80\" rx=\"5\" fill=\"#2f3336\"\/>\n <circle cx=\"600\" cy=\"90\" r=\"18\" fill=\"#8e2f5a\"\/>\n <text x=\"600\" y=\"95\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"11\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">AP<\/text>\n <rect x=\"540\" y=\"118\" width=\"50\" height=\"12\" rx=\"3\" fill=\"rgba(0,0,0,.55)\"\/>\n <text x=\"546\" y=\"127\" font-size=\"7\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">A. Patel<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"238\" y=\"144\" width=\"140\" height=\"72\" rx=\"5\" fill=\"#2f3336\"\/>\n <circle cx=\"308\" cy=\"174\" r=\"16\" fill=\"#6b3a8f\"\/>\n <text x=\"308\" y=\"179\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">SG<\/text>\n <rect x=\"244\" y=\"198\" width=\"50\" height=\"12\" rx=\"3\" fill=\"rgba(0,0,0,.55)\"\/>\n <text x=\"250\" y=\"207\" font-size=\"7\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">S. Gupta<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"386\" y=\"144\" width=\"140\" height=\"72\" rx=\"5\" fill=\"#2f3336\"\/>\n <circle cx=\"456\" cy=\"174\" r=\"16\" fill=\"#2f92d1\"\/>\n <text x=\"456\" y=\"179\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">TD<\/text>\n <rect x=\"392\" y=\"198\" width=\"52\" height=\"12\" rx=\"3\" fill=\"rgba(0,0,0,.55)\"\/>\n <text x=\"398\" y=\"207\" font-size=\"7\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">T. Das<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"534\" y=\"144\" width=\"132\" height=\"72\" rx=\"5\" fill=\"#3c4043\" stroke=\"#5f6368\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/>\n <text x=\"600\" y=\"176\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"14\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#9aa0a6\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">+ 12<\/text>\n <text x=\"600\" y=\"192\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#9aa0a6\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">others<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"34\" y=\"176\" width=\"196\" height=\"40\" rx=\"5\" fill=\"#3c4043\" stroke=\"#5f6368\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/>\n <text x=\"46\" y=\"192\" font-size=\"7.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#ffd970\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">SCREEN SHARE ACTIVE<\/text>\n <text x=\"46\" y=\"206\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#c9daf0\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Attendance-Analysis.xlsx<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"20\" y=\"236\" width=\"660\" height=\"62\" rx=\"0\" fill=\"#1a1a1a\"\/>\n <rect x=\"20\" y=\"286\" width=\"660\" height=\"12\" rx=\"7\" fill=\"#1a1a1a\"\/>\n\n <g>\n <circle cx=\"190\" cy=\"264\" r=\"17\" fill=\"#3c4043\"\/>\n <path d=\"M190 256 a4 4 0 0 1 4 4 v4 a4 4 0 0 1 -8 0 v-4 a4 4 0 0 1 4 -4 z\" fill=\"#fff\"\/>\n <path d=\"M183 265 a7 7 0 0 0 14 0 M190 272 v3\" stroke=\"#fff\" stroke-width=\"1.4\" fill=\"none\"\/>\n <text x=\"190\" y=\"292\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7\" fill=\"#9aa0a6\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Mute<\/text>\n\n <circle cx=\"240\" cy=\"264\" r=\"17\" fill=\"#3c4043\"\/>\n <rect x=\"232\" y=\"258\" width=\"12\" height=\"11\" rx=\"2\" fill=\"#fff\"\/><path d=\"M245 261 l5 -3 v11 l-5 -3 z\" fill=\"#fff\"\/>\n <text x=\"240\" y=\"292\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7\" fill=\"#9aa0a6\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Camera<\/text>\n\n <circle cx=\"290\" cy=\"264\" r=\"17\" fill=\"#3c4043\"\/>\n <rect x=\"281\" y=\"257\" width=\"18\" height=\"12\" rx=\"1.5\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#fff\" stroke-width=\"1.5\"\/><path d=\"M287 274 h6\" stroke=\"#fff\" stroke-width=\"1.5\"\/>\n <text x=\"290\" y=\"292\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7\" fill=\"#9aa0a6\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Share<\/text>\n\n <circle cx=\"340\" cy=\"264\" r=\"17\" fill=\"#3c4043\"\/>\n <path d=\"M331 258 h18 v10 h-11 l-5 4 v-4 h-2 z\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#fff\" stroke-width=\"1.4\"\/>\n <text x=\"340\" y=\"292\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7\" fill=\"#9aa0a6\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Chat<\/text>\n\n <circle cx=\"390\" cy=\"264\" r=\"17\" fill=\"#3c4043\"\/>\n <circle cx=\"386\" cy=\"261\" r=\"3.4\" fill=\"#fff\"\/><circle cx=\"395\" cy=\"262\" r=\"2.8\" fill=\"#fff\"\/>\n <path d=\"M380 271 a6 6 0 0 1 12 0 M392 270 a5 5 0 0 1 8 1\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#fff\" stroke-width=\"1.3\"\/>\n <text x=\"390\" y=\"292\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7\" fill=\"#9aa0a6\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">People<\/text>\n\n <circle cx=\"440\" cy=\"264\" r=\"17\" fill=\"#3c4043\"\/>\n <circle cx=\"440\" cy=\"264\" r=\"6\" fill=\"#c0392b\"\/>\n <text x=\"440\" y=\"292\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7\" fill=\"#9aa0a6\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Record<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"472\" y=\"250\" width=\"46\" height=\"28\" rx=\"14\" fill=\"#c0392b\"\/>\n <path d=\"M485 268 a12 8 0 0 1 20 -6\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#fff\" stroke-width=\"2\" transform=\"rotate(135 495 264)\"\/>\n <text x=\"495\" y=\"292\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7\" fill=\"#9aa0a6\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Leave<\/text>\n <\/g>\n <text x=\"46\" y=\"268\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#9aa0a6\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">18 participants<\/text>\n <\/svg>\n Note the crossed camera on one tile, the raised hand on another, and the recording indicator at the top left \u2014 three states every participant should be able to read.<\/span>\u090f\u0915 \u091f\u093e\u0907\u0932 \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u091f\u093e \u0939\u0941\u0906 \u0915\u0948\u092e\u0930\u093e, \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u0940 \u092a\u0930 \u0909\u0920\u093e \u0939\u0941\u0906 \u0939\u093e\u0925, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u090a\u092a\u0930 \u092c\u093e\u0908\u0902 \u0913\u0930 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0932\u0947\u0916\u0928-\u0938\u0942\u091a\u0915 \u0926\u0947\u0916\u093f\u090f \u2014 \u0924\u0940\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0905\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0917\u0940 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u0922\u093c\u0928\u0940 \u0906\u0928\u0940 \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n\n <div class=\"feat-grid\">\n <div class=\"feat-card\">1<\/span>The platforms<\/span>\u092e\u0902\u091a<\/span><\/strong>Google Meet, Zoom, Microsoft Teams, Cisco Webex<\/strong> and the open-source Jitsi<\/strong>. All provide the same core: audio, video, screen sharing, chat and recording.<\/span>\u0917\u0942\u0917\u0932 \u092e\u0940\u091f, \u091c\u093c\u0942\u092e, \u092e\u093e\u0907\u0915\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0938\u0949\u092b\u093c\u094d\u091f \u091f\u0940\u092e\u094d\u0938, \u0938\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0915\u094b \u0935\u0947\u092c\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0938<\/strong> \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0913\u092a\u0928-\u0938\u094b\u0930\u094d\u0938 \u091c\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0938\u0940<\/strong>\u0964 \u0938\u092d\u0940 \u0935\u0939\u0940 \u092e\u0942\u0932 \u0938\u0941\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902: \u0936\u094d\u0930\u0935\u094d\u092f, \u0926\u0943\u0936\u094d\u092f, \u0938\u094d\u0915\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0928 \u0938\u093e\u091d\u093e\u0915\u0930\u0923, \u091a\u0948\u091f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0932\u0947\u0916\u0928\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"feat-card\">2<\/span>Host controls<\/span>\u0906\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0915-\u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0923<\/span><\/strong>The host can mute participants, remove them, lock the meeting, restrict who may share the screen<\/strong>, and admit people from a waiting room. In a class or a parent meeting these are not conveniences but necessities.<\/span>\u0906\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0917\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u092e\u094c\u0928 \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0939\u091f\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u092c\u0948\u0920\u0915 \u092c\u0902\u0926 \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0938\u094d\u0915\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0928 \u0938\u093e\u091d\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/strong>, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e-\u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0938\u0947 \u0932\u094b\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0947\u0936 \u0926\u0947 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0905\u092d\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0915-\u092c\u0948\u0920\u0915 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092f\u0947 \u0938\u0941\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0924\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"feat-card\">3<\/span>Breakout rooms<\/span>\u0909\u092a-\u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937<\/span><\/strong>Divide the participants into smaller groups for discussion and bring them back together \u2014 the online equivalent of group work, and the feature that makes a training session participatory rather than a lecture.<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0917\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u091a\u0930\u094d\u091a\u093e \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u091b\u094b\u091f\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u0942\u0939\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u093e\u0901\u091f\u0915\u0930 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0903 \u090f\u0915\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0930 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u2014 \u0938\u092e\u0942\u0939-\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u093e \u0911\u0928\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u0924\u0941\u0932\u094d\u092f, \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u0939\u0940 \u0938\u0941\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093e \u091c\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923-\u0938\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u094b \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u091c\u093e\u092f \u0938\u0939\u092d\u093e\u0917\u0940 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"feat-card\">4<\/span>Meeting security<\/span>\u092c\u0948\u0920\u0915-\u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e<\/span><\/strong>A link posted publicly can be joined by anyone. The safeguards are a waiting room, a passcode, a restriction on screen sharing, and locking the meeting once everyone has joined<\/strong>. The disruption of an open meeting by an intruder is common enough to have a name.<\/span>\u0938\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0935\u091c\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0921\u093e\u0932\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0932\u093f\u0902\u0915 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u092d\u0940 \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092c\u091a\u093e\u0935 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e-\u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937, \u092a\u093e\u0938\u0915\u094b\u0921, \u0938\u094d\u0915\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0928 \u0938\u093e\u091d\u093e\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092c\u0902\u0927, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0938\u092c\u0915\u0947 \u091c\u0941\u0921\u093c \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u092c\u0948\u0920\u0915 \u092c\u0902\u0926 \u0915\u0930 \u0926\u0947\u0928\u093e<\/strong>\u0964 \u0916\u0941\u0932\u0940 \u092c\u0948\u0920\u0915 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0918\u0941\u0938\u092a\u0948\u0920\u093f\u090f \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u0907\u0924\u0928\u093e \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0909\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0928\u093e\u092e \u0924\u0915 \u092a\u0921\u093c \u091a\u0941\u0915\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"feat-card\">5<\/span>Recording and consent<\/span>\u0905\u092d\u093f\u0932\u0947\u0916\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0939\u092e\u0924\u093f<\/span><\/strong>Participants must be told before a session is recorded<\/strong>, and where children are present the purpose, the storage and the period of retention should all be settled beforehand. A recording of a class is personal data about every child in it.<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0917\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0932\u093f\u0916\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u092c\u0924\u093e\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0928\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f<\/strong>, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u092c\u091a\u094d\u091a\u0947 \u0909\u092a\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0902 \u0935\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928, \u092d\u0902\u0921\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923-\u0905\u0935\u0927\u093f \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0939\u0940 \u0924\u092f \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f\u0964 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0932\u0947\u0916\u0928 \u0909\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u092a\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u092c\u093e\u0932\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0930\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u0948\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"feat-card\">6<\/span>Conduct on camera<\/span>\u0915\u0948\u092e\u0930\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0906\u091a\u0930\u0923<\/span><\/strong>Mute when not speaking<\/strong> \u2014 background noise from thirty open microphones makes a meeting unusable. Join a minute early, set the displayed name to the real one, keep the light in front rather than behind, and use the raise-hand button rather than interrupting.<\/span>\u0928 \u092c\u094b\u0932\u0924\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u092f \u092e\u094c\u0928 \u0930\u0939\u0947\u0902<\/strong> \u2014 \u0924\u0940\u0938 \u0916\u0941\u0932\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0907\u0915\u094d\u0930\u094b\u092b\u093c\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920\u092d\u0942\u092e\u093f-\u0936\u094b\u0930 \u092c\u0948\u0920\u0915 \u0915\u094b \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0940 \u092c\u0928\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u090f\u0915 \u092e\u093f\u0928\u091f \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u091c\u0941\u0921\u093c\u0947\u0902, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u093f\u0924 \u0928\u093e\u092e \u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u0930\u0916\u0947\u0902, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0936 \u092a\u0940\u091b\u0947 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0928\u0947 \u0930\u0916\u0947\u0902, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092c\u0940\u091a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u094b\u0932\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u091c\u093e\u092f \u0939\u093e\u0925 \u0909\u0920\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u092c\u091f\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <hr class=\"section-divider\">\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d7-7\">\n 7.7<\/span>\n <h3>Online Collaboration Tools<\/span>\u0911\u0928\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u0938\u0939\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n <table class=\"data-table\">\n <thead>\n <tr>\n <th>Tool<\/span>\u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923<\/span><\/th>\n <th>What it does and how a school uses it<\/span>\u092f\u0939 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0907\u0938\u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/th>\n <\/tr>\n <\/thead>\n <tbody>\n <tr>\n <td>Shared documents<\/span>\u0938\u093e\u091d\u093e \u0926\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0947\u091c\u093c<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n <td>Google Docs, Sheets and Slides, or Microsoft 365, allow several people to edit the same file at the same moment<\/strong>, each seeing the others' cursors. Version history<\/strong> records who changed what and permits any earlier state to be restored \u2014 the collaborative equivalent of Track Changes from \u00a73.8.<\/span>\u0917\u0942\u0917\u0932 \u0921\u0949\u0915\u094d\u0938, \u0936\u0940\u091f\u094d\u0938 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0921\u094d\u0938, \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u092e\u093e\u0907\u0915\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0938\u0949\u092b\u093c\u094d\u091f 365, \u0905\u0928\u0947\u0915 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u090f\u0915 \u0939\u0940 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u090f\u0915 \u0939\u0940 \u092b\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0932 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u093e\u0926\u093f\u0924<\/strong> \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u0930\u094d\u0938\u0930 \u0926\u0947\u0916\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0930\u0923-\u0907\u0924\u093f\u0939\u093e\u0938<\/strong> \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0932\u093f\u0916\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u092c\u0926\u0932\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092d\u0940 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0940 \u0905\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0932\u094c\u091f\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u00a73.8 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928-\u0905\u0928\u0941\u0930\u0947\u0916\u0923 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0939\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0940 \u0924\u0941\u0932\u094d\u092f\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr style=\"background:#f3f8ff;\">\n <td>Sharing permissions<\/span>\u0938\u093e\u091d\u093e\u0915\u0930\u0923-\u0905\u0928\u0941\u092e\u0924\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n <td>Three levels, and the choice matters: Viewer<\/strong> can read only, Commenter<\/strong> can suggest without altering, Editor<\/strong> can change anything. A link set to \"anyone with the link can edit\"<\/em> on a result sheet is an open door \u2014 the correct setting for anything containing student data is named individuals only<\/strong>.<\/span>\u0924\u0940\u0928 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930, \u0914\u0930 \u091a\u092f\u0928 \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0939\u0948: \u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u0915<\/strong> \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u092a\u0922\u093c \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091f\u093f\u092a\u094d\u092a\u0923\u0940\u0915\u093e\u0930<\/strong> \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0947 \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0938\u0941\u091d\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0938\u0902\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0915<\/strong> \u0915\u0941\u091b \u092d\u0940 \u092c\u0926\u0932 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e-\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0915 \u092a\u0930 \"\u0932\u093f\u0902\u0915 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u092d\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u093e\u0926\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\"<\/em> \u0938\u0947\u091f \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0932\u093f\u0902\u0915 \u0916\u0941\u0932\u093e \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930 \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u0930\u0916\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092d\u0940 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0938\u0939\u0940 \u0938\u0947\u091f\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0928\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f<\/strong>\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td>Forms and surveys<\/span>\u092b\u093c\u0949\u0930\u094d\u092e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n <td>Google Forms and similar tools collect responses straight into a spreadsheet<\/strong>, with charts generated automatically. Of direct use for admission enquiries, parent feedback, staff availability, option subject choices, and quick classroom quizzes.<\/span>\u0917\u0942\u0917\u0932 \u092b\u093c\u0949\u0930\u094d\u092e\u094d\u0938 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0938\u0940\u0927\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0921\u0936\u0940\u091f \u092e\u0947\u0902<\/strong> \u090f\u0915\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0914\u0930 \u091a\u093e\u0930\u094d\u091f \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0924\u0903 \u092c\u0928 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0947\u0936-\u092a\u0942\u091b\u0924\u093e\u091b, \u0905\u092d\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0915-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e, \u0915\u0930\u094d\u092e\u091a\u093e\u0930\u0940-\u0909\u092a\u0932\u092c\u094d\u0927\u0924\u093e, \u0910\u091a\u094d\u091b\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u091a\u092f\u0928 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0924\u094d\u0935\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928\u094b\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0940\u0927\u0947 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0940\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td>Shared calendars<\/span>\u0938\u093e\u091d\u093e \u0915\u0948\u0932\u0947\u0902\u0921\u0930<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n <td>A single school calendar visible to all staff, carrying examination dates, meetings, holidays and inspections. Invitations sent from it appear directly in each recipient's own calendar with a reminder attached.<\/span>\u0938\u092e\u0938\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u094d\u092e\u091a\u093e\u0930\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0926\u093f\u0916\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e \u090f\u0915\u0932 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f\u0940 \u0915\u0948\u0932\u0947\u0902\u0921\u0930, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e-\u0924\u093f\u0925\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901, \u092c\u0948\u0920\u0915\u0947\u0902, \u0905\u0935\u0915\u093e\u0936 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0939\u094b\u0902\u0964 \u0909\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u092d\u0947\u091c\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u092e\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0923 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0948\u0932\u0947\u0902\u0921\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u092e\u0930\u0923-\u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0938\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u0940\u0927\u0947 \u0906 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td>Messaging groups<\/span>\u0938\u0902\u0926\u0947\u0936-\u0938\u092e\u0942\u0939<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n <td>Useful for immediacy, unsuitable as a record. A decision announced only in a messaging group has no place in the file<\/strong>, and anything that must be traceable should be confirmed by email afterwards.<\/span>\u0924\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0915\u093e\u0932\u093f\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0940, \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0932\u0947\u0916 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924\u0964 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0947\u0936-\u0938\u092e\u0942\u0939 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0918\u094b\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0923\u092f \u0915\u093e \u0928\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902<\/strong>, \u0914\u0930 \u091c\u094b \u0915\u0941\u091b \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0930\u0947\u0916\u0923\u0940\u092f \u0939\u094b\u0928\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0941\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093f \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0908\u092e\u0947\u0932 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <\/tbody>\n <\/table>\n\n <div class=\"callout amber\">\n <div class=\"callout-label\">\ud83d\udd11 Two governance points that are easy to overlook<\/span>\ud83d\udd11 \u0926\u094b \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0936\u093e\u0938\u0928-\u092c\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0941 \u091c\u093f\u0928\u0915\u0940 \u0909\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0938\u0939\u091c \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/div>\n <ul class=\"split-list\" style=\"margin-top:4px;\">\n <li>1<\/span>Official work belongs in official accounts.<\/strong> A result sheet created in a teacher's personal account remains that teacher's property when they transfer out, and the school may lose access to its own records. Institutional accounts and a shared drive owned by the school prevent this entirely.<\/span>\u0936\u093e\u0938\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0936\u093e\u0938\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0916\u093e\u0924\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f\u0964<\/strong> \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u091c\u0940 \u0916\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0928\u093e \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e-\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0915 \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930\u0923 \u092a\u0930 \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f \u092c\u0928\u093e \u0930\u0939\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0940 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0932\u0947\u0916\u094b\u0902 \u0924\u0915 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a \u0916\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0917\u0924 \u0916\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0938\u093e\u091d\u093e \u0921\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0907\u0935 \u0907\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923\u0924\u0903 \u0930\u094b\u0915 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n <li>2<\/span>Access must be reviewed when people leave.<\/strong> A shared folder accumulates editors over years. When a member of staff is transferred, their access should be removed on the same day the charge is handed over, exactly as keys and cash books are.<\/span>\u0932\u094b\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u092e\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0940 \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f\u0964<\/strong> \u0938\u093e\u091d\u093e \u092b\u093c\u094b\u0932\u094d\u0921\u0930 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0915 \u091c\u092e\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0915\u0930\u094d\u092e\u091a\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930\u0923 \u092a\u0930 \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a \u0909\u0938\u0940 \u0926\u093f\u0928 \u0939\u091f\u093e \u0926\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f \u091c\u093f\u0938 \u0926\u093f\u0928 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u092d\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u094c\u0902\u092a\u093e \u091c\u093e\u090f, \u0920\u0940\u0915 \u0935\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0939\u0940 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u091a\u093e\u092c\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0930\u094b\u0915\u0921\u093c-\u092c\u0939\u0940 \u0938\u094c\u0902\u092a\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n\n <hr class=\"section-divider\">\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d7-8\">\n 7.8<\/span>\n <h3>Netiquette in Digital Communication<\/span>\u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0937\u0923 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u0947\u091f\u093f\u0915\u0947\u091f<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"callout\">\n <div class=\"callout-label\">\ud83d\udcd8 Definition<\/span>\ud83d\udcd8 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e<\/span><\/div>\n Netiquette<\/strong> \u2014 a compound of network<\/em> and etiquette<\/em> \u2014 is the body of conventions governing courteous and responsible conduct in online communication. The best-known statement of it is the set of ten core rules formulated by Virginia Shea<\/strong>, of which the first governs all the rest.<\/span>\n \u0928\u0947\u091f\u093f\u0915\u0947\u091f<\/strong> \u2014 \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915<\/em> \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0936\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093e\u091a\u093e\u0930<\/em> \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0902\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0936\u092c\u094d\u0926 \u2014 \u0909\u0928 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092a\u093e\u091f\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u092e\u0942\u0939 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0911\u0928\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0937\u0923 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0936\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930\u0926\u093e\u092f\u0940 \u0906\u091a\u0930\u0923 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0924 \u0915\u0925\u0928 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u091c\u0940\u0928\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0936\u0940\u0906 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092a\u093e\u0926\u093f\u0924 \u0926\u0938 \u092e\u0942\u0932 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e<\/strong> \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u091c\u093f\u0928\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0925\u092e \u0936\u0947\u0937 \u0938\u092c\u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"abbr-grid\">\n <table>\n <thead><tr><th>Rule<\/span>\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e<\/span><\/th><th>What it requires<\/span>\u092f\u0939 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0905\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/th><\/tr><\/thead>\n <tbody>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">1<\/td><td>Remember the human<\/strong> \u2014 a person, not a screen, reads what is written.<\/span>\u092e\u0928\u0941\u0937\u094d\u092f \u0915\u094b \u0938\u094d\u092e\u0930\u0923 \u0930\u0916\u0947\u0902<\/strong> \u2014 \u091c\u094b \u0932\u093f\u0916\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u092a\u0922\u093c\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u092a\u0930\u094d\u0926\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">2<\/td><td>Keep the same standards of behaviour online as in person<\/strong>.<\/span>\u0911\u0928\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u092d\u0940 \u0935\u0939\u0940 \u0906\u091a\u0930\u0923-\u092e\u093e\u0928\u0915<\/strong> \u0930\u0916\u0947\u0902 \u091c\u094b \u0906\u092e\u0928\u0947-\u0938\u093e\u092e\u0928\u0947 \u0930\u0916\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">3<\/td><td>Know where one is<\/strong> \u2014 the register of a staff group is not that of a public forum.<\/span>\u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u093f \u0915\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0939\u0948\u0902<\/strong> \u2014 \u0915\u0930\u094d\u092e\u091a\u093e\u0930\u0940-\u0938\u092e\u0942\u0939 \u0915\u0940 \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e-\u0936\u0948\u0932\u0940 \u0938\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0935\u091c\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u092e\u0902\u091a \u0915\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">4<\/td><td>Respect others' time<\/strong> \u2014 no unnecessary Reply All, no forwarded chain messages.<\/span>\u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u092f \u0915\u093e \u0906\u0926\u0930 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902<\/strong> \u2014 \u0905\u0928\u093e\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915 Reply All \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0905\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0936\u0943\u0902\u0916\u0932\u093e-\u0938\u0902\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">5<\/td><td>Write well<\/strong> \u2014 spelling and grammar are read as a measure of care.<\/span>\u0905\u091a\u094d\u091b\u093e \u0932\u093f\u0916\u0947\u0902<\/strong> \u2014 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928\u0940 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0938\u093e\u0935\u0927\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u092e\u093e\u092a \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0922\u093c\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <\/tbody>\n <\/table>\n <table>\n <thead><tr><th>Rule<\/span>\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e<\/span><\/th><th>What it requires<\/span>\u092f\u0939 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0905\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/th><\/tr><\/thead>\n <tbody>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">6<\/td><td>Share knowledge<\/strong> where it is useful to others.<\/span>\u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u092e \u0906\u090f \u0935\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u0938\u093e\u091d\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902<\/strong>\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">7<\/td><td>Keep disputes under control<\/strong> \u2014 an argument in a group thread rarely ends well.<\/span>\u0935\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0926 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0923 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0930\u0916\u0947\u0902<\/strong> \u2014 \u0938\u092e\u0942\u0939-\u0935\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0939\u0938 \u0935\u093f\u0930\u0932\u0947 \u0939\u0940 \u092d\u0932\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">8<\/td><td>Respect privacy<\/strong> \u2014 hence BCC for mass mail, and no forwarding of a private message.<\/span>\u0928\u093f\u091c\u0924\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0906\u0926\u0930 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902<\/strong> \u2014 \u0905\u0924\u0903 \u0925\u094b\u0915 \u092e\u0947\u0932 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 BCC, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0928\u093f\u091c\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0937\u0923 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">9<\/td><td>Do not abuse a position of power<\/strong> \u2014 a head's message carries weight a colleague's does not.<\/span>\u092a\u0926\u0940\u092f \u0936\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0915\u093e \u0926\u0941\u0930\u0941\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902<\/strong> \u2014 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0941\u0916 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u0915\u093e \u092d\u093e\u0930 \u0935\u0939 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0938\u0939\u0915\u0930\u094d\u092e\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">10<\/td><td>Be forgiving of others' mistakes<\/strong>, particularly of those new to the medium.<\/span>\u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u092d\u0942\u0932\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902<\/strong>, \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937\u0915\u0930 \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0940 \u091c\u094b \u0907\u0938 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u090f \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <\/tbody>\n <\/table>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"callout red\">\n <div class=\"callout-label\">\u26a0\ufe0f Communication with students \u2014 a safeguarding rule, not a matter of style<\/span>\u26a0\ufe0f \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0937\u0923 \u2014 \u092f\u0939 \u0936\u0948\u0932\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0938\u0902\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/div>\n Where a teacher must communicate with a pupil outside the classroom, three conditions should hold without exception. The channel must be official<\/strong> \u2014 the school account, the learning platform or the class group, not a personal number. The communication must be visible<\/strong> \u2014 addressed to a group or copied to a parent or the class teacher, never a private one-to-one exchange conducted where no record exists. The timing must be reasonable<\/strong> \u2014 within the working day, save in a genuine emergency. These are not conventions of politeness; they protect the pupil, and they equally protect the teacher against an allegation that cannot be disproved because nothing was recorded. A school's policy on this should be written down and known to every member of staff.<\/span>\n \u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0915\u094b \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0939\u0930 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u0935\u093e\u0926 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u0939\u094b, \u0935\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0924\u0940\u0928 \u0936\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0905\u092a\u0935\u093e\u0926 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u0940 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0940 \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f\u0964 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0936\u093e\u0938\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0939\u094b<\/strong> \u2014 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0915\u093e \u0916\u093e\u0924\u093e, \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e-\u092e\u0902\u091a \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e-\u0938\u092e\u0942\u0939, \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0928\u093f\u091c\u0940 \u0928\u0902\u092c\u0930 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0937\u0923 \u0926\u0943\u0936\u094d\u092f \u0939\u094b<\/strong> \u2014 \u0938\u092e\u0942\u0939 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0902\u092c\u094b\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0905\u092d\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0915 \u092f\u093e \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e-\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0932\u093f\u092a\u093f\u0924, \u0915\u092d\u0940 \u0910\u0938\u093e \u0928\u093f\u091c\u0940 \u0906\u092e\u0928\u0947-\u0938\u093e\u092e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u0906\u0926\u093e\u0928-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0932\u0947\u0916 \u0939\u0940 \u0928 \u0939\u094b\u0964 \u0938\u092e\u092f \u0909\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b<\/strong> \u2014 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f-\u0926\u093f\u0935\u0938 \u0915\u0947 \u092d\u0940\u0924\u0930, \u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u0906\u092a\u093e\u0924 \u0915\u094b \u091b\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0915\u0930\u0964 \u092f\u0947 \u0936\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093e\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092a\u093e\u091f\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u0948\u0902; \u092f\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0924\u0928\u0940 \u0939\u0940 \u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0915\u0940 \u0909\u0938 \u0906\u0930\u094b\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0916\u0902\u0921\u0928 \u0907\u0938\u0932\u093f\u090f \u0928 \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093f \u0915\u0941\u091b \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0932\u093f\u0916\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0925\u093e\u0964 \u0907\u0938 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0915\u0940 \u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f \u0932\u093f\u0916\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0940 \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0915\u0930\u094d\u092e\u091a\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u094b \u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0940 \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f\u0964<\/span>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"mcq-box\">\n <div class=\"mcq-title\">\n Practice<\/span>\u0905\u092d\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938<\/span><\/span>\n Questions on email and digital communication<\/span>\u0908\u092e\u0947\u0932 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0937\u0923 \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928<\/span><\/span>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"mcq-note\">Objective questions in the pattern of the examination. Click to reveal the answer and its explanation.<\/span>\u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u0930 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928\u0964 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0916\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u094d\u0932\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u0940\u091c\u093f\u090f\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <details class=\"mcq-q\">\n <summary>61<\/span>A message is sent with two addresses in To, two in Cc and one in Bcc. Which statement is correct?<\/span><\/summary>\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\n <li>(a) The Bcc recipient cannot see the To and Cc recipients<\/li>\n <li>(b) The To and Cc recipients can see the Bcc recipient<\/li>\n <li>(c) The Bcc recipient sees all the others, but none of them sees the Bcc recipient<\/li>\n <li>(d) Only the sender can see any of the addresses<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\">(c) The Bcc recipient sees all the others, but none of them sees the Bcc recipient<\/b> Concealment runs in one direction only. This is why Bcc protects the privacy of a mass mailing, and also why a Bcc recipient pressing Reply All destroys the concealment at once.<\/span>\u0917\u094b\u092a\u0928\u0940\u092f\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u090f\u0915 \u0926\u093f\u0936\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091a\u0932\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0940\u0932\u093f\u090f BCC \u0925\u094b\u0915 \u092e\u0947\u0932 \u0915\u0940 \u0928\u093f\u091c\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0907\u0938\u0940\u0932\u093f\u090f BCC \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0915\u093e Reply All \u0926\u092c\u093e\u0928\u093e \u0909\u0938 \u0917\u094b\u092a\u0928\u0940\u092f\u0924\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0924\u0924\u094d\u0915\u093e\u0932 \u0928\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0915\u0930 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\u00a77.2<\/span><\/div>\n <\/details>\n <details class=\"mcq-q\">\n <summary>62<\/span>Which protocol is used to send an email?<\/span><\/summary>\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\n <li>(a) POP3<\/li>\n <li>(b) IMAP<\/li>\n <li>(c) SMTP<\/li>\n <li>(d) HTTP<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\">(c) SMTP<\/b> Simple Mail Transfer Protocol sends. POP3 and IMAP retrieve, and the two differ in that IMAP keeps mail on the server and synchronises every device, while POP3 downloads to one device and by default deletes the server copy.<\/span>\u0938\u093f\u0902\u092a\u0932 \u092e\u0947\u0932 \u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0938\u092b\u093c\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091f\u094b\u0915\u0949\u0932 \u092d\u0947\u091c\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 POP3 \u090f\u0935\u0902 IMAP \u0932\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0914\u0930 \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930 \u092f\u0939 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f IMAP \u092e\u0947\u0932 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u0930\u0916\u0915\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0938\u092e\u0915\u093e\u0932\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u092c\u0915\u093f POP3 \u090f\u0915 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u092a\u0930 \u0909\u0924\u093e\u0930\u0915\u0930 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f \u092e\u093f\u091f\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\u00a77.1<\/span><\/div>\n <\/details>\n <details class=\"mcq-q\">\n <summary>63<\/span>A notice is to be emailed to four hundred parents without disclosing their addresses to one another. The addresses should be placed in:<\/span><\/summary>\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\n <li>(a) To<\/li>\n <li>(b) Cc<\/li>\n <li>(c) Bcc<\/li>\n <li>(d) The subject line<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\">(c) Bcc<\/b> The school's own address goes in To and every parent in Bcc. Placing them in To or Cc discloses four hundred personal email addresses to four hundred people without consent, and the disclosure cannot be withdrawn once the message is sent.<\/span>\u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0915\u093e \u0905\u092a\u0928\u093e \u092a\u0924\u093e To \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0915 BCC \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 To \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e Cc \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0930\u0916\u0928\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u094c \u0935\u0948\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0908\u092e\u0947\u0932 \u092a\u0924\u0947 \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0938\u0939\u092e\u0924\u093f \u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u094c \u0932\u094b\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u091f \u0915\u0930 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u092d\u0947\u091c\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u0935\u0939 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u091f\u0928 \u0935\u093e\u092a\u0938 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0932\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e\u0964<\/span>\u00a77.2<\/span><\/div>\n <\/details>\n <details class=\"mcq-q\">\n <summary>64<\/span>In an email address, the symbol @ separates:<\/span><\/summary>\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\n <li>(a) The subject from the body<\/li>\n <li>(b) The username from the domain name<\/li>\n <li>(c) The domain from the country code<\/li>\n <li>(d) The sender from the recipient<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\">(b) The username from the domain name<\/b> Chosen by Ray Tomlinson in 1971 because it appeared in no personal name and could be read as \"at\". Every address contains exactly one @.<\/span>\u0930\u0947 \u091f\u0949\u092e\u0932\u093f\u0902\u0938\u0928 \u0928\u0947 1971 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0907\u0938\u0947 \u0907\u0938\u0932\u093f\u090f \u091a\u0941\u0928\u093e \u0915\u093f \u092f\u0939 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0935\u0948\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0928\u093e\u092e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0906\u0924\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0925\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0907\u0938\u0947 \"\u092a\u0930\" \u092a\u0922\u093c\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0925\u093e\u0964 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u092a\u0924\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0920\u0940\u0915 \u090f\u0915 @ \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\u00a77.0, \u00a77.1<\/span><\/div>\n <\/details>\n <details class=\"mcq-q\">\n <summary>65<\/span>Archiving an email rather than deleting it means that the message:<\/span><\/summary>\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\n <li>(a) Is permanently destroyed<\/li>\n <li>(b) Leaves the inbox but remains stored and searchable<\/li>\n <li>(c) Is moved to the Spam folder<\/li>\n <li>(d) Is sent back to the sender<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\">(b) Leaves the inbox but remains stored and searchable<\/b> Deleting sends a message to Trash, from which it is purged after roughly thirty days. Anything constituting an official record should therefore be archived, never deleted.<\/span>\u0935\u093f\u0932\u094b\u092a\u0928 \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u0915\u094b \u091f\u094d\u0930\u0948\u0936 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092d\u0947\u091c\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0938\u0947 \u0935\u0939 \u0932\u0917\u092d\u0917 \u0924\u0940\u0938 \u0926\u093f\u0928 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0932 \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0905\u0924\u0903 \u091c\u094b \u0915\u0941\u091b \u0936\u093e\u0938\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0932\u0947\u0916 \u0939\u094b \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0932\u0947\u0916\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f, \u092e\u093f\u091f\u093e\u0928\u093e \u0915\u092d\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964<\/span>\u00a77.4<\/span><\/div>\n <\/details>\n <details class=\"mcq-q\">\n <summary>66<\/span>The term netiquette refers to:<\/span><\/summary>\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\n <li>(a) The technical rules governing network protocols<\/li>\n <li>(b) The conventions of courteous conduct in online communication<\/li>\n <li>(c) A method of encrypting email<\/li>\n <li>(d) The speed of an internet connection<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\">(b) The conventions of courteous conduct in online communication<\/b> A compound of \"network\" and \"etiquette\". The best-known formulation is Virginia Shea's ten core rules, of which the first \u2014 remember the human \u2014 governs the remainder.<\/span>\"\u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915\" \u090f\u0935\u0902 \"\u0936\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093e\u091a\u093e\u0930\" \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0902\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0936\u092c\u094d\u0926\u0964 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0928 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u091c\u0940\u0928\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0936\u0940\u0906 \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u0938 \u092e\u0942\u0932 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u091c\u093f\u0928\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0925\u092e \u2014 \u092e\u0928\u0941\u0937\u094d\u092f \u0915\u094b \u0938\u094d\u092e\u0930\u0923 \u0930\u0916\u0947\u0902 \u2014 \u0936\u0947\u0937 \u0938\u092c\u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\u00a77.8<\/span><\/div>\n <\/details>\n <\/div>\n\n <\/section>\n\n \n <section class=\"chapter-content\" data-chap=\"8\" id=\"c8\">\n <div class=\"chapter-heading-block\">\n SYLLABUS ITEM 8<\/span>\u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u092e\u0926 8<\/span><\/span>\n <h2>Cyber Security<\/span>\u0938\u093e\u0907\u092c\u0930 \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e<\/span><\/h2>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"callout amber\">\n <div class=\"callout-label\">\ud83d\udccc What this chapter covers<\/span>\ud83d\udccc \u0907\u0938 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/div>\n Viruses, malware, phishing, ransomware, strong passwords, OTP safety, firewalls, antivirus software, backups, and data privacy<\/span>\n \u0935\u093e\u092f\u0930\u0938, \u092e\u093e\u0932\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930, \u092b\u093c\u093f\u0936\u093f\u0902\u0917, \u0930\u0948\u0928\u0938\u092e\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930, \u0938\u0941\u0926\u0943\u0922\u093c \u092a\u093e\u0938\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0921, OTP \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e, \u092b\u093c\u093e\u092f\u0930\u0935\u0949\u0932, \u090f\u0902\u091f\u0940\u0935\u093e\u092f\u0930\u0938 \u0938\u0949\u092b\u093c\u094d\u091f\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930, \u092c\u0948\u0915\u0905\u092a \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u093e-\u0928\u093f\u091c\u0924\u093e<\/span>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"keyfact-grid\">\n <div class=\"keyfact-card navy-hi\">\n \ud83d\udee1\ufe0f<\/span>\n <div class=\"kf-label\">The Three Goals of Security<\/span>\u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0924\u0940\u0928 \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u092f<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"kf-value\" style=\"font-size:13.5px;\">C \u00b7 I \u00b7 A<\/span>C \u00b7 I \u00b7 A<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"kf-sub\">Confidentiality, Integrity, Availability \u2014 every control serves one of these<\/span>\u0917\u094b\u092a\u0928\u0940\u092f\u0924\u093e, \u0905\u0916\u0902\u0921\u0924\u093e, \u0909\u092a\u0932\u092c\u094d\u0927\u0924\u093e \u2014 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0923 \u0907\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u090f\u0915 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"keyfact-card teal-hi\">\n \ud83d\udcde<\/span>\n <div class=\"kf-label\">Cyber Fraud Helpline, India<\/span>\u0938\u093e\u0907\u092c\u0930 \u0927\u094b\u0916\u093e\u0927\u0921\u093c\u0940 \u0939\u0947\u0932\u094d\u092a\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0928, \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"kf-value\" style=\"font-size:20px;\">1930<\/div>\n <div class=\"kf-sub\">And the portal cybercrime.gov.in<\/strong>. The first hour matters most<\/span>\u0924\u0925\u093e \u092a\u094b\u0930\u094d\u091f\u0932 cybercrime.gov.in<\/strong>\u0964 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u093e \u0918\u0902\u091f\u093e \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"keyfact-card amber-hi\">\n \ud83d\udd11<\/span>\n <div class=\"kf-label\">The Rule Without Exception<\/span>\u0935\u0939 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0905\u092a\u0935\u093e\u0926 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"kf-value\" style=\"font-size:12.5px;\">No one legitimate ever asks for an OTP<\/span>\u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0935\u0948\u0927 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u0915\u092d\u0940 OTP \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u092e\u093e\u0901\u0917\u0924\u0940<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"kf-sub\">Not a bank, not a department, not a helpline. Nobody<\/span>\u0928 \u092c\u0948\u0902\u0915, \u0928 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0917, \u0928 \u0939\u0947\u0932\u094d\u092a\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0928\u0964 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d8-0\">\n 8.0<\/span>\n <h3>Introduction<\/span>\u092a\u0930\u093f\u091a\u092f<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n <ul class=\"icon-list\">\n <li>\u25b8<\/span>\n Cyber security<\/strong> is the protection of computers, networks and data against unauthorised access, damage, disruption and theft. Chapter 6 established that a network is a door; this chapter is about who may come through it and what should be stopped at the threshold.<\/span>\n \u0938\u093e\u0907\u092c\u0930 \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e<\/strong> \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930\u094b\u0902, \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u0928\u0927\u093f\u0915\u0943\u0924 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a, \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0924\u093f, \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u091a\u094b\u0930\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f 6 \u0928\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u093f \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u090f\u0915 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930 \u0939\u0948; \u092f\u0939 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f \u0907\u0938 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0909\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u094c\u0928 \u0906 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0926\u0947\u0939\u0930\u0940 \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0930\u094b\u0915\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0928\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f\u0964<\/span>\n <\/span><\/li>\n <li>\u25b8<\/span>\n A school is a more attractive target than it appears. It holds the names, addresses, photographs, dates of birth, Aadhaar references, health records and examination results of hundreds of children<\/strong>, it usually has no dedicated technical staff, and its computers are used by many people. The value of the data is high and the defences are thin.<\/span>\n \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u091c\u093f\u0924\u0928\u093e \u0926\u093f\u0916\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0909\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0906\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u092f \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u0938 \u0938\u0948\u0915\u0921\u093c\u094b\u0902 \u092c\u091a\u094d\u091a\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u093e\u092e, \u092a\u0924\u0947, \u091b\u093e\u092f\u093e\u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930, \u091c\u0928\u094d\u092e\u0924\u093f\u0925\u093f, \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0930\u094d\u092d, \u0938\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0925\u094d\u092f \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0932\u0947\u0916 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e-\u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e<\/strong> \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092f\u0903 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0938\u092e\u0930\u094d\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0924\u0915\u0928\u0940\u0915\u0940 \u0915\u0930\u094d\u092e\u091a\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e, \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u0905\u0928\u0947\u0915 \u0932\u094b\u0917 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u092e\u0942\u0932\u094d\u092f \u090a\u0901\u091a\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u092c\u091a\u093e\u0935 \u092a\u0924\u0932\u0947\u0964<\/span>\n <\/span><\/li>\n <li>\u25b8<\/span>\n The governing fact of the whole subject is that the weakest point is almost never the technology<\/strong>. Firewalls and antivirus programs are rarely defeated by technical means; they are bypassed because someone clicked a link, reused a password, or read out an OTP over the telephone. This is why \u00a78.3 and \u00a78.4 matter more in practice than \u00a78.5.<\/span>\n \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0923\u093e\u092f\u0915 \u0924\u0925\u094d\u092f \u092f\u0939 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u0926\u0941\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0932 \u092c\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0941 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092f\u0903 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902<\/strong>\u0964 \u092b\u093c\u093e\u092f\u0930\u0935\u0949\u0932 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u090f\u0902\u091f\u0940\u0935\u093e\u092f\u0930\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e \u0935\u093f\u0930\u0932\u0947 \u0939\u0940 \u0924\u0915\u0928\u0940\u0915\u0940 \u0938\u093e\u0927\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u093e\u091c\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902; \u0935\u0947 \u0907\u0938\u0932\u093f\u090f \u091b\u094b\u0921\u093c \u0926\u093f\u090f \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0915\u093f \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0928\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u0902\u0915 \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u094d\u0932\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u0930 \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e, \u092a\u093e\u0938\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0921 \u0926\u094b\u0939\u0930\u093e \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e, \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0926\u0942\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0937 \u092a\u0930 OTP \u092a\u0922\u093c\u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0941\u0928\u093e \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0940\u0932\u093f\u090f \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u00a78.3 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u00a78.4 \u0915\u093e \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u00a78.5 \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\n <\/span><\/li>\n <\/ul>\n\n <hr class=\"section-divider\">\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d8-1\">\n 8.1<\/span>\n <h3>The CIA Triad and the Threat Landscape<\/span>CIA \u0924\u094d\u0930\u092f\u0940 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u091f-\u092a\u0930\u093f\u0926\u0943\u0936\u094d\u092f<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n <svg class=\"full-diagram\" viewBox=\"0 0 700 300\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"The CIA triad of information security\">\n <polygon points=\"350,26 620,222 80,222\" fill=\"#f7fbff\" stroke=\"#1f5fa9\" stroke-width=\"2.5\"\/>\n\n <circle cx=\"350\" cy=\"26\" r=\"19\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\"\/>\n <text x=\"350\" y=\"32\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"15\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">C<\/text>\n <rect x=\"222\" y=\"52\" width=\"256\" height=\"52\" rx=\"7\" fill=\"#eef4fc\" stroke=\"#1f5fa9\" stroke-width=\"1.4\"\/>\n <text x=\"350\" y=\"68\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\" letter-spacing=\".5\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">CONFIDENTIALITY<\/text>\n <text x=\"350\" y=\"83\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Only those entitled to see the data can see it.<\/text>\n <text x=\"350\" y=\"96\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#5a6d80\" font-style=\"italic\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Failure: a leaked question paper, an exposed parent list<\/text>\n\n <circle cx=\"80\" cy=\"222\" r=\"19\" fill=\"#0d8f79\"\/>\n <text x=\"80\" y=\"228\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"15\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">I<\/text>\n <rect x=\"20\" y=\"244\" width=\"288\" height=\"48\" rx=\"7\" fill=\"#eefbf7\" stroke=\"#0d8f79\" stroke-width=\"1.4\"\/>\n <text x=\"164\" y=\"260\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#0d8f79\" letter-spacing=\".5\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">INTEGRITY<\/text>\n <text x=\"164\" y=\"274\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">The data is accurate and has not been altered.<\/text>\n <text x=\"164\" y=\"286\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#5a6d80\" font-style=\"italic\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Failure: marks changed in a result file<\/text>\n\n <circle cx=\"620\" cy=\"222\" r=\"19\" fill=\"#c9760f\"\/>\n <text x=\"620\" y=\"228\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"15\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">A<\/text>\n <rect x=\"392\" y=\"244\" width=\"288\" height=\"48\" rx=\"7\" fill=\"#fffbf0\" stroke=\"#c9760f\" stroke-width=\"1.4\"\/>\n <text x=\"536\" y=\"260\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#c9760f\" letter-spacing=\".5\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">AVAILABILITY<\/text>\n <text x=\"536\" y=\"274\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">The data is there when it is needed.<\/text>\n <text x=\"536\" y=\"286\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#5a6d80\" font-style=\"italic\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Failure: ransomware locks the office on results day<\/text>\n\n <text x=\"350\" y=\"150\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"12\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#14243f\" letter-spacing=\"1\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">THE CIA TRIAD<\/text>\n <text x=\"350\" y=\"168\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#5a6d80\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Every security control ever devised serves<\/text>\n <text x=\"350\" y=\"181\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#5a6d80\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">at least one of these three ends.<\/text>\n <line x1=\"290\" y1=\"192\" x2=\"410\" y2=\"192\" stroke=\"#c3d2e2\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/>\n <text x=\"350\" y=\"207\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#5a6d80\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Three further goals are often added:<\/text>\n <text x=\"350\" y=\"219\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#6b3a8f\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">authentication \u00b7 authorisation \u00b7 non-repudiation<\/text>\n <\/svg>\n A control that improves one goal may weaken another. A password so complex that it must be written down improves confidentiality on paper and destroys it in practice.<\/span>\u091c\u094b \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0923 \u090f\u0915 \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u092f \u0938\u0941\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0935\u0939 \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u0947 \u0915\u094b \u0926\u0941\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0932 \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0907\u0924\u0928\u093e \u091c\u091f\u093f\u0932 \u092a\u093e\u0938\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0921 \u0915\u093f \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u0916\u0928\u093e \u092a\u0921\u093c\u0947, \u0915\u093e\u0917\u093c\u091c\u093c \u092a\u0930 \u0917\u094b\u092a\u0928\u0940\u092f\u0924\u093e \u092c\u0922\u093c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0915\u0930 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n\n <div class=\"abbr-grid\">\n <table>\n <thead><tr><th>Term<\/span>\u092a\u0926<\/span><\/th><th>Meaning<\/span>\u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925<\/span><\/th><\/tr><\/thead>\n <tbody>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">Threat<\/span>\u0938\u0902\u0915\u091f<\/span><\/td><td>Anything that could cause harm \u2014 a person, an event, a program.<\/span>\u091c\u094b \u0915\u0941\u091b \u092d\u0940 \u0939\u093e\u0928\u093f \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0947 \u2014 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f, \u0918\u091f\u0928\u093e, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">Vulnerability<\/span>\u092d\u0947\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0924\u093e<\/span><\/td><td>A weakness<\/strong> the threat can exploit \u2014 an unpatched system, an untrained clerk.<\/span>\u0935\u0939 \u0926\u0941\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0932\u0924\u093e<\/strong> \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0938\u0902\u0915\u091f \u0932\u093e\u092d \u0909\u0920\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0947 \u2014 \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u092a\u0948\u091a \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940, \u0905\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0932\u093f\u092a\u093f\u0915\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">Risk<\/span>\u091c\u094b\u0916\u093f\u092e<\/span><\/td><td>The likelihood<\/strong> of a threat meeting a vulnerability, and the harm if it does.<\/span>\u0938\u0902\u0915\u091f \u0915\u0947 \u092d\u0947\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0924\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0928\u093e<\/strong>, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0939\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">Attack<\/span>\u0906\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0923<\/span><\/td><td>The threat actually being carried out.<\/span>\u0938\u0902\u0915\u091f \u0915\u093e \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924\u0903 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0928\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <\/tbody>\n <\/table>\n <table>\n <thead><tr><th>Actor<\/span>\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e<\/span><\/th><th>Description<\/span>\u0935\u093f\u0935\u0930\u0923<\/span><\/th><\/tr><\/thead>\n <tbody>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">Black hat<\/span>\u092c\u094d\u0932\u0948\u0915 \u0939\u0948\u091f<\/span><\/td><td>Breaks in for criminal gain or damage<\/strong>.<\/span>\u0906\u092a\u0930\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0932\u093e\u092d \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0924\u093f<\/strong> \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0938\u0947\u0902\u0927 \u0932\u0917\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">White hat<\/span>\u0935\u094d\u0939\u093e\u0907\u091f \u0939\u0948\u091f<\/span><\/td><td>Tests systems with permission<\/strong>, to find weaknesses before criminals do.<\/span>\u0905\u0928\u0941\u092e\u0924\u093f \u0938\u0939\u093f\u0924<\/strong> \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u092a\u0930\u0916\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u093e\u0915\u093f \u0905\u092a\u0930\u093e\u0927\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0926\u0941\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0932\u0924\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u092e\u093f\u0932 \u091c\u093e\u090f\u0901\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">Grey hat<\/span>\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u091f<\/span><\/td><td>Acts without permission but without criminal intent<\/strong>.<\/span>\u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092e\u0924\u093f \u0915\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0941 \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0906\u092a\u0930\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0906\u0936\u092f<\/strong> \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">Insider<\/span>\u0906\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0915<\/span><\/td><td>Someone already trusted with access<\/strong> \u2014 statistically a major source of loss, and the one a school is least prepared for.<\/span>\u0935\u0939 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a \u092a\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0938<\/strong> \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u0938\u093e\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093f\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0939\u093e\u0928\u093f \u0915\u093e \u092c\u0921\u093c\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0924, \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u092e \u0924\u0948\u092f\u093e\u0930 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <\/tbody>\n <\/table>\n <\/div>\n\n <hr class=\"section-divider\">\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d8-2\">\n 8.2<\/span>\n <h3>Malware: Virus, Worm, Trojan and Ransomware<\/span>\u092e\u093e\u0932\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930: \u0935\u093e\u092f\u0930\u0938, \u0935\u0930\u094d\u092e, \u091f\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0930\u0948\u0928\u0938\u092e\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n \n Malware<\/strong>, a contraction of malicious software<\/em>, is the general name for any program written to damage, disrupt or gain unauthorised access to a system. The types below are distinguished by how they spread<\/strong>, and that distinction is what examination questions turn on.<\/span>\n \u092e\u093e\u0932\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930<\/strong>, \u091c\u094b \u0926\u0941\u0930\u094d\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0928\u093e\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0938\u0949\u092b\u093c\u094d\u091f\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930<\/em> \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0939\u0948, \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092d\u0940 \u0910\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e \u0915\u093e \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0928\u093e\u092e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0915\u094b \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0924\u093f \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a\u093e\u0928\u0947, \u092c\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0909\u0938 \u0924\u0915 \u0905\u0928\u0927\u093f\u0915\u0943\u0924 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a \u092a\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0932\u093f\u0916\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0964 \u0928\u0940\u091a\u0947 \u0926\u093f\u090f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0907\u0938 \u092c\u093e\u0924 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0943\u0925\u0915 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0915\u093f \u0935\u0947 \u092b\u0948\u0932\u0924\u0947 \u0915\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902<\/strong>, \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u0909\u0938\u0940 \u092d\u0947\u0926 \u092a\u0930 \u091f\u093f\u0915\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span>\n <\/p>\n\n <table class=\"data-table\">\n <thead>\n <tr>\n <th>Type<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930<\/span><\/th>\n <th>How it spreads and what it does<\/span>\u092f\u0939 \u0915\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u092b\u0948\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/th>\n <\/tr>\n <\/thead>\n <tbody>\n <tr style=\"background:#f3f8ff;\">\n <td>Virus<\/span>\u0935\u093e\u092f\u0930\u0938<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n <td>Attaches itself to a host file or program<\/strong> and cannot spread on its own \u2014 a human must run the infected file<\/strong>. It is the biological analogy that gives it the name: it needs a host and it needs a carrier.<\/span>\u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0906\u0936\u094d\u0930\u092f-\u092b\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0932 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c \u0932\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/strong> \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u0906\u092a \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u092b\u0948\u0932 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u2014 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u092b\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0932 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092e\u0928\u0941\u0937\u094d\u092f \u0915\u094b \u091a\u0932\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u092a\u0921\u093c\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948<\/strong>\u0964 \u092f\u0939\u0940 \u091c\u0948\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u0909\u092a\u092e\u093e \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0928\u093e\u092e \u0926\u0947\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948: \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0906\u0936\u094d\u0930\u092f \u092d\u0940 \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u093e\u0939\u0915 \u092d\u0940\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr style=\"background:#f3f8ff;\">\n <td>Worm<\/span>\u0935\u0930\u094d\u092e<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n <td>Stands alone and replicates itself across a network without any human action.<\/strong> This is the single distinction from a virus, and it is why a worm can cross an entire school laboratory in minutes while a virus waits to be carried.<\/span>\u0938\u094d\u0935\u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0930\u0939\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0935\u0940\u092f \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u092d\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/strong> \u0935\u093e\u092f\u0930\u0938 \u0938\u0947 \u092f\u0939\u0940 \u090f\u0915\u092e\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092d\u0947\u0926 \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0907\u0938\u0940\u0932\u093f\u090f \u0935\u0930\u094d\u092e \u092e\u093f\u0928\u091f\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0936\u093e\u0932\u093e \u092a\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0930 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u092c\u0915\u093f \u0935\u093e\u092f\u0930\u0938 \u0932\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u090f \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr style=\"background:#f3f8ff;\">\n <td>Trojan horse<\/span>\u091f\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u0939\u0949\u0930\u094d\u0938<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n <td>Disguises itself as legitimate software<\/strong> \u2014 a free utility, a cracked program, a game \u2014 and is installed willingly by the user. It does not replicate at all<\/strong>; its purpose is to open a backdoor<\/strong> for later entry.<\/span>\u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0935\u0948\u0927 \u0938\u0949\u092b\u093c\u094d\u091f\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u0947\u0936 \u092e\u0947\u0902<\/strong> \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0928\u093f:\u0936\u0941\u0932\u094d\u0915 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0924\u093e, \u0915\u094d\u0930\u0948\u0915 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e, \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0916\u0947\u0932 \u2014 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0947\u091a\u094d\u091b\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930 \u0932\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902<\/strong>; \u0909\u0938\u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0947\u0936 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u092a\u093f\u091b\u0932\u093e \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930<\/strong> \u0916\u094b\u0932\u0928\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td>Ransomware<\/span>\u0930\u0948\u0928\u0938\u092e\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n <td>Encrypts the victim's files and demands payment for the key.<\/strong> The best-known instance is WannaCry, 2017<\/strong>, which struck hospitals and institutions worldwide. Payment is no guarantee of recovery and funds further crime; the only reliable defence is a backup the malware cannot reach<\/strong>.<\/span>\u092a\u0940\u0921\u093c\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0940 \u092b\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0932\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u0942\u091f\u092c\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0915\u0930 \u0915\u0941\u0902\u091c\u0940 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u092d\u0941\u0917\u0924\u093e\u0928 \u092e\u093e\u0901\u0917\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/strong> \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0924 \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923 \u0935\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0908, 2017<\/strong> \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0935 \u092d\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u091a\u093f\u0915\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0938\u093e\u0932\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0939\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0964 \u092d\u0941\u0917\u0924\u093e\u0928 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u094d\u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0917\u093e\u0930\u0902\u091f\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0906\u0917\u0947 \u0905\u092a\u0930\u093e\u0927 \u0915\u094b \u0927\u0928 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948; \u090f\u0915\u092e\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0935\u0938\u0928\u0940\u092f \u092c\u091a\u093e\u0935 \u0910\u0938\u093e \u092c\u0948\u0915\u0905\u092a \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938 \u0924\u0915 \u092e\u093e\u0932\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a \u0928 \u0938\u0915\u0947<\/strong>\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td>Spyware and keylogger<\/span>\u0938\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0907\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0915\u0940\u0932\u0949\u0917\u0930<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n <td>Runs silently and reports the user's activity<\/strong>. A keylogger<\/strong> records every keystroke, which is how a password typed on a compromised machine is captured however strong it is.<\/span>\u091a\u0941\u092a\u091a\u093e\u092a \u091a\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u0917\u0924\u093f\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/strong>\u0964 \u0915\u0940\u0932\u0949\u0917\u0930<\/strong> \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0915\u0941\u0902\u091c\u0940-\u0926\u093e\u092c \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0932\u093f\u0916\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0907\u0938\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u091d\u094c\u0924\u093e-\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924 \u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u091f\u0902\u0915\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u093e\u0938\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0921 \u0915\u093f\u0924\u0928\u093e \u092d\u0940 \u0938\u0941\u0926\u0943\u0922\u093c \u0939\u094b, \u092a\u0915\u0921\u093c \u0932\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td>Adware and rootkit<\/span>\u090f\u0921\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0930\u0942\u091f\u0915\u093f\u091f<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n <td>Adware<\/strong> forces unwanted advertisements and is usually bundled with free software. A rootkit<\/strong> buries itself deep in the operating system to conceal other malware<\/strong> from detection, which makes it the hardest class to remove.<\/span>\u090f\u0921\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930<\/strong> \u0905\u0935\u093e\u0902\u091b\u093f\u0924 \u0935\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u092a\u0928 \u0925\u094b\u092a\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092f\u0903 \u0928\u093f:\u0936\u0941\u0932\u094d\u0915 \u0938\u0949\u092b\u093c\u094d\u091f\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0906\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0930\u0942\u091f\u0915\u093f\u091f<\/strong> \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u091a\u093e\u0932\u0928 \u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0917\u0939\u0930\u0947 \u0917\u093e\u0921\u093c \u0932\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0924\u093e\u0915\u093f \u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f \u092e\u093e\u0932\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u0939\u091a\u093e\u0928 \u0938\u0947 \u091b\u093f\u092a\u093e<\/strong> \u0938\u0915\u0947, \u0914\u0930 \u0907\u0938\u0940\u0932\u093f\u090f \u0935\u0939 \u0939\u091f\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0920\u093f\u0928 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0917 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td>Botnet<\/span>\u092c\u0949\u091f\u0928\u0947\u091f<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n <td>A network of infected machines, each called a zombie<\/strong>, controlled remotely and used together to send spam or to mount a distributed denial of service<\/strong> attack. An infected school computer may be part of one without any visible symptom.<\/span>\u0938\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915, \u091c\u093f\u0928\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u091c\u093c\u0949\u092e\u094d\u092c\u0940<\/strong> \u0915\u0939\u0932\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u094b \u0926\u0942\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0925 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0915\u0930 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0915\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u092a\u0948\u092e \u092d\u0947\u091c\u0928\u0947 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e-\u0905\u0935\u0930\u094b\u0927<\/strong> \u0906\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0923 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f\u0940 \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0926\u0943\u0936\u094d\u092f \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0905\u0902\u0917 \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <\/tbody>\n <\/table>\n\n <div class=\"exam-tip\">\n <div class=\"et-icon\">\ud83c\udfaf<\/div>\n <div class=\"et-body\">\n Virus, worm and trojan \u2014 the three-way distinction, in one line each.<\/strong> A virus needs a host file and a human to run it<\/strong>. A worm needs neither and spreads by itself across a network<\/strong>. A trojan does not replicate at all; it is invited in under a false name<\/strong>. Any question describing malware that \"spreads automatically without user intervention\" is answered by worm; one describing software that \"appears useful but conceals a harmful function\" is answered by trojan.<\/span>\n \u0935\u093e\u092f\u0930\u0938, \u0935\u0930\u094d\u092e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u091f\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u2014 \u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f-\u092d\u0947\u0926, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u090f\u0915 \u092a\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u092e\u0947\u0902\u0964<\/strong> \u0935\u093e\u092f\u0930\u0938 \u0915\u094b \u0906\u0936\u094d\u0930\u092f-\u092b\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0932 \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f \u0914\u0930 \u091a\u0932\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u092e\u0928\u0941\u0937\u094d\u092f<\/strong>\u0964 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u092e \u0915\u094b \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0941\u091b \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u0939 \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u092d\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u092b\u0948\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/strong>\u0964 \u091f\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902; \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u091d\u0942\u0920\u0947 \u0928\u093e\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u0906\u092e\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/strong>\u0964 \u091c\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u0910\u0938\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0932\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0923\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0947 \u091c\u094b \"\u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093e-\u0939\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u092a \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0924\u0903 \u092b\u0948\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\", \u0909\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u092e \u0939\u0948; \u091c\u094b \u0910\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0949\u092b\u093c\u094d\u091f\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0923\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0947 \u091c\u094b \"\u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u0940\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0941 \u0939\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0915 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u091b\u093f\u092a\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\", \u0909\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u091f\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <hr class=\"section-divider\">\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d8-3\">\n 8.3<\/span>\n <h3>Social Engineering: Phishing and Its Variants<\/span>\u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u091c\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0915\u0940: \u092b\u093c\u093f\u0936\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"callout purple\">\n <div class=\"callout-label\">\ud83d\udcd8 Concept<\/span>\ud83d\udcd8 \u0905\u0935\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923\u093e<\/span><\/div>\n Social engineering<\/strong> is the manipulation of people rather than machines<\/strong>. It works by exploiting ordinary human responses \u2014 deference to authority, fear of consequence, urgency, helpfulness and curiosity. No firewall protects against it, because nothing technical is being broken: the victim is persuaded to open the door and does so willingly.<\/span>\n \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u091c\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0915\u0940<\/strong> \u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0932\u094b\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940<\/strong> \u0924\u094b\u0921\u093c-\u092e\u0930\u094b\u0921\u093c \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0935\u0940\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0932\u093e\u092d \u0909\u0920\u093e\u0915\u0930 \u0915\u093e\u092e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f \u0906\u0926\u0930, \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e \u0915\u093e \u092d\u092f, \u0924\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0915\u093e\u0932\u093f\u0915\u0924\u093e, \u0938\u0939\u093e\u092f\u0924\u093e-\u092d\u093e\u0935 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0915\u094c\u0924\u0942\u0939\u0932\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0930\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u092b\u093c\u093e\u092f\u0930\u0935\u0949\u0932 \u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e, \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u0924\u0915\u0928\u0940\u0915\u0940 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0941\u091b \u0924\u094b\u0921\u093c\u093e \u0939\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u091c\u093e \u0930\u0939\u093e: \u092a\u0940\u0921\u093c\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u094b \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930 \u0916\u094b\u0932\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u092e\u0928\u093e \u0932\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u0939 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0947\u091a\u094d\u091b\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u0916\u094b\u0932 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\n <\/div>\n\n <svg class=\"full-diagram\" viewBox=\"0 0 720 356\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"A phishing email with its warning signs marked\">\n <rect x=\"150\" y=\"18\" width=\"420\" height=\"322\" rx=\"6\" fill=\"#fff\" stroke=\"#c0392b\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\n <rect x=\"150\" y=\"18\" width=\"420\" height=\"24\" rx=\"6\" fill=\"#fff6f4\"\/>\n <rect x=\"150\" y=\"34\" width=\"420\" height=\"8\" fill=\"#fff6f4\"\/>\n <path d=\"M166 24 l7 12 h-14 z\" fill=\"#c0392b\"\/>\n <text x=\"166\" y=\"35\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"6.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">!<\/text>\n <text x=\"182\" y=\"34\" font-size=\"8\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#c0392b\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">This message appears to be fraudulent. Do not click any link.<\/text>\n\n <line x1=\"150\" y1=\"66\" x2=\"570\" y2=\"66\" stroke=\"#eef0f3\"\/>\n <text x=\"164\" y=\"58\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#5f6368\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">From<\/text>\n <text x=\"206\" y=\"58\" font-size=\"8.5\" font-family=\"JetBrains Mono, monospace\"><tspan fill=\"#202124\">Directorate of Education <\/tspan><tspan fill=\"#c0392b\" font-weight=\"700\"><alert@educati0n-delhi-gov.co><\/tspan><\/text>\n\n <line x1=\"150\" y1=\"88\" x2=\"570\" y2=\"88\" stroke=\"#eef0f3\"\/>\n <text x=\"164\" y=\"80\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#5f6368\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">To<\/text>\n <text x=\"206\" y=\"80\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#202124\" font-family=\"JetBrains Mono, monospace\">undisclosed-recipients<\/text>\n\n <line x1=\"150\" y1=\"112\" x2=\"570\" y2=\"112\" stroke=\"#eef0f3\"\/>\n <text x=\"164\" y=\"104\" font-size=\"9\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#202124\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">URGENT!! Your salary account will be SUSPENDED within 24 hours<\/text>\n\n <g font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#202124\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">\n <text x=\"164\" y=\"134\">Dear User,<\/text>\n <text x=\"164\" y=\"154\">Due to a sistem upgrade, your salary account has been temporarily put on<\/text>\n <text x=\"164\" y=\"168\">hold. If verification is not completed within 24 hours your September salary<\/text>\n <text x=\"164\" y=\"182\">will be witheld and the account permanently closed.<\/text>\n <text x=\"164\" y=\"204\">Click below and enter your employee ID, password and the OTP sent to your<\/text>\n <text x=\"164\" y=\"218\">registered mobile to restore access immediately.<\/text>\n <\/g>\n\n <rect x=\"164\" y=\"232\" width=\"180\" height=\"26\" rx=\"4\" fill=\"#c0392b\"\/>\n <text x=\"254\" y=\"249\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">VERIFY ACCOUNT NOW<\/text>\n <rect x=\"352\" y=\"236\" width=\"204\" height=\"18\" rx=\"3\" fill=\"#3c4043\"\/>\n <text x=\"360\" y=\"248\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"JetBrains Mono, monospace\">http:\/\/delhi-gov-verify.xyz\/login<\/text>\n\n <g font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#202124\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">\n <text x=\"164\" y=\"280\">Failure to comply will be treated as non-cooperation.<\/text>\n <text x=\"164\" y=\"302\">Regards,<\/text>\n <text x=\"164\" y=\"316\">Accounts Department<\/text>\n <\/g>\n <rect x=\"164\" y=\"322\" width=\"112\" height=\"14\" rx=\"3\" fill=\"#f1f3f4\" stroke=\"#dadce0\"\/>\n <text x=\"172\" y=\"332\" font-size=\"7\" fill=\"#202124\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Salary_Form.pdf.exe<\/text>\n\n <defs><marker id=\"ph\" markerWidth=\"8\" markerHeight=\"8\" refX=\"7\" refY=\"2.6\" orient=\"auto\"><path d=\"M0,0 L0,5.2 L7,2.6 z\" fill=\"#c0392b\"\/><\/marker><\/defs>\n <g stroke=\"#c0392b\" stroke-width=\"1.3\" fill=\"none\">\n <line x1=\"146\" y1=\"56\" x2=\"290\" y2=\"56\" marker-end=\"url(#ph)\" stroke-dasharray=\"3 2\"\/>\n <line x1=\"146\" y1=\"102\" x2=\"300\" y2=\"102\" marker-end=\"url(#ph)\" stroke-dasharray=\"3 2\"\/>\n <line x1=\"146\" y1=\"132\" x2=\"200\" y2=\"132\" marker-end=\"url(#ph)\" stroke-dasharray=\"3 2\"\/>\n <line x1=\"146\" y1=\"160\" x2=\"290\" y2=\"156\" marker-end=\"url(#ph)\" stroke-dasharray=\"3 2\"\/>\n <line x1=\"146\" y1=\"211\" x2=\"300\" y2=\"211\" marker-end=\"url(#ph)\" stroke-dasharray=\"3 2\"\/>\n <line x1=\"600\" y1=\"245\" x2=\"562\" y2=\"245\" marker-end=\"url(#ph)\" stroke-dasharray=\"3 2\"\/>\n <line x1=\"600\" y1=\"330\" x2=\"282\" y2=\"330\" marker-end=\"url(#ph)\" stroke-dasharray=\"3 2\"\/>\n <\/g>\n <g font-size=\"8\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#c0392b\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">\n <text x=\"0\" y=\"46\">1 \u00b7 Look-alike domain \u2014<\/text>\n <text x=\"0\" y=\"58\">a zero for the o, and<\/text>\n <text x=\"0\" y=\"70\">.co, not .gov.in<\/text>\n <text x=\"0\" y=\"99\">2 \u00b7 Manufactured<\/text>\n <text x=\"0\" y=\"111\">urgency and threat<\/text>\n <text x=\"0\" y=\"135\">3 \u00b7 Generic greeting<\/text>\n <text x=\"0\" y=\"153\">4 \u00b7 Spelling errors \u2014<\/text>\n <text x=\"0\" y=\"165\">\"sistem\", \"witheld\"<\/text>\n <text x=\"0\" y=\"208\">5 \u00b7 Asks for password<\/text>\n <text x=\"0\" y=\"220\">and OTP. Nobody<\/text>\n <text x=\"0\" y=\"232\">legitimate ever does<\/text>\n <text x=\"604\" y=\"242\">6 \u00b7 Link text and real<\/text>\n <text x=\"604\" y=\"254\">address do not match<\/text>\n <text x=\"604\" y=\"327\">7 \u00b7 Double extension<\/text>\n <text x=\"604\" y=\"339\">\u2014 it is a program<\/text>\n <\/g>\n <\/svg>\n Seven marks of a fraudulent message in one specimen. A genuine departmental communication carries none of them.<\/span>\u090f\u0915 \u0939\u0940 \u0928\u092e\u0942\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u092a\u091f\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0924 \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u0964 \u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0917\u0940\u092f \u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093e\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0907\u0928\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n\n <table class=\"data-table\">\n <thead>\n <tr>\n <th>Variant<\/span>\u0930\u0942\u092a<\/span><\/th>\n <th>Medium and target<\/span>\u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u092f<\/span><\/th>\n <\/tr>\n <\/thead>\n <tbody>\n <tr><td>Phishing<\/span>\u092b\u093c\u093f\u0936\u093f\u0902\u0917<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>Fraudulent email<\/strong> sent in bulk to whoever will bite. The name comes from \"fishing\" with a wide net.<\/span>\u0915\u092a\u091f\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0908\u092e\u0947\u0932<\/strong>, \u091c\u094b \u0925\u094b\u0915 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u0928 \u0938\u092c\u0915\u094b \u092d\u0947\u091c\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u092b\u0901\u0938 \u091c\u093e\u090f\u0901\u0964 \u0928\u093e\u092e \u0935\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0943\u0924 \u091c\u093e\u0932 \u0938\u0947 \"\u092e\u091b\u0932\u0940 \u092a\u0915\u0921\u093c\u0928\u0947\" \u0938\u0947 \u0906\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr style=\"background:#fff6f4;\"><td>Spear phishing<\/span>\u0938\u094d\u092a\u0940\u092f\u0930 \u092b\u093c\u093f\u0936\u093f\u0902\u0917<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>Aimed at one named person<\/strong>, using details gathered about them so that the message appears to come from a known colleague.<\/span>\u090f\u0915 \u0928\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f<\/strong> \u092a\u0930 \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924, \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u090f\u0915\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0935\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0930, \u0924\u093e\u0915\u093f \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u0939\u0915\u0930\u094d\u092e\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u0906\u092f\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u0940\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr style=\"background:#fff6f4;\"><td>Whaling<\/span>\u0935\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0932\u093f\u0902\u0917<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>Spear phishing aimed at a senior officer<\/strong> \u2014 a principal, a director, a head of accounts \u2014 because that person can authorise payments and access the most data. A school head is a whaling target by virtue of the post.<\/strong><\/span>\u0935\u0930\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940<\/strong> \u092a\u0930 \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u094d\u092a\u0940\u092f\u0930 \u092b\u093c\u093f\u0936\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u2014 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0927\u093e\u0928\u093e\u091a\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f, \u0928\u093f\u0926\u0947\u0936\u0915, \u0932\u0947\u0916\u093e-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0941\u0916 \u2014 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u0935\u0939 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u092d\u0941\u0917\u0924\u093e\u0928 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0940\u0915\u0943\u0924 \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u094b\u0902 \u0924\u0915 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a \u0930\u0916\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0941\u0916 \u092a\u0926 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0939\u0940 \u0935\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0932\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0915\u093e \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u092f \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/strong><\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>Vishing<\/span>\u0935\u093f\u0936\u093f\u0902\u0917<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>By voice call<\/strong> \u2014 a caller claiming to be from the bank, the department or a helpline, working on the victim in real time so that there is no chance to reflect.<\/span>\u0927\u094d\u0935\u0928\u093f-\u0915\u0949\u0932<\/strong> \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u2014 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0915\u0949\u0932 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e \u092c\u0948\u0902\u0915, \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0917 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0939\u0947\u0932\u094d\u092a\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u0938\u0947 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u0926\u093e\u0935\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u0940\u0921\u093c\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u0930 \u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u092e\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u093e\u092e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0924\u093e\u0915\u093f \u0938\u094b\u091a\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0935\u0938\u0930 \u0928 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0947\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>Smishing<\/span>\u0938\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0936\u093f\u0902\u0917<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>By SMS<\/strong>, usually carrying a shortened link and a claim about a parcel, a refund, an electricity bill or a KYC update.<\/span>SMS<\/strong> \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092f\u0903 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0932\u093f\u0902\u0915 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092a\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0938\u0932, \u0935\u093e\u092a\u0938\u0940, \u092c\u093f\u091c\u0932\u0940 \u092c\u093f\u0932 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e KYC \u0905\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0924\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u0926\u093e\u0935\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>Pretexting and baiting<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0940\u091f\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0938\u094d\u091f\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092c\u0947\u091f\u093f\u0902\u0917<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>Pretexting<\/strong> invents a scenario to justify the request \u2014 an auditor needing figures urgently. Baiting<\/strong> leaves an infected pen drive where it will be found and plugged in out of curiosity.<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0940\u091f\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0938\u094d\u091f\u093f\u0902\u0917<\/strong> \u092e\u093e\u0901\u0917 \u0915\u094b \u0909\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0920\u0939\u0930\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u0917\u0922\u093c\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0905\u0902\u0915\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u0924\u0941\u0930\u0902\u0924 \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f\u0964 \u092c\u0947\u091f\u093f\u0902\u0917<\/strong> \u0938\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u0947\u0928 \u0921\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0907\u0935 \u0935\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u091b\u094b\u0921\u093c \u0926\u0947\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0935\u0939 \u092e\u093f\u0932 \u091c\u093e\u090f \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u094c\u0924\u0942\u0939\u0932\u0935\u0936 \u0932\u0917\u093e \u0932\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u090f\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <\/tbody>\n <\/table>\n\n <div class=\"callout red\">\n <div class=\"callout-label\">\u26a0\ufe0f What to do when a message of this kind arrives<\/span>\u26a0\ufe0f \u0910\u0938\u093e \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u0906\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902<\/span><\/div>\n <ul class=\"split-list\" style=\"margin-top:4px;\">\n <li>1<\/span>Do not click, do not reply, do not open the attachment.<\/strong> Merely opening a message is generally safe; acting on it is not.<\/span>\u0928 \u0915\u094d\u0932\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902, \u0928 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0926\u0947\u0902, \u0928 \u0938\u0902\u0932\u0917\u094d\u0928\u0915 \u0916\u094b\u0932\u0947\u0902\u0964<\/strong> \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u0916\u094b\u0932\u0928\u093e \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0924\u0903 \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948; \u0909\u0938 \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n <li>2<\/span>Verify through a channel obtained independently.<\/strong> Telephone the department on the number printed in the official circular file \u2014 never on the number given in the suspicious message itself.<\/span>\u0938\u094d\u0935\u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902\u0964<\/strong> \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0917 \u0915\u094b \u0909\u0938\u0940 \u0928\u0902\u092c\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u0926\u0942\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0937 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902 \u091c\u094b \u0906\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930-\u0928\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u0915\u092d\u0940 \u0909\u0938 \u0928\u0902\u092c\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u091c\u094b \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u0926\u093f\u0917\u094d\u0927 \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n <li>3<\/span>Report it and warn the staff.<\/strong> A phishing message sent to one address in a school has almost certainly gone to all of them, and a single warning circulated at once prevents the second and third victim.<\/span>\u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u0930\u094d\u092e\u091a\u093e\u0930\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u093e\u0935\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902\u0964<\/strong> \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u090f\u0915 \u092a\u0924\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u0906\u092f\u093e \u092b\u093c\u093f\u0936\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u0932\u0917\u092d\u0917 \u0928\u093f\u0936\u094d\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u092c\u0915\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u0938 \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0924\u0924\u094d\u0915\u093e\u0932 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u091a\u093e\u0932\u093f\u0924 \u090f\u0915 \u091a\u0947\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0928\u0940 \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u0947 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0924\u0940\u0938\u0930\u0947 \u092a\u0940\u0921\u093c\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u094b \u092c\u091a\u093e \u0932\u0947\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n <li>4<\/span>If credentials have already been entered, change that password immediately<\/strong> \u2014 and change it anywhere else it was reused. Then report to the portal named in \u00a78.9.<\/span>\u092f\u0926\u093f \u092a\u0930\u093f\u091a\u092f-\u0935\u093f\u0935\u0930\u0923 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0939\u0940 \u092d\u0930\u0947 \u091c\u093e \u091a\u0941\u0915\u0947 \u0939\u094b\u0902 \u0924\u094b \u0935\u0939 \u092a\u093e\u0938\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0921 \u0924\u0924\u094d\u0915\u093e\u0932 \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0947\u0902<\/strong> \u2014 \u0914\u0930 \u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901-\u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0935\u0939\u0940 \u0926\u094b\u0939\u0930\u093e\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0939\u094b \u0935\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u092d\u0940 \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0947\u0902\u0964 \u092b\u093f\u0930 \u00a78.9 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u094b\u0930\u094d\u091f\u0932 \u092a\u0930 \u0938\u0942\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n\n <hr class=\"section-divider\">\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d8-4\">\n 8.4<\/span>\n <h3>Passwords, OTP and Multi-Factor Authentication<\/span>\u092a\u093e\u0938\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0921, OTP \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092c\u0939\u0941-\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u0928<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n <svg class=\"full-diagram\" viewBox=\"0 0 700 246\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"The three factors of authentication\">\n <text x=\"350\" y=\"20\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"11\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#14243f\" letter-spacing=\"1\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">THE THREE FACTORS OF AUTHENTICATION<\/text>\n <text x=\"350\" y=\"36\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#5a6d80\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Multi-factor authentication means using two or more of these \u2014 never two of the same kind.<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"24\" y=\"52\" width=\"204\" height=\"128\" rx=\"9\" fill=\"#eef4fc\" stroke=\"#1f5fa9\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\n <circle cx=\"126\" cy=\"86\" r=\"21\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\"\/>\n <text x=\"126\" y=\"93\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"17\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">\ud83e\udde0<\/text>\n <text x=\"126\" y=\"122\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">SOMETHING KNOWN<\/text>\n <text x=\"126\" y=\"140\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Password \u00b7 PIN \u00b7 security<\/text>\n <text x=\"126\" y=\"152\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">question<\/text>\n <text x=\"126\" y=\"170\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#c0392b\" font-style=\"italic\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">can be guessed or stolen<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"248\" y=\"52\" width=\"204\" height=\"128\" rx=\"9\" fill=\"#eefbf7\" stroke=\"#0d8f79\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\n <circle cx=\"350\" cy=\"86\" r=\"21\" fill=\"#0d8f79\"\/>\n <text x=\"350\" y=\"93\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"17\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">\ud83d\udcf1<\/text>\n <text x=\"350\" y=\"122\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#0d8f79\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">SOMETHING HELD<\/text>\n <text x=\"350\" y=\"140\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Mobile phone \u00b7 OTP \u00b7<\/text>\n <text x=\"350\" y=\"152\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">authenticator app \u00b7 token<\/text>\n <text x=\"350\" y=\"170\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#c0392b\" font-style=\"italic\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">can be lost \u2014 or handed over<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"472\" y=\"52\" width=\"204\" height=\"128\" rx=\"9\" fill=\"#faf6ff\" stroke=\"#6b3a8f\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\n <circle cx=\"574\" cy=\"86\" r=\"21\" fill=\"#6b3a8f\"\/>\n <text x=\"574\" y=\"93\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"17\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">\ud83d\udc46<\/text>\n <text x=\"574\" y=\"122\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#6b3a8f\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">SOMETHING INHERENT<\/text>\n <text x=\"574\" y=\"140\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Fingerprint \u00b7 iris \u00b7 face \u00b7<\/text>\n <text x=\"574\" y=\"152\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">voice<\/text>\n <text x=\"574\" y=\"170\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#c0392b\" font-style=\"italic\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">cannot be changed if leaked<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"24\" y=\"192\" width=\"652\" height=\"44\" rx=\"7\" fill=\"#fffbf0\" stroke=\"#c9760f\" stroke-width=\"1.3\"\/>\n <text x=\"38\" y=\"205\" font-size=\"8.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#8f5409\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">WHY THE COMBINATION MATTERS<\/text>\n <text x=\"38\" y=\"217\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">A stolen password alone is useless if the second factor is a code on a phone the thief does not hold.<\/text>\n <text x=\"38\" y=\"229\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">This is why a password plus a security question is <tspan font-weight=\"700\">not<\/tspan> multi-factor \u2014 both are things known.<\/text>\n <\/svg>\n\n <div class=\"pc-grid\">\n <div class=\"pc-panel pro\">\n <div class=\"pc-head\">\u2713<\/span>What makes a password strong<\/span>\u092a\u093e\u0938\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0921 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0941\u0926\u0943\u0922\u093c \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n <ul>\n <li>Length matters more than complexity.<\/strong> A passphrase of four unrelated words is both easier to remember and harder to break than a short string of symbols<\/span>\u091c\u091f\u093f\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0932\u0902\u092c\u093e\u0908 \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/strong> \u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0905\u0938\u0902\u092c\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0936\u092c\u094d\u0926\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093e\u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0936 \u092f\u093e\u0926 \u0930\u0916\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092d\u0940 \u0938\u0930\u0932 \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0924\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u0940\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u091b\u094b\u091f\u0940 \u0936\u0943\u0902\u0916\u0932\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0920\u093f\u0928 \u092d\u0940<\/span><\/li>\n <li>A different password for every account.<\/strong> One reused password turns a single breach anywhere into a breach everywhere<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0916\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u092a\u093e\u0938\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0921\u0964<\/strong> \u090f\u0915 \u0926\u094b\u0939\u0930\u093e\u092f\u093e \u092a\u093e\u0938\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0921 \u0915\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u0947\u0902\u0927 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0947\u0902\u0927 \u092c\u0928\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/li>\n <li>A password manager<\/strong> removes the need to remember them, and is safer than any notebook<\/span>\u092a\u093e\u0938\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0921 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0915<\/strong> \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u092f\u093e\u0926 \u0930\u0916\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0938\u092e\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0930 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092d\u0940 \u0928\u094b\u091f\u092c\u0941\u0915 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/li>\n <li>Change every default password<\/strong> on a new router, projector, camera or portal account before it is used<\/span>\u0928\u090f \u0930\u093e\u0909\u091f\u0930, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u092a\u0915, \u0915\u0948\u092e\u0930\u093e \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u092a\u094b\u0930\u094d\u091f\u0932-\u0916\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u093e\u0938\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0921<\/strong> \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0947\u0902<\/span><\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"pc-panel con\">\n <div class=\"pc-head\">\u2717<\/span>What defeats it<\/span>\u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u092a\u0930\u093e\u091c\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n <ul>\n <li>Names, dates of birth, the school's name, admin<\/em>, 123456<\/em>, password<\/em> \u2014 the first entries in every attacker's dictionary<\/span>\u0928\u093e\u092e, \u091c\u0928\u094d\u092e\u0924\u093f\u0925\u093f, \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093e\u092e, admin<\/em>, 123456<\/em>, password<\/em> \u2014 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0906\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0923\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u0936\u092c\u094d\u0926-\u0938\u0942\u091a\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901<\/span><\/li>\n <li>A shared account<\/strong> used by the whole office \u2014 no act can then be attributed to any individual<\/span>\u092a\u0942\u0930\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0938\u093e\u091d\u093e \u0916\u093e\u0924\u093e<\/strong> \u2014 \u0924\u092c \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u093e\u092e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0932\u093f\u0916\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e<\/span><\/li>\n <li>The password on a slip of paper under the keyboard<\/strong>, which is the first place anyone looks<\/span>\u0915\u0941\u0902\u091c\u0940\u092a\u091f\u0932 \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u0940\u091a\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0917\u093c\u091c\u093c \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0930\u094d\u091a\u0940<\/strong> \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u093e\u0938\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0921, \u091c\u094b \u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0926\u0947\u0916\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/li>\n <li>A brute force<\/strong> attack tries every combination; a dictionary attack<\/strong> tries likely words first. Length defeats the first, unpredictability the second<\/span>\u092c\u0932\u093e\u0924\u094d<\/strong> \u0906\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0923 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u0906\u091c\u093c\u092e\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948; \u0936\u092c\u094d\u0926\u0915\u094b\u0936<\/strong> \u0906\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0923 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u092d\u093e\u0935\u093f\u0924 \u0936\u092c\u094d\u0926\u0964 \u0932\u0902\u092c\u093e\u0908 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u0930\u093e\u091c\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0905\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0936\u093f\u0924\u0924\u093e \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u0947 \u0915\u094b<\/span><\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"callout red\">\n <div class=\"callout-label\">\u26a0\ufe0f The OTP rule, stated without qualification<\/span>\u26a0\ufe0f OTP \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e, \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0936\u0930\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0947<\/span><\/div>\n A One-Time Password<\/strong> is a short code, valid for a few minutes, sent to prove that the person acting holds the registered phone. Because it is the second factor, it is the single thing an attacker who already has the password still needs \u2014 which is why the entire fraud consists of persuading the victim to read it out.<\/span>\n \u090f\u0915\u092c\u093e\u0930\u0917\u0940 \u092a\u093e\u0938\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0921<\/strong> \u0915\u0941\u091b \u092e\u093f\u0928\u091f\u094b\u0902 \u0924\u0915 \u0935\u0948\u0927 \u091b\u094b\u091f\u093e \u0915\u0942\u091f \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u094b \u092f\u0939 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u092d\u0947\u091c\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u0938 \u092a\u0902\u091c\u0940\u0915\u0943\u0924 \u092b\u093c\u094b\u0928 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u091a\u0942\u0901\u0915\u093f \u092f\u0939\u0940 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0915 \u0939\u0948, \u0905\u0924\u0903 \u091c\u093f\u0938 \u0906\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0923\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u0938 \u092a\u093e\u0938\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0921 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u0939\u0948 \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u092f\u0939\u0940 \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f \u2014 \u0914\u0930 \u0907\u0938\u0940\u0932\u093f\u090f \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0927\u094b\u0916\u093e\u0927\u0921\u093c\u0940 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0907\u0924\u0928\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u092a\u0940\u0921\u093c\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u094b \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0922\u093c\u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0941\u0928\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u092e\u0928\u093e \u0932\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u090f\u0964<\/span>\n No bank, no government department, no telecom company, no delivery service and no helpline will ever ask for an OTP<\/strong> \u2014 not by call, not by SMS, not by email, not from a person who arrives in an office and produces an identity card. Anyone asking for one is committing a fraud, whatever they claim to be. The same holds for a CVV, a PIN, a UPI PIN or a password<\/strong>. A UPI PIN is never needed to receive<\/em> money, only to send it, and any request to enter it \"to receive a refund\" is theft in progress.<\/span>\n \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u092c\u0948\u0902\u0915, \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0938\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0917, \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0926\u0942\u0930\u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0902\u092a\u0928\u0940, \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0935\u093f\u0924\u0930\u0923 \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0939\u0947\u0932\u094d\u092a\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u0915\u092d\u0940 OTP \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u092e\u093e\u0901\u0917\u0947\u0917\u0940<\/strong> \u2014 \u0928 \u0915\u0949\u0932 \u0938\u0947, \u0928 SMS \u0938\u0947, \u0928 \u0908\u092e\u0947\u0932 \u0938\u0947, \u0928 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0906\u0915\u0930 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u091a\u092f-\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0926\u093f\u0916\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e\u0964 \u091c\u094b \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u092d\u0940 \u092e\u093e\u0901\u0917\u0947, \u0935\u0939 \u0927\u094b\u0916\u093e\u0927\u0921\u093c\u0940 \u0915\u0930 \u0930\u0939\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091a\u093e\u0939\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0915\u0941\u091b \u092d\u0940 \u092c\u0924\u093e\u090f\u0964 \u092f\u0939\u0940 \u092c\u093e\u0924 CVV, PIN, UPI PIN \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u092a\u093e\u0938\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0921<\/strong> \u092a\u0930 \u0932\u093e\u0917\u0942 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0927\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924<\/em> \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 UPI PIN \u0915\u092d\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f, \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u092d\u0947\u091c\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941, \u0914\u0930 \"\u0935\u093e\u092a\u0938\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941\" \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u092d\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u092d\u0940 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0930\u094b\u0927 \u091a\u0932\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0941\u0908 \u091a\u094b\u0930\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\n <\/div>\n <hr class=\"section-divider\">\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d8-5\">\n 8.5<\/span>\n <h3>Firewalls, Antivirus and Encryption<\/span>\u092b\u093c\u093e\u092f\u0930\u0935\u0949\u0932, \u090f\u0902\u091f\u0940\u0935\u093e\u092f\u0930\u0938 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0915\u0942\u091f\u0932\u0947\u0916\u0928<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"feat-grid\">\n <div class=\"feat-card\">1<\/span>Firewall<\/span>\u092b\u093c\u093e\u092f\u0930\u0935\u0949\u0932<\/span><\/strong>Hardware or software that sits between a network and the outside world and permits or blocks traffic according to a set of rules<\/strong>. It is the gate, not the guard: it controls what may pass, but cannot judge whether what passes is honest.<\/span>\u0939\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0921\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0938\u0949\u092b\u093c\u094d\u091f\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u091c\u094b \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092c\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0940 \u091c\u0917\u0924\u094d \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u092c\u0948\u0920\u0915\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u0941\u091a\u094d\u091a\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u093e\u0930 \u092f\u093e\u0924\u093e\u092f\u093e\u0924 \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092e\u0924\u093f \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u092f\u093e \u0930\u094b\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/strong>\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930 \u0939\u0948, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0939\u0930\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902: \u092f\u0939 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0915\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0941 \u092f\u0939 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0906\u0901\u0915 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0915\u093f \u091c\u094b \u091c\u093e \u0930\u0939\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0935\u0939 \u0908\u092e\u093e\u0928\u0926\u093e\u0930 \u0939\u0948 \u092f\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"feat-card\">2<\/span>Antivirus and anti-malware<\/span>\u090f\u0902\u091f\u0940\u0935\u093e\u092f\u0930\u0938 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u090f\u0902\u091f\u0940-\u092e\u093e\u0932\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930<\/span><\/strong>Detects and removes malicious software by three means: matching known signatures<\/strong>, heuristic<\/strong> analysis of suspicious structure, and behavioural<\/strong> monitoring of what a program actually does. An antivirus that is not updated is close to useless<\/strong>, since the signature list is what does most of the work.<\/span>\u0924\u0940\u0928 \u0938\u093e\u0927\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0926\u0941\u0930\u094d\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0928\u093e\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0938\u0949\u092b\u093c\u094d\u091f\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u092a\u0939\u091a\u093e\u0928\u0915\u0930 \u0939\u091f\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948: \u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0924 \u0939\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0930\u094b\u0902<\/strong> \u0915\u093e \u092e\u093f\u0932\u093e\u0928, \u0938\u0902\u0926\u093f\u0917\u094d\u0927 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092e\u093e\u0928\u092a\u0930\u0915<\/strong> \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0937\u0923, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924\u0903 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930\u0917\u0924<\/strong> \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0935\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u0964 \u091c\u094b \u090f\u0902\u091f\u0940\u0935\u093e\u092f\u0930\u0938 \u0905\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0924\u0928 \u0928 \u0939\u094b \u0935\u0939 \u0932\u0917\u092d\u0917 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0915 \u0939\u0948<\/strong>, \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0902\u0936 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0939\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0930-\u0938\u0942\u091a\u0940 \u0939\u0940 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"feat-card\">3<\/span>Encryption<\/span>\u0915\u0942\u091f\u0932\u0947\u0916\u0928<\/span><\/strong>Converts readable plaintext<\/strong> into unreadable ciphertext<\/strong> using a key. Symmetric<\/strong> encryption uses the same key to lock and unlock; asymmetric<\/strong> uses a public key to encrypt and a private key to decrypt<\/strong>, which is what makes HTTPS and digital signatures possible.<\/span>\u0915\u0941\u0902\u091c\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0939\u093e\u092f\u0924\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0920\u0928\u0940\u092f \u0938\u093e\u0926\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u0920<\/strong> \u0915\u094b \u0905\u092a\u0920\u0928\u0940\u092f \u0915\u0942\u091f-\u092a\u093e\u0920<\/strong> \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0938\u092e\u092e\u093f\u0924<\/strong> \u0915\u0942\u091f\u0932\u0947\u0916\u0928 \u092c\u0902\u0926 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0916\u094b\u0932\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u090f\u0915 \u0939\u0940 \u0915\u0941\u0902\u091c\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948; \u0905\u0938\u092e\u092e\u093f\u0924<\/strong> \u0915\u0942\u091f\u092c\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0938\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0935\u091c\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u0941\u0902\u091c\u0940 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0942\u091f\u0928 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0928\u093f\u091c\u0940 \u0915\u0941\u0902\u091c\u0940<\/strong> \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u092f\u0939\u0940 HTTPS \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0905\u0902\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0939\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u092d\u0935 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"feat-card\">4<\/span>End-to-end encryption<\/span>\u091b\u094b\u0930-\u0938\u0947-\u091b\u094b\u0930 \u0915\u0942\u091f\u0932\u0947\u0916\u0928<\/span><\/strong>The message is encrypted on the sender's device and decrypted only on the recipient's, so that not even the service carrying it can read the content<\/strong>. This is what the padlock in a messaging application refers to.<\/span>\u0938\u0902\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0937\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u0942\u091f\u092c\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0939\u094b\u0915\u0930 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u092a\u0930 \u0916\u0941\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0932\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e \u092d\u0940 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u092a\u0922\u093c \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940<\/strong>\u0964 \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0947\u0936-\u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u093e \u0924\u093e\u0932\u093e \u0907\u0938\u0940 \u0913\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0947\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"feat-card\">5<\/span>Patching<\/span>\u092a\u0948\u091a\u093f\u0902\u0917<\/span><\/strong>Applying the security updates described in \u00a72.7. WannaCry spread through a flaw for which a patch already existed<\/strong>; the machines that fell were the ones that had not installed it. Patching is the least glamorous control and among the most effective.<\/span>\u00a72.7 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0923\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e-\u0905\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0924\u0928 \u0932\u0917\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0964 \u0935\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0908 \u0909\u0938 \u0926\u094b\u0937 \u0938\u0947 \u092b\u0948\u0932\u093e \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u093e \u092a\u0948\u091a \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u0909\u092a\u0932\u092c\u094d\u0927 \u0925\u093e<\/strong>; \u0917\u093f\u0930\u0947 \u0935\u0939\u0940 \u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u091c\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0939\u094b\u0902\u0928\u0947 \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0925\u093e\u0964 \u092a\u0948\u091a\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u092e \u0906\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0923 \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0940 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"feat-card\">6<\/span>Least privilege<\/span>\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0928\u0924\u092e \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930<\/span><\/strong>Every person is given only the access their duty requires, and no more<\/strong>. A clerk entering marks needs no administrator rights, and a machine used without administrator rights cannot install malware even if a wrong link is clicked.<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0915\u094b \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0909\u0924\u0928\u0940 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a \u0926\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u090f \u091c\u093f\u0924\u0928\u0940 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0935\u094d\u092f \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915 \u0939\u094b, \u0909\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902<\/strong>\u0964 \u0905\u0902\u0915 \u092d\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u092a\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u093e\u0938\u0915-\u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f, \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u093e\u0938\u0915-\u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0917\u093c\u0932\u0924 \u0932\u093f\u0902\u0915 \u0915\u094d\u0932\u093f\u0915 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u092d\u0940 \u092e\u093e\u0932\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <hr class=\"section-divider\">\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d8-6\">\n 8.6<\/span>\n <h3>Safe Browsing and Wi-Fi Safety<\/span>\u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u092c\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0909\u091c\u093c\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0935\u093e\u0908-\u092b\u093c\u093e\u0908 \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"vs-compare\">\n <div class=\"vs-side left\">\n On the web<\/span>\u0935\u0947\u092c \u092a\u0930<\/span><\/span>\n <h5>Safe browsing<\/span>\u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u092c\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0909\u091c\u093c\u093f\u0902\u0917<\/span><\/h5>\n <ul>\n <li>Read the address before clicking.<\/strong> Hovering over a link shows its true destination at the foot of the window, which is how the mismatch in \u00a78.3 is caught.<\/span>\u0915\u094d\u0932\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u092a\u0924\u093e \u092a\u0922\u093c\u0947\u0902\u0964<\/strong> \u0932\u093f\u0902\u0915 \u092a\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0947\u0924\u0915 \u0932\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0902\u0921\u094b \u0915\u0947 \u0924\u0932 \u092a\u0930 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u0917\u0902\u0924\u0935\u094d\u092f \u0926\u093f\u0916\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u00a78.3 \u0915\u093e \u092c\u0947\u092e\u0947\u0932 \u0907\u0938\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0915\u0921\u093c\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n <li>The padlock proves the connection is encrypted, not that the site is honest<\/strong>. A fraudulent site can obtain a certificate as easily as a genuine one.<\/span>\u0924\u093e\u0932\u093e \u092f\u0939 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0938\u0902\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u0915\u0942\u091f\u092c\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0939\u0948, \u092f\u0939 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u093f \u0938\u093e\u0907\u091f \u0908\u092e\u093e\u0928\u0926\u093e\u0930 \u0939\u0948<\/strong>\u0964 \u0915\u092a\u091f\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0938\u093e\u0907\u091f \u092d\u0940 \u0909\u0924\u0928\u0940 \u0939\u0940 \u0938\u0930\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092a\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0924\u0928\u0940 \u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0935\u093f\u0915\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n <li>Download only from the publisher's own site<\/strong> or an official store. A \"free full version\" from an unknown site is the classic trojan.<\/span>\u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0936\u0915 \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0940 \u0938\u093e\u0907\u091f<\/strong> \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0906\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u091f\u094b\u0930 \u0938\u0947 \u0921\u093e\u0909\u0928\u0932\u094b\u0921 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902\u0964 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0905\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0924 \u0938\u093e\u0907\u091f \u0938\u0947 \"\u092e\u0941\u092b\u093c\u094d\u0924 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0930\u0923\" \u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u091f\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n <li>A pop-up announcing that the computer is infected is itself the attack<\/strong>. No web page can scan a machine, and the button offered installs the very thing it warns of.<\/span>\u092f\u0939 \u0918\u094b\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e \u092a\u0949\u092a-\u0905\u092a \u0915\u093f \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948, \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u0939\u0940 \u0906\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0923 \u0939\u0948<\/strong>\u0964 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0935\u0947\u092c \u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u094d\u0915\u0948\u0928 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e, \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924 \u092c\u091f\u0928 \u0935\u0939\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u0935\u0939 \u091a\u0947\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0928\u0940 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"vs-mid\">+<\/div>\n <div class=\"vs-side right\">\n On the network<\/span>\u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u092a\u0930<\/span><\/span>\n <h5>Wi-Fi safety<\/span>\u0935\u093e\u0908-\u092b\u093c\u093e\u0908 \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e<\/span><\/h5>\n <ul>\n <li>Change the router's default administrator password<\/strong> the day it is installed. Default credentials for every model are published openly.<\/span>\u0930\u093e\u0909\u091f\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u093f\u0928 \u0939\u0940 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u093e \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u093e\u0938\u0915 \u092a\u093e\u0938\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0921 \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0947\u0902<\/strong>\u0964 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u0942\u092a \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u091a\u092f-\u0935\u093f\u0935\u0930\u0923 \u0916\u0941\u0932\u0947 \u0924\u094c\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0936\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n <li>Use WPA2 or WPA3<\/strong>. WEP is broken and offers no real protection.<\/span>WPA2 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e WPA3<\/strong> \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902\u0964 WEP \u091f\u0942\u091f \u091a\u0941\u0915\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n <li>Give visitors a separate guest network<\/strong> so that a visitor's infected phone cannot reach the office computers.<\/span>\u0906\u0917\u0902\u0924\u0941\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u0943\u0925\u0915 \u0905\u0924\u093f\u0925\u093f \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915<\/strong> \u0926\u0947\u0902 \u0924\u093e\u0915\u093f \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0906\u0917\u0902\u0924\u0941\u0915 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u092b\u093c\u094b\u0928 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0924\u0915 \u0928 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a \u0938\u0915\u0947\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n <li>On public Wi-Fi<\/strong>, assume the traffic can be observed. An attacker can set up a network named to look official \u2014 an evil twin<\/strong> \u2014 and read everything that passes. No banking, no salary portal, no admission data on a public network.<\/strong><\/span>\u0938\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0935\u091c\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u093e\u0908-\u092b\u093c\u093e\u0908<\/strong> \u092a\u0930 \u092f\u0939 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0915\u0930 \u091a\u0932\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u093f \u092f\u093e\u0924\u093e\u092f\u093e\u0924 \u0926\u0947\u0916\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0906\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0923\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0910\u0938\u093e \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u092c\u0928\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0928\u093e\u092e \u0906\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0932\u0917\u0947 \u2014 \u0926\u0941\u0937\u094d\u091f \u092f\u092e\u091c<\/strong> \u2014 \u0914\u0930 \u0917\u0941\u091c\u093c\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e \u0938\u092c \u0915\u0941\u091b \u092a\u0922\u093c \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0938\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0935\u091c\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u092a\u0930 \u0928 \u092c\u0948\u0902\u0915\u093f\u0902\u0917, \u0928 \u0935\u0947\u0924\u0928-\u092a\u094b\u0930\u094d\u091f\u0932, \u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0947\u0936-\u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u0947\u0964<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <hr class=\"section-divider\">\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d8-7\">\n 8.7<\/span>\n <h3>Backup Strategy and Data Recovery<\/span>\u092c\u0948\u0915\u0905\u092a \u0930\u0923\u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u093e-\u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u094d\u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924\u093f<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"callout teal\">\n <div class=\"callout-label\">\ud83d\udedf Why backup is the answer to ransomware<\/span>\ud83d\udedf \u0930\u0948\u0928\u0938\u092e\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u092c\u0948\u0915\u0905\u092a \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/div>\n Ransomware succeeds only because the victim has no other copy. An institution that can restore yesterday's data has lost a day; one that cannot has lost everything and is left choosing between paying criminals and rebuilding from paper. The 3-2-1 rule from \u00a72.8<\/strong> applies unchanged, with one addition: at least one copy must be offline or otherwise beyond the reach of the running system<\/strong>, because ransomware encrypts every drive it can see, including the synchronised cloud folder and the backup disk left permanently plugged in.<\/span>\n \u0930\u0948\u0928\u0938\u092e\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0907\u0938\u0932\u093f\u090f \u0938\u092b\u0932 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u092a\u0940\u0921\u093c\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940\u0964 \u091c\u094b \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u0915\u0932 \u0915\u0947 \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u0932\u094c\u091f\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0909\u0938\u0928\u0947 \u090f\u0915 \u0926\u093f\u0928 \u0916\u094b\u092f\u093e; \u091c\u094b \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0932\u094c\u091f\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940 \u0909\u0938\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u092c \u0915\u0941\u091b \u0916\u094b\u092f\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0928\u0947 \u0905\u092a\u0930\u093e\u0927\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0927\u0928 \u0926\u0947\u0928\u0947 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0915\u093e\u0917\u093c\u091c\u093c \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u092c \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u094d\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u0939\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a \u092c\u091a\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u00a72.8 \u0915\u093e 3-2-1 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e<\/strong> \u0905\u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0924 \u0932\u093e\u0917\u0942 \u0939\u0948, \u090f\u0915 \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925: \u0915\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u092e \u090f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f \u0911\u092b\u093c\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0925\u093e \u091a\u0932 \u0930\u0939\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0939\u0930 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0940 \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f<\/strong>, \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u0930\u0948\u0928\u0938\u092e\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0926\u093f\u0916\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0921\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0907\u0935 \u0915\u0942\u091f\u092c\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0915\u0930 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0938\u092e\u0915\u093e\u0932\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0909\u0921 \u092b\u093c\u094b\u0932\u094d\u0921\u0930 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092f\u0940 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0932\u0917\u0940 \u0930\u0939\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u092c\u0948\u0915\u0905\u092a \u0921\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0915 \u0938\u0939\u093f\u0924\u0964<\/span>\n And a further rule that costs nothing: a backup that has never been restored is not known to be a backup<\/strong>. A test restore of one folder, once a term, is the difference between a plan and an assumption.<\/span>\n \u0924\u0925\u093e \u090f\u0915 \u0914\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u092e\u0942\u0932\u094d\u092f \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0932\u0917\u0924\u093e: \u091c\u093f\u0938 \u092c\u0948\u0915\u0905\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u092d\u0940 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u094d\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u0928 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e, \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0948\u0915\u0905\u092a \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u0948<\/strong>\u0964 \u0938\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u090f\u0915 \u092c\u093e\u0930 \u090f\u0915 \u092b\u093c\u094b\u0932\u094d\u0921\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923-\u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u094d\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u0928 \u0939\u0940 \u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"flow-wrap\">\n <div class=\"flow-note\">\n \ud83d\udea8 What to do when a machine is found infected, in order. The sequence matters: acting out of order destroys evidence or spreads the infection.<\/span>\n \ud83d\udea8 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902\u0964 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0939\u0948: \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u0924\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u0938\u093e\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u092f \u0928\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0938\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0923 \u092b\u0948\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"flow-steps\">\n <div class=\"flow-step\">\n 1<\/span>\n <div class=\"fs-body\">\n Isolate<\/span>\u092a\u0943\u0925\u0915 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902<\/span><\/strong>\n Disconnect the machine from the network<\/strong> \u2014 unplug the cable, switch off the Wi-Fi. Do not shut it down, since some evidence exists only in memory.<\/span>\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u094b \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0932\u0917 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902<\/strong> \u2014 \u0924\u093e\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0932\u0947\u0902, \u0935\u093e\u0908-\u092b\u093c\u093e\u0908 \u092c\u0902\u0926 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902\u0964 \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0902\u0926 \u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902, \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u0915\u0941\u091b \u0938\u093e\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0938\u094d\u092e\u0943\u0924\u093f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0930\u0939\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/span>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"flow-step\">\n 2<\/span>\n <div class=\"fs-body\">\n Preserve and record<\/span>\u0938\u0902\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0932\u093f\u0916\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902<\/span><\/strong>\n Photograph the screen, note the exact time<\/strong>, and record what was being done when it appeared. Do not delete the message or the file \u2014 it is the evidence.<\/span>\u092a\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u091b\u093e\u092f\u093e\u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0932\u0947\u0902, \u0920\u0940\u0915 \u0938\u092e\u092f \u0932\u093f\u0916\u0947\u0902<\/strong>, \u0914\u0930 \u092f\u0939 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0932\u093f\u0916\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u093f \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u091f \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u092f \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0930\u0939\u093e \u0925\u093e\u0964 \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u092b\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0932 \u0928 \u092e\u093f\u091f\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u2014 \u0935\u0939\u0940 \u0938\u093e\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u092f \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/span>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"flow-step\">\n 3<\/span>\n <div class=\"fs-body\">\n Report<\/span>\u0938\u0942\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902<\/span><\/strong>\n To the head of institution, to the department, and where money or personal data is involved, to 1930 and cybercrime.gov.in<\/strong> without delay.<\/span>\u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0941\u0916 \u0915\u094b, \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0917 \u0915\u094b, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0927\u0928 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0935\u0948\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u0932\u0917\u094d\u0928 \u0939\u094b\u0902 \u0935\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0932\u0902\u092c 1930 \u090f\u0935\u0902 cybercrime.gov.in<\/strong> \u092a\u0930\u0964<\/span><\/span>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"flow-step\">\n 4<\/span>\n <div class=\"fs-body\">\n Eradicate and restore<\/span>\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u0942\u0932\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u094d\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u0928<\/span><\/strong>\n Clean or rebuild the machine, then restore from a backup taken before the infection<\/strong>. Change every password that was used on that machine.<\/span>\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u094d\u0935\u091a\u094d\u091b \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u094d\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902, \u092b\u093f\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0923 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0917\u090f \u092c\u0948\u0915\u0905\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u094d\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u093f\u0924<\/strong> \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902\u0964 \u0909\u0938 \u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u092a\u093e\u0938\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0921 \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0947\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/span>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"flow-step\">\n 5<\/span>\n <div class=\"fs-body\">\n Review<\/span>\u0938\u092e\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e<\/span><\/strong>\n Establish how it entered and close that route for everyone. An incident that teaches nothing will recur.<\/span>\u092f\u0939 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u093f \u0935\u0939 \u092d\u0940\u0924\u0930 \u0915\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0906\u092f\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u0939 \u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0917 \u0938\u092c\u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u092c\u0902\u0926 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902\u0964 \u091c\u094b \u0918\u091f\u0928\u093e \u0915\u0941\u091b \u0928 \u0938\u093f\u0916\u093e\u090f \u0935\u0939 \u0926\u094b\u0939\u0930\u093e\u0908 \u091c\u093e\u090f\u0917\u0940\u0964<\/span><\/span>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <hr class=\"section-divider\">\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d8-8\">\n 8.8<\/span>\n <h3>Data Privacy and the Legal Framework<\/span>\u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u093e-\u0928\u093f\u091c\u0924\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0922\u093e\u0901\u091a\u093e<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n <h4>A. The Information Technology Act, 2000<\/span>\u0915. \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e, 2000<\/span><\/h4>\n\n \n India's principal cyber law is the Information Technology Act, 2000<\/strong>, substantially amended in 2008<\/strong>. It gave legal recognition to electronic records and digital signatures and created the offences below. The sections most often asked are set out here.<\/span>\n \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0941\u0916 \u0938\u093e\u0907\u092c\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e, 2000<\/strong> \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 2008<\/strong> \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0938\u0902\u0936\u094b\u0927\u0928 \u0939\u0941\u0906\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0928\u0947 \u0907\u0932\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0932\u0947\u0916\u094b\u0902 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0905\u0902\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0939\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0924\u093e \u0926\u0940 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0928\u0940\u091a\u0947 \u0926\u093f\u090f \u0905\u092a\u0930\u093e\u0927 \u0938\u0943\u091c\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u090f\u0964 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u0942\u091b\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u092f\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0926\u0940 \u0917\u0908 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span>\n <\/p>\n\n <div class=\"abbr-grid\">\n <table>\n <thead><tr><th>Section<\/span>\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093e<\/span><\/th><th>What it covers<\/span>\u092f\u0939 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/th><\/tr><\/thead>\n <tbody>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">43<\/td><td>Damage to a computer or network \u2014 unauthorised access, downloading, introducing a virus. Attracts civil compensation<\/strong>.<\/span>\u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0915\u094b \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0924\u093f \u2014 \u0905\u0928\u0927\u093f\u0915\u0943\u0924 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a, \u0921\u093e\u0909\u0928\u0932\u094b\u0921\u093f\u0902\u0917, \u0935\u093e\u092f\u0930\u0938 \u0921\u093e\u0932\u0928\u093e\u0964 \u0938\u093f\u0935\u093f\u0932 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0915\u0930<\/strong> \u0906\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">65<\/td><td>Tampering with computer source documents<\/strong>.<\/span>\u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0924 \u0926\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0947\u091c\u093c\u094b\u0902<\/strong> \u0938\u0947 \u091b\u0947\u0921\u093c\u091b\u093e\u0921\u093c\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">66<\/td><td>Computer-related offences \u2014 the criminal counterpart of section 43, committed dishonestly or fraudulently.<\/span>\u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0940 \u0905\u092a\u0930\u093e\u0927 \u2014 \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093e 43 \u0915\u093e \u0906\u092a\u0930\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u0942\u092a, \u091c\u094b \u092c\u0947\u0908\u092e\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0915\u092a\u091f\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0915 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">66C<\/td><td>Identity theft<\/strong> \u2014 dishonest use of another's password, digital signature or unique identification.<\/span>\u092a\u0939\u091a\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u091a\u094b\u0930\u0940<\/strong> \u2014 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u0938\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0921, \u0905\u0902\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0939\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0930 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0905\u0926\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0924\u0940\u092f \u092a\u0939\u091a\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u092c\u0947\u0908\u092e\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <\/tbody>\n <\/table>\n <table>\n <thead><tr><th>Section<\/span>\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093e<\/span><\/th><th>What it covers<\/span>\u092f\u0939 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/th><\/tr><\/thead>\n <tbody>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">66D<\/td><td>Cheating by personation<\/strong> using a computer resource \u2014 the section under which most phishing is charged.<\/span>\u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u093e\u0927\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u0942\u092a\u0923 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u091b\u0932<\/strong> \u2014 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0902\u0936 \u092b\u093c\u093f\u0936\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0907\u0938\u0940 \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0932\u0917\u093e\u0908 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">66E<\/td><td>Violation of privacy<\/strong> \u2014 capturing or publishing an image of a private area without consent.<\/span>\u0928\u093f\u091c\u0924\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0909\u0932\u094d\u0932\u0902\u0918\u0928<\/strong> \u2014 \u0938\u0939\u092e\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0928\u093f\u091c\u0940 \u0905\u0902\u0917 \u0915\u093e \u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0932\u0947\u0928\u093e \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0936\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">67<\/td><td>Publishing or transmitting obscene material<\/strong> in electronic form.<\/span>\u0907\u0932\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0936\u094d\u0932\u0940\u0932 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940<\/strong> \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0936\u0928 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0938\u0902\u091a\u0930\u0923\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">67B<\/td><td>Material depicting children in a sexually explicit act<\/strong> \u2014 read with the POCSO Act, and among the gravest offences in the statute.<\/span>\u0910\u0938\u0940 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u091c\u094b \u092c\u091a\u094d\u091a\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u092f\u094c\u0928 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u092a\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0915\u0943\u0924\u094d\u092f<\/strong> \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u093e\u090f \u2014 POCSO \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u092a\u0920\u093f\u0924, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0907\u0938 \u0935\u093f\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0917\u0902\u092d\u0940\u0930\u0924\u092e \u0905\u092a\u0930\u093e\u0927\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">72<\/td><td>Breach of confidentiality and privacy<\/strong> by a person who obtained access under the Act.<\/span>\u0905\u0927\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u0940\u0928 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0917\u094b\u092a\u0928\u0940\u092f\u0924\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0928\u093f\u091c\u0924\u093e \u0915\u093e \u092d\u0902\u0917<\/strong>\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <\/tbody>\n <\/table>\n <\/div>\n\n <h4>B. The Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023<\/span>\u0916. \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u0935\u0948\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u093e \u0938\u0902\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e, 2023<\/span><\/h4>\n\n <div class=\"enrich-box\">\n The provisions that bind a school directly<\/span>\u0935\u0947 \u0909\u092a\u092c\u0902\u0927 \u091c\u094b \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0940\u0927\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0901\u0927\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902<\/span><\/span>\n \n The Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023<\/strong> is India's first comprehensive data protection statute. A school that holds the digital records of its pupils is a Data Fiduciary<\/strong> under it, and every pupil and parent whose data it holds is a Data Principal<\/strong>. The Act creates a Data Protection Board of India<\/strong> to adjudicate breaches.<\/span>\n \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u0935\u0948\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u093e \u0938\u0902\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e, 2023<\/strong> \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0925\u092e \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u0915 \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u093e-\u0938\u0902\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0935\u093f\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u091c\u094b \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0902\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0932\u0947\u0916 \u0930\u0916\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0935\u0939 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u0940\u0928 \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u093e \u0928\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938\u0940<\/strong> \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u091c\u093f\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u0935\u0939 \u0930\u0916\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0935\u0947 \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u093e \u092e\u0942\u0932\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0940<\/strong> \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e \u0909\u0932\u094d\u0932\u0902\u0918\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0923\u092f\u0928 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u093e \u0938\u0902\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u092c\u094b\u0930\u094d\u0921<\/strong> \u0938\u0943\u091c\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\n <\/p>\n <ul class=\"split-list\">\n <li>1<\/span>Consent must be free, specific, informed and unambiguous<\/strong>, and given for a stated purpose. Data collected for admission may not be used for something else without fresh consent.<\/span>\u0938\u0939\u092e\u0924\u093f \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930, \u0935\u093f\u0936\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f, \u0938\u0942\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0905\u0938\u0902\u0926\u093f\u0917\u094d\u0927<\/strong> \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0940 \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0915\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0926\u0940 \u0917\u0908 \u0939\u094b\u0964 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0947\u0936 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u090f\u0915\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u0928\u0908 \u0938\u0939\u092e\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0947\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n <li>2<\/span>Purpose limitation and data minimisation<\/strong> \u2014 only what is necessary may be collected, and only for as long as the purpose lasts.<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928-\u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u093e-\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0928\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923<\/strong> \u2014 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915 \u0939\u0940 \u090f\u0915\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u090f, \u0914\u0930 \u0924\u092d\u0940 \u0924\u0915 \u091c\u092c \u0924\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u0930\u0939\u0947\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n <li>3<\/span>For a child, meaning anyone below eighteen, verifiable consent of the parent or guardian is required<\/strong>. This is the provision most directly relevant to a school.<\/span>\u092c\u093e\u0932\u0915, \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0924\u094d \u0905\u0920\u093e\u0930\u0939 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u092e \u0906\u092f\u0941 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092d\u0940 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f<\/strong> \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941, \u0905\u092d\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0915 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0938\u0902\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u0928-\u092f\u094b\u0917\u094d\u092f \u0938\u0939\u092e\u0924\u093f \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915<\/strong> \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0940\u0927\u093e \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927 \u0907\u0938\u0940 \u0909\u092a\u092c\u0902\u0927 \u0915\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n <li>4<\/span>A Data Fiduciary must not undertake tracking or behavioural monitoring of children, or targeted advertising directed at them<\/strong>, nor any processing likely to cause a detrimental effect on a child's well-being.<\/span>\u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u093e \u0928\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938\u0940 \u092c\u091a\u094d\u091a\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0930\u0947\u0916\u0923 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930\u0917\u0924 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0935\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923, \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0909\u0928 \u092a\u0930 \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0935\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u092a\u0928<\/strong> \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e, \u0928 \u0939\u0940 \u0910\u0938\u093e \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u091c\u094b \u092c\u093e\u0932\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u0932\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0923 \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0915\u0942\u0932 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935 \u0921\u093e\u0932 \u0938\u0915\u0947\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n <li>5<\/span>The Data Principal holds rights of access, correction, erasure and grievance redressal<\/strong>, and the Fiduciary must maintain reasonable security safeguards<\/strong> and report a breach.<\/span>\u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u093e \u092e\u0942\u0932\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a, \u0938\u0902\u0936\u094b\u0927\u0928, \u092e\u093f\u091f\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e\u092f\u0924-\u0928\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0930\u0923<\/strong> \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0928\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938\u0940 \u0915\u094b \u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e-\u0909\u092a\u093e\u092f<\/strong> \u0930\u0916\u0928\u0947 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0909\u0932\u094d\u0932\u0902\u0918\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u094b\u0902\u0917\u0947\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"exam-tip\">\n <div class=\"et-icon\">\ud83c\udfdb\ufe0f<\/div>\n <div class=\"et-body\">\n Two bodies worth naming.<\/strong> CERT-In<\/strong> \u2014 the Indian Computer Emergency Response Team, under the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology \u2014 is the national nodal agency for cyber security incidents<\/strong>, issuing advisories and coordinating response. I4C<\/strong>, the Indian Cyber Crime Coordination Centre<\/strong> under the Ministry of Home Affairs, coordinates the police response to cybercrime and runs the reporting portal named in \u00a78.9. A third, Cyber Swachhta Kendra<\/strong>, is the botnet cleaning and malware analysis centre.<\/span>\n \u0926\u094b \u0928\u093e\u092e \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0928\u0947 \u092f\u094b\u0917\u094d\u092f\u0964<\/strong> CERT-In<\/strong> \u2014 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u0906\u092a\u093e\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0926\u0932, \u0907\u0932\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0928\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u092e\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u0940\u0928 \u2014 \u0938\u093e\u0907\u092c\u0930 \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0918\u091f\u0928\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0928\u094b\u0921\u0932 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0915\u0930\u0923<\/strong> \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u094b \u092a\u0930\u093e\u092e\u0930\u094d\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u091c\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0938\u092e\u0928\u094d\u0935\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0917\u0943\u0939 \u092e\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u0940\u0928 I4C<\/strong>, \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0924\u094d \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0938\u093e\u0907\u092c\u0930 \u0905\u092a\u0930\u093e\u0927 \u0938\u092e\u0928\u094d\u0935\u092f \u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930<\/strong>, \u0938\u093e\u0907\u092c\u0930 \u0905\u092a\u0930\u093e\u0927 \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u0941\u0932\u093f\u0938-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0938\u092e\u0928\u094d\u0935\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u00a78.9 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e-\u092a\u094b\u0930\u094d\u091f\u0932 \u091a\u0932\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0924\u0940\u0938\u0930\u093e, \u0938\u093e\u0907\u092c\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u091a\u094d\u091b\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930<\/strong>, \u092c\u0949\u091f\u0928\u0947\u091f \u0938\u092b\u093c\u093e\u0908 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092e\u093e\u0932\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <hr class=\"section-divider\">\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d8-9\">\n 8.9<\/span>\n <h3>Cyber Safety for Students and Reporting<\/span>\u091b\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0938\u093e\u0907\u092c\u0930 \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e\u092f\u0924-\u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n <table class=\"data-table\">\n <thead>\n <tr>\n <th>Channel<\/span>\u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e<\/span><\/th>\n <th>What it is for<\/span>\u092f\u0939 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0932\u093f\u090f \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/th>\n <\/tr>\n <\/thead>\n <tbody>\n <tr style=\"background:#f3f8ff;\">\n <td>1930<\/strong><\/td>\n <td>The national cyber financial fraud helpline<\/strong>. Where money has been lost, the first hour is decisive: a report made quickly can allow the transaction to be held before it is withdrawn. This number should be displayed in the school office.<\/strong><\/span>\u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0938\u093e\u0907\u092c\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0927\u094b\u0916\u093e\u0927\u0921\u093c\u0940 \u0939\u0947\u0932\u094d\u092a\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0928<\/strong>\u0964 \u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0927\u0928 \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0939\u094b \u0935\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u093e \u0918\u0902\u091f\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0923\u093e\u092f\u0915 \u0939\u0948: \u0936\u0940\u0918\u094d\u0930 \u0926\u0940 \u0917\u0908 \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u0932\u0947\u0928-\u0926\u0947\u0928 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u0930\u094b\u0915\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0928\u0902\u092c\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f\u0964<\/strong><\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr style=\"background:#f3f8ff;\">\n <td>cybercrime.gov.in<\/strong><\/td>\n <td>The National Cyber Crime Reporting Portal<\/strong>, run by I4C. It accepts complaints of every kind of cybercrime, and has a separate channel for reporting crimes against women and children<\/strong>, under which a report may be made anonymously.<\/span>I4C \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0932\u093f\u0924 \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0938\u093e\u0907\u092c\u0930 \u0905\u092a\u0930\u093e\u0927 \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e \u092a\u094b\u0930\u094d\u091f\u0932<\/strong>\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0907\u092c\u0930 \u0905\u092a\u0930\u093e\u0927 \u0915\u0940 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e\u092f\u0924 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0940\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0907\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u0939\u093f\u0932\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092c\u091a\u094d\u091a\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0930\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0905\u092a\u0930\u093e\u0927\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u092a\u0943\u0925\u0915 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e<\/strong> \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u0940\u0928 \u0917\u0941\u092e\u0928\u093e\u092e \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u092d\u0940 \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0926\u0940 \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td>1098<\/strong><\/td>\n <td>CHILDLINE<\/strong> \u2014 the round-the-clock helpline for a child in distress, including distress arising online.<\/span>\u091a\u093e\u0907\u0932\u094d\u0921\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0928<\/strong> \u2014 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u091f\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924 \u092c\u093e\u0932\u0915 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u091a\u094c\u092c\u0940\u0938\u094b\u0902 \u0918\u0902\u091f\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0939\u0947\u0932\u094d\u092a\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0928, \u0911\u0928\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u091f \u0938\u0939\u093f\u0924\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td>POCSO e-Box<\/span>POCSO \u0908-\u092c\u0949\u0915\u094d\u0938<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n <td>The National Commission for Protection of Child Rights facility for reporting sexual offences against children<\/strong>, designed so that a child can use it directly.<\/span>\u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u092c\u093e\u0932 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0906\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0940 \u0935\u0939 \u0938\u0941\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093e \u091c\u094b \u092c\u091a\u094d\u091a\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0930\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u092f\u094c\u0928 \u0905\u092a\u0930\u093e\u0927\u094b\u0902<\/strong> \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0907\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u092c\u0928\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u092c\u093e\u0932\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0947\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td>The platform itself<\/span>\u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u092e\u0902\u091a<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n <td>Every social media service carries a report and block<\/strong> facility. Reporting within the platform is faster than any external route and should be done in addition to<\/strong>, never instead of, a formal complaint.<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0938\u094b\u0936\u0932 \u092e\u0940\u0921\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0928\u0947 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0905\u0935\u0930\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947<\/strong> \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0941\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092e\u0902\u091a \u0915\u0947 \u092d\u0940\u0924\u0930 \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0928\u093e \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092d\u0940 \u092c\u093e\u0939\u094d\u092f \u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0917 \u0938\u0947 \u0924\u0940\u0935\u094d\u0930 \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u092f\u0939 \u0914\u092a\u091a\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e\u092f\u0924 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0924\u093f\u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0924<\/strong> \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u090f, \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u092d\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <\/tbody>\n <\/table>\n\n <div class=\"callout amber\">\n <div class=\"callout-label\">\ud83c\udf92 What a school owes a child in this situation<\/span>\ud83c\udf92 \u0910\u0938\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u092c\u093e\u0932\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0947<\/span><\/div>\n <ul class=\"split-list\" style=\"margin-top:4px;\">\n <li>1<\/span>Believe the child and do not punish the disclosure.<\/strong> A pupil who fears that reporting an incident will cost them their phone or bring a reprimand will not report the next one, and the next one is usually worse.<\/span>\u092c\u093e\u0932\u0915 \u092a\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u092c\u0924\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u0926\u0902\u0921 \u0928 \u0926\u0947\u0902\u0964<\/strong> \u091c\u094b \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u092f\u0939 \u0921\u0930\u0947 \u0915\u093f \u0918\u091f\u0928\u093e \u092c\u0924\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u093e \u092b\u093c\u094b\u0928 \u091b\u093f\u0928 \u091c\u093e\u090f\u0917\u093e \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u092b\u091f\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0947\u0917\u0940, \u0935\u0939 \u0905\u0917\u0932\u0940 \u0918\u091f\u0928\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u092c\u0924\u093e\u090f\u0917\u093e, \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u0917\u0932\u0940 \u0918\u091f\u0928\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092f\u0903 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0917\u0902\u092d\u0940\u0930 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n <li>2<\/span>Preserve the evidence before anything is deleted.<\/strong> Screenshots with the date, the profile name and the message visible. A child's instinct is to erase what distresses them, and the evidence goes with it.<\/span>\u0915\u0941\u091b \u092d\u0940 \u092e\u093f\u091f\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u0938\u093e\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u092f \u0938\u0902\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902\u0964<\/strong> \u0910\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0915\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0928\u0936\u0949\u091f \u091c\u093f\u0928\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0924\u093f\u0925\u093f, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u092b\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0932-\u0928\u093e\u092e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u0926\u093f\u0916\u0947\u0902\u0964 \u092c\u093e\u0932\u0915 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0939\u091c \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u092e\u093f\u091f\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0926\u0947, \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u093e\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u092f \u0909\u0938\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u091a\u0932\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n <li>3<\/span>Inform the parents and record the action taken.<\/strong> A written note in the school's own record protects the child, the parent and the institution alike.<\/span>\u0905\u092d\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0942\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0917\u0908 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u0935\u093e\u0939\u0940 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0932\u093f\u0916\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902\u0964<\/strong> \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0932\u0947\u0916 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0932\u093f\u0916\u093f\u0924 \u091f\u093f\u092a\u094d\u092a\u0923\u0940 \u092c\u093e\u0932\u0915, \u0905\u092d\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0915 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u0924\u0940\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n <li>4<\/span>Teach before the incident, not after it.<\/strong> Privacy settings, the permanence of what is posted, the refusal to share a password even with a friend, and the rule that an adult who asks a child to keep a conversation secret is to be reported at once \u2014 these belong in the school's regular programme, and the ground for them is laid in Chapter 11.<\/span>\u0918\u091f\u0928\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0909\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u0938\u093f\u0916\u093e\u090f\u0901\u0964<\/strong> \u0928\u093f\u091c\u0924\u093e-\u0938\u0947\u091f\u093f\u0902\u0917, \u091c\u094b \u0921\u093e\u0932\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092f\u093f\u0924\u093e, \u092e\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0938\u0947 \u092d\u0940 \u092a\u093e\u0938\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0921 \u0938\u093e\u091d\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0937\u0947\u0927, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092f\u0939 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e \u0915\u093f \u091c\u094b \u0935\u092f\u0938\u094d\u0915 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092c\u093e\u0932\u0915 \u0938\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0932\u093e\u092a \u0917\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0930\u0916\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u094b \u0915\u0939\u0947 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0924\u0924\u094d\u0915\u093e\u0932 \u0926\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u090f \u2014 \u092f\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0902\u0917 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0940 \u092d\u0942\u092e\u093f \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f 11 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0924\u0948\u092f\u093e\u0930 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"mcq-box\">\n <div class=\"mcq-title\">\n Practice<\/span>\u0905\u092d\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938<\/span><\/span>\n Questions on cyber security<\/span>\u0938\u093e\u0907\u092c\u0930 \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928<\/span><\/span>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"mcq-note\">Objective questions in the pattern of the examination. Click to reveal the answer and its explanation.<\/span>\u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u0930 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928\u0964 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0916\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u094d\u0932\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u0940\u091c\u093f\u090f\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <details class=\"mcq-q\">\n <summary>67<\/span>Which type of malware spreads across a network by itself, without any action by a user?<\/span><\/summary>\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\n <li>(a) Virus<\/li>\n <li>(b) Worm<\/li>\n <li>(c) Trojan horse<\/li>\n <li>(d) Adware<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\">(b) Worm<\/b> Self-replication without human action is the defining feature of a worm. A virus needs a host file and someone to run it; a trojan does not replicate at all and is installed willingly under a false description.<\/span>\u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0935\u0940\u092f \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0928\u093e \u0935\u0930\u094d\u092e \u0915\u093e \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u0915 \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0935\u093e\u092f\u0930\u0938 \u0915\u094b \u0906\u0936\u094d\u0930\u092f-\u092b\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0932 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u091a\u0932\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f; \u091f\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u091d\u0942\u0920\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0935\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0947\u091a\u094d\u091b\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\u00a78.2<\/span><\/div>\n <\/details>\n <details class=\"mcq-q\">\n <summary>68<\/span>The CIA triad in information security stands for:<\/span><\/summary>\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\n <li>(a) Control, Inspection, Audit<\/li>\n <li>(b) Confidentiality, Integrity, Availability<\/li>\n <li>(c) Cryptography, Identity, Authentication<\/li>\n <li>(d) Computer, Internet, Access<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\">(b) Confidentiality, Integrity, Availability<\/b> Confidentiality is that only the entitled may see the data; integrity that it has not been altered; availability that it is there when needed. Ransomware is an attack chiefly on availability.<\/span>\u0917\u094b\u092a\u0928\u0940\u092f\u0924\u093e \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0924\u094d \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0939\u0940 \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u0926\u0947\u0916 \u0938\u0915\u0947\u0902; \u0905\u0916\u0902\u0921\u0924\u093e \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0924\u094d \u0935\u0947 \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0947 \u0928 \u0917\u090f \u0939\u094b\u0902; \u0909\u092a\u0932\u092c\u094d\u0927\u0924\u093e \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0924\u094d \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u092f \u0935\u0947 \u0909\u092a\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0902\u0964 \u0930\u0948\u0928\u0938\u092e\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f\u0924\u0903 \u0909\u092a\u0932\u092c\u094d\u0927\u0924\u093e \u092a\u0930 \u0906\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0923 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\u00a78.1<\/span><\/div>\n <\/details>\n <details class=\"mcq-q\">\n <summary>69<\/span>A fraudulent email aimed specifically at a senior official such as a principal is called:<\/span><\/summary>\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\n <li>(a) Phishing<\/li>\n <li>(b) Smishing<\/li>\n <li>(c) Whaling<\/li>\n <li>(d) Pharming<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\">(c) Whaling<\/b> Ordinary phishing is sent in bulk; spear phishing targets one named person; whaling is spear phishing directed at a senior officer who can authorise payments or reach the most data. Smishing is by SMS.<\/span>\u0938\u093e\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u092b\u093c\u093f\u0936\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0925\u094b\u0915 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092d\u0947\u091c\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948; \u0938\u094d\u092a\u0940\u092f\u0930 \u092b\u093c\u093f\u0936\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u090f\u0915 \u0928\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u092a\u0930 \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948; \u0935\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0932\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0935\u0939 \u0938\u094d\u092a\u0940\u092f\u0930 \u092b\u093c\u093f\u0936\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0910\u0938\u0947 \u0935\u0930\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u092a\u0930 \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b \u091c\u094b \u092d\u0941\u0917\u0924\u093e\u0928 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0940\u0915\u0943\u0924 \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u094b\u0902 \u0924\u0915 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a \u0930\u0916\u0924\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0964 \u0938\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0936\u093f\u0902\u0917 SMS \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\u00a78.3<\/span><\/div>\n <\/details>\n <details class=\"mcq-q\">\n <summary>70<\/span>Which of the following is an example of two-factor authentication?<\/span><\/summary>\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\n <li>(a) A password and a security question<\/li>\n <li>(b) A password and an OTP sent to the registered mobile<\/li>\n <li>(c) A PIN and a passphrase<\/li>\n <li>(d) Two different passwords<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\">(b) A password and an OTP sent to the registered mobile<\/b> Multi-factor authentication requires factors of different kinds. A password and a security question are both things known, so they form a single factor used twice. A password plus an OTP combines something known with something held.<\/span>\u092c\u0939\u0941-\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u0928 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0915 \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f\u0964 \u092a\u093e\u0938\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0921 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0924 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u090f\u0901 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0905\u0924\u0903 \u0935\u0947 \u0926\u094b \u092c\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u090f\u0915 \u0939\u0940 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0915 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u092a\u093e\u0938\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0921 \u090f\u0935\u0902 OTP \u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0924 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u094b \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u0938\u0947 \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span>\u00a78.4<\/span><\/div>\n <\/details>\n <details class=\"mcq-q\">\n <summary>71<\/span>The national helpline number for reporting cyber financial fraud in India is:<\/span><\/summary>\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\n <li>(a) 1098<\/li>\n <li>(b) 1930<\/li>\n <li>(c) 1091<\/li>\n <li>(d) 100<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\">(b) 1930<\/b> Complaints may also be filed at cybercrime.gov.in. 1098 is CHILDLINE, the helpline for a child in distress. Reporting a financial fraud within the first hour materially improves the chance of the transaction being held.<\/span>\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e\u092f\u0924 cybercrime.gov.in \u092a\u0930 \u092d\u0940 \u0926\u0930\u094d\u091c \u0915\u0940 \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 1098 \u091a\u093e\u0907\u0932\u094d\u0921\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u094b \u0938\u0902\u0915\u091f\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924 \u092c\u093e\u0932\u0915 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0935\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0927\u094b\u0916\u093e\u0927\u0921\u093c\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0918\u0902\u091f\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0926\u0947\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u0932\u0947\u0928-\u0926\u0947\u0928 \u0930\u0941\u0915\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0928\u093e \u092a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0922\u093c \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\u00a78.9<\/span><\/div>\n <\/details>\n <details class=\"mcq-q\">\n <summary>72<\/span>Under the Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023, processing the data of a child requires:<\/span><\/summary>\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\n <li>(a) No consent at all<\/li>\n <li>(b) The child's own consent<\/li>\n <li>(c) Verifiable consent of the parent or lawful guardian<\/li>\n <li>(d) Consent of the school management<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\">(c) Verifiable consent of the parent or lawful guardian<\/b> A child under the Act is anyone below eighteen. The Act further forbids tracking, behavioural monitoring and targeted advertising directed at children. A school holding pupil records is a Data Fiduciary under the Act.<\/span>\u0905\u0927\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u0940\u0928 \u092c\u093e\u0932\u0915 \u0935\u0939 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0905\u0920\u093e\u0930\u0939 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u092e \u0906\u092f\u0941 \u0915\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0964 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e \u0906\u0917\u0947 \u092c\u091a\u094d\u091a\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0930\u0947\u0916\u0923, \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930\u0917\u0924 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0935\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0909\u0928 \u092a\u0930 \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0935\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u092a\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0937\u0947\u0927 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0932\u0947\u0916 \u0930\u0916\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0907\u0938 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u0940\u0928 \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u093e \u0928\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\u00a78.8 B<\/span><\/div>\n <\/details>\n <details class=\"mcq-q\">\n <summary>73<\/span>The national nodal agency for responding to cyber security incidents in India is:<\/span><\/summary>\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\n <li>(a) CERT-In<\/li>\n <li>(b) C-DAC<\/li>\n <li>(c) NIC<\/li>\n <li>(d) TRAI<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\">(a) CERT-In<\/b> The Indian Computer Emergency Response Team, under the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology. C-DAC built PARAM and BOSS Linux, NIC provides government IT infrastructure, and TRAI regulates telecom.<\/span>\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u0906\u092a\u093e\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0926\u0932, \u0907\u0932\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0928\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u092e\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u0940\u0928\u0964 C-DAC \u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u092e \u090f\u0935\u0902 BOSS \u0932\u093f\u0928\u0915\u094d\u0938 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u092f\u093e, NIC \u0938\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u0905\u0935\u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u0925\u093e TRAI \u0926\u0942\u0930\u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\u00a78.8<\/span><\/div>\n <\/details>\n <\/div>\n\n <\/section>\n\n \n <section class=\"chapter-content\" data-chap=\"9\" id=\"c9\">\n <div class=\"chapter-heading-block\">\n SYLLABUS ITEM 9<\/span>\u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u092e\u0926 9<\/span><\/span>\n <h2>Digital Education<\/span>\u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e<\/span><\/h2>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"callout amber\">\n <div class=\"callout-label\">\ud83d\udccc What this chapter covers<\/span>\ud83d\udccc \u0907\u0938 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/div>\n DIKSHA, SWAYAM, PM e-VIDYA, e-Pathshala, learning management systems, smart classrooms, and blended learning<\/span>\n \u0926\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e, \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902, \u092a\u0940\u090f\u092e \u0908-\u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e, \u0908-\u092a\u093e\u0920\u0936\u093e\u0932\u093e, \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901, \u0938\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u091f \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0938\u092e\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e<\/span>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"keyfact-grid\">\n <div class=\"keyfact-card navy-hi\">\n \ud83d\udcda<\/span>\n <div class=\"kf-label\">The National School Platform<\/span>\u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f\u0940 \u092e\u0902\u091a<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"kf-value\" style=\"font-size:15px;\">DIKSHA \u00b7 2017<\/div>\n <div class=\"kf-sub\">\"One Nation, One Digital Platform\" \u2014 launched 5 September 2017<\/span>\"\u090f\u0915 \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930, \u090f\u0915 \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u092e\u0902\u091a\" \u2014 5 \u0938\u093f\u0924\u0902\u092c\u0930 2017 \u0915\u094b \u0906\u0930\u0902\u092d<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"keyfact-card teal-hi\">\n \ud83c\udfac<\/span>\n <div class=\"kf-label\">SWAYAM's Structure<\/span>\u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"kf-value\" style=\"font-size:15px;\">4 Quadrants<\/span>4 \u091a\u0924\u0941\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0902\u0936<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"kf-sub\">Video \u00b7 reading \u00b7 self-assessment \u00b7 discussion forum<\/span>\u0935\u0940\u0921\u093f\u092f\u094b \u00b7 \u092a\u0920\u0928 \u00b7 \u0938\u094d\u0935-\u0906\u0915\u0932\u0928 \u00b7 \u091a\u0930\u094d\u091a\u093e-\u092e\u0902\u091a<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"keyfact-card amber-hi\">\n \ud83d\udc69\u200d\ud83c\udfeb<\/span>\n <div class=\"kf-label\">The Teacher Training Mission<\/span>\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u092e\u093f\u0936\u0928<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"kf-value\" style=\"font-size:15px;\">NISHTHA \u00b7 2019<\/div>\n <div class=\"kf-sub\">Launched 21 August 2019; among the largest such programmes anywhere<\/span>21 \u0905\u0917\u0938\u094d\u0924 2019 \u0915\u094b \u0906\u0930\u0902\u092d; \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0935 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u093e\u0932\u0924\u092e \u0910\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d9-0\">\n 9.0<\/span>\n <h3>Introduction<\/span>\u092a\u0930\u093f\u091a\u092f<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n <ul class=\"icon-list\">\n <li>\u25b8<\/span>\n The eight chapters so far have described the machine, the software and the network. This chapter turns to the purpose those things exist for in a school<\/strong>, and its character is different: the content is schemes, bodies, dates and figures<\/strong> rather than commands and shortcuts.<\/span>\n \u0905\u092c \u0924\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u0906\u0920 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0928\u0947 \u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930, \u0938\u0949\u092b\u093c\u094d\u091f\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0923\u0928 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f \u0909\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u0913\u0930 \u092e\u0941\u0921\u093c\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u0947 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u090f\u0901 \u0939\u0948\u0902<\/strong>, \u0914\u0930 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0930\u0942\u092a \u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0939\u0948: \u092f\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u0906\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0936\u0949\u0930\u094d\u091f\u0915\u091f \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0905\u092a\u093f\u0924\u0941 \u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928\u093e\u090f\u0901, \u0928\u093f\u0915\u093e\u092f, \u0924\u093f\u0925\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u0947<\/strong> \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span>\n <\/span><\/li>\n <li>\u25b8<\/span>\n This is also the item where Digital Literacy overlaps most heavily with the other papers<\/strong> of the same examination. NEP 2020, NISHTHA, NIPUN Bharat and the structure of NCERT all appear elsewhere in the syllabus; what is asked here is the technological arm<\/strong> of each.<\/span>\n \u092f\u0939\u0940 \u0935\u0939 \u092e\u0926 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u0938\u093e\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0909\u0938\u0940 \u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928-\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u0924\u093f\u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924<\/strong> \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 NEP 2020, \u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0920\u093e, \u0928\u093f\u092a\u0941\u0923 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u0924\u0925\u093e NCERT \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092d\u0940 \u0906\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902; \u092f\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0936\u093e\u0916\u093e<\/strong> \u092a\u0942\u091b\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\n <\/span><\/li>\n <li>\u25b8<\/span>\n The questions are almost entirely factual, and they cluster on four things: what an abbreviation expands to, which ministry or body runs a platform, the year it was launched, and the number of components or channels it has<\/strong>. The tables here are built for exactly that.<\/span>\n \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u0932\u0917\u092d\u0917 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923\u0924\u0903 \u0924\u0925\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0914\u0930 \u091a\u093e\u0930 \u092c\u093e\u0924\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0930\u0939\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902: \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u092a\u093e\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0930\u0942\u092a, \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u092e\u0902\u091a \u0915\u093f\u0938 \u092e\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0915\u093e\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u0940\u0928 \u0939\u0948, \u0935\u0939 \u0915\u093f\u0938 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937 \u0906\u0930\u0902\u092d \u0939\u0941\u0906, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093f\u0924\u0928\u0947 \u0918\u091f\u0915 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u091a\u0948\u0928\u0932 \u0939\u0948\u0902<\/strong>\u0964 \u092f\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u093e\u0930\u0923\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u0920\u0940\u0915 \u0909\u0938\u0940 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u092c\u0928\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span>\n <\/span><\/li>\n <\/ul>\n\n <hr class=\"section-divider\">\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d9-1\">\n 9.1<\/span>\n <h3>ICT in Education: Concept and Rationale<\/span>\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 ICT: \u0938\u0902\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u092f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0914\u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u092f<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"callout\">\n <div class=\"callout-label\">\ud83d\udcd8 Concept<\/span>\ud83d\udcd8 \u0905\u0935\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923\u093e<\/span><\/div>\n ICT \u2014 Information and Communication Technology<\/strong> \u2014 in education means the use of digital tools to support teaching, learning, assessment and administration<\/strong>. The word support<\/em> carries the weight: technology is a means to a pedagogical end, and equipment installed without a purpose in view becomes furniture within a term.<\/span>\n \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 ICT \u2014 \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u0940<\/strong> \u2014 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u0939\u0948 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923, \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e, \u0906\u0915\u0932\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u093e\u0938\u0928 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0939\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0928\u0947<\/strong> \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0905\u0902\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0964 \u092d\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u0939\u093e\u0930\u093e<\/em> \u0936\u092c\u094d\u0926 \u092a\u0930 \u0939\u0948: \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u0936\u0948\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u093f\u0915 \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u092f \u0915\u093e \u0938\u093e\u0927\u0928 \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u092d\u0940\u0924\u0930 \u092b\u093c\u0930\u094d\u0928\u0940\u091a\u0930 \u092c\u0928 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"pc-grid\">\n <div class=\"pc-panel pro\">\n <div class=\"pc-head\">\u2713<\/span>What ICT genuinely adds<\/span>ICT \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924\u0903 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n <ul>\n <li>Visualisation of the invisible<\/strong> \u2014 the working of a heart, the motion of planets, a chemical reaction too dangerous to perform<\/span>\u0905\u0926\u0943\u0936\u094d\u092f \u0915\u093e \u0926\u0943\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923<\/strong> \u2014 \u0939\u0943\u0926\u092f \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e, \u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0917\u0924\u093f, \u0910\u0938\u0940 \u0930\u093e\u0938\u093e\u092f\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u094b \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0902\u0924 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u091f\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0939\u094b<\/span><\/li>\n <li>Access irrespective of place<\/strong> \u2014 a village school reaches the same content as a metropolitan one<\/span>\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928 \u0938\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a<\/strong> \u2014 \u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e\u0940\u0923 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0935\u0939\u0940 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u092a\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u092e\u0939\u093e\u0928\u0917\u0930\u0940\u092f<\/span><\/li>\n <li>Repetition without impatience<\/strong> \u2014 a recorded explanation can be replayed as often as a slow learner needs<\/span>\u0905\u0927\u0940\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0930\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u093e\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f<\/strong> \u2014 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0932\u093f\u0916\u093f\u0924 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0909\u0924\u0928\u0940 \u092c\u093e\u0930 \u0926\u094b\u0939\u0930\u093e\u0908 \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0924\u0928\u0940 \u092e\u0902\u0926 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0915\u094b \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f<\/span><\/li>\n <li>Immediate feedback<\/strong> in assessment, and data that shows which concept a whole class has missed<\/span>\u0906\u0915\u0932\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0924\u0924\u094d\u0915\u093e\u0932 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092a\u0941\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093f<\/strong>, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0935\u0947 \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u091c\u094b \u092c\u0924\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u0915\u093f \u092a\u0942\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u094c\u0928-\u0938\u093e \u0938\u0902\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u092f \u091b\u0942\u091f\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/li>\n <li>Support for children with disabilities<\/strong> \u2014 the subject of Chapter 14, and the area where technology changes access most decisively<\/span>\u0926\u093f\u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0917 \u092c\u091a\u094d\u091a\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0939\u093e\u0930\u093e<\/strong> \u2014 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f 14 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0935\u0939 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0923\u093e\u092f\u0915 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"pc-panel con\">\n <div class=\"pc-head\">\u2717<\/span>Where it fails, and why<\/span>\u092f\u0939 \u0915\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0935\u093f\u092b\u0932 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n <ul>\n <li>Equipment without training.<\/strong> An interactive panel used as a projection screen is the commonest sight in an ICT-equipped school<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923\u0964<\/strong> \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u092a\u0923-\u092a\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0903\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u092a\u0948\u0928\u0932 ICT-\u0938\u091c\u094d\u091c\u093f\u0924 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0926\u0943\u0936\u094d\u092f \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/li>\n <li>Equipment without maintenance.<\/strong> One failed bulb or one expired licence removes a facility for a whole session<\/span>\u0905\u0928\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923\u0964<\/strong> \u090f\u0915 \u091c\u0932\u093e \u092c\u0932\u094d\u092c \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u091c\u094d\u091e\u092a\u094d\u0924\u093f \u092a\u0942\u0930\u0947 \u0938\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0938\u0941\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093e \u091b\u0940\u0928 \u0932\u0947\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/li>\n <li>The digital divide.<\/strong> Content delivered only online reaches the children who least need help and misses those who most do \u2014 the reason PM e-VIDYA is deliberately multi-modal<\/span>\u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093e\u091c\u0928\u0964<\/strong> \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0911\u0928\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u0926\u0940 \u0917\u0908 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0909\u0928 \u092c\u091a\u094d\u091a\u094b\u0902 \u0924\u0915 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0939\u093e\u092f\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u092e \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u091b\u094b\u0921\u093c \u0926\u0947\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u2014 \u092a\u0940\u090f\u092e \u0908-\u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0928\u092c\u0942\u091d\u0915\u0930 \u092c\u0939\u0941-\u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e\u0940 \u0907\u0938\u0940\u0932\u093f\u090f \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/li>\n <li>Substitution for teaching rather than support of it.<\/strong> A video played while the teacher marks registers is not ICT-enabled pedagogy<\/span>\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0939\u093e\u0930\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u091c\u093e\u092f \u0909\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u093e\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928\u0964<\/strong> \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u091c\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0930 \u091c\u093e\u0901\u091a\u0924\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u092f \u091a\u0932\u093e\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0935\u0940\u0921\u093f\u092f\u094b ICT-\u0938\u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <hr class=\"section-divider\">\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d9-2\">\n 9.2<\/span>\n <h3>DIKSHA<\/span>\u0926\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n <svg class=\"full-diagram\" viewBox=\"0 0 700 314\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"The Indian digital education landscape, showing which body runs which platform\">\n <rect x=\"230\" y=\"14\" width=\"240\" height=\"34\" rx=\"7\" fill=\"#14243f\"\/>\n <text x=\"350\" y=\"30\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">MINISTRY OF EDUCATION<\/text>\n <text x=\"350\" y=\"42\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#c9daf0\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Government of India<\/text>\n\n <defs><marker id=\"de\" markerWidth=\"8\" markerHeight=\"8\" refX=\"7\" refY=\"2.8\" orient=\"auto\"><path d=\"M0,0 L0,5.6 L7,2.8 z\" fill=\"#8a95a3\"\/><\/marker><\/defs>\n <g stroke=\"#8a95a3\" stroke-width=\"1.4\" fill=\"none\">\n <path d=\"M350 48 L350 62 L140 62 L140 76\" marker-end=\"url(#de)\"\/>\n <path d=\"M350 48 L350 76\" marker-end=\"url(#de)\"\/>\n <path d=\"M350 48 L350 62 L560 62 L560 76\" marker-end=\"url(#de)\"\/>\n <\/g>\n\n <rect x=\"60\" y=\"78\" width=\"160\" height=\"30\" rx=\"6\" fill=\"#eef4fc\" stroke=\"#1f5fa9\" stroke-width=\"1.8\"\/>\n <text x=\"140\" y=\"92\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">NCERT<\/text>\n <text x=\"140\" y=\"103\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7\" fill=\"#5a6d80\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">school education \u00b7 CIET<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"270\" y=\"78\" width=\"160\" height=\"30\" rx=\"6\" fill=\"#eefbf7\" stroke=\"#0d8f79\" stroke-width=\"1.8\"\/>\n <text x=\"350\" y=\"92\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#0d8f79\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">NDEAR<\/text>\n <text x=\"350\" y=\"103\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7\" fill=\"#5a6d80\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">the architecture, 2021<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"480\" y=\"78\" width=\"160\" height=\"30\" rx=\"6\" fill=\"#faf6ff\" stroke=\"#6b3a8f\" stroke-width=\"1.8\"\/>\n <text x=\"560\" y=\"92\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#6b3a8f\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">UGC \u00b7 AICTE \u00b7 IGNOU<\/text>\n <text x=\"560\" y=\"103\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7\" fill=\"#5a6d80\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">higher education<\/text>\n\n <g stroke=\"#8a95a3\" stroke-width=\"1.2\" fill=\"none\">\n <path d=\"M140 108 L140 122 L84 122 L84 138\" marker-end=\"url(#de)\"\/>\n <path d=\"M140 108 L140 122 L200 122 L200 138\" marker-end=\"url(#de)\"\/>\n <path d=\"M560 108 L560 122 L500 122 L500 138\" marker-end=\"url(#de)\"\/>\n <path d=\"M560 108 L560 122 L616 122 L616 138\" marker-end=\"url(#de)\"\/>\n <\/g>\n <path d=\"M350 108 L350 250\" stroke=\"#0d8f79\" stroke-width=\"1.6\" stroke-dasharray=\"5 4\" fill=\"none\"\/>\n <text x=\"358\" y=\"180\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#0d8f79\" font-style=\"italic\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">the common framework<\/text>\n <text x=\"358\" y=\"191\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#0d8f79\" font-style=\"italic\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">beneath all of them<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"20\" y=\"140\" width=\"128\" height=\"54\" rx=\"6\" fill=\"#fff\" stroke=\"#c9760f\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\n <text x=\"84\" y=\"158\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#c9760f\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">DIKSHA<\/text>\n <text x=\"84\" y=\"171\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">school education<\/text>\n <text x=\"84\" y=\"182\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">for teachers and pupils<\/text>\n <text x=\"84\" y=\"191\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#5a6d80\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">2017<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"156\" y=\"140\" width=\"128\" height=\"54\" rx=\"6\" fill=\"#fff\" stroke=\"#c9760f\" stroke-width=\"1.4\"\/>\n <text x=\"220\" y=\"158\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#c9760f\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">e-Pathshala<\/text>\n <text x=\"220\" y=\"171\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">digital textbooks and<\/text>\n <text x=\"220\" y=\"182\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">NCERT periodicals<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"416\" y=\"140\" width=\"128\" height=\"54\" rx=\"6\" fill=\"#fff\" stroke=\"#6b3a8f\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\n <text x=\"480\" y=\"158\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#6b3a8f\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">SWAYAM<\/text>\n <text x=\"480\" y=\"171\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">MOOCs, class 9 to<\/text>\n <text x=\"480\" y=\"182\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">post-graduation<\/text>\n <text x=\"480\" y=\"191\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#5a6d80\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">2017<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"552\" y=\"140\" width=\"128\" height=\"54\" rx=\"6\" fill=\"#fff\" stroke=\"#6b3a8f\" stroke-width=\"1.4\"\/>\n <text x=\"616\" y=\"158\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#6b3a8f\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">SWAYAM PRABHA<\/text>\n <text x=\"616\" y=\"171\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">DTH television<\/text>\n <text x=\"616\" y=\"182\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">channels, 24 \u00d7 7<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"20\" y=\"210\" width=\"264\" height=\"48\" rx=\"6\" fill=\"#f7fbff\" stroke=\"#c3d2e2\" stroke-width=\"1.2\"\/>\n <text x=\"34\" y=\"226\" font-size=\"8.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#14243f\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">ALSO UNDER NCERT<\/text>\n <text x=\"34\" y=\"240\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">NROER \u2014 repository of open resources, 2013<\/text>\n <text x=\"34\" y=\"252\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">NISHTHA \u2014 teacher training, delivered on DIKSHA<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"416\" y=\"210\" width=\"264\" height=\"48\" rx=\"6\" fill=\"#f7fbff\" stroke=\"#c3d2e2\" stroke-width=\"1.2\"\/>\n <text x=\"430\" y=\"226\" font-size=\"8.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#14243f\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">ALSO IN HIGHER EDUCATION<\/text>\n <text x=\"430\" y=\"240\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">NPTEL \u2014 IITs and IISc, engineering and science<\/text>\n <text x=\"430\" y=\"252\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">NDLI \u2014 National Digital Library, IIT Kharagpur<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"20\" y=\"270\" width=\"660\" height=\"36\" rx=\"6\" fill=\"#fffbf0\" stroke=\"#c9760f\" stroke-width=\"1.2\"\/>\n <text x=\"34\" y=\"284\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#8f5409\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\"><tspan font-weight=\"700\">PM e-VIDYA (2020)<\/tspan> is not a platform but an umbrella programme that ties DIKSHA, television, radio<\/text>\n <text x=\"34\" y=\"297\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#8f5409\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">and accessible content into a single multi-modal scheme.<\/text>\n <\/svg>\n The distinction most often confused: NDEAR is an architecture, PM e-VIDYA is a programme, and DIKSHA and SWAYAM are the platforms people actually use.<\/strong><\/span>\u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092d\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u092d\u0947\u0926: NDEAR \u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0936\u093f\u0932\u094d\u092a \u0939\u0948, \u092a\u0940\u090f\u092e \u0908-\u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0926\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u0935\u0947 \u092e\u0902\u091a \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u091c\u093f\u0928\u0915\u093e \u0932\u094b\u0917 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924\u0903 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n\n <table class=\"data-table\">\n <thead>\n <tr>\n <th>Aspect<\/span>\u092a\u0915\u094d\u0937<\/span><\/th>\n <th>Detail<\/span>\u0935\u093f\u0935\u0930\u0923<\/span><\/th>\n <\/tr>\n <\/thead>\n <tbody>\n <tr><td>Full form<\/span>\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0930\u0942\u092a<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>D<\/strong>igital I<\/strong>nfrastructure for K<\/strong>nowledge Sha<\/strong>ring.<\/span>\u0921\u093f<\/strong>\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u0907\u0928\u094d\u092b\u093c\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0938\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u091a\u0930 \u092b\u093c\u0949\u0930 \u0915<\/strong>\u0928\u0949\u0932\u0947\u091c \u0936\u093e<\/strong>\u0930\u093f\u0902\u0917\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr style=\"background:#f3f8ff;\"><td>Launched<\/span>\u0906\u0930\u0902\u092d<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>5 September 2017<\/strong> \u2014 Teachers' Day \u2014 by the Ministry of Education. Originally conceived as a national digital infrastructure for teachers<\/strong>, it was later opened to pupils and parents as well.<\/span>5 \u0938\u093f\u0924\u0902\u092c\u0930 2017<\/strong> \u2014 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0926\u093f\u0935\u0938 \u2014 \u0915\u094b \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u092e\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e\u0964 \u092e\u0942\u0932\u0924\u0903 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941<\/strong> \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0905\u0902\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0905\u0935\u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a\u093f\u0924, \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092f\u0939 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u092d\u0940 \u0916\u094b\u0932 \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>Managed by<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0928<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>NCERT<\/strong>, through its constituent unit CIET<\/strong> \u2014 the Central Institute of Educational Technology. Built on the open-source Sunbird<\/strong> platform.<\/span>NCERT<\/strong> \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e, \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u0918\u091f\u0915 \u0907\u0915\u093e\u0908 CIET<\/strong> \u2014 \u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0936\u0948\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928 \u2014 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0947\u0964 \u0913\u092a\u0928-\u0938\u094b\u0930\u094d\u0938 \u0938\u0928\u092c\u0930\u094d\u0921<\/strong> \u092e\u0902\u091a \u092a\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0924\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr style=\"background:#f3f8ff;\"><td>The QR-coded textbook<\/span>QR-\u0915\u0942\u091f\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u092a\u0941\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0915<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>The feature most worth knowing. Textbooks carry QR codes printed on the page<\/strong>; scanning one with the DIKSHA app opens the video, animation or practice set for that exact topic. Such a book is called an Energised Textbook (ETB)<\/strong>, and it joins the printed and the digital without requiring either to replace the other.<\/span>\u091c\u093e\u0928\u0928\u0947 \u092f\u094b\u0917\u094d\u092f \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0938\u0941\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093e\u0964 \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u092a\u0941\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u092a\u0930 \u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 QR \u0915\u0942\u091f<\/strong> \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902; \u0926\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0910\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u0915\u0948\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u0920\u0940\u0915 \u0909\u0938\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u0940\u0921\u093f\u092f\u094b, \u091a\u0947\u0924\u0928\u093e\u0902\u0915\u0928 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0905\u092d\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938-\u0938\u092e\u0941\u091a\u094d\u091a\u092f \u0916\u0941\u0932 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0910\u0938\u0940 \u092a\u0941\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0915 \u090a\u0930\u094d\u091c\u0940\u0915\u0943\u0924 \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u092a\u0941\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0915 (ETB)<\/strong> \u0915\u0939\u0932\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u0939 \u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0905\u0902\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0915\u094b \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u090f\u0915-\u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c \u0926\u0947\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>Languages<\/span>\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e\u090f\u0901<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>Content is available in more than thirty Indian languages<\/strong>, which is what makes a national platform usable in a state classroom.<\/span>\u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0924\u0940\u0938 \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e\u0913\u0902<\/strong> \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u092a\u0932\u092c\u094d\u0927 \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u092f\u0939\u0940 \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u092e\u0902\u091a \u0915\u094b \u0930\u093e\u091c\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917-\u092f\u094b\u0917\u094d\u092f \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>What it carries<\/span>\u0907\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>Lesson content and explainer videos; teacher training courses including NISHTHA<\/strong>; question banks and practice; state-specific material uploaded by each state; and Vidyadaan<\/strong>, through which teachers contribute content of their own.<\/span>\u092a\u093e\u0920-\u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e-\u0935\u0940\u0921\u093f\u092f\u094b; \u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0920\u093e<\/strong> \u0938\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e; \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928-\u092c\u0948\u0902\u0915 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0905\u092d\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938; \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0930\u093e\u091c\u094d\u092f \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u091a\u0922\u093c\u093e\u0908 \u0917\u0908 \u0930\u093e\u091c\u094d\u092f-\u0935\u093f\u0936\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940; \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0926\u093e\u0928<\/strong>, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0940 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u092f\u094b\u0917\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>Its place in policy<\/span>\u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>Designated the \"One Nation, One Digital Platform\"<\/strong> for school education under PM e-VIDYA<\/strong>, and one of the building blocks of NDEAR<\/strong>.<\/span>\u092a\u0940\u090f\u092e \u0908-\u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e<\/strong> \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u0940\u0928 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f\u0940 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \"\u090f\u0915 \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930, \u090f\u0915 \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u092e\u0902\u091a\"<\/strong> \u0928\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0924, \u0924\u0925\u093e NDEAR<\/strong> \u0915\u0947 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930-\u0916\u0902\u0921\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u090f\u0915\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <\/tbody>\n <\/table>\n\n <hr class=\"section-divider\">\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d9-3\">\n 9.3<\/span>\n <h3>SWAYAM, SWAYAM PRABHA and NPTEL<\/span>\u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902, \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 NPTEL<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n <svg class=\"full-diagram\" viewBox=\"0 0 700 250\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"The four quadrants of every SWAYAM course\">\n <text x=\"350\" y=\"20\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"11\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#14243f\" letter-spacing=\".8\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">THE FOUR QUADRANTS OF EVERY SWAYAM COURSE<\/text>\n <text x=\"350\" y=\"36\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#5a6d80\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">A course is not accepted on the platform unless all four are present.<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"86\" y=\"48\" width=\"252\" height=\"88\" rx=\"8\" fill=\"#eef4fc\" stroke=\"#1f5fa9\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\n <circle cx=\"112\" cy=\"74\" r=\"13\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\"\/>\n <text x=\"112\" y=\"79\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"11\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">1<\/text>\n <text x=\"136\" y=\"72\" font-size=\"11\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">VIDEO LECTURE<\/text>\n <text x=\"136\" y=\"86\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">The recorded teaching itself, delivered by<\/text>\n <text x=\"136\" y=\"98\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">a faculty member of a recognised institution.<\/text>\n <text x=\"112\" y=\"120\" font-size=\"20\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">\ud83c\udfac<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"350\" y=\"48\" width=\"252\" height=\"88\" rx=\"8\" fill=\"#eefbf7\" stroke=\"#0d8f79\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\n <circle cx=\"376\" cy=\"74\" r=\"13\" fill=\"#0d8f79\"\/>\n <text x=\"376\" y=\"79\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"11\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">2<\/text>\n <text x=\"400\" y=\"72\" font-size=\"11\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#0d8f79\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">READING MATERIAL<\/text>\n <text x=\"400\" y=\"86\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Text that can be downloaded, printed and<\/text>\n <text x=\"400\" y=\"98\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">read without a connection.<\/text>\n <text x=\"376\" y=\"120\" font-size=\"20\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">\ud83d\udcd6<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"86\" y=\"146\" width=\"252\" height=\"88\" rx=\"8\" fill=\"#fffbf0\" stroke=\"#c9760f\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\n <circle cx=\"112\" cy=\"172\" r=\"13\" fill=\"#c9760f\"\/>\n <text x=\"112\" y=\"177\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"11\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">3<\/text>\n <text x=\"136\" y=\"170\" font-size=\"11\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#c9760f\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">SELF-ASSESSMENT<\/text>\n <text x=\"136\" y=\"184\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Tests and quizzes through which the learner<\/text>\n <text x=\"136\" y=\"196\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">checks understanding as the course proceeds.<\/text>\n <text x=\"112\" y=\"218\" font-size=\"20\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">\u2713<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"350\" y=\"146\" width=\"252\" height=\"88\" rx=\"8\" fill=\"#faf6ff\" stroke=\"#6b3a8f\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\n <circle cx=\"376\" cy=\"172\" r=\"13\" fill=\"#6b3a8f\"\/>\n <text x=\"376\" y=\"177\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"11\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">4<\/text>\n <text x=\"400\" y=\"170\" font-size=\"11\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#6b3a8f\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">DISCUSSION FORUM<\/text>\n <text x=\"400\" y=\"184\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">An online forum for clearing doubts, which<\/text>\n <text x=\"400\" y=\"196\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">supplies the interaction a recording cannot.<\/text>\n <text x=\"376\" y=\"218\" font-size=\"20\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">\ud83d\udcac<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"20\" y=\"48\" width=\"58\" height=\"186\" rx=\"7\" fill=\"#14243f\"\/>\n <text x=\"49\" y=\"141\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#fff\" transform=\"rotate(-90 49 141)\" letter-spacing=\"1.5\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">SWAYAM<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"612\" y=\"48\" width=\"66\" height=\"186\" rx=\"7\" fill=\"#f7fbff\" stroke=\"#c3d2e2\" stroke-width=\"1.2\"\/>\n <text x=\"645\" y=\"72\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#14243f\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">FREE<\/text>\n <text x=\"645\" y=\"86\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#5a6d80\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">to study<\/text>\n <line x1=\"622\" y1=\"98\" x2=\"668\" y2=\"98\" stroke=\"#dbe4ee\"\/>\n <text x=\"645\" y=\"116\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#14243f\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">FEE<\/text>\n <text x=\"645\" y=\"130\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#5a6d80\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">only for the<\/text>\n <text x=\"645\" y=\"141\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#5a6d80\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">proctored<\/text>\n <text x=\"645\" y=\"152\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#5a6d80\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">examination<\/text>\n <line x1=\"622\" y1=\"164\" x2=\"668\" y2=\"164\" stroke=\"#dbe4ee\"\/>\n <text x=\"645\" y=\"182\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#14243f\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">CREDIT<\/text>\n <text x=\"645\" y=\"196\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#5a6d80\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">transferable<\/text>\n <text x=\"645\" y=\"207\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#5a6d80\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">to a degree<\/text>\n <text x=\"645\" y=\"222\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#5a6d80\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">under UGC<\/text>\n <text x=\"645\" y=\"232\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#5a6d80\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">regulations<\/text>\n <\/svg>\n\n <table class=\"data-table\">\n <thead>\n <tr>\n <th>Platform<\/span>\u092e\u0902\u091a<\/span><\/th>\n <th>What to know<\/span>\u091c\u093e\u0928\u0928\u0947 \u092f\u094b\u0917\u094d\u092f \u092c\u093e\u0924\u0947\u0902<\/span><\/th>\n <\/tr>\n <\/thead>\n <tbody>\n <tr>\n <td>SWAYAM<\/strong><\/td>\n <td>S<\/strong>tudy W<\/strong>ebs of A<\/strong>ctive-learning for Y<\/strong>oung A<\/strong>spiring M<\/strong>inds. Launched 9 July 2017<\/strong>. India's national MOOC<\/strong> \u2014 Massive Open Online Course \u2014 platform, covering class 9 to post-graduation<\/strong>. Courses are free to study; a fee is charged only for the proctored examination<\/strong> that leads to a certificate, and credits earned may be transferred to a degree. Nine national coordinators<\/strong> commission the courses, among them NCERT and NIOS for school education, UGC and CEC for undergraduate, AICTE and NPTEL for technical, IGNOU for out-of-school learners and IIM Bangalore for management<\/strong>.<\/span>S<\/strong>tudy W<\/strong>ebs of A<\/strong>ctive-learning for Y<\/strong>oung A<\/strong>spiring M<\/strong>inds\u0964 9 \u091c\u0941\u0932\u093e\u0908 2017<\/strong> \u0915\u094b \u0906\u0930\u0902\u092d\u0964 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u0915\u093e \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f MOOC<\/strong> \u2014 \u0935\u0943\u0939\u0924\u094d \u092e\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0911\u0928\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u2014 \u092e\u0902\u091a, \u091c\u094b \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e 9 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0928\u093e\u0924\u0915\u094b\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0924\u0915<\/strong> \u0906\u0935\u0943\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u092a\u0922\u093c\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0928\u093f:\u0936\u0941\u0932\u094d\u0915 \u0939\u0948\u0902; \u0936\u0941\u0932\u094d\u0915 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0909\u0938 \u092a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e<\/strong> \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0932\u0917\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0905\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0921\u093f\u091f \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0909\u092a\u093e\u0927\u093f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u090f \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0928\u094c \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0938\u092e\u0928\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0915<\/strong> \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u0924\u0948\u092f\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0930\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u091c\u093f\u0928\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f\u0940 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 NCERT \u090f\u0935\u0902 NIOS, \u0938\u094d\u0928\u093e\u0924\u0915 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 UGC \u090f\u0935\u0902 CEC, \u0924\u0915\u0928\u0940\u0915\u0940 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 AICTE \u090f\u0935\u0902 NPTEL, \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f-\u092c\u093e\u0939\u094d\u092f \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0907\u0917\u094d\u0928\u0942 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0928 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 IIM \u092c\u0947\u0902\u0917\u0932\u0941\u0930\u0941<\/strong> \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr style=\"background:#f3f8ff;\">\n <td>SWAYAM PRABHA<\/strong><\/td>\n <td>A group of DTH television channels broadcasting educational content 24 hours a day, seven days a week<\/strong>, carried on the GSAT-15<\/strong> satellite. Fresh content is telecast for four hours daily and repeated five times<\/strong> so that a learner may choose a convenient hour. Its importance is that it reaches homes with a television but without a reliable internet connection<\/strong> \u2014 the precise gap that online-only delivery leaves open.<\/span>DTH \u091f\u0947\u0932\u0940\u0935\u093f\u091c\u093c\u0928 \u091a\u0948\u0928\u0932\u094b\u0902<\/strong> \u0915\u093e \u0938\u092e\u0942\u0939 \u091c\u094b \u0926\u093f\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u091a\u094c\u092c\u0940\u0938\u094b\u0902 \u0918\u0902\u091f\u0947, \u0938\u092a\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0939 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0924\u094b\u0902 \u0926\u093f\u0928 \u0936\u0948\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924<\/strong> \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 GSAT-15<\/strong> \u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939 \u092a\u0930 \u0935\u093e\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0928\u0908 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0926\u093f\u0928 \u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0918\u0902\u091f\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0915\u0930 \u092a\u093e\u0901\u091a \u092c\u093e\u0930 \u0926\u094b\u0939\u0930\u093e\u0908<\/strong> \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0924\u093e\u0915\u093f \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0938\u0941\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093e\u091c\u0928\u0915 \u0938\u092e\u092f \u091a\u0941\u0928 \u0938\u0915\u0947\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u093e \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u092f\u0939 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u092f\u0939 \u0909\u0928 \u0918\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0924\u0915 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u091f\u0947\u0932\u0940\u0935\u093f\u091c\u093c\u0928 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0941 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0935\u0938\u0928\u0940\u092f \u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u0928\u0947\u091f \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902<\/strong> \u2014 \u0920\u0940\u0915 \u0935\u0939\u0940 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093e\u0932 \u091c\u094b \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932-\u0911\u0928\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u0906\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0916\u0941\u0932\u093e \u091b\u094b\u0921\u093c \u0926\u0947\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td>NPTEL<\/strong><\/td>\n <td>National Programme on Technology Enhanced Learning<\/strong> \u2014 a joint venture of the IITs and IISc Bangalore<\/strong>, providing courses chiefly in engineering, science and management. It is one of SWAYAM's national coordinators and predates it.<\/span>\u0928\u0947\u0936\u0928\u0932 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e \u0911\u0928 \u091f\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0928\u094b\u0932\u0949\u091c\u0940 \u090f\u0928\u094d\u0939\u093e\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0921 \u0932\u0930\u094d\u0928\u093f\u0902\u0917<\/strong> \u2014 IIT \u090f\u0935\u0902 IISc \u092c\u0947\u0902\u0917\u0932\u0941\u0930\u0941<\/strong> \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0902\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e, \u091c\u094b \u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f\u0924\u0903 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0915\u0940, \u0935\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0938\u092e\u0928\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u090f\u0915 \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <\/tbody>\n <\/table>\n\n <hr class=\"section-divider\">\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d9-4\">\n 9.4<\/span>\n <h3>PM e-VIDYA and the Multi-Modal Approach<\/span>\u092a\u0940\u090f\u092e \u0908-\u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092c\u0939\u0941-\u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0909\u092a\u093e\u0917\u092e<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n <svg class=\"full-diagram\" viewBox=\"0 0 700 268\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"The five components of PM e-VIDYA\">\n <rect x=\"20\" y=\"14\" width=\"660\" height=\"40\" rx=\"8\" fill=\"#14243f\"\/>\n <text x=\"350\" y=\"33\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"12\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#fff\" letter-spacing=\".8\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">PM e-VIDYA \u00b7 announced 17 May 2020<\/text>\n <text x=\"350\" y=\"47\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#c9daf0\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Part of the Atmanirbhar Bharat package \u2014 multi-modal access so that no child is excluded by the medium<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"20\" y=\"66\" width=\"126\" height=\"130\" rx=\"7\" fill=\"#eef4fc\" stroke=\"#1f5fa9\" stroke-width=\"1.8\"\/>\n <circle cx=\"83\" cy=\"90\" r=\"14\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\"\/><text x=\"83\" y=\"95\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"11\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">1<\/text>\n <text x=\"83\" y=\"118\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"20\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">\ud83d\udcbb<\/text>\n <text x=\"83\" y=\"140\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">DIKSHA<\/text>\n <text x=\"83\" y=\"156\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">One Nation,<\/text>\n <text x=\"83\" y=\"167\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">One Digital Platform<\/text>\n <text x=\"83\" y=\"184\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7\" fill=\"#5a6d80\" font-style=\"italic\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">for those with internet<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"154\" y=\"66\" width=\"126\" height=\"130\" rx=\"7\" fill=\"#eefbf7\" stroke=\"#0d8f79\" stroke-width=\"1.8\"\/>\n <circle cx=\"217\" cy=\"90\" r=\"14\" fill=\"#0d8f79\"\/><text x=\"217\" y=\"95\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"11\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">2<\/text>\n <text x=\"217\" y=\"118\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"20\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">\ud83d\udcfa<\/text>\n <text x=\"217\" y=\"140\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#0d8f79\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">TELEVISION<\/text>\n <text x=\"217\" y=\"156\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">One Class,<\/text>\n <text x=\"217\" y=\"167\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">One TV Channel<\/text>\n <text x=\"217\" y=\"184\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7\" fill=\"#5a6d80\" font-style=\"italic\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">SWAYAM PRABHA<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"288\" y=\"66\" width=\"126\" height=\"130\" rx=\"7\" fill=\"#fffbf0\" stroke=\"#c9760f\" stroke-width=\"1.8\"\/>\n <circle cx=\"351\" cy=\"90\" r=\"14\" fill=\"#c9760f\"\/><text x=\"351\" y=\"95\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"11\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">3<\/text>\n <text x=\"351\" y=\"118\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"20\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">\ud83d\udcfb<\/text>\n <text x=\"351\" y=\"140\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#c9760f\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">RADIO<\/text>\n <text x=\"351\" y=\"156\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Community radio<\/text>\n <text x=\"351\" y=\"167\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">and podcast<\/text>\n <text x=\"351\" y=\"184\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7\" fill=\"#5a6d80\" font-style=\"italic\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">CBSE Shiksha Vani<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"422\" y=\"66\" width=\"126\" height=\"130\" rx=\"7\" fill=\"#faf6ff\" stroke=\"#6b3a8f\" stroke-width=\"1.8\"\/>\n <circle cx=\"485\" cy=\"90\" r=\"14\" fill=\"#6b3a8f\"\/><text x=\"485\" y=\"95\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"11\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">4<\/text>\n <text x=\"485\" y=\"118\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"20\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">\u267f<\/text>\n <text x=\"485\" y=\"140\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#6b3a8f\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">ACCESSIBLE<\/text>\n <text x=\"485\" y=\"156\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">For the visually and<\/text>\n <text x=\"485\" y=\"167\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">hearing impaired<\/text>\n <text x=\"485\" y=\"184\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7\" fill=\"#5a6d80\" font-style=\"italic\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">DAISY \u00b7 sign language<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"556\" y=\"66\" width=\"124\" height=\"130\" rx=\"7\" fill=\"#fdf0f5\" stroke=\"#8e2f5a\" stroke-width=\"1.8\"\/>\n <circle cx=\"618\" cy=\"90\" r=\"14\" fill=\"#8e2f5a\"\/><text x=\"618\" y=\"95\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"11\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">5<\/text>\n <text x=\"618\" y=\"118\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"20\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">\ud83c\udf93<\/text>\n <text x=\"618\" y=\"140\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#8e2f5a\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">ONLINE DEGREES<\/text>\n <text x=\"618\" y=\"156\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Top-ranked<\/text>\n <text x=\"618\" y=\"167\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">universities permitted<\/text>\n <text x=\"618\" y=\"184\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7\" fill=\"#5a6d80\" font-style=\"italic\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">to teach online<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"20\" y=\"208\" width=\"660\" height=\"50\" rx=\"7\" fill=\"#f7fbff\" stroke=\"#c3d2e2\" stroke-width=\"1.3\"\/>\n <text x=\"34\" y=\"226\" font-size=\"9\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#14243f\" letter-spacing=\".5\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">WHY FIVE MODES AND NOT ONE<\/text>\n <text x=\"34\" y=\"241\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">A household may have a smartphone, or only a television, or only a radio, or a child who can use none of the three unaided. A scheme that<\/text>\n <text x=\"34\" y=\"253\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">delivers by one medium alone reaches the best-served children and misses the rest \u2014 which is the digital divide operating in practice.<\/text>\n <\/svg>\n The fourth component is the one most often omitted in an answer, and it is the one that matters most to a child who cannot see the screen.<\/span>\u091a\u094c\u0925\u093e \u0918\u091f\u0915 \u0935\u0939\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092c\u093e\u0930 \u091b\u0942\u091f \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u0939\u0940 \u0909\u0938 \u092c\u093e\u0932\u0915 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u092a\u0930\u094d\u0926\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0916 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n\n <hr class=\"section-divider\">\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d9-5\">\n 9.5<\/span>\n <h3>e-Pathshala, NROER, NDEAR and Repositories<\/span>\u0908-\u092a\u093e\u0920\u0936\u093e\u0932\u093e, NROER, NDEAR \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092d\u0902\u0921\u093e\u0930<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n <table class=\"data-table\">\n <thead>\n <tr>\n <th>Initiative<\/span>\u092a\u0939\u0932<\/span><\/th>\n <th>What it is<\/span>\u092f\u0939 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/th>\n <\/tr>\n <\/thead>\n <tbody>\n <tr>\n <td>e-Pathshala<\/span>\u0908-\u092a\u093e\u0920\u0936\u093e\u0932\u093e<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n <td>A joint initiative of the Ministry of Education and NCERT<\/strong> giving free access to NCERT textbooks, audio, video, periodicals and other print material<\/strong>, through a web portal and a mobile application in Hindi, English and Urdu. Its practical value is that a pupil who has lost a textbook can open the same book on a phone the same evening.<\/span>\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u092e\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0932\u092f \u090f\u0935\u0902 NCERT<\/strong> \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u092a\u0939\u0932, \u091c\u094b \u0935\u0947\u092c \u092a\u094b\u0930\u094d\u091f\u0932 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0939\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0940, \u0905\u0902\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0947\u091c\u093c\u0940 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0909\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0942 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u094b\u092c\u093e\u0907\u0932 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e NCERT \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u092a\u0941\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0915\u094b\u0902, \u0936\u094d\u0930\u0935\u094d\u092f, \u0926\u0943\u0936\u094d\u092f, \u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f \u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940<\/strong> \u0924\u0915 \u0928\u093f:\u0936\u0941\u0932\u094d\u0915 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a \u0926\u0947\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u092e\u0942\u0932\u094d\u092f \u092f\u0939 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u091c\u093f\u0938 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u092a\u0941\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0915 \u0916\u094b \u0917\u0908 \u0939\u094b \u0935\u0939 \u0909\u0938\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e \u092b\u093c\u094b\u0928 \u092a\u0930 \u0935\u0939\u0940 \u092a\u0941\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0915 \u0916\u094b\u0932 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td>NROER<\/strong><\/td>\n <td>National Repository of Open Educational Resources<\/strong>, launched in 2013<\/strong> and maintained by CIET-NCERT<\/strong>. It holds images, audio, video, documents and interactive material, contributed by institutions and by teachers, and released for free use and adaptation.<\/span>\u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u092e\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0936\u0948\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u093e\u0927\u0928 \u092d\u0902\u0921\u093e\u0930<\/strong>, \u091c\u094b 2013<\/strong> \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0906\u0930\u0902\u092d \u0939\u0941\u0906 \u0914\u0930 CIET-NCERT<\/strong> \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u092f\u094b\u0917\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u0917\u0908 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092c\u093f\u0902\u092c, \u0936\u094d\u0930\u0935\u094d\u092f, \u0926\u0943\u0936\u094d\u092f, \u0926\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0947\u091c\u093c \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0903\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u094b \u0928\u093f:\u0936\u0941\u0932\u094d\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0915\u0942\u0932\u0928 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u091c\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr style=\"background:#f3f8ff;\">\n <td>NDEAR<\/strong><\/td>\n <td>National Digital Education Architecture<\/strong>, announced in 2021<\/strong>. The point most often missed is that NDEAR is not a platform, an application or a website<\/strong>. It is a framework of standards and building blocks<\/strong> \u2014 for identity, registries, content and assessment \u2014 designed so that systems built separately by the Centre, the states and private bodies can talk to one another<\/strong>. A state's own portal and DIKSHA can exchange data because both are built to it.<\/span>\u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0936\u093f\u0932\u094d\u092a<\/strong>, \u091c\u094b 2021<\/strong> \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0918\u094b\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0941\u0906\u0964 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u091b\u0942\u091f\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e \u092c\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0941 \u092f\u0939 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f NDEAR \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u092e\u0902\u091a, \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0935\u0947\u092c\u0938\u093e\u0907\u091f \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u0948<\/strong>\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930-\u0916\u0902\u0921\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0922\u093e\u0901\u091a\u093e<\/strong> \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u092a\u0939\u091a\u093e\u0928, \u092a\u0902\u091c\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0913\u0902, \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0906\u0915\u0932\u0928 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u2014 \u091c\u094b \u0907\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930, \u0930\u093e\u091c\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0928\u093f\u091c\u0940 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u093e\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u092a\u0943\u0925\u0915 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0928\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u092a\u0930\u0938\u094d\u092a\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u0935\u093e\u0926 \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0947\u0902<\/strong>\u0964 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0930\u093e\u091c\u094d\u092f \u0915\u093e \u0905\u092a\u0928\u093e \u092a\u094b\u0930\u094d\u091f\u0932 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0926\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u0907\u0938\u0940\u0932\u093f\u090f \u0906\u0926\u093e\u0928-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0930 \u092a\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0915\u093f \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0907\u0938\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u093e\u0930 \u092c\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td>NDLI<\/strong><\/td>\n <td>National Digital Library of India<\/strong>, developed by IIT Kharagpur<\/strong> \u2014 a single search window over crores of academic items across languages and disciplines, from school level upward.<\/span>\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u092a\u0941\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0915\u093e\u0932\u092f<\/strong>, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 IIT \u0916\u0921\u093c\u0917\u092a\u0941\u0930<\/strong> \u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0938\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u2014 \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092b\u0948\u0932\u0940 \u0915\u0930\u094b\u0921\u093c\u094b\u0902 \u0936\u0948\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u090f\u0915 \u0939\u0940 \u0916\u094b\u091c-\u0916\u093f\u0921\u093c\u0915\u0940, \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f-\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0938\u0947 \u090a\u092a\u0930 \u0924\u0915\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td>Virtual labs and OLabs<\/span>\u0906\u092d\u093e\u0938\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0936\u093e\u0932\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u090f\u0935\u0902 OLabs<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n <td>Simulated science laboratories in which an experiment can be performed on screen. Of real use where apparatus is scarce, a reagent is hazardous, or an experiment must be repeated more often than materials allow \u2014 though a simulation is a supplement to the laboratory bench and not a replacement for it.<\/span>\u0905\u0928\u0941\u0930\u0942\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0935\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0936\u093e\u0932\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u091c\u093f\u0928\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u092a\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0935\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0940 \u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0905\u0932\u094d\u092a \u0939\u094b\u0902, \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0915\u0930\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u091f\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0939\u094b, \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092e\u0924\u093f \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092c\u093e\u0930 \u0926\u094b\u0939\u0930\u093e\u0928\u093e \u0939\u094b \u2014 \u092f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u092a\u093f \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0930\u0942\u092a\u0923 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0936\u093e\u0932\u093e-\u092e\u0947\u091c\u093c \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u0942\u0930\u0915 \u0939\u0948, \u0909\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u093e\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td>PRAGYATA<\/strong><\/td>\n <td>The guidelines on digital education<\/strong> issued by the Ministry of Education in 2020<\/strong>, prescribing among other things recommended limits on screen time by stage<\/strong> \u2014 shorter for the youngest children \u2014 and the balance to be kept between synchronous and asynchronous work.<\/span>\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u092e\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e 2020<\/strong> \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091c\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0940 \u0926\u093f\u0936\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936<\/strong>, \u091c\u094b \u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f \u092c\u093e\u0924\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u0930\u094d\u0926\u093e-\u0938\u092e\u092f \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0936\u0902\u0938\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e\u090f\u0901<\/strong> \u2014 \u091b\u094b\u091f\u0947 \u092c\u091a\u094d\u091a\u094b\u0902 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u092e \u2014 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0924\u0941\u0932\u094d\u092f\u0915\u093e\u0932\u093f\u0915 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0905\u0924\u0941\u0932\u094d\u092f\u0915\u093e\u0932\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u0930\u0916\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e \u0938\u0902\u0924\u0941\u0932\u0928 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td>Manodarpan<\/strong><\/td>\n <td>The initiative for psychosocial support to students, teachers and families<\/strong>, begun alongside the shift to online learning, providing counselling through a helpline and a directory of counsellors.<\/span>\u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902, \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u092e\u0928\u094b\u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u091c\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0939\u093e\u092f\u0924\u093e<\/strong> \u0926\u0947\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0939\u0932, \u091c\u094b \u0911\u0928\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e \u0915\u0940 \u0913\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0906\u0930\u0902\u092d \u0939\u0941\u0908, \u0914\u0930 \u0939\u0947\u0932\u094d\u092a\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092a\u0930\u093e\u092e\u0930\u094d\u0936\u0926\u093e\u0924\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u092a\u0930\u093e\u092e\u0930\u094d\u0936 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <\/tbody>\n <\/table>\n\n <div class=\"exam-tip\">\n <div class=\"et-icon\">\ud83e\udded<\/div>\n <div class=\"et-body\">\n Three things called by similar names, and how to keep them apart.<\/strong> NDEAR<\/strong> is an architecture<\/em> \u2014 a set of standards that other things are built to. PM e-VIDYA<\/strong> is a programme<\/em> \u2014 an umbrella of five delivery modes. DIKSHA<\/strong> is a platform<\/em> \u2014 an actual portal and application that a teacher opens. A question that describes \"a unified national framework enabling interoperability\" is answered by NDEAR; one that describes \"a multi-mode scheme including television and radio\" is answered by PM e-VIDYA; one that mentions QR-coded textbooks is answered by DIKSHA.<\/span>\n \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0928\u093e\u092e\u094b\u0902 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0924\u0940\u0928 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u090f\u0901, \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0932\u0917 \u0915\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0930\u0916\u0947\u0902\u0964<\/strong> NDEAR<\/strong> \u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0936\u093f\u0932\u094d\u092a<\/em> \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u092e\u0941\u091a\u094d\u091a\u092f \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u093e\u0930 \u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u090f\u0901 \u092c\u0928\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u092a\u0940\u090f\u092e \u0908-\u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e<\/strong> \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e<\/em> \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u092a\u093e\u0901\u091a \u0906\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093f-\u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u091b\u093e\u0924\u093e\u0964 \u0926\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e<\/strong> \u092e\u0902\u091a<\/em> \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094b\u0930\u094d\u091f\u0932 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0916\u094b\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u091c\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \"\u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u091a\u093e\u0932\u0928\u0940\u092f\u0924\u093e \u0938\u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e \u090f\u0915\u0940\u0915\u0943\u0924 \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0922\u093e\u0901\u091a\u093e\" \u092c\u0924\u093e\u090f \u0909\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 NDEAR \u0939\u0948; \u091c\u094b \"\u091f\u0947\u0932\u0940\u0935\u093f\u091c\u093c\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0930\u0947\u0921\u093f\u092f\u094b \u0938\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u092c\u0939\u0941-\u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928\u093e\" \u092c\u0924\u093e\u090f \u0909\u0938\u0915\u093e \u092a\u0940\u090f\u092e \u0908-\u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e; \u0914\u0930 \u091c\u094b QR-\u0915\u0942\u091f\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u092a\u0941\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u0932\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0916 \u0915\u0930\u0947 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0926\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0964<\/span>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <hr class=\"section-divider\">\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d9-6\">\n 9.6<\/span>\n <h3>Learning Management Systems<\/span>\u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"callout\">\n <div class=\"callout-label\">\ud83d\udcd8 Definition<\/span>\ud83d\udcd8 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e<\/span><\/div>\n A Learning Management System (LMS)<\/strong> is software that administers a course from end to end: it delivers content, enrols learners, sets and collects assignments, conducts assessment, records marks and tracks progress<\/strong>. What distinguishes it from a folder of shared files is that it knows who each learner is and what each has done<\/strong>.<\/span>\n \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940 (LMS)<\/strong> \u0935\u0939 \u0938\u0949\u092b\u093c\u094d\u091f\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u0915\u093e \u0906\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u092a\u093e\u0902\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u093e\u0938\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948: \u092f\u0939 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0902\u0915\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0926\u0947\u0924\u0940 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u090f\u0915\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0906\u0915\u0932\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0905\u0902\u0915 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0932\u093f\u0916\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0917\u0924\u093f \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0930\u0947\u0916\u0923 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948<\/strong>\u0964 \u0938\u093e\u091d\u093e \u092b\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0932\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092b\u093c\u094b\u0932\u094d\u0921\u0930 \u0938\u0947 \u0907\u0938\u0947 \u092f\u0939 \u092c\u093e\u0924 \u0905\u0932\u0917 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0907\u0938\u0947 \u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0924 \u0930\u0939\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0915\u094c\u0928 \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0928\u0947 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/strong>\u0964<\/span>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"feat-grid\">\n <div class=\"feat-card\">1<\/span>Content and course structure<\/span>\u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e-\u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e<\/span><\/strong>Material arranged by unit or by week, with resources released on a schedule rather than all at once.<\/span>\u0907\u0915\u093e\u0908 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0938\u092a\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0939 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u093e\u0930 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u093e\u0927\u0928 \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0924 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"feat-card\">2<\/span>Enrolment and roles<\/span>\u0928\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0902\u0915\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092d\u0942\u092e\u093f\u0915\u093e\u090f\u0901<\/span><\/strong>A roster of learners with defined roles \u2014 teacher, student, observer<\/strong> \u2014 and permissions attached to each, exactly as in \u00a77.7.<\/span>\u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0940, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u092d\u0942\u092e\u093f\u0915\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u2014 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915, \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915<\/strong> \u2014 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0938\u0947 \u091c\u0941\u0921\u093c\u0940 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092e\u0924\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u0939\u094b\u0902, \u0920\u0940\u0915 \u0935\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u00a77.7 \u092e\u0947\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"feat-card\">3<\/span>Assignments and submission<\/span>\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924\u093f<\/span><\/strong>Work set with a deadline<\/strong>, submitted online, and marked with feedback returned to the individual pupil.<\/span>\u0938\u092e\u092f-\u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e<\/strong> \u0938\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f, \u0911\u0928\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092a\u0941\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093f \u0938\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u091c\u093e\u0901\u091a\u0915\u0930 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0917\u0924 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0915\u094b \u0932\u094c\u091f\u093e\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"feat-card\">4<\/span>Gradebook<\/span>\u0905\u0902\u0915-\u092a\u0902\u091c\u0940<\/span><\/strong>A running record of every mark, from which the reports of \u00a74.9 can be produced without re-entering anything.<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0905\u0902\u0915 \u0915\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0932\u0942 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0932\u0947\u0916, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u00a74.9 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0926\u0928 \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0915\u0941\u091b \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0903 \u092d\u0930\u0947 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u090f \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"feat-card\">5<\/span>Analytics<\/span>\u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0937\u093f\u0915\u0940<\/span><\/strong>Reports showing who has not opened the material, who is falling behind, and which question the whole class answered wrongly<\/strong> \u2014 the last being the most useful single piece of information a teacher can have.<\/span>\u0935\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0926\u0928 \u091c\u094b \u092c\u0924\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u0915\u093f \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0916\u094b\u0932\u0940 \u0939\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0915\u094c\u0928 \u092a\u093f\u091b\u0921\u093c \u0930\u0939\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0915\u094c\u0928-\u0938\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0928\u0947 \u0917\u093c\u0932\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e<\/strong> \u2014 \u0907\u0928\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u093f\u092e \u0935\u0939 \u0905\u0915\u0947\u0932\u0940 \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"feat-card\">6<\/span>The common systems<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u091a\u0932\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901<\/span><\/strong>Moodle<\/strong> \u2014 free and open source, widely used by institutions that host their own; Google Classroom<\/strong> and Microsoft Teams for Education<\/strong>; and DIKSHA<\/strong>, which performs the same function for the school system nationally.<\/span>\u092e\u0942\u0921\u0932<\/strong> \u2014 \u0928\u093f:\u0936\u0941\u0932\u094d\u0915 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0913\u092a\u0928 \u0938\u094b\u0930\u094d\u0938, \u0909\u0928 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u091c\u094b \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u0939\u094b\u0938\u094d\u091f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902; \u0917\u0942\u0917\u0932 \u0915\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0938\u0930\u0942\u092e<\/strong> \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092e\u093e\u0907\u0915\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0938\u0949\u092b\u093c\u094d\u091f \u091f\u0940\u092e\u094d\u0938 \u092b\u093c\u0949\u0930 \u090f\u091c\u0941\u0915\u0947\u0936\u0928<\/strong>; \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0926\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e<\/strong>, \u091c\u094b \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f\u0940 \u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u092f\u0939\u0940 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <hr class=\"section-divider\">\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d9-7\">\n 9.7<\/span>\n <h3>Smart Classrooms and ICT Infrastructure<\/span>\u0938\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u091f \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u090f\u0935\u0902 ICT \u0905\u0935\u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n <svg class=\"full-diagram\" viewBox=\"0 0 700 282\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"The components of a smart classroom\">\n <rect x=\"20\" y=\"16\" width=\"660\" height=\"196\" rx=\"8\" fill=\"#f7f9fc\" stroke=\"#c3d2e2\" stroke-width=\"1.5\"\/>\n\n <rect x=\"196\" y=\"34\" width=\"216\" height=\"122\" rx=\"4\" fill=\"#1a2740\" stroke=\"#14243f\" stroke-width=\"2.5\"\/>\n <rect x=\"206\" y=\"44\" width=\"196\" height=\"94\" fill=\"#2f4a72\"\/>\n <text x=\"304\" y=\"82\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"11\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"Georgia, serif\">The Water Cycle<\/text>\n <g fill=\"#8ee0c8\"><circle cx=\"248\" cy=\"106\" r=\"8\"\/><circle cx=\"292\" cy=\"100\" r=\"11\"\/><circle cx=\"340\" cy=\"108\" r=\"9\"\/><\/g>\n <path d=\"M248 118 v10 M292 118 v14 M340 120 v9\" stroke=\"#7fc4e8\" stroke-width=\"1.6\"\/>\n <text x=\"304\" y=\"150\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7\" fill=\"#c9daf0\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">interactive flat panel \u2014 touch responsive<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"440\" y=\"46\" width=\"60\" height=\"34\" rx=\"4\" fill=\"#e8eaed\" stroke=\"#8a95a3\" stroke-width=\"1.4\"\/>\n <text x=\"470\" y=\"60\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#444\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">VISUALISER<\/text>\n <text x=\"470\" y=\"72\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"6.5\" fill=\"#5a6d80\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">document camera<\/text>\n <path d=\"M470 80 v14 M456 94 h28\" stroke=\"#8a95a3\" stroke-width=\"1.6\" fill=\"none\"\/>\n\n <rect x=\"440\" y=\"104\" width=\"60\" height=\"30\" rx=\"4\" fill=\"#e8eaed\" stroke=\"#8a95a3\" stroke-width=\"1.4\"\/>\n <text x=\"470\" y=\"117\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#444\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">SPEAKERS<\/text>\n <text x=\"470\" y=\"128\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"6.5\" fill=\"#5a6d80\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">+ microphone<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"520\" y=\"46\" width=\"60\" height=\"34\" rx=\"4\" fill=\"#eefbf7\" stroke=\"#0d8f79\" stroke-width=\"1.6\"\/>\n <text x=\"550\" y=\"60\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#0d8f79\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">COMPUTER<\/text>\n <text x=\"550\" y=\"72\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"6.5\" fill=\"#0a6d5c\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">+ internet<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"520\" y=\"104\" width=\"60\" height=\"30\" rx=\"4\" fill=\"#fff6f4\" stroke=\"#c0392b\" stroke-width=\"1.6\"\/>\n <text x=\"550\" y=\"117\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#c0392b\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">UPS<\/text>\n <text x=\"550\" y=\"128\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"6.5\" fill=\"#8e2318\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">power backup<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"600\" y=\"46\" width=\"62\" height=\"88\" rx=\"4\" fill=\"#fffbf0\" stroke=\"#c9760f\" stroke-width=\"1.6\"\/>\n <text x=\"631\" y=\"66\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#c9760f\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">CONTENT<\/text>\n <text x=\"631\" y=\"82\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"6.5\" fill=\"#8f5409\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">DIKSHA<\/text>\n <text x=\"631\" y=\"94\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"6.5\" fill=\"#8f5409\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">e-Pathshala<\/text>\n <text x=\"631\" y=\"106\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"6.5\" fill=\"#8f5409\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">NROER<\/text>\n <text x=\"631\" y=\"124\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"6.5\" fill=\"#8f5409\" font-style=\"italic\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">without this<\/text>\n <text x=\"631\" y=\"133\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"6.5\" fill=\"#8f5409\" font-style=\"italic\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">nothing works<\/text>\n\n <g fill=\"#c9daf0\" stroke=\"#8a95a3\" stroke-width=\"1\">\n <rect x=\"60\" y=\"60\" width=\"26\" height=\"18\" rx=\"2\"\/><rect x=\"98\" y=\"60\" width=\"26\" height=\"18\" rx=\"2\"\/><rect x=\"136\" y=\"60\" width=\"26\" height=\"18\" rx=\"2\"\/>\n <rect x=\"60\" y=\"92\" width=\"26\" height=\"18\" rx=\"2\"\/><rect x=\"98\" y=\"92\" width=\"26\" height=\"18\" rx=\"2\"\/><rect x=\"136\" y=\"92\" width=\"26\" height=\"18\" rx=\"2\"\/>\n <rect x=\"60\" y=\"124\" width=\"26\" height=\"18\" rx=\"2\"\/><rect x=\"98\" y=\"124\" width=\"26\" height=\"18\" rx=\"2\"\/><rect x=\"136\" y=\"124\" width=\"26\" height=\"18\" rx=\"2\"\/>\n <\/g>\n <text x=\"111\" y=\"160\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7\" fill=\"#5a6d80\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">pupils \u2014 seated so that all can see<\/text>\n\n <circle cx=\"304\" cy=\"180\" r=\"10\" fill=\"#c9760f\"\/>\n <text x=\"304\" y=\"184\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">T<\/text>\n <text x=\"304\" y=\"202\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#c9760f\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">the teacher \u2014 the component that decides whether the rest is used<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"20\" y=\"224\" width=\"324\" height=\"50\" rx=\"7\" fill=\"#eefbf7\" stroke=\"#0d8f79\" stroke-width=\"1.3\"\/>\n <text x=\"34\" y=\"241\" font-size=\"8.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#0a6d5c\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">WHAT MAKES IT WORK<\/text>\n <text x=\"34\" y=\"255\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Teacher training \u00b7 a named person responsible for upkeep \u00b7<\/text>\n <text x=\"34\" y=\"267\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">power backup \u00b7 a content plan mapped to the syllabus<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"356\" y=\"224\" width=\"324\" height=\"50\" rx=\"7\" fill=\"#fff6f4\" stroke=\"#c0392b\" stroke-width=\"1.3\"\/>\n <text x=\"370\" y=\"241\" font-size=\"8.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#c0392b\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">WHAT MAKES IT FAIL<\/text>\n <text x=\"370\" y=\"255\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">A panel used as a projection screen \u00b7 one dead bulb and no<\/text>\n <text x=\"370\" y=\"267\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">budget head for replacement \u00b7 a locked room \"to keep it safe\"<\/text>\n <\/svg>\n A smart classroom is a system, not a purchase. The failure mode most often seen in inspection is equipment in working order that nobody has been trained to use.<\/span>\u0938\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u091f \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u090f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0916\u093c\u0930\u0940\u0926 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0926\u093f\u0916\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u092b\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091a\u093e\u0932\u0942 \u0939\u093e\u0932\u0924 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u0935\u0947 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u091c\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u091a\u0932\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0915\u094b \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n\n <hr class=\"section-divider\">\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d9-8\">\n 9.8<\/span>\n <h3>Blended, Online and Flipped Learning<\/span>\u0938\u092e\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924, \u0911\u0928\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924\u094d\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"vs-compare\">\n <div class=\"vs-side left\">\n Mode 1<\/span>\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093e 1<\/span><\/span>\n <h5>Synchronous<\/span>\u0924\u0941\u0932\u094d\u092f\u0915\u093e\u0932\u093f\u0915<\/span><\/h5>\n <ul>\n <li>Teacher and learners are present at the same time<\/strong> \u2014 a live online class, a video conference.<\/span>\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e \u090f\u0915 \u0939\u0940 \u0938\u092e\u092f<\/strong> \u0909\u092a\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u0930\u0939\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u2014 \u0938\u091c\u0940\u0935 \u0911\u0928\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e, \u0935\u0940\u0921\u093f\u092f\u094b \u0915\u0949\u0928\u094d\u092b\u093c\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0902\u0938\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n <li>Allows immediate questions and correction; demands bandwidth and a fixed hour from everyone.<\/span>\u0924\u0924\u094d\u0915\u093e\u0932 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0941\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u092d\u0935; \u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0948\u0902\u0921\u0935\u093f\u0921\u094d\u0925 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0924 \u0938\u092e\u092f \u0915\u0940 \u092e\u093e\u0901\u0917 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"vs-mid\">VS<\/div>\n <div class=\"vs-side right\">\n Mode 2<\/span>\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093e 2<\/span><\/span>\n <h5>Asynchronous<\/span>\u0905\u0924\u0941\u0932\u094d\u092f\u0915\u093e\u0932\u093f\u0915<\/span><\/h5>\n <ul>\n <li>Learners work at a time of their own choosing<\/strong> \u2014 a recorded lesson, a reading, an assignment with a deadline.<\/span>\u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u091a\u0941\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u092f<\/strong> \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u2014 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0932\u093f\u0916\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u093e\u0920, \u092a\u0920\u0928, \u0938\u092e\u092f-\u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e \u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n <li>Fair to a household with one shared phone; loses the immediacy of a question answered on the spot.<\/span>\u090f\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u091d\u093e \u092b\u093c\u094b\u0928 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f \u0928\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f\u0938\u0902\u0917\u0924; \u0935\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u092a\u0942\u091b\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0924\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0915\u093e\u0932\u093f\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0916\u094b \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <svg class=\"full-diagram\" viewBox=\"0 0 700 236\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"The traditional classroom compared with the flipped classroom\">\n <text x=\"350\" y=\"18\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"11\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#14243f\" letter-spacing=\".6\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">THE FLIPPED CLASSROOM \u2014 WHAT MOVES WHERE<\/text>\n\n <text x=\"24\" y=\"52\" font-size=\"9.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#5a6d80\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">TRADITIONAL<\/text>\n <rect x=\"130\" y=\"36\" width=\"176\" height=\"46\" rx=\"6\" fill=\"#eef4fc\" stroke=\"#1f5fa9\" stroke-width=\"1.6\"\/>\n <text x=\"218\" y=\"54\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">IN CLASS<\/text>\n <text x=\"218\" y=\"70\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">the teacher explains new content<\/text>\n\n <defs><marker id=\"fl\" markerWidth=\"9\" markerHeight=\"9\" refX=\"8\" refY=\"3\" orient=\"auto\"><path d=\"M0,0 L0,6 L8,3 z\" fill=\"#8a95a3\"\/><\/marker><\/defs>\n <line x1=\"312\" y1=\"59\" x2=\"348\" y2=\"59\" stroke=\"#8a95a3\" stroke-width=\"1.8\" marker-end=\"url(#fl)\"\/>\n\n <rect x=\"354\" y=\"36\" width=\"176\" height=\"46\" rx=\"6\" fill=\"#f3f6fb\" stroke=\"#adb8c4\" stroke-width=\"1.6\"\/>\n <text x=\"442\" y=\"54\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#5a6d80\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">AT HOME<\/text>\n <text x=\"442\" y=\"70\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">the pupil practises, alone and unaided<\/text>\n <text x=\"566\" y=\"63\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#c0392b\" font-style=\"italic\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">\u2014 help is furthest away<\/text>\n <text x=\"566\" y=\"74\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#c0392b\" font-style=\"italic\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">exactly when it is needed<\/text>\n\n <line x1=\"24\" y1=\"98\" x2=\"676\" y2=\"98\" stroke=\"#dbe4ee\" stroke-width=\"1.4\" stroke-dasharray=\"5 4\"\/>\n\n <text x=\"24\" y=\"134\" font-size=\"9.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#c9760f\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">FLIPPED<\/text>\n <rect x=\"130\" y=\"118\" width=\"176\" height=\"46\" rx=\"6\" fill=\"#fffbf0\" stroke=\"#c9760f\" stroke-width=\"1.6\"\/>\n <text x=\"218\" y=\"136\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#c9760f\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">AT HOME<\/text>\n <text x=\"218\" y=\"152\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">the pupil watches or reads the content<\/text>\n\n <line x1=\"312\" y1=\"141\" x2=\"348\" y2=\"141\" stroke=\"#c9760f\" stroke-width=\"1.8\" marker-end=\"url(#fl)\"\/>\n\n <rect x=\"354\" y=\"118\" width=\"176\" height=\"46\" rx=\"6\" fill=\"#eefbf7\" stroke=\"#0d8f79\" stroke-width=\"1.8\"\/>\n <text x=\"442\" y=\"136\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#0d8f79\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">IN CLASS<\/text>\n <text x=\"442\" y=\"152\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">discussion, problems, doubts, group work<\/text>\n <text x=\"566\" y=\"145\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#0a6d5c\" font-style=\"italic\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">\u2014 the teacher is present<\/text>\n <text x=\"566\" y=\"156\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#0a6d5c\" font-style=\"italic\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">for the difficult part<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"24\" y=\"180\" width=\"652\" height=\"46\" rx=\"7\" fill=\"#f7fbff\" stroke=\"#c3d2e2\" stroke-width=\"1.2\"\/>\n <text x=\"38\" y=\"197\" font-size=\"8.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#14243f\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">THE PRINCIPLE, AND THE CONDITION<\/text>\n <text x=\"38\" y=\"211\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Transmission of content is the part a recording does well; application and doubt-clearing are the parts that need a teacher. The flip puts<\/text>\n <text x=\"38\" y=\"222\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">each where it belongs \u2014 <tspan font-weight=\"700\">but it collapses entirely if some pupils cannot access the material at home<\/tspan>, which must be checked before adopting it.<\/text>\n <\/svg>\n\n <table class=\"data-table\">\n <thead>\n <tr>\n <th>Mode<\/span>\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093e<\/span><\/th>\n <th>Meaning<\/span>\u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925<\/span><\/th>\n <\/tr>\n <\/thead>\n <tbody>\n <tr><td>Blended learning<\/span>\u0938\u092e\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>A deliberate combination of face-to-face teaching and online learning<\/strong>, in which each is used for what it does best. It is not the same as putting a textbook on a screen; the online element must replace some classroom time, not merely be added to it.<\/span>\u0906\u092e\u0928\u0947-\u0938\u093e\u092e\u0928\u0947 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0911\u0928\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0941\u0935\u093f\u091a\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u0902\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928<\/strong>, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0909\u0938\u0940 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0939\u094b \u091c\u094b \u0935\u0939 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u094b\u0924\u094d\u0924\u092e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u092a\u0941\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0915 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u0921\u093e\u0932 \u0926\u0947\u0928\u0947 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u0948; \u0911\u0928\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u0905\u0902\u0936 \u0915\u094b \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u0941\u091b \u0938\u092e\u092f \u0915\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928 \u0932\u0947\u0928\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f, \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0909\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091c\u0941\u0921\u093c \u091c\u093e\u0928\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr style=\"background:#f3f8ff;\"><td>Flipped classroom<\/span>\u0935\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924\u094d\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>A form of blended learning in which what was homework and what was classwork exchange places<\/strong>. Associated with Jonathan Bergmann and Aaron Sams<\/strong>, who developed it to serve pupils who had missed lessons.<\/span>\u0938\u092e\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e \u0915\u093e \u0935\u0939 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091c\u094b \u0917\u0943\u0939\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0925\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u091c\u094b \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e-\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f, \u0935\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928 \u092c\u0926\u0932 \u0932\u0947\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902<\/strong>\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u091c\u094b\u0928\u093e\u0925\u0928 \u092c\u0930\u094d\u0917\u092e\u0948\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0906\u0930\u094b\u0928 \u0938\u0948\u092e\u094d\u0938<\/strong> \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0939\u094b\u0902\u0928\u0947 \u0907\u0938\u0947 \u0909\u0928 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0938\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093f\u0928\u0915\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u0920 \u091b\u0942\u091f \u0917\u090f \u0925\u0947\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>Station rotation<\/span>\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0947\u0936\u0928 \u0906\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>The class is divided into groups that move between stations<\/strong> in the same room \u2014 one online, one with the teacher, one working collaboratively. The model best suited to a school with few devices<\/strong>, since only one group needs them at a time.<\/span>\u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0909\u0928 \u0938\u092e\u0942\u0939\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0901\u091f\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0909\u0938\u0940 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u091f\u0947\u0936\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u0918\u0942\u092e\u0924\u0947<\/strong> \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u2014 \u090f\u0915 \u0911\u0928\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0928, \u090f\u0915 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925, \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u0939\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0941\u0906\u0964 \u0915\u092e \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u0942\u092a<\/strong>, \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u092e\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u092e\u0942\u0939 \u0915\u094b \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0940 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>Online learning<\/span>\u0911\u0928\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>Teaching conducted entirely at a distance<\/strong>. Suited to adult and self-directed learners; for young children it demands supervision at home, and PRAGYATA accordingly recommends limits on screen time by stage.<\/span>\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923\u0924\u0903 \u0926\u0942\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0925<\/strong> \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u0964 \u0935\u092f\u0938\u094d\u0915 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u0935-\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u093f\u0924 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924; \u091b\u094b\u091f\u0947 \u092c\u091a\u094d\u091a\u094b\u0902 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0907\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0918\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f, \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0924\u0926\u0928\u0941\u0938\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u0930\u094d\u0926\u093e-\u0938\u092e\u092f \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0936\u0902\u0938\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <\/tbody>\n <\/table>\n\n <hr class=\"section-divider\">\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d9-9\">\n 9.9<\/span>\n <h3>Teacher Capacity Building: NISHTHA<\/span>\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e\u0924\u093e-\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923: \u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0920\u093e<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"enrich-box\">\n NISHTHA \u2014 the facts asked<\/span>\u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0920\u093e \u2014 \u092a\u0942\u091b\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0924\u0925\u094d\u092f<\/span><\/span>\n <ul class=\"split-list\">\n <li>1<\/span>Full form:<\/strong> N<\/strong>ational I<\/strong>nitiative for S<\/strong>chool H<\/strong>eads' and T<\/strong>eachers' H<\/strong>olistic A<\/strong>dvancement. Note that school heads are named in the title<\/strong>, not only teachers.<\/span>\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0930\u0942\u092a:<\/strong> \u0928\u0947\u0936\u0928\u0932 \u0907\u0928\u093f\u0936\u093f\u090f\u091f\u093f\u0935 \u092b\u093c\u0949\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u0915\u0942\u0932 \u0939\u0947\u0921\u094d\u0938' \u090f\u0902\u0921 \u091f\u0940\u091a\u0930\u094d\u0938' \u0939\u094b\u0932\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u093f\u0915 \u090f\u0921\u0935\u093e\u0902\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902\u091f\u0964 \u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0928 \u0926\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u093f \u0936\u0940\u0930\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0941\u0916 \u0928\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948\u0902<\/strong>, \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n <li>2<\/span>Launched 21 August 2019<\/strong> by the Ministry of Education, and described as among the largest teacher training programmes undertaken anywhere<\/strong>, covering some forty-two lakh teachers at the elementary stage.<\/span>\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u092e\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e 21 \u0905\u0917\u0938\u094d\u0924 2019<\/strong> \u0915\u094b \u0906\u0930\u0902\u092d, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0915\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u092d\u0940 \u0915\u093f\u090f \u0917\u090f \u0935\u093f\u0936\u093e\u0932\u0924\u092e \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u094b\u0902<\/strong> \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0923\u093f\u0924, \u091c\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0930\u0902\u092d\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u0917\u092d\u0917 \u092c\u092f\u093e\u0932\u0940\u0938 \u0932\u093e\u0916 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0906\u0935\u0943\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n <li>3<\/span>Begun as face-to-face training, it moved online and is delivered through DIKSHA<\/strong> \u2014 which is the point where this scheme joins the rest of the chapter.<\/span>\u0906\u092e\u0928\u0947-\u0938\u093e\u092e\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0906\u0930\u0902\u092d \u0939\u094b\u0915\u0930 \u092f\u0939 \u0911\u0928\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u0939\u0941\u0906 \u0914\u0930 \u0926\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/strong> \u2014 \u092f\u0939\u0940 \u0935\u0939 \u092c\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0941 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u092f\u0939 \u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928\u093e \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u0936\u0947\u0937 \u092d\u093e\u0917 \u0938\u0947 \u091c\u0941\u0921\u093c\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n <li>4<\/span>Its versions: NISHTHA 1.0 for the elementary stage<\/strong>, NISHTHA 2.0 for the secondary stage<\/strong>, and NISHTHA 3.0 devoted to Foundational Literacy and Numeracy<\/strong>, aligned to the NIPUN Bharat mission. A further edition addresses early childhood care and education.<\/span>\u0907\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0930\u0923: \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0930\u0902\u092d\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0920\u093e 1.0<\/strong>, \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0920\u093e 2.0<\/strong>, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092c\u0941\u0928\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0926\u0940 \u0938\u093e\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0930\u0924\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e-\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u092e\u0930\u094d\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0920\u093e 3.0<\/strong>, \u091c\u094b \u0928\u093f\u092a\u0941\u0923 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u092e\u093f\u0936\u0928 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u0947\u0916\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u090f\u0915 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0930\u0902\u092d\u093f\u0915 \u092c\u093e\u0932\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0916\u092d\u093e\u0932 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n <li>5<\/span>Its modules cover pedagogy, learning outcomes, competency-based education, school leadership, inclusive education, ICT in teaching and learning, art-integrated learning, health and well-being, and personal-social qualities.<\/span>\u0907\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092e\u0949\u0921\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0932 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930, \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092b\u0932, \u0926\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0924\u093e-\u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e, \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f\u0940 \u0928\u0947\u0924\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0935, \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0935\u0947\u0936\u0940 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e, \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923-\u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e \u092e\u0947\u0902 ICT, \u0915\u0932\u093e-\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0915\u093f\u0924 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e, \u0938\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0925\u094d\u092f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0915\u0932\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0923, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0935\u0948\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0915-\u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u091c\u093f\u0915 \u0917\u0941\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0906\u0935\u0943\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n\n <hr class=\"section-divider\">\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d9-10\">\n 9.10<\/span>\n <h3>NEP 2020, NETF and Digital Education Policy<\/span>NEP 2020, NETF \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n \n The National Education Policy 2020<\/strong>, approved on 29 July 2020<\/strong>, devotes a full chapter to technology use and integration<\/strong>. The provisions below are the ones from which questions in this item are drawn.<\/span>\n \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f 2020<\/strong>, \u091c\u094b 29 \u091c\u0941\u0932\u093e\u0908 2020<\/strong> \u0915\u094b \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092e\u094b\u0926\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0941\u0908, \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u092e\u0947\u0915\u0928<\/strong> \u0915\u094b \u0938\u092e\u0930\u094d\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0928\u0940\u091a\u0947 \u0926\u093f\u090f \u0909\u092a\u092c\u0902\u0927 \u0935\u0939\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u091c\u093f\u0928\u0938\u0947 \u0907\u0938 \u092e\u0926 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span>\n <\/p>\n\n <table class=\"data-table\">\n <thead>\n <tr>\n <th>Provision<\/span>\u0909\u092a\u092c\u0902\u0927<\/span><\/th>\n <th>What it says<\/span>\u092f\u0939 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0939\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/th>\n <\/tr>\n <\/thead>\n <tbody>\n <tr style=\"background:#f3f8ff;\">\n <td>NETF<\/strong><\/td>\n <td>The National Educational Technology Forum<\/strong> \u2014 an autonomous body<\/strong> created by the Policy to provide a platform for the free exchange of ideas on the use of technology to enhance learning, assessment, planning and administration<\/strong>. Its role is advisory: it builds an evidence base and issues guidance, rather than running any platform itself. This is the single most asked item from NEP 2020 in a digital literacy paper.<\/strong><\/span>\u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0936\u0948\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u092e\u0902\u091a<\/strong> \u2014 \u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0938\u0943\u091c\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u093e\u092f\u0924\u094d\u0924 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u093e\u092f<\/strong>, \u091c\u094b \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e, \u0906\u0915\u0932\u0928, \u0928\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u093e\u0938\u0928 \u0915\u094b \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0928\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u092a\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u091a\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0906\u0926\u093e\u0928-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u092e\u0902\u091a<\/strong> \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u092d\u0942\u092e\u093f\u0915\u093e \u092a\u0930\u093e\u092e\u0930\u094d\u0936\u0940 \u0939\u0948: \u092f\u0939 \u0938\u093e\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u092f-\u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u0928 \u091c\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u092e\u0902\u091a \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u091a\u0932\u093e\u0924\u093e\u0964 \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u0938\u093e\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0930\u0924\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928-\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 NEP 2020 \u0938\u0947 \u092f\u0939\u0940 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u0942\u091b\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e \u092e\u0926 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/strong><\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td>Coding and computational thinking<\/span>\u0915\u094b\u0921\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u0917\u0923\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u091a\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0928<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n <td>The Policy provides for the introduction of coding from Class 6<\/strong>, as part of a wider emphasis on computational thinking and vocational exposure at the middle stage.<\/span>\u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e 6 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u094b\u0921\u093f\u0902\u0917<\/strong> \u0906\u0930\u0902\u092d \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092c\u0902\u0927 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u094b \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e\u093f\u0915-\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u0917\u0923\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u091a\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0935\u0938\u093e\u092f\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u091a\u092f \u092a\u0930 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u0915 \u092c\u0932 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0902\u0917 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td>Digital infrastructure and content<\/span>\u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u0905\u0935\u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n <td>Existing platforms including DIKSHA and SWAYAM are to be strengthened and extended<\/strong>; a digital repository of content, virtual laboratories and a national assessment centre are to be developed; and content is to be created in all major Indian languages<\/strong>.<\/span>\u0926\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902<\/strong> \u0938\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092e\u0902\u091a\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0941\u0926\u0943\u0922\u093c \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924<\/strong> \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u090f; \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0902\u0915\u0940\u092f \u092d\u0902\u0921\u093e\u0930, \u0906\u092d\u093e\u0938\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0936\u093e\u0932\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0906\u0915\u0932\u0928 \u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0938\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u090f \u091c\u093e\u090f\u0901; \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0938\u092d\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0941\u0916 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e\u0913\u0902<\/strong> \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0908 \u091c\u093e\u090f\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td>The digital divide<\/span>\u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093e\u091c\u0928<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n <td>The Policy is explicit that the benefits of technology cannot be realised unless the divide is addressed<\/strong>, and that the medium must not itself become a cause of exclusion<\/strong>. This is the reasoning behind the multi-modal design of PM e-VIDYA in \u00a79.4.<\/span>\u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f \u0938\u094d\u092a\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093e\u092d \u0924\u092c \u0924\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0947 \u091c\u092c \u0924\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093e\u091c\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u0928 \u0939\u094b<\/strong>, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u092c\u0939\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u093e \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u092c\u0928\u0928\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f<\/strong>\u0964 \u00a79.4 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0940\u090f\u092e \u0908-\u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0939\u0941-\u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0940\u091b\u0947 \u092f\u0939\u0940 \u0924\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td>Teacher preparation<\/span>\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915-\u0924\u0948\u092f\u093e\u0930\u0940<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n <td>Teachers are to be prepared to become high-quality online content creators as well as users<\/strong>, and technology is to be integrated into teacher education rather than taught as a separate subject.<\/span>\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a-\u0917\u0941\u0923\u0935\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0911\u0928\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0924\u093e<\/strong> \u092c\u0928\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0924\u0948\u092f\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u090f, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u0943\u0925\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0922\u093c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u091c\u093e\u092f \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915-\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u092e\u0947\u0915\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u090f\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <\/tbody>\n <\/table>\n\n <div class=\"mcq-box\">\n <div class=\"mcq-title\">\n Practice<\/span>\u0905\u092d\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938<\/span><\/span>\n Questions on digital education<\/span>\u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928<\/span><\/span>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"mcq-note\">Objective questions in the pattern of the examination. Click to reveal the answer and its explanation.<\/span>\u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u0930 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928\u0964 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0916\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u094d\u0932\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u0940\u091c\u093f\u090f\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <details class=\"mcq-q\">\n <summary>74<\/span>DIKSHA stands for:<\/span><\/summary>\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\n <li>(a) Digital Infrastructure for Knowledge Sharing<\/li>\n <li>(b) Digital Initiative for Knowledge and Skill Advancement<\/li>\n <li>(c) Directorate of Instruction, Knowledge and School Assessment<\/li>\n <li>(d) Digital India Knowledge Sharing Application<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\">(a) Digital Infrastructure for Knowledge Sharing<\/b> Launched on 5 September 2017, Teachers' Day, and managed by NCERT through CIET. Its best-known feature is the QR code printed in textbooks, which opens the matching digital content.<\/span>5 \u0938\u093f\u0924\u0902\u092c\u0930 2017, \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0926\u093f\u0935\u0938, \u0915\u094b \u0906\u0930\u0902\u092d, \u0924\u0925\u093e NCERT \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e CIET \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092c\u0902\u0927\u093f\u0924\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0924 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937\u0924\u093e \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u092a\u0941\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 QR \u0915\u0942\u091f \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u094b \u0924\u0924\u094d\u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0940 \u0905\u0902\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0916\u094b\u0932 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\u00a79.2<\/span><\/div>\n <\/details>\n <details class=\"mcq-q\">\n <summary>75<\/span>Every course on SWAYAM is required to contain how many quadrants?<\/span><\/summary>\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\n <li>(a) Two<\/li>\n <li>(b) Three<\/li>\n <li>(c) Four<\/li>\n <li>(d) Five<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\">(c) Four<\/b> Video lecture, reading material, self-assessment tests, and an online discussion forum. A course lacking any one of the four is not accepted on the platform.<\/span>\u0935\u0940\u0921\u093f\u092f\u094b \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0928, \u092a\u0920\u0928-\u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940, \u0938\u094d\u0935-\u0906\u0915\u0932\u0928 \u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0911\u0928\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u091a\u0930\u094d\u091a\u093e-\u092e\u0902\u091a\u0964 \u091c\u093f\u0938 \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0907\u0928 \u091a\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u090f\u0915 \u092d\u0940 \u0928 \u0939\u094b \u0935\u0939 \u092e\u0902\u091a \u092a\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0940\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e\u0964<\/span>\u00a79.3<\/span><\/div>\n <\/details>\n <details class=\"mcq-q\">\n <summary>76<\/span>Under PM e-VIDYA, the component described as \"One Nation, One Digital Platform\" is:<\/span><\/summary>\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\n <li>(a) SWAYAM PRABHA<\/li>\n <li>(b) DIKSHA<\/li>\n <li>(c) NROER<\/li>\n <li>(d) NDEAR<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\">(b) DIKSHA<\/b> SWAYAM PRABHA is the television component, \"One Class, One TV Channel\". NROER is a repository of open resources, and NDEAR is an architecture of standards rather than a platform at all.<\/span>\u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e \u091f\u0947\u0932\u0940\u0935\u093f\u091c\u093c\u0928 \u0918\u091f\u0915 \u0939\u0948, \"\u090f\u0915 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e, \u090f\u0915 \u091f\u0940\u0935\u0940 \u091a\u0948\u0928\u0932\"\u0964 NROER \u092e\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u093e\u0927\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u092d\u0902\u0921\u093e\u0930 \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u0925\u093e NDEAR \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092e\u0902\u091a \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u091c\u093e\u092f \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0936\u093f\u0932\u094d\u092a \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\u00a79.4<\/span><\/div>\n <\/details>\n <details class=\"mcq-q\">\n <summary>77<\/span>NISHTHA was launched in which year?<\/span><\/summary>\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\n <li>(a) 2017<\/li>\n <li>(b) 2018<\/li>\n <li>(c) 2019<\/li>\n <li>(d) 2020<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\">(c) 2019<\/b> Launched on 21 August 2019. Note that its full form names school heads as well as teachers \u2014 National Initiative for School Heads' and Teachers' Holistic Advancement \u2014 and that it is delivered online through DIKSHA.<\/span>21 \u0905\u0917\u0938\u094d\u0924 2019 \u0915\u094b \u0906\u0930\u0902\u092d\u0964 \u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0928 \u0926\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u093f \u0907\u0938\u0915\u093e \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0941\u0916\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u092d\u0940 \u0928\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u0928\u0947\u0936\u0928\u0932 \u0907\u0928\u093f\u0936\u093f\u090f\u091f\u093f\u0935 \u092b\u093c\u0949\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u0915\u0942\u0932 \u0939\u0947\u0921\u094d\u0938' \u090f\u0902\u0921 \u091f\u0940\u091a\u0930\u094d\u0938' \u0939\u094b\u0932\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u093f\u0915 \u090f\u0921\u0935\u093e\u0902\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902\u091f \u2014 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092f\u0939 \u0926\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u0911\u0928\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\u00a79.9<\/span><\/div>\n <\/details>\n <details class=\"mcq-q\">\n <summary>78<\/span>The National Educational Technology Forum (NETF) was proposed by:<\/span><\/summary>\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\n <li>(a) The Right to Education Act, 2009<\/li>\n <li>(b) The National Education Policy, 2020<\/li>\n <li>(c) The Information Technology Act, 2000<\/li>\n <li>(d) NIPUN Bharat, 2021<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\">(b) The National Education Policy, 2020<\/b> NETF is an autonomous body meant to provide a platform for the free exchange of ideas on using technology to enhance learning, assessment, planning and administration. Its role is advisory rather than operational.<\/span>NETF \u0938\u094d\u0935\u093e\u092f\u0924\u094d\u0924 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u093e\u092f \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e, \u0906\u0915\u0932\u0928, \u0928\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u093e\u0938\u0928 \u0915\u094b \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0928\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u092a\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u091a\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0906\u0926\u093e\u0928-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u092e\u0902\u091a \u0926\u0947\u0928\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u092d\u0942\u092e\u093f\u0915\u093e \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0932\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u092a\u0930\u093e\u092e\u0930\u094d\u0936\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\u00a79.10<\/span><\/div>\n <\/details>\n <details class=\"mcq-q\">\n <summary>79<\/span>In a flipped classroom, the content is:<\/span><\/summary>\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\n <li>(a) Taught in class and practised at home<\/li>\n <li>(b) Studied at home and applied in class<\/li>\n <li>(c) Taught entirely online<\/li>\n <li>(d) Delivered only through television<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\">(b) Studied at home and applied in class<\/b> Homework and classwork exchange places, so that the teacher is present for the difficult part rather than for the transmission of content. The model fails, however, if some pupils cannot access the material at home, which must be verified before it is adopted.<\/span>\u0917\u0943\u0939\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e-\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928 \u092c\u0926\u0932 \u0932\u0947\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u092f \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0915\u0920\u093f\u0928 \u092d\u093e\u0917 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u092f \u0909\u092a\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u0930\u0939\u0947\u0964 \u0915\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0941 \u092f\u0926\u093f \u0915\u0941\u091b \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0918\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0924\u0915 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a \u0928 \u0938\u0915\u0947\u0902 \u0924\u094b \u092f\u0939 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u0942\u092a \u0935\u093f\u092b\u0932 \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0901\u091a \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\u00a79.8<\/span><\/div>\n <\/details>\n <details class=\"mcq-q\">\n <summary>80<\/span>NDEAR is best described as:<\/span><\/summary>\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\n <li>(a) A mobile application for students<\/li>\n <li>(b) A television channel for school education<\/li>\n <li>(c) An architecture of standards enabling different education systems to work together<\/li>\n <li>(d) A teacher training programme<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\">(c) An architecture of standards enabling different education systems to work together<\/b> Announced in 2021, NDEAR is a framework of building blocks for identity, registries, content and assessment, so that systems built separately by the Centre, the states and private bodies remain interoperable. It is not itself a platform that anyone logs into.<\/span>2021 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0918\u094b\u0937\u093f\u0924 NDEAR \u092a\u0939\u091a\u093e\u0928, \u092a\u0902\u091c\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0913\u0902, \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0906\u0915\u0932\u0928 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930-\u0916\u0902\u0921\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0922\u093e\u0901\u091a\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u093e\u0915\u093f \u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930, \u0930\u093e\u091c\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0928\u093f\u091c\u0940 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u093e\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u092a\u0943\u0925\u0915 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0928\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u091a\u093e\u0932\u0928\u0940\u092f \u092c\u0928\u0940 \u0930\u0939\u0947\u0902\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0910\u0938\u093e \u092e\u0902\u091a \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0932\u0949\u0917-\u0907\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0964<\/span>\u00a79.5<\/span><\/div>\n <\/details>\n <\/div>\n\n <\/section>\n\n \n <section class=\"chapter-content\" data-chap=\"10\" id=\"c10\">\n <div class=\"chapter-heading-block\">\n SYLLABUS ITEM 10<\/span>\u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u092e\u0926 10<\/span><\/span>\n <h2>Digital School Administration<\/span>\u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u093e\u0938\u0928<\/span><\/h2>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"callout amber\">\n <div class=\"callout-label\">\ud83d\udccc What this chapter covers<\/span>\ud83d\udccc \u0907\u0938 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/div>\n UDISE+, digital attendance, student records, online admissions, examination portals, and data-driven decision making<\/span>\n UDISE+, \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u0909\u092a\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f, \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0932\u0947\u0916, \u0911\u0928\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0947\u0936, \u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u092a\u094b\u0930\u094d\u091f\u0932 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u093e-\u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0923\u092f\u0928<\/span>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"keyfact-grid\">\n <div class=\"keyfact-card navy-hi\">\n \ud83c\udfeb<\/span>\n <div class=\"kf-label\">The School's Own Number<\/span>\u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"kf-value\" style=\"font-size:14px;\">11-digit UDISE code<\/span>11-\u0905\u0902\u0915\u0940\u092f UDISE \u0915\u094b\u0921<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"kf-sub\">Unique to every school in India, government and private alike<\/span>\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0905\u0926\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0924\u0940\u092f, \u0936\u093e\u0938\u0915\u0940\u092f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0928\u093f\u091c\u0940 \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"keyfact-card teal-hi\">\n \ud83d\udcc5<\/span>\n <div class=\"kf-label\">The Reference Date<\/span>\u0938\u0902\u0926\u0930\u094d\u092d \u0924\u093f\u0925\u093f<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"kf-value\" style=\"font-size:16px;\">30 September<\/span>\u0938\u093f\u0924\u0902\u092c\u0930<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"kf-sub\">UDISE+ data describes the school as it stood on this day<\/span>UDISE+ \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0915\u0940 \u0909\u0938\u0940 \u0926\u093f\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u092c\u0924\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"keyfact-card amber-hi\">\n \ud83c\udd94<\/span>\n <div class=\"kf-label\">One Nation, One Student ID<\/span>\u090f\u0915 \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930, \u090f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u092a\u0939\u091a\u093e\u0928<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"kf-value\" style=\"font-size:16px;\">APAAR<\/div>\n <div class=\"kf-sub\">A lifelong academic account, held in DigiLocker<\/span>\u0906\u091c\u0940\u0935\u0928 \u0936\u0948\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u093f\u0915 \u0916\u093e\u0924\u093e, \u091c\u094b \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u0932\u0949\u0915\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0930\u0939\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d10-0\">\n 10.0<\/span>\n <h3>Introduction<\/span>\u092a\u0930\u093f\u091a\u092f<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n <ul class=\"icon-list\">\n <li>\u25b8<\/span>\n Chapter 9 dealt with technology used for teaching<\/strong>. This chapter deals with technology used for running the school<\/strong> \u2014 the registers, returns, portals and records through which an institution reports itself to the system that funds and governs it.<\/span>\n \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f 9 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941<\/strong> \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u0925\u093e\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f-\u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0932\u0928 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941<\/strong> \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u0935\u0947 \u0930\u091c\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0930, \u0935\u093f\u0935\u0930\u0923\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901, \u092a\u094b\u0930\u094d\u091f\u0932 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0932\u0947\u0916 \u091c\u093f\u0928\u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0909\u0938 \u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0924 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0936\u093e\u0938\u0928 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\n <\/span><\/li>\n <li>\u25b8<\/span>\n The point that gives this item its weight is that the figures a school enters are the school, so far as the system is concerned<\/strong>. Teacher posts, grants, textbooks, meals, scholarships and infrastructure funds are all allotted on those figures. An enrolment entered wrongly does not produce an incorrect report; it produces the wrong number of teachers.<\/span>\n \u0907\u0938 \u092e\u0926 \u0915\u094b \u092d\u093e\u0930 \u0926\u0947\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e \u092c\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0941 \u092f\u0939 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0926\u0943\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0935\u0939\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u0935\u0939 \u092d\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/strong>\u0964 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915-\u092a\u0926, \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0926\u093e\u0928, \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u092a\u0941\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0915\u0947\u0902, \u092d\u094b\u091c\u0928, \u091b\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0905\u0935\u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e-\u0928\u093f\u0927\u093f \u0938\u092c \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u0906\u0935\u0902\u091f\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0917\u093c\u0932\u0924 \u092d\u0930\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0928\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0902\u0915\u0928 \u0917\u093c\u0932\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0926\u0928 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u093e; \u0935\u0939 \u0917\u093c\u0932\u0924 \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\n <\/span><\/li>\n <li>\u25b8<\/span>\n The head of institution is therefore not merely a user of these systems but their certifying authority<\/strong>. On UDISE+ the data is submitted under the signature of the head, and on the admission and examination portals the verification of a document is the head's own act. \u00a710.8 returns to what that responsibility means in practice.<\/span>\n \u0905\u0924\u0903 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0941\u0916 \u0907\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0905\u092a\u093f\u0924\u0941 \u0909\u0928\u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u0928\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940<\/strong> \u0939\u0948\u0964 UDISE+ \u092a\u0930 \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0941\u0916 \u0915\u0947 \u0939\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0930 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0947\u0936 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u092a\u094b\u0930\u094d\u091f\u0932\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0926\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0947\u091c\u093c \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u0928 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0941\u0916 \u0915\u093e \u0915\u0943\u0924\u094d\u092f \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u00a710.8 \u0907\u0938 \u092c\u093e\u0924 \u092a\u0930 \u0932\u094c\u091f\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u0938 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930\u0926\u093e\u092f\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\n <\/span><\/li>\n <\/ul>\n\n <hr class=\"section-divider\">\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d10-1\">\n 10.1<\/span>\n <h3>UDISE+<\/span>UDISE+<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n <svg class=\"full-diagram\" viewBox=\"0 0 700 314\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"How UDISE data travels upward and what it determines on the way back\">\n <text x=\"350\" y=\"18\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#14243f\" letter-spacing=\".6\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">THE CHAIN OF CERTIFICATION \u2014 AND WHAT THE FIGURES DECIDE<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"30\" y=\"34\" width=\"128\" height=\"66\" rx=\"7\" fill=\"#fffbf0\" stroke=\"#c9760f\" stroke-width=\"2.2\"\/>\n <text x=\"94\" y=\"52\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#c9760f\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">SCHOOL<\/text>\n <text x=\"94\" y=\"67\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">fills the Data Capture<\/text>\n <text x=\"94\" y=\"78\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Format and certifies it<\/text>\n <text x=\"94\" y=\"92\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#8f5409\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Head of Institution signs<\/text>\n\n <defs><marker id=\"ud\" markerWidth=\"9\" markerHeight=\"9\" refX=\"8\" refY=\"3\" orient=\"auto\"><path d=\"M0,0 L0,6 L8,3 z\" fill=\"#5a6d80\"\/><\/marker><\/defs>\n <g stroke=\"#5a6d80\" stroke-width=\"1.8\" fill=\"none\">\n <line x1=\"162\" y1=\"67\" x2=\"192\" y2=\"67\" marker-end=\"url(#ud)\"\/>\n <line x1=\"286\" y1=\"67\" x2=\"316\" y2=\"67\" marker-end=\"url(#ud)\"\/>\n <line x1=\"410\" y1=\"67\" x2=\"440\" y2=\"67\" marker-end=\"url(#ud)\"\/>\n <line x1=\"534\" y1=\"67\" x2=\"564\" y2=\"67\" marker-end=\"url(#ud)\"\/>\n <\/g>\n\n <rect x=\"196\" y=\"42\" width=\"90\" height=\"50\" rx=\"6\" fill=\"#eef4fc\" stroke=\"#1f5fa9\" stroke-width=\"1.5\"\/>\n <text x=\"241\" y=\"62\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">BLOCK<\/text>\n <text x=\"241\" y=\"76\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">verifies<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"320\" y=\"42\" width=\"90\" height=\"50\" rx=\"6\" fill=\"#eef4fc\" stroke=\"#1f5fa9\" stroke-width=\"1.5\"\/>\n <text x=\"365\" y=\"62\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">DISTRICT<\/text>\n <text x=\"365\" y=\"76\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">validates<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"444\" y=\"42\" width=\"90\" height=\"50\" rx=\"6\" fill=\"#eef4fc\" stroke=\"#1f5fa9\" stroke-width=\"1.5\"\/>\n <text x=\"489\" y=\"62\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">STATE<\/text>\n <text x=\"489\" y=\"76\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">approves<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"568\" y=\"34\" width=\"104\" height=\"66\" rx=\"7\" fill=\"#14243f\"\/>\n <text x=\"620\" y=\"54\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">NATIONAL<\/text>\n <text x=\"620\" y=\"68\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7\" fill=\"#c9daf0\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Ministry of Education<\/text>\n <text x=\"620\" y=\"80\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7\" fill=\"#c9daf0\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">with NIC<\/text>\n <text x=\"620\" y=\"93\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#ffd970\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">UDISE+ database<\/text>\n\n <path d=\"M620 100 L620 118 L94 118 L94 132\" stroke=\"#0d8f79\" stroke-width=\"2\" fill=\"none\" marker-end=\"url(#ud)\"\/>\n <rect x=\"252\" y=\"108\" width=\"196\" height=\"20\" rx=\"10\" fill=\"#eefbf7\" stroke=\"#0d8f79\" stroke-width=\"1.4\"\/>\n <text x=\"350\" y=\"122\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#0a6d5c\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">and the allocations come back down<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"30\" y=\"138\" width=\"642\" height=\"102\" rx=\"8\" fill=\"#f7fbff\" stroke=\"#c3d2e2\" stroke-width=\"1.4\"\/>\n <text x=\"46\" y=\"157\" font-size=\"9\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#14243f\" letter-spacing=\".5\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">WHAT THESE FIGURES DETERMINE<\/text>\n\n <g>\n <rect x=\"46\" y=\"166\" width=\"146\" height=\"30\" rx=\"5\" fill=\"#fff\" stroke=\"#adb8c4\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/>\n <text x=\"119\" y=\"185\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Sanctioned teacher posts<\/text>\n <rect x=\"200\" y=\"166\" width=\"146\" height=\"30\" rx=\"5\" fill=\"#fff\" stroke=\"#adb8c4\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/>\n <text x=\"273\" y=\"185\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Composite school grant<\/text>\n <rect x=\"354\" y=\"166\" width=\"146\" height=\"30\" rx=\"5\" fill=\"#fff\" stroke=\"#adb8c4\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/>\n <text x=\"427\" y=\"185\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Textbooks and uniforms<\/text>\n <rect x=\"508\" y=\"166\" width=\"146\" height=\"30\" rx=\"5\" fill=\"#fff\" stroke=\"#adb8c4\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/>\n <text x=\"581\" y=\"185\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">PM POSHAN provisioning<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"46\" y=\"202\" width=\"146\" height=\"30\" rx=\"5\" fill=\"#fff\" stroke=\"#adb8c4\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/>\n <text x=\"119\" y=\"221\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">RTE norm compliance<\/text>\n <rect x=\"200\" y=\"202\" width=\"146\" height=\"30\" rx=\"5\" fill=\"#fff\" stroke=\"#adb8c4\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/>\n <text x=\"273\" y=\"221\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Infrastructure funds<\/text>\n <rect x=\"354\" y=\"202\" width=\"146\" height=\"30\" rx=\"5\" fill=\"#fff\" stroke=\"#adb8c4\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/>\n <text x=\"427\" y=\"221\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Scholarship eligibility<\/text>\n <rect x=\"508\" y=\"202\" width=\"146\" height=\"30\" rx=\"5\" fill=\"#fff\" stroke=\"#adb8c4\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/>\n <text x=\"581\" y=\"221\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">PGI grading of the district<\/text>\n <\/g>\n\n <rect x=\"30\" y=\"252\" width=\"642\" height=\"50\" rx=\"7\" fill=\"#fff6f4\" stroke=\"#c0392b\" stroke-width=\"1.4\"\/>\n <text x=\"46\" y=\"270\" font-size=\"9\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#c0392b\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">THE CONSEQUENCE OF A WRONG ENTRY<\/text>\n <text x=\"46\" y=\"284\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">An enrolment figure entered ten per cent too low does not produce a report that is ten per cent wrong. It produces a school that is short of<\/text>\n <text x=\"46\" y=\"296\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">a teacher, short of textbooks and short of meals for a full session \u2014 and the error cannot be corrected until the next cycle.<\/text>\n <\/svg>\n The head of institution stands at the point where the data enters the system. Nothing above that point can correct what is wrong below it.<\/span>\u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0941\u0916 \u0909\u0938\u0940 \u092c\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0941 \u092a\u0930 \u0916\u0921\u093c\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0947\u0936 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0909\u0938 \u092c\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0941 \u0938\u0947 \u090a\u092a\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u092d\u0940 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0928\u0940\u091a\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0917\u093c\u0932\u0924\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0938\u0941\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n\n <table class=\"data-table\">\n <thead>\n <tr>\n <th>Aspect<\/span>\u092a\u0915\u094d\u0937<\/span><\/th>\n <th>Detail<\/span>\u0935\u093f\u0935\u0930\u0923<\/span><\/th>\n <\/tr>\n <\/thead>\n <tbody>\n <tr><td>Full form<\/span>\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0930\u0942\u092a<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>U<\/strong>nified D<\/strong>istrict I<\/strong>nformation S<\/strong>ystem for E<\/strong>ducation Plus<\/strong>.<\/span>\u092f\u0942<\/strong>\u0928\u093f\u092b\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u0921\u093f<\/strong>\u0938\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u091f \u0907<\/strong>\u0928\u094d\u092b\u093c\u0949\u0930\u094d\u092e\u0947\u0936\u0928 \u0938\u093f<\/strong>\u0938\u094d\u091f\u092e \u092b\u093c\u0949\u0930 \u090f<\/strong>\u091c\u0941\u0915\u0947\u0936\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0932\u0938<\/strong>\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr style=\"background:#f3f8ff;\"><td>What it is<\/span>\u092f\u0939 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>The national database of school education in India<\/strong>, maintained by the Department of School Education and Literacy under the Ministry of Education<\/strong> with technical support from NIC<\/strong>. It is among the largest management information systems of its kind in the world, covering every school from pre-primary to class 12, government and private alike<\/strong>.<\/span>\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f\u0940 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e\u092c\u0947\u0938<\/strong>, \u091c\u094b \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u092e\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0932\u092f<\/strong> \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u0940\u0928 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f\u0940 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u093e\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0917 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e, NIC<\/strong> \u0915\u0947 \u0924\u0915\u0928\u0940\u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0939\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0940 \u0924\u0930\u0939 \u0915\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0935 \u0915\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u093e\u0932\u0924\u092e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0928 \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0925\u092e\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e 12 \u0924\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f<\/strong> \u0915\u094b \u2014 \u0936\u093e\u0938\u0915\u0940\u092f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0928\u093f\u091c\u0940 \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u2014 \u0906\u0935\u0943\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>UDISE and UDISE+<\/span>UDISE \u090f\u0935\u0902 UDISE+<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>The original UDISE<\/strong> began in 2012\u201313<\/strong>, formed by merging the earlier elementary and secondary systems. UDISE+ replaced it from 2018\u201319<\/strong>, the essential change being that data is now entered online and in real time by the school itself<\/strong> rather than collected on paper and keyed in later.<\/span>\u092e\u0942\u0932 UDISE<\/strong> 2012\u201313<\/strong> \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0906\u0930\u0902\u092d \u0939\u0941\u0906, \u091c\u094b \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0930\u0902\u092d\u093f\u0915 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0932\u092f \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0964 2018\u201319 \u0938\u0947 UDISE+ \u0928\u0947 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928 \u0932\u093f\u092f\u093e<\/strong>, \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u0928\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u092f\u0939 \u0925\u093e \u0915\u093f \u0905\u092c \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0917\u093c\u091c\u093c \u092a\u0930 \u090f\u0915\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0930 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092d\u0930\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u091c\u093e\u092f \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0911\u0928\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u092e\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902<\/strong> \u092d\u0930\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>UDISE code<\/span>UDISE \u0915\u094b\u0921<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>An eleven-digit number unique to each school<\/strong>, in which the digits encode the state, district, block, village or ward and the school itself. It is the school's permanent identifier across every other system.<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0905\u0926\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0917\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0930\u0939-\u0905\u0902\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e<\/strong>, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0902\u0915 \u0930\u093e\u091c\u094d\u092f, \u091c\u093c\u093f\u0932\u093e, \u0916\u0902\u0921, \u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0935\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0921 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0915\u094b \u0915\u0942\u091f\u092c\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0915\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092f\u0940 \u092a\u0939\u091a\u093e\u0928\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr style=\"background:#f3f8ff;\"><td>Reference date<\/span>\u0938\u0902\u0926\u0930\u094d\u092d \u0924\u093f\u0925\u093f<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>30 September<\/strong> of the session. Every figure \u2014 enrolment, teachers in position, facilities \u2014 describes the school as it stood on that date<\/strong>, not as it stands when the form is filled. This is the detail most often got wrong in practice.<\/span>\u0938\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0940 30 \u0938\u093f\u0924\u0902\u092c\u0930<\/strong>\u0964 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u093e \u2014 \u0928\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0902\u0915\u0928, \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u0930\u0924 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915, \u0938\u0941\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u2014 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0915\u0940 \u0909\u0938\u0940 \u0924\u093f\u0925\u093f \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f<\/strong> \u092c\u0924\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0928 \u0915\u093f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092d\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u092f \u0915\u0940\u0964 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092f\u0939\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0935\u0930\u0923 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092c\u093e\u0930 \u0917\u093c\u0932\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>What is collected<\/span>\u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u090f\u0915\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>Through the Data Capture Format (DCF)<\/strong>: school profile and management; physical infrastructure \u2014 classrooms, toilets, drinking water, electricity, ramps, library, playground, computers<\/strong>; teachers by qualification, category and subject; enrolment by class, gender and social category<\/strong>; children with disabilities; incentives received; and examination results.<\/span>\u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u093e \u0938\u0902\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939\u0923 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930 (DCF)<\/strong> \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0947: \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f-\u092a\u0930\u093f\u091a\u092f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0928; \u092d\u094c\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u0935\u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e \u2014 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e-\u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937, \u0936\u094c\u091a\u093e\u0932\u092f, \u092a\u0947\u092f\u091c\u0932, \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924, \u0930\u0948\u0902\u092a, \u092a\u0941\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0915\u093e\u0932\u092f, \u0916\u0947\u0932-\u092e\u0948\u0926\u093e\u0928, \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930<\/strong>; \u092f\u094b\u0917\u094d\u092f\u0924\u093e, \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0917 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u093e\u0930 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915; \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e, \u0932\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u091c\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0917 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u093e\u0930 \u0928\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0902\u0915\u0928<\/strong>; \u0926\u093f\u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0917 \u092c\u093e\u0932\u0915; \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0924\u094d\u0938\u093e\u0939\u0928; \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e-\u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>PGI<\/strong><\/td><td>The Performance Grading Index<\/strong>, which grades states and districts<\/strong> \u2014 not individual schools \u2014 on outcomes, access, infrastructure, equity and governance, drawing largely on UDISE+ data. A district's grade therefore rests on the accuracy of the returns its schools file.<\/span>\u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0928 \u0936\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0923\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0915\u093e\u0902\u0915<\/strong>, \u091c\u094b \u0930\u093e\u091c\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u091c\u093c\u093f\u0932\u094b\u0902<\/strong> \u0915\u094b \u2014 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0917\u0924 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u2014 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092b\u0932, \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a, \u0905\u0935\u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e, \u0938\u092e\u0924\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0936\u093e\u0938\u0928 \u092a\u0930 \u0936\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0923\u0940\u092c\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f\u0924\u0903 UDISE+ \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0905\u0924\u0903 \u091c\u093c\u093f\u0932\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0936\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0923\u0940 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u092d\u0930\u0940 \u0917\u0908 \u0935\u093f\u0935\u0930\u0923\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u092f\u0925\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0924\u093e \u092a\u0930 \u091f\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <\/tbody>\n <\/table>\n\n <hr class=\"section-divider\">\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d10-2\">\n 10.2<\/span>\n <h3>Digital Attendance and Biometrics<\/span>\u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u0909\u092a\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092c\u093e\u092f\u094b\u092e\u0947\u091f\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0938<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"vs-compare\">\n <div class=\"vs-side left\">\n Method 1<\/span>\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f 1<\/span><\/span>\n <h5>Application-based attendance<\/span>\u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917-\u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0909\u092a\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f<\/span><\/h5>\n <ul>\n <li>The class teacher marks attendance on a mobile application<\/strong>, and it reaches the block and district the same morning<\/strong>.<\/span>\u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e-\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u092e\u094b\u092c\u093e\u0907\u0932 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917<\/strong> \u092a\u0930 \u0909\u092a\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u091a\u093f\u0939\u094d\u0928\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u0939 \u0909\u0938\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0924\u0903<\/strong> \u0916\u0902\u0921 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u091c\u093c\u093f\u0932\u0947 \u0924\u0915 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n <li>Feeds directly into PM POSHAN<\/strong> provisioning, so that the meal count matches the children actually present.<\/span>\u0938\u0940\u0927\u0947 \u092a\u0940\u090f\u092e \u092a\u094b\u0937\u0923<\/strong> \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u092d\u094b\u091c\u0928-\u0917\u0923\u0928\u093e \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924\u0903 \u0909\u092a\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u092c\u091a\u094d\u091a\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0932 \u0916\u093e\u090f\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n <li>Requires network coverage and a charged device \u2014 and a paper fallback that must never be abandoned<\/strong>.<\/span>\u0907\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915-\u0906\u0935\u0930\u0923 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0906\u0935\u0947\u0936\u093f\u0924 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f \u2014 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0910\u0938\u093e \u0915\u093e\u0917\u093c\u091c\u093c\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a \u091c\u094b \u0915\u092d\u0940 \u091b\u094b\u0921\u093c\u093e \u0928 \u091c\u093e\u090f<\/strong>\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"vs-mid\">VS<\/div>\n <div class=\"vs-side right\">\n Method 2<\/span>\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f 2<\/span><\/span>\n <h5>Biometric attendance<\/span>\u092c\u093e\u092f\u094b\u092e\u0947\u091f\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0909\u092a\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f<\/span><\/h5>\n <ul>\n <li>Identity is established by fingerprint, iris or face<\/strong>. AEBAS<\/strong> \u2014 the Aadhaar Enabled Biometric Attendance System \u2014 is the version used for government staff.<\/span>\u092a\u0939\u091a\u093e\u0928 \u0905\u0902\u0917\u0941\u0932\u0940-\u091b\u093e\u092a, \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0924\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0915\u093e \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u091a\u0947\u0939\u0930\u0947<\/strong> \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 AEBAS<\/strong> \u2014 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e \u092c\u093e\u092f\u094b\u092e\u0947\u091f\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0909\u092a\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u2014 \u0936\u093e\u0938\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0915\u0930\u094d\u092e\u091a\u093e\u0930\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n <li>Removes proxy marking entirely, which is its whole purpose.<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0928\u093f\u0927\u093f-\u0909\u092a\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923\u0924\u0903 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0930 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u092f\u0939\u0940 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n <li>For children<\/strong>, it raises questions that do not arise for adults \u2014 dealt with in the caution below.<\/span>\u092c\u091a\u094d\u091a\u094b\u0902<\/strong> \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092f\u0939 \u0935\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u0909\u0920\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0935\u092f\u0938\u094d\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0909\u0920\u0924\u0947 \u2014 \u091c\u093f\u0928\u0915\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0935\u0947\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0928\u0940\u091a\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u091a\u0947\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0928\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"callout red\">\n <div class=\"callout-label\">\u26a0\ufe0f Biometric data of children \u2014 what a head must weigh<\/span>\u26a0\ufe0f \u092c\u091a\u094d\u091a\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u092f\u094b\u092e\u0947\u091f\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u2014 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0941\u0916 \u0915\u094b \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0924\u094c\u0932\u0928\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f<\/span><\/div>\n A fingerprint or a facial template is personal data of the most sensitive kind, and unlike a password it cannot be changed if it leaks<\/strong>. Under the Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023 discussed in \u00a78.8, a child's data may be processed only with the verifiable consent of the parent or guardian<\/strong>, and behavioural monitoring of children is prohibited outright<\/strong>. Before any such system is adopted, four questions should be answered in writing: what is collected, where it is stored, who can reach it, and when it is destroyed<\/strong>. A biometric system also fails, and a child must never be marked absent because a scanner could not read a worn or injured finger \u2014 which is why the manual register remains the record of last resort, not a formality.<\/span>\n \u0905\u0902\u0917\u0941\u0932\u0940-\u091b\u093e\u092a \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u092e\u0941\u0916-\u091f\u0947\u092e\u094d\u092a\u0932\u0947\u091f \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0935\u0947\u0926\u0928\u0936\u0940\u0932 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u0948\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u093e\u0938\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0921 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u092a\u0930\u0940\u0924 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0932\u0940\u0915 \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0926\u0932\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e<\/strong>\u0964 \u00a78.8 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0935\u0947\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u0935\u0948\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u093e \u0938\u0902\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e, 2023 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u0940\u0928 \u092c\u093e\u0932\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0915 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0938\u0902\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u0928-\u092f\u094b\u0917\u094d\u092f \u0938\u0939\u092e\u0924\u093f<\/strong> \u0938\u0947 \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092c\u091a\u094d\u091a\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930\u0917\u0924 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0935\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0925\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0937\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0939\u0948<\/strong>\u0964 \u0910\u0938\u0940 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u091a\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0932\u093f\u0916\u093f\u0924 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f: \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u090f\u0915\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0939\u094b\u0917\u093e, \u0915\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0917\u093e, \u0915\u094c\u0928 \u0909\u0938 \u0924\u0915 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a \u0938\u0915\u0947\u0917\u093e, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0915\u092c \u0928\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0939\u094b\u0917\u093e<\/strong>\u0964 \u092c\u093e\u092f\u094b\u092e\u0947\u091f\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u092b\u0932 \u092d\u0940 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092c\u093e\u0932\u0915 \u0915\u094b \u0907\u0938\u0932\u093f\u090f \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u092d\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u091a\u093f\u0939\u094d\u0928\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f \u0915\u093f \u0938\u094d\u0915\u0948\u0928\u0930 \u0918\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092f\u093e \u091a\u094b\u091f\u093f\u0932 \u0905\u0902\u0917\u0941\u0932\u0940 \u0928 \u092a\u0922\u093c \u0938\u0915\u093e \u2014 \u0907\u0938\u0940\u0932\u093f\u090f \u0939\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0932\u093f\u0916\u093f\u0924 \u0930\u091c\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0930 \u0914\u092a\u091a\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0905\u0902\u0924\u093f\u092e \u0906\u0936\u094d\u0930\u092f \u0915\u093e \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0932\u0947\u0916 \u092c\u0928\u093e \u0930\u0939\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\n <\/div>\n\n <hr class=\"section-divider\">\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d10-3\">\n 10.3<\/span>\n <h3>Student Records and APAAR<\/span>\u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0932\u0947\u0916 \u090f\u0935\u0902 APAAR<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n <svg class=\"full-diagram\" viewBox=\"0 0 700 262\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"How the student identity systems fit together\">\n <rect x=\"228\" y=\"20\" width=\"244\" height=\"58\" rx=\"8\" fill=\"#14243f\"\/>\n <text x=\"350\" y=\"42\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"13\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#fff\" letter-spacing=\"1\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">APAAR<\/text>\n <text x=\"350\" y=\"57\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#c9daf0\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Automated Permanent Academic Account Registry<\/text>\n <text x=\"350\" y=\"70\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#ffd970\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">\"One Nation, One Student ID\"<\/text>\n\n <defs><marker id=\"ap\" markerWidth=\"8\" markerHeight=\"8\" refX=\"7\" refY=\"2.8\" orient=\"auto\"><path d=\"M0,0 L0,5.6 L7,2.8 z\" fill=\"#8a95a3\"\/><\/marker><\/defs>\n <g stroke=\"#8a95a3\" stroke-width=\"1.4\" fill=\"none\">\n <path d=\"M290 78 L290 96 L120 96 L120 112\" marker-end=\"url(#ap)\"\/>\n <path d=\"M350 78 L350 112\" marker-end=\"url(#ap)\"\/>\n <path d=\"M410 78 L410 96 L580 96 L580 112\" marker-end=\"url(#ap)\"\/>\n <\/g>\n\n <rect x=\"40\" y=\"114\" width=\"160\" height=\"70\" rx=\"7\" fill=\"#eef4fc\" stroke=\"#1f5fa9\" stroke-width=\"1.8\"\/>\n <text x=\"120\" y=\"134\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">UDISE+ and PEN<\/text>\n <text x=\"120\" y=\"150\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">The Permanent Education<\/text>\n <text x=\"120\" y=\"161\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Number is generated for<\/text>\n <text x=\"120\" y=\"172\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">every enrolled child<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"270\" y=\"114\" width=\"160\" height=\"70\" rx=\"7\" fill=\"#eefbf7\" stroke=\"#0d8f79\" stroke-width=\"1.8\"\/>\n <text x=\"350\" y=\"134\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#0d8f79\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">DigiLocker<\/text>\n <text x=\"350\" y=\"150\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Holds the certificates<\/text>\n <text x=\"350\" y=\"161\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">themselves \u2014 marksheets,<\/text>\n <text x=\"350\" y=\"172\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">TC, awards (\u00a713.5)<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"500\" y=\"114\" width=\"160\" height=\"70\" rx=\"7\" fill=\"#faf6ff\" stroke=\"#6b3a8f\" stroke-width=\"1.8\"\/>\n <text x=\"580\" y=\"134\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#6b3a8f\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">ABC<\/text>\n <text x=\"580\" y=\"150\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Academic Bank of Credits \u2014<\/text>\n <text x=\"580\" y=\"161\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">credits deposited, kept and<\/text>\n <text x=\"580\" y=\"172\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">transferred, as in a bank<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"40\" y=\"200\" width=\"620\" height=\"52\" rx=\"7\" fill=\"#f7fbff\" stroke=\"#c3d2e2\" stroke-width=\"1.3\"\/>\n <text x=\"56\" y=\"218\" font-size=\"9\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#14243f\" letter-spacing=\".5\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">WHAT THE ARRANGEMENT IS FOR<\/text>\n <text x=\"56\" y=\"232\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">A pupil who moves from one school to another, or from one state to another, carries a single academic account instead of a bundle of paper.<\/text>\n <text x=\"56\" y=\"245\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">A lost marksheet ceases to be a crisis, and a transfer ceases to require the reconstruction of a record that already exists.<\/text>\n <\/svg>\n\n <table class=\"data-table\">\n <thead>\n <tr>\n <th>System<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940<\/span><\/th>\n <th>What to know<\/span>\u091c\u093e\u0928\u0928\u0947 \u092f\u094b\u0917\u094d\u092f \u092c\u093e\u0924\u0947\u0902<\/span><\/th>\n <\/tr>\n <\/thead>\n <tbody>\n <tr style=\"background:#f3f8ff;\">\n <td>APAAR<\/strong><\/td>\n <td>Automated Permanent Academic Account Registry<\/strong> \u2014 a lifelong academic identity<\/strong> for every learner, envisaged under NEP 2020<\/strong> and built within the NDEAR<\/strong> framework of \u00a79.5. It is a twelve-digit ID<\/strong>, distinct from Aadhaar though generated with reference to it, and is popularly called \"One Nation, One Student ID\"<\/strong>. For a child, parental consent is required<\/strong>, and that consent is voluntary<\/strong> \u2014 a point a head should be able to state plainly to a parent who asks.<\/span>\u0911\u091f\u094b\u092e\u0947\u091f\u0947\u0921 \u092a\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0928\u0947\u0902\u091f \u090f\u0915\u0947\u0921\u092e\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u0915\u093e\u0909\u0902\u091f \u0930\u091c\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940<\/strong> \u2014 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0906\u091c\u0940\u0935\u0928 \u0936\u0948\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u0939\u091a\u093e\u0928<\/strong>, \u091c\u094b NEP 2020<\/strong> \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u0940\u0928 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u00a79.5 \u0915\u0947 NDEAR<\/strong> \u0922\u093e\u0901\u091a\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u092d\u0940\u0924\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0924\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u092c\u093e\u0930\u0939-\u0905\u0902\u0915\u0940\u092f \u092a\u0939\u091a\u093e\u0928<\/strong> \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u094b \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u0947 \u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0939\u0948 \u092f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u092a\u093f \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0930\u094d\u092d \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0928\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0932\u094b\u0915\u092a\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \"\u090f\u0915 \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930, \u090f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u092a\u0939\u091a\u093e\u0928\"<\/strong> \u0915\u0939\u0932\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092c\u093e\u0932\u0915 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0938\u0939\u092e\u0924\u093f \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915<\/strong> \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u0939 \u0938\u0939\u092e\u0924\u093f \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0948\u091a\u094d\u091b\u093f\u0915<\/strong> \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u092a\u0942\u091b\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0915 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0941\u0916 \u0907\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u092a\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0924\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0947, \u092f\u0939 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td>PEN<\/strong><\/td>\n <td>The Permanent Education Number<\/strong>, generated within UDISE+ for each enrolled child. It allows a pupil to be tracked across schools and across sessions<\/strong>, which is what makes it possible to distinguish a child who has transferred from one who has dropped out \u2014 a distinction the system previously could not make.<\/span>\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092f\u0940 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e<\/strong>, \u091c\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0928\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0902\u0915\u093f\u0924 \u092c\u093e\u0932\u0915 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 UDISE+ \u0915\u0947 \u092d\u0940\u0924\u0930 \u092c\u0928\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0915\u094b \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0906\u0930-\u092a\u093e\u0930<\/strong> \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0930\u0947\u0916\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0907\u0938\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u092f\u0939 \u092d\u0947\u0926 \u0938\u0902\u092d\u0935 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0915\u094c\u0928 \u092c\u093e\u0932\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0941\u0906 \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u094c\u0928 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u091b\u094b\u0921\u093c \u0917\u092f\u093e \u2014 \u092f\u0939 \u092d\u0947\u0926 \u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u0930 \u092a\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0925\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td>ABC<\/strong><\/td>\n <td>The Academic Bank of Credits<\/strong>, which holds credits earned by a learner as a bank holds deposits, permitting accumulation, transfer and redemption<\/strong> towards a qualification. It is what gives practical effect to the multiple entry and exit provided for by NEP 2020, and it is where SWAYAM credits from \u00a79.3 are deposited.<\/span>\u0936\u0948\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0921\u093f\u091f \u092c\u0948\u0902\u0915<\/strong>, \u091c\u094b \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0905\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0921\u093f\u091f \u0935\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0939\u0940 \u0930\u0916\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0948\u0902\u0915 \u091c\u092e\u093e \u0930\u0916\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0939\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u0913\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u092f, \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930\u0923 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092d\u0941\u0928\u093e\u0908<\/strong> \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092e\u0924\u093f \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 NEP 2020 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0926\u093f\u090f \u0917\u090f \u092c\u0939\u0941-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0947\u0936 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092c\u0939\u0941-\u0928\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u094b \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092f\u0939\u0940 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u00a79.3 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0921\u093f\u091f \u092f\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u091c\u092e\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td>The records a school must still keep<\/span>\u0935\u0947 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0932\u0947\u0916 \u091c\u094b \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0915\u094b \u0905\u092c \u092d\u0940 \u0930\u0916\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n <td>Digitisation adds a copy; it does not remove a duty. The admission and withdrawal register, the cumulative record card, the attendance register, the mark registers and the transfer certificate counterfoils<\/strong> remain records in the legal sense, and their retention periods are unaffected by the existence of a portal.<\/span>\u0905\u0902\u0915\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u090f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948; \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0935\u094d\u092f \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u091f\u093e\u0924\u093e\u0964 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0947\u0936 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0915\u093e\u0938\u0928 \u0930\u091c\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0930, \u0938\u0902\u091a\u092f\u0940 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0932\u0947\u0916 \u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0915, \u0909\u092a\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u0930\u091c\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0930, \u0905\u0902\u0915-\u0930\u091c\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0930 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930\u0923 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092a\u0930\u094d\u0923<\/strong> \u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0932\u0947\u0916 \u092c\u0928\u0947 \u0930\u0939\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092a\u094b\u0930\u094d\u091f\u0932 \u0915\u0947 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923-\u0905\u0935\u0927\u093f \u0905\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u093f\u0924 \u0930\u0939\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <\/tbody>\n <\/table>\n\n <hr class=\"section-divider\">\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d10-4\">\n 10.4<\/span>\n <h3>Online Admissions<\/span>\u0911\u0928\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0947\u0936<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"flow-wrap\">\n <div class=\"flow-note\">\n \ud83c\udf93 The sequence of an online admission cycle. Its purpose is to move the decision from discretion to rule<\/strong>, and every step exists to make that shift verifiable.<\/span>\n \ud83c\udf93 \u0911\u0928\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0947\u0936-\u091a\u0915\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0923\u092f \u0915\u094b \u0935\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0915\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e<\/strong> \u0915\u0940 \u0913\u0930 \u0932\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u091a\u0930\u0923 \u0909\u0938\u0940 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u0928-\u092f\u094b\u0917\u094d\u092f \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"flow-steps\">\n <div class=\"flow-step\">\n 1<\/span>\n <div class=\"fs-body\">\n Notification and schedule<\/span>\u0905\u0927\u093f\u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e<\/span><\/strong>\n The dates, the number of seats and the criteria are published before applications open<\/strong>, which removes the possibility of a rule being framed after the applicants are known.<\/span>\u0924\u093f\u0925\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901, \u0938\u0940\u091f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0915\u0938\u094c\u091f\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u0906\u0935\u0947\u0926\u0928 \u0916\u0941\u0932\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0936\u093f\u0924<\/strong> \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0906\u0935\u0947\u0926\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0924 \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e \u092c\u0928\u093e\u090f \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0928\u093e \u0938\u092e\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/span>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"flow-step\">\n 2<\/span>\n <div class=\"fs-body\">\n Online application and upload<\/span>\u0911\u0928\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u0906\u0935\u0947\u0926\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0926\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0947\u091c\u093c \u091a\u0922\u093c\u093e\u0928\u093e<\/span><\/strong>\n Birth certificate, proof of residence and, where applicable, income or category certificate. A single application per child<\/strong> is enforced by the system, which is what prevents multiple entries in a lottery.<\/span>\u091c\u0928\u094d\u092e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930, \u0928\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0932\u093e\u0917\u0942 \u0939\u094b \u0935\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0906\u092f \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0917 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0964 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f \u092c\u093e\u0932\u0915 \u090f\u0915 \u0939\u0940 \u0906\u0935\u0947\u0926\u0928<\/strong> \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u092f\u0939\u0940 \u0932\u0949\u091f\u0930\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0928\u0947\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0930\u094b\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/span>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"flow-step\">\n 3<\/span>\n <div class=\"fs-body\">\n Draw of lots or merit list<\/span>\u0932\u0949\u091f\u0930\u0940 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0927\u093e-\u0938\u0942\u091a\u0940<\/span><\/strong>\n For entry-level admissions and for the reserved category under section 12(1)(c) of the RTE Act<\/strong>, allotment is by computerised random draw<\/strong>, conducted openly and recorded. Randomisation is the mechanism by which fairness is made demonstrable rather than merely asserted.<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0947\u0936-\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u093e\u0916\u093c\u093f\u0932\u094b\u0902 \u0924\u0925\u093e RTE \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e \u0915\u0940 \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093e 12(1)(\u0917) \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u0940\u0928 \u0906\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0917<\/strong> \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0906\u0935\u0902\u091f\u0928 \u0938\u0902\u0917\u0923\u0915\u0940\u0915\u0943\u0924 \u092f\u093e\u0926\u0943\u091a\u094d\u091b\u093f\u0915 \u0932\u0949\u091f\u0930\u0940<\/strong> \u0938\u0947 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u094b \u0916\u0941\u0932\u0947 \u0924\u094c\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0932\u093f\u0916\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u093e\u0926\u0943\u091a\u094d\u091b\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0935\u0939 \u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u092a\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0915\u0939\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/span>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"flow-step\">\n 4<\/span>\n <div class=\"fs-body\">\n Allotment and verification<\/span>\u0906\u0935\u0902\u091f\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u0928<\/span><\/strong>\n The school's role begins here and is verification, not selection<\/strong> \u2014 checking that the uploaded document matches the original produced. A discrepancy is reported to the authority; it is not resolved at the school's discretion.<\/span>\u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0915\u0940 \u092d\u0942\u092e\u093f\u0915\u093e \u092f\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0906\u0930\u0902\u092d \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u0939 \u0938\u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u0928 \u0939\u0948, \u091a\u092f\u0928 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902<\/strong> \u2014 \u092f\u0939 \u091c\u093e\u0901\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0915\u093f \u091a\u0922\u093c\u093e\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0926\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0947\u091c\u093c \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924 \u092e\u0942\u0932 \u0938\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0932 \u0916\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0935\u093f\u0938\u0902\u0917\u0924\u093f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0942\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948; \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0915 \u0938\u0947 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u092a\u091f\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/span>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"flow-step\">\n 5<\/span>\n <div class=\"fs-body\">\n Admission and grievance<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0947\u0936 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e\u092f\u0924<\/span><\/strong>\n The child is admitted, entered in UDISE+ and given a PEN. A published grievance channel with stated timelines<\/strong> handles non-allotment and document disputes, and its existence is part of what makes the system defensible.<\/span>\u092c\u093e\u0932\u0915 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0947\u0936 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, UDISE+ \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093f \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0924\u0925\u093e PEN \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u092e\u092f-\u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0938\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0936\u093f\u0924 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e\u092f\u0924-\u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e<\/strong> \u0905\u0928\u093e\u0935\u0902\u091f\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0926\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0947\u091c\u093c-\u0935\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0926\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0926\u0947\u0916\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0928\u093e \u0939\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0915\u094b \u092c\u091a\u093e\u0935-\u092f\u094b\u0917\u094d\u092f \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/span>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"pc-grid\">\n <div class=\"pc-panel pro\">\n <div class=\"pc-head\">\u2713<\/span>What the online system gains<\/span>\u0911\u0928\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n <ul>\n <li>An audit trail.<\/strong> Every application, allotment and rejection carries a timestamp that cannot be altered afterwards<\/span>\u0905\u0902\u0915\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923-\u091a\u093f\u0939\u094d\u0928\u0964<\/strong> \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0906\u0935\u0947\u0926\u0928, \u0906\u0935\u0902\u091f\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0905\u0938\u094d\u0935\u0940\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f \u092a\u0930 \u0910\u0938\u0940 \u0938\u092e\u092f-\u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930\u093e \u0930\u0939\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940<\/span><\/li>\n <li>Discretion removed from the point of pressure.<\/strong> A head who cannot allot a seat cannot be pressed to allot one<\/span>\u0926\u092c\u093e\u0935 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0941 \u0938\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0915\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0939\u091f\u093e \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/strong> \u091c\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0941\u0916 \u0938\u0940\u091f \u0906\u0935\u0902\u091f\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930 \u0939\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0909\u0938 \u092a\u0930 \u0906\u0935\u0902\u091f\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u0926\u092c\u093e\u0935 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0921\u093e\u0932\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e<\/span><\/li>\n <li>No crowds at the gate<\/strong>, and no advantage to whoever can queue longest<\/span>\u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u092d\u0940\u0921\u093c \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902<\/strong>, \u0914\u0930 \u091c\u094b \u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u0926\u0947\u0930 \u0924\u0915 \u092a\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0916\u0921\u093c\u093e \u0930\u0939 \u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0932\u093e\u092d \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902<\/span><\/li>\n <li>Data flows onward automatically<\/strong> into UDISE+ and the student record, without re-entry<\/span>\u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0903\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093f \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0924\u0903 \u0906\u0917\u0947<\/strong> UDISE+ \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940-\u0905\u092d\u093f\u0932\u0947\u0916 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091a\u0932\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902<\/span><\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"pc-panel con\">\n <div class=\"pc-head\">\u2717<\/span>Where it still fails a family<\/span>\u092f\u0939 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0935\u093f\u092b\u0932 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n <ul>\n <li>A parent without a smartphone or the literacy to use one<\/strong> is excluded unless a facilitation counter exists<\/span>\u091c\u093f\u0938 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u0938 \u0938\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u091f\u092b\u093c\u094b\u0928 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u091a\u0932\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u093e\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0928 \u0939\u094b<\/strong> \u0935\u0939 \u0924\u092c \u0924\u0915 \u092c\u093e\u0939\u0930 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u092c \u0924\u0915 \u0938\u0939\u093e\u092f\u0924\u093e-\u0915\u093e\u0909\u0902\u091f\u0930 \u0928 \u0939\u094b<\/span><\/li>\n <li>A name spelt differently across two documents<\/strong> can cost a child a seat, and the correction takes longer than the admission window<\/span>\u0926\u094b \u0926\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0947\u091c\u093c\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928\u0940 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e \u0928\u093e\u092e<\/strong> \u092c\u093e\u0932\u0915 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0940\u091f \u0932\u0947 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0941\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0947\u0936-\u0905\u0935\u0927\u093f \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u092e\u092f \u0932\u0917\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/li>\n <li>Children without a birth certificate<\/strong> \u2014 the RTE Act is clear that no child may be denied admission for want of documents, and a portal must not become the means of doing so<\/span>\u0935\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0932\u0915 \u091c\u093f\u0928\u0915\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u0938 \u091c\u0928\u094d\u092e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902<\/strong> \u2014 RTE \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e \u0938\u094d\u092a\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0926\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0947\u091c\u093c\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u092d\u093e\u0935 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092c\u093e\u0932\u0915 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0947\u0936 \u0938\u0947 \u0935\u0902\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e, \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u092a\u094b\u0930\u094d\u091f\u0932 \u0910\u0938\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u093e\u0927\u0928 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u092c\u0928\u0928\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f<\/span><\/li>\n <li>Allotted seats not taken up<\/strong>, which leaves places empty while other children remain out of school<\/span>\u0906\u0935\u0902\u091f\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u0940\u091f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0928 \u092d\u0930\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0928\u093e<\/strong>, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928 \u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0930\u0939 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u091c\u092c\u0915\u093f \u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f \u092c\u093e\u0932\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0939\u0930 \u092c\u0928\u0947 \u0930\u0939\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902<\/span><\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <hr class=\"section-divider\">\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d10-5\">\n 10.5<\/span>\n <h3>Examination Portals and OMR<\/span>\u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u092a\u094b\u0930\u094d\u091f\u0932 \u090f\u0935\u0902 OMR<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n <table class=\"data-table\">\n <thead>\n <tr>\n <th>Stage<\/span>\u091a\u0930\u0923<\/span><\/th>\n <th>What happens on the portal, and where it goes wrong<\/span>\u092a\u094b\u0930\u094d\u091f\u0932 \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0935\u0939 \u0915\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u092c\u093f\u0917\u0921\u093c\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/th>\n <\/tr>\n <\/thead>\n <tbody>\n <tr style=\"background:#f3f8ff;\">\n <td>List of Candidates<\/span>\u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940-\u0938\u0942\u091a\u0940<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n <td>The school submits the LOC<\/strong> \u2014 the roll of pupils who will appear, with name, parentage, date of birth, subjects and category. This is the single most consequential data entry in a school year.<\/strong> Whatever is entered here is printed on the admit card, the marksheet and the certificate, and a spelling corrected later requires a formal correction application, a fee and months of waiting. The entry must be checked against the admission register<\/strong>, not against memory or a class list.<\/span>\u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f LOC<\/strong> \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u0909\u0928 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0940 \u091c\u094b \u0909\u092a\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0902\u0917\u0947, \u0928\u093e\u092e, \u092e\u093e\u0924\u093e-\u092a\u093f\u0924\u093e, \u091c\u0928\u094d\u092e\u0924\u093f\u0925\u093f, \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0917 \u0938\u0939\u093f\u0924\u0964 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f-\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937 \u0915\u0940 \u092f\u0939 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u093e-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093f \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/strong> \u092f\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u091c\u094b \u092d\u0930\u093e \u091c\u093e\u090f \u0935\u0939\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0947\u0936-\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930, \u0905\u0902\u0915-\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u091b\u092a\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0941\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0917\u0908 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928\u0940 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0914\u092a\u091a\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0941\u0927\u093e\u0930-\u0906\u0935\u0947\u0926\u0928, \u0936\u0941\u0932\u094d\u0915 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092e\u0939\u0940\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f\u0964 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0947\u0936-\u0930\u091c\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0930<\/strong> \u0938\u0947 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u093e\u0908 \u091c\u093e\u090f, \u0938\u094d\u092e\u0943\u0924\u093f \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e-\u0938\u0942\u091a\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td>Admit cards and centres<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0947\u0936-\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n <td>Roll numbers are allotted, admit cards generated for download, and the centre and seating plan published. The school's duty is distribution and verification of photographs<\/strong> before the examination, not after.<\/span>\u0905\u0928\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0902\u0915 \u0906\u0935\u0902\u091f\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0921\u093e\u0909\u0928\u0932\u094b\u0921 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0947\u0936-\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092c\u0928\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092c\u0948\u0920\u0915-\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0936\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0915\u093e \u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0935\u094d\u092f \u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935<\/strong> \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0947\u0936-\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0924\u0930\u0923 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u091b\u093e\u092f\u093e\u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u0928 \u0939\u0948, \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td>Internal assessment upload<\/span>\u0906\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0906\u0915\u0932\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0937\u0923<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n <td>Practical marks, project marks and internal assessment are uploaded within a stated window. The window does not reopen.<\/strong> A mark uploaded against the wrong roll number is an error in a public examination result, and the correction route is formal and slow.<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u0902\u0915, \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928\u093e-\u0905\u0902\u0915 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0906\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0906\u0915\u0932\u0928 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0905\u0935\u0927\u093f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091a\u0922\u093c\u093e\u090f \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0935\u0939 \u0905\u0935\u0927\u093f \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0903 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0916\u0941\u0932\u0924\u0940\u0964<\/strong> \u0917\u093c\u0932\u0924 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0902\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0928\u0947 \u091a\u0922\u093c\u093e\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0905\u0902\u0915 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0938\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0935\u091c\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e-\u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e \u0915\u0940 \u0924\u094d\u0930\u0941\u091f\u093f \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0941\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0917 \u0914\u092a\u091a\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0927\u0940\u092e\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td>OMR answer sheets<\/span>OMR \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930-\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0915\u093e\u090f\u0901<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n <td>Optical Mark Recognition<\/strong>, introduced in \u00a71.8, detects only the presence or absence of a mark in a defined position<\/strong> \u2014 it reads no characters and interprets nothing. Hence the rules that must be taught to candidates before the day: use only the specified pen, darken the bubble completely<\/strong>, make no stray marks anywhere on the sheet, do not fold or crease it, and never erase<\/strong>, since a partly erased mark may still be read.<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0936\u0940\u092f \u091a\u093f\u0939\u094d\u0928 \u092a\u0939\u091a\u093e\u0928<\/strong>, \u091c\u094b \u00a71.8 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0906\u0908 \u0925\u0940, \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u092f\u0939 \u092a\u0939\u091a\u093e\u0928\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u0930 \u091a\u093f\u0939\u094d\u0928 \u0939\u0948 \u092f\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902<\/strong> \u2014 \u0935\u0939 \u0928 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u092a\u0922\u093c\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0928 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0905\u0924\u0903 \u0935\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e \u091c\u094b \u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0926\u093f\u0928 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u0938\u093f\u0916\u093e\u090f \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f: \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0926\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0915\u0932\u092e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902, \u0917\u094b\u0932\u093e \u092a\u0942\u0930\u0940 \u0924\u0930\u0939 \u092d\u0930\u0947\u0902<\/strong>, \u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0915\u093e \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u092d\u091f\u0915\u093e \u091a\u093f\u0939\u094d\u0928 \u0928 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u090f\u0901, \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u092e\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0947\u0902 \u092f\u093e \u0938\u093f\u0915\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0915\u092d\u0940 \u0928 \u092e\u093f\u091f\u093e\u090f\u0901<\/strong>, \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u0905\u0927\u0942\u0930\u093e \u092e\u093f\u091f\u093e \u091a\u093f\u0939\u094d\u0928 \u092d\u0940 \u092a\u0922\u093c\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td>On-screen evaluation<\/span>\u092a\u0930\u094d\u0926\u093e-\u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u092e\u0942\u0932\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0915\u0928<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n <td>Answer scripts are scanned and marked on screen by examiners who never see the candidate's identity. It shortens the result cycle, allows the same script to be checked by a second examiner without physical movement, and leaves a record of every mark awarded.<\/span>\u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930-\u092a\u0941\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0915\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u0938\u094d\u0915\u0948\u0928 \u0915\u0930 \u092a\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u0909\u0928 \u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0901\u091a\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u091c\u094b \u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0939\u091a\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u092d\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0926\u0947\u0916\u0924\u0947\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e-\u091a\u0915\u094d\u0930 \u091b\u094b\u091f\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0935\u0939\u0940 \u092a\u0941\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0915\u093e \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u092d\u094c\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0906\u0935\u093e\u0917\u092e\u0928 \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0938\u0947 \u091c\u0901\u091a\u0935\u093e\u0908 \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0926\u093f\u090f \u0917\u090f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0905\u0902\u0915 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0932\u0947\u0916 \u092c\u0928\u093e \u0930\u0939\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td>Results and digital marksheets<\/span>\u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0905\u0902\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0905\u0902\u0915-\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n <td>Results are declared online and the marksheet, migration certificate and passing certificate are issued into DigiLocker<\/strong>, from which they can be produced anywhere without the original. Treated in \u00a713.5.<\/span>\u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e \u0911\u0928\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u0918\u094b\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0905\u0902\u0915-\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0940\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u0932\u0949\u0915\u0930<\/strong> \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091c\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0938\u0947 \u0935\u0947 \u092e\u0942\u0932 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0915\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u092d\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u090f \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0935\u093f\u0935\u0947\u091a\u0928 \u00a713.5 \u092e\u0947\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <\/tbody>\n <\/table>\n\n <hr class=\"section-divider\">\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d10-6\">\n 10.6<\/span>\n <h3>Data Dashboards and Decision Making<\/span>\u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u093e-\u0921\u0948\u0936\u092c\u094b\u0930\u094d\u0921 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0923\u092f\u0928<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n <svg class=\"full-diagram\" viewBox=\"0 0 720 340\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"A school dashboard showing key indicators\">\n <rect x=\"20\" y=\"18\" width=\"680\" height=\"304\" rx=\"7\" fill=\"#f5f7fa\" stroke=\"#b9c6d6\" stroke-width=\"1.5\"\/>\n <rect x=\"20\" y=\"18\" width=\"680\" height=\"34\" rx=\"7\" fill=\"#14243f\"\/>\n <rect x=\"20\" y=\"40\" width=\"680\" height=\"12\" fill=\"#14243f\"\/>\n <text x=\"38\" y=\"40\" font-size=\"10.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">GSSS Malviya Nagar \u2014 School Dashboard<\/text>\n <text x=\"682\" y=\"40\" text-anchor=\"end\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#c9daf0\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">UDISE 07030105 \u00b7 as on 22 Aug 2026<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"34\" y=\"64\" width=\"158\" height=\"58\" rx=\"6\" fill=\"#fff\" stroke=\"#dde3ea\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/>\n <text x=\"46\" y=\"80\" font-size=\"7.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#8a95a3\" letter-spacing=\".5\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">ENROLMENT<\/text>\n <text x=\"46\" y=\"102\" font-size=\"20\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#14243f\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">1,248<\/text>\n <text x=\"112\" y=\"102\" font-size=\"8\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#0d8f79\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">\u25b2 4.2%<\/text>\n <text x=\"46\" y=\"115\" font-size=\"7\" fill=\"#8a95a3\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">girls 631 \u00b7 boys 617<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"200\" y=\"64\" width=\"158\" height=\"58\" rx=\"6\" fill=\"#fff\" stroke=\"#dde3ea\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/>\n <text x=\"212\" y=\"80\" font-size=\"7.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#8a95a3\" letter-spacing=\".5\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">ATTENDANCE THIS MONTH<\/text>\n <text x=\"212\" y=\"102\" font-size=\"20\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#14243f\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">88.6%<\/text>\n <text x=\"286\" y=\"102\" font-size=\"8\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#c0392b\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">\u25bc 1.8%<\/text>\n <text x=\"212\" y=\"115\" font-size=\"7\" fill=\"#8a95a3\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">below 75% \u2014 84 pupils<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"366\" y=\"64\" width=\"158\" height=\"58\" rx=\"6\" fill=\"#fff\" stroke=\"#dde3ea\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/>\n <text x=\"378\" y=\"80\" font-size=\"7.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#8a95a3\" letter-spacing=\".5\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">TEACHERS IN POSITION<\/text>\n <text x=\"378\" y=\"102\" font-size=\"20\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#14243f\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">41<\/text>\n <text x=\"410\" y=\"102\" font-size=\"10\" fill=\"#8a95a3\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">\/ 46<\/text>\n <text x=\"378\" y=\"115\" font-size=\"7\" fill=\"#c0392b\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">5 vacant \u00b7 PTR 1:30<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"532\" y=\"64\" width=\"156\" height=\"58\" rx=\"6\" fill=\"#fff\" stroke=\"#dde3ea\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/>\n <text x=\"544\" y=\"80\" font-size=\"7.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#8a95a3\" letter-spacing=\".5\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">GRANT UTILISED<\/text>\n <text x=\"544\" y=\"102\" font-size=\"20\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#14243f\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">62%<\/text>\n <text x=\"544\" y=\"115\" font-size=\"7\" fill=\"#c9760f\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">UC due by 31 March<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"34\" y=\"132\" width=\"324\" height=\"120\" rx=\"6\" fill=\"#fff\" stroke=\"#dde3ea\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/>\n <text x=\"46\" y=\"150\" font-size=\"8.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#14243f\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Attendance by class, this month<\/text>\n <line x1=\"70\" y1=\"232\" x2=\"342\" y2=\"232\" stroke=\"#dde3ea\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/>\n <line x1=\"70\" y1=\"162\" x2=\"70\" y2=\"232\" stroke=\"#dde3ea\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/>\n <line x1=\"70\" y1=\"190\" x2=\"342\" y2=\"190\" stroke=\"#f0a8a0\" stroke-width=\"1\" stroke-dasharray=\"3 2\"\/>\n <text x=\"348\" y=\"192\" font-size=\"6.5\" fill=\"#c0392b\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">75%<\/text>\n <g fill=\"#2f92d1\">\n <rect x=\"84\" y=\"176\" width=\"26\" height=\"56\"\/><rect x=\"124\" y=\"170\" width=\"26\" height=\"62\"\/><rect x=\"164\" y=\"182\" width=\"26\" height=\"50\"\/>\n <rect x=\"204\" y=\"166\" width=\"26\" height=\"66\"\/><rect x=\"284\" y=\"174\" width=\"26\" height=\"58\"\/>\n <\/g>\n <rect x=\"244\" y=\"196\" width=\"26\" height=\"36\" fill=\"#c0392b\"\/>\n <g font-size=\"6.5\" fill=\"#5a6d80\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">\n <text x=\"97\" y=\"243\">VI<\/text><text x=\"137\" y=\"243\">VII<\/text><text x=\"177\" y=\"243\">VIII<\/text><text x=\"217\" y=\"243\">IX<\/text><text x=\"257\" y=\"243\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#c0392b\">X<\/text><text x=\"297\" y=\"243\">XI<\/text>\n <\/g>\n <text x=\"257\" y=\"192\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#c0392b\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">71%<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"366\" y=\"132\" width=\"322\" height=\"120\" rx=\"6\" fill=\"#fff\" stroke=\"#dde3ea\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/>\n <text x=\"378\" y=\"150\" font-size=\"8.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#14243f\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Enrolment, five sessions<\/text>\n <line x1=\"400\" y1=\"232\" x2=\"672\" y2=\"232\" stroke=\"#dde3ea\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/>\n <line x1=\"400\" y1=\"162\" x2=\"400\" y2=\"232\" stroke=\"#dde3ea\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/>\n <polyline points=\"420,212 480,204 540,196 600,186 656,172\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#0d8f79\" stroke-width=\"2.2\"\/>\n <g fill=\"#0d8f79\"><circle cx=\"420\" cy=\"212\" r=\"3\"\/><circle cx=\"480\" cy=\"204\" r=\"3\"\/><circle cx=\"540\" cy=\"196\" r=\"3\"\/><circle cx=\"600\" cy=\"186\" r=\"3\"\/><circle cx=\"656\" cy=\"172\" r=\"3.6\"\/><\/g>\n <g font-size=\"6.5\" fill=\"#5a6d80\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">\n <text x=\"420\" y=\"243\">2022<\/text><text x=\"480\" y=\"243\">2023<\/text><text x=\"540\" y=\"243\">2024<\/text><text x=\"600\" y=\"243\">2025<\/text><text x=\"656\" y=\"243\" font-weight=\"700\">2026<\/text>\n <\/g>\n\n <rect x=\"34\" y=\"262\" width=\"654\" height=\"48\" rx=\"6\" fill=\"#fffbf0\" stroke=\"#c9760f\" stroke-width=\"1.3\"\/>\n <text x=\"48\" y=\"279\" font-size=\"8.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#8f5409\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">WHAT THIS DASHBOARD IS ACTUALLY SAYING<\/text>\n <text x=\"48\" y=\"293\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Enrolment is rising and staffing has not followed \u2014 five posts vacant against a rising roll. Class X attendance has fallen below the<\/text>\n <text x=\"48\" y=\"304\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">threshold while every other class holds. Two facts, two decisions: pursue the vacancies, and find out what is happening in class X.<\/text>\n <\/svg>\n A dashboard earns its place only if a decision follows from it. One that is read and filed is a report wearing a different name.<\/span>\u0921\u0948\u0936\u092c\u094b\u0930\u094d\u0921 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928 \u0924\u092d\u0940 \u0938\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0915 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u092c \u0909\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0923\u092f \u0928\u093f\u0915\u0932\u0947\u0964 \u091c\u094b \u092a\u0922\u093c\u0915\u0930 \u0928\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0940\u092c\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0915\u0930 \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u090f \u0935\u0939 \u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0928\u093e\u092e \u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u093f\u090f \u0939\u0941\u090f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0926\u0928 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n\n <div class=\"feat-grid\">\n <div class=\"feat-card\">1<\/span>MIS<\/strong>A Management Information System<\/strong> collects, stores and presents the data an institution needs to run itself. A dashboard is its visible surface; the value lies in what is underneath.<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0928 \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940<\/strong> \u0909\u0928 \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u090f\u0915\u0924\u094d\u0930, \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u091a\u0932\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f\u0964 \u0921\u0948\u0936\u092c\u094b\u0930\u094d\u0921 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u0926\u0943\u0936\u094d\u092f \u0938\u0924\u0939 \u0939\u0948; \u092e\u0942\u0932\u094d\u092f \u0928\u0940\u091a\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"feat-card\">2<\/span>Vidya Samiksha Kendra<\/span>\u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0938\u092e\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930<\/span><\/strong>A centre for real-time monitoring of education data<\/strong>, established at national and state level and envisaged in NEP 2020. It brings attendance, learning outcomes, teacher deployment and scheme data onto one screen for the whole system.<\/span>\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e-\u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0935\u093f\u0915-\u0938\u092e\u092f \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0935\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u093e \u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930<\/strong>, \u091c\u094b \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0930\u093e\u091c\u094d\u092f \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948 \u0924\u0925\u093e NEP 2020 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a\u093f\u0924\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0909\u092a\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f, \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092b\u0932, \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915-\u0924\u0948\u0928\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928\u093e-\u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u090f\u0915 \u0939\u0940 \u092a\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u0932\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"feat-card\">3<\/span>The rule of few indicators<\/span>\u0915\u092e \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e<\/span><\/strong>A dashboard carrying forty numbers communicates nothing. Six to eight indicators, each with a comparison and a trend<\/strong>, is the working limit \u2014 the same discipline as the 6\u00d76 guide of \u00a75.7.<\/span>\u091a\u093e\u0932\u0940\u0938 \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u0930\u0916\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e \u0921\u0948\u0936\u092c\u094b\u0930\u094d\u0921 \u0915\u0941\u091b \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u092c\u0924\u093e\u0924\u093e\u0964 \u091b\u0939 \u0938\u0947 \u0906\u0920 \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0915, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0924\u0941\u0932\u0928\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0938\u0939\u093f\u0924<\/strong>, \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u0935\u0939\u0940 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0936\u093e\u0938\u0928 \u091c\u094b \u00a75.7 \u0915\u0947 6\u00d76 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0925\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"feat-card\">4<\/span>Reporting and deciding<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0926\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0923\u092f<\/span><\/strong>The distinction that matters. Data gathered to be reported upward<\/strong> tends toward whatever looks best; data gathered to be acted on<\/strong> must be honest, because the person acting on it is the person who collected it.<\/span>\u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u092d\u0947\u0926 \u092f\u0939\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u090a\u092a\u0930 \u092d\u0947\u091c\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941<\/strong> \u090f\u0915\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u0909\u0938\u0940 \u0913\u0930 \u091d\u0941\u0915\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u091c\u094b \u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u0905\u091a\u094d\u091b\u093e \u0926\u093f\u0916\u0947; \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u0935\u093e\u0939\u0940 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941<\/strong> \u090f\u0915\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0908\u092e\u093e\u0928\u0926\u093e\u0930 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u093e \u092a\u0921\u093c\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u0909\u0928 \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u0935\u093e\u0939\u0940 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e \u0935\u0939\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0928\u0947 \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u090f\u0915\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <hr class=\"section-divider\">\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d10-7\">\n 10.7<\/span>\n <h3>Financial and Office Automation<\/span>\u0935\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0940\u092f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u091a\u093e\u0932\u0928<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"abbr-grid\">\n <table>\n <thead><tr><th>System<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940<\/span><\/th><th>What it does<\/span>\u092f\u0939 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/th><\/tr><\/thead>\n <tbody>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">PFMS<\/td><td>Public Financial Management System<\/strong> \u2014 tracks the release and utilisation of government funds from sanction down to the final beneficiary.<\/span>\u0938\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0935\u091c\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0940\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940<\/strong> \u2014 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0940\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u093f\u092e \u0932\u093e\u092d\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0924\u0915 \u0936\u093e\u0938\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0928\u093f\u0927\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0930\u0947\u0916\u0923 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">DBT<\/td><td>Direct Benefit Transfer<\/strong> \u2014 scholarships, uniform and textbook allowances paid into the beneficiary's own bank account<\/strong>, removing intermediaries.<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0932\u093e\u092d \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u0923<\/strong> \u2014 \u091b\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901, \u0917\u0923\u0935\u0947\u0936 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u092a\u0941\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0915 \u092d\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0947 \u0932\u093e\u092d\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u092c\u0948\u0902\u0915 \u0916\u093e\u0924\u0947<\/strong> \u092e\u0947\u0902, \u092c\u093f\u091a\u094c\u0932\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0939\u091f\u093e\u0915\u0930\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">GeM<\/td><td>Government e-Marketplace<\/strong> \u2014 the portal through which government bodies procure goods and services, with rates and vendors visible to all.<\/span>\u0938\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0908-\u092c\u093e\u091c\u093c\u093e\u0930<\/strong> \u2014 \u0935\u0939 \u092a\u094b\u0930\u094d\u091f\u0932 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0936\u093e\u0938\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0928\u093f\u0915\u093e\u092f \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u090f\u0901 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u0916\u093c\u0930\u0940\u0926\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0926\u0930\u0947\u0902 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0938\u092c\u0915\u094b \u0926\u093f\u0916\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <\/tbody>\n <\/table>\n <table>\n <thead><tr><th>System<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940<\/span><\/th><th>What it does<\/span>\u092f\u0939 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/th><\/tr><\/thead>\n <tbody>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">e-Office<\/td><td>Files, notes and approvals moved electronically rather than on paper<\/strong>, each action carrying an identity and a timestamp.<\/span>\u0928\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901, \u091f\u093f\u092a\u094d\u092a\u0923\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092e\u094b\u0926\u0928 \u0915\u093e\u0917\u093c\u091c\u093c \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u091c\u093e\u092f \u0907\u0932\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0930\u0942\u092a<\/strong> \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091a\u0932\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u0939\u091a\u093e\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u092e\u092f-\u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930\u093e \u0930\u0939\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">e-Tendering<\/span>\u0908-\u0928\u093f\u0935\u093f\u0926\u093e<\/span><\/td><td>Tenders published, bids received and opened electronically at a fixed hour<\/strong>, so that no bid can be seen before the rest.<\/span>\u0928\u093f\u0935\u093f\u0926\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0936\u093f\u0924, \u092c\u094b\u0932\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0924 \u0938\u092e\u092f \u092a\u0930 \u0907\u0932\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0916\u094b\u0932\u0940<\/strong> \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u092c\u094b\u0932\u0940 \u0936\u0947\u0937 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u0926\u0947\u0916\u0940 \u0928 \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0947\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">Utilisation certificate<\/span>\u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0924\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930<\/span><\/td><td>The statement that a grant has been spent for the purpose sanctioned. Delay in filing it holds up the next release<\/strong>, which is why the dashboard above carries it as an indicator.<\/span>\u092f\u0939 \u0915\u0925\u0928 \u0915\u093f \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0940\u0915\u0943\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u092f \u0939\u0941\u0906\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0947 \u092d\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0932\u0902\u092c \u0905\u0917\u0932\u0940 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0930\u094b\u0915 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/strong>, \u0907\u0938\u0940\u0932\u093f\u090f \u090a\u092a\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u0921\u0948\u0936\u092c\u094b\u0930\u094d\u0921 \u0907\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0930\u0916\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <\/tbody>\n <\/table>\n <\/div>\n\n <hr class=\"section-divider\">\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d10-8\">\n 10.8<\/span>\n <h3>Data Quality and Governance<\/span>\u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u093e-\u0917\u0941\u0923\u0935\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0936\u093e\u0938\u0928<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"callout purple\">\n <div class=\"callout-label\">\ud83d\udcd8 GIGO, applied to a school<\/span>\ud83d\udcd8 GIGO, \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u092a\u0930 \u0932\u093e\u0917\u0942<\/span><\/div>\n The principle stated in \u00a71.1 \u2014 Garbage In, Garbage Out<\/strong> \u2014 reaches its sharpest application here. A portal performs no judgement: it accepts what is entered and computes faithfully upon it. A date of birth typed as 2013 instead of 2003 produces no error message, no warning and no visible fault. It produces, ten years later, a candidate refused an examination on grounds of age.<\/span>\n \u00a71.1 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u0939\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924 \u2014 \u0915\u091a\u0930\u093e \u092d\u0940\u0924\u0930, \u0915\u091a\u0930\u093e \u092c\u093e\u0939\u0930<\/strong> \u2014 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u0924\u0940\u0935\u094d\u0930\u0924\u092e \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092f\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0932\u093e\u0917\u0942 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092a\u094b\u0930\u094d\u091f\u0932 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0923\u092f \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e: \u0935\u0939 \u091c\u094b \u092d\u0930\u093e \u091c\u093e\u090f \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0940\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0930 \u0909\u0938 \u092a\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0920\u093e\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0915 \u0917\u0923\u0928\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 2003 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u0930 2013 \u091f\u0902\u0915\u093f\u0924 \u091c\u0928\u094d\u092e\u0924\u093f\u0925\u093f \u0928 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0924\u094d\u0930\u0941\u091f\u093f-\u0938\u0902\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0928 \u091a\u0947\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0928\u0940, \u0928 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0926\u0943\u0936\u094d\u092f \u0926\u094b\u0937\u0964 \u0935\u0939 \u0926\u0938 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u0910\u0938\u093e \u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u0906\u092f\u0941 \u0915\u0947 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u0935\u0902\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930 \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u090f\u0964<\/span>\n <\/div>\n\n <table class=\"data-table\">\n <thead>\n <tr>\n <th>Common error<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u091a\u0932\u093f\u0924 \u0924\u094d\u0930\u0941\u091f\u093f<\/span><\/th>\n <th>What it costs, and how it is prevented<\/span>\u0907\u0938\u0915\u093e \u092e\u0942\u0932\u094d\u092f \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0907\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0930\u094b\u0915\u093e \u091c\u093e\u090f<\/span><\/th>\n <\/tr>\n <\/thead>\n <tbody>\n <tr>\n <td>Name spelt differently across documents<\/span>\u0926\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0947\u091c\u093c\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928\u0940 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e \u0928\u093e\u092e<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n <td>A mismatch between the admission register, the Aadhaar record and the examination entry blocks scholarships, admission and certificate issue. Prevention: one authoritative source \u2014 the admission register \u2014 and every subsequent entry copied from it, never retyped from memory.<\/strong><\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0947\u0936-\u0930\u091c\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0930, \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0932\u0947\u0916 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093f \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u092c\u0947\u092e\u0947\u0932 \u091b\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0947\u0936 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930-\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0917\u092e\u0928 \u0930\u094b\u0915 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0930\u094b\u0915\u0925\u093e\u092e: \u090f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0923\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0924 \u2014 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0947\u0936-\u0930\u091c\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0930 \u2014 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0906\u0917\u093e\u092e\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093f \u0909\u0938\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0932\u093f\u092a\u093f\u0924, \u0938\u094d\u092e\u0943\u0924\u093f \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0903\u091f\u0902\u0915\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u092d\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964<\/strong><\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td>Duplicate enrolment<\/span>\u0926\u094b\u0939\u0930\u093e \u0928\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0902\u0915\u0928<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n <td>The same child entered twice, or retained on the roll after leaving. It inflates the figures that determine grants and is the first thing an audit looks for. Prevention: the PEN, and reconciliation of the portal against the admission and withdrawal register each term.<\/strong><\/span>\u0935\u0939\u0940 \u092c\u093e\u0932\u0915 \u0926\u094b \u092c\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f, \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u092d\u0940 \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0928\u093e \u0939\u0941\u0906\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0935\u0947 \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u092c\u0922\u093c \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u091c\u094b \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0924\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u0902\u0915\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u092f\u0939\u0940 \u0926\u0947\u0916\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0930\u094b\u0915\u0925\u093e\u092e: PEN, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0938\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094b\u0930\u094d\u091f\u0932 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0947\u0936 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0915\u093e\u0938\u0928 \u0930\u091c\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0930 \u0938\u0947 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u093e\u0928\u0964<\/strong><\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td>Wrong social category<\/span>\u0917\u093c\u0932\u0924 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u091c\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0917<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n <td>Denies a child a scholarship or a reserved benefit to which they are entitled, and the correction takes longer than the year in which it was needed. Prevention: entry only against the certificate produced, never against what is said at the counter.<\/strong><\/span>\u092c\u093e\u0932\u0915 \u0915\u094b \u0935\u0939 \u091b\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0906\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0932\u093e\u092d \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0924\u093e \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0935\u0939 \u0939\u0915\u093c\u0926\u093e\u0930 \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0941\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u092e\u092f \u0932\u0917\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0925\u0940\u0964 \u0930\u094b\u0915\u0925\u093e\u092e: \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093f \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u0930, \u0915\u093e\u0909\u0902\u091f\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u0939\u0940 \u0917\u0908 \u092c\u093e\u0924 \u0915\u0947 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u092d\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964<\/strong><\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td>Facility reported that does not function<\/span>\u0910\u0938\u0940 \u0938\u0941\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093e \u091c\u094b \u092c\u0924\u093e\u0908 \u0917\u0908 \u0915\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0941 \u091a\u093e\u0932\u0942 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n <td>A toilet recorded as available but locked, or a computer laboratory with no power. The school is then not counted as deficient and receives nothing to repair it<\/strong> \u2014 the reporting of a facility as present is what removes it from the queue for funds.<\/span>\u0910\u0938\u093e \u0936\u094c\u091a\u093e\u0932\u092f \u091c\u094b \u0909\u092a\u0932\u092c\u094d\u0927 \u0926\u0930\u094d\u091c \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0941 \u092c\u0902\u0926 \u092a\u0921\u093c\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0910\u0938\u0940 \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0936\u093e\u0932\u093e \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964 \u0924\u092c \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0905\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0917\u093f\u0928\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u092e\u0930\u092e\u094d\u092e\u0924 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u0941\u091b \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0924\u093e<\/strong> \u2014 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0938\u0941\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0909\u092a\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u092c\u0924\u093e\u0928\u093e \u0939\u0940 \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u0927\u093f \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0938\u0947 \u0939\u091f\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <\/tbody>\n <\/table>\n\n <div class=\"exam-tip\">\n <div class=\"et-icon\">\ud83d\udccb<\/div>\n <div class=\"et-body\">\n Four practices that hold data quality in place.<\/strong> (1) Named responsibility<\/strong> \u2014 one person by name is accountable for each return, not \"the office\". (2) Verification against source<\/strong> \u2014 every figure traced to a register, not to a previous year's return. (3) A calendar of deadlines<\/strong> kept where the whole staff can see it, since almost every portal window is fixed and does not reopen. (4) Certification read before it is signed<\/strong> \u2014 the head's signature on a UDISE+ return is a certification of accuracy, and it carries the same weight as a signature on any other official record.<\/span>\n \u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0905\u092d\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938 \u091c\u094b \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u093e-\u0917\u0941\u0923\u0935\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0930 \u0930\u0916\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/strong> (1) \u0928\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930\u0926\u093e\u092f\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0935<\/strong> \u2014 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0935\u0930\u0923\u0940 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0928\u093e\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u090f\u0915 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930\u0926\u093e\u092f\u0940 \u0939\u094b, \"\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f\" \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964 (2) \u0938\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0924 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u0928<\/strong> \u2014 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u093e \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0930\u091c\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0930 \u0924\u0915 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0930\u0947\u0916\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b, \u092a\u093f\u091b\u0932\u0947 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937 \u0915\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0935\u0930\u0923\u0940 \u0924\u0915 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964 (3) \u0938\u092e\u092f-\u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0915\u0948\u0932\u0947\u0902\u0921\u0930<\/strong> \u0935\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0930\u0916\u093e \u091c\u093e\u090f \u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0938\u092e\u0938\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u094d\u092e\u091a\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0926\u0947\u0916 \u0938\u0915\u0947\u0902, \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u0932\u0917\u092d\u0917 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u092a\u094b\u0930\u094d\u091f\u0932-\u0905\u0935\u0927\u093f \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0924 \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0903 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0916\u0941\u0932\u0924\u0940\u0964 (4) \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u0928 \u0939\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0930 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u092a\u0922\u093c\u093e \u091c\u093e\u090f<\/strong> \u2014 UDISE+ \u0935\u093f\u0935\u0930\u0923\u0940 \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0941\u0916 \u0915\u093e \u0939\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0930 \u092f\u0925\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0924\u093e \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u0928 \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u093e \u092d\u093e\u0930 \u0935\u0939\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0936\u093e\u0938\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0932\u0947\u0916 \u092a\u0930 \u0939\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0930 \u0915\u093e\u0964<\/span>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"mcq-box\">\n <div class=\"mcq-title\">\n Practice<\/span>\u0905\u092d\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938<\/span><\/span>\n Questions on digital school administration<\/span>\u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u093e\u0938\u0928 \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928<\/span><\/span>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"mcq-note\">Objective questions in the pattern of the examination. Click to reveal the answer and its explanation.<\/span>\u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u0930 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928\u0964 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0916\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u094d\u0932\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u0940\u091c\u093f\u090f\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <details class=\"mcq-q\">\n <summary>81<\/span>UDISE+ stands for:<\/span><\/summary>\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\n <li>(a) Unified District Information System for Education Plus<\/li>\n <li>(b) Universal Data Integration System for Education Plus<\/li>\n <li>(c) Unified Digital Information System for Enrolment Plus<\/li>\n <li>(d) Unique District Identity System for Education Plus<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\">(a) Unified District Information System for Education Plus<\/b> Maintained by the Department of School Education and Literacy under the Ministry of Education. UDISE began in 2012\u201313 and UDISE+ replaced it from 2018\u201319, the change being that schools now enter data online in real time.<\/span>\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u092e\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u0940\u0928 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f\u0940 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u093e\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0917 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924\u0964 UDISE 2012\u201313 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0906\u0930\u0902\u092d \u0939\u0941\u0906 \u0924\u0925\u093e 2018\u201319 \u0938\u0947 UDISE+ \u0928\u0947 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928 \u0932\u093f\u092f\u093e, \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u092f\u0939 \u0925\u093e \u0915\u093f \u0905\u092c \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u0911\u0928\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u092e\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092d\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span>\u00a710.1<\/span><\/div>\n <\/details>\n <details class=\"mcq-q\">\n <summary>82<\/span>The reference date for UDISE+ data collection is:<\/span><\/summary>\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\n <li>(a) 1 April<\/li>\n <li>(b) 30 June<\/li>\n <li>(c) 30 September<\/li>\n <li>(d) 31 December<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\">(c) 30 September<\/b> Every figure describes the school as it stood on that date, not as it stands when the form is filled. This is among the details most often got wrong in practice, and an entry made on a later basis is inaccurate even if the number itself is true today.<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0915\u0940 \u0909\u0938\u0940 \u0924\u093f\u0925\u093f \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u092c\u0924\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0928 \u0915\u093f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092d\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u092f \u0915\u0940\u0964 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092f\u0939 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0917\u093c\u0932\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0935\u0930\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u0915\u0947 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0917\u0908 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093f \u0924\u092c \u092d\u0940 \u0905\u092f\u0925\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u092c \u0906\u091c \u0935\u0939 \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0938\u0924\u094d\u092f \u0939\u094b\u0964<\/span>\u00a710.1<\/span><\/div>\n <\/details>\n <details class=\"mcq-q\">\n <summary>83<\/span>The UDISE code allotted to a school consists of how many digits?<\/span><\/summary>\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\n <li>(a) 8<\/li>\n <li>(b) 10<\/li>\n <li>(c) 11<\/li>\n <li>(d) 12<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\">(c) 11<\/b> The digits encode state, district, block, village or ward and the school itself. Twelve digits is the length of the APAAR student ID, and the two figures are commonly offered together as distractors.<\/span>\u0905\u0902\u0915 \u0930\u093e\u091c\u094d\u092f, \u091c\u093c\u093f\u0932\u093e, \u0916\u0902\u0921, \u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0935\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0921 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0915\u094b \u0915\u0942\u091f\u092c\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u092c\u093e\u0930\u0939 \u0905\u0902\u0915 APAAR \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940-\u092a\u0939\u091a\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u0932\u0902\u092c\u093e\u0908 \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u092f\u0947 \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0905\u0902\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092f\u0903 \u0938\u093e\u0925-\u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0926\u093f\u090f \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span>\u00a710.1<\/span><\/div>\n <\/details>\n <details class=\"mcq-q\">\n <summary>84<\/span>APAAR is popularly described as:<\/span><\/summary>\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\n <li>(a) One Nation, One Ration Card<\/li>\n <li>(b) One Nation, One Student ID<\/li>\n <li>(c) One Nation, One Digital Platform<\/li>\n <li>(d) One Class, One TV Channel<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\">(b) One Nation, One Student ID<\/b> Automated Permanent Academic Account Registry \u2014 a lifelong academic identity envisaged under NEP 2020 and built within NDEAR. \"One Nation, One Digital Platform\" describes DIKSHA, and \"One Class, One TV Channel\" is the SWAYAM PRABHA component of PM e-VIDYA.<\/span>\u0911\u091f\u094b\u092e\u0947\u091f\u0947\u0921 \u092a\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0928\u0947\u0902\u091f \u090f\u0915\u0947\u0921\u092e\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u0915\u093e\u0909\u0902\u091f \u0930\u091c\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u2014 NEP 2020 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u0940\u0928 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u090f\u0935\u0902 NDEAR \u0915\u0947 \u092d\u0940\u0924\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0906\u091c\u0940\u0935\u0928 \u0936\u0948\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u0939\u091a\u093e\u0928\u0964 \"\u090f\u0915 \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930, \u090f\u0915 \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u092e\u0902\u091a\" \u0926\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u094b \u092c\u0924\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u0925\u093e \"\u090f\u0915 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e, \u090f\u0915 \u091f\u0940\u0935\u0940 \u091a\u0948\u0928\u0932\" \u092a\u0940\u090f\u092e \u0908-\u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e \u0918\u091f\u0915 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\u00a710.3<\/span><\/div>\n <\/details>\n <details class=\"mcq-q\">\n <summary>85<\/span>The Performance Grading Index (PGI) grades:<\/span><\/summary>\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\n <li>(a) Individual schools<\/li>\n <li>(b) Individual teachers<\/li>\n <li>(c) States and districts<\/li>\n <li>(d) Students<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\">(c) States and districts<\/b> PGI assesses outcomes, access, infrastructure, equity and governance, drawing largely on UDISE+ data. A district's grade therefore depends directly on the accuracy of the returns filed by the schools within it.<\/span>PGI \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092b\u0932, \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a, \u0905\u0935\u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e, \u0938\u092e\u0924\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0936\u093e\u0938\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u0906\u0915\u0932\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f\u0924\u0903 UDISE+ \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0905\u0924\u0903 \u091c\u093c\u093f\u0932\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0936\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0923\u0940 \u0938\u0940\u0927\u0947 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092d\u0940\u0924\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u092d\u0930\u0940 \u0917\u0908 \u0935\u093f\u0935\u0930\u0923\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u092f\u0925\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0924\u093e \u092a\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092d\u0930 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\u00a710.1<\/span><\/div>\n <\/details>\n <details class=\"mcq-q\">\n <summary>86<\/span>PFMS is used for:<\/span><\/summary>\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\n <li>(a) Tracking the release and utilisation of government funds<\/li>\n <li>(b) Conducting online examinations<\/li>\n <li>(c) Recording student attendance<\/li>\n <li>(d) Storing digital certificates<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\">(a) Tracking the release and utilisation of government funds<\/b> Public Financial Management System, which follows money from sanction to final beneficiary. DigiLocker stores certificates, and GeM is the procurement portal.<\/span>\u0938\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0935\u091c\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0940\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940, \u091c\u094b \u0927\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0940\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u093f\u092e \u0932\u093e\u092d\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0924\u0915 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u0932\u0949\u0915\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0930\u0916\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u0925\u093e GeM \u0916\u093c\u0930\u0940\u0926-\u092a\u094b\u0930\u094d\u091f\u0932 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\u00a710.7<\/span><\/div>\n <\/details>\n <\/div>\n\n <\/section>\n\n \n <section class=\"chapter-content\" data-chap=\"11\" id=\"c11\">\n <div class=\"chapter-heading-block\">\n SYLLABUS ITEM 11<\/span>\u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u092e\u0926 11<\/span><\/span>\n <h2>Digital Ethics and Citizenship<\/span>\u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u0928\u0948\u0924\u093f\u0915\u0924\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0928\u093e\u0917\u0930\u093f\u0915\u0924\u093e<\/span><\/h2>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"callout amber\">\n <div class=\"callout-label\">\ud83d\udccc What this chapter covers<\/span>\ud83d\udccc \u0907\u0938 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/div>\n Digital footprint, privacy, copyright and plagiarism, cyberbullying, responsible social media use, screen time, and misinformation<\/span>\n \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u092a\u0926\u091a\u093f\u0939\u094d\u0928, \u0928\u093f\u091c\u0924\u093e, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0932\u093f\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u093e\u0939\u093f\u0924\u094d\u092f\u093f\u0915 \u091a\u094b\u0930\u0940, \u0938\u093e\u0907\u092c\u0930 \u0927\u094c\u0902\u0938, \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930\u0926\u093e\u092f\u0940 \u0938\u094b\u0936\u0932 \u092e\u0940\u0921\u093f\u092f\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917, \u092a\u0930\u094d\u0926\u093e-\u0938\u092e\u092f \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092e\u093f\u0925\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e<\/span>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"keyfact-grid\">\n <div class=\"keyfact-card navy-hi\">\n \ud83d\udc63<\/span>\n <div class=\"kf-label\">The Governing Fact<\/span>\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0923\u093e\u092f\u0915 \u0924\u0925\u094d\u092f<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"kf-value\" style=\"font-size:12.5px;\">Nothing posted is ever fully withdrawn<\/span>\u0921\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0917\u0908 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923\u0924\u0903 \u0935\u093e\u092a\u0938 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"kf-sub\">Deletion removes the copy on display, not the copies already taken<\/span>\u0935\u093f\u0932\u094b\u092a\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f \u0939\u091f\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0932\u0940 \u091c\u093e \u091a\u0941\u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"keyfact-card teal-hi\">\n \u00a9<\/span>\n <div class=\"kf-label\">Indian Copyright Law<\/span>\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0932\u093f\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"kf-value\" style=\"font-size:14px;\">Copyright Act, 1957<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0932\u093f\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e, 1957<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"kf-sub\">With \"fair dealing\" for education under section 52<\/span>\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093e 52 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u0940\u0928 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \"\u0909\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917\" \u0938\u0939\u093f\u0924<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"keyfact-card amber-hi\">\n \ud83d\udee1\ufe0f<\/span>\n <div class=\"kf-label\">For a Child in Distress<\/span>\u0938\u0902\u0915\u091f\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924 \u092c\u093e\u0932\u0915 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"kf-value\" style=\"font-size:19px;\">1098<\/div>\n <div class=\"kf-sub\">CHILDLINE. And cybercrime.gov.in for the offence itself<\/span>\u091a\u093e\u0907\u0932\u094d\u0921\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0928\u0964 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u0905\u092a\u0930\u093e\u0927 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 cybercrime.gov.in<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d11-0\">\n 11.0<\/span>\n <h3>Introduction<\/span>\u092a\u0930\u093f\u091a\u092f<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n <ul class=\"icon-list\">\n <li>\u25b8<\/span>\n Chapter 8 asked how a school protects itself. This chapter asks a different question: how a person ought to behave online, and what a school owes its pupils in teaching them to<\/strong>. The subject is not security but conduct<\/strong>, and its content is judgement rather than procedure.<\/span>\n \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f 8 \u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u091b\u093e \u0915\u093f \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f \u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u092a\u0942\u091b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948: \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0915\u094b \u0911\u0928\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u0915\u0948\u0938\u093e \u0906\u091a\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0935\u0939 \u0938\u093f\u0916\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0915\u093e \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0926\u093e\u092f\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u0939\u0948<\/strong>\u0964 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0906\u091a\u0930\u0923<\/strong> \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0935\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0915 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\n <\/span><\/li>\n <li>\u25b8<\/span>\n Digital citizenship<\/strong> is the name given to the norms of appropriate and responsible conduct in the use of technology. It rests on the same footing as citizenship generally: rights that a person holds, and duties that come with them<\/strong>. The child who has a right not to be harassed online has a duty not to harass.<\/span>\n \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u0928\u093e\u0917\u0930\u093f\u0915\u0924\u093e<\/strong> \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u092e\u0941\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930\u0926\u093e\u092f\u0940 \u0906\u091a\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0940 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0926\u0902\u0921-\u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093e\u092e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0909\u0938\u0940 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u091f\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938 \u092a\u0930 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0928\u093e\u0917\u0930\u093f\u0915\u0924\u093e: \u0935\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u091c\u094b \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u0938 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0906\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0935\u094d\u092f<\/strong>\u0964 \u091c\u093f\u0938 \u092c\u093e\u0932\u0915 \u0915\u094b \u0911\u0928\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0940\u0921\u093c\u0928 \u0938\u0947 \u092e\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0930\u0939\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0939\u0948, \u0909\u0938\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0935\u094d\u092f \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0935\u0939 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0915\u094b \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0940\u0921\u093c\u093f\u0924 \u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0964<\/span>\n <\/span><\/li>\n <li>\u25b8<\/span>\n For a head of institution this item has a practical edge that the others do not. The school will be the first place an incident surfaces<\/strong> \u2014 a photograph circulated in a class group, an assignment copied wholesale, a child who has stopped attending. What the school does in the first hour largely determines what follows.<\/span>\n \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0941\u0916 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0907\u0938 \u092e\u0926 \u0915\u0940 \u090f\u0915 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0927\u093e\u0930 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u092d\u0940 \u0918\u091f\u0928\u093e \u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u0940 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0928\u0947 \u0906\u090f\u0917\u0940<\/strong> \u2014 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e-\u0938\u092e\u0942\u0939 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u091a\u093e\u0932\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u091b\u093e\u092f\u093e\u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930, \u091c\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0924\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0909\u0924\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f, \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u092c\u093e\u0932\u0915 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0928\u0947 \u0906\u0928\u093e \u092c\u0902\u0926 \u0915\u0930 \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0964 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0918\u0902\u091f\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u091c\u094b \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0935\u0939\u0940 \u092c\u0939\u0941\u0924 \u0939\u0926 \u0924\u0915 \u0906\u0917\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\n <\/span><\/li>\n <\/ul>\n\n <hr class=\"section-divider\">\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d11-1\">\n 11.1<\/span>\n <h3>Digital Citizenship: Concept and Elements<\/span>\u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u0928\u093e\u0917\u0930\u093f\u0915\u0924\u093e: \u0938\u0902\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u092f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0924\u0924\u094d\u0935<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"scale-strip\">\n <div class=\"scale-step\">\n RESPECT<\/span>\u0906\u0926\u0930<\/span><\/span>\n <h6>Toward oneself and others<\/span>\u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f<\/span><\/h6>\n Etiquette, access for all, and lawful conduct. The netiquette of \u00a77.8 belongs here.<\/span>\u0936\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093e\u091a\u093e\u0930, \u0938\u092c\u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f\u0938\u092e\u094d\u092e\u0924 \u0906\u091a\u0930\u0923\u0964 \u00a77.8 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u0947\u091f\u093f\u0915\u0947\u091f \u092f\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0906\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"scale-step\">\n EDUCATE<\/span>\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e<\/span><\/span>\n <h6>Learning and communicating<\/span>\u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0937\u0923<\/span><\/h6>\n Literacy in the medium, honest communication, and respect for others' work \u2014 copyright and attribution.<\/span>\u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u093e\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0930\u0924\u093e, \u0908\u092e\u093e\u0928\u0926\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0937\u0923, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u093e \u0906\u0926\u0930 \u2014 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0932\u093f\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0936\u094d\u0930\u0947\u092f\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"scale-step\">\n PROTECT<\/span>\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e<\/span><\/span>\n <h6>Rights, safety and well-being<\/span>\u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930, \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0915\u0932\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0923<\/span><\/h6>\n Privacy and security, rights and responsibilities, and health \u2014 physical and mental.<\/span>\u0928\u093f\u091c\u0924\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e, \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0926\u093e\u092f\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0935, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0925\u094d\u092f \u2014 \u0936\u093e\u0930\u0940\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0938\u093f\u0915\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <table class=\"data-table\">\n <thead>\n <tr>\n <th>Element<\/span>\u0924\u0924\u094d\u0935<\/span><\/th>\n <th>What it means in a school<\/span>\u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925<\/span><\/th>\n <\/tr>\n <\/thead>\n <tbody>\n <tr><td>Digital access<\/span>\u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>Full electronic participation in society. The obligation runs against excluding anyone by the choice of medium<\/strong> \u2014 the reasoning behind PM e-VIDYA in \u00a79.4 and behind everything in Chapter 14.<\/span>\u0938\u092e\u093e\u091c \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0907\u0932\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0939\u092d\u093e\u0917\u093f\u0924\u093e\u0964 \u0926\u093e\u092f\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0930\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0915\u0947 \u091a\u092f\u0928 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0915\u094b \u092c\u093e\u0939\u0930 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u090f<\/strong> \u2014 \u00a79.4 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0940\u090f\u092e \u0908-\u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f 14 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u092c\u093e\u0924 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0940\u091b\u0947 \u092f\u0939\u0940 \u0924\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>Digital literacy<\/span>\u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u0938\u093e\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0930\u0924\u093e<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>The capacity not only to operate a device but to judge what is found on it<\/strong> \u2014 which is why \u00a711.7 on misinformation belongs to this chapter and not to Chapter 6.<\/span>\u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u091a\u0932\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0905\u092a\u093f\u0924\u0941 \u0909\u0938 \u092a\u0930 \u091c\u094b \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0947 \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u0916\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940<\/strong> \u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e\u0924\u093e \u2014 \u0907\u0938\u0940\u0932\u093f\u090f \u092e\u093f\u0925\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e \u092a\u0930 \u00a711.7 \u0907\u0938\u0940 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0902\u0917 \u0939\u0948, \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f 6 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>Digital law<\/span>\u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>Conduct that is unlawful offline remains unlawful online. The relevant provisions of the Information Technology Act, 2000<\/strong> were set out in \u00a78.8, and the Copyright Act, 1957<\/strong> is taken up in \u00a711.3.<\/span>\u091c\u094b \u0906\u091a\u0930\u0923 \u0911\u092b\u093c\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f\u0935\u093f\u0930\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0939\u0948 \u0935\u0939 \u0911\u0928\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u092d\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f\u0935\u093f\u0930\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0930\u0939\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e, 2000<\/strong> \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u0917\u0924 \u0909\u092a\u092c\u0902\u0927 \u00a78.8 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0926\u093f\u090f \u0917\u090f, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0932\u093f\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e, 1957<\/strong> \u00a711.3 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0932\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>Digital rights and responsibilities<\/span>\u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0926\u093e\u092f\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0935<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>Freedom of expression, privacy and access carry the corresponding duties of not defaming, not intruding and not excluding<\/strong>. The pairing is the whole of the concept.<\/span>\u0905\u092d\u093f\u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093e, \u0928\u093f\u091c\u0924\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0939\u093e\u0928\u093f \u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947, \u0905\u0924\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0923 \u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092c\u0939\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0915\u0943\u0924 \u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947<\/strong> \u0915\u0947 \u0924\u0924\u094d\u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0940 \u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0935\u094d\u092f \u0906\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u092f\u0939\u0940 \u092f\u0941\u0917\u094d\u092e \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u092f \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>Digital health and wellness<\/span>\u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0925\u094d\u092f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0915\u0932\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0923<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>Physical strain, sleep, attention and mental health. Treated in \u00a711.6.<\/span>\u0936\u093e\u0930\u0940\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0924\u0928\u093e\u0935, \u0928\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0930\u093e, \u0905\u0935\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0938\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0925\u094d\u092f\u0964 \u0935\u093f\u0935\u0947\u091a\u0928 \u00a711.6 \u092e\u0947\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <\/tbody>\n <\/table>\n\n <hr class=\"section-divider\">\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d11-2\">\n 11.2<\/span>\n <h3>Digital Footprint and Privacy<\/span>\u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u092a\u0926\u091a\u093f\u0939\u094d\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0928\u093f\u091c\u0924\u093e<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n <svg class=\"full-diagram\" viewBox=\"0 0 700 286\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"The active and passive digital footprint\">\n <text x=\"350\" y=\"20\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"11\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#14243f\" letter-spacing=\".7\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">THE DIGITAL FOOTPRINT \u2014 WHAT IS LEFT BEHIND<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"24\" y=\"34\" width=\"316\" height=\"128\" rx=\"8\" fill=\"#eef4fc\" stroke=\"#1f5fa9\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\n <rect x=\"24\" y=\"34\" width=\"316\" height=\"24\" rx=\"8\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\"\/><rect x=\"24\" y=\"50\" width=\"316\" height=\"8\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\"\/>\n <text x=\"182\" y=\"51\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#fff\" letter-spacing=\".5\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">ACTIVE \u2014 deliberately left<\/text>\n <g font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">\n <text x=\"42\" y=\"78\">\u00b7 A post, a photograph, a comment<\/text>\n <text x=\"42\" y=\"94\">\u00b7 A review, a rating, a public reply<\/text>\n <text x=\"42\" y=\"110\">\u00b7 A form filled in, a survey answered<\/text>\n <text x=\"42\" y=\"126\">\u00b7 An email sent, a document shared<\/text>\n <\/g>\n <text x=\"42\" y=\"150\" font-size=\"8\" font-style=\"italic\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">The person knows it is being created.<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"360\" y=\"34\" width=\"316\" height=\"128\" rx=\"8\" fill=\"#fff6f4\" stroke=\"#c0392b\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\n <rect x=\"360\" y=\"34\" width=\"316\" height=\"24\" rx=\"8\" fill=\"#c0392b\"\/><rect x=\"360\" y=\"50\" width=\"316\" height=\"8\" fill=\"#c0392b\"\/>\n <text x=\"518\" y=\"51\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#fff\" letter-spacing=\".5\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">PASSIVE \u2014 left without knowing<\/text>\n <g font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">\n <text x=\"378\" y=\"78\">\u00b7 Browsing history and search terms<\/text>\n <text x=\"378\" y=\"94\">\u00b7 Location recorded by a device<\/text>\n <text x=\"378\" y=\"110\">\u00b7 Cookies tracking across sites (\u00a76.7)<\/text>\n <text x=\"378\" y=\"126\">\u00b7 IP address, device details, time of use<\/text>\n <\/g>\n <text x=\"378\" y=\"150\" font-size=\"8\" font-style=\"italic\" fill=\"#c0392b\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">This one is larger, and it is the one that is sold.<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"24\" y=\"176\" width=\"652\" height=\"42\" rx=\"7\" fill=\"#14243f\"\/>\n <text x=\"350\" y=\"194\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">DELETION REMOVES THE COPY ON DISPLAY \u2014 NOT THE COPIES ALREADY TAKEN<\/text>\n <text x=\"350\" y=\"210\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#c9daf0\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">A screenshot, a forward, a cached page or an archive survives the delete button entirely.<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"24\" y=\"230\" width=\"652\" height=\"48\" rx=\"7\" fill=\"#fffbf0\" stroke=\"#c9760f\" stroke-width=\"1.3\"\/>\n <text x=\"40\" y=\"248\" font-size=\"9\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#8f5409\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">THE TEST WORTH TEACHING A CHILD<\/text>\n <text x=\"40\" y=\"262\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Before posting: would this be acceptable if it were seen by a parent, by a teacher, by an employer in ten years, and by the person it<\/text>\n <text x=\"40\" y=\"273\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">concerns? A rule a child can apply without an adult present is worth more than a rule an adult must enforce.<\/text>\n <text x=\"40\" y=\"286\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#5a6d80\" font-style=\"italic\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">The sum of this record is what is meant by a person's online reputation \u2014 assembled by others as much as by oneself.<\/text>\n <\/svg>\n\n <div class=\"callout teal\">\n <div class=\"callout-label\">\ud83d\udd12 Privacy settings \u2014 what to check, and what they cannot do<\/span>\ud83d\udd12 \u0928\u093f\u091c\u0924\u093e-\u0938\u0947\u091f\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u2014 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0901\u091a\u0947\u0902, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0935\u0947 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940\u0902<\/span><\/div>\n <ul class=\"split-list\" style=\"margin-top:4px;\">\n <li>1<\/span>Who can see a post<\/strong> \u2014 the default on most services is wider than a user expects, and it is reset by some updates. It is worth checking after every major change to an application.<\/span>\u092a\u094b\u0938\u094d\u091f \u0915\u094c\u0928 \u0926\u0947\u0916 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/strong> \u2014 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0902\u0936 \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u0947\u091f\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u0915 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u0941\u091b \u0905\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0924\u0928 \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0903 \u092c\u0926\u0932 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u092c\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u0907\u0938\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0901\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0909\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n <li>2<\/span>Location and photograph metadata.<\/strong> A photograph taken on a phone may carry the exact place and time it was taken, which travels with the file when it is shared.<\/span>\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u091b\u093e\u092f\u093e\u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u0930\u093f\u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u093e\u0964<\/strong> \u092b\u093c\u094b\u0928 \u092a\u0930 \u0932\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u091b\u093e\u092f\u093e\u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0935\u0939 \u0920\u0940\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u092e\u092f \u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0935\u0939 \u0932\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e, \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u093e\u091d\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u0935\u0939 \u092b\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0932 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u091a\u0932\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n <li>3<\/span>Application permissions.<\/strong> A torch application that requests contacts, messages and location is not asking for what it needs; it is collecting what it can sell.<\/span>\u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917-\u0905\u0928\u0941\u092e\u0924\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901\u0964<\/strong> \u091c\u094b \u091f\u0949\u0930\u094d\u091a \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0930\u094d\u0915, \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928 \u092e\u093e\u0901\u0917\u0947 \u0935\u0939 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u092e\u093e\u0901\u0917 \u0930\u0939\u093e; \u0935\u0939 \u0935\u0939\u0940 \u090f\u0915\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0930 \u0930\u0939\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u092c\u0947\u091a \u0938\u0915\u0947\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n <li>4<\/span>What settings cannot do.<\/strong> They govern who may see something on that platform. They do not govern what a viewer does next \u2014 and a private post screenshotted by one of its intended readers is no longer private in any sense that matters.<\/span>\u0938\u0947\u091f\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940\u0902\u0964<\/strong> \u0935\u0947 \u092f\u0939 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0915\u093f \u0909\u0938 \u092e\u0902\u091a \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u094c\u0928 \u0926\u0947\u0916 \u0938\u0915\u0947\u0964 \u0935\u0947 \u092f\u0939 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u093f \u0926\u0947\u0916\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e \u0906\u0917\u0947 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0947 \u2014 \u0914\u0930 \u091c\u093f\u0938 \u0928\u093f\u091c\u0940 \u092a\u094b\u0938\u094d\u091f \u0915\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0915\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0928\u0936\u0949\u091f \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0905\u092d\u0940\u0937\u094d\u091f \u092a\u093e\u0920\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0928\u0947 \u0932\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u092f\u093e, \u0935\u0939 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092d\u0940 \u0938\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0915 \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u093f\u091c\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0930\u0939\u0940\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"callout red\">\n <div class=\"callout-label\">\u26a0\ufe0f Photographs of children \u2014 the school's own duty<\/span>\u26a0\ufe0f \u092c\u091a\u094d\u091a\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u091b\u093e\u092f\u093e\u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u2014 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0915\u093e \u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0935\u094d\u092f<\/span><\/div>\n A school publishes photographs constantly \u2014 a function, a prize day, a sports meet \u2014 and each is personal data of every child in it<\/strong>. Four rules follow from the Digital Personal Data Protection Act of \u00a78.8. Obtain written parental consent<\/strong>, and record which children are covered by it. Do not caption a photograph with a child's full name together with the class and section<\/strong>, which together identify where that child can be found on any weekday morning. Never publish an image alongside details of a child's home address, medical condition or family circumstances.<\/strong> And respect a refusal without asking for a reason<\/strong> \u2014 a parent who withholds consent may have grounds they are not obliged to disclose, including a custody dispute or a protection order.<\/span>\n \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0928\u093f\u0930\u0902\u0924\u0930 \u091b\u093e\u092f\u093e\u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0936\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0939, \u092a\u0941\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0915\u093e\u0930-\u0926\u093f\u0935\u0938, \u0916\u0947\u0932\u0915\u0942\u0926 \u2014 \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0928\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0909\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u092a\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u092c\u093e\u0932\u0915 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u0948\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u093e<\/strong> \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u00a78.8 \u0915\u0947 \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u0935\u0948\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u093e \u0938\u0902\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e \u0928\u093f\u0915\u0932\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0932\u093f\u0916\u093f\u0924 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0938\u0939\u092e\u0924\u093f \u0932\u0947\u0902<\/strong>, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092f\u0939 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0932\u093f\u0916\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u093f \u0935\u0939 \u0915\u093f\u0928 \u092c\u093e\u0932\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u0932\u093e\u0917\u0942 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u091b\u093e\u092f\u093e\u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u0940\u091a\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0932\u0915 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u0942\u0930\u093e \u0928\u093e\u092e \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0917 \u0938\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u0928 \u0932\u093f\u0916\u0947\u0902<\/strong>, \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u092f\u0947 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0915\u0930 \u092c\u0924\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0915\u093f \u0935\u0939 \u092c\u093e\u0932\u0915 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092d\u0940 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f-\u0926\u093f\u0935\u0938 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0924\u0903 \u0915\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0947\u0917\u093e\u0964 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u092c\u093e\u0932\u0915 \u0915\u093e \u0918\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u0924\u093e, \u091a\u093f\u0915\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0938\u0940\u092f \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u092a\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u0915\u092d\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0936\u093f\u0924 \u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902\u0964<\/strong> \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u092a\u0942\u091b\u0947 \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0907\u0928\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u0906\u0926\u0930 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902<\/strong> \u2014 \u091c\u094b \u0905\u092d\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0915 \u0938\u0939\u092e\u0924\u093f \u0928 \u0926\u0947 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u0938 \u0910\u0938\u0947 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u091c\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u091f \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u094b \u0935\u0939 \u092c\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e-\u0935\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0926 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0938\u0902\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923-\u0906\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u0938\u0939\u093f\u0924\u0964<\/span>\n <\/div>\n\n <hr class=\"section-divider\">\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d11-3\">\n 11.3<\/span>\n <h3>Copyright, Plagiarism and Open Licences<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0932\u093f\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930, \u0938\u093e\u0939\u093f\u0924\u094d\u092f\u093f\u0915 \u091a\u094b\u0930\u0940 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092e\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u091c\u094d\u091e\u092a\u094d\u0924\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"vs-compare\">\n <div class=\"vs-side left\">\n A legal wrong<\/span>\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0926\u094b\u0937<\/span><\/span>\n <h5>Copyright infringement<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0932\u093f\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0909\u0932\u094d\u0932\u0902\u0918\u0928<\/span><\/h5>\n <ul>\n <li>Using protected work without permission<\/strong> \u2014 copying, distributing or performing it beyond what the law allows.<\/span>\u0938\u0902\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f \u0915\u093e \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092e\u0924\u093f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917<\/strong> \u2014 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0932\u093f\u092a\u093f, \u0935\u093f\u0924\u0930\u0923 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u0928 \u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092e\u0924\u093f \u0938\u0947 \u0906\u0917\u0947\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n <li>Governed in India by the Copyright Act, 1957<\/strong>. Protection is automatic on creation<\/strong> \u2014 registration is not required for a work to be protected.<\/span>\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0932\u093f\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e, 1957<\/strong> \u0938\u0947 \u0936\u093e\u0938\u093f\u0924\u0964 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0938\u0943\u091c\u0928 \u092a\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0924\u0903<\/strong> \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u092a\u0902\u091c\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n <li>Attribution does not cure it.<\/strong> Naming the author of a film still used without licence does not make the use lawful.<\/span>\u0936\u094d\u0930\u0947\u092f \u0926\u0947\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u092f\u0939 \u0920\u0940\u0915 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e\u0964<\/strong> \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0905\u0928\u0941\u091c\u094d\u091e\u092a\u094d\u0924\u093f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u091a\u0932\u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930-\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0930\u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u091a\u092f\u093f\u0924\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093e\u092e \u0932\u093f\u0916 \u0926\u0947\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u0935\u0939 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f\u0938\u092e\u094d\u092e\u0924 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"vs-mid\">VS<\/div>\n <div class=\"vs-side right\">\n An academic wrong<\/span>\u0936\u0948\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u093f\u0915 \u0926\u094b\u0937<\/span><\/span>\n <h5>Plagiarism<\/span>\u0938\u093e\u0939\u093f\u0924\u094d\u092f\u093f\u0915 \u091a\u094b\u0930\u0940<\/span><\/h5>\n <ul>\n <li>Presenting another's work or ideas as one's own<\/strong>, whether or not the work is under copyright.<\/span>\u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0935\u093f\u091a\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0905\u092a\u0928\u093e \u092c\u0924\u093e\u0915\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e<\/strong>, \u091a\u093e\u0939\u0947 \u0935\u0939 \u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0932\u093f\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u0940\u0928 \u0939\u094b \u092f\u093e \u0928 \u0939\u094b\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n <li>A matter of academic integrity rather than statute<\/strong>, dealt with by the institution.<\/span>\u092f\u0939 \u0935\u093f\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0936\u0948\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0920\u093e \u0915\u093e<\/strong> \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0916\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n <li>Attribution does cure it.<\/strong> A quotation properly cited is scholarship; the same quotation unacknowledged is plagiarism. Work out of copyright can still be plagiarised.<\/strong><\/span>\u0936\u094d\u0930\u0947\u092f \u0926\u0947\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u092f\u0939 \u0920\u0940\u0915 \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/strong> \u0920\u0940\u0915 \u0922\u0902\u0917 \u0938\u0947 \u0909\u0926\u094d\u0927\u0943\u0924 \u0909\u0926\u094d\u0927\u0930\u0923 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0935\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948; \u0935\u0939\u0940 \u0909\u0926\u094d\u0927\u0930\u0923 \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0940\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f \u0938\u093e\u0939\u093f\u0924\u094d\u092f\u093f\u0915 \u091a\u094b\u0930\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0932\u093f\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0939\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0940 \u092d\u0940 \u091a\u094b\u0930\u0940 \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"exam-tip\">\n <div class=\"et-icon\">\u2696\ufe0f<\/div>\n <div class=\"et-body\">\n The two are independent, and the four combinations are all possible.<\/strong> Copying a paragraph from a textbook into an assignment without acknowledgement is both<\/em>. Photocopying a whole novel for a class, openly and with the author named, is infringement but not plagiarism<\/em>. Submitting a friend's essay on a topic in the public domain, with permission, is plagiarism but not infringement<\/em>. Quoting three lines with a citation is neither<\/em>. A question offering an example and asking which wrong it constitutes is testing exactly this independence.<\/span>\n \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0914\u0930 \u091a\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u0938\u0902\u092d\u0935 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/strong> \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u092a\u0941\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0915 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0928\u0941\u091a\u094d\u091b\u0947\u0926 \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0940\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u0924\u093e\u0930\u0928\u093e \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902<\/em> \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u0947 \u0909\u092a\u0928\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0916\u0941\u0932\u0947 \u0924\u094c\u0930 \u092a\u0930, \u0930\u091a\u092f\u093f\u0924\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093e\u092e \u0926\u0947\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0941\u090f \u092b\u093c\u094b\u091f\u094b\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0930\u093e\u0928\u093e \u0909\u0932\u094d\u0932\u0902\u0918\u0928 \u0939\u0948, \u0938\u093e\u0939\u093f\u0924\u094d\u092f\u093f\u0915 \u091a\u094b\u0930\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902<\/em>\u0964 \u0938\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0935\u091c\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f \u092a\u0930 \u092e\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u092c\u0902\u0927, \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092e\u0924\u093f \u0938\u0947, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u0938\u093e\u0939\u093f\u0924\u094d\u092f\u093f\u0915 \u091a\u094b\u0930\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0909\u0932\u094d\u0932\u0902\u0918\u0928 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902<\/em>\u0964 \u0924\u0940\u0928 \u092a\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0930\u094d\u092d \u0938\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u0909\u0926\u094d\u0927\u0943\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0941\u091b \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902<\/em>\u0964 \u091c\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923 \u0926\u0947\u0915\u0930 \u092a\u0942\u091b\u0947 \u0915\u093f \u0935\u0939 \u0915\u094c\u0928-\u0938\u093e \u0926\u094b\u0937 \u0939\u0948, \u0935\u0939 \u0920\u0940\u0915 \u0907\u0938\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0915\u094b \u092a\u0930\u0916 \u0930\u0939\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <table class=\"data-table\">\n <thead>\n <tr>\n <th>Term<\/span>\u092a\u0926<\/span><\/th>\n <th>Meaning<\/span>\u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925<\/span><\/th>\n <\/tr>\n <\/thead>\n <tbody>\n <tr style=\"background:#f3f8ff;\"><td>Fair dealing<\/span>\u0909\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>Section 52 of the Copyright Act, 1957<\/strong> permits certain uses without the owner's permission, including use for private study, research, criticism, review and, importantly for a school, in the course of instruction<\/strong>. The exception is limited and not unlimited<\/strong>: it does not authorise reproducing an entire textbook for a class, nor uploading a whole work to a public site.<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0932\u093f\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e, 1957 \u0915\u0940 \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093e 52<\/strong> \u0938\u094d\u0935\u093e\u092e\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092e\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0915\u0941\u091b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092e\u0924\u093f \u0926\u0947\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0928\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u093f\u091c\u0940 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092f\u0928, \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u0902\u0927\u093e\u0928, \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0932\u094b\u091a\u0928\u093e, \u0938\u092e\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0924\u0925\u093e \u2014 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u2014 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917<\/strong> \u0938\u092e\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0932\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0905\u092a\u0935\u093e\u0926 \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948, \u0905\u0938\u0940\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902<\/strong>: \u092f\u0939 \u0928 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u0940 \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u092a\u0941\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0915 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u0941\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092e\u0924\u093f \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0928 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f \u0915\u094b \u0938\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0935\u091c\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u0907\u091f \u092a\u0930 \u091a\u0922\u093c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>Public domain<\/span>\u0938\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0935\u091c\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>Work whose copyright has expired<\/strong> or was never claimed, free for anyone to use. Copyright in India generally subsists for the life of the author and sixty years thereafter<\/strong>.<\/span>\u0935\u0939 \u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0932\u093f\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924<\/strong> \u0939\u094b \u091a\u0941\u0915\u093e \u0939\u094b \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0915\u092d\u0940 \u0926\u093e\u0935\u093e \u0928 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0939\u094b, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u092d\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0947\u0964 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0932\u093f\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0924\u0903 \u0930\u091a\u092f\u093f\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u091c\u0940\u0935\u0928\u0915\u093e\u0932 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0936\u094d\u091a\u093e\u0924\u094d \u0938\u093e\u0920 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937<\/strong> \u0924\u0915 \u0930\u0939\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>Creative Commons<\/span>\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u090f\u091f\u093f\u0935 \u0915\u0949\u092e\u0928\u094d\u0938<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>A family of licences by which a creator grants permission in advance on stated terms \u2014 BY<\/strong> requires attribution, SA<\/strong> requires the same licence on anything derived, NC<\/strong> forbids commercial use, and ND<\/strong> forbids alteration. Much of NROER and other open educational resources is released this way.<\/span>\u0905\u0928\u0941\u091c\u094d\u091e\u092a\u094d\u0924\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u0939 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0930 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0930\u091a\u092f\u093f\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0939\u0940 \u0917\u0908 \u0936\u0930\u094d\u0924\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0939\u0940 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092e\u0924\u093f \u0926\u0947 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u2014 BY<\/strong> \u0936\u094d\u0930\u0947\u092f \u0905\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, SA<\/strong> \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f \u092a\u0930 \u0935\u0939\u0940 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u091c\u094d\u091e\u092a\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0905\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, NC<\/strong> \u0935\u093e\u0923\u093f\u091c\u094d\u092f\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u0925\u093e ND<\/strong> \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 NROER \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f \u092e\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0936\u0948\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u093e\u0927\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u092c\u0939\u0941\u0924 \u0915\u0941\u091b \u0907\u0938\u0940 \u0930\u0940\u0924\u093f \u0938\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>OER<\/strong><\/td><td>Open Educational Resources<\/strong> \u2014 teaching material released for free use, adaptation and redistribution. The NROER<\/strong> of \u00a79.5 is India's national repository of these.<\/span>\u092e\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0936\u0948\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u093e\u0927\u0928<\/strong> \u2014 \u0935\u0939 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923-\u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u091c\u094b \u0928\u093f:\u0936\u0941\u0932\u094d\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917, \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0915\u0942\u0932\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0924\u0930\u0923 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u091c\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0939\u094b\u0964 \u00a79.5 \u0915\u093e NROER<\/strong> \u0907\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u092d\u0902\u0921\u093e\u0930 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <\/tbody>\n <\/table>\n\n <hr class=\"section-divider\">\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d11-4\">\n 11.4<\/span>\n <h3>Cyberbullying<\/span>\u0938\u093e\u0907\u092c\u0930 \u0927\u094c\u0902\u0938<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"callout purple\">\n <div class=\"callout-label\">\ud83d\udcd8 Definition, and why the medium changes the harm<\/span>\ud83d\udcd8 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0939\u093e\u0928\u093f \u0915\u094b \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092c\u0926\u0932 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/div>\n Cyberbullying<\/strong> is the use of electronic means to harass, humiliate, threaten or exclude another person, repeatedly and with intent to harm. Four features distinguish it from bullying in a corridor, and each makes it worse: it follows the child home<\/strong>, so there is no hour of the day that is safe; the audience is unlimited<\/strong>, and humiliation before four hundred is not the same as humiliation before four; the record is permanent<\/strong>, and can resurface years later; and the aggressor may be anonymous<\/strong>, so the child does not know whom to avoid.<\/span>\n \u0938\u093e\u0907\u092c\u0930 \u0927\u094c\u0902\u0938<\/strong> \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0915\u094b \u092c\u093e\u0930-\u092c\u093e\u0930 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0939\u093e\u0928\u093f \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0906\u0936\u092f \u0938\u0947 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0940\u0921\u093c\u093f\u0924, \u0905\u092a\u092e\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0924, \u0927\u092e\u0915\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u092c\u0939\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0915\u0943\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0907\u0932\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u0927\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0917\u0932\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0930\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0927\u094c\u0902\u0938 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0943\u0925\u0915 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092c\u0941\u0930\u093e \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948: \u0935\u0939 \u092c\u093e\u0932\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0918\u0930 \u0924\u0915 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948<\/strong>, \u0905\u0924\u0903 \u0926\u093f\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0918\u0902\u091f\u093e \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902; \u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u0915 \u0905\u0938\u0940\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948\u0902<\/strong>, \u0914\u0930 \u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u094c \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0905\u092a\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0905\u092a\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902; \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0932\u0947\u0916 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092f\u0940 \u0939\u0948<\/strong>, \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937\u094b\u0902 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0903 \u0909\u092d\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948; \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0906\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e\u0915 \u0917\u0941\u092e\u0928\u093e\u092e \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/strong>, \u0905\u0924\u0903 \u092c\u093e\u0932\u0915 \u0915\u094b \u092f\u0939 \u092a\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u093f \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u092c\u091a\u0947\u0964<\/span>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"feat-grid\">\n <div class=\"feat-card\">1<\/span>Its forms<\/span>\u0907\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a<\/span><\/strong>Harassment<\/strong> \u2014 repeated abusive messages. Impersonation<\/strong> \u2014 a fake profile in the victim's name. Outing<\/strong> \u2014 disclosing something private. Exclusion<\/strong> \u2014 deliberate removal from a group, which children feel acutely. Trolling and doxxing<\/strong> \u2014 provocation, and the publishing of personal details.<\/span>\u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0940\u0921\u093c\u0928<\/strong> \u2014 \u092c\u093e\u0930-\u092c\u093e\u0930 \u0905\u092a\u092e\u093e\u0928\u091c\u0928\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0947\u0936\u0964 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u0942\u092a\u0923<\/strong> \u2014 \u092a\u0940\u0921\u093c\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u093e\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0908 \u0917\u0908 \u0928\u0915\u093c\u0932\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u092b\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0932\u0964 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u091f\u0928<\/strong> \u2014 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0928\u093f\u091c\u0940 \u092c\u093e\u0924 \u0915\u094b \u0909\u091c\u093e\u0917\u0930 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e\u0964 \u092c\u0939\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0915\u0930\u0923<\/strong> \u2014 \u0938\u092e\u0942\u0939 \u0938\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u092c\u0942\u091d\u0915\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0932\u0928\u093e, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u092c\u091a\u094d\u091a\u0947 \u0924\u0940\u0935\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092d\u0935 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u091f\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0932\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0921\u0949\u0915\u094d\u0938\u093f\u0902\u0917<\/strong> \u2014 \u0909\u0915\u0938\u093e\u0935\u093e, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0935\u0948\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0935\u0930\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0936\u0928\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"feat-card\">2<\/span>Signs a teacher can see<\/span>\u0935\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0947\u0924 \u091c\u094b \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0926\u0947\u0916 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/strong>A child who withdraws from a device or from friends<\/strong>, whose attendance or marks fall without explanation, who becomes anxious after checking a phone, or who stops wanting to come to school. Most children do not report it<\/strong>, chiefly for fear that the device will be taken away.<\/span>\u0910\u0938\u093e \u092c\u093e\u0932\u0915 \u091c\u094b \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u092e\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0926\u0942\u0930 \u0939\u091f \u091c\u093e\u090f<\/strong>, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u0909\u092a\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u092f\u093e \u0905\u0902\u0915 \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0938\u094d\u092a\u0937\u094d\u091f\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0917\u093f\u0930\u0947\u0902, \u091c\u094b \u092b\u093c\u094b\u0928 \u0926\u0947\u0916\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u091a\u093f\u0902\u0924\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u090f, \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0906\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u092e\u0928 \u0928 \u0930\u0939\u0947\u0964 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0902\u0936 \u092c\u093e\u0932\u0915 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u0947<\/strong>, \u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f\u0924\u0903 \u0907\u0938 \u092d\u092f \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u093f \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u091b\u0940\u0928 \u0932\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u090f\u0917\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"feat-card\">3<\/span>What the school does first<\/span>\u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0947<\/span><\/strong>Listen without blame. Preserve the evidence before anything is deleted<\/strong> \u2014 screenshots showing the date, the profile and the message. Do not confront the aggressor's family before the facts are recorded.<\/strong> Inform the victim's parents, and put the action taken in writing.<\/span>\u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0926\u094b\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094b\u092a\u0923 \u0938\u0941\u0928\u0947\u0902\u0964 \u0915\u0941\u091b \u092d\u0940 \u092e\u093f\u091f\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u0938\u093e\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u092f \u0938\u0902\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902<\/strong> \u2014 \u0910\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0915\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0928\u0936\u0949\u091f \u091c\u093f\u0928\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0924\u093f\u0925\u093f, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u092b\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0932 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u0926\u093f\u0916\u0947\u0902\u0964 \u0924\u0925\u094d\u092f \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0932\u093f\u0916\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u0906\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u0947 \u0906\u092e\u0928\u093e-\u0938\u093e\u092e\u0928\u093e \u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902\u0964<\/strong> \u092a\u0940\u0921\u093c\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0942\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u0917\u0908 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u0935\u093e\u0939\u0940 \u0932\u093f\u0916\u093f\u0924 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0930\u0916\u0947\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"feat-card\">4<\/span>Where it goes<\/span>\u092f\u0939 \u0915\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/strong>Report on the platform itself, which is fastest; and where an offence is made out, to cybercrime.gov.in<\/strong>, which has a separate channel for crimes against women and children. 1098<\/strong> is CHILDLINE for a child in distress. Serious conduct may attract the provisions of the IT Act set out in \u00a78.8.<\/span>\u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u092e\u0902\u091a \u092a\u0930 \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0902, \u091c\u094b \u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u0924\u0940\u0935\u094d\u0930 \u0939\u0948; \u0914\u0930 \u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0905\u092a\u0930\u093e\u0927 \u092c\u0928\u0924\u093e \u0939\u094b \u0935\u0939\u093e\u0901 cybercrime.gov.in<\/strong> \u092a\u0930, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u0939\u093f\u0932\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092c\u091a\u094d\u091a\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0930\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0905\u092a\u0930\u093e\u0927\u094b\u0902 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u092a\u0943\u0925\u0915 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u091f\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924 \u092c\u093e\u0932\u0915 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 1098<\/strong> \u091a\u093e\u0907\u0932\u094d\u0921\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0917\u0902\u092d\u0940\u0930 \u0906\u091a\u0930\u0923 \u092a\u0930 \u00a78.8 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0926\u093f\u090f IT \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e \u0915\u0947 \u0909\u092a\u092c\u0902\u0927 \u0932\u093e\u0917\u0942 \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"callout red\">\n <div class=\"callout-label\">\u26a0\ufe0f The response that makes it worse<\/span>\u26a0\ufe0f \u0935\u0939 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u094b \u0907\u0938\u0947 \u0914\u0930 \u092c\u093f\u0917\u093e\u0921\u093c \u0926\u0947\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/div>\n Three responses are common and each does harm. Taking the child's phone away<\/strong> punishes the victim for reporting and guarantees that the next incident is concealed. Telling the child to ignore it<\/strong> leaves them alone with something they have already found unbearable enough to disclose. Treating it as a quarrel between two children<\/strong> misses that bullying is defined by an imbalance of power, and a mediation between unequal parties confirms the imbalance rather than correcting it. The aggressor also requires attention rather than only sanction \u2014 a child who bullies is frequently a child in difficulty, and a purely punitive response addresses the incident without touching the cause.<\/span>\n \u0924\u0940\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0939\u093e\u0928\u093f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092c\u093e\u0932\u0915 \u0915\u093e \u092b\u093c\u094b\u0928 \u091b\u0940\u0928 \u0932\u0947\u0928\u093e<\/strong> \u092a\u0940\u0921\u093c\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u094b \u092c\u0924\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u0926\u0902\u0921 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u092f\u0939 \u0938\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0936\u094d\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0905\u0917\u0932\u0940 \u0918\u091f\u0928\u093e \u091b\u093f\u092a\u093e\u0908 \u091c\u093e\u090f\u0917\u0940\u0964 \u092c\u093e\u0932\u0915 \u0938\u0947 \u092f\u0939 \u0915\u0939\u0928\u093e \u0915\u093f \u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0928 \u0928 \u0926\u0947<\/strong> \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0909\u0938 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0905\u0915\u0947\u0932\u093e \u091b\u094b\u0921\u093c \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0907\u0924\u0928\u0940 \u0905\u0938\u0939\u094d\u092f \u0932\u0917\u0940 \u0915\u093f \u0909\u0938\u0928\u0947 \u092c\u0924\u093e \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0947 \u0926\u094b \u092c\u093e\u0932\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u091d\u0917\u0921\u093c\u093e \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0928\u093e<\/strong> \u092f\u0939 \u091a\u0942\u0915 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0927\u094c\u0902\u0938 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e \u0936\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0938\u0902\u0924\u0941\u0932\u0928 \u0938\u0947 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u092e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u0938\u094d\u0925\u0924\u093e \u0905\u0938\u0902\u0924\u0941\u0932\u0928 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0941\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u091c\u093e\u092f \u092a\u0941\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0906\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e\u0915 \u0915\u094b \u092d\u0940 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0926\u0902\u0921 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0928 \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f \u2014 \u091c\u094b \u092c\u093e\u0932\u0915 \u0927\u094c\u0902\u0938 \u091c\u092e\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0935\u0939 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092f\u0903 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u0915\u0920\u093f\u0928\u093e\u0908 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0926\u0902\u0921\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0918\u091f\u0928\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0902\u092c\u094b\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u094b \u091b\u0941\u090f \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e\u0964<\/span>\n <\/div>\n <hr class=\"section-divider\">\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d11-5\">\n 11.5<\/span>\n <h3>Responsible Use of Social Media<\/span>\u0938\u094b\u0936\u0932 \u092e\u0940\u0921\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930\u0926\u093e\u092f\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"pc-grid\">\n <div class=\"pc-panel pro\">\n <div class=\"pc-head\">\u2713<\/span>What it offers<\/span>\u092f\u0939 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n <ul>\n <li>Communication and community<\/strong> \u2014 including for children who are isolated by geography, illness or disability<\/span>\u0938\u0902\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0937\u0923 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u092e\u0941\u0926\u093e\u092f<\/strong> \u2014 \u0909\u0928 \u092c\u093e\u0932\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u092d\u0940 \u091c\u094b \u092d\u0942\u0917\u094b\u0932, \u0930\u0941\u0917\u094d\u0923\u0924\u093e \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0926\u093f\u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0917\u0924\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u090f\u0915\u093e\u0915\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902<\/span><\/li>\n <li>Learning and access to expertise<\/strong> that a school library cannot hold<\/span>\u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0909\u0938 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937\u091c\u094d\u091e\u0924\u093e \u0924\u0915 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a<\/strong> \u091c\u094b \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f-\u092a\u0941\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0915\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0930\u0916 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e<\/span><\/li>\n <li>A voice<\/strong>, and a means of civic participation that did not previously exist for the young<\/span>\u090f\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0930<\/strong>, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0928\u093e\u0917\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0939\u092d\u093e\u0917\u093f\u0924\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0910\u0938\u093e \u0938\u093e\u0927\u0928 \u091c\u094b \u092f\u0941\u0935\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u0938 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0925\u093e<\/span><\/li>\n <li>For the school itself, a channel for notices, achievements and parent communication<\/strong> \u2014 subject to \u00a711.2<\/span>\u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e\u0913\u0902, \u0909\u092a\u0932\u092c\u094d\u0927\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0915-\u0938\u0902\u0935\u093e\u0926<\/strong> \u0915\u093e \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u2014 \u00a711.2 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u0940\u0928<\/span><\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"pc-panel con\">\n <div class=\"pc-head\">\u2717<\/span>What it costs<\/span>\u0907\u0938\u0915\u093e \u092e\u0942\u0932\u094d\u092f<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n <ul>\n <li>Designed to hold attention<\/strong>, not to serve it \u2014 infinite scroll, notifications and streaks exist to prolong use<\/span>\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0928 \u0930\u094b\u0915\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a\u093f\u0924<\/strong>, \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u2014 \u0905\u0928\u0902\u0924 \u0938\u094d\u0915\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0932, \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0936\u0943\u0902\u0916\u0932\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u092c\u0922\u093c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0939\u0948\u0902<\/span><\/li>\n <li>Comparison with edited lives<\/strong>, which bears hardest on adolescents and particularly on girls<\/span>\u0938\u0902\u092a\u093e\u0926\u093f\u0924 \u091c\u0940\u0935\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0924\u0941\u0932\u0928\u093e<\/strong>, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u093e \u092d\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u093f\u0936\u094b\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u0921\u093c\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937\u0915\u0930 \u092c\u093e\u0932\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u092a\u0930<\/span><\/li>\n <li>The echo chamber<\/strong> \u2014 an algorithm that shows more of what was engaged with narrows the view it was meant to widen<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0927\u094d\u0935\u0928\u093f-\u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937<\/strong> \u2014 \u091c\u094b \u090f\u0932\u094d\u0917\u094b\u0930\u093f\u0926\u092e \u0935\u0939\u0940 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0926\u093f\u0916\u093e\u090f \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u091c\u0941\u0921\u093c\u093e\u0935 \u0939\u0941\u0906, \u0935\u0939 \u0909\u0938 \u0926\u0943\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093f \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0901\u0915\u0930\u093e \u0915\u0930 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u091a\u094c\u0921\u093c\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u0925\u093e<\/span><\/li>\n <li>A permanent record made by a person too young to judge its consequences<\/strong> \u2014 the point of \u00a711.2<\/span>\u0910\u0938\u0947 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u092c\u0928\u093e\u092f\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092f\u0940 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0932\u0947\u0916 \u091c\u094b \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u092c\u0939\u0941\u0924 \u091b\u094b\u091f\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/strong> \u2014 \u00a711.2 \u0915\u093e \u092f\u0939\u0940 \u092c\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0941 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"callout amber\">\n <div class=\"callout-label\">\ud83d\udc69\u200d\ud83c\udfeb A teacher's own conduct on social media<\/span>\ud83d\udc69\u200d\ud83c\udfeb \u0938\u094b\u0936\u0932 \u092e\u0940\u0921\u093f\u092f\u093e \u092a\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0915\u093e \u0906\u091a\u0930\u0923<\/span><\/div>\n Four propositions that a school should settle in writing rather than leave to individual judgement. A teacher's account is not wholly private<\/strong> \u2014 a post visible to pupils or parents is a professional communication whatever its setting says. Photographs of pupils belong on the school's account, not a personal one.<\/strong> Criticism of a colleague, a parent or the department does not belong on a public platform at all<\/strong>, and a grievance has a channel that a timeline is not. And a teacher should not accept a pupil as a personal connection<\/strong> while that pupil is at the school \u2014 the reasoning is that of \u00a77.8: communication should be through official channels, visible, and capable of being accounted for.<\/span>\n \u091a\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u0928\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u091c\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0915\u094b \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0917\u0924 \u0935\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0915 \u092a\u0930 \u091b\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u091c\u093e\u092f \u0932\u093f\u0916\u093f\u0924 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0924\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f\u0964 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0915\u093e \u0916\u093e\u0924\u093e \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923\u0924\u0903 \u0928\u093f\u091c\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u0948<\/strong> \u2014 \u091c\u094b \u092a\u094b\u0938\u094d\u091f \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0905\u092d\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0926\u093f\u0916\u0947 \u0935\u0939 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0935\u0938\u093e\u092f\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0937\u0923 \u0939\u0948, \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0947\u091f\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u091a\u093e\u0939\u0947 \u0915\u0941\u091b \u092d\u0940 \u0915\u0939\u0947\u0964 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u091b\u093e\u092f\u093e\u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u0916\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0928\u093f\u091c\u0940 \u0916\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964<\/strong> \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0938\u0939\u0915\u0930\u094d\u092e\u0940, \u0905\u092d\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0915 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0917 \u0915\u0940 \u0906\u0932\u094b\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928 \u0938\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0935\u091c\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u092e\u0902\u091a \u092a\u0930 \u0939\u0948 \u0939\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902<\/strong>, \u0914\u0930 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e\u092f\u0924 \u0915\u093e \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u091f\u093e\u0907\u092e\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940\u0964 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0915\u094b \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0915\u094b \u0928\u093f\u091c\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0940\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f<\/strong> \u091c\u092c \u0924\u0915 \u0935\u0939 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0909\u0938\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u0924\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0935\u0939\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u00a77.8 \u0915\u093e: \u0938\u0902\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0937\u0923 \u0936\u093e\u0938\u0915\u0940\u092f \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947, \u0926\u0943\u0936\u094d\u092f, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u091c\u0935\u093e\u092c\u0926\u0947\u0939 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u092f\u094b\u0917\u094d\u092f \u0939\u094b\u0964<\/span>\n <\/div>\n\n <hr class=\"section-divider\">\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d11-6\">\n 11.6<\/span>\n <h3>Screen Time and Digital Wellbeing<\/span>\u092a\u0930\u094d\u0926\u093e-\u0938\u092e\u092f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u0915\u0932\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0923<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n <table class=\"data-table\">\n <thead>\n <tr>\n <th>Concern<\/span>\u091a\u093f\u0902\u0924\u093e<\/span><\/th>\n <th>What is known, and what follows<\/span>\u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0924 \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0909\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0915\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/th>\n <\/tr>\n <\/thead>\n <tbody>\n <tr><td>Physical strain<\/span>\u0936\u093e\u0930\u0940\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0924\u0928\u093e\u0935<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>Eye fatigue, headache and neck and back strain from sustained close work. The common remedy taught as the 20-20-20 rule<\/strong>: every 20 minutes<\/strong>, look at something 20 feet<\/strong> away for 20 seconds<\/strong>. Screen at eye level, and a break to stand at least once an hour.<\/span>\u0928\u093f\u0930\u0902\u0924\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u091f-\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0938\u0947 \u0928\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930-\u0925\u0915\u093e\u0928, \u0936\u093f\u0930\u0903\u0936\u0942\u0932 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0935\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u0915\u093e \u0924\u0928\u093e\u0935\u0964 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0909\u092a\u093e\u092f 20-20-20 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e<\/strong> \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u093f\u0916\u093e\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948: \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 20 \u092e\u093f\u0928\u091f<\/strong> \u092a\u0930, 20 \u092b\u093c\u0940\u091f<\/strong> \u0926\u0942\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u094b 20 \u0938\u0947\u0915\u0902\u0921<\/strong> \u0926\u0947\u0916\u0947\u0902\u0964 \u092a\u0930\u094d\u0926\u093e \u0928\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930-\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u092a\u0930, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0918\u0902\u091f\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u092e \u090f\u0915 \u092c\u093e\u0930 \u0916\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0930\u093e\u092e\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr style=\"background:#f3f8ff;\"><td>Sleep<\/span>\u0928\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0930\u093e<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>The strongest and most consistent finding. Screen use close to bedtime delays sleep onset and shortens sleep<\/strong>, and shortened sleep in an adolescent shows up as inattention, irritability and falling marks. The practical rule is that the device leaves the bedroom<\/strong>, which removes the difficulty rather than requiring it to be resisted nightly.<\/span>\u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0941\u0926\u0943\u0922\u093c \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0941\u0938\u0902\u0917\u0924 \u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0937\u0964 \u0936\u092f\u0928-\u0938\u092e\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u091f \u092a\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0928\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0930\u093e-\u0906\u0930\u0902\u092d \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0932\u0902\u092c \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0928\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0930\u093e \u091b\u094b\u091f\u0940 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/strong>, \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u093f\u0936\u094b\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091b\u094b\u091f\u0940 \u0928\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0930\u093e \u0905\u0928\u0935\u0927\u093e\u0928, \u091a\u093f\u0921\u093c\u091a\u093f\u0921\u093c\u0947\u092a\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0917\u093f\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0905\u0902\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u091f \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e \u092f\u0939 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0936\u092f\u0928-\u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0939\u0930 \u0930\u0939\u0947<\/strong>, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0920\u093f\u0928\u093e\u0908 \u0939\u091f \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0926\u093f\u0928 \u0930\u093e\u0924 \u0909\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0932\u0921\u093c\u0928\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u092a\u0921\u093c\u0924\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>Attention<\/span>\u0905\u0935\u0927\u093e\u0928<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>Frequent interruption trains against sustained concentration, which is the very capacity examinations and reading require. Notifications off during study<\/strong> is a larger intervention than it appears.<\/span>\u092c\u093e\u0930-\u092c\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u0902\u0924\u0930 \u090f\u0915\u093e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0930\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0905\u092d\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u0930\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u0939\u0940 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e\u0924\u093e \u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u0920\u0928 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0905\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092f\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u092f \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u092c\u0902\u0926<\/strong> \u0930\u0916\u0928\u093e \u091c\u093f\u0924\u0928\u093e \u0926\u093f\u0916\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0909\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0921\u093c\u093e \u0939\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u092a \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>Content, not only duration<\/span>\u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0905\u0935\u0927\u093f \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>An hour spent building something is not an hour spent scrolling, and counting minutes alone conceals the difference. PRAGYATA<\/strong>, noted in \u00a79.5, recommends limits by stage \u2014 shorter for the youngest \u2014 and these are guidance for planning a school day, not a diagnosis for an individual child.<\/span>\u0915\u0941\u091b \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0940\u0924\u093e \u0918\u0902\u091f\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0915\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0932 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0940\u0924\u0947 \u0918\u0902\u091f\u0947 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u092e\u093f\u0928\u091f \u0917\u093f\u0928\u0928\u093e \u092f\u0939 \u092d\u0947\u0926 \u091b\u093f\u092a\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u00a79.5 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u0932\u094d\u0932\u093f\u0916\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0924\u093e<\/strong> \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0936\u0902\u0938\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u091b\u094b\u091f\u094b\u0902 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u092e \u2014 \u0914\u0930 \u092f\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f\u0940 \u0926\u093f\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u0928 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937 \u092c\u093e\u0932\u0915 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>When it is more than habit<\/span>\u091c\u092c \u092f\u0939 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0906\u0926\u0924 \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0939\u094b<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>Where use displaces sleep, meals, school and friendship, and attempts to reduce it produce real distress, the matter has passed beyond classroom management. Manodarpan<\/strong>, noted in \u00a79.5, exists for psychosocial support, and a school should know how to make a referral rather than improvise one.<\/span>\u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0928\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0930\u093e, \u092d\u094b\u091c\u0928, \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092e\u0948\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928 \u0932\u0947 \u0932\u0947, \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0918\u091f\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u093e\u0938 \u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0925\u093e \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902, \u0935\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u092c\u093e\u0924 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0928 \u0938\u0947 \u0906\u0917\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u0932 \u091a\u0941\u0915\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u00a79.5 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u0932\u094d\u0932\u093f\u0916\u093f\u0924 \u092e\u0928\u094b\u0926\u0930\u094d\u092a\u0923<\/strong> \u092e\u0928\u094b\u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u091c\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0939\u093e\u092f\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0930\u094d\u092d\u0923 \u0915\u0940 \u0930\u0940\u0924\u093f \u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0940 \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f, \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0924\u0924\u094d\u0915\u093e\u0932 \u0917\u0922\u093c\u0928\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <\/tbody>\n <\/table>\n\n <hr class=\"section-divider\">\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d11-7\">\n 11.7<\/span>\n <h3>Misinformation and Verification<\/span>\u092e\u093f\u0925\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u0928<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n <svg class=\"full-diagram\" viewBox=\"0 0 700 300\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"The three kinds of false information and how to check a claim\">\n <text x=\"350\" y=\"18\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#14243f\" letter-spacing=\".6\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">THREE WORDS THAT ARE NOT INTERCHANGEABLE<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"24\" y=\"30\" width=\"208\" height=\"86\" rx=\"8\" fill=\"#fffbf0\" stroke=\"#c9760f\" stroke-width=\"1.8\"\/>\n <text x=\"128\" y=\"50\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"11\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#c9760f\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">MISINFORMATION<\/text>\n <text x=\"128\" y=\"70\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">False, but shared<\/text>\n <text x=\"128\" y=\"83\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">without intent to deceive<\/text>\n <text x=\"128\" y=\"103\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#8f5409\" font-style=\"italic\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">a forwarded health remedy \u2014 \"fake news\"<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"246\" y=\"30\" width=\"208\" height=\"86\" rx=\"8\" fill=\"#fff6f4\" stroke=\"#c0392b\" stroke-width=\"1.8\"\/>\n <text x=\"350\" y=\"50\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"11\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#c0392b\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">DISINFORMATION<\/text>\n <text x=\"350\" y=\"70\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">False, and spread<\/text>\n <text x=\"350\" y=\"83\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">deliberately to deceive<\/text>\n <text x=\"350\" y=\"103\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#8e2318\" font-style=\"italic\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">a fabricated circular<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"468\" y=\"30\" width=\"208\" height=\"86\" rx=\"8\" fill=\"#faf6ff\" stroke=\"#6b3a8f\" stroke-width=\"1.8\"\/>\n <text x=\"572\" y=\"50\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"11\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#6b3a8f\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">MALINFORMATION<\/text>\n <text x=\"572\" y=\"70\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">True, but published<\/text>\n <text x=\"572\" y=\"83\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">to cause harm<\/text>\n <text x=\"572\" y=\"103\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#4b2766\" font-style=\"italic\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">a private fact made public<\/text>\n\n <text x=\"350\" y=\"140\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#14243f\" letter-spacing=\".6\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">FIVE CHECKS BEFORE FORWARDING ANYTHING<\/text>\n\n <g>\n <circle cx=\"60\" cy=\"172\" r=\"14\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\"\/><text x=\"60\" y=\"177\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"11\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">1<\/text>\n <text x=\"86\" y=\"169\" font-size=\"9\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#14243f\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">WHO SAYS SO?<\/text>\n <text x=\"86\" y=\"182\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Trace it to a named, identifiable source. \"Forwarded as received\" names nobody.<\/text>\n\n <circle cx=\"60\" cy=\"206\" r=\"14\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\"\/><text x=\"60\" y=\"211\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"11\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">2<\/text>\n <text x=\"86\" y=\"203\" font-size=\"9\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#14243f\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">WHEN?<\/text>\n <text x=\"86\" y=\"216\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">An old notice recirculated as current is the commonest form of school-related falsehood.<\/text>\n\n <circle cx=\"60\" cy=\"240\" r=\"14\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\"\/><text x=\"60\" y=\"245\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"11\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">3<\/text>\n <text x=\"86\" y=\"237\" font-size=\"9\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#14243f\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">DOES THE OFFICIAL SOURCE SAY IT?<\/text>\n <text x=\"86\" y=\"250\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">A departmental order exists on the department's own site. If it is not there, it does not exist.<\/text>\n\n <circle cx=\"60\" cy=\"274\" r=\"14\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\"\/><text x=\"60\" y=\"279\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"11\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">4<\/text>\n <text x=\"86\" y=\"271\" font-size=\"9\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#14243f\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">WHAT IS IT ASKING FOR?<\/text>\n <text x=\"86\" y=\"284\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Urgency, outrage and a demand to forward immediately are the signature of a fabrication.<\/text>\n <\/g>\n <rect x=\"486\" y=\"156\" width=\"190\" height=\"52\" rx=\"7\" fill=\"#eefbf7\" stroke=\"#0d8f79\" stroke-width=\"1.4\"\/>\n <text x=\"581\" y=\"174\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#0a6d5c\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">5 \u00b7 CHECK THE IMAGE<\/text>\n <text x=\"581\" y=\"189\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">A reverse image search shows<\/text>\n <text x=\"581\" y=\"200\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">where a photograph came from.<\/text>\n <\/svg>\n Most false information is spread by people who believe it. The habit to teach is not suspicion of others but a pause before forwarding.<\/span>\u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0902\u0936 \u092e\u093f\u0925\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0935\u0947 \u0932\u094b\u0917 \u092b\u0948\u0932\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u091c\u094b \u0909\u0938 \u092a\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0938\u093f\u0916\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u092f\u094b\u0917\u094d\u092f \u0906\u0926\u0924 \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0947\u0939 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0905\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0937\u0923 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u0915\u093e \u0920\u0939\u0930\u093e\u0935 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n\n <div class=\"callout\">\n <div class=\"callout-label\">\ud83d\udcd8 Deepfakes and synthetic media<\/span>\ud83d\udcd8 \u0921\u0940\u092a\u092b\u093c\u0947\u0915 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u0936\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e<\/span><\/div>\n A deepfake<\/strong> is audio, image or video generated or altered by artificial intelligence to show a person saying or doing what they did not. Two consequences matter for a school. First, a photograph or a recording is no longer self-authenticating<\/strong>, and a claim resting on one must be checked as any other claim would be. Second, and more urgently, the technology has been used to fabricate images of real people, including children<\/strong>. Where such material concerns a child it is a grave offence under section 67B of the IT Act read with the POCSO Act, and the path is that of \u00a78.9: preserve, report, and do not circulate \u2014 not even to warn others<\/strong>, since forwarding such an image is itself the offence.<\/span>\n \u0921\u0940\u092a\u092b\u093c\u0947\u0915<\/strong> \u0935\u0939 \u0936\u094d\u0930\u0935\u094d\u092f, \u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0935\u0940\u0921\u093f\u092f\u094b \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0915\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092e \u092c\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093f \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0907\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u092f\u093e \u092f\u093e \u092c\u0926\u0932\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0939\u094b \u0915\u093f \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0915\u094b \u0935\u0939 \u0915\u0939\u0924\u0947 \u092f\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0926\u093f\u0916\u093e\u090f \u091c\u094b \u0909\u0938\u0928\u0947 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0964 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0926\u094b \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0925\u092e, \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u091b\u093e\u092f\u093e\u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0932\u0947\u0916\u0928 \u0905\u092c \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0924\u0903\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u093f\u0924 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0930\u0939\u093e<\/strong>, \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0938 \u092a\u0930 \u091f\u093f\u0915\u093e \u0926\u093e\u0935\u093e \u0935\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0939\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0901\u091a\u093e \u091c\u093e\u090f \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0926\u093e\u0935\u093e\u0964 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0924\u0940\u092f, \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0924\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0915\u093e\u0932\u093f\u0915, \u0907\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947, \u092c\u091a\u094d\u091a\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0939\u093f\u0924, \u0917\u0922\u093c\u0947 \u0939\u0941\u090f \u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u0941\u0906 \u0939\u0948<\/strong>\u0964 \u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0910\u0938\u0940 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092c\u093e\u0932\u0915 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b \u0935\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0935\u0939 IT \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e \u0915\u0940 \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093e 67B, POCSO \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u092a\u0920\u093f\u0924, \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u0940\u0928 \u0917\u0902\u092d\u0940\u0930 \u0905\u092a\u0930\u093e\u0927 \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0917 \u00a78.9 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e \u0939\u0948: \u0938\u0902\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902, \u0938\u0942\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092a\u0930\u093f\u091a\u093e\u0932\u093f\u0924 \u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902 \u2014 \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u093e\u0935\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u092d\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902<\/strong>, \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u0910\u0938\u093e \u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0905\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u0935\u0939\u0940 \u0905\u092a\u0930\u093e\u0927 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\n <\/div>\n\n <hr class=\"section-divider\">\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d11-8\">\n 11.8<\/span>\n <h3>Ethics of Artificial Intelligence in Education<\/span>\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092e \u092c\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093f \u0915\u0940 \u0928\u0948\u0924\u093f\u0915\u0924\u093e<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"feat-grid\">\n <div class=\"feat-card\">1<\/span>Academic honesty<\/span>\u0936\u0948\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u093f\u0915 \u0908\u092e\u093e\u0928\u0926\u093e\u0930\u0940<\/span><\/strong>Work generated by a machine and submitted as one's own is plagiarism on the definition in \u00a711.3<\/strong> \u2014 it presents another's production as the pupil's. The workable school position is not prohibition, which cannot be enforced, but a stated rule declared in advance<\/strong>: where such a tool may be used, for what, and how its use must be acknowledged.<\/span>\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0905\u092a\u0928\u093e \u092c\u0924\u093e\u0915\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u00a711.3 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u093e\u0939\u093f\u0924\u094d\u092f\u093f\u0915 \u091a\u094b\u0930\u0940<\/strong> \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u0935\u0939 \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0915\u094b \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u092c\u0924\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u0928\u093f\u0937\u0947\u0927 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u091c\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0924 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e, \u0905\u092a\u093f\u0924\u0941 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u0918\u094b\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u094d\u092a\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e<\/strong> \u0939\u0948: \u0910\u0938\u093e \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0932\u093f\u090f, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0940\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0926\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u090f\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"feat-card\">2<\/span>Accuracy<\/span>\u092f\u0925\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0924\u093e<\/span><\/strong>These systems produce fluent text that is sometimes confidently wrong<\/strong>, inventing citations, dates and provisions that do not exist. For a subject examined on exact figures \u2014 the dates of Chapter 9, the sections of Chapter 8 \u2014 an unverified answer is worse than no answer<\/strong>, because it is believed.<\/span>\u092f\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0939\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u092a\u093e\u0920 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u091c\u094b \u0915\u092d\u0940-\u0915\u092d\u0940 \u0906\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0917\u093c\u0932\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/strong>, \u0914\u0930 \u0910\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0930\u094d\u092d, \u0924\u093f\u0925\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0909\u092a\u092c\u0902\u0927 \u0917\u0922\u093c \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0939\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964 \u091c\u093f\u0938 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0920\u0940\u0915-\u0920\u0940\u0915 \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u0939\u094b \u2014 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f 9 \u0915\u0940 \u0924\u093f\u0925\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901, \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f 8 \u0915\u0940 \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u2014 \u0935\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0905\u0938\u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0928 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0941\u0930\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/strong>, \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u0909\u0938 \u092a\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u0930 \u0932\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"feat-card\">3<\/span>Bias<\/span>\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939<\/span><\/strong>A system trained on existing material reproduces the assumptions in that material. Where such a tool is used to shortlist, grade or predict<\/strong>, an unexamined bias becomes an administrative decision \u2014 and a decision no one can explain is one no one can appeal against.<\/span>\u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0909\u0938\u0940 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0924\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u0941\u0924\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0910\u0938\u093e \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u091b\u0901\u091f\u0928\u0940, \u0905\u0902\u0915\u0928 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0928\u0941\u092e\u093e\u0928<\/strong> \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u094b, \u0935\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0905\u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u093e\u0938\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0923\u092f \u092c\u0928 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u0914\u0930 \u091c\u093f\u0938 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0923\u092f \u0915\u0940 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0928 \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0930\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0905\u092a\u0940\u0932 \u092d\u0940 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"feat-card\">4<\/span>Data given away<\/span>\u0926\u0947 \u0926\u093f\u090f \u0917\u090f \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u0947<\/span><\/strong>Pupil work, marks or personal details typed into a public tool leave the school's custody<\/strong>. Under the DPDP Act of \u00a78.8 the school remains the Data Fiduciary regardless, and consent given for keeping a record does not extend to feeding it to a third party.<\/span>\u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0938\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0935\u091c\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091f\u0902\u0915\u093f\u0924 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940-\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f, \u0905\u0902\u0915 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0935\u0948\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0935\u0930\u0923 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u0932 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902<\/strong>\u0964 \u00a78.8 \u0915\u0947 DPDP \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u0940\u0928 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u092b\u093f\u0930 \u092d\u0940 \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u093e \u0928\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938\u0940 \u092c\u0928\u093e \u0930\u0939\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0932\u0947\u0916 \u0930\u0916\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0926\u0940 \u0917\u0908 \u0938\u0939\u092e\u0924\u093f \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0924\u0943\u0924\u0940\u092f \u092a\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0915\u094b \u0926\u0947\u0928\u0947 \u0924\u0915 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u092b\u0948\u0932\u0924\u0940\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <hr class=\"section-divider\">\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d11-9\">\n 11.9<\/span>\n <h3>Building a School Policy<\/span>\u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f\u0940 \u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"flow-wrap\">\n <div class=\"flow-note\">\n \ud83d\udcdc An Acceptable Use Policy<\/strong> is what converts everything in this chapter from opinion into a rule that can be applied consistently. Its value is that it exists before<\/strong> the incident, not after.<\/span>\n \ud83d\udcdc \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0940\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f<\/strong> \u0935\u0939\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0907\u0938 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u092c\u093e\u0924 \u0915\u094b \u092e\u0924 \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0915\u0930 \u0910\u0938\u093e \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u090f\u0915\u0930\u0942\u092a\u0924\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u0932\u093e\u0917\u0942 \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0947\u0964 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u093e \u092e\u0942\u0932\u094d\u092f \u092f\u0939 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0935\u0939 \u0918\u091f\u0928\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935<\/strong> \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0939\u094b, \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964<\/span>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"flow-steps\">\n <div class=\"flow-step\">\n 1<\/span>\n <div class=\"fs-body\">\n State what is permitted, not only what is forbidden<\/span>\u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093f\u0924 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092e\u0924 \u092d\u0940 \u092c\u0924\u093e\u090f\u0901<\/span><\/strong>\n A policy that is only a list of prohibitions is read as hostile and followed grudgingly. Naming the legitimate uses gives the prohibitions their reason.<\/span>\u091c\u094b \u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0928\u093f\u0937\u0947\u0927\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0940 \u0939\u094b \u0935\u0939 \u0936\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0941\u0924\u093e\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u092a\u0922\u093c\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u0928\u093f\u091a\u094d\u091b\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0935\u0948\u0927 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u0932\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0916 \u0928\u093f\u0937\u0947\u0927\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0909\u0928\u0915\u093e \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0926\u0947 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/span>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"flow-step\">\n 2<\/span>\n <div class=\"fs-body\">\n Cover staff and pupils separately<\/span>\u0915\u0930\u094d\u092e\u091a\u093e\u0930\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u0943\u0925\u0915 \u0930\u0916\u0947\u0902<\/span><\/strong>\n The obligations differ. A teacher's duties on communication, photographs and social media, per \u00a77.8 and \u00a711.5, are not a version of a pupil's rules.<\/span>\u0926\u093e\u092f\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u00a77.8 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u00a711.5 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0937\u0923, \u091b\u093e\u092f\u093e\u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u094b\u0936\u0932 \u092e\u0940\u0921\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0940 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0935\u094d\u092f \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/span>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"flow-step\">\n 3<\/span>\n <div class=\"fs-body\">\n Name the reporting route and protect the reporter<\/span>\u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0915\u093e \u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0917 \u092c\u0924\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0915 \u0915\u0940 \u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902<\/span><\/strong>\n Whom a child tells, whom a teacher tells, and an express assurance that reporting will not itself be punished<\/strong> \u2014 without which, as \u00a711.4 showed, nothing is reported at all.<\/span>\u092c\u093e\u0932\u0915 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0924\u093e\u090f, \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0924\u093e\u090f, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092f\u0939 \u0938\u094d\u092a\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0906\u0936\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0938\u0928 \u0915\u093f \u092c\u0924\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u0926\u0902\u0921 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0947\u0917\u093e<\/strong> \u2014 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e, \u091c\u0948\u0938\u093e \u00a711.4 \u0928\u0947 \u0926\u093f\u0916\u093e\u092f\u093e, \u0915\u0941\u091b \u092c\u0924\u093e\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/span>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"flow-step\">\n 4<\/span>\n <div class=\"fs-body\">\n Set out consent and data practice<\/span>\u0938\u0939\u092e\u0924\u093f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u093e-\u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902<\/span><\/strong>\n Photograph consent, what is collected, where it is stored, who may reach it and when it is destroyed \u2014 the four questions of \u00a710.2, answered once in writing rather than argued at each occasion.<\/span>\u091b\u093e\u092f\u093e\u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930-\u0938\u0939\u092e\u0924\u093f, \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u090f\u0915\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0939\u094b\u0917\u093e, \u0915\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0917\u093e, \u0915\u094c\u0928 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a \u0938\u0915\u0947\u0917\u093e \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0915\u092c \u0928\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0939\u094b\u0917\u093e \u2014 \u00a710.2 \u0915\u0947 \u091a\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0905\u0935\u0938\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u092c\u0939\u0938 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u091c\u093e\u092f \u090f\u0915 \u092c\u093e\u0930 \u0932\u093f\u0916\u093f\u0924 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0924\u0964<\/span><\/span>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"flow-step\">\n 5<\/span>\n <div class=\"fs-body\">\n Make it known, and review it<\/span>\u0907\u0938\u0947 \u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u093e\u090f\u0901, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0938\u092e\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902<\/span><\/strong>\n Read with pupils, sent to parents, acknowledged by staff, and revised annually \u2014 a policy in a file that nobody has read has no effect on any conduct whatever.<\/span>\u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u092a\u0922\u093c\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u090f, \u0905\u092d\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u092d\u0947\u091c\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u090f, \u0915\u0930\u094d\u092e\u091a\u093e\u0930\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0940\u0915\u0943\u0924 \u0939\u094b, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937 \u0938\u0902\u0936\u094b\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u2014 \u0928\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0921\u093c\u0940 \u0935\u0939 \u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0922\u093c\u093e \u0939\u0940 \u0928 \u0939\u094b, \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092d\u0940 \u0906\u091a\u0930\u0923 \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0921\u093e\u0932\u0924\u0940\u0964<\/span><\/span>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"mcq-box\">\n <div class=\"mcq-title\">\n Practice<\/span>\u0905\u092d\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938<\/span><\/span>\n Questions on digital ethics and citizenship<\/span>\u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u0928\u0948\u0924\u093f\u0915\u0924\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0928\u093e\u0917\u0930\u093f\u0915\u0924\u093e \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928<\/span><\/span>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"mcq-note\">Objective questions in the pattern of the examination. Click to reveal the answer and its explanation.<\/span>\u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u0930 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928\u0964 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0916\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u094d\u0932\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u0940\u091c\u093f\u090f\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <details class=\"mcq-q\">\n <summary>87<\/span>Data left behind without the user's knowledge, such as browsing history and location records, is called:<\/span><\/summary>\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\n <li>(a) Active digital footprint<\/li>\n <li>(b) Passive digital footprint<\/li>\n <li>(c) Digital signature<\/li>\n <li>(d) Metadata trail<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\">(b) Passive digital footprint<\/b> An active footprint is what a person deliberately posts or submits. The passive footprint is larger, is collected without the person's awareness, and is the portion that has commercial value.<\/span>\u0938\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f \u092a\u0926\u091a\u093f\u0939\u094d\u0928 \u0935\u0939 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u091c\u093e\u0928\u092c\u0942\u091d\u0915\u0930 \u0921\u093e\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f \u092a\u0926\u091a\u093f\u0939\u094d\u0928 \u092c\u0921\u093c\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u090f\u0915\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u0939\u0940 \u0905\u0902\u0936 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0935\u093e\u0923\u093f\u091c\u094d\u092f\u093f\u0915 \u092e\u0942\u0932\u094d\u092f \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\u00a711.2<\/span><\/div>\n <\/details>\n <details class=\"mcq-q\">\n <summary>88<\/span>Copyright in India is governed by:<\/span><\/summary>\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\n <li>(a) The Information Technology Act, 2000<\/li>\n <li>(b) The Copyright Act, 1957<\/li>\n <li>(c) The Patents Act, 1970<\/li>\n <li>(d) The Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\">(b) The Copyright Act, 1957<\/b> Protection arises automatically on creation and registration is not required. Section 52 provides for fair dealing, which permits limited use for private study, research, criticism, review and in the course of instruction.<\/span>\u0938\u0902\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0938\u0943\u091c\u0928 \u092a\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0924\u0903 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u0902\u091c\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964 \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093e 52 \u0909\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092c\u0902\u0927 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u094b \u0928\u093f\u091c\u0940 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092f\u0928, \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u0902\u0927\u093e\u0928, \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0932\u094b\u091a\u0928\u093e, \u0938\u092e\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092e\u0924\u093f \u0926\u0947\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\u00a711.3<\/span><\/div>\n <\/details>\n <details class=\"mcq-q\">\n <summary>89<\/span>A pupil submits an essay copied from a website but names the website as the source. This is:<\/span><\/summary>\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\n <li>(a) Plagiarism but not copyright infringement<\/li>\n <li>(b) Copyright infringement but not plagiarism<\/li>\n <li>(c) Both plagiarism and copyright infringement<\/li>\n <li>(d) Neither<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\">(b) Copyright infringement but not plagiarism<\/b> Attribution cures plagiarism, since the source has been acknowledged rather than concealed. It does not cure infringement, because reproducing an entire protected work without permission remains unlawful whether or not the author is named. The two wrongs are independent, and all four combinations are possible.<\/span>\u0936\u094d\u0930\u0947\u092f \u0926\u0947\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0939\u093f\u0924\u094d\u092f\u093f\u0915 \u091a\u094b\u0930\u0940 \u0920\u0940\u0915 \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u0938\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0924 \u091b\u093f\u092a\u093e\u092f\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0940\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e\u0964 \u0909\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0909\u0932\u094d\u0932\u0902\u0918\u0928 \u0920\u0940\u0915 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e, \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0940 \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092e\u0924\u093f \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u0941\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f\u0935\u093f\u0930\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0939\u0940 \u0930\u0939\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u091a\u093e\u0939\u0947 \u0930\u091a\u092f\u093f\u0924\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093e\u092e \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0939\u094b \u092f\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964 \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0926\u094b\u0937 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0914\u0930 \u091a\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u0938\u0902\u092d\u0935 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span>\u00a711.3<\/span><\/div>\n <\/details>\n <details class=\"mcq-q\">\n <summary>90<\/span>False information spread deliberately with the intention to deceive is termed:<\/span><\/summary>\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\n <li>(a) Misinformation<\/li>\n <li>(b) Disinformation<\/li>\n <li>(c) Malinformation<\/li>\n <li>(d) Metadata<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\">(b) Disinformation<\/b> Misinformation is false but shared without intent to deceive. Malinformation is true information published in order to cause harm, such as a private fact made public. The distinction rests on intent, not on truth.<\/span>\u092e\u093f\u0925\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0905\u0938\u0924\u094d\u092f \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0941 \u091b\u0932\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0906\u0936\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0938\u093e\u091d\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u0917\u0908\u0964 \u0926\u0941\u0930\u094d\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0928\u093e\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0938\u0924\u094d\u092f \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0941 \u0939\u093e\u0928\u093f \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0936\u093f\u0924, \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0928\u093f\u091c\u0940 \u0924\u0925\u094d\u092f \u0938\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0935\u091c\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u0930 \u0926\u0947\u0928\u093e\u0964 \u092d\u0947\u0926 \u0938\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0924\u093e \u092a\u0930 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0906\u0936\u092f \u092a\u0930 \u091f\u093f\u0915\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\u00a711.7<\/span><\/div>\n <\/details>\n <details class=\"mcq-q\">\n <summary>91<\/span>Under the 20-20-20 rule for reducing eye strain, one should look at something 20 feet away:<\/span><\/summary>\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\n <li>(a) Every 20 seconds, for 20 minutes<\/li>\n <li>(b) Every 20 minutes, for 20 seconds<\/li>\n <li>(c) Every 20 hours, for 20 minutes<\/li>\n <li>(d) Twenty times a day<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\">(b) Every 20 minutes, for 20 seconds<\/b> The three twenties are the interval, the distance and the duration. Of all the wellbeing measures, however, the best supported by evidence is keeping the device out of the bedroom, since disturbed sleep in an adolescent shows up as inattention and falling marks.<\/span>\u0924\u0940\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u092c\u0940\u0938 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093e\u0932, \u0926\u0942\u0930\u0940 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0905\u0935\u0927\u093f \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0915\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u0932\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u0938\u094d\u0924 \u0909\u092a\u093e\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u093e\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u092f \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u092e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u0909\u092a\u093e\u092f \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u094b \u0936\u092f\u0928-\u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0939\u0930 \u0930\u0916\u0928\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u0915\u093f\u0936\u094b\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u092c\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u0928\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0930\u093e \u0905\u0928\u0935\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0917\u093f\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0905\u0902\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u091f \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\u00a711.6<\/span><\/div>\n <\/details>\n <details class=\"mcq-q\">\n <summary>92<\/span>A Creative Commons licence marked \"BY-SA\" requires that the user:<\/span><\/summary>\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\n <li>(a) Pay a fee before use<\/li>\n <li>(b) Give attribution and release any derived work under the same licence<\/li>\n <li>(c) Use the work only for commercial purposes<\/li>\n <li>(d) Obtain written permission from the author<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\">(b) Give attribution and release any derived work under the same licence<\/b> BY requires attribution and SA requires the same licence on anything derived. NC forbids commercial use and ND forbids alteration. Much open educational resource material, including that on NROER, is released on these terms.<\/span>BY \u0936\u094d\u0930\u0947\u092f \u0905\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0924\u0925\u093e SA \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f \u092a\u0930 \u0935\u0939\u0940 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u091c\u094d\u091e\u092a\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0964 NC \u0935\u093e\u0923\u093f\u091c\u094d\u092f\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0924\u0925\u093e ND \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928\u0964 NROER \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0938\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u092c\u0939\u0941\u0924 \u0938\u0940 \u092e\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0936\u0948\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u093e\u0927\u0928-\u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0907\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0936\u0930\u094d\u0924\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u091c\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\u00a711.3<\/span><\/div>\n <\/details>\n <\/div>\n\n <\/section>\n\n \n <section class=\"chapter-content\" data-chap=\"12\" id=\"c12\">\n <div class=\"chapter-heading-block\">\n SYLLABUS ITEM 12<\/span>\u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u092e\u0926 12<\/span><\/span>\n <h2>Emerging Technologies<\/span>\u0909\u092d\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901<\/span><\/h2>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"callout amber\">\n <div class=\"callout-label\">\ud83d\udccc What this chapter covers<\/span>\ud83d\udccc \u0907\u0938 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/div>\n Artificial intelligence, cloud computing models, the Internet of Things, blockchain, augmented and virtual reality, robotics and big data<\/span>\n \u0915\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092e \u092c\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093f, \u0915\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0909\u0921 \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u0942\u092a, \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u0928\u0947\u091f, \u092c\u094d\u0932\u0949\u0915\u091a\u0947\u0928, \u0938\u0902\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0906\u092d\u093e\u0938\u0940 \u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0935\u093f\u0915\u0924\u093e, \u0930\u094b\u092c\u094b\u091f\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0936\u093e\u0932 \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u0947<\/span>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"keyfact-grid\">\n <div class=\"keyfact-card navy-hi\">\n \ud83e\udde0<\/span>\n <div class=\"kf-label\">The Nesting to Memorise<\/span>\u0915\u0902\u0920\u0938\u094d\u0925 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u092f\u094b\u0917\u094d\u092f \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0947\u0936\u0928<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"kf-value\" style=\"font-size:13px;\">AI \u2283 ML \u2283 DL<\/div>\n <div class=\"kf-sub\">Deep learning sits inside machine learning, which sits inside AI<\/span>\u0917\u0939\u0928 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e \u092e\u0936\u0940\u0928 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e \u0915\u0947 \u092d\u0940\u0924\u0930 \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u094b \u0915\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092e \u092c\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093f \u0915\u0947 \u092d\u0940\u0924\u0930 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"keyfact-card teal-hi\">\n \u2601\ufe0f<\/span>\n <div class=\"kf-label\">The Three Cloud Models<\/span>\u0924\u0940\u0928 \u0915\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0909\u0921 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u0942\u092a<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"kf-value\" style=\"font-size:14px;\">IaaS \u00b7 PaaS \u00b7 SaaS<\/div>\n <div class=\"kf-sub\">Infrastructure, platform, software \u2014 in that order of increasing service<\/span>\u0905\u0935\u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e, \u092e\u0902\u091a, \u0938\u0949\u092b\u093c\u094d\u091f\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u2014 \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0922\u093c\u0924\u0947 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u092e\u0947\u0902<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"keyfact-card amber-hi\">\n \ud83c\uddee\ud83c\uddf3<\/span>\n <div class=\"kf-label\">India's AI Strategy<\/span>\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u0915\u0940 AI \u0930\u0923\u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"kf-value\" style=\"font-size:14px;\">#AIforAll \u00b7 2018<\/div>\n <div class=\"kf-sub\">National Strategy for Artificial Intelligence, by NITI Aayog<\/span>\u0915\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092e \u092c\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093f \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0930\u0923\u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f, \u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f \u0906\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d12-0\">\n 12.0<\/span>\n <h3>Introduction<\/span>\u092a\u0930\u093f\u091a\u092f<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n <ul class=\"icon-list\">\n <li>\u25b8<\/span>\n The technologies gathered here are called emerging<\/strong> not because they are untried but because they are still changing shape<\/strong>. Their vocabulary, however, has settled, and that vocabulary is what an examination tests: what a term expands to, what it means, and which application belongs to which technology<\/strong>.<\/span>\n \u092f\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u090f\u0915\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u0909\u092d\u0930\u0924\u0940<\/strong> \u0907\u0938\u0932\u093f\u090f \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u0939\u0932\u093e\u0924\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u093f \u0935\u0947 \u0905\u092a\u0930\u0916\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0905\u092a\u093f\u0924\u0941 \u0907\u0938\u0932\u093f\u090f \u0915\u093f \u0935\u0947 \u0905\u092c \u092d\u0940 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092c\u0926\u0932 \u0930\u0939\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902<\/strong>\u0964 \u0915\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0941 \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0940 \u0936\u092c\u094d\u0926\u093e\u0935\u0932\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0930 \u0939\u094b \u091a\u0941\u0915\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0909\u0938\u0940 \u0936\u092c\u094d\u0926\u093e\u0935\u0932\u0940 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u0930\u0916\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948: \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092a\u0926 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0909\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0915\u094c\u0928-\u0938\u093e \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u093f\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/strong>\u0964<\/span>\n <\/span><\/li>\n <li>\u25b8<\/span>\n For a head of institution the useful question is rarely what is this<\/em> and almost always what should a school do about it<\/strong>. The honest answer for most of what follows is: understand it well enough to judge a proposal<\/strong>. A vendor's presentation is easier to assess when the terms in it are already familiar.<\/span>\n \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0941\u0916 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u0935\u093f\u0930\u0932\u0947 \u0939\u0940 \u092f\u0939 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/em> \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0932\u0917\u092d\u0917 \u0938\u0926\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0915\u094b \u0907\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f<\/strong>\u0964 \u0906\u0917\u0947 \u0906\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0902\u0936 \u092c\u093e\u0924\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0908\u092e\u093e\u0928\u0926\u093e\u0930 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u092f\u0939 \u0939\u0948: \u0907\u0924\u0928\u093e \u0938\u092e\u091d \u0932\u0940\u091c\u093f\u090f \u0915\u093f \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935 \u0915\u094b \u0906\u0901\u0915\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0947<\/strong>\u0964 \u091c\u092c \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0926 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0902 \u0924\u094b \u0935\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924\u093f \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0928\u093e \u0938\u0930\u0932 \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\n <\/span><\/li>\n <li>\u25b8<\/span>\n One caution runs through the whole chapter. Every technology here has been proposed to schools as a solution before its cost, its maintenance and its teacher training were settled.<\/strong> Chapter 9 recorded what happens then: the equipment works and nobody uses it.<\/span>\n \u090f\u0915 \u091a\u0947\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0928\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091a\u0932\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u0932\u093e\u0917\u0924, \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0924\u092f \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0940 \u091c\u093e \u091a\u0941\u0915\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/strong> \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f 9 \u0928\u0947 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0932\u093f\u0916\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u093f \u0924\u092c \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948: \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u091a\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e\u0964<\/span>\n <\/span><\/li>\n <\/ul>\n\n <hr class=\"section-divider\">\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d12-1\">\n 12.1<\/span>\n <h3>Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning<\/span>\u0915\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092e \u092c\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092e\u0936\u0940\u0928 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n <svg class=\"full-diagram\" viewBox=\"0 0 700 288\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Artificial intelligence contains machine learning, which contains deep learning\">\n <rect x=\"24\" y=\"20\" width=\"392\" height=\"248\" rx=\"12\" fill=\"#eef4fc\" stroke=\"#1f5fa9\" stroke-width=\"2.4\"\/>\n <text x=\"220\" y=\"44\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"12.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\" letter-spacing=\".8\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE<\/text>\n <text x=\"220\" y=\"60\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Any system performing tasks that would ordinarily require<\/text>\n <text x=\"220\" y=\"72\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">human intelligence \u2014 reasoning, perception, language.<\/text>\n <text x=\"220\" y=\"88\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#5a6d80\" font-style=\"italic\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Term coined by John McCarthy, 1956<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"52\" y=\"100\" width=\"336\" height=\"152\" rx=\"10\" fill=\"#eefbf7\" stroke=\"#0d8f79\" stroke-width=\"2.2\"\/>\n <text x=\"220\" y=\"122\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"11.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#0d8f79\" letter-spacing=\".6\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">MACHINE LEARNING<\/text>\n <text x=\"220\" y=\"138\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Systems that improve by <tspan font-weight=\"700\">learning from data<\/tspan> rather<\/text>\n <text x=\"220\" y=\"150\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">than by being explicitly programmed with rules.<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"82\" y=\"162\" width=\"276\" height=\"80\" rx=\"8\" fill=\"#faf6ff\" stroke=\"#6b3a8f\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\n <text x=\"220\" y=\"184\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"11\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#6b3a8f\" letter-spacing=\".6\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">DEEP LEARNING<\/text>\n <text x=\"220\" y=\"200\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Machine learning using <tspan font-weight=\"700\">artificial neural networks<\/tspan><\/text>\n <text x=\"220\" y=\"212\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">with many layers. What makes speech recognition,<\/text>\n <text x=\"220\" y=\"224\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">image recognition and generative systems work.<\/text>\n <text x=\"220\" y=\"238\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#6b3a8f\" font-style=\"italic\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">the innermost of the three<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"432\" y=\"20\" width=\"244\" height=\"118\" rx=\"9\" fill=\"#fffbf0\" stroke=\"#c9760f\" stroke-width=\"1.8\"\/>\n <text x=\"554\" y=\"40\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#c9760f\" letter-spacing=\".5\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">THE THREE KINDS OF LEARNING<\/text>\n <g font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">\n <text x=\"446\" y=\"60\"><tspan font-weight=\"700\">Supervised<\/tspan> \u2014 trained on labelled<\/text>\n <text x=\"446\" y=\"71\">examples. Classification, prediction.<\/text>\n <text x=\"446\" y=\"90\"><tspan font-weight=\"700\">Unsupervised<\/tspan> \u2014 finds patterns in<\/text>\n <text x=\"446\" y=\"101\">unlabelled data. Clustering.<\/text>\n <text x=\"446\" y=\"120\"><tspan font-weight=\"700\">Reinforcement<\/tspan> \u2014 learns by reward<\/text>\n <text x=\"446\" y=\"131\">and penalty, through trial.<\/text>\n <\/g>\n\n <rect x=\"432\" y=\"150\" width=\"244\" height=\"118\" rx=\"9\" fill=\"#f7fbff\" stroke=\"#c3d2e2\" stroke-width=\"1.5\"\/>\n <text x=\"554\" y=\"170\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#14243f\" letter-spacing=\".5\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">BY CAPABILITY<\/text>\n <g font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">\n <text x=\"446\" y=\"190\"><tspan font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#0d8f79\">Narrow AI (ANI)<\/tspan> \u2014 does one kind of<\/text>\n <text x=\"446\" y=\"201\">task. <tspan font-weight=\"700\">Every system that exists today.<\/tspan><\/text>\n <text x=\"446\" y=\"220\"><tspan font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#8a95a3\">General AI (AGI)<\/tspan> \u2014 human-level across<\/text>\n <text x=\"446\" y=\"231\">any task. Hypothetical.<\/text>\n <text x=\"446\" y=\"250\"><tspan font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#8a95a3\">Super AI (ASI)<\/tspan> \u2014 beyond human ability.<\/text>\n <text x=\"446\" y=\"261\">Hypothetical.<\/text>\n <\/g>\n <\/svg>\n The nesting is the point: all deep learning is machine learning, all machine learning is AI, and the reverse holds in neither case.<\/span>\u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0947\u0936\u0928 \u0939\u0940 \u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f \u092c\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0941 \u0939\u0948: \u0938\u092e\u0938\u094d\u0924 \u0917\u0939\u0928 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e \u092e\u0936\u0940\u0928 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e \u0939\u0948, \u0938\u092e\u0938\u094d\u0924 \u092e\u0936\u0940\u0928 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e \u0915\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092e \u092c\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093f \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0932\u091f\u093e \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092d\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0924\u094d\u092f \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n\n <table class=\"data-table\">\n <thead>\n <tr>\n <th>Branch or term<\/span>\u0936\u093e\u0916\u093e \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u092a\u0926<\/span><\/th>\n <th>Meaning and where it is met<\/span>\u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092f\u0939 \u0915\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/th>\n <\/tr>\n <\/thead>\n <tbody>\n <tr><td>NLP<\/strong><\/td><td>Natural Language Processing<\/strong> \u2014 enabling a machine to work with human language. Translation, speech recognition, text-to-speech and chatbots all rest on it, and so does much of the accessibility provision in Chapter 14.<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e \u0938\u0902\u0938\u093e\u0927\u0928<\/strong> \u2014 \u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u094b \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0935 \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0915\u093e\u092e \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0964 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0935\u093e\u0926, \u0935\u093e\u0915\u094d-\u092a\u0939\u091a\u093e\u0928, \u092a\u093e\u0920-\u0938\u0947-\u0935\u093e\u0923\u0940 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u091a\u0948\u091f\u092c\u0949\u091f \u0938\u092c \u0907\u0938\u0940 \u092a\u0930 \u091f\u093f\u0915\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f 14 \u0915\u0940 \u092c\u0939\u0941\u0924 \u0938\u0940 \u0938\u0941\u0917\u092e\u094d\u092f\u0924\u093e-\u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u092d\u0940\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>Computer vision<\/span>\u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u0926\u0943\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093f<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>Enabling a machine to interpret images and video \u2014 the basis of face recognition, of automatic number-plate reading, and of the OMR and OCR of \u00a71.8.<\/span>\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u094b \u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0935\u0940\u0921\u093f\u092f\u094b \u0915\u0940 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0928\u093e \u2014 \u092e\u0941\u0916-\u092a\u0939\u091a\u093e\u0928, \u0938\u094d\u0935\u091a\u093e\u0932\u093f\u0924 \u0928\u0902\u092c\u0930-\u092a\u094d\u0932\u0947\u091f \u092a\u0920\u0928, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u00a71.8 \u0915\u0947 OMR \u090f\u0935\u0902 OCR \u0915\u093e \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr style=\"background:#f3f8ff;\"><td>Generative AI<\/span>\u091c\u0928\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 AI<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>Systems that produce new content<\/strong> \u2014 text, image, audio, video \u2014 rather than only classify or predict. A Large Language Model (LLM)<\/strong> is the text variety. Its ethical implications for a school were dealt with in \u00a711.8, and its capacity to fabricate media in \u00a711.7.<\/span>\u0935\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u091c\u094b \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0928\u0941\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0905\u092a\u093f\u0924\u0941 \u0928\u0908 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u0940<\/strong> \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u2014 \u092a\u093e\u0920, \u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930, \u0936\u094d\u0930\u0935\u094d\u092f, \u0935\u0940\u0921\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0964 \u0935\u0943\u0939\u0924\u094d \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u0942\u092a (LLM)<\/strong> \u0909\u0938\u0915\u093e \u092a\u093e\u0920-\u0930\u0942\u092a \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0928\u0948\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0928\u093f\u0939\u093f\u0924\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u00a711.8 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0917\u0922\u093c\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e\u0924\u093e \u00a711.7 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0935\u0947\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0941\u0908\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>In education<\/span>\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>Adaptive learning<\/strong> that adjusts difficulty to the individual pupil; automated scoring<\/strong> of objective work; learning analytics<\/strong> that flag a child falling behind; and accessibility tools<\/strong> \u2014 speech-to-text, text-to-speech, live captioning.<\/span>\u0905\u0928\u0941\u0915\u0942\u0932\u0940 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e<\/strong> \u091c\u094b \u0915\u0920\u093f\u0928\u093e\u0908 \u0915\u094b \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0917\u0924 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0930\u0942\u092a \u0922\u093e\u0932\u0947; \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0935\u091a\u093e\u0932\u093f\u0924 \u0905\u0902\u0915\u0928<\/strong>; \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e-\u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0937\u093f\u0915\u0940<\/strong> \u091c\u094b \u092a\u093f\u091b\u0921\u093c\u0924\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0932\u0915 \u0915\u094b \u091a\u093f\u0939\u094d\u0928\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0947; \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0938\u0941\u0917\u092e\u094d\u092f\u0924\u093e-\u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923<\/strong> \u2014 \u0935\u093e\u0923\u0940-\u0938\u0947-\u092a\u093e\u0920, \u092a\u093e\u0920-\u0938\u0947-\u0935\u093e\u0923\u0940, \u0938\u091c\u0940\u0935 \u0909\u092a\u0936\u0940\u0930\u094d\u0937\u0915\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>Its limits<\/span>\u0907\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e\u090f\u0901<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>Bias<\/strong> inherited from the material it learned on; fabrication<\/strong> stated with confidence; a hunger for data<\/strong> that raises the custody questions of \u00a78.8; and opacity<\/strong> \u2014 a decision no one can explain is a decision no one can appeal against.<\/span>\u091c\u093f\u0938 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0940\u0916\u093e \u0909\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u093e \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939<\/strong>; \u0906\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0915\u0939\u0940 \u0917\u0908 \u0917\u0922\u093c\u0902\u0924<\/strong>; \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u092d\u0942\u0916<\/strong> \u091c\u094b \u00a78.8 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u0909\u0920\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948; \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0905\u092a\u093e\u0930\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u093f\u0924\u093e<\/strong> \u2014 \u091c\u093f\u0938 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0923\u092f \u0915\u0940 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0928 \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0930\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0905\u092a\u0940\u0932 \u092d\u0940 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <\/tbody>\n <\/table>\n\n <hr class=\"section-divider\">\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d12-2\">\n 12.2<\/span>\n <h3>Cloud Computing Service Models<\/span>\u0915\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0909\u0921 \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u0942\u092a<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n <svg class=\"full-diagram\" viewBox=\"0 0 700 330\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Who manages what across on-premises, IaaS, PaaS and SaaS\">\n <text x=\"350\" y=\"18\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#14243f\" letter-spacing=\".6\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">THE SAME STACK, DIVIDED FOUR WAYS<\/text>\n\n <g font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#5a6d80\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\" text-anchor=\"end\">\n <text x=\"96\" y=\"60\">Applications<\/text>\n <text x=\"96\" y=\"86\">Data<\/text>\n <text x=\"96\" y=\"112\">Runtime<\/text>\n <text x=\"96\" y=\"138\">Operating system<\/text>\n <text x=\"96\" y=\"164\">Virtualisation<\/text>\n <text x=\"96\" y=\"190\">Servers<\/text>\n <text x=\"96\" y=\"216\">Storage and network<\/text>\n <\/g>\n\n <g font-size=\"9\" font-weight=\"700\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">\n <text x=\"166\" y=\"38\" fill=\"#5a6d80\">ON-PREMISES<\/text>\n <text x=\"308\" y=\"38\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\">IaaS<\/text>\n <text x=\"450\" y=\"38\" fill=\"#0d8f79\">PaaS<\/text>\n <text x=\"592\" y=\"38\" fill=\"#c9760f\">SaaS<\/text>\n <\/g>\n\n <g stroke=\"#fff\" stroke-width=\"1.5\">\n <rect x=\"106\" y=\"46\" width=\"120\" height=\"22\" fill=\"#c0392b\"\/><rect x=\"106\" y=\"72\" width=\"120\" height=\"22\" fill=\"#c0392b\"\/>\n <rect x=\"106\" y=\"98\" width=\"120\" height=\"22\" fill=\"#c0392b\"\/><rect x=\"106\" y=\"124\" width=\"120\" height=\"22\" fill=\"#c0392b\"\/>\n <rect x=\"106\" y=\"150\" width=\"120\" height=\"22\" fill=\"#c0392b\"\/><rect x=\"106\" y=\"176\" width=\"120\" height=\"22\" fill=\"#c0392b\"\/>\n <rect x=\"106\" y=\"202\" width=\"120\" height=\"22\" fill=\"#c0392b\"\/>\n\n <rect x=\"248\" y=\"46\" width=\"120\" height=\"22\" fill=\"#c0392b\"\/><rect x=\"248\" y=\"72\" width=\"120\" height=\"22\" fill=\"#c0392b\"\/>\n <rect x=\"248\" y=\"98\" width=\"120\" height=\"22\" fill=\"#c0392b\"\/><rect x=\"248\" y=\"124\" width=\"120\" height=\"22\" fill=\"#c0392b\"\/>\n <rect x=\"248\" y=\"150\" width=\"120\" height=\"22\" fill=\"#0d8f79\"\/><rect x=\"248\" y=\"176\" width=\"120\" height=\"22\" fill=\"#0d8f79\"\/>\n <rect x=\"248\" y=\"202\" width=\"120\" height=\"22\" fill=\"#0d8f79\"\/>\n\n <rect x=\"390\" y=\"46\" width=\"120\" height=\"22\" fill=\"#c0392b\"\/><rect x=\"390\" y=\"72\" width=\"120\" height=\"22\" fill=\"#c0392b\"\/>\n <rect x=\"390\" y=\"98\" width=\"120\" height=\"22\" fill=\"#0d8f79\"\/><rect x=\"390\" y=\"124\" width=\"120\" height=\"22\" fill=\"#0d8f79\"\/>\n <rect x=\"390\" y=\"150\" width=\"120\" height=\"22\" fill=\"#0d8f79\"\/><rect x=\"390\" y=\"176\" width=\"120\" height=\"22\" fill=\"#0d8f79\"\/>\n <rect x=\"390\" y=\"202\" width=\"120\" height=\"22\" fill=\"#0d8f79\"\/>\n\n <rect x=\"532\" y=\"46\" width=\"120\" height=\"22\" fill=\"#0d8f79\"\/><rect x=\"532\" y=\"72\" width=\"120\" height=\"22\" fill=\"#0d8f79\"\/>\n <rect x=\"532\" y=\"98\" width=\"120\" height=\"22\" fill=\"#0d8f79\"\/><rect x=\"532\" y=\"124\" width=\"120\" height=\"22\" fill=\"#0d8f79\"\/>\n <rect x=\"532\" y=\"150\" width=\"120\" height=\"22\" fill=\"#0d8f79\"\/><rect x=\"532\" y=\"176\" width=\"120\" height=\"22\" fill=\"#0d8f79\"\/>\n <rect x=\"532\" y=\"202\" width=\"120\" height=\"22\" fill=\"#0d8f79\"\/>\n <\/g>\n\n <rect x=\"106\" y=\"234\" width=\"120\" height=\"18\" rx=\"4\" fill=\"#fff\" stroke=\"#c0392b\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/>\n <text x=\"166\" y=\"246\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#c0392b\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">the school runs it all<\/text>\n <rect x=\"248\" y=\"234\" width=\"120\" height=\"18\" rx=\"4\" fill=\"#fff\" stroke=\"#1f5fa9\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/>\n <text x=\"308\" y=\"246\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">rents the machines<\/text>\n <rect x=\"390\" y=\"234\" width=\"120\" height=\"18\" rx=\"4\" fill=\"#fff\" stroke=\"#0d8f79\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/>\n <text x=\"450\" y=\"246\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#0a6d5c\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">rents a place to build<\/text>\n <rect x=\"532\" y=\"234\" width=\"120\" height=\"18\" rx=\"4\" fill=\"#fff\" stroke=\"#c9760f\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/>\n <text x=\"592\" y=\"246\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#8f5409\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">just opens the browser<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"106\" y=\"262\" width=\"24\" height=\"12\" fill=\"#c0392b\"\/>\n <text x=\"138\" y=\"272\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">managed by the user<\/text>\n <rect x=\"268\" y=\"262\" width=\"24\" height=\"12\" fill=\"#0d8f79\"\/>\n <text x=\"300\" y=\"272\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">managed by the cloud provider<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"24\" y=\"284\" width=\"652\" height=\"38\" rx=\"6\" fill=\"#f7fbff\" stroke=\"#c3d2e2\" stroke-width=\"1.2\"\/>\n <text x=\"38\" y=\"299\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\"><tspan font-weight=\"700\">Examples:<\/tspan> IaaS \u2014 rented virtual servers and storage \u00b7 PaaS \u2014 a hosted environment for building an application<\/text>\n <text x=\"38\" y=\"311\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\"><tspan font-weight=\"700\">SaaS \u2014 Google Workspace, Microsoft 365, DIKSHA<\/tspan>: ready software used through a browser.<\/text>\n <\/svg>\n Read the columns left to right: the further right, the less the user manages and the less control the user retains. Almost everything a school touches is SaaS.<\/span>\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0902\u092d \u092c\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u0938\u0947 \u0926\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u092a\u0922\u093c\u093f\u090f: \u091c\u093f\u0924\u0928\u093e \u0926\u093e\u0908\u0902 \u0913\u0930, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0909\u0924\u0928\u093e \u0915\u092e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092c\u0902\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0924\u0928\u093e \u0939\u0940 \u0915\u092e \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0923 \u0930\u0916\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u091c\u094b \u0915\u0941\u091b \u091b\u0942\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0935\u0939 \u0932\u0917\u092d\u0917 \u0938\u092c SaaS \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n\n <div class=\"callout teal\">\n <div class=\"callout-label\">\ud83d\udcd8 The five essential characteristics, and the four deployment models<\/span>\ud83d\udcd8 \u092a\u093e\u0901\u091a \u0905\u0928\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u0942\u092a<\/span><\/div>\n A service is properly called cloud computing only if it shows all five of: on-demand self-service<\/strong> (obtained without human intervention), broad network access<\/strong>, resource pooling<\/strong>, rapid elasticity<\/strong> (capacity grows and shrinks with need), and measured service<\/strong> (usage is metered and billed).<\/span>\n \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0915\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0909\u0921 \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0924\u092d\u0940 \u0915\u0939\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u092c \u0909\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092f\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u0901\u091a\u094b\u0902 \u0939\u094b\u0902: \u092e\u093e\u0901\u0917 \u092a\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u0935-\u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e<\/strong> (\u092e\u093e\u0928\u0935\u0940\u092f \u0939\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u092a \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924), \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u0915 \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a<\/strong>, \u0938\u0902\u0938\u093e\u0927\u0928-\u0938\u092e\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0932\u0928<\/strong>, \u0924\u0940\u0935\u094d\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0925\u0924\u093e<\/strong> (\u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e\u0924\u093e \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u092c\u0922\u093c\u0924\u0940-\u0918\u091f\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948), \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092e\u093e\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e<\/strong> (\u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u092e\u093e\u092a\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092c\u093f\u0932 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948)\u0964<\/span>\n The deployment models are public<\/strong> (shared infrastructure open to all), private<\/strong> (dedicated to one organisation), hybrid<\/strong> (a combination, with data moving between them), and community<\/strong> (shared by bodies with a common concern). The Government of India's own cloud initiative is MeghRaj<\/strong>.<\/span>\n \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u0942\u092a \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0938\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0935\u091c\u0928\u093f\u0915<\/strong> (\u0938\u092c\u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0916\u0941\u0932\u0940 \u0938\u093e\u091d\u093e \u0905\u0935\u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e), \u0928\u093f\u091c\u0940<\/strong> (\u090f\u0915 \u0939\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0917\u0920\u0928 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u092e\u0930\u094d\u092a\u093f\u0924), \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0930<\/strong> (\u0938\u0902\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u091a\u0932\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902), \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0941\u0926\u093e\u092f\u093f\u0915<\/strong> (\u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0938\u0930\u094b\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u093e\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0938\u093e\u091d\u093e)\u0964 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u0938\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0940 \u0915\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0909\u0921 \u092a\u0939\u0932 \u092e\u0947\u0918\u0930\u093e\u091c<\/strong> \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\n <\/div>\n\n <hr class=\"section-divider\">\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d12-3\">\n 12.3<\/span>\n <h3>The Internet of Things<\/span>\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u0928\u0947\u091f<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"callout\">\n <div class=\"callout-label\">\ud83d\udcd8 Definition<\/span>\ud83d\udcd8 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e<\/span><\/div>\n The Internet of Things (IoT)<\/strong> is a network of physical objects embedded with sensors, software and connectivity<\/strong>, able to collect data and exchange it without human intervention. The defining shift is that the things connected are no longer computers<\/strong> \u2014 a water tank, a bus, a meter, a wristband.<\/span>\n \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u0928\u0947\u091f (IoT)<\/strong> \u0910\u0938\u0940 \u092d\u094c\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0928\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u0935\u0947\u0926\u0915, \u0938\u0949\u092b\u093c\u094d\u091f\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0903\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u093f\u0924<\/strong> \u0939\u094b\u0902, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u091c\u094b \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0935\u0940\u092f \u0939\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u092a \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u090f\u0915\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0930 \u0909\u0928\u0915\u093e \u0906\u0926\u093e\u0928-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0947\u0902\u0964 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u0915 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u092f\u0939 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u091c\u0941\u0921\u093c\u0940 \u0939\u0941\u0908 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u090f\u0901 \u0905\u092c \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0930\u0939\u0940\u0902<\/strong> \u2014 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u091c\u0932-\u091f\u0902\u0915\u0940, \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u092c\u0938, \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u092e\u0940\u091f\u0930, \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0915\u0932\u093e\u0908-\u092a\u091f\u094d\u091f\u0940\u0964<\/span>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"feat-grid\">\n <div class=\"feat-card\">1<\/span>Its four parts<\/span>\u0907\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0905\u0902\u0917<\/span><\/strong>Sensors<\/strong> that measure something and actuators<\/strong> that act on it; connectivity<\/strong> to carry the reading; data processing<\/strong> to make sense of it; and a user interface<\/strong> through which a person sees the result or gives an instruction.<\/span>\u0938\u0902\u0935\u0947\u0926\u0915<\/strong> \u091c\u094b \u0915\u0941\u091b \u092e\u093e\u092a\u0947\u0902 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0915<\/strong> \u091c\u094b \u0909\u0938 \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902; \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0915 \u0932\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0938\u0902\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0915\u0924\u093e<\/strong>; \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u0926\u0947\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u093e-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0930\u0923<\/strong>; \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0935\u0939 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093e-\u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u092b\u093c\u0947\u0938<\/strong> \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e \u0926\u0947\u0916\u0947 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u0926\u0947\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"feat-card\">2<\/span>In a school<\/span>\u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902<\/span><\/strong>GPS tracking of the school bus<\/strong>, which parents value more than any other application; water-tank level and pump control; electricity monitoring; RFID in the library<\/strong> for issue and return; air quality; and the smart classroom equipment of \u00a79.7.<\/span>\u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f\u0940 \u092c\u0938 \u0915\u093e GPS \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0930\u0947\u0916\u0923<\/strong>, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0915 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092d\u0940 \u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902; \u091c\u0932-\u091f\u0902\u0915\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u0902\u092a-\u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0923; \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924-\u0905\u0928\u0941\u0935\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923; \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0917\u092e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0935\u093e\u092a\u0938\u0940 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u092a\u0941\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0915\u093e\u0932\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 RFID<\/strong>; \u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941-\u0917\u0941\u0923\u0935\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093e; \u0924\u0925\u093e \u00a79.7 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u091f \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e-\u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"feat-card\">3<\/span>The security problem<\/span>\u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e-\u0938\u092e\u0938\u094d\u092f\u093e<\/span><\/strong>These devices are cheap, numerous, rarely updated and frequently left on their default password<\/strong> \u2014 the precise weakness of \u00a78.6. A compromised camera or recorder is an entry point to the whole network and a member of the botnet described in \u00a78.2.<\/span>\u092f\u0947 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0938\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0947, \u0905\u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f, \u0935\u093f\u0930\u0932\u0947 \u0939\u0940 \u0905\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0924\u0928 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092f\u0903 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u093e\u0938\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0921 \u092a\u0930 \u091b\u094b\u0921\u093c \u0926\u093f\u090f \u0917\u090f<\/strong> \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u2014 \u0920\u0940\u0915 \u0935\u0939\u0940 \u0926\u0941\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0932\u0924\u093e \u091c\u094b \u00a78.6 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0925\u0940\u0964 \u0938\u092e\u091d\u094c\u0924\u093e-\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0948\u092e\u0930\u093e \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0932\u0947\u0916\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0947\u0936-\u092c\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0941 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u00a78.2 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0923\u093f\u0924 \u092c\u0949\u091f\u0928\u0947\u091f \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0926\u0938\u094d\u092f \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"feat-card\">4<\/span>Related terms<\/span>\u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u0926<\/span><\/strong>M2M<\/strong> \u2014 machine-to-machine communication, the older and narrower idea. Edge computing<\/strong> \u2014 processing the data at or near the device rather than sending everything to a distant server, which reduces both delay and bandwidth.<\/span>M2M<\/strong> \u2014 \u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930-\u0938\u0947-\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0937\u0923, \u092a\u0941\u0930\u093e\u0928\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0901\u0915\u0930\u093e \u0935\u093f\u091a\u093e\u0930\u0964 \u090f\u091c \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u093f\u0902\u0917<\/strong> \u2014 \u0938\u092c \u0915\u0941\u091b \u0926\u0942\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0925 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0930 \u0915\u094b \u092d\u0947\u091c\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u091c\u093e\u092f \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u092a\u0930 \u092f\u093e \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u091f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0930\u0923, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0932\u0902\u092c \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092c\u0948\u0902\u0921\u0935\u093f\u0921\u094d\u0925 \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0918\u091f\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <hr class=\"section-divider\">\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d12-4\">\n 12.4<\/span>\n <h3>Blockchain<\/span>\u092c\u094d\u0932\u0949\u0915\u091a\u0947\u0928<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n <svg class=\"full-diagram\" viewBox=\"0 0 700 264\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"How blocks are linked and why altering one breaks the chain\">\n <text x=\"350\" y=\"18\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#14243f\" letter-spacing=\".6\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">WHY A BLOCKCHAIN CANNOT BE QUIETLY ALTERED<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"30\" y=\"32\" width=\"188\" height=\"96\" rx=\"7\" fill=\"#eefbf7\" stroke=\"#0d8f79\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\n <text x=\"124\" y=\"50\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#0d8f79\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">BLOCK 24<\/text>\n <line x1=\"44\" y1=\"56\" x2=\"204\" y2=\"56\" stroke=\"#a3dbcc\"\/>\n <text x=\"44\" y=\"72\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Data: certificate issued<\/text>\n <text x=\"44\" y=\"86\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Prev. hash: <tspan font-family=\"JetBrains Mono, monospace\" fill=\"#8a95a3\">00a4f\u2026<\/tspan><\/text>\n <text x=\"44\" y=\"102\" font-size=\"7.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#0a6d5c\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Own hash: <tspan font-family=\"JetBrains Mono, monospace\">7b1c9\u2026<\/tspan><\/text>\n <text x=\"44\" y=\"119\" font-size=\"7\" fill=\"#0d8f79\" font-style=\"italic\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">valid \u2713<\/text>\n\n <defs><marker id=\"bc\" markerWidth=\"9\" markerHeight=\"9\" refX=\"8\" refY=\"3\" orient=\"auto\"><path d=\"M0,0 L0,6 L8,3 z\" fill=\"#0d8f79\"\/><\/marker><\/defs>\n <line x1=\"222\" y1=\"80\" x2=\"252\" y2=\"80\" stroke=\"#0d8f79\" stroke-width=\"2.4\" marker-end=\"url(#bc)\"\/>\n\n <rect x=\"256\" y=\"32\" width=\"188\" height=\"96\" rx=\"7\" fill=\"#fff6f4\" stroke=\"#c0392b\" stroke-width=\"2.4\"\/>\n <text x=\"350\" y=\"50\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#c0392b\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">BLOCK 25 \u2014 ALTERED<\/text>\n <line x1=\"270\" y1=\"56\" x2=\"430\" y2=\"56\" stroke=\"#f0bcb4\"\/>\n <text x=\"270\" y=\"72\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#c0392b\" font-weight=\"700\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Data: marks changed<\/text>\n <text x=\"270\" y=\"86\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Prev. hash: <tspan font-family=\"JetBrains Mono, monospace\" fill=\"#0d8f79\">7b1c9\u2026<\/tspan><\/text>\n <text x=\"270\" y=\"102\" font-size=\"7.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#c0392b\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Own hash: <tspan font-family=\"JetBrains Mono, monospace\">e93d0\u2026<\/tspan><\/text>\n <text x=\"270\" y=\"119\" font-size=\"7\" fill=\"#c0392b\" font-style=\"italic\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">hash no longer matches its contents<\/text>\n\n <line x1=\"448\" y1=\"80\" x2=\"478\" y2=\"80\" stroke=\"#c0392b\" stroke-width=\"2.4\" stroke-dasharray=\"4 3\" marker-end=\"url(#bc)\"\/>\n <path d=\"M456 68 l14 14 M470 68 l-14 14\" stroke=\"#c0392b\" stroke-width=\"2.4\"\/>\n\n <rect x=\"482\" y=\"32\" width=\"188\" height=\"96\" rx=\"7\" fill=\"#f5f6f8\" stroke=\"#adb8c4\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-dasharray=\"5 3\"\/>\n <text x=\"576\" y=\"50\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#8a95a3\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">BLOCK 26<\/text>\n <line x1=\"496\" y1=\"56\" x2=\"656\" y2=\"56\" stroke=\"#dde3ea\"\/>\n <text x=\"496\" y=\"72\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#5a6d80\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Data: next transaction<\/text>\n <text x=\"496\" y=\"86\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#5a6d80\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Prev. hash: <tspan font-family=\"JetBrains Mono, monospace\" fill=\"#c0392b\">4f882\u2026<\/tspan><\/text>\n <text x=\"496\" y=\"102\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#5a6d80\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Own hash: <tspan font-family=\"JetBrains Mono, monospace\">c05ae\u2026<\/tspan><\/text>\n <text x=\"496\" y=\"119\" font-size=\"7\" fill=\"#c0392b\" font-style=\"italic\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">points to a hash that no longer exists<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"30\" y=\"144\" width=\"640\" height=\"44\" rx=\"7\" fill=\"#14243f\"\/>\n <text x=\"350\" y=\"163\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">EACH BLOCK CARRIES THE HASH OF THE ONE BEFORE IT<\/text>\n <text x=\"350\" y=\"179\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#c9daf0\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Change any block and its hash changes; every block after it now points to a value that is gone. The tampering announces itself.<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"30\" y=\"198\" width=\"640\" height=\"56\" rx=\"7\" fill=\"#fffbf0\" stroke=\"#c9760f\" stroke-width=\"1.3\"\/>\n <text x=\"46\" y=\"216\" font-size=\"8.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#8f5409\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">THE FIVE PROPERTIES<\/text>\n <text x=\"46\" y=\"231\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\"><tspan font-weight=\"700\">Decentralised<\/tspan> \u2014 no single owner \u00b7 <tspan font-weight=\"700\">distributed<\/tspan> \u2014 every participant holds a copy<\/text>\n <text x=\"46\" y=\"243\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\"><tspan font-weight=\"700\">immutable<\/tspan> \u2014 records cannot be edited, only added to \u00b7 <tspan font-weight=\"700\">transparent<\/tspan> \u00b7 <tspan font-weight=\"700\">consensus-based<\/tspan>.<\/text>\n <\/svg>\n\n <table class=\"data-table\">\n <thead>\n <tr>\n <th>Point<\/span>\u092c\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0941<\/span><\/th>\n <th>Detail<\/span>\u0935\u093f\u0935\u0930\u0923<\/span><\/th>\n <\/tr>\n <\/thead>\n <tbody>\n <tr><td>Definition<\/span>\u092a\u0930\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>A distributed digital ledger<\/strong> in which records are stored in blocks linked cryptographically<\/strong> and held simultaneously by many participants, so that no single party controls it and no record can be altered once entered.<\/span>\u0935\u093f\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0905\u0902\u0915\u0940\u092f \u092c\u0939\u0940\u0916\u093e\u0924\u093e<\/strong>, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0932\u0947\u0916 \u0915\u0942\u091f\u0932\u0947\u0916\u0928 \u0938\u0947 \u091c\u0941\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u092c\u094d\u0932\u0949\u0915\u094b\u0902<\/strong> \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u0928\u0947\u0915 \u0938\u0939\u092d\u093e\u0917\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u0938 \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0930\u0939\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0928 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u090f\u0915 \u092a\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0928 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0932\u0947\u0916 \u090f\u0915 \u092c\u093e\u0930 \u0926\u0930\u094d\u091c \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u092c\u0926\u0932\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr style=\"background:#f3f8ff;\"><td>Blockchain is not cryptocurrency<\/span>\u092c\u094d\u0932\u0949\u0915\u091a\u0947\u0928 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092a\u094d\u091f\u094b\u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902\u0938\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>The distinction is examined. Blockchain is the underlying technology; cryptocurrency is one application of it.<\/strong> Bitcoin<\/strong>, proposed under the name Satoshi Nakamoto in 2008<\/strong>, was the first, but land records, supply chains and academic certificates use the same technology and involve no currency at all.<\/span>\u092f\u0939 \u092d\u0947\u0926 \u092a\u0930\u0916\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092c\u094d\u0932\u0949\u0915\u091a\u0947\u0928 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u094d\u0928\u093f\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u0939\u0948; \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092a\u094d\u091f\u094b\u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902\u0938\u0940 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u093e \u090f\u0915 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0964<\/strong> \u092c\u093f\u091f\u0915\u0949\u0907\u0928<\/strong>, \u091c\u094b 2008 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0924\u094b\u0936\u0940 \u0928\u093e\u0915\u093e\u092e\u094b\u0924\u094b<\/strong> \u0928\u093e\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0941\u0906, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0925\u092e \u0925\u093e, \u0915\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0941 \u092d\u0942-\u0905\u092d\u093f\u0932\u0947\u0916, \u0906\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093f-\u0936\u0943\u0902\u0916\u0932\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0936\u0948\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0935\u0939\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0928\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0939\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>Smart contract<\/span>\u0938\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u091f \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092c\u0902\u0927<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>A contract written as code that executes itself automatically when its conditions are met<\/strong>, without an intermediary to enforce it.<\/span>\u0915\u0942\u091f \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0932\u093f\u0916\u093e \u0935\u0939 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092c\u0902\u0927 \u091c\u094b \u0936\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u0940 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u093f\u0924<\/strong> \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u090f, \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092c\u093f\u091a\u094c\u0932\u093f\u090f \u0915\u0947 \u091c\u094b \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>In education<\/span>\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>The natural application is the tamper-proof academic certificate<\/strong>: a degree or marksheet recorded on a chain can be verified by an employer in seconds and without contacting the issuing institution<\/strong>, and cannot be forged. This is the direction in which the credential systems of \u00a710.3 \u2014 APAAR, ABC and DigiLocker \u2014 are moving.<\/span>\u0938\u094d\u0935\u093e\u092d\u093e\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0939\u0948 \u091b\u0947\u0921\u093c\u091b\u093e\u0921\u093c-\u0930\u094b\u0927\u0940 \u0936\u0948\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930<\/strong>: \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0936\u0943\u0902\u0916\u0932\u093e \u092a\u0930 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0932\u093f\u0916\u093f\u0924 \u0909\u092a\u093e\u0927\u093f \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0905\u0902\u0915-\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0938\u0947\u0915\u0902\u0921\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0930\u0940\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0915\u093f\u090f \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e<\/strong> \u0938\u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0932\u0938\u093e\u091c\u093c\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940\u0964 \u00a710.3 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u2014 APAAR, ABC \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u0932\u0949\u0915\u0930 \u2014 \u0907\u0938\u0940 \u0926\u093f\u0936\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0922\u093c \u0930\u0939\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>In India<\/span>\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u092e\u0947\u0902<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>A National Blockchain Framework<\/strong> has been developed for government use, and the Reserve Bank of India<\/strong> has piloted the Digital Rupee<\/strong>, a central bank digital currency, which is distinct from a private cryptocurrency.<\/span>\u0936\u093e\u0938\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u092c\u094d\u0932\u0949\u0915\u091a\u0947\u0928 \u0922\u093e\u0901\u091a\u093e<\/strong> \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0938\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0930\u093f\u091c\u093c\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u092c\u0948\u0902\u0915<\/strong> \u0928\u0947 \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u0930\u0941\u092a\u092f\u093e<\/strong>, \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0924\u094d \u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u092c\u0948\u0902\u0915 \u0905\u0902\u0915\u0940\u092f \u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930\u093e, \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0932\u0928 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u094b \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0928\u093f\u091c\u0940 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092a\u094d\u091f\u094b\u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902\u0938\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <\/tbody>\n <\/table>\n <hr class=\"section-divider\">\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d12-5\">\n 12.5<\/span>\n <h3>Augmented and Virtual Reality<\/span>\u0938\u0902\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0906\u092d\u093e\u0938\u0940 \u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0935\u093f\u0915\u0924\u093e<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n <svg class=\"full-diagram\" viewBox=\"0 0 700 252\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Virtual reality replaces the real world while augmented reality overlays it\">\n <text x=\"350\" y=\"18\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#14243f\" letter-spacing=\".6\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">ONE WORD DECIDES THE ANSWER \u2014 REPLACES, OR OVERLAYS<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"24\" y=\"30\" width=\"208\" height=\"130\" rx=\"8\" fill=\"#faf6ff\" stroke=\"#6b3a8f\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\n <text x=\"128\" y=\"50\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"11\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#6b3a8f\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">VIRTUAL REALITY<\/text>\n <rect x=\"52\" y=\"60\" width=\"152\" height=\"58\" rx=\"4\" fill=\"#2b1d3d\"\/>\n <circle cx=\"128\" cy=\"89\" r=\"20\" fill=\"#6b3a8f\" opacity=\".55\"\/>\n <text x=\"128\" y=\"93\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"14\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">\ud83d\udd76\ufe0f<\/text>\n <text x=\"128\" y=\"134\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#4b2766\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">REPLACES the real world<\/text>\n <text x=\"128\" y=\"149\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Fully immersive. A headset shuts out<\/text>\n <text x=\"128\" y=\"159\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">the surroundings entirely.<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"246\" y=\"30\" width=\"208\" height=\"130\" rx=\"8\" fill=\"#eefbf7\" stroke=\"#0d8f79\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\n <text x=\"350\" y=\"50\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"11\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#0d8f79\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">AUGMENTED REALITY<\/text>\n <rect x=\"274\" y=\"60\" width=\"152\" height=\"58\" rx=\"4\" fill=\"#dce9dd\"\/>\n <g fill=\"#8a95a3\"><rect x=\"286\" y=\"92\" width=\"26\" height=\"26\"\/><rect x=\"320\" y=\"84\" width=\"26\" height=\"34\"\/><rect x=\"354\" y=\"96\" width=\"26\" height=\"22\"\/><\/g>\n <rect x=\"330\" y=\"66\" width=\"76\" height=\"24\" rx=\"3\" fill=\"#0d8f79\" opacity=\".85\"\/>\n <text x=\"368\" y=\"81\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">digital layer<\/text>\n <text x=\"350\" y=\"134\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#0a6d5c\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">OVERLAYS the real world<\/text>\n <text x=\"350\" y=\"149\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Seen through a phone or glasses.<\/text>\n <text x=\"350\" y=\"159\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">The room is still there.<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"468\" y=\"30\" width=\"208\" height=\"130\" rx=\"8\" fill=\"#eef4fc\" stroke=\"#1f5fa9\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\n <text x=\"572\" y=\"50\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"11\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">MIXED REALITY<\/text>\n <rect x=\"496\" y=\"60\" width=\"152\" height=\"58\" rx=\"4\" fill=\"#dce4ee\"\/>\n <g fill=\"#8a95a3\"><rect x=\"508\" y=\"92\" width=\"26\" height=\"26\"\/><rect x=\"542\" y=\"84\" width=\"26\" height=\"34\"\/><\/g>\n <circle cx=\"600\" cy=\"88\" r=\"16\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\" opacity=\".7\"\/>\n <path d=\"M584 104 q16 8 32 0\" stroke=\"#1f5fa9\" stroke-width=\"2\" fill=\"none\"\/>\n <text x=\"572\" y=\"134\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">The two INTERACT<\/text>\n <text x=\"572\" y=\"149\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">A digital object rests on a real table<\/text>\n <text x=\"572\" y=\"159\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">and is occluded by real things.<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"24\" y=\"172\" width=\"652\" height=\"24\" rx=\"6\" fill=\"#14243f\"\/>\n <text x=\"350\" y=\"188\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\"><tspan font-weight=\"700\">XR \u2014 Extended Reality<\/tspan> is the umbrella term covering all three. A question naming an immersive headset wants VR; one naming a phone camera overlay wants AR.<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"24\" y=\"204\" width=\"652\" height=\"40\" rx=\"6\" fill=\"#f7fbff\" stroke=\"#c3d2e2\" stroke-width=\"1.2\"\/>\n <text x=\"38\" y=\"220\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\"><tspan font-weight=\"700\">In a classroom:<\/tspan> a virtual field trip to a site no bus can reach \u00b7 a heart examined from inside<\/text>\n <text x=\"38\" y=\"232\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">a chemical reaction too hazardous to perform \u00b7 vocational practice before touching real equipment.<\/text>\n <\/svg>\n\n <hr class=\"section-divider\">\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d12-6\">\n 12.6<\/span>\n <h3>Robotics, Drones and 3D Printing<\/span>\u0930\u094b\u092c\u094b\u091f\u093f\u0915\u0940, \u0921\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 3\u0921\u0940 \u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0923<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n <table class=\"data-table\">\n <thead>\n <tr>\n <th>Technology<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u0940<\/span><\/th>\n <th>What to know<\/span>\u091c\u093e\u0928\u0928\u0947 \u092f\u094b\u0917\u094d\u092f \u092c\u093e\u0924\u0947\u0902<\/span><\/th>\n <\/tr>\n <\/thead>\n <tbody>\n <tr>\n <td>Robotics<\/span>\u0930\u094b\u092c\u094b\u091f\u093f\u0915\u0940<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n <td>A robot<\/strong> is a programmable machine that senses, processes and acts<\/strong>. Its parts are sensors<\/strong> to perceive, a controller<\/strong> to decide, actuators<\/strong> to move, and a power source. In school the value lies less in the robot than in what building one teaches \u2014 sequencing, testing, and the discovery that a machine does exactly what it was told and not what was meant<\/strong>. Common platforms are Arduino<\/strong> and Raspberry Pi<\/strong>.<\/span>\u0930\u094b\u092c\u094b\u091f<\/strong> \u0935\u0939 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e-\u092f\u094b\u0917\u094d\u092f \u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092d\u0935 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e<\/strong> \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0902\u0917 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092d\u0935 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0938\u0902\u0935\u0947\u0926\u0915<\/strong>, \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0923\u092f \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0915<\/strong>, \u0917\u0924\u093f \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0915<\/strong>, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0936\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f-\u0938\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0924\u0964 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u0942\u0932\u094d\u092f \u0930\u094b\u092c\u094b\u091f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u092e, \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u091c\u094b \u0938\u0940\u0916\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0909\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0923, \u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092f\u0939 \u0916\u094b\u091c \u0915\u093f \u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0920\u0940\u0915 \u0935\u0939\u0940 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0939\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e, \u0935\u0939 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u091c\u094b \u0905\u092d\u093f\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0924 \u0925\u093e<\/strong>\u0964 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u091a\u0932\u093f\u0924 \u092e\u0902\u091a \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0906\u0930\u094d\u0921\u0941\u0907\u0928\u094b<\/strong> \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0930\u093e\u0938\u094d\u092a\u092c\u0947\u0930\u0940 \u092a\u093e\u0908<\/strong>\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr style=\"background:#f3f8ff;\">\n <td>3D printing<\/span>3\u0921\u0940 \u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0923<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n <td>Also called additive manufacturing<\/strong>, because it builds an object layer upon layer from a digital model<\/strong> \u2014 as against traditional subtractive<\/strong> manufacturing, which cuts material away. The additive-versus-subtractive contrast is the examinable point.<\/strong> In education it produces geometric solids, anatomical models, working parts of a machine, and prototypes made by pupils themselves.<\/span>\u0907\u0938\u0947 \u092f\u094b\u091c\u094d\u092f \u0935\u093f\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923<\/strong> \u092d\u0940 \u0915\u0939\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u092f\u0939 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u094b \u0905\u0902\u0915\u0940\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u0924 \u0926\u0930 \u092a\u0930\u0924<\/strong> \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u0909\u0938 \u092a\u0930\u0902\u092a\u0930\u093e\u0917\u0924 \u0905\u092a\u0918\u091f\u0940<\/strong> \u0935\u093f\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u092a\u0930\u0940\u0924 \u091c\u094b \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u093e\u091f\u0915\u0930 \u0939\u091f\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u094b\u091c\u094d\u092f \u092c\u0928\u093e\u092e \u0905\u092a\u0918\u091f\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u092f\u0939 \u0935\u093f\u0930\u094b\u0927 \u0939\u0940 \u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e-\u092f\u094b\u0917\u094d\u092f \u092c\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0941 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/strong> \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092f\u0939 \u091c\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0920\u094b\u0938, \u0936\u093e\u0930\u0940\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u0942\u092a, \u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u091a\u093e\u0932\u0942 \u092d\u093e\u0917, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u092c\u0928\u093e\u090f \u0906\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0930\u0942\u092a \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td>Drones<\/span>\u0921\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0928<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n <td>An Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV)<\/strong>, flown without a pilot aboard. Used for surveying, agriculture, disaster response, delivery and photography. In India they are governed by the Drone Rules, 2021<\/strong>, administered through the Digital Sky<\/strong> platform, with airspace divided into green, yellow and red zones<\/strong> \u2014 green requiring no permission, red prohibited. Namo Drone Didi<\/strong> provides drones to women's self-help groups for agricultural use.<\/span>\u092e\u093e\u0928\u0935\u0930\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941\u092f\u093e\u0928 (UAV)<\/strong>, \u091c\u094b \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0932\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u0909\u0921\u093c\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923, \u0915\u0943\u0937\u093f, \u0906\u092a\u0926\u093e-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e, \u0935\u093f\u0924\u0930\u0923 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u091b\u093e\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0915\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924\u0964 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092f\u0947 \u0921\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0928 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e, 2021<\/strong> \u0938\u0947 \u0936\u093e\u0938\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u091c\u093f\u0928\u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u093e\u0938\u0928 \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u0938\u094d\u0915\u093e\u0908<\/strong> \u092e\u0902\u091a \u0938\u0947 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0939\u0930\u093f\u0924, \u092a\u0940\u0924 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0930\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902<\/strong> \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093e\u091c\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u0939\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092e\u0924\u093f \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f, \u0930\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0928\u093f\u0937\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0928\u092e\u094b \u0921\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0928 \u0926\u0940\u0926\u0940<\/strong> \u092e\u0939\u093f\u0932\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902-\u0938\u0939\u093e\u092f\u0924\u093e \u0938\u092e\u0942\u0939\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0915\u0943\u0937\u093f-\u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0921\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0928 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td>Atal Tinkering Labs<\/span>\u0905\u091f\u0932 \u091f\u093f\u0902\u0915\u0930\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0932\u0948\u092c<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n <td>The scheme under which these technologies actually reach a school. Established under the Atal Innovation Mission of NITI Aayog<\/strong>, an ATL is a workspace equipped with 3D printers, robotics kits, sensors, electronics and IoT components<\/strong>, intended for pupils to design and build rather than to be shown. This is the answer to a question asking where school-level innovation infrastructure comes from.<\/span>\u0935\u0939 \u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928\u093e \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u0940\u0928 \u092f\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924\u0903 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0924\u0915 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f \u0906\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u091f\u0932 \u0928\u0935\u093e\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u092e\u093f\u0936\u0928<\/strong> \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u0940\u0928 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u093f\u0924, ATL \u0935\u0939 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u0938\u094d\u0925\u0932 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b 3\u0921\u0940 \u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094b\u0902, \u0930\u094b\u092c\u094b\u091f\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u0915\u093f\u091f\u094b\u0902, \u0938\u0902\u0935\u0947\u0926\u0915\u094b\u0902, \u0907\u0932\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0928\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u090f\u0935\u0902 IoT \u0918\u091f\u0915\u094b\u0902<\/strong> \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u091c\u094d\u091c\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b, \u0914\u0930 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0905\u092d\u093f\u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092f \u092f\u0939 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a\u0928\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902, \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0926\u093f\u0916\u093e\u092f\u093e \u0928 \u091c\u093e\u090f\u0964 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f-\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0928\u0935\u093e\u091a\u093e\u0930-\u0905\u0935\u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0915\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0938\u0947 \u0906\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0907\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u092f\u0939\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <\/tbody>\n <\/table>\n\n <hr class=\"section-divider\">\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d12-7\">\n 12.7<\/span>\n <h3>Big Data and Analytics<\/span>\u0935\u093f\u0936\u093e\u0932 \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0937\u093f\u0915\u0940<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"formula-card\">\n <div class=\"fx-eyebrow\">The five V's of big data<\/span>\u0935\u093f\u0936\u093e\u0932 \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u0901\u091a V<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"fx-body\">\n Volume<\/em> \u00b7 Velocity<\/em> \u00b7 Variety<\/em> \u00b7 Veracity<\/em> \u00b7 Value<\/em>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"fx-note\">\n How much there is, how fast it arrives, how many forms it takes, how far it can be trusted, and what use it is. The first three were the original definition; veracity and value were added later<\/b>, and a question may ask for either three or five.<\/span>\n \u0915\u093f\u0924\u0928\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0915\u093f\u0924\u0928\u0940 \u0924\u0947\u091c\u093c\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u0906\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0915\u093f\u0924\u0928\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0932\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0915\u093f\u0924\u0928\u093e \u092d\u0930\u094b\u0938\u0947 \u092f\u094b\u0917\u094d\u092f \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0915\u093f\u0938 \u0915\u093e\u092e \u0915\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0924\u0940\u0928 \u092e\u0942\u0932 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e \u0925\u0947; \u0938\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0924\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092e\u0942\u0932\u094d\u092f \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u0917\u090f<\/b>, \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u0924\u0940\u0928 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u092a\u093e\u0901\u091a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0941\u091b \u092d\u0940 \u092a\u0942\u091b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"scale-strip\">\n <div class=\"scale-step\">\n DESCRIPTIVE<\/span>\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0923\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915<\/span><\/span>\n <h6>What happened?<\/span>\u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0941\u0906?<\/span><\/h6>\n Attendance fell to 71 per cent in class X last month.<\/span>\u092a\u093f\u091b\u0932\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e X \u0915\u0940 \u0909\u092a\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f 71 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0936\u0924 \u0924\u0915 \u0917\u093f\u0930\u0940\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"scale-step\">\n DIAGNOSTIC<\/span>\u0928\u093f\u0926\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915<\/span><\/span>\n <h6>Why did it happen?<\/span>\u0910\u0938\u093e \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0939\u0941\u0906?<\/span><\/h6>\n The fall is concentrated in one section and began after a change of timetable.<\/span>\u0917\u093f\u0930\u093e\u0935\u091f \u090f\u0915 \u0939\u0940 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0917 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u092e\u092f-\u0938\u093e\u0930\u0923\u0940 \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u0906\u0930\u0902\u092d \u0939\u0941\u0908\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"scale-step\">\n PREDICTIVE<\/span>\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0928\u0941\u092e\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915<\/span><\/span>\n <h6>What will happen?<\/span>\u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0917\u093e?<\/span><\/h6>\n On present trend, a stated number of these pupils will fall below the attendance requirement.<\/span>\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f \u092a\u0930 \u0907\u0928\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0939\u0940 \u0917\u0908 \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0909\u092a\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f-\u0905\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u0928\u0940\u091a\u0947 \u091a\u0932\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u090f\u0901\u0917\u0947\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"scale-step\">\n PRESCRIPTIVE<\/span>\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915<\/span><\/span>\n <h6>What should be done?<\/span>\u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f?<\/span><\/h6>\n Restore the earlier timetable for that section and contact the families concerned.<\/span>\u0909\u0938 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0917 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0940 \u0938\u092e\u092f-\u0938\u093e\u0930\u0923\u0940 \u0932\u094c\u091f\u093e\u0908 \u091c\u093e\u090f \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u090f\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"callout red\">\n <div class=\"callout-label\">\u26a0\ufe0f Two cautions before a prediction is acted on<\/span>\u26a0\ufe0f \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0928\u0941\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u0926\u094b \u091a\u0947\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0928\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901<\/span><\/div>\n Correlation is not causation.<\/strong> Two figures that move together need not be connected, and a pattern found in data is a question to investigate rather than an explanation already obtained. And a prediction about a child must never become a label attached to that child.<\/strong> A system that marks a pupil as likely to fail can produce the very outcome it forecast, if the adults around that child begin to expect less. Analytics of this kind is properly used to direct attention and support<\/strong>, never to sort children into categories they are then taught according to.<\/span>\n \u0938\u0939\u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923\u0924\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/strong> \u091c\u094b \u0926\u094b \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925-\u0938\u093e\u0925 \u091a\u0932\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u0928\u0915\u093e \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u093e \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0914\u0930 \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0905\u0928\u094d\u0935\u0947\u0937\u0923 \u092f\u094b\u0917\u094d\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u0939\u0948, \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0938\u094d\u092a\u0937\u094d\u091f\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092c\u093e\u0932\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0928\u0941\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u092d\u0940 \u0909\u0938 \u092c\u093e\u0932\u0915 \u092a\u0930 \u091a\u093f\u092a\u0915\u093e \u0932\u0947\u092c\u0932 \u0928 \u092c\u0928\u0947\u0964<\/strong> \u091c\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0902\u092d\u093e\u0935\u093f\u0924 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0940\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u091a\u093f\u0939\u094d\u0928\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0947 \u0935\u0939 \u0935\u0939\u0940 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0909\u0938\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0928\u0941\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0925\u093e, \u092f\u0926\u093f \u0909\u0938 \u092c\u093e\u0932\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u0906\u0938\u092a\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u092f\u0938\u094d\u0915 \u0909\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u092e \u0905\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0932\u0917\u0947\u0902\u0964 \u0907\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0937\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0939\u093e\u092f\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u0926\u093f\u0936\u093e \u0924\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947<\/strong> \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0939\u0948, \u092c\u091a\u094d\u091a\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0909\u0928 \u0936\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0923\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u093e\u0901\u091f\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u092d\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u091c\u093f\u0928\u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u093e\u0930 \u092b\u093f\u0930 \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0922\u093c\u093e\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u090f\u0964<\/span>\n <\/div>\n\n <hr class=\"section-divider\">\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d12-8\">\n 12.8<\/span>\n <h3>Emerging Technologies in the Indian Context<\/span>\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0930\u094d\u092d \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u092d\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"abbr-grid\">\n <table>\n <thead><tr><th>Initiative<\/span>\u092a\u0939\u0932<\/span><\/th><th>What it is<\/span>\u092f\u0939 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/th><\/tr><\/thead>\n <tbody>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">Digital India<\/span>\u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u0907\u0902\u0921\u093f\u092f\u093e<\/span><\/td><td>Launched 2015<\/strong>, to transform India into a digitally empowered society and knowledge economy. The umbrella under which much of Chapter 13 sits.<\/span>2015<\/strong> \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0906\u0930\u0902\u092d, \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u0915\u094b \u0905\u0902\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0936\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u091c \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928-\u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941\u0964 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f 13 \u0915\u093e \u092c\u0939\u0941\u0924 \u0915\u0941\u091b \u0907\u0938\u0940 \u091b\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u0940\u091a\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">National Strategy for AI<\/span>AI \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0930\u0923\u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f<\/span><\/td><td>NITI Aayog, 2018<\/strong>, under the banner #AIforAll<\/strong>, identifying healthcare, agriculture, education<\/strong>, smart cities and smart mobility as focus sectors.<\/span>\u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f \u0906\u092f\u094b\u0917, 2018<\/strong>, #AIforAll<\/strong> \u0927\u094d\u092f\u0947\u092f-\u0935\u093e\u0915\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u0940\u0928, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0925\u094d\u092f, \u0915\u0943\u0937\u093f, \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e<\/strong>, \u0938\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u091f \u0936\u0939\u0930 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u091f \u0917\u0924\u093f\u0936\u0940\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u091a\u093f\u0939\u094d\u0928\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">Atal Innovation Mission<\/span>\u0905\u091f\u0932 \u0928\u0935\u093e\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u092e\u093f\u0936\u0928<\/span><\/td><td>NITI Aayog's programme for innovation, under which Atal Tinkering Labs<\/strong> are established in schools.<\/span>\u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f \u0906\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u0935\u093e\u091a\u093e\u0930-\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u0940\u0928 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u091f\u0932 \u091f\u093f\u0902\u0915\u0930\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0932\u0948\u092c<\/strong> \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <\/tbody>\n <\/table>\n <table>\n <thead><tr><th>Initiative<\/span>\u092a\u0939\u0932<\/span><\/th><th>What it is<\/span>\u092f\u0939 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/th><\/tr><\/thead>\n <tbody>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">National Supercomputing Mission<\/span>\u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0938\u0941\u092a\u0930\u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u092e\u093f\u0936\u0928<\/span><\/td><td>Launched 2015<\/strong>, building indigenous supercomputing capacity \u2014 the PARAM<\/strong> series of \u00a71.4, with C-DAC.<\/span>2015<\/strong> \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0906\u0930\u0902\u092d, \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0926\u0947\u0936\u0940 \u0938\u0941\u092a\u0930\u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e\u0924\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u2014 \u00a71.4 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0930\u092e<\/strong> \u0936\u0943\u0902\u0916\u0932\u093e, C-DAC \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">National Quantum Mission<\/span>\u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0915\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0902\u091f\u092e \u092e\u093f\u0936\u0928<\/span><\/td><td>Approved 2023<\/strong>, for research in quantum computing, communication, sensing and materials.<\/span>2023<\/strong> \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092e\u094b\u0926\u093f\u0924, \u0915\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0902\u091f\u092e \u0938\u0902\u0917\u0923\u0928, \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930, \u0938\u0902\u0935\u0947\u0926\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u0926\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u0902\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">MeghRaj<\/td><td>The Government of India's own cloud initiative<\/strong>, so that departments may use cloud services within government infrastructure.<\/span>\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u0938\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0940 \u0915\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0909\u0921 \u092a\u0939\u0932<\/strong>, \u0924\u093e\u0915\u093f \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0917 \u0936\u093e\u0938\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0905\u0935\u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u092d\u0940\u0924\u0930 \u0915\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0909\u0921 \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0947\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <\/tbody>\n <\/table>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"exam-tip\">\n <div class=\"et-icon\">\ud83e\uddfe<\/div>\n <div class=\"et-body\">\n Four questions to put to any proposal involving these technologies.<\/strong> (1) What problem does this solve that the school actually has?<\/strong> \u2014 a solution in search of a problem is the commonest form of waste. (2) Who will maintain it, and from which budget head?<\/strong> \u2014 the answer \"the vendor, for the first year\" is not an answer. (3) Who will be trained, and when?<\/strong> \u2014 equipment installed in March and trained on in December is unused for nine months and unfamiliar thereafter. (4) What happens to the data?<\/strong> \u2014 the four questions of \u00a710.2, and the DPDP obligations of \u00a78.8, apply to every one of these systems without exception.<\/span>\n \u0907\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u091c\u0941\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092d\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u091b\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u091a\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928\u0964<\/strong> (1) \u092f\u0939 \u0909\u0938 \u0915\u094c\u0928-\u0938\u0940 \u0938\u092e\u0938\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u0938 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924\u0903 \u0939\u0948?<\/strong> \u2014 \u0938\u092e\u0938\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u0916\u094b\u091c \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u0932\u093e \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u0905\u092a\u0935\u094d\u092f\u092f \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u091a\u0932\u093f\u0924 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0939\u0948\u0964 (2) \u0907\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u094c\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0917\u093e, \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u093f\u0938 \u092c\u091c\u091f-\u0936\u0940\u0930\u094d\u0937 \u0938\u0947?<\/strong> \u2014 \"\u0935\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0924\u093e, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0925\u092e \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941\" \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u0948\u0964 (3) \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0947\u0917\u093e, \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u092c?<\/strong> \u2014 \u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u091a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0926\u093f\u0938\u0902\u092c\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0928\u094c \u092e\u093e\u0938 \u0905\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0930\u0939\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u0905\u092a\u0930\u093f\u091a\u093f\u0924\u0964 (4) \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0917\u093e?<\/strong> \u2014 \u00a710.2 \u0915\u0947 \u091a\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u00a78.8 \u0915\u0947 DPDP \u0926\u093e\u092f\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u0907\u0928\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u092a\u0930 \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0905\u092a\u0935\u093e\u0926 \u0932\u093e\u0917\u0942 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <hr class=\"section-divider\">\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d12-9\">\n 12.9<\/span>\n <h3>The Digital Economy and Sectoral Initiatives<\/span>\u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0917\u0924 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947\u0902<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n \n The technologies of this chapter reach ordinary life through sectors<\/strong> rather than in the abstract. The terms below carry the prefix e-<\/strong> or digital<\/strong> and denote the same movement in different fields: a transaction that once required attendance in person now does not<\/strong>.<\/span>\n \u0907\u0938 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u0905\u092e\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0924 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902<\/strong> \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u091c\u0940\u0935\u0928 \u0924\u0915 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0928\u0940\u091a\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0926 \u0908-<\/strong> \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932<\/strong> \u0909\u092a\u0938\u0930\u094d\u0917 \u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u0939\u0940 \u0917\u0924\u093f \u0938\u0942\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902: \u091c\u093f\u0938 \u0932\u0947\u0928-\u0926\u0947\u0928 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u092d\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u0909\u092a\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u093e \u092a\u0921\u093c\u0924\u093e \u0925\u093e, \u0905\u092c \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u092a\u0921\u093c\u0924\u093e<\/strong>\u0964<\/span>\n <\/p>\n\n <table class=\"data-table\">\n <thead>\n <tr>\n <th>Term<\/span>\u092a\u0926<\/span><\/th>\n <th>Meaning, and the Indian instance<\/span>\u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923<\/span><\/th>\n <\/tr>\n <\/thead>\n <tbody>\n <tr style=\"background:#f3f8ff;\">\n <td>E-commerce<\/span>\u0908-\u0915\u0949\u092e\u0930\u094d\u0938<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n <td>The buying and selling of goods and services over an electronic network<\/strong>. Its models are named by who deals with whom, and the naming parallels the e-governance models of \u00a713.1: B2C<\/strong> business to consumer, B2B<\/strong> business to business, C2C<\/strong> consumer to consumer through a marketplace, and C2B<\/strong> consumer to business. India's ONDC<\/strong> \u2014 the Open Network for Digital Commerce \u2014 is an attempt to make e-commerce interoperable across platforms<\/strong>, on the same reasoning that made NDEAR an architecture rather than a portal.<\/span>\u0907\u0932\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u092a\u0930 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0913\u0902 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092f-\u0935\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092f<\/strong>\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u0942\u092a \u0907\u0938 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u0928\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0915\u093f \u0915\u094c\u0928 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u092f\u0939 \u0928\u093e\u092e\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u00a713.1 \u0915\u0947 \u0908-\u0917\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0928\u0947\u0902\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u0942\u092a\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930 \u0939\u0948: B2C<\/strong> \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u093e\u092f \u0938\u0947 \u0909\u092a\u092d\u094b\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093e, B2B<\/strong> \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u093e\u092f \u0938\u0947 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u093e\u092f, C2C<\/strong> \u092c\u093e\u091c\u093c\u093e\u0930-\u092e\u0902\u091a \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u0909\u092a\u092d\u094b\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u0909\u092a\u092d\u094b\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093e, \u0924\u0925\u093e C2B<\/strong> \u0909\u092a\u092d\u094b\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u093e\u092f\u0964 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u0915\u093e ONDC<\/strong> \u2014 \u0913\u092a\u0928 \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u092b\u093c\u0949\u0930 \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u0915\u0949\u092e\u0930\u094d\u0938 \u2014 \u0908-\u0915\u0949\u092e\u0930\u094d\u0938 \u0915\u094b \u092e\u0902\u091a\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0906\u0930-\u092a\u093e\u0930 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u091a\u093e\u0932\u0928\u0940\u092f<\/strong> \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u093e\u0938 \u0939\u0948, \u0909\u0938\u0940 \u0924\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u092a\u0930 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0928\u0947 NDEAR \u0915\u094b \u092a\u094b\u0930\u094d\u091f\u0932 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0936\u093f\u0932\u094d\u092a \u092c\u0928\u093e\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td>E-learning<\/span>\u0908-\u0932\u0930\u094d\u0928\u093f\u0902\u0917<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n <td>Learning delivered electronically, whether synchronous or asynchronous<\/strong> as set out in \u00a79.8. India's public instances are the platforms of Chapter 9 \u2014 DIKSHA, SWAYAM, e-Pathshala and NPTEL<\/strong> \u2014 and the private sector adds commercial platforms alongside them.<\/span>\u0907\u0932\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e, \u091a\u093e\u0939\u0947 \u0924\u0941\u0932\u094d\u092f\u0915\u093e\u0932\u093f\u0915 \u0939\u094b \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0905\u0924\u0941\u0932\u094d\u092f\u0915\u093e\u0932\u093f\u0915<\/strong>, \u091c\u0948\u0938\u093e \u00a79.8 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0935\u091c\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f 9 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u0902\u091a \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u2014 \u0926\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e, \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902, \u0908-\u092a\u093e\u0920\u0936\u093e\u0932\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 NPTEL<\/strong> \u2014 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0928\u093f\u091c\u0940 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0935\u093e\u0923\u093f\u091c\u094d\u092f\u093f\u0915 \u092e\u0902\u091a \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td>Telemedicine and digital health<\/span>\u091f\u0947\u0932\u0940\u092e\u0947\u0921\u093f\u0938\u093f\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0925\u094d\u092f<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n <td>Consultation and care at a distance. eSanjeevani<\/strong> is the national telemedicine service. The Ayushman Bharat Digital Mission (ABDM)<\/strong> builds a national digital health architecture, in which a citizen holds an ABHA<\/strong> \u2014 Ayushman Bharat Health Account \u2014 number linking their health records, on the same building-block reasoning as NDEAR in education. CoWIN<\/strong> was the vaccination platform, and e-Hospital<\/strong> is the hospital management and appointment system used by government hospitals.<\/span>\u0926\u0942\u0930 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u093e\u092e\u0930\u094d\u0936 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0926\u0947\u0916\u092d\u093e\u0932\u0964 \u0908-\u0938\u0902\u091c\u0940\u0935\u0928\u0940<\/strong> \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u091f\u0947\u0932\u0940\u092e\u0947\u0921\u093f\u0938\u093f\u0928 \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0906\u092f\u0941\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u092e\u093f\u0936\u0928 (ABDM)<\/strong> \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0905\u0902\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0938\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0925\u094d\u092f \u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0936\u093f\u0932\u094d\u092a \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u093e\u0917\u0930\u093f\u0915 ABHA<\/strong> \u2014 \u0906\u092f\u0941\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u0939\u0947\u0932\u094d\u0925 \u0905\u0915\u093e\u0909\u0902\u091f \u2014 \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0930\u0916\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0925\u094d\u092f-\u0905\u092d\u093f\u0932\u0947\u0916 \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0909\u0938\u0940 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930-\u0916\u0902\u0921 \u0924\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u092a\u0930 \u091c\u093f\u0938 \u092a\u0930 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 NDEAR \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0915\u094b\u0935\u093f\u0928<\/strong> \u091f\u0940\u0915\u093e\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u092e\u0902\u091a \u0925\u093e, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0908-\u0939\u0949\u0938\u094d\u092a\u093f\u091f\u0932<\/strong> \u0935\u0939 \u091a\u093f\u0915\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0938\u093e\u0932\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092d\u0947\u0902\u091f-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u0936\u093e\u0938\u0915\u0940\u092f \u091a\u093f\u0915\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0938\u093e\u0932\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td>Digital agriculture<\/span>\u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u0915\u0943\u0937\u093f<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n <td>e-NAM<\/strong> \u2014 the electronic National Agriculture Market \u2014 links regulated markets into a single online trading platform, so that a farmer may sell beyond the local mandi. Soil health cards, weather advisories, drone spraying under Namo Drone Didi<\/strong> from \u00a712.6, and direct benefit transfer of crop support are the other principal instances.<\/span>\u0908-\u0928\u093e\u092e<\/strong> \u2014 \u0907\u0932\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0915\u0943\u0937\u093f \u092c\u093e\u091c\u093c\u093e\u0930 \u2014 \u0935\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u092e\u0902\u0921\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u090f\u0915\u0932 \u0911\u0928\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u093e\u0930-\u092e\u0902\u091a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u093e\u0928 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u0940\u092f \u092e\u0902\u0921\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u0906\u0917\u0947 \u092c\u0947\u091a \u0938\u0915\u0947\u0964 \u092e\u0943\u0926\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0925\u094d\u092f \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0921, \u092e\u094c\u0938\u092e \u092a\u0930\u093e\u092e\u0930\u094d\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e\u090f\u0901, \u00a712.6 \u0915\u0940 \u0928\u092e\u094b \u0921\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0928 \u0926\u0940\u0926\u0940<\/strong> \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u0940\u0928 \u0921\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0928 \u091b\u093f\u0921\u093c\u0915\u093e\u0935, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092b\u093c\u0938\u0932-\u0938\u0939\u093e\u092f\u0924\u093e \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0932\u093e\u092d \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u0923 \u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0941\u0916 \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td>Digital labour and welfare<\/span>\u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u0936\u094d\u0930\u092e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0915\u0932\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0923<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n <td>e-Shram<\/strong> is the national database of unorganised sector workers<\/strong>, on which a registered worker receives a Universal Account Number and becomes reachable for welfare schemes. It matters to a school because the parents of a great many pupils are registered on it<\/strong>, and a scholarship or welfare claim may turn on that registration.<\/span>\u0908-\u0936\u094d\u0930\u092e<\/strong> \u0905\u0938\u0902\u0917\u0920\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0936\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093f\u0915\u094b\u0902<\/strong> \u0915\u093e \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e\u092c\u0947\u0938 \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938 \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u0902\u091c\u0940\u0915\u0943\u0924 \u0936\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0935\u092d\u094c\u092e\u093f\u0915 \u0916\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u0939 \u0915\u0932\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0923-\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a-\u092f\u094b\u0917\u094d\u092f \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0907\u0938\u0915\u093e \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u092f\u0939 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u092c\u0939\u0941\u0924 \u0938\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0915 \u0907\u0938 \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u0902\u091c\u0940\u0915\u0943\u0924 \u0939\u0948\u0902<\/strong>, \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u091b\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0915\u0932\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0923-\u0926\u093e\u0935\u093e \u0909\u0938\u0940 \u092a\u0902\u091c\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u092a\u0930 \u091f\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <\/tbody>\n <\/table>\n\n <div class=\"exam-tip\">\n <div class=\"et-icon\">\ud83d\udd24<\/div>\n <div class=\"et-body\">\n The lettered models, kept apart.<\/strong> E-commerce<\/strong> uses B and C<\/strong> \u2014 business and consumer: B2C, B2B, C2C, C2B. E-governance<\/strong> uses G<\/strong> \u2014 government: G2C, G2B, G2G, G2E. A question offering both sets together is testing whether the first letter has been read: if it begins with G the subject is governance; if it begins with B or C the subject is commerce.<\/strong><\/span>\n \u0905\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0930-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u0942\u092a, \u092a\u0943\u0925\u0915 \u0930\u0916\u0947 \u0939\u0941\u090f\u0964<\/strong> \u0908-\u0915\u0949\u092e\u0930\u094d\u0938<\/strong> B \u090f\u0935\u0902 C<\/strong> \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u093e\u092f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0909\u092a\u092d\u094b\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093e: B2C, B2B, C2C, C2B\u0964 \u0908-\u0917\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0928\u0947\u0902\u0938<\/strong> G<\/strong> \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u0936\u093e\u0938\u0928: G2C, G2B, G2G, G2E\u0964 \u091c\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u092e\u0941\u091a\u094d\u091a\u092f \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0926\u0947 \u0935\u0939 \u092f\u0939 \u092a\u0930\u0916 \u0930\u0939\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0925\u092e \u0905\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0930 \u092a\u0922\u093c\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u092f\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902: \u092f\u0926\u093f \u0935\u0939 G \u0938\u0947 \u0906\u0930\u0902\u092d \u0939\u094b \u0924\u094b \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0936\u093e\u0938\u0928 \u0939\u0948; \u092f\u0926\u093f B \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e C \u0938\u0947, \u0924\u094b \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f \u0935\u093e\u0923\u093f\u091c\u094d\u092f\u0964<\/strong><\/span>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"mcq-box\">\n <div class=\"mcq-title\">\n Practice<\/span>\u0905\u092d\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938<\/span><\/span>\n Questions on emerging technologies<\/span>\u0909\u092d\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928<\/span><\/span>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"mcq-note\">Objective questions in the pattern of the examination. Click to reveal the answer and its explanation.<\/span>\u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u0930 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928\u0964 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0916\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u094d\u0932\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u0940\u091c\u093f\u090f\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <details class=\"mcq-q\">\n <summary>93<\/span>Which of the following correctly describes the relationship between the three terms?<\/span><\/summary>\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\n <li>(a) Machine learning contains artificial intelligence, which contains deep learning<\/li>\n <li>(b) Artificial intelligence contains machine learning, which contains deep learning<\/li>\n <li>(c) Deep learning contains machine learning, which contains artificial intelligence<\/li>\n <li>(d) The three are entirely separate fields<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\">(b) Artificial intelligence contains machine learning, which contains deep learning<\/b> All deep learning is machine learning and all machine learning is AI, but the reverse holds in neither case. Deep learning is machine learning that uses artificial neural networks with many layers.<\/span>\u0938\u092e\u0938\u094d\u0924 \u0917\u0939\u0928 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e \u092e\u0936\u0940\u0928 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e \u0939\u0948 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0938\u092e\u0938\u094d\u0924 \u092e\u0936\u0940\u0928 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e \u0915\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092e \u092c\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093f \u0939\u0948, \u0915\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0941 \u0909\u0932\u091f\u093e \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092d\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0924\u094d\u092f \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964 \u0917\u0939\u0928 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e \u0935\u0939 \u092e\u0936\u0940\u0928 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0905\u0928\u0947\u0915 \u092a\u0930\u0924\u094b\u0902 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0915\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092e \u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0915\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0932 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\u00a712.1<\/span><\/div>\n <\/details>\n <details class=\"mcq-q\">\n <summary>94<\/span>Google Workspace and Microsoft 365, used through a browser without any installation, are examples of:<\/span><\/summary>\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\n <li>(a) IaaS<\/li>\n <li>(b) PaaS<\/li>\n <li>(c) SaaS<\/li>\n <li>(d) On-premises computing<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\">(c) SaaS<\/b> Software as a Service \u2014 ready software delivered over the network, with the provider managing everything down to the hardware. IaaS supplies virtual machines and storage; PaaS supplies an environment in which to build an application.<\/span>\u0938\u0949\u092b\u093c\u094d\u091f\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u0910\u091c\u093c \u090f \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0938 \u2014 \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u092a\u0930 \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0924\u0948\u092f\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u0949\u092b\u093c\u094d\u091f\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0921\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u0924\u0915 \u0938\u092c \u0915\u0941\u091b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092c\u0902\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 IaaS \u0906\u092d\u093e\u0938\u0940 \u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092d\u0902\u0921\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948; PaaS \u0935\u0939 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0936 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u090f\u0964<\/span>\u00a712.2<\/span><\/div>\n <\/details>\n <details class=\"mcq-q\">\n <summary>95<\/span>The property of a blockchain by which a record, once entered, cannot be altered is called:<\/span><\/summary>\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\n <li>(a) Elasticity<\/li>\n <li>(b) Immutability<\/li>\n <li>(c) Encryption<\/li>\n <li>(d) Virtualisation<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\">(b) Immutability<\/b> Each block carries the hash of the block before it, so altering any block changes its hash and every subsequent block then points to a value that no longer exists. Note also that blockchain is the technology and cryptocurrency only one application of it.<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u092c\u094d\u0932\u0949\u0915 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0940 \u092c\u094d\u0932\u0949\u0915 \u0915\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0936 \u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0905\u0924\u0903 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092d\u0940 \u092c\u094d\u0932\u0949\u0915 \u0915\u094b \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0936 \u092c\u0926\u0932 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0924\u092c \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u092a\u0930\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0940 \u092c\u094d\u0932\u0949\u0915 \u0910\u0938\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u0913\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0947\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0905\u092c \u0939\u0948 \u0939\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u092d\u0940 \u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0928 \u0930\u0939\u0947 \u0915\u093f \u092c\u094d\u0932\u0949\u0915\u091a\u0947\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092a\u094d\u091f\u094b\u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902\u0938\u0940 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u090f\u0915 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0964<\/span>\u00a712.4<\/span><\/div>\n <\/details>\n <details class=\"mcq-q\">\n <summary>96<\/span>A technology that overlays digital information on the real world, seen through a phone camera, is:<\/span><\/summary>\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\n <li>(a) Virtual Reality<\/li>\n <li>(b) Augmented Reality<\/li>\n <li>(c) Artificial Intelligence<\/li>\n <li>(d) Blockchain<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\">(b) Augmented Reality<\/b> AR overlays the real world, which remains visible. VR replaces it entirely by means of an immersive headset. Mixed Reality allows digital and physical objects to interact, and XR is the umbrella term for all three.<\/span>AR \u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u091c\u0917\u0924\u094d \u092a\u0930 \u0906\u0935\u0930\u0923 \u091a\u0922\u093c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u094b \u0926\u093f\u0916\u0924\u093e \u0930\u0939\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 VR \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923\u0924\u0903 \u092c\u0926\u0932 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0928\u093f\u092e\u091c\u094d\u091c\u0915 \u0939\u0947\u0921\u0938\u0947\u091f \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0947\u0964 \u092e\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0935\u093f\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0905\u0902\u0915\u0940\u092f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092d\u094c\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u0930\u0938\u094d\u092a\u0930 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u0925\u093e XR \u0924\u0940\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u091b\u093e\u0924\u093e-\u092a\u0926 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\u00a712.5<\/span><\/div>\n <\/details>\n <details class=\"mcq-q\">\n <summary>97<\/span>3D printing is also known as:<\/span><\/summary>\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\n <li>(a) Subtractive manufacturing<\/li>\n <li>(b) Additive manufacturing<\/li>\n <li>(c) Reductive manufacturing<\/li>\n <li>(d) Injection manufacturing<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\">(b) Additive manufacturing<\/b> It builds an object layer upon layer from a digital model, as against traditional subtractive manufacturing which cuts material away. In schools it reaches pupils chiefly through Atal Tinkering Labs under the Atal Innovation Mission.<\/span>\u092f\u0939 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u094b \u0905\u0902\u0915\u0940\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u0924 \u0926\u0930 \u092a\u0930\u0924 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0909\u0938 \u092a\u0930\u0902\u092a\u0930\u093e\u0917\u0924 \u0905\u092a\u0918\u091f\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u092a\u0930\u0940\u0924 \u091c\u094b \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u093e\u091f\u0915\u0930 \u0939\u091f\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092f\u0939 \u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f\u0924\u0903 \u0905\u091f\u0932 \u0928\u0935\u093e\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u092e\u093f\u0936\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u0940\u0928 \u0905\u091f\u0932 \u091f\u093f\u0902\u0915\u0930\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0932\u0948\u092c \u0938\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0924\u0915 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\u00a712.6<\/span><\/div>\n <\/details>\n <details class=\"mcq-q\">\n <summary>98<\/span>The original three V's of big data are:<\/span><\/summary>\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\n <li>(a) Volume, Velocity, Variety<\/li>\n <li>(b) Volume, Value, Veracity<\/li>\n <li>(c) Variety, Veracity, Value<\/li>\n <li>(d) Velocity, Validity, Volume<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\">(a) Volume, Velocity, Variety<\/b> How much, how fast and in how many forms. Veracity and Value were added afterwards to make five, so a question may legitimately ask for either three or five.<\/span>\u0915\u093f\u0924\u0928\u093e, \u0915\u093f\u0924\u0928\u0940 \u0924\u0947\u091c\u093c\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0915\u093f\u0924\u0928\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902\u0964 \u0938\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0924\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092e\u0942\u0932\u094d\u092f \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u0917\u090f \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u0901\u091a \u0939\u0941\u090f, \u0905\u0924\u0903 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u0935\u0948\u0927 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0924\u0940\u0928 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u092a\u093e\u0901\u091a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0941\u091b \u092d\u0940 \u092a\u0942\u091b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\u00a712.7<\/span><\/div>\n <\/details>\n <details class=\"mcq-q\">\n <summary>99<\/span>Atal Tinkering Labs are set up under which body?<\/span><\/summary>\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\n <li>(a) NCERT<\/li>\n <li>(b) CBSE<\/li>\n <li>(c) NITI Aayog<\/li>\n <li>(d) UGC<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\">(c) NITI Aayog<\/b> Through the Atal Innovation Mission. An ATL provides 3D printers, robotics kits, sensors and electronics so that pupils design and build rather than merely observe. NITI Aayog also issued the National Strategy for Artificial Intelligence in 2018.<\/span>\u0905\u091f\u0932 \u0928\u0935\u093e\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u092e\u093f\u0936\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0947\u0964 ATL 3\u0921\u0940 \u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0915, \u0930\u094b\u092c\u094b\u091f\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u0915\u093f\u091f, \u0938\u0902\u0935\u0947\u0926\u0915 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0907\u0932\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0928\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0924\u093e\u0915\u093f \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0926\u0947\u0916\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0905\u092a\u093f\u0924\u0941 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a\u0928\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902\u0964 \u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f \u0906\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0928\u0947 2018 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092e \u092c\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093f \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0930\u0923\u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f \u092d\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u0925\u0940\u0964<\/span>\u00a712.6, \u00a712.8<\/span><\/div>\n <\/details>\n <details class=\"mcq-q\">\n <summary>100<\/span>The e-commerce model in which one business sells to another business is:<\/span><\/summary>\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\n <li>(a) B2C<\/li>\n <li>(b) B2B<\/li>\n <li>(c) C2C<\/li>\n <li>(d) G2B<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\">(b) B2B<\/b> B2C is business to consumer and C2C is consumer to consumer through a marketplace. G2B belongs to e-governance, not e-commerce \u2014 if the model begins with G the subject is governance, and if with B or C it is commerce.<\/span>B2C \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u093e\u092f \u0938\u0947 \u0909\u092a\u092d\u094b\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0924\u0925\u093e C2C \u092c\u093e\u091c\u093c\u093e\u0930-\u092e\u0902\u091a \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u0909\u092a\u092d\u094b\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u0909\u092a\u092d\u094b\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0964 G2B \u0908-\u0917\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0928\u0947\u0902\u0938 \u0915\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0908-\u0915\u0949\u092e\u0930\u094d\u0938 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u2014 \u092f\u0926\u093f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u0942\u092a G \u0938\u0947 \u0906\u0930\u0902\u092d \u0939\u094b \u0924\u094b \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0936\u093e\u0938\u0928 \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u092f\u0926\u093f B \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e C \u0938\u0947 \u0924\u094b \u0935\u093e\u0923\u093f\u091c\u094d\u092f\u0964<\/span>\u00a712.9<\/span><\/div>\n <\/details>\n <details class=\"mcq-q\">\n <summary>101<\/span>e-NAM is associated with which sector?<\/span><\/summary>\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\n <li>(a) Health<\/li>\n <li>(b) Agriculture<\/li>\n <li>(c) Education<\/li>\n <li>(d) Banking<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\">(b) Agriculture<\/b> The electronic National Agriculture Market links regulated markets into a single online trading platform so that a farmer may sell beyond the local mandi. eSanjeevani and ABDM belong to health, DIKSHA and SWAYAM to education.<\/span>\u0907\u0932\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0915\u0943\u0937\u093f \u092c\u093e\u091c\u093c\u093e\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u092e\u0902\u0921\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u090f\u0915\u0932 \u0911\u0928\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u093e\u0930-\u092e\u0902\u091a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u093e\u0928 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u0940\u092f \u092e\u0902\u0921\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u0906\u0917\u0947 \u092c\u0947\u091a \u0938\u0915\u0947\u0964 \u0908-\u0938\u0902\u091c\u0940\u0935\u0928\u0940 \u090f\u0935\u0902 ABDM \u0938\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0925\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0926\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0947\u0964<\/span>\u00a712.9<\/span><\/div>\n <\/details>\n <\/div>\n\n <\/section>\n\n \n <section class=\"chapter-content\" data-chap=\"13\" id=\"c13\">\n <div class=\"chapter-heading-block\">\n SYLLABUS ITEM 13<\/span>\u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u092e\u0926 13<\/span><\/span>\n <h2>Digital Services and e-Governance<\/span>\u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0908-\u0917\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0928\u0947\u0902\u0938<\/span><\/h2>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"callout amber\">\n <div class=\"callout-label\">\ud83d\udccc What this chapter covers<\/span>\ud83d\udccc \u0907\u0938 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/div>\n Aadhaar, DigiLocker, UPI and digital payments, digital signatures, citizen service portals, Digital India, and the digital divide<\/span>\n \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930, \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u0932\u0949\u0915\u0930, UPI \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u092d\u0941\u0917\u0924\u093e\u0928, \u0905\u0902\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0939\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0930, \u0928\u093e\u0917\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e \u092a\u094b\u0930\u094d\u091f\u0932, \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u0907\u0902\u0921\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093e\u091c\u0928<\/span>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"keyfact-grid\">\n <div class=\"keyfact-card navy-hi\">\n \ud83e\udeaa<\/span>\n <div class=\"kf-label\">What Aadhaar Is Not<\/span>\u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"kf-value\" style=\"font-size:12.5px;\">Not proof of citizenship<\/span>\u0928\u093e\u0917\u0930\u093f\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"kf-sub\">It establishes identity and residence, and nothing further<\/span>\u092f\u0939 \u092a\u0939\u091a\u093e\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0928\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0938 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0907\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0906\u0917\u0947 \u0915\u0941\u091b \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"keyfact-card teal-hi\">\n \ud83c\uddee\ud83c\uddf3<\/span>\n <div class=\"kf-label\">Digital India<\/span>\u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u0907\u0902\u0921\u093f\u092f\u093e<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"kf-value\" style=\"font-size:14px;\">1 July 2015 \u00b7 9 pillars<\/span>1 \u091c\u0941\u0932\u093e\u0908 2015 \u00b7 9 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0902\u092d<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"kf-sub\">Three vision areas, nine pillars, under MeitY<\/span>\u0924\u0940\u0928 \u0926\u0943\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093f-\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930, \u0928\u094c \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0902\u092d, MeitY \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u0940\u0928<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"keyfact-card amber-hi\">\n \ud83d\udcf1<\/span>\n <div class=\"kf-label\">UPI<\/span>UPI<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"kf-value\" style=\"font-size:14px;\">NPCI \u00b7 2016<\/span>NPCI \u00b7 2016<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"kf-sub\">And a UPI PIN is never required to receive<\/em> money<\/span>\u0924\u0925\u093e \u0927\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924<\/em> \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 UPI PIN \u0915\u092d\u0940 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d13-0\">\n 13.0<\/span>\n <h3>Introduction<\/span>\u092a\u0930\u093f\u091a\u092f<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n <ul class=\"icon-list\">\n <li>\u25b8<\/span>\n Chapter 12 dealt with technologies still taking shape. The subjects of this chapter have already arrived<\/strong>: a pension, a scholarship, a certificate, a payment and a complaint all now travel by routes that did not exist twenty years ago, and a citizen who cannot use those routes is cut off from what is owed to them.<\/span>\n \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f 12 \u0909\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u0925\u093e \u091c\u094b \u0905\u092c \u092d\u0940 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0932\u0947 \u0930\u0939\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0907\u0938 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f \u0906 \u091a\u0941\u0915\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902<\/strong>: \u092a\u0947\u0902\u0936\u0928, \u091b\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930, \u092d\u0941\u0917\u0924\u093e\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e\u092f\u0924 \u2014 \u0938\u092c \u0905\u092c \u0909\u0928 \u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u091a\u0932\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u091c\u094b \u092c\u0940\u0938 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u0925\u0947 \u0939\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0914\u0930 \u091c\u094b \u0928\u093e\u0917\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0909\u0928 \u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0928 \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0935\u0939 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u092f \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u091f \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\n <\/span><\/li>\n <li>\u25b8<\/span>\n A head of institution stands on both sides of this. As a citizen<\/strong>, these are services used; as an officer<\/strong>, the school is a point at which they are delivered \u2014 scholarships verified, certificates issued, payments received, information supplied under statute.<\/span>\n \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0941\u0916 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0913\u0930 \u0916\u0921\u093c\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0928\u093e\u0917\u0930\u093f\u0915<\/strong> \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092f\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u0939\u0948\u0902; \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940<\/strong> \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0935\u0939 \u092c\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0941 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0907\u0928\u0915\u0940 \u0906\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u091b\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u0928, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0917\u092e\u0928, \u092d\u0941\u0917\u0924\u093e\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924\u093f, \u0935\u093f\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u0940\u0928 \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u093e\u092f\u0964<\/span>\n <\/span><\/li>\n <li>\u25b8<\/span>\n The questions here are factual and unforgiving: which body runs a service, in what year it began, how many digits or pillars or days a provision specifies<\/strong>. The tables and diagrams that follow are arranged for exactly that, and \u00a713.9 closes on the reason all of it matters \u2014 that a service delivered only digitally reaches the people who need it least.<\/span>\n \u092f\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u0924\u0925\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0920\u0941\u0930 \u0939\u0948\u0902: \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e \u0915\u093f\u0938 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u093e\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u0940\u0928 \u0939\u0948, \u0935\u0939 \u0915\u093f\u0938 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937 \u0906\u0930\u0902\u092d \u0939\u0941\u0908, \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0909\u092a\u092c\u0902\u0927 \u0915\u093f\u0924\u0928\u0947 \u0905\u0902\u0915 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0902\u092d \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0926\u093f\u0928 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0926\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/strong>\u0964 \u0906\u0917\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u093e\u0930\u0923\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0906\u0930\u0947\u0916 \u0920\u0940\u0915 \u0909\u0938\u0940 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u00a713.9 \u0909\u0938\u0940 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u092a\u0930 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u092f\u0939 \u0938\u092c \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u0915\u093f \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0905\u0902\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0926\u0940 \u0917\u0908 \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e \u0909\u0928 \u0932\u094b\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u0924\u0915 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u092e \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\n <\/span><\/li>\n <\/ul>\n\n <hr class=\"section-divider\">\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d13-1\">\n 13.1<\/span>\n <h3>e-Governance: Concept and Models<\/span>\u0908-\u0917\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0928\u0947\u0902\u0938: \u0938\u0902\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u092f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u0942\u092a<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n <svg class=\"full-diagram\" viewBox=\"0 0 700 268\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"The four interaction models of e-governance\">\n <circle cx=\"350\" cy=\"128\" r=\"46\" fill=\"#14243f\"\/>\n <text x=\"350\" y=\"124\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"11\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">GOVERNMENT<\/text>\n <text x=\"350\" y=\"140\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#c9daf0\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">G<\/text>\n\n <defs><marker id=\"eg\" markerWidth=\"9\" markerHeight=\"9\" refX=\"8\" refY=\"3\" orient=\"auto\"><path d=\"M0,0 L0,6 L8,3 z\" fill=\"#8a95a3\"\/><\/marker><\/defs>\n <g stroke=\"#8a95a3\" stroke-width=\"1.6\" fill=\"none\">\n <line x1=\"304\" y1=\"112\" x2=\"228\" y2=\"82\" marker-end=\"url(#eg)\"\/>\n <line x1=\"396\" y1=\"112\" x2=\"472\" y2=\"82\" marker-end=\"url(#eg)\"\/>\n <line x1=\"304\" y1=\"144\" x2=\"228\" y2=\"174\" marker-end=\"url(#eg)\"\/>\n <line x1=\"396\" y1=\"144\" x2=\"472\" y2=\"174\" marker-end=\"url(#eg)\"\/>\n <\/g>\n\n <rect x=\"24\" y=\"34\" width=\"204\" height=\"72\" rx=\"8\" fill=\"#eef4fc\" stroke=\"#1f5fa9\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\n <text x=\"126\" y=\"54\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"11\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">G2C \u00b7 to Citizen<\/text>\n <text x=\"126\" y=\"72\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Certificates, pensions, ration,<\/text>\n <text x=\"126\" y=\"83\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">scholarships, admissions<\/text>\n <text x=\"126\" y=\"98\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\" font-style=\"italic\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">the largest of the four by volume<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"472\" y=\"34\" width=\"204\" height=\"72\" rx=\"8\" fill=\"#eefbf7\" stroke=\"#0d8f79\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\n <text x=\"574\" y=\"54\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"11\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#0d8f79\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">G2B \u00b7 to Business<\/text>\n <text x=\"574\" y=\"72\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Licences, tenders, taxes,<\/text>\n <text x=\"574\" y=\"83\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">procurement through GeM<\/text>\n <text x=\"574\" y=\"98\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#0a6d5c\" font-style=\"italic\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">a school buying supplies is here<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"24\" y=\"150\" width=\"204\" height=\"72\" rx=\"8\" fill=\"#fffbf0\" stroke=\"#c9760f\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\n <text x=\"126\" y=\"170\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"11\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#c9760f\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">G2G \u00b7 to Government<\/text>\n <text x=\"126\" y=\"188\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Between departments and levels \u2014<\/text>\n <text x=\"126\" y=\"199\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">e-Office, PFMS, UDISE+<\/text>\n <text x=\"126\" y=\"214\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#8f5409\" font-style=\"italic\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">a school's returns travel here<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"472\" y=\"150\" width=\"204\" height=\"72\" rx=\"8\" fill=\"#faf6ff\" stroke=\"#6b3a8f\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\n <text x=\"574\" y=\"170\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"11\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#6b3a8f\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">G2E \u00b7 to Employee<\/text>\n <text x=\"574\" y=\"188\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Salary, GPF, leave, service book,<\/text>\n <text x=\"574\" y=\"199\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">biometric attendance<\/text>\n <text x=\"574\" y=\"214\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#4b2766\" font-style=\"italic\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">a teacher's own dealings are here<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"24\" y=\"234\" width=\"652\" height=\"26\" rx=\"6\" fill=\"#f7fbff\" stroke=\"#c3d2e2\" stroke-width=\"1.2\"\/>\n <text x=\"350\" y=\"251\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">The aim is often summarised as <tspan font-weight=\"700\">SMART governance<\/tspan> \u2014 <tspan font-weight=\"700\">S<\/tspan>imple, <tspan font-weight=\"700\">M<\/tspan>oral, <tspan font-weight=\"700\">A<\/tspan>ccountable, <tspan font-weight=\"700\">R<\/tspan>esponsive, <tspan font-weight=\"700\">T<\/tspan>ransparent.<\/text>\n <\/svg>\n A single school touches all four in an ordinary week: admissions (G2C), procurement (G2B), returns (G2G) and salary (G2E).<\/span>\u090f\u0915 \u0939\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0938\u093e\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0938\u092a\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0939 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091a\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u091b\u0942\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948: \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0947\u0936 (G2C), \u0916\u093c\u0930\u0940\u0926 (G2B), \u0935\u093f\u0935\u0930\u0923\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 (G2G) \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0935\u0947\u0924\u0928 (G2E)\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n\n <div class=\"vs-compare\">\n <div class=\"vs-side left\">\n Narrower<\/span>\u0938\u0901\u0915\u0930\u093e<\/span><\/span>\n <h5>e-Government<\/span>\u0908-\u0917\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0928\u092e\u0947\u0902\u091f<\/span><\/h5>\n <ul>\n <li>The use of ICT to perform the existing functions of government more efficiently<\/strong> \u2014 the same work, done faster and at less cost.<\/span>\u0936\u093e\u0938\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0926\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0924\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947<\/strong> \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 ICT \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u2014 \u0935\u0939\u0940 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f, \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0936\u0940\u0918\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0915\u092e \u0932\u093e\u0917\u0924 \u0938\u0947\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n <li>Concerned with service delivery and administration<\/strong>.<\/span>\u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e-\u0906\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u093e\u0938\u0928<\/strong> \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u093f\u0924\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"vs-mid\">VS<\/div>\n <div class=\"vs-side right\">\n Broader<\/span>\u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u0915<\/span><\/span>\n <h5>e-Governance<\/span>\u0908-\u0917\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0928\u0947\u0902\u0938<\/span><\/h5>\n <ul>\n <li>The use of ICT to change how governing itself is done<\/strong> \u2014 including citizen participation, transparency and accountability.<\/span>\u0936\u093e\u0938\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0930\u0940\u0924\u093f \u0939\u0940 \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0928\u0947<\/strong> \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 ICT \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u2014 \u0928\u093e\u0917\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0939\u092d\u093e\u0917\u093f\u0924\u093e, \u092a\u093e\u0930\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u093f\u0924\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u091c\u0935\u093e\u092c\u0926\u0947\u0939\u0940 \u0938\u0939\u093f\u0924\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n <li>Concerned with the relationship between state and citizen<\/strong>. It contains e-government rather than standing beside it.<\/span>\u0930\u093e\u091c\u094d\u092f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0928\u093e\u0917\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927<\/strong> \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u093f\u0924\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0908-\u0917\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0928\u092e\u0947\u0902\u091f \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0917\u0932 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0915\u0947 \u0916\u0921\u093c\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"callout teal\">\n <div class=\"callout-label\">\ud83d\udcd8 The four stages of maturity, and NeGP<\/span>\ud83d\udcd8 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092a\u0915\u094d\u0935\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u091a\u093e\u0930 \u091a\u0930\u0923, \u0924\u0925\u093e NeGP<\/span><\/div>\n An e-governance service typically develops through four stages: presence<\/strong> (information published on a website), interaction<\/strong> (forms downloaded, queries answered), transaction<\/strong> (the whole service completed online, with payment), and transformation<\/strong> (departments integrated so that a citizen deals with the government once rather than with each office separately). The National e-Governance Plan (NeGP)<\/strong>, approved in 2006<\/strong>, organised this work into Mission Mode Projects<\/strong>, and was later subsumed within Digital India<\/strong>.<\/span>\n \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0908-\u0917\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0928\u0947\u0902\u0938 \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092f\u0903 \u091a\u093e\u0930 \u091a\u0930\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0938\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948: \u0909\u092a\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f<\/strong> (\u0935\u0947\u092c\u0938\u093e\u0907\u091f \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0936\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e), \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0903\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e<\/strong> (\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0909\u0924\u093e\u0930\u0947 \u0917\u090f, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0926\u093f\u090f \u0917\u090f), \u0932\u0947\u0928-\u0926\u0947\u0928<\/strong> (\u0938\u0902\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e \u092d\u0941\u0917\u0924\u093e\u0928 \u0938\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u0911\u0928\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923), \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0930\u0942\u092a\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930\u0923<\/strong> (\u0935\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0917 \u0907\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u092e\u0947\u0915\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f \u0928\u093e\u0917\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0932\u0917-\u0905\u0932\u0917 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0936\u093e\u0938\u0928 \u0938\u0947 \u090f\u0915 \u0939\u0940 \u092c\u093e\u0930 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0930\u0947)\u0964 \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0908-\u0917\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0928\u0947\u0902\u0938 \u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928\u093e (NeGP)<\/strong>, \u091c\u094b 2006<\/strong> \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092e\u094b\u0926\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0941\u0908, \u0928\u0947 \u0907\u0938 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u094b \u092e\u093f\u0936\u0928 \u092e\u094b\u0921 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928\u093e\u0913\u0902<\/strong> \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e, \u0914\u0930 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u0939 \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u0907\u0902\u0921\u093f\u092f\u093e<\/strong> \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b \u0917\u0908\u0964<\/span>\n <\/div>\n\n <hr class=\"section-divider\">\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d13-2\">\n 13.2<\/span>\n <h3>Aadhaar and Digital Identity<\/span>\u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u092a\u0939\u091a\u093e\u0928<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n <table class=\"data-table\">\n <thead>\n <tr>\n <th>Aspect<\/span>\u092a\u0915\u094d\u0937<\/span><\/th>\n <th>Detail<\/span>\u0935\u093f\u0935\u0930\u0923<\/span><\/th>\n <\/tr>\n <\/thead>\n <tbody>\n <tr><td>What it is<\/span>\u092f\u0939 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>A twelve-digit unique identity number<\/strong> issued to a resident of India, based on demographic information<\/strong> \u2014 name, date of birth, gender, address \u2014 and biometric information<\/strong>: ten fingerprints, two iris scans and a photograph.<\/span>\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0938\u0940 \u0915\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u092c\u093e\u0930\u0939-\u0905\u0902\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0905\u0926\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0924\u0940\u092f \u092a\u0939\u091a\u093e\u0928 \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e<\/strong>, \u091c\u094b \u091c\u0928\u0938\u093e\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093f\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e<\/strong> \u2014 \u0928\u093e\u092e, \u091c\u0928\u094d\u092e\u0924\u093f\u0925\u093f, \u0932\u093f\u0902\u0917, \u092a\u0924\u093e \u2014 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092c\u093e\u092f\u094b\u092e\u0947\u091f\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e<\/strong> \u092a\u0930 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948: \u0926\u0938 \u0905\u0902\u0917\u0941\u0932\u0940-\u091b\u093e\u092a, \u0926\u094b \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0924\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0915\u093e-\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0948\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u090f\u0915 \u091b\u093e\u092f\u093e\u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>Issued by<\/span>\u091c\u093e\u0930\u0940\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>The Unique Identification Authority of India (UIDAI)<\/strong>, under the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology<\/strong>. Constituted in 2009<\/strong> and given statutory standing by the Aadhaar Act, 2016<\/strong>.<\/span>\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0935\u093f\u0936\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f \u092a\u0939\u091a\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915\u0930\u0923 (UIDAI)<\/strong>, \u091c\u094b \u0907\u0932\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0928\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u092e\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0932\u092f<\/strong> \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u0940\u0928 \u0939\u0948\u0964 2009<\/strong> \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0917\u0920\u093f\u0924 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e, 2016<\/strong> \u0938\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr style=\"background:#fff6f4;\"><td>What it is not<\/span>\u092f\u0939 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>Aadhaar is proof of identity and of residence. It is not proof of citizenship, and it is not proof of date of birth for every purpose.<\/strong> This is asked directly, and it is also the point on which a school must be clear when a parent presents it as the only document held.<\/span>\u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u0939\u091a\u093e\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0928\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0928\u093e\u0917\u0930\u093f\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u091c\u0928\u094d\u092e\u0924\u093f\u0925\u093f \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u092d\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964<\/strong> \u092f\u0939 \u0938\u0940\u0927\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u091b\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u092f\u0939\u0940 \u0935\u0939 \u092c\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0941 \u092d\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938 \u092a\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0915\u094b \u0938\u094d\u092a\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0939\u094b\u0928\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f \u091c\u092c \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0915 \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u090f\u0915\u092e\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0909\u092a\u0932\u092c\u094d\u0927 \u0926\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0947\u091c\u093c \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>Authentication<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u0928<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>Identity may be verified in three ways: demographic<\/strong> (matching the details), OTP<\/strong> to the registered mobile, and biometric<\/strong> (fingerprint or iris). eKYC<\/strong> is the electronic verification of identity built on this.<\/span>\u092a\u0939\u091a\u093e\u0928 \u0924\u0940\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948: \u091c\u0928\u0938\u093e\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093f\u0915\u0940\u092f<\/strong> (\u0935\u093f\u0935\u0930\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u092e\u093f\u0932\u093e\u0928), \u092a\u0902\u091c\u0940\u0915\u0943\u0924 \u092e\u094b\u092c\u093e\u0907\u0932 \u092a\u0930 OTP<\/strong>, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092c\u093e\u092f\u094b\u092e\u0947\u091f\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0915<\/strong> (\u0905\u0902\u0917\u0941\u0932\u0940-\u091b\u093e\u092a \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0924\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0915\u093e)\u0964 eKYC<\/strong> \u0907\u0938\u0940 \u092a\u0930 \u092c\u0928\u093e \u092a\u0939\u091a\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u0907\u0932\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u0928 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>Protecting it<\/span>\u0907\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>A Virtual ID (VID)<\/strong> is a temporary number that can be quoted instead of the Aadhaar number itself; masked Aadhaar<\/strong> conceals the first eight digits; and biometric locking<\/strong> prevents authentication until unlocked. The rule of \u00a78.4 applies without exception: the OTP is never to be shared with anyone<\/strong>.<\/span>\u0906\u092d\u093e\u0938\u0940 \u092a\u0939\u091a\u093e\u0928 (VID)<\/strong> \u0935\u0939 \u0905\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092f\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u0930 \u0926\u0940 \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948; \u092e\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0915\u094d\u0921 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930<\/strong> \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0906\u0920 \u0905\u0902\u0915 \u091b\u093f\u092a\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948; \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092c\u093e\u092f\u094b\u092e\u0947\u091f\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0932\u0949\u0915\u093f\u0902\u0917<\/strong> \u0916\u094b\u0932\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0924\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u0928 \u0930\u094b\u0915 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u00a78.4 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0905\u092a\u0935\u093e\u0926 \u0932\u093e\u0917\u0942 \u0939\u0948: OTP \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0915\u094b \u092d\u0940 \u0915\u092d\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u092c\u0924\u093e\u0928\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/strong>\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <\/tbody>\n <\/table>\n\n <div class=\"callout red\">\n <div class=\"callout-label\">\u26a0\ufe0f What a school must know about Aadhaar and admission<\/span>\u26a0\ufe0f \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0947\u0936 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0915\u094b \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0928\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f<\/span><\/div>\n The Supreme Court, in its judgment on the Aadhaar Act in 2018<\/strong>, upheld the scheme but placed limits on it. For a school the operative consequence is this: a child may not be denied admission, an examination, a scholarship or a benefit for want of an Aadhaar number.<\/strong> Where a benefit is delivered through Aadhaar-based transfer, the authority must provide an alternative means of identification rather than exclude the child. This sits alongside the Right to Education Act's own provision that no child shall be denied admission for lack of documents<\/strong>, referred to in \u00a710.4. A portal that will not accept an application without an Aadhaar field completed is an administrative obstacle, not a legal requirement, and the correct response is to seek the alternative route rather than to turn the family away.<\/span>\n \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a\u0924\u092e \u0928\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0928\u0947 2018<\/strong> \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e \u092a\u0930 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0923\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928\u093e \u0915\u094b \u092c\u0928\u093e\u090f \u0930\u0916\u093e \u0915\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0941 \u0909\u0938 \u092a\u0930 \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u0932\u0917\u093e\u0908\u0902\u0964 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0940 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e \u092f\u0939 \u0939\u0948: \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092c\u093e\u0932\u0915 \u0915\u094b \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u092d\u093e\u0935 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0947\u0936, \u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e, \u091b\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0932\u093e\u092d \u0938\u0947 \u0935\u0902\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e\u0964<\/strong> \u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0932\u093e\u092d \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930-\u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u0923 \u0938\u0947 \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u094b \u0935\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u094b \u092c\u093e\u0932\u0915 \u0915\u094b \u092c\u093e\u0939\u0930 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u091c\u093e\u092f \u092a\u0939\u091a\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u0948\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u0927\u0928 \u0926\u0947\u0928\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0917\u093e\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e \u0915\u0947 \u0909\u0938 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u0909\u092a\u092c\u0902\u0927 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0926\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0947\u091c\u093c\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u092d\u093e\u0935 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092c\u093e\u0932\u0915 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0947\u0936 \u0938\u0947 \u0935\u0902\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u090f\u0917\u093e<\/strong>, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0909\u0932\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0916 \u00a710.4 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u091c\u094b \u092a\u094b\u0930\u094d\u091f\u0932 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930-\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092d\u0930\u0947 \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0906\u0935\u0947\u0926\u0928 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0940\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0947 \u0935\u0939 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u093e\u0938\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u092c\u093e\u0927\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0939\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u094b \u0932\u094c\u091f\u093e\u0928\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0935\u0948\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a\u093f\u0915 \u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0917 \u0916\u094b\u091c\u0928\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\n <\/div>\n\n <hr class=\"section-divider\">\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d13-3\">\n 13.3<\/span>\n <h3>Digital Signature and e-Sign<\/span>\u0905\u0902\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0939\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0930 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0908-\u0938\u093e\u0907\u0928<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n <svg class=\"full-diagram\" viewBox=\"0 0 700 276\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"How a digital signature is created and verified\">\n <text x=\"180\" y=\"18\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\" letter-spacing=\".5\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">SIGNING \u2014 by the sender<\/text>\n <text x=\"520\" y=\"18\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#0d8f79\" letter-spacing=\".5\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">VERIFYING \u2014 by the receiver<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"24\" y=\"30\" width=\"90\" height=\"52\" rx=\"5\" fill=\"#fff\" stroke=\"#adb8c4\" stroke-width=\"1.4\"\/>\n <text x=\"69\" y=\"52\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">DOCUMENT<\/text>\n <g fill=\"#c9daf0\"><rect x=\"36\" y=\"60\" width=\"66\" height=\"3\"\/><rect x=\"36\" y=\"68\" width=\"52\" height=\"3\"\/><\/g>\n\n <defs><marker id=\"ds\" markerWidth=\"8\" markerHeight=\"8\" refX=\"7\" refY=\"2.8\" orient=\"auto\"><path d=\"M0,0 L0,5.6 L7,2.8 z\" fill=\"#5a6d80\"\/><\/marker><\/defs>\n <g stroke=\"#5a6d80\" stroke-width=\"1.6\" fill=\"none\">\n <line x1=\"118\" y1=\"56\" x2=\"146\" y2=\"56\" marker-end=\"url(#ds)\"\/>\n <line x1=\"222\" y1=\"56\" x2=\"250\" y2=\"56\" marker-end=\"url(#ds)\"\/>\n <line x1=\"296\" y1=\"80\" x2=\"296\" y2=\"104\" marker-end=\"url(#ds)\"\/>\n <\/g>\n\n <rect x=\"150\" y=\"30\" width=\"72\" height=\"52\" rx=\"5\" fill=\"#fffbf0\" stroke=\"#c9760f\" stroke-width=\"1.6\"\/>\n <text x=\"186\" y=\"50\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#c9760f\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">HASH<\/text>\n <text x=\"186\" y=\"63\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7\" fill=\"#8f5409\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">a short fixed<\/text>\n <text x=\"186\" y=\"73\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7\" fill=\"#8f5409\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">fingerprint<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"254\" y=\"30\" width=\"84\" height=\"52\" rx=\"5\" fill=\"#eef4fc\" stroke=\"#1f5fa9\" stroke-width=\"1.8\"\/>\n <text x=\"296\" y=\"50\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">ENCRYPT WITH<\/text>\n <text x=\"296\" y=\"63\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">PRIVATE KEY<\/text>\n <text x=\"296\" y=\"75\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"6.5\" fill=\"#5a6d80\" font-style=\"italic\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">held only by the signer<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"234\" y=\"108\" width=\"124\" height=\"40\" rx=\"5\" fill=\"#14243f\"\/>\n <text x=\"296\" y=\"126\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">DIGITAL SIGNATURE<\/text>\n <text x=\"296\" y=\"139\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7\" fill=\"#c9daf0\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">travels with the document<\/text>\n\n <line x1=\"362\" y1=\"128\" x2=\"396\" y2=\"128\" stroke=\"#5a6d80\" stroke-width=\"1.6\" fill=\"none\" marker-end=\"url(#ds)\"\/>\n\n <rect x=\"400\" y=\"30\" width=\"90\" height=\"52\" rx=\"5\" fill=\"#fffbf0\" stroke=\"#c9760f\" stroke-width=\"1.6\"\/>\n <text x=\"445\" y=\"50\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#c9760f\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">HASH THE<\/text>\n <text x=\"445\" y=\"63\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#c9760f\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">DOCUMENT AGAIN<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"400\" y=\"108\" width=\"90\" height=\"52\" rx=\"5\" fill=\"#eefbf7\" stroke=\"#0d8f79\" stroke-width=\"1.8\"\/>\n <text x=\"445\" y=\"128\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#0d8f79\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">DECRYPT WITH<\/text>\n <text x=\"445\" y=\"141\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#0d8f79\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">PUBLIC KEY<\/text>\n <text x=\"445\" y=\"153\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"6.5\" fill=\"#5a6d80\" font-style=\"italic\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">known to everyone<\/text>\n\n <g stroke=\"#5a6d80\" stroke-width=\"1.6\" fill=\"none\">\n <line x1=\"494\" y1=\"56\" x2=\"524\" y2=\"70\" marker-end=\"url(#ds)\"\/>\n <line x1=\"494\" y1=\"134\" x2=\"524\" y2=\"118\" marker-end=\"url(#ds)\"\/>\n <\/g>\n\n <rect x=\"528\" y=\"66\" width=\"148\" height=\"56\" rx=\"6\" fill=\"#fff\" stroke=\"#0d8f79\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\n <text x=\"602\" y=\"86\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#0d8f79\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">DO THE TWO MATCH?<\/text>\n <text x=\"602\" y=\"103\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Yes \u2192 genuine and unaltered<\/text>\n <text x=\"602\" y=\"115\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#c0392b\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">No \u2192 tampered or forged<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"24\" y=\"170\" width=\"652\" height=\"48\" rx=\"7\" fill=\"#f7fbff\" stroke=\"#c3d2e2\" stroke-width=\"1.3\"\/>\n <text x=\"40\" y=\"187\" font-size=\"8.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#14243f\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">WHAT IT ESTABLISHES<\/text>\n <text x=\"40\" y=\"199\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\"><tspan font-weight=\"700\">Authentication<\/tspan> \u2014 the signer is who they claim \u00b7 <tspan font-weight=\"700\">Integrity<\/tspan> \u2014 the document has not changed since signing<\/text>\n <text x=\"40\" y=\"211\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\"><tspan font-weight=\"700\">Non-repudiation<\/tspan> \u2014 the signer cannot later deny having signed.<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"24\" y=\"230\" width=\"652\" height=\"36\" rx=\"7\" fill=\"#fff6f4\" stroke=\"#c0392b\" stroke-width=\"1.3\"\/>\n <text x=\"40\" y=\"247\" font-size=\"8.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#c0392b\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">A SCANNED SIGNATURE IS NOT A DIGITAL SIGNATURE<\/text>\n <text x=\"40\" y=\"260\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">An image of a handwritten signature pasted into a document proves nothing and can be copied from any other document in seconds.<\/text>\n <\/svg>\n\n <div class=\"feat-grid\">\n <div class=\"feat-card\">1<\/span>Legal standing<\/span>\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f<\/span><\/strong>Digital signatures are recognised by the Information Technology Act, 2000<\/strong>, which gave legal validity to electronic records and electronic signatures. This is what allows a departmental file to move without paper.<\/span>\u0905\u0902\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0939\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0930 \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e, 2000<\/strong> \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0924\u093e-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0928\u0947 \u0907\u0932\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0932\u0947\u0916\u094b\u0902 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0907\u0932\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0939\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u0948\u0927\u0924\u093e \u0926\u0940\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0917\u0940\u092f \u0928\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0940 \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0915\u093e\u0917\u093c\u091c\u093c \u091a\u0932 \u092a\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"feat-card\">2<\/span>DSC \u00b7 CA \u00b7 CCA<\/strong>A Digital Signature Certificate (DSC)<\/strong> is issued by a Certifying Authority (CA)<\/strong>, which is itself licensed by the Controller of Certifying Authorities (CCA)<\/strong>. The three-tier arrangement is what makes a signature trustworthy to a stranger.<\/span>\u0905\u0902\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0939\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930 (DSC)<\/strong> \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940 (CA)<\/strong> \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u094b \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0915 (CCA)<\/strong> \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u091c\u094d\u091e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939\u0940 \u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f-\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0939\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0930 \u0915\u094b \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0905\u092a\u0930\u093f\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0935\u0938\u0928\u0940\u092f \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"feat-card\">3<\/span>eSign<\/strong>An online service that lets a document be signed using Aadhaar authentication<\/strong>, without a physical token or a pre-issued certificate. It is what makes digital signing available to an ordinary citizen rather than only to an office.<\/span>\u0935\u0939 \u0911\u0928\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e \u091c\u094b \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0926\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0947\u091c\u093c \u092a\u0930 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u0928<\/strong> \u0938\u0947 \u0939\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0930 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092d\u094c\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u091f\u094b\u0915\u0928 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935-\u091c\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0947\u0964 \u092f\u0939\u0940 \u0905\u0902\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0939\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0930 \u0915\u094b \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0938\u093e\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0928\u093e\u0917\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0924\u0915 \u0909\u092a\u0932\u092c\u094d\u0927 \u0915\u0930\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"feat-card\">4<\/span>Where a school meets it<\/span>\u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0907\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/strong>e-Tendering and procurement, income tax filing, e-Office notings, and increasingly the issue of certificates and marksheets \u2014 which is where \u00a713.5 takes over.<\/span>\u0908-\u0928\u093f\u0935\u093f\u0926\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0916\u093c\u0930\u0940\u0926, \u0906\u092f\u0915\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0935\u0930\u0923\u0940, \u0908-\u0911\u092b\u093c\u093f\u0938 \u0915\u0940 \u091f\u093f\u092a\u094d\u092a\u0923\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092c\u0922\u093c\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0941\u090f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0905\u0902\u0915-\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0917\u092e\u0928 \u2014 \u0914\u0930 \u092f\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u00a713.5 \u0906\u0917\u0947 \u0932\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <hr class=\"section-divider\">\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d13-4\">\n 13.4<\/span>\n <h3>Digital Payments and UPI<\/span>\u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u092d\u0941\u0917\u0924\u093e\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 UPI<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n <table class=\"data-table\">\n <thead>\n <tr>\n <th>System<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940<\/span><\/th>\n <th>What to know<\/span>\u091c\u093e\u0928\u0928\u0947 \u092f\u094b\u0917\u094d\u092f \u092c\u093e\u0924\u0947\u0902<\/span><\/th>\n <\/tr>\n <\/thead>\n <tbody>\n <tr><td>NPCI<\/strong><\/td><td>The National Payments Corporation of India<\/strong>, established in 2008<\/strong> as the umbrella organisation for retail payments in India, promoted by the Reserve Bank of India and the Indian Banks' Association. UPI, RuPay, IMPS, AePS, FASTag and Bharat BillPay are all its products<\/strong>, and a question may ask for any one of them by that route.<\/span>\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u092d\u0941\u0917\u0924\u093e\u0928 \u0928\u093f\u0917\u092e<\/strong>, \u091c\u094b 2008<\/strong> \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0916\u0941\u0926\u0930\u093e \u092d\u0941\u0917\u0924\u093e\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u091b\u093e\u0924\u093e-\u0938\u0902\u0917\u0920\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0941\u0906, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0930\u093f\u091c\u093c\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u092c\u0948\u0902\u0915 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u092c\u0948\u0902\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0918 \u0928\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0964 UPI, \u0930\u0941\u092a\u0947, IMPS, AePS, \u092b\u093c\u093e\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0948\u0917 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u092c\u093f\u0932\u092a\u0947 \u0938\u092c \u0907\u0938\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926 \u0939\u0948\u0902<\/strong>, \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u0907\u0938\u0940 \u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0917 \u0938\u0947 \u0907\u0928\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u092d\u0940 \u092a\u0942\u091b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr style=\"background:#f3f8ff;\"><td>UPI<\/strong><\/td><td>The Unified Payments Interface<\/strong>, launched by NPCI in 2016<\/strong>. It allows instant transfer between bank accounts, at any hour of any day<\/strong>, using a Virtual Payment Address<\/strong> so that the account number itself need not be disclosed. BHIM<\/strong> is the NPCI's own application for it.<\/span>\u090f\u0915\u0940\u0915\u0943\u0924 \u092d\u0941\u0917\u0924\u093e\u0928 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093e\u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920<\/strong>, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 NPCI \u0928\u0947 2016<\/strong> \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0906\u0930\u0902\u092d \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u092c\u0948\u0902\u0915 \u0916\u093e\u0924\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092d\u0940 \u0926\u093f\u0928 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092d\u0940 \u0918\u0902\u091f\u0947 \u0924\u0924\u094d\u0915\u093e\u0932 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u0923<\/strong> \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092e\u0924\u093f \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0906\u092d\u093e\u0938\u0940 \u092d\u0941\u0917\u0924\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u0924\u093e<\/strong> \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u0916\u093e\u0924\u093e-\u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u092c\u0924\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u0928 \u092a\u0921\u093c\u0947\u0964 \u092d\u0940\u092e<\/strong> \u0907\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f NPCI \u0915\u093e \u0905\u092a\u0928\u093e \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>NEFT \u00b7 RTGS \u00b7 IMPS<\/strong><\/td><td>Three older transfer systems. NEFT<\/strong> settles in batches; RTGS<\/strong> settles individually and in real time, and is meant for large values<\/strong>, with a prescribed minimum; IMPS<\/strong> gives immediate transfer at any hour and preceded UPI.<\/span>\u0924\u0940\u0928 \u092a\u0941\u0930\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u0923-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901\u0964 NEFT<\/strong> \u0938\u092e\u0942\u0939\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u093f\u092a\u091f\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948; RTGS<\/strong> \u092a\u0943\u0925\u0915 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u092e\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u093f\u092a\u091f\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092c\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u092e\u0942\u0932\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902<\/strong> \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0928\u0924\u092e \u0930\u093e\u0936\u093f \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948; IMPS<\/strong> \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092d\u0940 \u0918\u0902\u091f\u0947 \u0924\u0924\u094d\u0915\u093e\u0932 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u0923 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 UPI \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>AePS<\/strong><\/td><td>The Aadhaar enabled Payment System<\/strong>, which allows a person to withdraw money, check a balance or make a payment using a fingerprint and an Aadhaar number, with no card and no smartphone<\/strong>. Its importance is that it serves precisely the population that \u00a713.9 is about.<\/span>\u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e \u092d\u0941\u0917\u0924\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940<\/strong>, \u091c\u094b \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0915\u094b \u0905\u0902\u0917\u0941\u0932\u0940-\u091b\u093e\u092a \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0938\u0947, \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0921 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0938\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u091f\u092b\u093c\u094b\u0928<\/strong> \u0927\u0928 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0932\u0928\u0947, \u0936\u0947\u0937 \u0926\u0947\u0916\u0928\u0947 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u092d\u0941\u0917\u0924\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u093e \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u092f\u0939 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u092f\u0939 \u0920\u0940\u0915 \u0909\u0938\u0940 \u091c\u0928\u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u00a713.9 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>e-RUPI<\/strong><\/td><td>A voucher-based digital payment<\/strong> delivered by SMS or QR code, which can be redeemed only for the stated purpose and only by the named person \u2014 useful where a benefit must reach a beneficiary without cash and without a bank account.<\/span>\u0935\u093e\u0909\u091a\u0930-\u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0905\u0902\u0915\u0940\u092f \u092d\u0941\u0917\u0924\u093e\u0928<\/strong>, \u091c\u094b SMS \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e QR \u0915\u0942\u091f \u0938\u0947 \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0915\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0928\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u092d\u0941\u0928\u093e\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u0935\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0940 \u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0932\u093e\u092d \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0928\u0915\u093c\u0926\u0940 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u092c\u0948\u0902\u0915 \u0916\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093e\u092d\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0924\u0915 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a\u093e\u0928\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <\/tbody>\n <\/table>\n\n <h4>A. Banking channels and instruments<\/span>\u0915. \u092c\u0948\u0902\u0915\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u093e\u0927\u0928<\/span><\/h4>\n\n <div class=\"abbr-grid\">\n <table>\n <thead><tr><th>Channel<\/span>\u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e<\/span><\/th><th>What it is<\/span>\u092f\u0939 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/th><\/tr><\/thead>\n <tbody>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">Net banking<\/span>\u0928\u0947\u091f \u092c\u0948\u0902\u0915\u093f\u0902\u0917<\/span><\/td><td>Banking through the bank's website on a browser<\/strong> \u2014 transfers, statements, fixed deposits, cheque requests.<\/span>\u092c\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0909\u091c\u093c\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u092c\u0948\u0902\u0915 \u0915\u0940 \u0935\u0947\u092c\u0938\u093e\u0907\u091f<\/strong> \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0948\u0902\u0915\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u2014 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u0923, \u0935\u093f\u0935\u0930\u0923, \u0938\u093e\u0935\u0927\u093f \u091c\u092e\u093e, \u091a\u0947\u0915-\u0905\u0928\u0941\u0930\u094b\u0927\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">Mobile banking<\/span>\u092e\u094b\u092c\u093e\u0907\u0932 \u092c\u0948\u0902\u0915\u093f\u0902\u0917<\/span><\/td><td>The same through the bank's own application<\/strong> on a phone, usually with a shorter set of functions and an app PIN or biometric lock.<\/span>\u0935\u0939\u0940, \u092b\u093c\u094b\u0928 \u092a\u0930 \u092c\u0948\u0902\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917<\/strong> \u0938\u0947, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092f\u0903 \u0915\u092e \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0910\u092a-PIN \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u092c\u093e\u092f\u094b\u092e\u0947\u091f\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0924\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0938\u0939\u093f\u0924\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">ATM<\/td><td>Automated Teller Machine<\/strong> \u2014 cash withdrawal and deposit, balance and PIN change, without a branch.<\/span>\u0938\u094d\u0935\u091a\u093e\u0932\u093f\u0924 \u0917\u0923\u0915 \u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930<\/strong> \u2014 \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0936\u093e\u0916\u093e \u0928\u0915\u093c\u0926\u0940 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938\u0940 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u091c\u092e\u093e, \u0936\u0947\u0937 \u090f\u0935\u0902 PIN \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">Digital wallet<\/span>\u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u092c\u091f\u0941\u0906<\/span><\/td><td>A prepaid store of value<\/strong> held with a non-bank provider, loaded from a bank account or a card and spent from the balance.<\/span>\u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0917\u093c\u0948\u0930-\u092c\u0948\u0902\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u0938 \u0930\u0916\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092a\u0947\u0921 \u092e\u0942\u0932\u094d\u092f-\u092d\u0902\u0921\u093e\u0930<\/strong>, \u091c\u094b \u092c\u0948\u0902\u0915 \u0916\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0921 \u0938\u0947 \u092d\u0930\u093e \u091c\u093e\u090f \u0914\u0930 \u0936\u0947\u0937 \u0938\u0947 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u092f \u0939\u094b\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <\/tbody>\n <\/table>\n <table>\n <thead><tr><th>Card<\/span>\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0921<\/span><\/th><th>The distinction that is asked<\/span>\u092a\u0942\u091b\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e \u092d\u0947\u0926<\/span><\/th><\/tr><\/thead>\n <tbody>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">Debit card<\/span>\u0921\u0947\u092c\u093f\u091f \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0921<\/span><\/td><td>Spends money already in the account<\/strong>. The account is debited at once.<\/span>\u0916\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0921\u093c\u093e \u0927\u0928<\/strong> \u0935\u094d\u092f\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0916\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0924\u0924\u094d\u0915\u093e\u0932 \u0928\u093e\u092e\u0947 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">Credit card<\/span>\u0915\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0921\u093f\u091f \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0921<\/span><\/td><td>Spends money lent by the bank<\/strong> up to a limit, repayable by a due date, with interest thereafter.<\/span>\u090f\u0915 \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e \u0924\u0915 \u092c\u0948\u0902\u0915 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0909\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0927\u0928<\/strong> \u0935\u094d\u092f\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u094b \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0924 \u0924\u093f\u0925\u093f \u0924\u0915 \u0926\u0947\u092f \u0939\u0948, \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u092c\u094d\u092f\u093e\u091c \u0938\u0939\u093f\u0924\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">Prepaid card<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092a\u0947\u0921 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0921<\/span><\/td><td>Spends only what was loaded onto it<\/strong>, and needs no bank account \u2014 which is what makes it useful for a beneficiary who has none.<\/span>\u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0909\u0924\u0928\u093e<\/strong> \u0935\u094d\u092f\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0924\u0928\u093e \u0909\u0938 \u092a\u0930 \u092d\u0930\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e<\/strong>, \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u092c\u0948\u0902\u0915 \u0916\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u2014 \u0907\u0938\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u0935\u0939 \u0909\u0938 \u0932\u093e\u092d\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u092e \u0906\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u0938 \u0916\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">RuPay<\/td><td>India's own card network<\/strong>, from NPCI, alongside the international networks. Cards issued under Jan Dhan accounts are RuPay cards.<\/span>NPCI \u0915\u093e \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u092a\u0928\u093e \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0921 \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915<\/strong>, \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925\u0964 \u091c\u0928 \u0927\u0928 \u0916\u093e\u0924\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u0940\u0928 \u091c\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0921 \u0930\u0941\u092a\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0921 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <\/tbody>\n <\/table>\n <\/div>\n\n <h4>B. Financial inclusion<\/span>\u0916. \u0935\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0935\u0947\u0936\u0928<\/span><\/h4>\n\n <div class=\"callout teal\">\n <div class=\"callout-label\">\ud83d\udcd8 The concept, and the trinity it rests on<\/span>\ud83d\udcd8 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u092f, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0935\u0939 \u0924\u094d\u0930\u092f\u0940 \u091c\u093f\u0938 \u092a\u0930 \u092f\u0939 \u091f\u093f\u0915\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/div>\n Financial inclusion<\/strong> is the delivery of banking and financial services to every section of society, particularly the poor and those previously outside the banking system<\/strong>, at affordable cost. Digital payment is the mechanism that made it practicable at scale, because a bank branch cannot be built in every village but a phone and a fingerprint can reach one.<\/span>\n \u0935\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0935\u0947\u0936\u0928<\/strong> \u092c\u0948\u0902\u0915\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u092e\u093e\u091c \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0917 \u0924\u0915, \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937\u0915\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0927\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0909\u0928 \u0924\u0915 \u091c\u094b \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u092c\u0948\u0902\u0915\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0939\u0930 \u0925\u0947<\/strong>, \u0935\u0939\u0928\u0940\u092f \u0932\u093e\u0917\u0924 \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a\u093e\u0928\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0905\u0902\u0915\u0940\u092f \u092d\u0941\u0917\u0924\u093e\u0928 \u0935\u0939\u0940 \u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0928\u0947 \u0907\u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u092a\u0948\u092e\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u092c\u0928\u093e\u092f\u093e, \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0917\u093e\u0901\u0935 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0948\u0902\u0915 \u0936\u093e\u0916\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0908 \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940 \u0915\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0941 \u092b\u093c\u094b\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0905\u0902\u0917\u0941\u0932\u0940-\u091b\u093e\u092a \u0935\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\n The architecture is commonly described as the JAM trinity<\/strong> \u2014 J<\/strong>an Dhan, A<\/strong>adhaar and M<\/strong>obile. Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana (PMJDY)<\/strong>, launched in 2014<\/strong>, opened basic savings accounts with no minimum balance, a RuPay debit card<\/strong> and accident insurance cover. Aadhaar supplied the identity against which those accounts could be verified, and the mobile phone supplied the channel. Together they made Direct Benefit Transfer possible<\/strong> \u2014 the mechanism by which a scholarship reaches a pupil's own account, as in \u00a710.7.<\/span>\n \u0907\u0938 \u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0936\u093f\u0932\u094d\u092a \u0915\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092f\u0903 JAM \u0924\u094d\u0930\u092f\u0940<\/strong> \u0915\u0939\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u091c<\/strong>\u0928 \u0927\u0928, \u0906<\/strong>\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092e\u094b<\/strong>\u092c\u093e\u0907\u0932\u0964 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0927\u093e\u0928\u092e\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u091c\u0928 \u0927\u0928 \u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928\u093e (PMJDY)<\/strong>, \u091c\u094b 2014<\/strong> \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0906\u0930\u0902\u092d \u0939\u0941\u0908, \u0928\u0947 \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0928\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0928\u0924\u092e \u0936\u0947\u0937 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u0942\u0932 \u092c\u091a\u0924 \u0916\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0916\u094b\u0932\u0947, \u0930\u0941\u092a\u0947 \u0921\u0947\u092c\u093f\u091f \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0921<\/strong> \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0926\u0941\u0930\u094d\u0918\u091f\u0928\u093e \u092c\u0940\u092e\u093e \u0906\u0935\u0930\u0923 \u0938\u0939\u093f\u0924\u0964 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u0928\u0947 \u0935\u0939 \u092a\u0939\u091a\u093e\u0928 \u0926\u0940 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0930\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0935\u0947 \u0916\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0938\u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0947\u0902, \u0914\u0930 \u092e\u094b\u092c\u093e\u0907\u0932 \u092b\u093c\u094b\u0928 \u0928\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e\u0964 \u0924\u0940\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0928\u0947 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0915\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0932\u093e\u092d \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u0923 \u0938\u0902\u092d\u0935 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e<\/strong> \u2014 \u0935\u0939 \u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u091b\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u0916\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u0948\u0938\u093e \u00a710.7 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"pc-grid\">\n <div class=\"pc-panel pro\">\n <div class=\"pc-head\">\u2713<\/span>What digital payment gains<\/span>\u0905\u0902\u0915\u0940\u092f \u092d\u0941\u0917\u0924\u093e\u0928 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n <ul>\n <li>A record of every transaction<\/strong>, which makes both audit and dispute possible<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0932\u0947\u0928-\u0926\u0947\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0932\u0947\u0916<\/strong>, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0902\u0915\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0926 \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u092d\u0935 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902<\/span><\/li>\n <li>Leakage removed<\/strong> \u2014 a benefit paid into the beneficiary's own account passes through no intermediary<\/span>\u0930\u093f\u0938\u093e\u0935 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924<\/strong> \u2014 \u0932\u093e\u092d\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u0916\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0932\u093e\u092d \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092c\u093f\u091a\u094c\u0932\u093f\u090f \u0938\u0947 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0917\u0941\u091c\u093c\u0930\u0924\u093e<\/span><\/li>\n <li>Availability at any hour<\/strong>, without a branch and without cash in hand<\/span>\u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092d\u0940 \u0918\u0902\u091f\u0947 \u0909\u092a\u0932\u092c\u094d\u0927\u0924\u093e<\/strong>, \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0936\u093e\u0916\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0939\u093e\u0925 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u0915\u093c\u0926\u0940<\/span><\/li>\n <li>A transaction history<\/strong>, which is what later makes a small borrower creditworthy<\/span>\u0932\u0947\u0928-\u0926\u0947\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u0907\u0924\u093f\u0939\u093e\u0938<\/strong>, \u091c\u094b \u0906\u0917\u0947 \u091a\u0932\u0915\u0930 \u091b\u094b\u091f\u0947 \u090b\u0923\u0940 \u0915\u094b \u090b\u0923-\u092f\u094b\u0917\u094d\u092f \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"pc-panel con\">\n <div class=\"pc-head\">\u2717<\/span>What it risks<\/span>\u0907\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u091c\u094b\u0916\u093f\u092e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n <ul>\n <li>Fraud reaches further than a pickpocket ever could<\/strong> \u2014 the three frauds set out below<\/span>\u0927\u094b\u0916\u093e\u0927\u0921\u093c\u0940 \u0909\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0926\u0942\u0930 \u0924\u0915 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u091c\u0947\u092c\u0915\u0924\u0930\u093e \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0925\u093e<\/strong> \u2014 \u0928\u0940\u091a\u0947 \u0926\u0940 \u0924\u0940\u0928 \u0927\u094b\u0916\u093e\u0927\u0921\u093c\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901<\/span><\/li>\n <li>A failed network or a server outage stops a payment that cash would have completed<\/strong><\/span>\u0935\u093f\u092b\u0932 \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0930-\u0905\u0935\u0930\u094b\u0927 \u0935\u0939 \u092d\u0941\u0917\u0924\u093e\u0928 \u0930\u094b\u0915 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0928\u0915\u093c\u0926\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u093e \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n <li>Every transaction is data about a person<\/strong>, and \u00a78.8 applies to it<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0932\u0947\u0928-\u0926\u0947\u0928 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u093e<\/strong> \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u00a78.8 \u0909\u0938 \u092a\u0930 \u0932\u093e\u0917\u0942 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/li>\n <li>Those least able to bear a loss are most often targeted<\/strong>, because unfamiliarity is what the fraud exploits<\/span>\u091c\u094b \u0939\u093e\u0928\u093f \u0938\u0939\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u092e \u0938\u092e\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0935\u0947 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092c\u093e\u0930 \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924<\/strong> \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u0927\u094b\u0916\u093e\u0927\u0921\u093c\u0940 \u0905\u092a\u0930\u093f\u091a\u092f \u0915\u093e \u0939\u0940 \u0932\u093e\u092d \u0909\u0920\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"callout red\">\n <div class=\"callout-label\">\u26a0\ufe0f The three payment frauds a school office should recognise<\/span>\u26a0\ufe0f \u0935\u0947 \u0924\u0940\u0928 \u092d\u0941\u0917\u0924\u093e\u0928-\u0927\u094b\u0916\u093e\u0927\u0921\u093c\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u091c\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0915\u094b \u092a\u0939\u091a\u093e\u0928\u0928\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f<\/span><\/div>\n <ul class=\"split-list\" style=\"margin-top:4px;\">\n <li>1<\/span>The \"collect request\" that looks like a payment.<\/strong> An application may show a request to pay<\/em> which is presented as a refund arriving. Entering the PIN sends money out. A UPI PIN is required only to send, never to receive<\/strong> \u2014 the rule already stated in \u00a78.4, and the single most useful thing a clerk can be taught.<\/span>\u0935\u0939 \"\u0915\u0932\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f \u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0935\u0947\u0938\u094d\u091f\" \u091c\u094b \u092d\u0941\u0917\u0924\u093e\u0928 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0940 \u0926\u093f\u0916\u0947\u0964<\/strong> \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u092d\u0941\u0917\u0924\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947<\/em> \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0930\u094b\u0927 \u0926\u093f\u0916\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u092a\u0938\u0940 \u0906\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u090f\u0964 PIN \u092d\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u0927\u0928 \u092c\u093e\u0939\u0930 \u091a\u0932\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 UPI PIN \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u092d\u0947\u091c\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915 \u0939\u0948, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u092d\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902<\/strong> \u2014 \u00a78.4 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u0939\u093e \u091c\u093e \u091a\u0941\u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e, \u0914\u0930 \u0932\u093f\u092a\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u093f\u0916\u093e\u0908 \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0940 \u092c\u093e\u0924\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n <li>2<\/span>The altered QR code.<\/strong> A sticker pasted over a genuine code at a counter diverts every payment to another account. Any displayed code should be checked periodically, and the name shown on the screen before confirming<\/strong> should be read every time.<\/span>\u092c\u0926\u0932\u093e \u0939\u0941\u0906 QR \u0915\u0942\u091f\u0964<\/strong> \u0915\u093e\u0909\u0902\u091f\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u0905\u0938\u0932\u0940 \u0915\u0942\u091f \u0915\u0947 \u090a\u092a\u0930 \u091a\u093f\u092a\u0915\u093e\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0938\u094d\u091f\u093f\u0915\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u092d\u0941\u0917\u0924\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u0947 \u0916\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u094b\u0921\u093c \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092d\u0940 \u0915\u0942\u091f \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u092e\u092f-\u0938\u092e\u092f \u092a\u0930 \u091c\u093e\u0901\u091a \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0940 \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092a\u0941\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093f \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u092a\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u0926\u093f\u0916\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e \u0928\u093e\u092e<\/strong> \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u092c\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u0922\u093c\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0928\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n <li>3<\/span>The false fee-payment link.<\/strong> A message to parents purporting to come from the school, carrying a payment link. A school should state plainly and repeatedly which channel it uses for fees and that it will never send a payment link by message<\/strong> \u2014 a standing notice prevents more fraud than any subsequent action.<\/span>\u091d\u0942\u0920\u093e \u0936\u0941\u0932\u094d\u0915-\u092d\u0941\u0917\u0924\u093e\u0928 \u0932\u093f\u0902\u0915\u0964<\/strong> \u0905\u092d\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u092d\u0947\u091c\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0935\u0939 \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u091c\u094b \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0938\u0947 \u0906\u092f\u093e \u092c\u0924\u093e\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u090f \u0914\u0930 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092d\u0941\u0917\u0924\u093e\u0928-\u0932\u093f\u0902\u0915 \u0939\u094b\u0964 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0915\u094b \u0938\u094d\u092a\u0937\u094d\u091f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092c\u093e\u0930-\u092c\u093e\u0930 \u092c\u0924\u093e\u0928\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f \u0915\u093f \u0935\u0939 \u0936\u0941\u0932\u094d\u0915 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u094c\u0928-\u0938\u093e \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0935\u0939 \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u0938\u0947 \u092d\u0941\u0917\u0924\u093e\u0928-\u0932\u093f\u0902\u0915 \u0915\u092d\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u092d\u0947\u091c\u0947\u0917\u093e<\/strong> \u2014 \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092f\u0940 \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092d\u0940 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u0935\u093e\u0939\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0927\u094b\u0916\u093e\u0927\u0921\u093c\u0940 \u0930\u094b\u0915\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n\n <hr class=\"section-divider\">\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d13-5\">\n 13.5<\/span>\n <h3>DigiLocker<\/span>\u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u0932\u0949\u0915\u0930<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"vs-compare\">\n <div class=\"vs-side left\">\n Type 1<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 1<\/span><\/span>\n <h5>Issued documents<\/span>\u091c\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0926\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0947\u091c\u093c<\/span><\/h5>\n <ul>\n <li>Placed directly into the locker by the issuing authority itself<\/strong> \u2014 a board, a transport department, a university.<\/span>\u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u091c\u093e\u0930\u0940\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e<\/strong> \u0938\u0940\u0927\u0947 \u0932\u0949\u0915\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0930\u0916\u0947 \u0917\u090f \u2014 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u092c\u094b\u0930\u094d\u0921, \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0939\u0928 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0917, \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0935\u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n <li>Legally at par with the original document<\/strong>, and accepted as such by authorities.<\/span>\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u092e\u0942\u0932 \u0926\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0947\u091c\u093c \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937<\/strong>, \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0935\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0939\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0940\u0915\u0943\u0924\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n <li>Examples: CBSE and state board marksheets, migration and passing certificates<\/strong>, driving licence, vehicle registration, PAN.<\/span>\u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923: CBSE \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0930\u093e\u091c\u094d\u092f \u092c\u094b\u0930\u094d\u0921 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0902\u0915-\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0938 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0940\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930<\/strong>, \u091a\u093e\u0932\u0928 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u091c\u094d\u091e\u092a\u094d\u0924\u093f, \u0935\u093e\u0939\u0928 \u092a\u0902\u091c\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923, \u092a\u0948\u0928\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"vs-mid\">VS<\/div>\n <div class=\"vs-side right\">\n Type 2<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 2<\/span><\/span>\n <h5>Uploaded documents<\/span>\u091a\u0922\u093c\u093e\u090f \u0917\u090f \u0926\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0947\u091c\u093c<\/span><\/h5>\n <ul>\n <li>Scanned and uploaded by the citizen<\/strong> into their own locker.<\/span>\u0928\u093e\u0917\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e<\/strong> \u0938\u094d\u0915\u0948\u0928 \u0915\u0930 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0940 \u0932\u0949\u0915\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091a\u0922\u093c\u093e\u090f \u0917\u090f\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n <li>Not automatically equivalent to the original<\/strong>, since nobody has certified them \u2014 though they may be self-attested using eSign<\/strong>.<\/span>\u0938\u094d\u0935\u0924\u0903 \u092e\u0942\u0932 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u0924\u0941\u0932\u094d\u092f \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902<\/strong>, \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0928\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u093f\u0924 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u2014 \u092f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u092a\u093f \u0908-\u0938\u093e\u0907\u0928<\/strong> \u0938\u0947 \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u0935-\u0905\u092d\u093f\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n <li>Useful for keeping a copy at hand, not for establishing authenticity. The distinction between the two types is the examinable point.<\/strong><\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f \u092a\u093e\u0938 \u0930\u0916\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0940, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0923\u093f\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964 \u0907\u0928 \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u092d\u0947\u0926 \u0939\u0940 \u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e-\u092f\u094b\u0917\u094d\u092f \u092c\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0941 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"callout\">\n <div class=\"callout-label\">\ud83d\udcd8 What a school gains from it<\/span>\ud83d\udcd8 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0915\u094b \u0907\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/div>\n DigiLocker was launched in 2015<\/strong> under Digital India, by the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology, and is linked to a citizen's Aadhaar or mobile number. For a school the practical consequences are three. A pupil who has lost a marksheet no longer needs a duplicate<\/strong> \u2014 the issued copy is already there. A verifying institution can confirm a certificate instantly<\/strong> without writing to the board that issued it. And, since APAAR and the Academic Bank of Credits of \u00a710.3 connect to it<\/strong>, a pupil's academic record accumulates in one place across every institution attended.<\/span>\n \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u0932\u0949\u0915\u0930 2015<\/strong> \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u0907\u0902\u0921\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u0940\u0928 \u0907\u0932\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0928\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u092e\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0906\u0930\u0902\u092d \u0939\u0941\u0906, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0928\u093e\u0917\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u092e\u094b\u092c\u093e\u0907\u0932 \u0928\u0902\u092c\u0930 \u0938\u0947 \u091c\u0941\u0921\u093c\u093e \u0930\u0939\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e \u0924\u0940\u0928 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u091c\u093f\u0938 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0902\u0915-\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0916\u094b \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0939\u094b \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0905\u092c \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0924\u0940\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f<\/strong> \u2014 \u091c\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f \u0935\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0938\u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0924\u0924\u094d\u0915\u093e\u0932 \u092a\u0941\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093f \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948<\/strong>, \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0909\u0938 \u092c\u094b\u0930\u094d\u0921 \u0915\u094b \u0932\u093f\u0916\u0947 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0928\u0947 \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0964 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u091a\u0942\u0901\u0915\u093f \u00a710.3 \u0915\u0947 APAAR \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0936\u0948\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0921\u093f\u091f \u092c\u0948\u0902\u0915 \u0907\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u091c\u0941\u0921\u093c\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902<\/strong>, \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u0936\u0948\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0932\u0947\u0916 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u0915\u093e \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0915\u0930 \u090f\u0915 \u0939\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\n <\/div>\n <hr class=\"section-divider\">\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d13-6\">\n 13.6<\/span>\n <h3>Citizen Service Portals and Common Service Centres<\/span>\u0928\u093e\u0917\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e \u092a\u094b\u0930\u094d\u091f\u0932 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e \u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"abbr-grid\">\n <table>\n <thead><tr><th>Portal<\/span>\u092a\u094b\u0930\u094d\u091f\u0932<\/span><\/th><th>What it is for<\/span>\u092f\u0939 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0932\u093f\u090f \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/th><\/tr><\/thead>\n <tbody>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">UMANG<\/td><td>Unified Mobile Application for New-age Governance<\/strong>, launched 2017<\/strong> \u2014 a single application<\/strong> through which hundreds of central and state services are reached, so that a citizen need not install one for each department.<\/span>\u092f\u0942\u0928\u093f\u092b\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u092e\u094b\u092c\u093e\u0907\u0932 \u0910\u092a\u094d\u0932\u093f\u0915\u0947\u0936\u0928 \u092b\u093c\u0949\u0930 \u0928\u094d\u092f\u0942-\u090f\u091c \u0917\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0928\u0947\u0902\u0938<\/strong>, \u091c\u094b 2017<\/strong> \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0906\u0930\u0902\u092d \u0939\u0941\u0906 \u2014 \u090f\u0915\u0932 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917<\/strong> \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0948\u0915\u0921\u093c\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0930\u093e\u091c\u094d\u092f \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0924\u0915 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0928\u093e\u0917\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0917 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0905\u0932\u0917 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0928 \u0932\u0917\u093e\u0928\u093e \u092a\u0921\u093c\u0947\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">MyGov<\/td><td>The citizen engagement platform<\/strong>, from 2014<\/strong>, for consultations, suggestions and competitions \u2014 participation rather than service delivery.<\/span>\u0928\u093e\u0917\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0939\u092d\u093e\u0917\u093f\u0924\u093e \u092e\u0902\u091a<\/strong>, 2014<\/strong> \u0938\u0947, \u092a\u0930\u093e\u092e\u0930\u094d\u0936, \u0938\u0941\u091d\u093e\u0935\u094b\u0902 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0924\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u2014 \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e-\u0906\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0938\u0939\u092d\u093e\u0917\u093f\u0924\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">NSP<\/td><td>The National Scholarship Portal<\/strong>, through which scholarship applications are made and verified. The institution's verification is a step in that chain<\/strong>, and a delay at the school stops the payment.<\/span>\u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u091b\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f \u092a\u094b\u0930\u094d\u091f\u0932<\/strong>, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u091b\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f-\u0906\u0935\u0947\u0926\u0928 \u0915\u093f\u090f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u0928 \u0909\u0938\u0940 \u0936\u0943\u0902\u0916\u0932\u093e \u0915\u093e \u090f\u0915 \u091a\u0930\u0923 \u0939\u0948<\/strong>, \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u0941\u0906 \u0935\u093f\u0932\u0902\u092c \u092d\u0941\u0917\u0924\u093e\u0928 \u0930\u094b\u0915 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <\/tbody>\n <\/table>\n <table>\n <thead><tr><th>Portal<\/span>\u092a\u094b\u0930\u094d\u091f\u0932<\/span><\/th><th>What it is for<\/span>\u092f\u0939 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0932\u093f\u090f \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/th><\/tr><\/thead>\n <tbody>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">CSC<\/td><td>Common Service Centre<\/strong> \u2014 a physical access point in a village or ward, run by a Village Level Entrepreneur (VLE)<\/strong>, offering certificates, banking, insurance, bill payment, Aadhaar services and telemedicine.<\/span>\u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e \u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930<\/strong> \u2014 \u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0935\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0921 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092d\u094c\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a-\u092c\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0941, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0909\u0926\u094d\u092f\u092e\u0940 (VLE)<\/strong> \u091a\u0932\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u091c\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930, \u092c\u0948\u0902\u0915\u093f\u0902\u0917, \u092c\u0940\u092e\u093e, \u092c\u093f\u0932-\u092d\u0941\u0917\u0924\u093e\u0928, \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u091f\u0947\u0932\u0940\u092e\u0947\u0921\u093f\u0938\u093f\u0928 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">e-District<\/span>\u0908-\u0921\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u091f<\/span><\/td><td>The Mission Mode Project delivering district-level certificates<\/strong> \u2014 income, caste, domicile, birth and death \u2014 online.<\/span>\u0935\u0939 \u092e\u093f\u0936\u0928 \u092e\u094b\u0921 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928\u093e \u091c\u094b \u091c\u093c\u093f\u0932\u093e-\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930\u0940\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930<\/strong> \u2014 \u0906\u092f, \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093f, \u0928\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0938, \u091c\u0928\u094d\u092e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092e\u0943\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0941 \u2014 \u0911\u0928\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">eSanjeevani<\/span>\u0908-\u0938\u0902\u091c\u0940\u0935\u0928\u0940<\/span><\/td><td>The national telemedicine service<\/strong>, through which a consultation is held at a distance.<\/span>\u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u091f\u0947\u0932\u0940\u092e\u0947\u0921\u093f\u0938\u093f\u0928 \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e<\/strong>, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u0926\u0942\u0930 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u093e\u092e\u0930\u094d\u0936 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">e-Shram \u00b7 e-Hospital<\/span>\u0908-\u0936\u094d\u0930\u092e \u00b7 \u0908-\u0939\u0949\u0938\u094d\u092a\u093f\u091f\u0932<\/span><\/td><td>The database of unorganised sector workers<\/strong>, and the hospital appointment and records system<\/strong>. Both are treated in \u00a712.9.<\/span>\u0905\u0938\u0902\u0917\u0920\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0936\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093f\u0915\u094b\u0902<\/strong> \u0915\u093e \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e\u092c\u0947\u0938, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u091a\u093f\u0915\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0938\u093e\u0932\u092f \u092d\u0947\u0902\u091f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0932\u0947\u0916 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940<\/strong>\u0964 \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0935\u0947\u091a\u0928\u093e \u00a712.9 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <\/tbody>\n <\/table>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"callout teal\">\n <div class=\"callout-label\">\ud83c\udfd8\ufe0f Why the Common Service Centre matters more than any portal<\/span>\ud83c\udfd8\ufe0f \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e \u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092d\u0940 \u092a\u094b\u0930\u094d\u091f\u0932 \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/div>\n Every portal in the table above assumes a device, a connection, a degree of literacy and the confidence to use them. The CSC is the answer for the citizen who has none of these<\/strong>: it supplies an assisted access point where a person can be helped through the process by another person<\/strong>. For a school this has a direct application \u2014 a parent unable to complete an online admission form is not to be turned away but directed to a place where it can be done, and the school itself can serve as such a point during an admission window. An access point staffed by a human being is not a lesser form of digital service; for a large part of the population it is the only form that works.<\/strong><\/span>\n \u090a\u092a\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u093e\u0930\u0923\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u092a\u094b\u0930\u094d\u091f\u0932 \u090f\u0915 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923, \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928, \u0915\u0941\u091b \u0938\u093e\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u093e \u0906\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0938 \u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0932\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u091c\u093f\u0938 \u0928\u093e\u0917\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u0938 \u0907\u0928\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0941\u091b \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0909\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 CSC \u0939\u0948<\/strong>: \u092f\u0939 \u0910\u0938\u093e \u0938\u0939\u093e\u092f\u0924\u093e-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a-\u092c\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0941 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0915\u094b \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u093e \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0930\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0947<\/strong>\u0964 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0938\u0940\u0927\u093e \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u091c\u094b \u0905\u092d\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0915 \u0911\u0928\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0947\u0936-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u093e \u0928 \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0932\u094c\u091f\u093e\u092f\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u091c\u093e\u090f \u0905\u092a\u093f\u0924\u0941 \u0910\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u0913\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u090f \u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0935\u0939 \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0947, \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0947\u0936-\u0905\u0935\u0927\u093f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0910\u0938\u093e \u092c\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0941 \u092c\u0928 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092e\u0928\u0941\u0937\u094d\u092f \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0932\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a-\u092c\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0941 \u0905\u0902\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u092e\u094d\u0928\u0924\u0930 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u0948; \u091c\u0928\u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u092d\u093e\u0917 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0935\u0939\u0940 \u090f\u0915\u092e\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0915\u093e\u092e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/strong><\/span>\n <\/div>\n\n <hr class=\"section-divider\">\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d13-7\">\n 13.7<\/span>\n <h3>Right to Information and Grievance Redressal<\/span>\u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e\u092f\u0924 \u0928\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0930\u0923<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n <table class=\"data-table\">\n <thead>\n <tr>\n <th>Provision<\/span>\u0909\u092a\u092c\u0902\u0927<\/span><\/th>\n <th>Detail, and what it means for a school<\/span>\u0935\u093f\u0935\u0930\u0923, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925<\/span><\/th>\n <\/tr>\n <\/thead>\n <tbody>\n <tr style=\"background:#f3f8ff;\">\n <td>RTI Act, 2005<\/span>RTI \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e, 2005<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n <td>Confers on every citizen the right to seek information held by a public authority<\/strong>. A government school, and a private school substantially financed by government, falls within the definition. The head of institution is commonly the Public Information Officer or is deemed to be one.<\/strong><\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0928\u093e\u0917\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u094b \u092f\u0939 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0935\u0939 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0932\u094b\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u0938 \u0909\u092a\u0932\u092c\u094d\u0927 \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e \u092e\u093e\u0901\u0917 \u0938\u0915\u0947<\/strong>\u0964 \u0936\u093e\u0938\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0936\u093e\u0938\u0928 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u092a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0924-\u092a\u094b\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0928\u093f\u091c\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f, \u0907\u0938 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0906\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0941\u0916 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092f\u0903 \u0932\u094b\u0915 \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u092e\u093e\u0928\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/strong><\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td>The time limits<\/span>\u0938\u092e\u092f-\u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e\u090f\u0901<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n <td>Information must ordinarily be supplied within thirty days<\/strong>. Where it concerns the life or liberty of a person, within forty-eight hours<\/strong>. These two figures are asked directly.<\/span>\u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0924\u0903 \u0924\u0940\u0938 \u0926\u093f\u0928<\/strong> \u0915\u0947 \u092d\u0940\u0924\u0930 \u0926\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f\u0964 \u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0935\u0939 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0947 \u091c\u0940\u0935\u0928 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093e<\/strong> \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b, \u0935\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0905\u0921\u093c\u0924\u093e\u0932\u0940\u0938 \u0918\u0902\u091f\u0947<\/strong> \u0915\u0947 \u092d\u0940\u0924\u0930\u0964 \u092f\u0947 \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0905\u0902\u0915 \u0938\u0940\u0927\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u091b\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td>Why record-keeping is the real obligation<\/span>\u0905\u092d\u093f\u0932\u0947\u0916-\u0930\u0916\u0930\u0916\u093e\u0935 \u0939\u0940 \u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u0926\u093e\u092f\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/strong>\n <\/td>\n <td>An application can only be answered from what exists. The duty to maintain records properly is what makes the right meaningful<\/strong>, and it connects directly to \u00a710.8 on data quality and to \u00a77.0 on official email being a record. A file that cannot be found is, in practice, information denied.<\/span>\u0906\u0935\u0947\u0926\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0909\u0938\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0939\u094b\u0964 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0932\u0947\u0916\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0920\u0940\u0915 \u0922\u0902\u0917 \u0938\u0947 \u0930\u0916\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0935\u094d\u092f \u0939\u0940 \u0909\u0938 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0915 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/strong>, \u0914\u0930 \u092f\u0939 \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u093e-\u0917\u0941\u0923\u0935\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093e \u092a\u0930 \u00a710.8 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0936\u093e\u0938\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0908\u092e\u0947\u0932 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0932\u0947\u0916 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u00a77.0 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0940\u0927\u0947 \u091c\u0941\u0921\u093c\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u091c\u094b \u0928\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0940 \u092e\u093f\u0932 \u0939\u0940 \u0928 \u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0935\u0939 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0907\u0928\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td>CPGRAMS<\/strong><\/td>\n <td>The Centralised Public Grievance Redress and Monitoring System<\/strong> \u2014 the online portal on which a citizen lodges a grievance against a government body and tracks its progress. A complaint against a school may reach the head through it, and the reply is recorded and timed.<\/span>\u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0915\u0943\u0924 \u0932\u094b\u0915 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e\u092f\u0924 \u0928\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0935\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940<\/strong> \u2014 \u0935\u0939 \u0911\u0928\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u092a\u094b\u0930\u094d\u091f\u0932 \u091c\u093f\u0938 \u092a\u0930 \u0928\u093e\u0917\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0936\u093e\u0938\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0928\u093f\u0915\u093e\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0930\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e\u092f\u0924 \u0926\u0930\u094d\u091c \u0915\u0930 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0917\u0924\u093f \u0926\u0947\u0916\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0930\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e\u092f\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0941\u0916 \u0924\u0915 \u0907\u0938\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0932\u093f\u0916\u093f\u0924 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u092e\u092f\u092c\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0930\u0939\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <\/tbody>\n <\/table>\n\n <hr class=\"section-divider\">\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d13-8\">\n 13.8<\/span>\n <h3>Digital India: Vision and Pillars<\/span>\u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u0907\u0902\u0921\u093f\u092f\u093e: \u0926\u0943\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0902\u092d<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n <svg class=\"full-diagram\" viewBox=\"0 0 700 330\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"The three vision areas and nine pillars of Digital India\">\n <rect x=\"24\" y=\"16\" width=\"652\" height=\"40\" rx=\"8\" fill=\"#14243f\"\/>\n <text x=\"350\" y=\"35\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"12\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#fff\" letter-spacing=\".8\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">DIGITAL INDIA \u00b7 launched 1 July 2015 \u00b7 MeitY<\/text>\n <text x=\"350\" y=\"49\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#c9daf0\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">A programme to transform India into a digitally empowered society and knowledge economy<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"24\" y=\"64\" width=\"212\" height=\"42\" rx=\"7\" fill=\"#eef4fc\" stroke=\"#1f5fa9\" stroke-width=\"1.6\"\/>\n <text x=\"130\" y=\"80\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">VISION 1<\/text>\n <text x=\"130\" y=\"95\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Digital infrastructure as a<\/text>\n <text x=\"130\" y=\"103\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">core utility to every citizen<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"244\" y=\"64\" width=\"212\" height=\"42\" rx=\"7\" fill=\"#eefbf7\" stroke=\"#0d8f79\" stroke-width=\"1.6\"\/>\n <text x=\"350\" y=\"80\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#0d8f79\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">VISION 2<\/text>\n <text x=\"350\" y=\"95\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Governance and services<\/text>\n <text x=\"350\" y=\"103\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">on demand<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"464\" y=\"64\" width=\"212\" height=\"42\" rx=\"7\" fill=\"#fffbf0\" stroke=\"#c9760f\" stroke-width=\"1.6\"\/>\n <text x=\"570\" y=\"80\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#c9760f\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">VISION 3<\/text>\n <text x=\"570\" y=\"95\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Digital empowerment<\/text>\n <text x=\"570\" y=\"103\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">of citizens<\/text>\n\n <text x=\"350\" y=\"128\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#14243f\" letter-spacing=\".8\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">THE NINE PILLARS<\/text>\n\n <g>\n <rect x=\"24\" y=\"140\" width=\"212\" height=\"52\" rx=\"6\" fill=\"#fff\" stroke=\"#1f5fa9\" stroke-width=\"1.5\"\/>\n <circle cx=\"46\" cy=\"166\" r=\"12\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\"\/><text x=\"46\" y=\"170\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">1<\/text>\n <text x=\"66\" y=\"162\" font-size=\"9\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#14243f\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Broadband Highways<\/text>\n <text x=\"66\" y=\"176\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#5a6d80\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">optical fibre to every panchayat<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"244\" y=\"140\" width=\"212\" height=\"52\" rx=\"6\" fill=\"#fff\" stroke=\"#1f5fa9\" stroke-width=\"1.5\"\/>\n <circle cx=\"266\" cy=\"166\" r=\"12\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\"\/><text x=\"266\" y=\"170\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">2<\/text>\n <text x=\"286\" y=\"162\" font-size=\"9\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#14243f\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Universal Mobile Access<\/text>\n <text x=\"286\" y=\"176\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#5a6d80\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">coverage of uncovered villages<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"464\" y=\"140\" width=\"212\" height=\"52\" rx=\"6\" fill=\"#fff\" stroke=\"#1f5fa9\" stroke-width=\"1.5\"\/>\n <circle cx=\"486\" cy=\"166\" r=\"12\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\"\/><text x=\"486\" y=\"170\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">3<\/text>\n <text x=\"506\" y=\"162\" font-size=\"9\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#14243f\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Public Internet Access<\/text>\n <text x=\"506\" y=\"176\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#5a6d80\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">CSCs and post offices<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"24\" y=\"198\" width=\"212\" height=\"52\" rx=\"6\" fill=\"#fff\" stroke=\"#0d8f79\" stroke-width=\"1.5\"\/>\n <circle cx=\"46\" cy=\"224\" r=\"12\" fill=\"#0d8f79\"\/><text x=\"46\" y=\"228\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">4<\/text>\n <text x=\"66\" y=\"220\" font-size=\"9\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#14243f\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">e-Governance<\/text>\n <text x=\"66\" y=\"234\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#5a6d80\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">reforming government through IT<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"244\" y=\"198\" width=\"212\" height=\"52\" rx=\"6\" fill=\"#fff\" stroke=\"#0d8f79\" stroke-width=\"1.5\"\/>\n <circle cx=\"266\" cy=\"224\" r=\"12\" fill=\"#0d8f79\"\/><text x=\"266\" y=\"228\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">5<\/text>\n <text x=\"286\" y=\"220\" font-size=\"9\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#14243f\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">e-Kranti<\/text>\n <text x=\"286\" y=\"234\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#5a6d80\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">electronic delivery of services<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"464\" y=\"198\" width=\"212\" height=\"52\" rx=\"6\" fill=\"#fff\" stroke=\"#0d8f79\" stroke-width=\"1.5\"\/>\n <circle cx=\"486\" cy=\"224\" r=\"12\" fill=\"#0d8f79\"\/><text x=\"486\" y=\"228\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">6<\/text>\n <text x=\"506\" y=\"220\" font-size=\"9\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#14243f\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Information for All<\/text>\n <text x=\"506\" y=\"234\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#5a6d80\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">open data and engagement<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"24\" y=\"256\" width=\"212\" height=\"52\" rx=\"6\" fill=\"#fff\" stroke=\"#c9760f\" stroke-width=\"1.5\"\/>\n <circle cx=\"46\" cy=\"282\" r=\"12\" fill=\"#c9760f\"\/><text x=\"46\" y=\"286\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">7<\/text>\n <text x=\"66\" y=\"278\" font-size=\"9\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#14243f\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Electronics Manufacturing<\/text>\n <text x=\"66\" y=\"292\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#5a6d80\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">target of net zero imports<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"244\" y=\"256\" width=\"212\" height=\"52\" rx=\"6\" fill=\"#fff\" stroke=\"#c9760f\" stroke-width=\"1.5\"\/>\n <circle cx=\"266\" cy=\"282\" r=\"12\" fill=\"#c9760f\"\/><text x=\"266\" y=\"286\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">8<\/text>\n <text x=\"286\" y=\"278\" font-size=\"9\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#14243f\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">IT for Jobs<\/text>\n <text x=\"286\" y=\"292\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#5a6d80\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">training youth for IT employment<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"464\" y=\"256\" width=\"212\" height=\"52\" rx=\"6\" fill=\"#fff\" stroke=\"#c9760f\" stroke-width=\"1.5\"\/>\n <circle cx=\"486\" cy=\"282\" r=\"12\" fill=\"#c9760f\"\/><text x=\"486\" y=\"286\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">9<\/text>\n <text x=\"506\" y=\"278\" font-size=\"9\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#14243f\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Early Harvest Programmes<\/text>\n <text x=\"506\" y=\"292\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#5a6d80\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">measures with immediate effect<\/text>\n <\/g>\n\n <rect x=\"24\" y=\"314\" width=\"652\" height=\"14\" rx=\"5\" fill=\"#f7fbff\"\/>\n <text x=\"350\" y=\"324\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#5a6d80\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">The three colours group the pillars by the vision area each principally serves.<\/text>\n <\/svg>\n The number nine is itself asked, as is the placement of BharatNet under the first pillar and of the Common Service Centres under the third.<\/span>\u0928\u094c \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u092a\u0942\u091b\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092f\u0939 \u092d\u0940 \u0915\u093f \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0928\u0947\u091f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0925\u092e \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0902\u092d \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u0940\u0928 \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e \u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930 \u0924\u0943\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0915\u0947\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n\n <hr class=\"section-divider\">\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d13-9\">\n 13.9<\/span>\n <h3>The Digital Divide and Inclusion<\/span>\u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093e\u091c\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0935\u0947\u0936\u0928<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"callout purple\">\n <div class=\"callout-label\">\ud83d\udcd8 Definition, and its three layers<\/span>\ud83d\udcd8 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u0924\u0940\u0928 \u092a\u0930\u0924\u0947\u0902<\/span><\/div>\n The digital divide<\/strong> is the gap between those who have effective access to information and communication technology and those who do not. It is not one gap but three: the access divide<\/strong> \u2014 whether a device and a connection exist at all; the skills divide<\/strong> \u2014 whether the person can use them for anything beyond the simplest task; and the quality divide<\/strong> \u2014 whether the connection is fast enough and the content available in a language the person reads. A household may cross the first and remain excluded by the second and third.<\/strong><\/span>\n \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093e\u091c\u0928<\/strong> \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093e\u0932 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0928\u0915\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u0938 \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u0924\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0940 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u091c\u093f\u0928\u0915\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u0938 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u090f\u0915 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093e\u0932 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0924\u0940\u0928 \u0939\u0948: \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a-\u0935\u093f\u092d\u093e\u091c\u0928<\/strong> \u2014 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u0939\u0948 \u092d\u0940 \u092f\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902; \u0915\u094c\u0936\u0932-\u0935\u093f\u092d\u093e\u091c\u0928<\/strong> \u2014 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0930\u0932\u0924\u092e \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0938\u0947 \u0906\u0917\u0947 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0915\u093e\u092e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0932\u0947 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948; \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0917\u0941\u0923\u0935\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093e-\u0935\u093f\u092d\u093e\u091c\u0928<\/strong> \u2014 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0938\u0902\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u092a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0924\u0940\u0935\u094d\u0930 \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0909\u0938 \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u092a\u0932\u092c\u094d\u0927 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u092a\u0922\u093c\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u093e \u092a\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u0947 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0924\u0940\u0938\u0930\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0939\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0915\u0943\u0924 \u0930\u0939 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/strong><\/span>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"pc-grid\">\n <div class=\"pc-panel con\">\n <div class=\"pc-head\">\u2717<\/span>Where the divide falls in India<\/span>\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093e\u091c\u0928 \u0915\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u092a\u0921\u093c\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n <ul>\n <li>Rural against urban<\/strong> \u2014 in connectivity, in speed and in the cost of data relative to income<\/span>\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e\u0940\u0923 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u092e \u0936\u0939\u0930\u0940<\/strong> \u2014 \u0938\u0902\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0915\u0924\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902, \u0917\u0924\u093f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0906\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0932\u093e\u0917\u0924 \u092e\u0947\u0902<\/span><\/li>\n <li>Gender<\/strong> \u2014 a shared household phone is more often used by the men of the family, and a girl's access is mediated<\/span>\u0932\u093f\u0902\u0917<\/strong> \u2014 \u0938\u093e\u091d\u093e \u0918\u0930\u0947\u0932\u0942 \u092b\u093c\u094b\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092f\u0903 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0941\u0930\u0941\u0937 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0914\u0930 \u092c\u093e\u0932\u093f\u0915\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/li>\n <li>Income<\/strong> \u2014 one device shared among three children of school age is not three accesses<\/span>\u0906\u092f<\/strong> \u2014 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f-\u0906\u092f\u0941 \u0915\u0947 \u0924\u0940\u0928 \u092c\u091a\u094d\u091a\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u093e\u091d\u093e \u090f\u0915 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0924\u0940\u0928 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/li>\n <li>Language<\/strong> \u2014 content that exists only in English excludes most of the country<\/span>\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e<\/strong> \u2014 \u091c\u094b \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0905\u0902\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0947\u091c\u093c\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u094b \u0935\u0939 \u0926\u0947\u0936 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0902\u0936 \u092d\u093e\u0917 \u0915\u094b \u092c\u093e\u0939\u0930 \u0915\u0930 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/li>\n <li>Disability<\/strong> \u2014 an inaccessible portal excludes absolutely, which is the subject of Chapter 14<\/span>\u0926\u093f\u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0917\u0924\u093e<\/strong> \u2014 \u0905\u0938\u0941\u0917\u092e\u094d\u092f \u092a\u094b\u0930\u094d\u091f\u0932 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923\u0924\u0903 \u092c\u0939\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0915\u0943\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u092f\u0939\u0940 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f 14 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"pc-panel pro\">\n <div class=\"pc-head\">\u2713<\/span>What is being done, and what a school can do<\/span>\u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0930\u0939\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n <ul>\n <li>BharatNet<\/strong> for fibre to the panchayat, and CSCs<\/strong> for assisted access \u2014 pillars one and three<\/span>\u092a\u0902\u091a\u093e\u092f\u0924 \u0924\u0915 \u0924\u0902\u0924\u0941 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0928\u0947\u091f<\/strong>, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0938\u0939\u093e\u092f\u0924\u093e-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 CSC<\/strong> \u2014 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0902\u092d \u090f\u0915 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0924\u0940\u0928<\/span><\/li>\n <li>PMGDISHA<\/strong> \u2014 Pradhan Mantri Gramin Digital Saksharta Abhiyan, for digital literacy in rural households<\/strong><\/span>PMGDISHA<\/strong> \u2014 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0927\u093e\u0928\u092e\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e\u0940\u0923 \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u0938\u093e\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0905\u092d\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0928, \u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e\u0940\u0923 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u0938\u093e\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0930\u0924\u093e<\/strong> \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941<\/span><\/li>\n <li>Bhashini<\/strong> and the language missions, so that services exist in Indian languages rather than only in English<\/span>\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093f\u0923\u0940<\/strong> \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e-\u092e\u093f\u0936\u0928, \u0924\u093e\u0915\u093f \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0905\u0902\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0947\u091c\u093c\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u094b\u0902<\/span><\/li>\n <li>PM e-VIDYA's multi-modal design<\/strong> from \u00a79.4 \u2014 television and radio precisely because online alone would exclude<\/span>\u00a79.4 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u0940\u090f\u092e \u0908-\u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u093e \u092c\u0939\u0941-\u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a<\/strong> \u2014 \u091f\u0947\u0932\u0940\u0935\u093f\u091c\u093c\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0930\u0947\u0921\u093f\u092f\u094b \u0920\u0940\u0915 \u0907\u0938\u0932\u093f\u090f \u0915\u093f \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0911\u0928\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u092c\u0939\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0915\u0943\u0924 \u0915\u0930 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e<\/span><\/li>\n <li>In the school itself: a facilitation counter during admission, shared devices, offline content, and a printed alternative for every notice sent digitally<\/strong><\/span>\u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902: \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0947\u0936 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u092f \u0938\u0939\u093e\u092f\u0924\u093e-\u0915\u093e\u0909\u0902\u091f\u0930, \u0938\u093e\u091d\u093e \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923, \u0911\u092b\u093c\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0905\u0902\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u092d\u0947\u091c\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0915\u093e \u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"exam-tip\">\n <div class=\"et-icon\">\u2696\ufe0f<\/div>\n <div class=\"et-body\">\n The principle that ties this chapter to the school's own conduct.<\/strong> Every service in this chapter was created to widen access. Each of them, applied without thought, can narrow it instead \u2014 an online-only admission form, a notice sent only by message, a benefit released only against an Aadhaar number. The test of a digital service in a school is not how many people it serves faster, but whether anybody has been shut out who was previously let in.<\/strong> Where the answer is yes, the remedy is an alternative route rather than an explanation of why the portal cannot help.<\/span>\n \u0935\u0939 \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924 \u091c\u094b \u0907\u0938 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f \u0915\u094b \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u0906\u091a\u0930\u0923 \u0938\u0947 \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/strong> \u0907\u0938 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a \u092c\u0922\u093c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u092c\u0928\u0940 \u0925\u0940\u0964 \u0909\u0928\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915, \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0935\u093f\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0932\u093e\u0917\u0942 \u0915\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u090f \u0924\u094b, \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0901\u0915\u0930\u093e \u092d\u0940 \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932-\u0911\u0928\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0947\u0936-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930, \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u0938\u0947 \u092d\u0947\u091c\u0940 \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e, \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0930\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u091c\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0932\u093e\u092d\u0964 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0905\u0902\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u0938\u094c\u091f\u0940 \u092f\u0939 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u093f \u0935\u0939 \u0915\u093f\u0924\u0928\u0947 \u0932\u094b\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0936\u0940\u0918\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0905\u092a\u093f\u0924\u0941 \u092f\u0939 \u0915\u093f \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0910\u0938\u093e \u092c\u093e\u0939\u0930 \u0939\u0941\u0906 \u091c\u094b \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u092d\u0940\u0924\u0930 \u0906\u0924\u093e \u0925\u093e\u0964<\/strong> \u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0939\u094b \u0935\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0909\u092a\u093e\u092f \u092f\u0939 \u0938\u094d\u092a\u0937\u094d\u091f\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u093f \u092a\u094b\u0930\u094d\u091f\u0932 \u0938\u0939\u093e\u092f\u0924\u093e \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e, \u0905\u092a\u093f\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0935\u0948\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a\u093f\u0915 \u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0917 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"mcq-box\">\n <div class=\"mcq-title\">\n Practice<\/span>\u0905\u092d\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938<\/span><\/span>\n Questions on digital services and e-governance<\/span>\u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0908-\u0917\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0928\u0947\u0902\u0938 \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928<\/span><\/span>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"mcq-note\">Objective questions in the pattern of the examination. Click to reveal the answer and its explanation.<\/span>\u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u0930 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928\u0964 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0916\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u094d\u0932\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u0940\u091c\u093f\u090f\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <details class=\"mcq-q\">\n <summary>102<\/span>Aadhaar is issued by which authority?<\/span><\/summary>\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\n <li>(a) NPCI<\/li>\n <li>(b) UIDAI<\/li>\n <li>(c) NIC<\/li>\n <li>(d) CCA<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\">(b) UIDAI<\/b> The Unique Identification Authority of India, under the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology, given statutory standing by the Aadhaar Act, 2016. Aadhaar is proof of identity and residence, and is not proof of citizenship.<\/span>\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0935\u093f\u0936\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f \u092a\u0939\u091a\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915\u0930\u0923, \u091c\u094b \u0907\u0932\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0928\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u092e\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u0940\u0928 \u0939\u0948 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e, 2016 \u0938\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0940\u0964 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u0939\u091a\u093e\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0928\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u0939\u0948, \u0928\u093e\u0917\u0930\u093f\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964<\/span>\u00a713.2<\/span><\/div>\n <\/details>\n <details class=\"mcq-q\">\n <summary>103<\/span>Digital India was launched in which year, and has how many pillars?<\/span><\/summary>\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\n <li>(a) 2014, seven pillars<\/li>\n <li>(b) 2015, nine pillars<\/li>\n <li>(c) 2016, nine pillars<\/li>\n <li>(d) 2015, eleven pillars<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\">(b) 2015, nine pillars<\/b> Launched on 1 July 2015 under MeitY, with three vision areas and nine pillars \u2014 among them Broadband Highways, e-Kranti, Information for All and Electronics Manufacturing.<\/span>1 \u091c\u0941\u0932\u093e\u0908 2015 \u0915\u094b MeitY \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u0940\u0928 \u0906\u0930\u0902\u092d, \u0924\u0940\u0928 \u0926\u0943\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093f-\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0928\u094c \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0902\u092d\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u2014 \u091c\u093f\u0928\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0921\u092c\u0948\u0902\u0921 \u0939\u093e\u0907\u0935\u0947\u091c\u093c, \u0908-\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0924\u093f, \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0938\u092c\u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0907\u0932\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0928\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span>\u00a713.8<\/span><\/div>\n <\/details>\n <details class=\"mcq-q\">\n <summary>104<\/span>UPI was launched by which organisation?<\/span><\/summary>\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\n <li>(a) Reserve Bank of India<\/li>\n <li>(b) UIDAI<\/li>\n <li>(c) NPCI<\/li>\n <li>(d) SEBI<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\">(c) NPCI<\/b> The National Payments Corporation of India, established in 2008, launched UPI in 2016. RuPay, IMPS, AePS, FASTag and Bharat BillPay are also NPCI products. Recall too that a UPI PIN is required only to send money, never to receive it.<\/span>\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u092d\u0941\u0917\u0924\u093e\u0928 \u0928\u093f\u0917\u092e, \u091c\u094b 2008 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0941\u0906, \u0928\u0947 2016 \u092e\u0947\u0902 UPI \u0906\u0930\u0902\u092d \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0964 \u0930\u0941\u092a\u0947, IMPS, AePS, \u092b\u093c\u093e\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0948\u0917 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u092c\u093f\u0932\u092a\u0947 \u092d\u0940 NPCI \u0915\u0947 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u092d\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u092e\u0930\u0923 \u0930\u0939\u0947 \u0915\u093f UPI PIN \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0927\u0928 \u092d\u0947\u091c\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915 \u0939\u0948, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u092d\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964<\/span>\u00a713.4<\/span><\/div>\n <\/details>\n <details class=\"mcq-q\">\n <summary>105<\/span>Under the RTI Act, 2005, information concerning the life or liberty of a person must be supplied within:<\/span><\/summary>\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\n <li>(a) 30 days<\/li>\n <li>(b) 15 days<\/li>\n <li>(c) 48 hours<\/li>\n <li>(d) 7 days<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\">(c) 48 hours<\/b> The ordinary period is thirty days; forty-eight hours applies where life or liberty is concerned. Both figures are asked. A school substantially financed by government is a public authority under the Act.<\/span>\u0938\u093e\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0905\u0935\u0927\u093f \u0924\u0940\u0938 \u0926\u093f\u0928 \u0939\u0948; \u0905\u0921\u093c\u0924\u093e\u0932\u0940\u0938 \u0918\u0902\u091f\u0947 \u0924\u092c \u0932\u093e\u0917\u0942 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u091c\u092c \u091c\u0940\u0935\u0928 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u0939\u094b\u0964 \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0905\u0902\u0915 \u092a\u0942\u091b\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0936\u093e\u0938\u0928 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u092a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0924-\u092a\u094b\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0907\u0938 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u0940\u0928 \u0932\u094b\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\u00a713.7<\/span><\/div>\n <\/details>\n <details class=\"mcq-q\">\n <summary>106<\/span>In DigiLocker, documents placed directly by the issuing authority are:<\/span><\/summary>\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\n <li>(a) Uploaded documents, not equivalent to originals<\/li>\n <li>(b) Issued documents, legally at par with the original<\/li>\n <li>(c) Temporary copies valid for one year<\/li>\n <li>(d) Valid only after physical attestation<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\">(b) Issued documents, legally at par with the original<\/b> Uploaded documents are scanned by the citizen and carry no such standing, though they may be self-attested using eSign. The distinction between issued and uploaded is the examinable point.<\/span>\u091a\u0922\u093c\u093e\u090f \u0917\u090f \u0926\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0947\u091c\u093c \u0928\u093e\u0917\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0915\u0948\u0928 \u0915\u093f\u090f \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0940 \u0910\u0938\u0940 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940, \u092f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u092a\u093f \u0908-\u0938\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u0938\u0947 \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u0935-\u0905\u092d\u093f\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u091c\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u091a\u0922\u093c\u093e\u090f \u0917\u090f \u0915\u093e \u092d\u0947\u0926 \u0939\u0940 \u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e-\u092f\u094b\u0917\u094d\u092f \u092c\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0941 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\u00a713.5<\/span><\/div>\n <\/details>\n <details class=\"mcq-q\">\n <summary>107<\/span>A digital signature provides all of the following EXCEPT:<\/span><\/summary>\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\n <li>(a) Authentication of the signer<\/li>\n <li>(b) Integrity of the document<\/li>\n <li>(c) Non-repudiation<\/li>\n <li>(d) Confidentiality of the contents<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\">(d) Confidentiality of the contents<\/b> A digital signature proves who signed, that the document has not been altered since, and that the signer cannot later deny it. It does not conceal the contents \u2014 that requires encryption of the document itself, which is a separate operation.<\/span>\u0905\u0902\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0939\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0930 \u092f\u0939 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0930 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e, \u0915\u093f \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u0926\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0947\u091c\u093c \u092c\u0926\u0932\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0917\u092f\u093e, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0915\u093f \u0939\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0930\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0907\u0928\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u091b\u093f\u092a\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u2014 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u0926\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0947\u091c\u093c \u0915\u093e \u0915\u0942\u091f\u0932\u0947\u0916\u0928 \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f, \u091c\u094b \u092a\u0943\u0925\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\u00a713.3<\/span><\/div>\n <\/details>\n <details class=\"mcq-q\">\n <summary>108<\/span>Interaction between two government departments, such as the flow of UDISE+ data from a school to the district office, is an example of:<\/span><\/summary>\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\n <li>(a) G2C<\/li>\n <li>(b) G2B<\/li>\n <li>(c) G2G<\/li>\n <li>(d) G2E<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\">(c) G2G<\/b> Government to Government. G2C covers services to citizens such as certificates and scholarships, G2B covers business dealings such as tenders and procurement, and G2E covers an employee's own salary, leave and service records.<\/span>\u0917\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0928\u092e\u0947\u0902\u091f \u091f\u0941 \u0917\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0928\u092e\u0947\u0902\u091f\u0964 G2C \u0928\u093e\u0917\u0930\u093f\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0926\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u0906\u0935\u0943\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u091b\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901, G2B \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0935\u0938\u093e\u092f\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u0935\u093f\u0926\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0916\u093c\u0930\u0940\u0926, \u0924\u0925\u093e G2E \u0915\u0930\u094d\u092e\u091a\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u092a\u0928\u093e \u0935\u0947\u0924\u0928, \u0905\u0935\u0915\u093e\u0936 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e-\u0905\u092d\u093f\u0932\u0947\u0916\u0964<\/span>\u00a713.1<\/span><\/div>\n <\/details>\n <details class=\"mcq-q\">\n <summary>109<\/span>The JAM trinity underpinning financial inclusion in India consists of:<\/span><\/summary>\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\n <li>(a) Jan Dhan, Aadhaar, Mobile<\/li>\n <li>(b) Jan Dhan, ATM, Mobile<\/li>\n <li>(c) Jan Dhan, Aadhaar, Money<\/li>\n <li>(d) Jobs, Aadhaar, Mobile<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\">(a) Jan Dhan, Aadhaar, Mobile<\/b> PMJDY of 2014 opened basic accounts with no minimum balance and a RuPay debit card, Aadhaar supplied the identity for verification, and the mobile phone supplied the channel. Together they made Direct Benefit Transfer workable at scale.<\/span>2014 \u0915\u0940 PMJDY \u0928\u0947 \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0928\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0928\u0924\u092e \u0936\u0947\u0937 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u0942\u0932 \u0916\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0930\u0941\u092a\u0947 \u0921\u0947\u092c\u093f\u091f \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0921 \u0926\u093f\u090f, \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u0928 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u092a\u0939\u091a\u093e\u0928 \u0926\u0940, \u0914\u0930 \u092e\u094b\u092c\u093e\u0907\u0932 \u092b\u093c\u094b\u0928 \u0928\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e\u0964 \u0924\u0940\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0928\u0947 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0915\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0932\u093e\u092d \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u094b \u092c\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u092a\u0948\u092e\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u092c\u0928\u093e\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/span>\u00a713.4<\/span><\/div>\n <\/details>\n <details class=\"mcq-q\">\n <summary>110<\/span>A card that spends only the amount already loaded onto it, and requires no bank account, is a:<\/span><\/summary>\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\n <li>(a) Debit card<\/li>\n <li>(b) Credit card<\/li>\n <li>(c) Prepaid card<\/li>\n <li>(d) RuPay card<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\">(c) Prepaid card<\/b> A debit card spends money already in an account and a credit card spends money lent by the bank up to a limit. A prepaid card needs no account at all, which is what makes it useful for a beneficiary who has none. RuPay is a card network, not a card type.<\/span>\u0921\u0947\u092c\u093f\u091f \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0921 \u0916\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0921\u093c\u093e \u0927\u0928 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0915\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0921\u093f\u091f \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0921 \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e \u0924\u0915 \u092c\u0948\u0902\u0915 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0909\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0927\u0928\u0964 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092a\u0947\u0921 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0921 \u0915\u094b \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0916\u093e\u0924\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f \u0939\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0914\u0930 \u0907\u0938\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u0935\u0939 \u0909\u0938 \u0932\u093e\u092d\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u092e \u0906\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u0938 \u0916\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964 \u0930\u0941\u092a\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0921 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0921 \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\u00a713.4<\/span><\/div>\n <\/details>\n <\/div>\n\n <\/section>\n\n \n <section class=\"chapter-content\" data-chap=\"14\" id=\"c14\">\n <div class=\"chapter-heading-block\">\n SYLLABUS ITEM 14<\/span>\u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u092e\u0926 14<\/span><\/span>\n <h2>Digital Accessibility<\/span>\u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u0938\u0941\u0917\u092e\u094d\u092f\u0924\u093e<\/span><\/h2>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"callout amber\">\n <div class=\"callout-label\">\ud83d\udccc What this chapter covers<\/span>\ud83d\udccc \u0907\u0938 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/div>\n Assistive technology, screen readers, text-to-speech, accessible documents, the RPwD Act, and inclusive digital practice<\/span>\n \u0938\u0939\u093e\u092f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u0940, \u0938\u094d\u0915\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0928 \u0930\u0940\u0921\u0930, \u092a\u093e\u0920-\u0938\u0947-\u0935\u093e\u0923\u0940, \u0938\u0941\u0917\u092e\u094d\u092f \u0926\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0947\u091c\u093c, RPwD \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0935\u0947\u0936\u0940 \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930<\/span>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"keyfact-grid\">\n <div class=\"keyfact-card navy-hi\">\n \u2696\ufe0f<\/span>\n <div class=\"kf-label\">The Governing Statute<\/span>\u0936\u093e\u0938\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0927\u093e\u0928<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"kf-value\" style=\"font-size:14px;\">RPwD Act, 2016<\/span>RPwD \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e, 2016<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"kf-sub\">Recognises 21 disabilities<\/strong>; benchmark disability is 40 per cent<\/strong><\/span>21 \u0926\u093f\u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0917\u0924\u093e\u090f\u0901<\/strong> \u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f; \u092c\u0947\u0902\u091a\u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0926\u093f\u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0917\u0924\u093e 40 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0936\u0924<\/strong><\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"keyfact-card teal-hi\">\n \ud83c\udf10<\/span>\n <div class=\"kf-label\">The Web Standard<\/span>\u0935\u0947\u092c \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0915<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"kf-value\" style=\"font-size:15px;\">WCAG \u00b7 POUR<\/div>\n <div class=\"kf-sub\">Perceivable, Operable, Understandable, Robust<\/span>\u092c\u094b\u0927\u0917\u092e\u094d\u092f, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u091a\u093e\u0932\u0928\u0940\u092f, \u092c\u094b\u0927\u0928\u0940\u092f, \u0938\u0941\u0926\u0943\u0922\u093c<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"keyfact-card amber-hi\">\n \ud83d\udeb8<\/span>\n <div class=\"kf-label\">The Design Principle<\/span>\u0905\u092d\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a-\u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"kf-value\" style=\"font-size:14px;\">UDL \u00b7 three principles<\/span>UDL \u00b7 \u0924\u0940\u0928 \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"kf-sub\">Multiple means of engagement, representation, and action<\/span>\u0938\u0902\u0932\u0917\u094d\u0928\u0924\u093e, \u0928\u093f\u0930\u0942\u092a\u0923 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0947\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u0927\u0928<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d14-0\">\n 14.0<\/span>\n <h3>Introduction<\/span>\u092a\u0930\u093f\u091a\u092f<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n <ul class=\"icon-list\">\n <li>\u25b8<\/span>\n Chapter 13 closed on a test: whether a digital service has shut anyone out who was previously let in. For a person with a disability that test is not occasional but constant<\/strong>, and the answer turns on decisions taken by people who will never meet them \u2014 the person who scanned a circular instead of saving it as text, the person who wrote \"click here\" instead of naming the link.<\/span>\n \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f 13 \u090f\u0915 \u0915\u0938\u094c\u091f\u0940 \u092a\u0930 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u0941\u0906: \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0905\u0902\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e \u0928\u0947 \u0910\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0915\u094b \u092c\u093e\u0939\u0930 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u094b \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u092d\u0940\u0924\u0930 \u0906\u0924\u093e \u0925\u093e\u0964 \u0926\u093f\u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0917 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u092f\u0939 \u0915\u0938\u094c\u091f\u0940 \u0915\u092d\u0940-\u0915\u092d\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0928\u093f\u0930\u0902\u0924\u0930 \u0939\u0948<\/strong>, \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0909\u0928 \u0932\u094b\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0923\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u091f\u093f\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0909\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u092d\u0940 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0947\u0902\u0917\u0947 \u0939\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u2014 \u0935\u0939 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u093e\u0920 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u091c\u093e\u092f \u0938\u094d\u0915\u0948\u0928 \u0915\u0930 \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e, \u0935\u0939 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0928\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u0902\u0915 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093e\u092e \u0926\u0947\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u091c\u093e\u092f \"\u092f\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0915\u094d\u0932\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902\" \u0932\u093f\u0916 \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/span>\n <\/span><\/li>\n <li>\u25b8<\/span>\n Digital accessibility<\/strong> is the design of technology and content so that people with disabilities can perceive, understand, navigate and interact with it<\/strong>. It is not a favour extended to a few. Under the Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act, 2016<\/strong> it is an entitlement<\/strong>, and a school that fails at it is not being ungenerous but non-compliant.<\/span>\n \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u0938\u0941\u0917\u092e\u094d\u092f\u0924\u093e<\/strong> \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u093e \u0910\u0938\u093e \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0926\u093f\u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0917\u091c\u0928 \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u092c\u094b\u0927 \u0938\u0915\u0947\u0902, \u0938\u092e\u091d \u0938\u0915\u0947\u0902, \u0909\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0947\u0902 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0909\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0903\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0947\u0902<\/strong>\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0915\u0941\u091b \u0932\u094b\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0917\u0908 \u0915\u0943\u092a\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0926\u093f\u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0917\u091c\u0928 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e, 2016<\/strong> \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u0940\u0928 \u092f\u0939 \u0939\u0915\u093c<\/strong> \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u091c\u094b \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0907\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u092b\u0932 \u0939\u094b \u0935\u0939 \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0930 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0905\u092a\u093f\u0924\u0941 \u0905\u0928\u0928\u0941\u092a\u093e\u0932\u0915 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\n <\/span><\/li>\n <li>\u25b8<\/span>\n The 2011 Census recorded about 2.68 crore persons with disabilities in India<\/strong>, some 2.21 per cent<\/strong> of the population, and these are widely held to be undercounts. In practical terms a school of a thousand will have children who need what this chapter describes, whether or not any of them has been identified.<\/span>\n 2011 \u0915\u0940 \u091c\u0928\u0917\u0923\u0928\u093e \u0928\u0947 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0932\u0917\u092d\u0917 2.68 \u0915\u0930\u094b\u0921\u093c \u0926\u093f\u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0917\u091c\u0928 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0932\u093f\u0916\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u090f<\/strong>, \u091c\u094b \u091c\u0928\u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0932\u0917\u092d\u0917 2.21 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0936\u0924<\/strong> \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0907\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u0915 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u092e \u0917\u093f\u0928\u0924\u0940 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u090f\u0915 \u0939\u091c\u093c\u093e\u0930 \u092c\u091a\u094d\u091a\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0910\u0938\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0932\u0915 \u0939\u094b\u0902\u0917\u0947 \u091c\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u0939 \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f \u091c\u094b \u092f\u0939 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0923\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091a\u093e\u0939\u0947 \u0909\u0928\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u091a\u093f\u0939\u094d\u0928\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0941\u0906 \u0939\u094b \u092f\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964<\/span>\n <\/span><\/li>\n <\/ul>\n\n <hr class=\"section-divider\">\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d14-1\">\n 14.1<\/span>\n <h3>Accessibility, Universal Design and UDL<\/span>\u0938\u0941\u0917\u092e\u094d\u092f\u0924\u093e, \u0938\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0935\u092d\u094c\u092e\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a \u090f\u0935\u0902 UDL<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n <svg class=\"full-diagram\" viewBox=\"0 0 700 292\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"The three principles of Universal Design for Learning\">\n <text x=\"350\" y=\"18\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"11\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#14243f\" letter-spacing=\".7\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">UNIVERSAL DESIGN FOR LEARNING \u2014 THREE PRINCIPLES<\/text>\n <text x=\"350\" y=\"34\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#5a6d80\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Provide multiple means of each. The variation is built into the lesson, not added afterwards for one child.<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"24\" y=\"46\" width=\"208\" height=\"140\" rx=\"9\" fill=\"#fdf0f5\" stroke=\"#8e2f5a\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\n <circle cx=\"128\" cy=\"76\" r=\"18\" fill=\"#8e2f5a\"\/>\n <text x=\"128\" y=\"83\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"15\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">\u2665<\/text>\n <text x=\"128\" y=\"110\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#8e2f5a\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">ENGAGEMENT<\/text>\n <text x=\"128\" y=\"124\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">the WHY of learning<\/text>\n <text x=\"128\" y=\"142\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Choice of task, relevance to the<\/text>\n <text x=\"128\" y=\"153\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">learner's own life, collaboration,<\/text>\n <text x=\"128\" y=\"164\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">and feedback that sustains effort.<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"246\" y=\"46\" width=\"208\" height=\"140\" rx=\"9\" fill=\"#eef4fc\" stroke=\"#1f5fa9\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\n <circle cx=\"350\" cy=\"76\" r=\"18\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\"\/>\n <text x=\"350\" y=\"83\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"15\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">\ud83d\udc41<\/text>\n <text x=\"350\" y=\"110\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">REPRESENTATION<\/text>\n <text x=\"350\" y=\"124\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">the WHAT of learning<\/text>\n <text x=\"350\" y=\"142\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">The same content offered as text,<\/text>\n <text x=\"350\" y=\"153\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">audio, image, video and diagram \u2014<\/text>\n <text x=\"350\" y=\"164\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">not one route only.<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"468\" y=\"46\" width=\"208\" height=\"140\" rx=\"9\" fill=\"#eefbf7\" stroke=\"#0d8f79\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\n <circle cx=\"572\" cy=\"76\" r=\"18\" fill=\"#0d8f79\"\/>\n <text x=\"572\" y=\"83\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"15\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">\u270d<\/text>\n <text x=\"572\" y=\"110\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#0d8f79\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">ACTION & EXPRESSION<\/text>\n <text x=\"572\" y=\"124\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">the HOW of learning<\/text>\n <text x=\"572\" y=\"142\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">More than one way to show what<\/text>\n <text x=\"572\" y=\"153\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">has been learnt \u2014 written, spoken,<\/text>\n <text x=\"572\" y=\"164\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">drawn, built, demonstrated.<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"24\" y=\"198\" width=\"652\" height=\"30\" rx=\"7\" fill=\"#14243f\"\/>\n <text x=\"350\" y=\"211\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">THE CURB-CUT EFFECT<\/text>\n <text x=\"350\" y=\"223\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#c9daf0\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">A ramp cut into a pavement for wheelchairs is used by prams, trolleys and everyone carrying something heavy.<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"24\" y=\"236\" width=\"652\" height=\"48\" rx=\"7\" fill=\"#f7fbff\" stroke=\"#c3d2e2\" stroke-width=\"1.2\"\/>\n <text x=\"40\" y=\"251\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">The same holds digitally: <tspan font-weight=\"700\">captions<\/tspan> are used in a noisy room and by a learner whose English is weak<\/text>\n <text x=\"40\" y=\"263\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">\u00b7 <tspan font-weight=\"700\">text-to-speech<\/tspan> is used while travelling \u00b7 <tspan font-weight=\"700\">clear headings<\/tspan> help every reader find a passage.<\/text>\n <text x=\"40\" y=\"275\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\"><tspan font-weight=\"700\">Accessibility built in for a few turns out to serve everyone \u2014 which is the argument that wins a budget.<\/tspan><\/text>\n <\/svg>\n\n <table class=\"data-table\">\n <thead>\n <tr>\n <th>Term<\/span>\u092a\u0926<\/span><\/th>\n <th>Meaning, and how it differs from the one before<\/span>\u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092f\u0939 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/th>\n <\/tr>\n <\/thead>\n <tbody>\n <tr><td>Accessibility<\/span>\u0938\u0941\u0917\u092e\u094d\u092f\u0924\u093e<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>A property of the thing itself<\/strong> \u2014 a document, a building, a website \u2014 by which a person with a disability can use it.<\/span>\u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u093e \u0917\u0941\u0923<\/strong> \u2014 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0926\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0947\u091c\u093c, \u092d\u0935\u0928, \u0935\u0947\u092c\u0938\u093e\u0907\u091f \u0915\u093e \u2014 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0926\u093f\u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0917 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0909\u0938\u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0947\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>Universal Design<\/span>\u0938\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0935\u092d\u094c\u092e\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>Designing from the outset for the widest range of users<\/strong>, so that no separate adaptation is needed later. Associated with the architect Ronald Mace<\/strong>, and set out in seven principles<\/strong> \u2014 among them equitable use, flexibility, simple and intuitive use, perceptible information and tolerance for error.<\/span>\u0906\u0930\u0902\u092d \u0938\u0947 \u0939\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u0915\u0924\u092e \u092a\u0930\u093e\u0938<\/strong> \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a\u0928\u093e, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u092a\u0943\u0925\u0915 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0915\u0942\u0932\u0928 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915 \u0928 \u0939\u094b\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0930\u094b\u0928\u093e\u0932\u094d\u0921 \u092e\u0947\u0938<\/strong> \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0938\u093e\u0924 \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924\u094b\u0902<\/strong> \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092a\u093e\u0926\u093f\u0924 \u2014 \u091c\u093f\u0928\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u092e\u0924\u093e\u092e\u0942\u0932\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917, \u0932\u091a\u0940\u0932\u093e\u092a\u0928, \u0938\u0930\u0932 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0939\u091c \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917, \u092c\u094b\u0927\u0917\u092e\u094d\u092f \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0924\u094d\u0930\u0941\u091f\u093f-\u0938\u0939\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0923\u0941\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr style=\"background:#f3f8ff;\"><td>UDL<\/strong><\/td><td>Universal Design for Learning<\/strong> \u2014 the same idea applied to teaching. Its three principles<\/strong> are shown above, and the distinction from universal design generally is that UDL concerns curriculum and pedagogy rather than objects and spaces<\/strong>.<\/span>\u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0938\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0935\u092d\u094c\u092e\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a<\/strong> \u2014 \u0935\u0939\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u092a\u0930 \u0932\u093e\u0917\u0942\u0964 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0924\u0940\u0928 \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924<\/strong> \u090a\u092a\u0930 \u0926\u093f\u090f \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0938\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0935\u092d\u094c\u092e\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u092d\u0947\u0926 \u092f\u0939 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f UDL \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0913\u0902 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u091a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u093e<\/strong> \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>Reasonable accommodation<\/span>\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0928\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0938<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>A modification made for a particular person<\/strong> so that they may exercise a right on an equal basis \u2014 a scribe, extra time, a larger font. Required by the RPwD Act. It is retrofitting where universal design was absent<\/strong>, and the two are complementary rather than alternative.<\/span>\u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0938\u0902\u0936\u094b\u0927\u0928<\/strong> \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0935\u0939 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0947 \u2014 \u0932\u0947\u0916\u0928-\u0938\u0939\u093e\u092f\u0915, \u0905\u0924\u093f\u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0938\u092e\u092f, \u092c\u0921\u093c\u093e \u092b\u093c\u0949\u0928\u094d\u091f\u0964 RPwD \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0905\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0935\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u092a\u0936\u094d\u091a-\u0938\u0902\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0938\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0935\u092d\u094c\u092e\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a \u0928 \u0930\u0939\u093e \u0939\u094b<\/strong>, \u0914\u0930 \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u092a\u0942\u0930\u0915 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>Medical and social models<\/span>\u091a\u093f\u0915\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0938\u0915\u0940\u092f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u091c\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u0942\u092a<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>The medical model<\/strong> locates the problem in the person and seeks to correct them. The social model<\/strong> locates it in barriers created by the environment<\/strong> \u2014 a step, an unlabelled image, a scanned circular \u2014 and seeks to remove those. The RPwD Act is founded on the social model<\/strong>, and so is this chapter.<\/span>\u091a\u093f\u0915\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0938\u0915\u0940\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u0942\u092a<\/strong> \u0938\u092e\u0938\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0926\u0947\u0916\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0941\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0928\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0939\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u091c\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u0942\u092a<\/strong> \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0936 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0930\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u092c\u093e\u0927\u093e\u0913\u0902<\/strong> \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0926\u0947\u0916\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u0940\u0922\u093c\u0940, \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0928\u093e\u092e \u0915\u093e \u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930, \u0938\u094d\u0915\u0948\u0928 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u2014 \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u091f\u093e\u0928\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0939\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 RPwD \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u091c\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u0942\u092a \u092a\u0930 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948<\/strong>, \u0914\u0930 \u092f\u0939 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f \u092d\u0940\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <\/tbody>\n <\/table>\n\n <hr class=\"section-divider\">\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d14-2\">\n 14.2<\/span>\n <h3>Assistive Technology<\/span>\u0938\u0939\u093e\u092f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u0940<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n <svg class=\"full-diagram\" viewBox=\"0 0 700 284\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Assistive technology arranged by the need it serves\">\n <text x=\"350\" y=\"18\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#14243f\" letter-spacing=\".6\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">ASSISTIVE TECHNOLOGY, BY THE NEED IT SERVES<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"24\" y=\"30\" width=\"212\" height=\"108\" rx=\"8\" fill=\"#eef4fc\" stroke=\"#1f5fa9\" stroke-width=\"1.8\"\/>\n <text x=\"130\" y=\"50\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">\ud83d\udc41 VISUAL<\/text>\n <g font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">\n <text x=\"38\" y=\"68\">\u00b7 Screen reader \u2014 NVDA, JAWS,<\/text>\n <text x=\"46\" y=\"79\">Narrator, VoiceOver, TalkBack<\/text>\n <text x=\"38\" y=\"93\">\u00b7 Magnifier, high contrast, large text<\/text>\n <text x=\"38\" y=\"107\">\u00b7 Refreshable Braille display<\/text>\n <text x=\"38\" y=\"121\">\u00b7 Braille embosser \u00b7 DAISY player<\/text>\n <text x=\"38\" y=\"133\">\u00b7 OCR to turn print into text<\/text>\n <\/g>\n\n <rect x=\"244\" y=\"30\" width=\"212\" height=\"108\" rx=\"8\" fill=\"#eefbf7\" stroke=\"#0d8f79\" stroke-width=\"1.8\"\/>\n <text x=\"350\" y=\"50\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#0d8f79\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">\ud83d\udc42 HEARING<\/text>\n <g font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">\n <text x=\"258\" y=\"68\">\u00b7 Captions \u2014 closed and live<\/text>\n <text x=\"258\" y=\"82\">\u00b7 Indian Sign Language interpretation<\/text>\n <text x=\"258\" y=\"96\">\u00b7 Hearing aid \u00b7 cochlear implant<\/text>\n <text x=\"258\" y=\"110\">\u00b7 FM and loop systems in a hall<\/text>\n <text x=\"258\" y=\"124\">\u00b7 Visual alerts instead of a bell<\/text>\n <\/g>\n\n <rect x=\"464\" y=\"30\" width=\"212\" height=\"108\" rx=\"8\" fill=\"#fffbf0\" stroke=\"#c9760f\" stroke-width=\"1.8\"\/>\n <text x=\"570\" y=\"50\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#c9760f\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">\ud83d\udde3 SPEECH<\/text>\n <g font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">\n <text x=\"478\" y=\"68\">\u00b7 AAC \u2014 Augmentative and<\/text>\n <text x=\"486\" y=\"79\">Alternative Communication<\/text>\n <text x=\"478\" y=\"93\">\u00b7 Communication boards and books<\/text>\n <text x=\"478\" y=\"107\">\u00b7 Speech-generating devices<\/text>\n <text x=\"478\" y=\"121\">\u00b7 Symbol and picture systems<\/text>\n <\/g>\n\n <rect x=\"24\" y=\"148\" width=\"322\" height=\"80\" rx=\"8\" fill=\"#faf6ff\" stroke=\"#6b3a8f\" stroke-width=\"1.8\"\/>\n <text x=\"185\" y=\"168\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#6b3a8f\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">\u270b PHYSICAL AND MOTOR<\/text>\n <g font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">\n <text x=\"38\" y=\"186\">\u00b7 Adapted or on-screen keyboard \u00b7 switch access<\/text>\n <text x=\"38\" y=\"200\">\u00b7 Sticky Keys, Filter Keys, slower pointer settings<\/text>\n <text x=\"38\" y=\"214\">\u00b7 Voice recognition \u00b7 head pointer \u00b7 eye tracking<\/text>\n <\/g>\n\n <rect x=\"354\" y=\"148\" width=\"322\" height=\"80\" rx=\"8\" fill=\"#fff6f4\" stroke=\"#c0392b\" stroke-width=\"1.8\"\/>\n <text x=\"515\" y=\"168\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#c0392b\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">\ud83e\udde9 LEARNING AND COGNITIVE<\/text>\n <g font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">\n <text x=\"368\" y=\"186\">\u00b7 Text-to-speech and reading pens \u00b7 word prediction<\/text>\n <text x=\"368\" y=\"200\">\u00b7 Spell check, mind maps, structured templates<\/text>\n <text x=\"368\" y=\"214\">\u00b7 Adjustable font, spacing and colour overlays<\/text>\n <\/g>\n\n <rect x=\"24\" y=\"238\" width=\"652\" height=\"38\" rx=\"6\" fill=\"#14243f\"\/>\n <text x=\"350\" y=\"253\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\"><tspan font-weight=\"700\">Most of this is already installed and free.<\/tspan> Windows Ease of Access, Android TalkBack<\/text>\n <text x=\"350\" y=\"265\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">and Apple VoiceOver ship with the device \u2014 the barrier is not cost but knowing they exist.<\/text>\n <\/svg>\n Assistive technology ranges from low-tech<\/strong> \u2014 a pencil grip, a picture board, a slant board \u2014 to high-tech<\/strong>. The simplest solution that works is the right one.<\/span>\u0938\u0939\u093e\u092f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u0928\u093f\u092e\u094d\u0928-\u0924\u0915\u0928\u0940\u0915<\/strong> \u2014 \u092a\u0947\u0902\u0938\u093f\u0932-\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092a, \u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930-\u092a\u091f\u094d\u091f, \u0922\u093e\u0932\u0942 \u092a\u091f\u094d\u091f \u2014 \u0938\u0947 \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a-\u0924\u0915\u0928\u0940\u0915<\/strong> \u0924\u0915 \u092b\u0948\u0932\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u091c\u094b \u0938\u0930\u0932\u0924\u092e \u0909\u092a\u093e\u092f \u0915\u093e\u092e \u0915\u0930\u0947 \u0935\u0939\u0940 \u0909\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n\n <hr class=\"section-divider\">\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d14-3\">\n 14.3<\/span>\n <h3>Screen Readers and Visual Access<\/span>\u0938\u094d\u0915\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0928 \u0930\u0940\u0921\u0930 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0926\u0943\u0936\u094d\u092f \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"feat-grid\">\n <div class=\"feat-card\">1<\/span>What a screen reader is<\/span>\u0938\u094d\u0915\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0928 \u0930\u0940\u0921\u0930 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/strong>Software that converts what is on the screen into speech or into Braille<\/strong> on a refreshable display. NVDA<\/strong> is free and open source, JAWS<\/strong> is commercial, Narrator<\/strong> is built into Windows, VoiceOver<\/strong> into Apple devices and TalkBack<\/strong> into Android.<\/span>\u0935\u0939 \u0938\u0949\u092b\u093c\u094d\u091f\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u091c\u094b \u092a\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u091c\u094b \u0939\u0948 \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0923\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0903\u0928\u0935\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923\u0940\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936 \u092a\u0930 \u092c\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0932 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0926\u0932 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/strong>\u0964 NVDA<\/strong> \u0928\u093f:\u0936\u0941\u0932\u094d\u0915 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0913\u092a\u0928 \u0938\u094b\u0930\u094d\u0938 \u0939\u0948, JAWS<\/strong> \u0935\u093e\u0923\u093f\u091c\u094d\u092f\u093f\u0915, \u0928\u0948\u0930\u0947\u091f\u0930<\/strong> \u0935\u093f\u0902\u0921\u094b\u091c\u093c \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u094d\u0928\u093f\u0939\u093f\u0924, \u0935\u0949\u0907\u0938\u0913\u0935\u0930<\/strong> \u0910\u092a\u0932 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u091f\u0949\u0915\u092c\u0948\u0915<\/strong> \u090f\u0902\u0921\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0907\u0921 \u092e\u0947\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"feat-card\">2<\/span>How it navigates \u2014 and why structure matters<\/span>\u092f\u0939 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/strong>A sighted reader scans a page and jumps to what looks relevant. A screen reader user does the same by moving between headings, links and landmarks<\/strong>. This works only if real heading styles were used<\/strong> \u2014 the styles of \u00a73.6. Text merely made large and bold is, to a screen reader, ordinary text, and the whole page must then be heard from the beginning.<\/span>\u0926\u0943\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u093e\u0920\u0915 \u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u092a\u0930 \u0926\u0943\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093f \u0926\u094c\u0921\u093c\u093e\u0915\u0930 \u0935\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0938\u0902\u0917\u093f\u0915 \u0926\u093f\u0916\u0947\u0964 \u0938\u094d\u0915\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0928 \u0930\u0940\u0921\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0935\u0939\u0940 \u0915\u093e\u092e \u0936\u0940\u0930\u094d\u0937\u0915\u094b\u0902, \u0932\u093f\u0902\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u0932-\u091a\u093f\u0939\u094d\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u091a\u0932\u0915\u0930<\/strong> \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0924\u092d\u0940 \u091a\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u092c \u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u0936\u0940\u0930\u094d\u0937\u0915-\u0936\u0948\u0932\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u0941\u0908 \u0939\u094b\u0902<\/strong> \u2014 \u0935\u0939\u0940 \u0936\u0948\u0932\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u091c\u094b \u00a73.6 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0925\u0940\u0902\u0964 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u092c\u0921\u093c\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0917\u093e\u0922\u093c\u093e \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u092a\u093e\u0920 \u0938\u094d\u0915\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0928 \u0930\u0940\u0921\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0938\u093e\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u092a\u093e\u0920 \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0924\u092c \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u0906\u0930\u0902\u092d \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0941\u0928\u0928\u093e \u092a\u0921\u093c\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"feat-card\">3<\/span>Braille<\/span>\u092c\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0932<\/span><\/strong>A tactile system of six raised dots<\/strong> in a cell. Bharati Braille<\/strong> is the adaptation for Indian languages. A refreshable Braille display<\/strong> raises and lowers pins to present a line of digital text; a Braille embosser<\/strong> prints on paper.<\/span>\u0915\u094b\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091b\u0939 \u0909\u092d\u0930\u0947 \u092c\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0941\u0913\u0902<\/strong> \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u092a\u0930\u094d\u0936-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940\u0964 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u092c\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0932<\/strong> \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0915\u0942\u0932\u0928 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0903\u0928\u0935\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923\u0940\u092f \u092c\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0932 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936<\/strong> \u092a\u093f\u0928\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u0920\u093e\u0915\u0930-\u0917\u093f\u0930\u093e\u0915\u0930 \u0905\u0902\u0915\u0940\u092f \u092a\u093e\u0920 \u0915\u0940 \u090f\u0915 \u092a\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948; \u092c\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0932 \u090f\u092e\u094d\u092c\u0949\u0938\u0930<\/strong> \u0915\u093e\u0917\u093c\u091c\u093c \u092a\u0930 \u091b\u093e\u092a\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"feat-card\">4<\/span>DAISY<\/strong>Digital Accessible Information System<\/strong> \u2014 a format for navigable audio books<\/strong>, in which a listener can move by chapter, section or page rather than only forward and back. It is one of the accessible formats named in PM e-VIDYA's fourth component<\/strong> from \u00a79.4. Sugamya Pustakalaya<\/strong> is India's accessible digital library.<\/span>\u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u0910\u0915\u094d\u0938\u0947\u0938\u093f\u092c\u0932 \u0907\u0928\u094d\u092b\u093c\u0949\u0930\u094d\u092e\u0947\u0936\u0928 \u0938\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u092e<\/strong> \u2014 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u0930\u0923-\u092f\u094b\u0917\u094d\u092f \u0936\u094d\u0930\u0935\u094d\u092f \u092a\u0941\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0915\u094b\u0902<\/strong> \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0930\u0942\u092a, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0936\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0906\u0917\u0947-\u092a\u0940\u091b\u0947 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0905\u092a\u093f\u0924\u0941 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f, \u092d\u093e\u0917 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u0938\u0947 \u091a\u0932 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u00a79.4 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0940\u090f\u092e \u0908-\u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u091a\u094c\u0925\u0947 \u0918\u091f\u0915<\/strong> \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u0941\u0917\u092e\u094d\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0930\u0942\u092a\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u090f\u0915 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0938\u0941\u0917\u092e\u094d\u092f \u092a\u0941\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0915\u093e\u0932\u092f<\/strong> \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0941\u0917\u092e\u094d\u092f \u0905\u0902\u0915\u0940\u092f \u092a\u0941\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0915\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <hr class=\"section-divider\">\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d14-4\">\n 14.4<\/span>\n <h3>Hearing, Speech and Text-to-Speech<\/span>\u0936\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0923, \u0935\u093e\u0923\u0940 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u093e\u0920-\u0938\u0947-\u0935\u093e\u0923\u0940<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"vs-compare\">\n <div class=\"vs-side left\">\n Often confused<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092f\u0903 \u092d\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093f\u0924<\/span><\/span>\n <h5>Subtitles<\/span>\u0909\u092a\u0936\u0940\u0930\u094d\u0937\u0915<\/span><\/h5>\n <ul>\n <li>Carry the spoken dialogue only<\/strong>, and were devised for viewers who do not know the language.<\/span>\u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u092c\u094b\u0932\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0938\u0902\u0935\u093e\u0926<\/strong> \u0932\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0909\u0928 \u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u092c\u0928\u0947 \u0925\u0947 \u091c\u094b \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0924\u0947\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n <li>They assume the viewer can hear<\/strong> everything else.<\/span>\u0935\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0932\u0947\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0915\u093f \u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u0915 \u0936\u0947\u0937 \u0938\u092c \u0938\u0941\u0928 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/strong>\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"vs-mid\">VS<\/div>\n <div class=\"vs-side right\">\n The accessible form<\/span>\u0938\u0941\u0917\u092e\u094d\u092f \u0930\u0942\u092a<\/span><\/span>\n <h5>Captions<\/span>\u0915\u0948\u092a\u094d\u0936\u0928<\/span><\/h5>\n <ul>\n <li>Carry the dialogue and the other sound that matters<\/strong> \u2014 who is speaking, a knock at the door, music, laughter.<\/span>\u0938\u0902\u0935\u093e\u0926 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0935\u0939 \u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0927\u094d\u0935\u0928\u093f \u092d\u0940<\/strong> \u0932\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u091c\u094b \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0939\u094b \u2014 \u0915\u094c\u0928 \u092c\u094b\u0932 \u0930\u0939\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u0926\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0915, \u0938\u0902\u0917\u0940\u0924, \u0939\u0901\u0938\u0940\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n <li>Closed captions<\/strong> can be switched on and off; open captions<\/strong> are burnt into the picture and always visible.<\/span>\u0915\u094d\u0932\u094b\u091c\u093c\u094d\u0921 \u0915\u0948\u092a\u094d\u0936\u0928<\/strong> \u091a\u093e\u0932\u0942-\u092c\u0902\u0926 \u0915\u093f\u090f \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902; \u0913\u092a\u0928 \u0915\u0948\u092a\u094d\u0936\u0928<\/strong> \u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u0940 \u0905\u0902\u0915\u093f\u0924 \u0930\u0939\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0926\u093e \u0926\u093f\u0916\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <table class=\"data-table\">\n <thead>\n <tr>\n <th>Technology<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u0940<\/span><\/th>\n <th>What it does, and who else it serves<\/span>\u092f\u0939 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u092e \u0906\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/th>\n <\/tr>\n <\/thead>\n <tbody>\n <tr style=\"background:#f3f8ff;\"><td>TTS \u2014 Text-to-Speech<\/span>\u092a\u093e\u0920-\u0938\u0947-\u0935\u093e\u0923\u0940<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>Converts written text into synthesised speech. Used by blind and low-vision learners<\/strong>; by children with dyslexia<\/strong>, for whom hearing the text while seeing it materially improves comprehension; by learners whose reading is slow; and by anyone listening while travelling. The clearest instance of the curb-cut effect in this chapter.<\/strong><\/span>\u0932\u093f\u0916\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u093e\u0920 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0902\u0936\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0935\u093e\u0923\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0926\u0943\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093f\u092c\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0905\u0932\u094d\u092a\u0926\u0943\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093f \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e<\/strong> \u0907\u0938\u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902; \u0921\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0938\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0932\u0915<\/strong> \u092d\u0940, \u091c\u093f\u0928\u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u092a\u093e\u0920 \u0926\u0947\u0916\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0941\u090f \u0938\u0941\u0928\u0928\u093e \u092c\u094b\u0927 \u0915\u094b \u092e\u093e\u092a\u0928\u0940\u092f \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0947\u0939\u0924\u0930 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948; \u0935\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e \u092d\u0940 \u091c\u093f\u0928\u0915\u093e \u092a\u0920\u0928 \u0927\u0940\u092e\u093e \u0939\u0948; \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092f\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0941\u0928\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u092d\u0940\u0964 \u0907\u0938 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u0930\u094d\u092c-\u0915\u091f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u092a\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923\u0964<\/strong><\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>STT \u2014 Speech-to-Text<\/span>\u0935\u093e\u0923\u0940-\u0938\u0947-\u092a\u093e\u0920<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>The reverse: spoken words transcribed as text. Enables live captioning of a class<\/strong>, and allows a learner who cannot write by hand to compose by speaking.<\/span>\u0909\u0932\u091f\u093e: \u092c\u094b\u0932\u0947 \u0917\u090f \u0936\u092c\u094d\u0926 \u092a\u093e\u0920 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0932\u093f\u0916\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0938\u091c\u0940\u0935 \u0909\u092a\u0936\u0940\u0930\u094d\u0937\u0915\u0928<\/strong> \u0938\u0902\u092d\u0935 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0909\u0938 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0915\u094b \u092c\u094b\u0932\u0915\u0930 \u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0939\u093e\u0925 \u0938\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u0916 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>ISL \u00b7 ISLRTC<\/strong><\/td><td>Indian Sign Language<\/strong> is a language in its own right, with its own grammar \u2014 not a signed rendering of Hindi or English<\/strong>, and this is examined. The Indian Sign Language Research and Training Centre (ISLRTC)<\/strong>, established in 2015<\/strong> under the Department of Empowerment of Persons with Disabilities, develops the ISL dictionary and trains interpreters.<\/span>\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0938\u093e\u0902\u0915\u0947\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e<\/strong> \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u0906\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u090f\u0915 \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0938\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u2014 \u0939\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0940 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0905\u0902\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0947\u091c\u093c\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u093e\u0902\u0915\u0947\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0930\u0942\u092a\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902<\/strong>, \u0914\u0930 \u092f\u0939 \u092a\u0930\u0916\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0938\u093e\u0902\u0915\u0947\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u0902\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930 (ISLRTC)<\/strong>, \u091c\u094b 2015<\/strong> \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0926\u093f\u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0917\u091c\u0928 \u0938\u0936\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0917 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u0940\u0928 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0941\u0906, ISL \u0936\u092c\u094d\u0926\u0915\u094b\u0936 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0938\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0926\u0941\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093f\u090f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>AAC<\/strong><\/td><td>Augmentative and Alternative Communication<\/strong> \u2014 any means by which a person who cannot rely on speech communicates: a picture board, a symbol book, a speech-generating device. Augmentative<\/strong> supplements existing speech; alternative<\/strong> replaces it. Providing AAC does not discourage speech, a fear often expressed and not borne out.<\/span>\u0938\u0902\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0927\u0940 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0935\u0948\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0937\u0923<\/strong> \u2014 \u0935\u0939 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u092d\u0940 \u0938\u093e\u0927\u0928 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0910\u0938\u093e \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0938\u0902\u0935\u093e\u0926 \u0915\u0930\u0947 \u091c\u094b \u0935\u093e\u0923\u0940 \u092a\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092d\u0930 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0930\u0939 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e: \u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930-\u092a\u091f\u094d\u091f, \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0947\u0924-\u092a\u0941\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0915\u093e, \u0935\u093e\u0923\u0940-\u091c\u0928\u0915 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923\u0964 \u0938\u0902\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0927\u0940<\/strong> \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0935\u093e\u0923\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u0942\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948; \u0935\u0948\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a\u093f\u0915<\/strong> \u0909\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928 \u0932\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 AAC \u0926\u0947\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0923\u0940 \u0939\u0924\u094b\u0924\u094d\u0938\u093e\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940, \u092f\u0939 \u092d\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092f\u0903 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0941 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u093f\u0924 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <\/tbody>\n <\/table>\n <hr class=\"section-divider\">\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d14-5\">\n 14.5<\/span>\n <h3>Accessible Documents and Web Content<\/span>\u0938\u0941\u0917\u092e\u094d\u092f \u0926\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0947\u091c\u093c \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0935\u0947\u092c \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n <svg class=\"full-diagram\" viewBox=\"0 0 700 318\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"The same circular as an inaccessible scan and as an accessible document\">\n <text x=\"350\" y=\"18\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"10.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#14243f\" letter-spacing=\".6\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">THE SAME CIRCULAR, TWO WAYS \u2014 AND WHAT A SCREEN READER HEARS<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"24\" y=\"30\" width=\"316\" height=\"176\" rx=\"8\" fill=\"#fff6f4\" stroke=\"#c0392b\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\n <rect x=\"24\" y=\"30\" width=\"316\" height=\"22\" rx=\"8\" fill=\"#c0392b\"\/><rect x=\"24\" y=\"44\" width=\"316\" height=\"8\" fill=\"#c0392b\"\/>\n <text x=\"182\" y=\"46\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#fff\" letter-spacing=\".5\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">\u2717 SCANNED AS AN IMAGE<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"46\" y=\"64\" width=\"128\" height=\"128\" rx=\"3\" fill=\"#fff\" stroke=\"#adb8c4\" stroke-width=\"1.2\"\/>\n <text x=\"110\" y=\"84\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"6.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#5a6d80\" font-family=\"Georgia, serif\">CIRCULAR<\/text>\n <g fill=\"#c9ced6\"><rect x=\"56\" y=\"94\" width=\"108\" height=\"3\"\/><rect x=\"56\" y=\"103\" width=\"96\" height=\"3\"\/><rect x=\"56\" y=\"112\" width=\"104\" height=\"3\"\/><rect x=\"56\" y=\"121\" width=\"80\" height=\"3\"\/><rect x=\"56\" y=\"134\" width=\"108\" height=\"3\"\/><rect x=\"56\" y=\"143\" width=\"92\" height=\"3\"\/><rect x=\"56\" y=\"152\" width=\"100\" height=\"3\"\/><rect x=\"56\" y=\"165\" width=\"70\" height=\"3\"\/><\/g>\n <text x=\"110\" y=\"184\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"6\" fill=\"#8a95a3\" font-style=\"italic\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">a photograph of text<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"188\" y=\"64\" width=\"134\" height=\"128\" rx=\"5\" fill=\"#2b2b2b\"\/>\n <text x=\"255\" y=\"82\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#ffd970\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">SCREEN READER SAYS<\/text>\n <line x1=\"200\" y1=\"90\" x2=\"310\" y2=\"90\" stroke=\"#5f6368\"\/>\n <text x=\"255\" y=\"122\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9\" fill=\"#fff\" font-style=\"italic\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">\"Graphic.\"<\/text>\n <text x=\"255\" y=\"146\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#adb8c4\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Nothing else. There is no text<\/text>\n <text x=\"255\" y=\"157\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#adb8c4\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">in the file \u2014 only pixels that<\/text>\n <text x=\"255\" y=\"168\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#adb8c4\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">happen to look like letters.<\/text>\n <text x=\"255\" y=\"184\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7\" fill=\"#c0392b\" font-weight=\"700\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">The child is simply not informed.<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"360\" y=\"30\" width=\"316\" height=\"176\" rx=\"8\" fill=\"#eefbf7\" stroke=\"#0d8f79\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\n <rect x=\"360\" y=\"30\" width=\"316\" height=\"22\" rx=\"8\" fill=\"#0d8f79\"\/><rect x=\"360\" y=\"44\" width=\"316\" height=\"8\" fill=\"#0d8f79\"\/>\n <text x=\"518\" y=\"46\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"9.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#fff\" letter-spacing=\".5\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">\u2713 SAVED AS TAGGED TEXT<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"382\" y=\"64\" width=\"128\" height=\"128\" rx=\"3\" fill=\"#fff\" stroke=\"#adb8c4\" stroke-width=\"1.2\"\/>\n <rect x=\"390\" y=\"72\" width=\"40\" height=\"8\" rx=\"2\" fill=\"#0d8f79\" opacity=\".3\"\/>\n <text x=\"392\" y=\"79\" font-size=\"5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#0a6d5c\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Heading 1<\/text>\n <text x=\"446\" y=\"79\" font-size=\"6.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#14243f\" font-family=\"Georgia, serif\">CIRCULAR<\/text>\n <g fill=\"#5a6d80\"><rect x=\"392\" y=\"94\" width=\"108\" height=\"3\"\/><rect x=\"392\" y=\"103\" width=\"96\" height=\"3\"\/><rect x=\"392\" y=\"112\" width=\"104\" height=\"3\"\/><\/g>\n <rect x=\"390\" y=\"122\" width=\"34\" height=\"8\" rx=\"2\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\" opacity=\".25\"\/>\n <text x=\"392\" y=\"129\" font-size=\"5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Heading 2<\/text>\n <g fill=\"#5a6d80\"><rect x=\"392\" y=\"140\" width=\"108\" height=\"3\"\/><rect x=\"392\" y=\"149\" width=\"92\" height=\"3\"\/><\/g>\n <rect x=\"390\" y=\"158\" width=\"52\" height=\"10\" rx=\"2\" fill=\"#c9760f\" opacity=\".22\"\/>\n <text x=\"392\" y=\"166\" font-size=\"5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#8f5409\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">alt text on image<\/text>\n <text x=\"446\" y=\"185\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"6\" fill=\"#0a6d5c\" font-style=\"italic\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">real text, real structure<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"524\" y=\"64\" width=\"134\" height=\"128\" rx=\"5\" fill=\"#2b2b2b\"\/>\n <text x=\"591\" y=\"82\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#8ee0c8\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">SCREEN READER SAYS<\/text>\n <line x1=\"536\" y1=\"90\" x2=\"646\" y2=\"90\" stroke=\"#5f6368\"\/>\n <g font-size=\"7.5\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">\n <text x=\"536\" y=\"106\">\"Heading level one,<\/text>\n <text x=\"536\" y=\"117\">Circular.\"<\/text>\n <text x=\"536\" y=\"133\">\"Heading level two,<\/text>\n <text x=\"536\" y=\"144\">Schedule.\"<\/text>\n <text x=\"536\" y=\"160\">\"Table, three columns\u2026\"<\/text>\n <\/g>\n <text x=\"591\" y=\"182\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-size=\"7\" fill=\"#8ee0c8\" font-weight=\"700\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Navigable. The child reads it alone.<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"24\" y=\"216\" width=\"652\" height=\"90\" rx=\"8\" fill=\"#f7fbff\" stroke=\"#c3d2e2\" stroke-width=\"1.4\"\/>\n <text x=\"40\" y=\"234\" font-size=\"9\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#14243f\" letter-spacing=\".5\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">WCAG \u2014 THE FOUR PRINCIPLES, KNOWN AS POUR<\/text>\n <g font-size=\"8.5\" fill=\"#2c3e50\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">\n <text x=\"40\" y=\"252\"><tspan font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#1f5fa9\">P \u2014 Perceivable<\/tspan> \u00b7 it can be sensed: text alternatives, captions, contrast<\/text>\n <text x=\"368\" y=\"252\"><tspan font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#0d8f79\">O \u2014 Operable<\/tspan> \u00b7 it can be used by keyboard alone, without a mouse<\/text>\n <text x=\"40\" y=\"268\"><tspan font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#c9760f\">U \u2014 Understandable<\/tspan> \u00b7 readable language, predictable behaviour<\/text>\n <text x=\"368\" y=\"268\"><tspan font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#6b3a8f\">R \u2014 Robust<\/tspan> \u00b7 it works with assistive technology, now and later<\/text>\n <\/g>\n <text x=\"40\" y=\"284\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#5a6d80\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Conformance is graded <tspan font-weight=\"700\">A, AA and AAA<\/tspan>; <tspan font-weight=\"700\">AA is the level ordinarily required<\/tspan>.<\/text>\n <text x=\"40\" y=\"296\" font-size=\"8\" fill=\"#5a6d80\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\">Indian government websites additionally follow <tspan font-weight=\"700\">GIGW<\/tspan>, the Guidelines for Indian Government Websites.<\/text>\n <\/svg>\n A scanned circular is invisible to a screen reader. Running it through OCR, as described in \u00a71.8, converts the image back into text and restores access.<\/span>\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0948\u0928 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u0915\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0928 \u0930\u0940\u0921\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0905\u0926\u0943\u0936\u094d\u092f \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u00a71.8 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0923\u093f\u0924 OCR \u0938\u0947 \u0917\u0941\u091c\u093c\u093e\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0903 \u092a\u093e\u0920 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0926\u0932 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a \u0932\u094c\u091f \u0906\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n\n <div class=\"callout teal\">\n <div class=\"callout-label\">\u2713 Eight practices that make a school's own documents accessible<\/span>\u2713 \u0906\u0920 \u0905\u092d\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938 \u091c\u094b \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u0926\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0947\u091c\u093c\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0941\u0917\u092e\u094d\u092f \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902<\/span><\/div>\n <ul class=\"split-list\" style=\"margin-top:4px;\">\n <li>1<\/span>Use real heading styles<\/strong>, not text made large and bold. This single practice, from \u00a73.6, does more for accessibility than any other.<\/span>\u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u0936\u0940\u0930\u094d\u0937\u0915-\u0936\u0948\u0932\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902<\/strong>, \u092c\u0921\u093c\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0917\u093e\u0922\u093c\u093e \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u092a\u093e\u0920 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964 \u00a73.6 \u0915\u093e \u092f\u0939\u0940 \u090f\u0915 \u0905\u092d\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938 \u0938\u0941\u0917\u092e\u094d\u092f\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092d\u0940 \u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n <li>2<\/span>Give every image alt text<\/strong> describing what it conveys \u2014 and mark a purely decorative image as decorative so that it is skipped rather than announced.<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u094b \u0935\u0948\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u093e\u0920 \u0926\u0947\u0902<\/strong> \u091c\u094b \u092c\u0924\u093e\u090f \u0915\u093f \u0935\u0939 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0938\u0902\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0938\u091c\u093e\u0935\u091f\u0940 \u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u091c\u093e\u0935\u091f\u0940 \u091a\u093f\u0939\u094d\u0928\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0935\u0939 \u0918\u094b\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u091c\u093e\u092f \u091b\u094b\u0921\u093c \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u090f\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n <li>3<\/span>Name the link by its destination.<\/strong> \"Admission notice for 2026\" is navigable; a page of links all reading \"click here\" is a list of identical items.<\/span>\u0932\u093f\u0902\u0915 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093e\u092e \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0917\u0902\u0924\u0935\u094d\u092f \u0938\u0947 \u0926\u0947\u0902\u0964<\/strong> \"2026 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0947\u0936-\u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e\" \u0938\u0902\u091a\u0930\u0923-\u092f\u094b\u0917\u094d\u092f \u0939\u0948; \u0910\u0938\u093e \u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0938\u092c \u0932\u093f\u0902\u0915 \"\u092f\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0915\u094d\u0932\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902\" \u092a\u0922\u093c\u0947\u0902, \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092e\u0926\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n <li>4<\/span>Do not carry meaning by colour alone.<\/strong> \"The names in red must report\" excludes a colour-blind reader; add a symbol or a word.<\/span>\u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0930\u0902\u0917 \u0938\u0947 \u0928 \u0932\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u090f\u0901\u0964<\/strong> \"\u0932\u093e\u0932 \u0930\u0902\u0917 \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u093e\u092e \u0935\u093e\u0932\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0909\u092a\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u093e \u0939\u0948\" \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0923\u093e\u0902\u0927 \u092a\u093e\u0920\u0915 \u0915\u094b \u092c\u093e\u0939\u0930 \u0915\u0930 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948; \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u091a\u093f\u0939\u094d\u0928 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0936\u092c\u094d\u0926 \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0947\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n <li>5<\/span>Mark table header rows<\/strong> so that a reader announces the column name with each cell, and keep tables simple rather than nested.<\/span>\u0938\u093e\u0930\u0923\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u0936\u0940\u0930\u094d\u0937-\u092a\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u091a\u093f\u0939\u094d\u0928\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902<\/strong> \u0924\u093e\u0915\u093f \u0930\u0940\u0921\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0915\u094b\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0902\u092d \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093e\u092e \u092c\u094b\u0932\u0947, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0938\u093e\u0930\u0923\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u0928\u0947\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0947\u0921 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0938\u0930\u0932 \u0930\u0916\u0947\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n <li>6<\/span>Caption every video<\/strong> and provide a transcript, which serves a deaf pupil and also anyone searching the content later.<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0935\u0940\u0921\u093f\u092f\u094b \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u0948\u092a\u094d\u0936\u0928 \u0926\u0947\u0902<\/strong> \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0932\u0947\u0916 \u0909\u092a\u0932\u092c\u094d\u0927 \u0915\u0930\u093e\u090f\u0901, \u091c\u094b \u092c\u0927\u093f\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u092d\u0940 \u0915\u093e\u092e \u0906\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u0916\u094b\u091c\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u092d\u0940\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n <li>7<\/span>Issue circulars as text-based PDF or as a document<\/strong>, never as a photograph of a printed page. If a scan is unavoidable, run OCR over it before it is sent.<\/span>\u092a\u0930\u093f\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092a\u093e\u0920-\u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 PDF \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0926\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0947\u091c\u093c \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091c\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902<\/strong>, \u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u0915\u0947 \u091b\u093e\u092f\u093e\u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u092d\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964 \u092f\u0926\u093f \u0938\u094d\u0915\u0948\u0928 \u0905\u0928\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0939\u094b \u0924\u094b \u092d\u0947\u091c\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u0909\u0938 \u092a\u0930 OCR \u091a\u0932\u093e\u090f\u0901\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n <li>8<\/span>Set adequate font size, generous line spacing and left-aligned rather than justified text<\/strong> \u2014 justified text creates rivers of white space that make reading materially harder for a pupil with dyslexia.<\/span>\u092a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u092b\u093c\u0949\u0928\u094d\u091f-\u0906\u0915\u093e\u0930, \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f-\u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093e\u0932 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u092c\u093e\u090f\u0901-\u0938\u0902\u0930\u0947\u0916\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u093e\u0920 \u0930\u0916\u0947\u0902<\/strong> \u2014 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930 \u092a\u093e\u0920 \u0936\u094d\u0935\u0947\u0924 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u092c\u0928\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0921\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0938\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u092a\u0920\u0928 \u0915\u094b \u092e\u093e\u092a\u0928\u0940\u092f \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0920\u093f\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n\n <hr class=\"section-divider\">\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d14-6\">\n 14.6<\/span>\n <h3>The Legal Framework<\/span>\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0922\u093e\u0901\u091a\u093e<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n <table class=\"data-table\">\n <thead>\n <tr>\n <th>Provision<\/span>\u0909\u092a\u092c\u0902\u0927<\/span><\/th>\n <th>What it requires<\/span>\u092f\u0939 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0905\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/th>\n <\/tr>\n <\/thead>\n <tbody>\n <tr style=\"background:#f3f8ff;\">\n <td>RPwD Act, 2016<\/span>RPwD \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e, 2016<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n <td>The Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act, 2016<\/strong>, which replaced the Act of 1995<\/strong> and gives effect to the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities<\/strong>, ratified by India in 2007<\/strong>. It recognises 21 specified disabilities<\/strong>, against seven under the earlier Act.<\/span>\u0926\u093f\u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0917\u091c\u0928 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e, 2016<\/strong>, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0928\u0947 1995<\/strong> \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e \u0915\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928 \u0932\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0924\u0925\u093e \u091c\u094b \u0926\u093f\u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0917\u091c\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0938\u092e\u092f<\/strong> \u0915\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0940 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u093e \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u0928\u0947 2007<\/strong> \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u092e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0928 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0964 \u092f\u0939 21 \u0935\u093f\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0926\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0926\u093f\u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0917\u0924\u093e\u090f\u0901<\/strong> \u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0940 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u093e\u0924 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0930\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td>Benchmark disability<\/span>\u092c\u0947\u0902\u091a\u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0926\u093f\u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0917\u0924\u093e<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n <td>A person with not less than forty per cent<\/strong> of a specified disability. The figure governs entitlement to reservation and to certain benefits, and it is asked directly.<\/span>\u0910\u0938\u093e \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0926\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0926\u093f\u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0917\u0924\u093e \u0915\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0932\u0940\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0936\u0924 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u092e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902<\/strong> \u0939\u094b\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0905\u0902\u0915 \u0906\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0915\u0941\u091b \u0932\u093e\u092d\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0924\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0940\u0927\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u091b\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td>Education provisions<\/span>\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0940 \u0909\u092a\u092c\u0902\u0927<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n <td>Free education for every child with a benchmark disability between the ages of six and eighteen.<\/strong> Educational institutions must admit without discrimination, provide accessible facilities, make reasonable accommodation, and monitor participation and achievement<\/strong>. Five per cent<\/strong> reservation in higher educational institutions and four per cent<\/strong> in government employment.<\/span>\u091b\u0939 \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0920\u093e\u0930\u0939 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937 \u0906\u092f\u0941 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0947\u0902\u091a\u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0926\u093f\u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0917\u0924\u093e \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u092c\u093e\u0932\u0915 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0928\u093f:\u0936\u0941\u0932\u094d\u0915 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0964<\/strong> \u0936\u0948\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u092d\u0947\u0926\u092d\u093e\u0935 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0947\u0936 \u0926\u0947\u0928\u093e, \u0938\u0941\u0917\u092e\u094d\u092f \u0938\u0941\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u0926\u0947\u0928\u093e, \u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0928\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0938\u0939\u092d\u093e\u0917\u093f\u0924\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0909\u092a\u0932\u092c\u094d\u0927\u093f \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0935\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e<\/strong> \u0939\u094b\u0917\u093e\u0964 \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u0936\u0948\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u093e\u0901\u091a \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0936\u0924<\/strong> \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0936\u093e\u0938\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0928\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091a\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0936\u0924<\/strong> \u0906\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr style=\"background:#f3f8ff;\">\n <td>Accessibility of information and technology<\/span>\u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0941\u0917\u092e\u094d\u092f\u0924\u093e<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n <td>The Act requires that electronic media, printed material and information be made available in accessible formats<\/strong>, and that information and communication technology itself be accessible<\/strong>. A school circular issued only as a scanned image is therefore not merely inconsiderate; it is a failure of a statutory duty.<\/strong><\/span>\u0905\u0927\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e \u0905\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0907\u0932\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e, \u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0938\u0941\u0917\u092e\u094d\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0930\u0942\u092a\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u092a\u0932\u092c\u094d\u0927 \u0915\u0930\u093e\u0908 \u091c\u093e\u090f<\/strong>, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0941\u0917\u092e\u094d\u092f \u0939\u094b<\/strong>\u0964 \u0905\u0924\u0903 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0938\u094d\u0915\u0948\u0928 \u0915\u093f\u090f \u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091c\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f\u0940 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092e\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0905\u0938\u0902\u0935\u0947\u0926\u0928\u0936\u0940\u0932 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u0948; \u0935\u0939 \u0935\u0948\u0927\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0935\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u092b\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/strong><\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td>Accessible India Campaign<\/span>\u0938\u0941\u0917\u092e\u094d\u092f \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0928<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n <td>Sugamya Bharat Abhiyan<\/strong>, launched in 2015<\/strong>, works on three verticals: the built environment, transport, and information and communication technology<\/strong>. The third is the one this chapter belongs to.<\/span>\u0938\u0941\u0917\u092e\u094d\u092f \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0928<\/strong>, \u091c\u094b 2015<\/strong> \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0906\u0930\u0902\u092d \u0939\u0941\u0906, \u0924\u0940\u0928 \u090a\u0930\u094d\u0927\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u093e\u092e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948: \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0936, \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0939\u0928, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u0940<\/strong>\u0964 \u0924\u0940\u0938\u0930\u093e \u0935\u0939\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u093e \u092f\u0939 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f \u0905\u0902\u0917 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td>UDID \u00b7 ADIP \u00b7 DEPwD<\/strong><\/td>\n <td>The Unique Disability ID<\/strong> card carries a person's certified disability and entitlements in one document. ADIP<\/strong> is the scheme for assistance in purchasing aids and appliances. Both fall under the Department of Empowerment of Persons with Disabilities<\/strong>, in the Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment.<\/span>\u0935\u093f\u0936\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0926\u093f\u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0917\u0924\u093e \u092a\u0939\u091a\u093e\u0928-\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930 (UDID)<\/strong> \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u093f\u0924 \u0926\u093f\u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0917\u0924\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u090f\u0915 \u0939\u0940 \u0926\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0947\u091c\u093c \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0930\u0916\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 ADIP<\/strong> \u0938\u0939\u093e\u092f\u0915 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0909\u092a\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0916\u093c\u0930\u0940\u0926 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0939\u093e\u092f\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u091c\u093f\u0915 \u0928\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924\u093e \u092e\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u093f\u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0917\u091c\u0928 \u0938\u0936\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0917<\/strong> \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u0940\u0928 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <\/tbody>\n <\/table>\n\n <hr class=\"section-divider\">\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d14-7\">\n 14.7<\/span>\n <h3>Accessibility in Indian Digital Education<\/span>\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0941\u0917\u092e\u094d\u092f\u0924\u093e<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"feat-grid\">\n <div class=\"feat-card\">1<\/span>PM e-VIDYA, component four<\/span>\u092a\u0940\u090f\u092e \u0908-\u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e, \u091a\u094c\u0925\u093e \u0918\u091f\u0915<\/span><\/strong>The component of \u00a79.4 devoted to e-content for the visually and hearing impaired<\/strong> \u2014 material in DAISY<\/strong> format and content in Indian Sign Language<\/strong>, developed with NIOS<\/strong>. It is the component most often omitted from an answer and the one that matters most to the child it serves.<\/span>\u00a79.4 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u0939 \u0918\u091f\u0915 \u091c\u094b \u0926\u0943\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0936\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0923 \u092c\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0924\u094b\u0902 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0908-\u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940<\/strong> \u0915\u094b \u0938\u092e\u0930\u094d\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948 \u2014 DAISY<\/strong> \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0930\u0942\u092a \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0938\u093e\u0902\u0915\u0947\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e<\/strong> \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941, \u091c\u094b NIOS<\/strong> \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0938\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0941\u0908\u0964 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092f\u0939\u0940 \u0918\u091f\u0915 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092c\u093e\u0930 \u091b\u0942\u091f\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u091c\u093f\u0938 \u092c\u093e\u0932\u0915 \u0915\u0940 \u0935\u0939 \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"feat-card\">2<\/span>Samagra Shiksha<\/span>\u0938\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e<\/span><\/strong>Its inclusive education component<\/strong> is the route through which a school actually obtains what it needs: special educators, resource rooms, assistive devices, escort and transport allowance, and home-based education<\/strong> for children with severe disabilities. CWSN<\/strong> \u2014 Children With Special Needs \u2014 is the term used in these documents.<\/span>\u0907\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0935\u0947\u0936\u0940 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0918\u091f\u0915<\/strong> \u0935\u0939\u0940 \u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0917 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924\u0903 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0940 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0924\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948: \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915, \u0938\u0902\u0938\u093e\u0927\u0928 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937, \u0938\u0939\u093e\u092f\u0915 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923, \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0939\u0928 \u092d\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093e, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0917\u0902\u092d\u0940\u0930 \u0926\u093f\u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0917\u0924\u093e \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0932\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0917\u0943\u0939-\u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e<\/strong>\u0964 CWSN<\/strong> \u2014 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0932\u0915 \u2014 \u0907\u0928 \u0926\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0947\u091c\u093c\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u092a\u0926 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"feat-card\">3<\/span>Examination provisions<\/span>\u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0940 \u0909\u092a\u092c\u0902\u0927<\/span><\/strong>The accommodations a head must arrange, and arrange in advance rather than on the day<\/strong>: a scribe<\/strong>, compensatory time<\/strong>, a question paper in larger print or in Braille, permission to use a calculator or a computer, exemption from or substitution of certain subjects, and a separate room where required. Each is claimed on the strength of a disability certificate, and the application has a closing date.<\/span>\u0935\u0947 \u0938\u0941\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u091c\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0941\u0916 \u0915\u094b \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0926\u093f\u0928 \u092a\u0930 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0938\u0947<\/strong> \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902: \u0932\u0947\u0916\u0928-\u0938\u0939\u093e\u092f\u0915<\/strong>, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092a\u0942\u0930\u0915 \u0938\u092e\u092f<\/strong>, \u092c\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u0905\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u092c\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0932 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928-\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930, \u0915\u0948\u0932\u0915\u0941\u0932\u0947\u091f\u0930 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092e\u0924\u093f, \u0915\u0941\u091b \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u091b\u0942\u091f \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0909\u0928\u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u0928, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915 \u0939\u094b \u092a\u0943\u0925\u0915 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0964 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0926\u093f\u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0917\u0924\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0932 \u092a\u0930 \u092e\u093e\u0901\u0917\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0906\u0935\u0947\u0926\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u093f\u092e \u0924\u093f\u0925\u093f \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <div class=\"feat-card\">4<\/span>IEP<\/strong>An Individualised Education Plan<\/strong> \u2014 a written plan for one child, stating present levels, goals for the year, the support and accommodations to be provided, and how progress will be measured. It is a working document reviewed periodically, not a form filed once.<\/strong><\/span>\u0935\u0948\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0915\u0943\u0924 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928\u093e<\/strong> \u2014 \u090f\u0915 \u092c\u093e\u0932\u0915 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0932\u093f\u0916\u093f\u0924 \u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928\u093e, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930, \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u092f, \u0926\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0938\u0939\u093e\u092f\u0924\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0941\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093e\u090f\u0901, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0917\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u092a\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u090f\u0917\u0940, \u092f\u0939 \u0932\u093f\u0916\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0938\u092e\u092f-\u0938\u092e\u092f \u092a\u0930 \u0938\u092e\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u0936\u0940\u0932 \u0926\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0947\u091c\u093c \u0939\u0948, \u090f\u0915 \u092c\u093e\u0930 \u092d\u0930\u0915\u0930 \u0930\u0916 \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964<\/strong><\/span><\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <hr class=\"section-divider\">\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d14-8\">\n 14.8<\/span>\n <h3>The Inclusive Classroom in Practice<\/span>\u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0935\u0947\u0936\u0940 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"flow-wrap\">\n <div class=\"flow-note\">\n \ud83c\udfeb What a head of institution can do this term, without a budget and without waiting for anything to be sanctioned.<\/span>\n \ud83c\udfeb \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0941\u0916 \u0907\u0938\u0940 \u0938\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092c\u091c\u091f \u0915\u0947 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0940\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u093f\u090f \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e\u0964<\/span>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"flow-steps\">\n <div class=\"flow-step\">\n 1<\/span>\n <div class=\"fs-body\">\n Audit what the school itself issues<\/span>\u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u091c\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0905\u0902\u0915\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923<\/span><\/strong>\n Take the last ten circulars. How many are scanned images?<\/strong> That single count is the most honest measure of a school's digital accessibility, and correcting it costs nothing.<\/span>\u092a\u093f\u091b\u0932\u0947 \u0926\u0938 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0932\u0940\u091c\u093f\u090f\u0964 \u0909\u0928\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u093f\u0924\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0915\u0948\u0928 \u0915\u093f\u090f \u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0939\u0948\u0902?<\/strong> \u0935\u0939\u0940 \u090f\u0915 \u0917\u0923\u0928\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0915\u0940 \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u0938\u0941\u0917\u092e\u094d\u092f\u0924\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0908\u092e\u093e\u0928\u0926\u093e\u0930 \u092e\u093e\u092a \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0941\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u092e\u0942\u0932\u094d\u092f \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0932\u0917\u0924\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/span>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"flow-step\">\n 2<\/span>\n <div class=\"fs-body\">\n Turn on what is already there<\/span>\u091c\u094b \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u0939\u0948 \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u091a\u093e\u0932\u0942 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902<\/span><\/strong>\n Show every teacher where the accessibility settings live on the school's own computers and on a phone. Most assistive technology in a school is unused rather than unavailable.<\/strong><\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0915\u094b \u0926\u093f\u0916\u093e\u0907\u090f \u0915\u093f \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092b\u093c\u094b\u0928 \u092a\u0930 \u0938\u0941\u0917\u092e\u094d\u092f\u0924\u093e-\u0938\u0947\u091f\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0915\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0902\u0936 \u0938\u0939\u093e\u092f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u0932\u092c\u094d\u0927 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0905\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/strong><\/span><\/span>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"flow-step\">\n 3<\/span>\n <div class=\"fs-body\">\n Write accessibility into every purchase<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0916\u093c\u0930\u0940\u0926 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0941\u0917\u092e\u094d\u092f\u0924\u093e \u0932\u093f\u0916\u0947\u0902<\/span><\/strong>\n A tender for a website, a portal or software should specify conformance as a condition<\/strong>. Retrofitting later costs many times what asking for it at the outset costs \u2014 this is the fourth of the four questions in \u00a712.8.<\/span>\u0935\u0947\u092c\u0938\u093e\u0907\u091f, \u092a\u094b\u0930\u094d\u091f\u0932 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0938\u0949\u092b\u093c\u094d\u091f\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0928\u093f\u0935\u093f\u0926\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0930\u0942\u092a\u0924\u093e \u0936\u0930\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0926\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f<\/strong> \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0940 \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f\u0964 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0936\u094d\u091a-\u0938\u0902\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u0909\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0908 \u0917\u0941\u0928\u093e \u092e\u0939\u0901\u0917\u093e \u092a\u0921\u093c\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0924\u0928\u093e \u0906\u0930\u0902\u092d \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u093e\u0901\u0917 \u0932\u0947\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u0932\u0917\u0924\u093e \u2014 \u00a712.8 \u0915\u0947 \u091a\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092f\u0939 \u091a\u094c\u0925\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/span>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"flow-step\">\n 4<\/span>\n <div class=\"fs-body\">\n Arrange examination accommodations early<\/span>\u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e-\u0938\u0941\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u0936\u0940\u0918\u094d\u0930 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902<\/span><\/strong>\n A scribe found on the morning of the paper is a scribe the candidate has never worked with. The arrangement and the practice both belong to the weeks before.<\/strong><\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928-\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0924\u0903 \u0916\u094b\u091c\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0932\u0947\u0916\u0928-\u0938\u0939\u093e\u092f\u0915 \u0935\u0939 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0928\u0947 \u0915\u092d\u0940 \u0915\u093e\u092e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0964 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0905\u092d\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938 \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0940 \u0938\u092a\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0939\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/strong><\/span><\/span>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"flow-step\">\n 5<\/span>\n <div class=\"fs-body\">\n Keep the record, and keep it confidential<\/span>\u0905\u092d\u093f\u0932\u0947\u0916 \u0930\u0916\u0947\u0902, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0917\u094b\u092a\u0928\u0940\u092f \u0930\u0916\u0947\u0902<\/span><\/strong>\n A child's disability is sensitive personal data<\/strong> within \u00a78.8. It is recorded because it entitles the child to support, and it is disclosed only to those who must know in order to provide that support.<\/span>\u092c\u093e\u0932\u0915 \u0915\u0940 \u0926\u093f\u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0917\u0924\u093e \u00a78.8 \u0915\u0947 \u092d\u0940\u0924\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u0935\u0947\u0926\u0928\u0936\u0940\u0932 \u0935\u0948\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u093e<\/strong> \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0935\u0939 \u0907\u0938\u0932\u093f\u090f \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0932\u093f\u0916\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0909\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0932\u0915 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0939\u093e\u092f\u0924\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0939\u0915\u093c \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u092c\u0924\u093e\u0908 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u0939 \u0938\u0939\u093e\u092f\u0924\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0928\u093e \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915 \u0939\u094b\u0964<\/span><\/span>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"exam-tip\">\n <div class=\"et-icon\">\ud83c\udf31<\/div>\n <div class=\"et-body\">\n The reframing this chapter asks for.<\/strong> A child who cannot read a scanned circular has not failed to read it. The circular has failed to be readable.<\/strong> Once responsibility is placed where the social model places it \u2014 on the barrier rather than on the person \u2014 most of what this chapter recommends stops being an act of kindness and becomes an ordinary standard of work, of the same order as spelling a pupil's name correctly on a certificate.<\/span>\n \u092f\u0939 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f \u091c\u093f\u0938 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u094d\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u092e\u093e\u0901\u0917 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/strong> \u091c\u094b \u092c\u093e\u0932\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u0915\u0948\u0928 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0928 \u092a\u0922\u093c \u0938\u0915\u0947, \u0935\u0939 \u092a\u0922\u093c\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u092b\u0932 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u0941\u0906\u0964 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092a\u0920\u0928\u0940\u092f \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u092b\u0932 \u0939\u0941\u0906\u0964<\/strong> \u091c\u092c \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930\u0926\u093e\u092f\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u0935\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0930\u0916\u093e \u091c\u093e\u090f \u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u091c\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u0942\u092a \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0930\u0916\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u092a\u0930 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u092c\u093e\u0927\u093e \u092a\u0930 \u2014 \u0924\u092c \u0907\u0938 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0902\u0936 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0936\u0902\u0938\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u0926\u092f\u093e\u0932\u0941\u0924\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0915\u0943\u0924\u094d\u092f \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0930\u0939\u0924\u0940\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u093e \u0938\u093e\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0915 \u092c\u0928 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0909\u0938\u0940 \u0915\u094b\u091f\u093f \u0915\u093e \u091c\u093f\u0938 \u0915\u094b\u091f\u093f \u0915\u093e \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093e\u092e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u0938\u0939\u0940 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0932\u093f\u0916\u0928\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"mcq-box\">\n <div class=\"mcq-title\">\n Practice<\/span>\u0905\u092d\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938<\/span><\/span>\n Questions on digital accessibility<\/span>\u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u0938\u0941\u0917\u092e\u094d\u092f\u0924\u093e \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928<\/span><\/span>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"mcq-note\">Objective questions in the pattern of the examination. Click to reveal the answer and its explanation.<\/span>\u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u0930 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928\u0964 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0916\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u094d\u0932\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u0940\u091c\u093f\u090f\u0964<\/span><\/div>\n <details class=\"mcq-q\">\n <summary>111<\/span>The Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act, 2016 recognises how many specified disabilities?<\/span><\/summary>\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\n <li>(a) 7<\/li>\n <li>(b) 14<\/li>\n <li>(c) 21<\/li>\n <li>(d) 27<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\">(c) 21<\/b> The earlier Act of 1995 recognised seven, which is the distractor offered. A person with not less than forty per cent of a specified disability is a person with benchmark disability.<\/span>1995 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0940 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e \u0938\u093e\u0924 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0925\u093e, \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u0939\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0926\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0926\u093f\u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0917\u0924\u093e \u0915\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0932\u0940\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0936\u0924 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u092e \u0928 \u0930\u0916\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u092c\u0947\u0902\u091a\u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0926\u093f\u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0917\u0924\u093e \u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\u00a714.6<\/span><\/div>\n <\/details>\n <details class=\"mcq-q\">\n <summary>112<\/span>The four principles of the Web Content Accessibility Guidelines are summarised as:<\/span><\/summary>\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\n <li>(a) SMART<\/li>\n <li>(b) POUR<\/li>\n <li>(c) CIA<\/li>\n <li>(d) DAISY<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\">(b) POUR<\/b> Perceivable, Operable, Understandable, Robust. Conformance is graded A, AA and AAA, and AA is ordinarily required. SMART describes the goals of e-governance and CIA the goals of information security.<\/span>\u092c\u094b\u0927\u0917\u092e\u094d\u092f, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u091a\u093e\u0932\u0928\u0940\u092f, \u092c\u094b\u0927\u0928\u0940\u092f, \u0938\u0941\u0926\u0943\u0922\u093c\u0964 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0930\u0942\u092a\u0924\u093e A, AA \u090f\u0935\u0902 AAA \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0936\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0923\u0940\u092c\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0924\u0903 AA \u0905\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948\u0964 SMART \u0908-\u0917\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0928\u0947\u0902\u0938 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u092f \u092c\u0924\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 CIA \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e-\u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0947\u0964<\/span>\u00a714.5<\/span><\/div>\n <\/details>\n <details class=\"mcq-q\">\n <summary>113<\/span>A circular scanned and sent as an image is read by a screen reader as:<\/span><\/summary>\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\n <li>(a) The full text of the circular<\/li>\n <li>(b) Nothing more than \"graphic\"<\/li>\n <li>(c) The text, but without formatting<\/li>\n <li>(d) A summary of the contents<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\">(b) Nothing more than \"graphic\"<\/b> A scan contains no text at all, only pixels arranged to look like letters. Running OCR over it converts the image back into text and restores access. Issuing circulars as text-based documents is the single most effective accessibility practice available to a school.<\/span>\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0948\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u093e\u0920 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0910\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0938\u0947\u0932 \u091c\u094b \u0905\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0926\u093f\u0916\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u094b \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0909\u0938 \u092a\u0930 OCR \u091a\u0932\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0903 \u092a\u093e\u0920 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0926\u0932 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a \u0932\u094c\u091f \u0906\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092a\u093e\u0920-\u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0926\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0947\u091c\u093c \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091c\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0909\u092a\u0932\u092c\u094d\u0927 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0940 \u0938\u0941\u0917\u092e\u094d\u092f\u0924\u093e-\u0905\u092d\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\u00a714.5<\/span><\/div>\n <\/details>\n <details class=\"mcq-q\">\n <summary>114<\/span>Which of the following is a free and open-source screen reader?<\/span><\/summary>\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\n <li>(a) JAWS<\/li>\n <li>(b) NVDA<\/li>\n <li>(c) DAISY<\/li>\n <li>(d) TalkBack<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\">(b) NVDA<\/b> JAWS is commercial. TalkBack is built into Android and is not open source. DAISY is not a screen reader at all but a format for navigable audio books.<\/span>JAWS \u0935\u093e\u0923\u093f\u091c\u094d\u092f\u093f\u0915 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u091f\u0949\u0915\u092c\u0948\u0915 \u090f\u0902\u0921\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0907\u0921 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u094d\u0928\u093f\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0913\u092a\u0928 \u0938\u094b\u0930\u094d\u0938 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964 DAISY \u0938\u094d\u0915\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0928 \u0930\u0940\u0921\u0930 \u0939\u0948 \u0939\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0905\u092a\u093f\u0924\u0941 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u0930\u0923-\u092f\u094b\u0917\u094d\u092f \u0936\u094d\u0930\u0935\u094d\u092f \u092a\u0941\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0930\u0942\u092a \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\u00a714.3<\/span><\/div>\n <\/details>\n <details class=\"mcq-q\">\n <summary>115<\/span>The three principles of Universal Design for Learning provide multiple means of:<\/span><\/summary>\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\n <li>(a) Assessment, instruction and revision<\/li>\n <li>(b) Engagement, representation, and action and expression<\/li>\n <li>(c) Reading, writing and arithmetic<\/li>\n <li>(d) Access, equity and inclusion<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\">(b) Engagement, representation, and action and expression<\/b> The why, the what and the how of learning. UDL differs from universal design generally in that it concerns curriculum and pedagogy rather than objects and spaces.<\/span>\u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u092e \u0915\u093e \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902, \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0915\u0948\u0938\u0947\u0964 UDL \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0938\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0935\u092d\u094c\u092e\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0907\u0938 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0935\u0939 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0913\u0902 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u091a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\u00a714.1<\/span><\/div>\n <\/details>\n <details class=\"mcq-q\">\n <summary>116<\/span>Under the RPwD Act, 2016, free education is guaranteed to a child with benchmark disability of ages:<\/span><\/summary>\n <ul class=\"mcq-opts\">\n <li>(a) 3 to 14 years<\/li>\n <li>(b) 6 to 14 years<\/li>\n <li>(c) 6 to 18 years<\/li>\n <li>(d) 5 to 16 years<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <div class=\"mcq-ans\">(c) 6 to 18 years<\/b> Note that this extends beyond the 6 to 14 range of the Right to Education Act, which is the distractor offered at option (b). Reservation is five per cent in higher educational institutions and four per cent in government employment.<\/span>\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0928 \u0926\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u093f \u092f\u0939 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e \u0915\u0940 6 \u0938\u0947 14 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0930\u093e\u0938 \u0938\u0947 \u0906\u0917\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u0939\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a (\u0916) \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0906\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u0936\u0948\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u093e\u0901\u091a \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0936\u0924 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0936\u093e\u0938\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0928\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091a\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0936\u0924 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\u00a714.6<\/span><\/div>\n <\/details>\n <\/div>\n\n <\/section>\n\n \n <section class=\"chapter-content\" data-chap=\"15\" id=\"c15\">\n <div class=\"chapter-heading-block\">\n REVISION & REFERENCE<\/span>\u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u093e\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0930\u094d\u092d<\/span><\/span>\n <h2>The Last Reading<\/span>\u0905\u0902\u0924\u093f\u092e \u092a\u0920\u0928<\/span><\/h2>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"callout amber\">\n <div class=\"callout-label\">\ud83d\udccc How to use this chapter<\/span>\ud83d\udccc \u0907\u0938 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902<\/span><\/div>\n Everything here has already appeared in the fourteen chapters. Nothing is new. What is gathered is the part that must be recalled exactly<\/strong> \u2014 dates, figures, full forms, distinctions and the traps built on them. This is the chapter for the last week, and for the hour before the paper.<\/span>\n \u092f\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u092c \u0915\u0941\u091b \u091a\u094c\u0926\u0939 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0906 \u091a\u0941\u0915\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0915\u0941\u091b \u092d\u0940 \u0928\u092f\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u091c\u094b \u090f\u0915\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0935\u0939 \u0935\u0939 \u0905\u0902\u0936 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0938\u094d\u092e\u0930\u0923 \u092f\u0925\u093e\u0935\u0924\u094d \u0939\u094b\u0928\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f<\/strong> \u2014 \u0924\u093f\u0925\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901, \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u0947, \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0930\u0942\u092a, \u092d\u0947\u0926 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0909\u0928 \u092a\u0930 \u092c\u0928\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0932\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f \u0905\u0902\u0924\u093f\u092e \u0938\u092a\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0939 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928-\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u0915\u0947 \u0918\u0902\u091f\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941\u0964<\/span>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d15-1\">\n R.1<\/span>\n <h3>The Master Timeline<\/span>\u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f \u0915\u093e\u0932\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n <table class=\"data-table\">\n <thead>\n <tr>\n <th class=\"narrow\">Year<\/span>\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937<\/span><\/th>\n <th>Event<\/span>\u0918\u091f\u0928\u093e<\/span><\/th>\n <th class=\"narrow\">\u00a7<\/span>\u00a7<\/span><\/th>\n <\/tr>\n <\/thead>\n <tbody>\n <tr><td class=\"narrow\">1955<\/strong><\/td><td>HEC-2M<\/strong> at ISI Kolkata \u2014 the first computer in India<\/span>HEC-2M<\/strong> ISI \u0915\u094b\u0932\u0915\u093e\u0924\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u2014 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0925\u092e \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930<\/span><\/td><td class=\"narrow\">1.4<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"narrow\">1957<\/strong><\/td><td>Copyright Act<\/strong><\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0932\u093f\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e<\/strong><\/span><\/td><td class=\"narrow\">11.3<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"narrow\">1960<\/strong><\/td><td>TIFRAC<\/strong> \u2014 the first computer made in India<\/span>TIFRAC<\/strong> \u2014 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0928\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0925\u092e \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930<\/span><\/td><td class=\"narrow\">1.4<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"narrow\">1969<\/strong><\/td><td>ARPANET<\/strong>, the ancestor of the Internet<\/span>ARPANET<\/strong>, \u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u0928\u0947\u091f \u0915\u093e \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935\u091c<\/span><\/td><td class=\"narrow\">6.6<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"narrow\">1971<\/strong><\/td><td>First network email<\/strong>, by Ray Tomlinson, who chose the @<\/strong><\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0925\u092e \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0908\u092e\u0947\u0932<\/strong>, \u0930\u0947 \u091f\u0949\u092e\u0932\u093f\u0902\u0938\u0928 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e, \u091c\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0939\u094b\u0902\u0928\u0947 @<\/strong> \u091a\u0941\u0928\u093e<\/span><\/td><td class=\"narrow\">7.0<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"narrow\">1979<\/strong><\/td><td>VisiCalc<\/strong>, the first spreadsheet, by Dan Bricklin<\/span>\u0935\u093f\u091c\u093c\u0940\u0915\u0948\u0932\u094d\u0915<\/strong>, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0925\u092e \u0938\u094d\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0921\u0936\u0940\u091f, \u0921\u0948\u0928 \u092c\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0915\u0932\u093f\u0928 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e<\/span><\/td><td class=\"narrow\">4.0<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"narrow\">1983<\/strong><\/td><td>TCP\/IP<\/strong> adopted \u2014 the usual birth date of the Internet proper<\/span>TCP\/IP<\/strong> \u0905\u092a\u0928\u093e\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u2014 \u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u0928\u0947\u091f \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f \u091c\u0928\u094d\u092e-\u0924\u093f\u0925\u093f<\/span><\/td><td class=\"narrow\">6.6<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"narrow\">1986<\/strong><\/td><td>ERNET<\/strong> \u2014 first internet connectivity in India, academic only<\/span>ERNET<\/strong> \u2014 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0925\u092e \u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u0928\u0947\u091f \u0938\u0902\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0915\u0924\u093e, \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0936\u0948\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u093f\u0915<\/span><\/td><td class=\"narrow\">6.6<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr style=\"background:#f3f8ff;\"><td class=\"narrow\">1989\u201391<\/strong><\/td><td>World Wide Web<\/strong> \u2014 Tim Berners-Lee at CERN<\/span>\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0932\u094d\u0921 \u0935\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u0935\u0947\u092c<\/strong> \u2014 CERN \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091f\u093f\u092e \u092c\u0930\u094d\u0928\u0930\u094d\u0938-\u0932\u0940<\/span><\/td><td class=\"narrow\">6.6<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"narrow\">1991<\/strong><\/td><td>PARAM 8000<\/strong> \u2014 India's first indigenous supercomputer, C-DAC<\/span>\u092a\u0930\u092e 8000<\/strong> \u2014 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0925\u092e \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0926\u0947\u0936\u0940 \u0938\u0941\u092a\u0930\u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930, C-DAC<\/span><\/td><td class=\"narrow\">1.4<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr style=\"background:#f3f8ff;\"><td class=\"narrow\">15 Aug 1995<\/strong><\/td><td>Public internet access in India<\/strong>, launched by VSNL<\/span>\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0935\u091c\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u0928\u0947\u091f \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a<\/strong>, VSNL \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0906\u0930\u0902\u092d<\/span><\/td><td class=\"narrow\">6.6<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"narrow\">2000<\/strong><\/td><td>Information Technology Act<\/strong> \u2014 amended 2008<\/strong><\/span>\u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e<\/strong> \u2014 2008<\/strong> \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u0936\u094b\u0927\u093f\u0924<\/span><\/td><td class=\"narrow\">8.8<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"narrow\">2005<\/strong><\/td><td>Right to Information Act<\/strong><\/span>\u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e<\/strong><\/span><\/td><td class=\"narrow\">13.7<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"narrow\">2006<\/strong><\/td><td>National e-Governance Plan (NeGP)<\/strong><\/span>\u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0908-\u0917\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0928\u0947\u0902\u0938 \u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928\u093e (NeGP)<\/strong><\/span><\/td><td class=\"narrow\">13.1<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"narrow\">2007<\/strong><\/td><td>India ratifies the UNCRPD<\/strong><\/span>\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u0928\u0947 UNCRPD<\/strong> \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u092e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0928 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e<\/span><\/td><td class=\"narrow\">14.6<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"narrow\">2008<\/strong><\/td><td>NPCI<\/strong> established \u00b7 Bitcoin<\/strong> proposed by Satoshi Nakamoto<\/span>NPCI<\/strong> \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u00b7 \u0938\u0924\u094b\u0936\u0940 \u0928\u093e\u0915\u093e\u092e\u094b\u0924\u094b \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u092c\u093f\u091f\u0915\u0949\u0907\u0928<\/strong> \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u093f\u0924<\/span><\/td><td class=\"narrow\">13.4, 12.4<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"narrow\">2009<\/strong><\/td><td>UIDAI<\/strong> constituted \u00b7 RTE Act<\/strong><\/span>UIDAI<\/strong> \u0917\u0920\u093f\u0924 \u00b7 RTE \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e<\/strong><\/span><\/td><td class=\"narrow\">13.2<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"narrow\">2011<\/strong><\/td><td>Census \u2014 about 2.68 crore<\/strong> persons with disabilities, 2.21%<\/strong><\/span>\u091c\u0928\u0917\u0923\u0928\u093e \u2014 \u0932\u0917\u092d\u0917 2.68 \u0915\u0930\u094b\u0921\u093c<\/strong> \u0926\u093f\u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0917\u091c\u0928, 2.21%<\/strong><\/span><\/td><td class=\"narrow\">14.0<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"narrow\">2012\u201313<\/strong><\/td><td>UDISE<\/strong> begins<\/span>UDISE<\/strong> \u0906\u0930\u0902\u092d<\/span><\/td><td class=\"narrow\">10.1<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"narrow\">2013<\/strong><\/td><td>NROER<\/strong> launched<\/span>NROER<\/strong> \u0906\u0930\u0902\u092d<\/span><\/td><td class=\"narrow\">9.5<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"narrow\">2014<\/strong><\/td><td>MyGov<\/strong> citizen engagement platform<\/span>\u092e\u093e\u0908\u0917\u0935<\/strong> \u0928\u093e\u0917\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0939\u092d\u093e\u0917\u093f\u0924\u093e \u092e\u0902\u091a<\/span><\/td><td class=\"narrow\">13.6<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr style=\"background:#f3f8ff;\"><td class=\"narrow\">1 July 2015<\/strong><\/td><td>Digital India<\/strong> launched \u2014 three vision areas, nine pillars<\/span>\u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u0907\u0902\u0921\u093f\u092f\u093e<\/strong> \u0906\u0930\u0902\u092d \u2014 \u0924\u0940\u0928 \u0926\u0943\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093f-\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930, \u0928\u094c \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0902\u092d<\/span><\/td><td class=\"narrow\">13.8<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"narrow\">2015<\/strong><\/td><td>DigiLocker<\/strong> \u00b7 National Supercomputing Mission<\/strong> \u00b7 Accessible India Campaign<\/strong> \u00b7 ISLRTC<\/strong><\/span>\u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u0932\u0949\u0915\u0930<\/strong> \u00b7 \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0938\u0941\u092a\u0930\u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u092e\u093f\u0936\u0928<\/strong> \u00b7 \u0938\u0941\u0917\u092e\u094d\u092f \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0928<\/strong> \u00b7 ISLRTC<\/strong><\/span><\/td><td class=\"narrow\">13.5, 12.8, 14.6<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"narrow\">2016<\/strong><\/td><td>UPI<\/strong> and BHIM<\/strong> \u00b7 Aadhaar Act<\/strong> \u00b7 RPwD Act<\/strong><\/span>UPI<\/strong> \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092d\u0940\u092e<\/strong> \u00b7 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e<\/strong> \u00b7 RPwD \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e<\/strong><\/span><\/td><td class=\"narrow\">13.4, 13.2, 14.6<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr style=\"background:#f3f8ff;\"><td class=\"narrow\">2017<\/strong><\/td><td>SWAYAM \u2014 9 July<\/strong> \u00b7 DIKSHA \u2014 5 September<\/strong> \u00b7 UMANG<\/strong> \u00b7 WannaCry<\/strong><\/span>\u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u2014 9 \u091c\u0941\u0932\u093e\u0908<\/strong> \u00b7 \u0926\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u2014 5 \u0938\u093f\u0924\u0902\u092c\u0930<\/strong> \u00b7 \u0909\u092e\u0902\u0917<\/strong> \u00b7 \u0935\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0908<\/strong><\/span><\/td><td class=\"narrow\">9.3, 9.2, 13.6, 8.2<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"narrow\">2018<\/strong><\/td><td>National Strategy for AI<\/strong>, NITI Aayog, #AIforAll<\/strong> \u00b7 Aadhaar judgment<\/span>AI \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0930\u0923\u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f<\/strong>, \u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f \u0906\u092f\u094b\u0917, #AIforAll<\/strong> \u00b7 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0923\u092f<\/span><\/td><td class=\"narrow\">12.8, 13.2<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"narrow\">2018\u201319<\/strong><\/td><td>UDISE+<\/strong> replaces UDISE<\/span>UDISE+<\/strong> \u0928\u0947 UDISE \u0915\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928 \u0932\u093f\u092f\u093e<\/span><\/td><td class=\"narrow\">10.1<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr style=\"background:#f3f8ff;\"><td class=\"narrow\">21 Aug 2019<\/strong><\/td><td>NISHTHA<\/strong> launched<\/span>\u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0920\u093e<\/strong> \u0906\u0930\u0902\u092d<\/span><\/td><td class=\"narrow\">9.9<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr style=\"background:#f3f8ff;\"><td class=\"narrow\">2020<\/strong><\/td><td>NEP \u2014 29 July<\/strong> \u00b7 PM e-VIDYA \u2014 17 May<\/strong> \u00b7 PRAGYATA<\/strong> \u00b7 Manodarpan<\/strong><\/span>NEP \u2014 29 \u091c\u0941\u0932\u093e\u0908<\/strong> \u00b7 \u092a\u0940\u090f\u092e \u0908-\u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e \u2014 17 \u092e\u0908<\/strong> \u00b7 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0924\u093e<\/strong> \u00b7 \u092e\u0928\u094b\u0926\u0930\u094d\u092a\u0923<\/strong><\/span><\/td><td class=\"narrow\">9.10, 9.4, 9.5<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"narrow\">2021<\/strong><\/td><td>NDEAR<\/strong> announced \u00b7 Drone Rules<\/strong> \u00b7 e-RUPI<\/strong><\/span>NDEAR<\/strong> \u0918\u094b\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u00b7 \u0921\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0928 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e<\/strong> \u00b7 \u0908-\u0930\u0941\u092a\u0940<\/strong><\/span><\/td><td class=\"narrow\">9.5, 12.6, 13.4<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"narrow\">2022<\/strong><\/td><td>5G<\/strong> rollout begins in India<\/span>\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u092e\u0947\u0902 5G<\/strong> \u0915\u093e \u0906\u0930\u0902\u092d<\/span><\/td><td class=\"narrow\">6.8<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"narrow\">2023<\/strong><\/td><td>Digital Personal Data Protection Act<\/strong> \u00b7 National Quantum Mission<\/strong><\/span>\u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u0935\u0948\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u093e \u0938\u0902\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e<\/strong> \u00b7 \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0915\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0902\u091f\u092e \u092e\u093f\u0936\u0928<\/strong><\/span><\/td><td class=\"narrow\">8.8, 12.8<\/td><\/tr>\n <\/tbody>\n <\/table>\n\n <hr class=\"section-divider\">\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d15-2\">\n R.2<\/span>\n <h3>Numbers, Figures and Limits<\/span>\u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e\u090f\u0901, \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e\u090f\u0901<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"abbr-grid\">\n <table>\n <thead><tr><th>Figure<\/span>\u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u093e<\/span><\/th><th>What it belongs to<\/span>\u092f\u0939 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/th><\/tr><\/thead>\n <tbody>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">8<\/td><td>bits in a byte<\/strong> \u2014 hence 100 Mbps \u2248 12.5 MB\/s<\/span>\u090f\u0915 \u092c\u093e\u0907\u091f<\/strong> \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u093f\u091f \u2014 \u0905\u0924\u0903 100 Mbps \u2248 12.5 MB\/s<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">1024<\/td><td>bytes in a KB \u2014 the binary multiplier throughout<\/span>\u090f\u0915 KB \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u093e\u0907\u091f \u2014 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0917\u0941\u0923\u0915<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">32 \u00b7 128 \u00b7 48<\/td><td>bits in IPv4<\/strong> \u00b7 IPv6<\/strong> \u00b7 a MAC address<\/strong><\/span>IPv4<\/strong> \u00b7 IPv6<\/strong> \u00b7 MAC \u092a\u0924\u0947<\/strong> \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u093f\u091f<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">127.0.0.1<\/td><td>the loopback<\/strong> address \u2014 \"this machine itself\"<\/span>\u0932\u0942\u092a\u092c\u0948\u0915<\/strong> \u092a\u0924\u093e \u2014 \"\u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u092f\u0939\u0940 \u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\"<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">16,384<\/td><td>columns in a worksheet \u2014 A to XFD<\/strong><\/span>\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0915 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0902\u092d \u2014 A \u0938\u0947 XFD<\/strong><\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">10,48,576<\/td><td>rows in a worksheet<\/span>\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0915 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">25 MB<\/td><td>usual email attachment<\/strong> limit<\/span>\u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0908\u092e\u0947\u0932 \u0938\u0902\u0932\u0917\u094d\u0928\u0915<\/strong> \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">n(n\u22121)\/2<\/td><td>links in a mesh<\/strong> topology of n nodes<\/span>n \u0928\u094b\u0921 \u0915\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0932<\/strong> \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">7 \u00b7 4<\/td><td>layers in the OSI<\/strong> model \u00b7 in TCP\/IP<\/strong><\/span>OSI<\/strong> \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u00b7 TCP\/IP<\/strong> \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0930\u0924\u0947\u0902<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <\/tbody>\n <\/table>\n <table>\n <thead><tr><th>Figure<\/span>\u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u093e<\/span><\/th><th>What it belongs to<\/span>\u092f\u0939 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/th><\/tr><\/thead>\n <tbody>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">11 \u00b7 12<\/td><td>digits in a UDISE code<\/strong> \u00b7 in Aadhaar<\/strong> and APAAR<\/strong><\/span>UDISE \u0915\u094b\u0921<\/strong> \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u00b7 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930<\/strong> \u090f\u0935\u0902 APAAR<\/strong> \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0902\u0915<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">30 September<\/span>\u0938\u093f\u0924\u0902\u092c\u0930<\/span><\/td><td>UDISE+<\/strong> reference date<\/span>UDISE+<\/strong> \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0930\u094d\u092d \u0924\u093f\u0925\u093f<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">4<\/td><td>SWAYAM<\/strong> quadrants \u00b7 WCAG<\/strong> principles (POUR) \u00b7 e-governance models<\/span>\u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902<\/strong> \u0915\u0947 \u091a\u0924\u0941\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0902\u0936 \u00b7 WCAG<\/strong> \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924 (POUR) \u00b7 \u0908-\u0917\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0928\u0947\u0902\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u0942\u092a<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">5<\/td><td>PM e-VIDYA<\/strong> components \u00b7 cloud characteristics \u00b7 big data V's \u00b7 blockchain properties<\/span>\u092a\u0940\u090f\u092e \u0908-\u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e<\/strong> \u0918\u091f\u0915 \u00b7 \u0915\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0909\u0921 \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u00b7 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u093e\u0932 \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 V \u00b7 \u092c\u094d\u0932\u0949\u0915\u091a\u0947\u0928 \u0917\u0941\u0923<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">9<\/td><td>Digital India<\/strong> pillars \u00b7 SWAYAM national coordinators<\/span>\u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u0907\u0902\u0921\u093f\u092f\u093e<\/strong> \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0902\u092d \u00b7 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0938\u092e\u0928\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0915<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">21 \u00b7 40%<\/td><td>disabilities under the RPwD Act<\/strong> \u00b7 benchmark<\/strong> disability<\/span>RPwD \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e<\/strong> \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u0940\u0928 \u0926\u093f\u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0917\u0924\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u00b7 \u092c\u0947\u0902\u091a\u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0915<\/strong> \u0926\u093f\u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0917\u0924\u093e<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">5% \u00b7 4%<\/td><td>reservation in higher education<\/strong> \u00b7 in government employment<\/strong><\/span>\u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e<\/strong> \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u00b7 \u0936\u093e\u0938\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0928\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928<\/strong> \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0906\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">6\u201318<\/td><td>age for free education<\/strong> under the RPwD Act<\/span>RPwD \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u0940\u0928 \u0928\u093f:\u0936\u0941\u0932\u094d\u0915 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e<\/strong> \u0915\u0940 \u0906\u092f\u0941<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">30 days<\/span>\u0926\u093f\u0928<\/span> \u00b7 48 hrs<\/span>\u0918\u0902\u091f\u0947<\/span><\/td><td>RTI<\/strong> \u2014 ordinary \u00b7 where life or liberty<\/strong> is concerned<\/span>RTI<\/strong> \u2014 \u0938\u093e\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u00b7 \u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u091c\u0940\u0935\u0928 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093e<\/strong> \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u0939\u094b<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <\/tbody>\n <\/table>\n <\/div>\n\n <hr class=\"section-divider\">\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d15-3\">\n R.3<\/span>\n <h3>Bodies, Portals and Who Runs What<\/span>\u0928\u093f\u0915\u093e\u092f, \u092a\u094b\u0930\u094d\u091f\u0932 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0915\u094c\u0928 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u091a\u0932\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n <table class=\"data-table\">\n <thead>\n <tr>\n <th>Platform or scheme<\/span>\u092e\u0902\u091a \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928\u093e<\/span><\/th>\n <th>Run by<\/span>\u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0932\u0915<\/span><\/th>\n <th>Note<\/span>\u091f\u093f\u092a\u094d\u092a\u0923\u0940<\/span><\/th>\n <\/tr>\n <\/thead>\n <tbody>\n <tr><td>DIKSHA<\/strong><\/td><td>NCERT, through CIET<\/strong><\/span>NCERT, CIET<\/strong> \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0947<\/span><\/td><td>QR-coded textbooks; \"One Nation, One Digital Platform\"<\/span>QR-\u0915\u0942\u091f\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u092a\u0941\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0915\u0947\u0902; \"\u090f\u0915 \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930, \u090f\u0915 \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u092e\u0902\u091a\"<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>SWAYAM \u00b7 SWAYAM PRABHA<\/strong><\/td><td>Ministry of Education, with nine national coordinators<\/span>\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u092e\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0932\u092f, \u0928\u094c \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0938\u092e\u0928\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0939\u093f\u0924<\/span><\/td><td>MOOCs; DTH channels on GSAT-15<\/strong><\/span>MOOC; GSAT-15<\/strong> \u092a\u0930 DTH \u091a\u0948\u0928\u0932<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>NROER \u00b7 e-Pathshala<\/strong><\/td><td>CIET-NCERT<\/span>CIET-NCERT<\/span><\/td><td>Open resources; NCERT textbooks and periodicals<\/span>\u092e\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u093e\u0927\u0928; NCERT \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u092a\u0941\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0915\u0947\u0902 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0915\u093e\u090f\u0901<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>NDLI<\/strong><\/td><td>IIT Kharagpur<\/strong><\/span>IIT \u0916\u0921\u093c\u0917\u092a\u0941\u0930<\/strong><\/span><\/td><td>National Digital Library<\/span>\u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u092a\u0941\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0915\u093e\u0932\u092f<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>NPTEL<\/strong><\/td><td>IITs and IISc<\/strong><\/span>IIT \u090f\u0935\u0902 IISc<\/strong><\/span><\/td><td>Engineering, science, management<\/span>\u0905\u092d\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0915\u0940, \u0935\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0928<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr style=\"background:#f3f8ff;\"><td>UDISE+<\/strong><\/td><td>Ministry of Education, with NIC<\/strong><\/span>\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u092e\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0932\u092f, NIC<\/strong> \u0938\u0939\u093f\u0924<\/span><\/td><td>National school database; feeds PGI<\/strong><\/span>\u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e\u092c\u0947\u0938; PGI<\/strong> \u0915\u094b \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>Aadhaar<\/strong><\/td><td>UIDAI<\/strong>, under MeitY<\/span>UIDAI<\/strong>, MeitY \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u0940\u0928<\/span><\/td><td>Identity and residence \u2014 not citizenship<\/strong><\/span>\u092a\u0939\u091a\u093e\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0928\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0938 \u2014 \u0928\u093e\u0917\u0930\u093f\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902<\/strong><\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>UPI \u00b7 RuPay \u00b7 IMPS \u00b7 AePS \u00b7 FASTag<\/strong><\/td><td>NPCI<\/strong><\/span>NPCI<\/strong><\/span><\/td><td>All NPCI products; BHIM is its own app<\/span>\u0938\u092c NPCI \u0915\u0947 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926; \u092d\u0940\u092e \u0909\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0905\u092a\u0928\u093e \u0910\u092a<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>DigiLocker \u00b7 UMANG \u00b7 MeghRaj<\/strong><\/td><td>MeitY<\/strong><\/span>MeitY<\/strong><\/span><\/td><td>Documents \u00b7 services \u00b7 government cloud<\/span>\u0926\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0947\u091c\u093c \u00b7 \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u00b7 \u0936\u093e\u0938\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0915\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0909\u0921<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>CERT-In<\/strong><\/td><td>MeitY<\/span>MeitY<\/span><\/td><td>National nodal agency<\/strong> for cyber incidents<\/span>\u0938\u093e\u0907\u092c\u0930 \u0918\u091f\u0928\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0928\u094b\u0921\u0932 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0915\u0930\u0923<\/strong><\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>I4C \u00b7 cybercrime.gov.in<\/strong><\/td><td>Ministry of Home Affairs<\/strong><\/span>\u0917\u0943\u0939 \u092e\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0932\u092f<\/strong><\/span><\/td><td>Cybercrime coordination and reporting; helpline 1930<\/strong><\/span>\u0938\u093e\u0907\u092c\u0930 \u0905\u092a\u0930\u093e\u0927 \u0938\u092e\u0928\u094d\u0935\u092f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e; \u0939\u0947\u0932\u094d\u092a\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0928 1930<\/strong><\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>Atal Tinkering Labs \u00b7 AI Strategy<\/strong><\/td><td>NITI Aayog<\/strong><\/span>\u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f \u0906\u092f\u094b\u0917<\/strong><\/span><\/td><td>Atal Innovation Mission; #AIforAll<\/strong>, 2018<\/span>\u0905\u091f\u0932 \u0928\u0935\u093e\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u092e\u093f\u0936\u0928; #AIforAll<\/strong>, 2018<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>ISLRTC \u00b7 UDID \u00b7 ADIP<\/strong><\/td><td>DEPwD<\/strong>, Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment<\/span>DEPwD<\/strong>, \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u091c\u093f\u0915 \u0928\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924\u093e \u092e\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0932\u092f<\/span><\/td><td>Sign language \u00b7 disability ID \u00b7 aids and appliances<\/span>\u0938\u093e\u0902\u0915\u0947\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e \u00b7 \u0926\u093f\u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0917\u0924\u093e \u092a\u0939\u091a\u093e\u0928 \u00b7 \u0938\u0939\u093e\u092f\u0915 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>PARAM \u00b7 BOSS Linux<\/strong><\/td><td>C-DAC<\/strong><\/span>C-DAC<\/strong><\/span><\/td><td>Supercomputers; Indian Linux distribution<\/span>\u0938\u0941\u092a\u0930\u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930; \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0932\u093f\u0928\u0915\u094d\u0938 \u0935\u093f\u0924\u0930\u0923<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <\/tbody>\n <\/table>\n\n <hr class=\"section-divider\">\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d15-4\">\n R.4<\/span>\n <h3>Full Forms and Abbreviations<\/span>\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u092a\u093e\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0930<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"abbr-grid\">\n <table>\n <thead><tr><th>Abbr.<\/span>\u0938\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u092a<\/span><\/th><th>Full form<\/span>\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0930\u0942\u092a<\/span><\/th><\/tr><\/thead>\n <tbody>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">AAC<\/td><td>Augmentative and Alternative Communication<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">ABDM<\/td><td>Ayushman Bharat Digital Mission<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">ABHA<\/td><td>Ayushman Bharat Health Account<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">ABC<\/td><td>Academic Bank of Credits<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">AePS<\/td><td>Aadhaar enabled Payment System<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">APAAR<\/td><td>Automated Permanent Academic Account Registry<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">ATL<\/td><td>Atal Tinkering Lab<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">CCA<\/td><td>Controller of Certifying Authorities<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">CERT-In<\/td><td>Indian Computer Emergency Response Team<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">CIET<\/td><td>Central Institute of Educational Technology<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">CPGRAMS<\/td><td>Centralised Public Grievance Redress and Monitoring System<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">CSC<\/td><td>Common Service Centre<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">CWSN<\/td><td>Children With Special Needs<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">DAISY<\/td><td>Digital Accessible Information System<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">DBT<\/td><td>Direct Benefit Transfer<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">DCF<\/td><td>Data Capture Format<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">DEPwD<\/td><td>Department of Empowerment of Persons with Disabilities<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">DIKSHA<\/td><td>Digital Infrastructure for Knowledge Sharing<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">DNS<\/td><td>Domain Name System<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">DPDP<\/td><td>Digital Personal Data Protection (Act)<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">DSC<\/td><td>Digital Signature Certificate<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">ERNET<\/td><td>Education and Research Network<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">ETB<\/td><td>Energised Textbook<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">GeM<\/td><td>Government e-Marketplace<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">GIGO<\/td><td>Garbage In, Garbage Out<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">GIGW<\/td><td>Guidelines for Indian Government Websites<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">I4C<\/td><td>Indian Cyber Crime Coordination Centre<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">IEP<\/td><td>Individualised Education Plan<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">IMAP<\/td><td>Internet Message Access Protocol<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">ISL<\/td><td>Indian Sign Language<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">ISLRTC<\/td><td>Indian Sign Language Research and Training Centre<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">LMS<\/td><td>Learning Management System<\/td><\/tr>\n <\/tbody>\n <\/table>\n <table>\n <thead><tr><th>Abbr.<\/span>\u0938\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u092a<\/span><\/th><th>Full form<\/span>\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0930\u0942\u092a<\/span><\/th><\/tr><\/thead>\n <tbody>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">MeitY<\/td><td>Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">MOOC<\/td><td>Massive Open Online Course<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">NDEAR<\/td><td>National Digital Education Architecture<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">NDLI<\/td><td>National Digital Library of India<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">NeGP<\/td><td>National e-Governance Plan<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">NETF<\/td><td>National Educational Technology Forum<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">NISHTHA<\/td><td>National Initiative for School Heads' and Teachers' Holistic Advancement<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">NPCI<\/td><td>National Payments Corporation of India<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">NPTEL<\/td><td>National Programme on Technology Enhanced Learning<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">NROER<\/td><td>National Repository of Open Educational Resources<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">NSP<\/td><td>National Scholarship Portal<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">OCR<\/td><td>Optical Character Recognition<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">OER<\/td><td>Open Educational Resources<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">OMR<\/td><td>Optical Mark Recognition<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">ONDC<\/td><td>Open Network for Digital Commerce<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">OSI<\/td><td>Open Systems Interconnection<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">PEN<\/td><td>Permanent Education Number<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">PFMS<\/td><td>Public Financial Management System<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">PGI<\/td><td>Performance Grading Index<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">PMJDY<\/td><td>Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">PMGDISHA<\/td><td>Pradhan Mantri Gramin Digital Saksharta Abhiyan<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">POP3<\/td><td>Post Office Protocol version 3<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">POUR<\/td><td>Perceivable, Operable, Understandable, Robust<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">RPwD<\/td><td>Rights of Persons with Disabilities (Act)<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">SMTP<\/td><td>Simple Mail Transfer Protocol<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">SWAYAM<\/td><td>Study Webs of Active-learning for Young Aspiring Minds<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">UAV<\/td><td>Unmanned Aerial Vehicle<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">UDID<\/td><td>Unique Disability Identity<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">UDISE+<\/td><td>Unified District Information System for Education Plus<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">UDL<\/td><td>Universal Design for Learning<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">UIDAI<\/td><td>Unique Identification Authority of India<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">UMANG<\/td><td>Unified Mobile Application for New-age Governance<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">UPI<\/td><td>Unified Payments Interface<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">WCAG<\/td><td>Web Content Accessibility Guidelines<\/td><\/tr>\n <\/tbody>\n <\/table>\n <\/div>\n <hr class=\"section-divider\">\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d15-5\">\n R.5<\/span>\n <h3>The Key Distinctions<\/span>\u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f \u092d\u0947\u0926<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n \n Most objective questions in this paper are built on a pair of things that resemble each other<\/strong>. If the pairs below are secure, a large part of the paper is already answered.<\/span>\n \u0907\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928-\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0902\u0936 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u092a\u0930\u0938\u094d\u092a\u0930 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0926\u093f\u0916\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u092f\u0941\u0917\u094d\u092e\u094b\u0902<\/strong> \u092a\u0930 \u092c\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u092f\u0926\u093f \u0928\u0940\u091a\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u092f\u0941\u0917\u094d\u092e \u092a\u0915\u094d\u0915\u0947 \u0939\u094b\u0902 \u0924\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928-\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u092c\u0921\u093c\u093e \u092d\u093e\u0917 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0939\u0940 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\n <\/p>\n\n <table class=\"data-table\">\n <thead>\n <tr>\n <th>The pair<\/span>\u092f\u0941\u0917\u094d\u092e<\/span><\/th>\n <th>The one line that separates them<\/span>\u0935\u0939 \u090f\u0915 \u092a\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u091c\u094b \u0907\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0932\u0917 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/th>\n <th class=\"narrow\">\u00a7<\/th>\n <\/tr>\n <\/thead>\n <tbody>\n <tr><td>RAM \u00b7 ROM<\/strong><\/td><td>RAM is volatile<\/strong> and loses its contents when power goes; ROM is permanent.<\/span>RAM \u0935\u093e\u0937\u094d\u092a\u0936\u0940\u0932<\/strong> \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0936\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0940 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u0916\u094b \u0926\u0947\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948; ROM \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092f\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><td class=\"narrow\">1.6<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>OMR \u00b7 OCR \u00b7 MICR<\/strong><\/td><td>OMR reads a mark's presence<\/strong>; OCR reads characters<\/strong>; MICR reads magnetic ink on cheques.<\/span>OMR \u091a\u093f\u0939\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u0909\u092a\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f<\/strong> \u092a\u0922\u093c\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948; OCR \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0923<\/strong>; MICR \u091a\u0947\u0915 \u092a\u0930 \u091a\u0941\u0902\u092c\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0938\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0939\u0940\u0964<\/span><\/td><td class=\"narrow\">1.8<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr style=\"background:#f3f8ff;\"><td>Save \u00b7 Save As<\/span>\u0938\u0947\u0935 \u00b7 \u0938\u0947\u0935 \u0910\u091c\u093c<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>Save overwrites; Save As creates a new file<\/strong> and leaves the original untouched.<\/span>\u0938\u0947\u0935 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0932\u0947\u0916\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948; \u0938\u0947\u0935 \u0910\u091c\u093c \u0928\u0908 \u092b\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0932 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/strong> \u0914\u0930 \u092e\u0942\u0932 \u0915\u094b \u0905\u091b\u0942\u0924\u093e \u091b\u094b\u0921\u093c \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><td class=\"narrow\">2.5<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>Relative \u00b7 absolute reference<\/span>\u0938\u093e\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u00b7 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0930\u094d\u092d<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>The dollar locks whatever follows it.<\/strong> A1 moves; $A$1 never does.<\/span>\u0921\u0949\u0932\u0930 \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0901\u0927\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u0939\u094b\u0964<\/strong> A1 \u0939\u093f\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948; $A$1 \u0915\u092d\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/td><td class=\"narrow\">4.3<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>COUNT \u00b7 COUNTA<\/strong><\/td><td>COUNT takes numbers only<\/strong>; COUNTA takes anything not empty<\/strong>.<\/span>COUNT \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e\u090f\u0901<\/strong> \u0932\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948; COUNTA \u091c\u094b \u092d\u0940 \u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0928 \u0939\u094b<\/strong>\u0964<\/span><\/td><td class=\"narrow\">4.4<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr style=\"background:#f3f8ff;\"><td>Animation \u00b7 transition<\/span>\u091a\u0947\u0924\u0928\u093e\u0902\u0915\u0928 \u00b7 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0923<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>Transition is between slides; animation is within a slide.<\/strong> One transition per slide, many animations.<\/span>\u0938\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0923 \u0938\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0921\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a; \u091a\u0947\u0924\u0928\u093e\u0902\u0915\u0928 \u0938\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u0915\u0947 \u092d\u0940\u0924\u0930\u0964<\/strong> \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f \u0938\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0923, \u0905\u0928\u0947\u0915 \u091a\u0947\u0924\u0928\u093e\u0902\u0915\u0928\u0964<\/span><\/td><td class=\"narrow\">5.5<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>Hub \u00b7 switch \u00b7 router<\/span>\u0939\u092c \u00b7 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u093f\u091a \u00b7 \u0930\u093e\u0909\u091f\u0930<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>Hub broadcasts to all<\/strong>; switch sends to one port using MAC<\/strong>; router joins networks using IP<\/strong>.<\/span>\u0939\u092c \u0938\u092c\u0915\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924<\/strong> \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948; \u0938\u094d\u0935\u093f\u091a MAC \u0938\u0947 \u090f\u0915 \u092a\u094b\u0930\u094d\u091f<\/strong> \u092a\u0930 \u092d\u0947\u091c\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948; \u0930\u093e\u0909\u091f\u0930 IP \u0938\u0947 \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915<\/strong> \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><td class=\"narrow\">6.4<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>MAC \u00b7 IP address<\/span>MAC \u00b7 IP \u092a\u0924\u093e<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>MAC is physical and permanent<\/strong>; IP is logical and changes with the network<\/strong>.<\/span>MAC \u092d\u094c\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092f\u0940<\/strong> \u0939\u0948; IP \u0924\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0915\u093f\u0915 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0924\u093e<\/strong> \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><td class=\"narrow\">6.4<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr style=\"background:#f3f8ff;\"><td>Internet \u00b7 World Wide Web<\/span>\u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u0928\u0947\u091f \u00b7 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0932\u094d\u0921 \u0935\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u0935\u0947\u092c<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>The Internet is the network<\/strong>; the Web is one service running on it<\/strong>.<\/span>\u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u0928\u0947\u091f \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915<\/strong> \u0939\u0948; \u0935\u0947\u092c \u0909\u0938 \u092a\u0930 \u091a\u0932\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e<\/strong>\u0964<\/span><\/td><td class=\"narrow\">6.6<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>Intranet \u00b7 extranet<\/span>\u0907\u0902\u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0928\u0947\u091f \u00b7 \u090f\u0915\u094d\u0938\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0928\u0947\u091f<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>Intranet is internal only<\/strong>; extranet is an intranet extended to selected outsiders<\/strong>.<\/span>\u0907\u0902\u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0928\u0947\u091f \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0906\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0915<\/strong>; \u090f\u0915\u094d\u0938\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0928\u0947\u091f \u0935\u0939 \u0907\u0902\u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0928\u0947\u091f \u091c\u094b \u091a\u0941\u0928\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0940 \u0932\u094b\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u0924\u0915 \u092c\u0922\u093c\u093e<\/strong> \u0939\u094b\u0964<\/span><\/td><td class=\"narrow\">6.2<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>SMTP \u00b7 POP3 \u00b7 IMAP<\/strong><\/td><td>SMTP sends<\/strong>; POP3 downloads to one device<\/strong>; IMAP synchronises all devices<\/strong>.<\/span>SMTP \u092d\u0947\u091c\u0924\u093e<\/strong> \u0939\u0948; POP3 \u090f\u0915 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u092a\u0930 \u0909\u0924\u093e\u0930\u0924\u093e<\/strong> \u0939\u0948; IMAP \u0938\u092d\u0940 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0938\u092e\u0915\u093e\u0932\u093f\u0924<\/strong> \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><td class=\"narrow\">7.1<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr style=\"background:#f3f8ff;\"><td>CC \u00b7 BCC<\/strong><\/td><td>A BCC recipient sees everyone; nobody sees the BCC recipient.<\/strong><\/span>BCC \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0938\u092c\u0915\u094b \u0926\u0947\u0916\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948; BCC \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0926\u0947\u0916\u0924\u093e\u0964<\/strong><\/span><\/td><td class=\"narrow\">7.2<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>Virus \u00b7 worm \u00b7 trojan<\/span>\u0935\u093e\u092f\u0930\u0938 \u00b7 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u092e \u00b7 \u091f\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091c\u0928<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>Virus needs a host and a human<\/strong>; worm spreads by itself<\/strong>; trojan does not replicate<\/strong> and is invited in.<\/span>\u0935\u093e\u092f\u0930\u0938 \u0915\u094b \u0906\u0936\u094d\u0930\u092f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092e\u0928\u0941\u0937\u094d\u092f<\/strong> \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f; \u0935\u0930\u094d\u092e \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902<\/strong> \u092b\u0948\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948; \u091f\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u093e<\/strong> \u0914\u0930 \u0906\u092e\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><td class=\"narrow\">8.2<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>Phishing \u00b7 spear phishing \u00b7 whaling<\/span>\u092b\u093c\u093f\u0936\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u00b7 \u0938\u094d\u092a\u0940\u092f\u0930 \u00b7 \u0935\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0932\u093f\u0902\u0917<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>Bulk \u00b7 one named person<\/strong> \u00b7 a senior officer<\/strong>. Vishing is by call, smishing by SMS.<\/span>\u0925\u094b\u0915 \u00b7 \u090f\u0915 \u0928\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f<\/strong> \u00b7 \u0935\u0930\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940<\/strong>\u0964 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0915\u0949\u0932 \u0938\u0947, \u0938\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0936\u093f\u0902\u0917 SMS \u0938\u0947\u0964<\/span><\/td><td class=\"narrow\">8.3<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr style=\"background:#f3f8ff;\"><td>Sync \u00b7 backup<\/span>\u0938\u092e\u0915\u093e\u0932\u0928 \u00b7 \u092c\u0948\u0915\u0905\u092a<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>Synchronisation copies a deletion; a backup does not.<\/strong> Sync gives availability, not protection.<\/span>\u0938\u092e\u0915\u093e\u0932\u0928 \u0935\u093f\u0932\u094b\u092a\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u092d\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0932\u093f\u092a\u093f \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948; \u092c\u0948\u0915\u0905\u092a \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964<\/strong> \u0938\u092e\u0915\u093e\u0932\u0928 \u0909\u092a\u0932\u092c\u094d\u0927\u0924\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0938\u0902\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/td><td class=\"narrow\">6.9<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>Copyright \u00b7 plagiarism<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0932\u093f\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u00b7 \u0938\u093e\u0939\u093f\u0924\u094d\u092f\u093f\u0915 \u091a\u094b\u0930\u0940<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>Attribution cures plagiarism but not infringement.<\/strong> The two are independent.<\/span>\u0936\u094d\u0930\u0947\u092f \u0926\u0947\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0939\u093f\u0924\u094d\u092f\u093f\u0915 \u091a\u094b\u0930\u0940 \u0920\u0940\u0915 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0909\u0932\u094d\u0932\u0902\u0918\u0928 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964<\/strong> \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/td><td class=\"narrow\">11.3<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>Mis- \u00b7 dis- \u00b7 malinformation<\/span>\u092e\u093f\u0925\u094d\u092f\u093e \u00b7 \u0926\u0941\u0937\u094d\u092a\u094d\u0930\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u00b7 \u0926\u0941\u0930\u094d\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0928\u093e<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>False without intent \u00b7 false with intent \u00b7 true, but published to harm<\/strong>.<\/span>\u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0906\u0936\u092f \u0905\u0938\u0924\u094d\u092f \u00b7 \u0906\u0936\u092f \u0938\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u0905\u0938\u0924\u094d\u092f \u00b7 \u0938\u0924\u094d\u092f, \u0915\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0941 \u0939\u093e\u0928\u093f \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0936\u093f\u0924<\/strong>\u0964<\/span><\/td><td class=\"narrow\">11.7<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr style=\"background:#f3f8ff;\"><td>AI \u00b7 ML \u00b7 DL<\/strong><\/td><td>AI contains ML, which contains DL.<\/strong> Never the reverse.<\/span>AI \u092e\u0947\u0902 ML, ML \u092e\u0947\u0902 DL\u0964<\/strong> \u0915\u092d\u0940 \u0909\u0932\u091f\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/td><td class=\"narrow\">12.1<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>IaaS \u00b7 PaaS \u00b7 SaaS<\/strong><\/td><td>Rented machines<\/strong> \u00b7 rented place to build<\/strong> \u00b7 ready software<\/strong>. Almost everything a school uses is SaaS.<\/span>\u0915\u093f\u0930\u093e\u090f \u092a\u0930 \u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930<\/strong> \u00b7 \u0915\u093f\u0930\u093e\u090f \u092a\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923-\u0938\u094d\u0925\u0932<\/strong> \u00b7 \u0924\u0948\u092f\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u0949\u092b\u093c\u094d\u091f\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930<\/strong>\u0964 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u091c\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0935\u0939 \u0932\u0917\u092d\u0917 \u0938\u092c SaaS \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><td class=\"narrow\">12.2<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>AR \u00b7 VR \u00b7 MR<\/strong><\/td><td>AR overlays<\/strong> \u00b7 VR replaces<\/strong> \u00b7 MR lets the two interact<\/strong>.<\/span>AR \u0906\u0935\u0930\u0923 \u091a\u0922\u093c\u093e\u0924\u0940<\/strong> \u00b7 VR \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928 \u0932\u0947\u0924\u0940<\/strong> \u00b7 MR \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0903\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e<\/strong> \u0915\u0930\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><td class=\"narrow\">12.5<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr style=\"background:#f3f8ff;\"><td>NDEAR \u00b7 PM e-VIDYA \u00b7 DIKSHA<\/strong><\/td><td>An architecture<\/strong> \u00b7 a programme<\/strong> \u00b7 a platform<\/strong>.<\/span>\u090f\u0915 \u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0936\u093f\u0932\u094d\u092a<\/strong> \u00b7 \u090f\u0915 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e<\/strong> \u00b7 \u090f\u0915 \u092e\u0902\u091a<\/strong>\u0964<\/span><\/td><td class=\"narrow\">9.5<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>Issued \u00b7 uploaded (DigiLocker)<\/span>\u091c\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u00b7 \u091a\u0922\u093c\u093e\u092f\u093e (\u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u0932\u0949\u0915\u0930)<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>Issued documents are at par with the original<\/strong>; uploaded ones are not.<\/span>\u091c\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0926\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0947\u091c\u093c \u092e\u0942\u0932 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937<\/strong> \u0939\u0948\u0902; \u091a\u0922\u093c\u093e\u090f \u0917\u090f \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/td><td class=\"narrow\">13.5<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>Subtitles \u00b7 captions<\/span>\u0909\u092a\u0936\u0940\u0930\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u00b7 \u0915\u0948\u092a\u094d\u0936\u0928<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>Subtitles carry dialogue only<\/strong>; captions carry other significant sound too<\/strong>.<\/span>\u0909\u092a\u0936\u0940\u0930\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0938\u0902\u0935\u093e\u0926<\/strong>; \u0915\u0948\u092a\u094d\u0936\u0928 \u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0927\u094d\u0935\u0928\u093f \u092d\u0940<\/strong>\u0964<\/span><\/td><td class=\"narrow\">14.4<\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>Additive \u00b7 subtractive<\/span>\u092f\u094b\u091c\u094d\u092f \u00b7 \u0905\u092a\u0918\u091f\u0940<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>3D printing adds layers<\/strong>; traditional manufacture cuts material away<\/strong>.<\/span>3\u0921\u0940 \u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0923 \u092a\u0930\u0924\u0947\u0902 \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0924\u093e<\/strong> \u0939\u0948; \u092a\u0930\u0902\u092a\u0930\u093e\u0917\u0924 \u0935\u093f\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u093e\u091f\u0924\u093e<\/strong> \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><td class=\"narrow\">12.6<\/td><\/tr>\n <\/tbody>\n <\/table>\n\n <hr class=\"section-divider\">\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d15-6\">\n R.6<\/span>\n <h3>Shortcut Keys, Consolidated<\/span>\u0936\u0949\u0930\u094d\u091f\u0915\u091f \u0915\u0941\u0902\u091c\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901, \u0938\u092e\u0947\u0915\u093f\u0924<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"abbr-grid\">\n <table>\n <thead><tr><th>Universal<\/span>\u0938\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0915<\/span><\/th><th>Action<\/span>\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e<\/span><\/th><\/tr><\/thead>\n <tbody>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">Ctrl + C \u00b7 X \u00b7 V<\/td><td>Copy \u00b7 cut \u00b7 paste<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0932\u093f\u092a\u093f \u00b7 \u0915\u093e\u091f\u0947\u0902 \u00b7 \u091a\u093f\u092a\u0915\u093e\u090f\u0901<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">Ctrl + Z \u00b7 Y<\/td><td>Undo \u00b7 redo<\/span>\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0935\u0924\u094d \u00b7 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0903 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">Ctrl + S \u00b7 P \u00b7 F<\/td><td>Save \u00b7 print \u00b7 find<\/span>\u0938\u0902\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902 \u00b7 \u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902 \u00b7 \u0916\u094b\u091c\u0947\u0902<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">Ctrl + A<\/td><td>Select all<\/span>\u0938\u092c \u091a\u0941\u0928\u0947\u0902<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">Alt + Tab<\/td><td>Switch between open windows<\/span>\u0916\u0941\u0932\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0902\u0921\u094b\u091c\u093c \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0947\u0902<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">Ctrl + Shift + Esc<\/td><td>Task Manager<\/span>\u091f\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0915 \u092e\u0948\u0928\u0947\u091c\u0930<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">F5<\/td><td>Refresh \u2014 and start a slide show<\/span>\u0930\u093f\u092b\u093c\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0936 \u2014 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u0936\u094b \u0906\u0930\u0902\u092d<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <\/tbody>\n <\/table>\n <table>\n <thead><tr><th>Application-specific<\/span>\u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917-\u0935\u093f\u0936\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f<\/span><\/th><th>Action<\/span>\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e<\/span><\/th><\/tr><\/thead>\n <tbody>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">Ctrl + Shift + C \u00b7 V<\/td><td>Word:<\/strong> copy \u00b7 paste formatting<\/em><\/span>\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0921:<\/strong> \u0938\u0902\u0930\u0942\u092a\u0923<\/em> \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0932\u093f\u092a\u093f \u00b7 \u091a\u093f\u092a\u0915\u093e\u0928\u093e<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">Alt + =<\/td><td>Excel:<\/strong> AutoSum<\/span>\u090f\u0915\u094d\u0938\u0947\u0932:<\/strong> \u0911\u091f\u094b\u0938\u092e<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">F4<\/td><td>Excel:<\/strong> cycle relative \u2192 absolute \u2192 mixed<\/span>\u090f\u0915\u094d\u0938\u0947\u0932:<\/strong> \u0938\u093e\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u2192 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u2192 \u092e\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u091a\u0915\u094d\u0930<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">Ctrl + Shift + L<\/td><td>Excel:<\/strong> filter on or off<\/span>\u090f\u0915\u094d\u0938\u0947\u0932:<\/strong> \u092b\u093c\u093f\u0932\u094d\u091f\u0930 \u091a\u093e\u0932\u0942 \u092f\u093e \u092c\u0902\u0926<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">F11 \u00b7 Alt + F1<\/td><td>Excel:<\/strong> chart on a new sheet \u00b7 embedded chart<\/span>\u090f\u0915\u094d\u0938\u0947\u0932:<\/strong> \u0928\u0908 \u0936\u0940\u091f \u092a\u0930 \u091a\u093e\u0930\u094d\u091f \u00b7 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0903\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u091a\u093e\u0930\u094d\u091f<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">Ctrl + M<\/td><td>PowerPoint:<\/strong> new slide<\/span>\u092a\u093e\u0935\u0930\u092a\u0949\u0907\u0902\u091f:<\/strong> \u0928\u0908 \u0938\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0921<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">Shift + F5<\/td><td>PowerPoint:<\/strong> show from the current slide<\/span>\u092a\u093e\u0935\u0930\u092a\u0949\u0907\u0902\u091f:<\/strong> \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0938\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u0928<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"ab\">B \u00b7 W<\/td><td>During a show:<\/strong> black screen \u00b7 white screen<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u094c\u0930\u093e\u0928:<\/strong> \u0915\u093e\u0932\u093e \u092a\u0930\u094d\u0926\u093e \u00b7 \u0938\u092b\u093c\u0947\u0926 \u092a\u0930\u094d\u0926\u093e<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <\/tbody>\n <\/table>\n <\/div>\n\n <hr class=\"section-divider\">\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d15-7\">\n R.7<\/span>\n <h3>Legal Provisions at a Glance<\/span>\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0909\u092a\u092c\u0902\u0927 \u090f\u0915 \u0926\u0943\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093f \u092e\u0947\u0902<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n <table class=\"data-table\">\n <thead>\n <tr>\n <th>Statute<\/span>\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093e\u0928<\/span><\/th>\n <th>What must be remembered<\/span>\u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0938\u094d\u092e\u0930\u0923 \u0930\u0916\u0928\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/th>\n <\/tr>\n <\/thead>\n <tbody>\n <tr><td>IT Act, 2000<\/span>IT \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e, 2000<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>Amended 2008<\/strong>. Gave legal validity to electronic records and signatures. 66C<\/strong> identity theft \u00b7 66D<\/strong> cheating by personation, used for phishing \u00b7 66E<\/strong> violation of privacy \u00b7 67B<\/strong> child sexual abuse material \u00b7 43<\/strong> damage, civil compensation.<\/span>2008<\/strong> \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u0936\u094b\u0927\u093f\u0924\u0964 \u0907\u0932\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0932\u0947\u0916\u094b\u0902 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0939\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u0948\u0927\u0924\u093e \u0926\u0940\u0964 66C<\/strong> \u092a\u0939\u091a\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u091a\u094b\u0930\u0940 \u00b7 66D<\/strong> \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u0942\u092a\u0923 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u091b\u0932, \u092b\u093c\u093f\u0936\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u00b7 66E<\/strong> \u0928\u093f\u091c\u0924\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0909\u0932\u094d\u0932\u0902\u0918\u0928 \u00b7 67B<\/strong> \u092c\u093e\u0932 \u092f\u094c\u0928 \u0936\u094b\u0937\u0923 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u00b7 43<\/strong> \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0924\u093f, \u0938\u093f\u0935\u093f\u0932 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0915\u0930\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr style=\"background:#f3f8ff;\"><td>DPDP Act, 2023<\/span>DPDP \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e, 2023<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>School = Data Fiduciary<\/strong>; pupil = Data Principal<\/strong>. Verifiable parental consent for anyone under eighteen.<\/strong> No tracking, behavioural monitoring or targeted advertising directed at children. Data Protection Board of India.<\/strong><\/span>\u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f = \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u093e \u0928\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938\u0940<\/strong>; \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 = \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u093e \u092e\u0942\u0932\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0940<\/strong>\u0964 \u0905\u0920\u093e\u0930\u0939 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u092e \u0906\u092f\u0941 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0938\u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u0928-\u092f\u094b\u0917\u094d\u092f \u0905\u092d\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0938\u0939\u092e\u0924\u093f\u0964<\/strong> \u092c\u091a\u094d\u091a\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0930\u0947\u0916\u0923, \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930\u0917\u0924 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0935\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0935\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u092a\u0928 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u093e \u0938\u0902\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u092c\u094b\u0930\u094d\u0921\u0964<\/strong><\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>Copyright Act, 1957<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0932\u093f\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e, 1957<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>Protection automatic on creation<\/strong>; registration not required. Section 52 \u2014 fair dealing<\/strong>, including use in the course of instruction. Term: life of the author plus sixty years<\/strong>.<\/span>\u0938\u0902\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0938\u0943\u091c\u0928 \u092a\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0924\u0903<\/strong>; \u092a\u0902\u091c\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964 \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093e 52 \u2014 \u0909\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917<\/strong>, \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0938\u0939\u093f\u0924\u0964 \u0905\u0935\u0927\u093f: \u0930\u091a\u092f\u093f\u0924\u093e \u0915\u093e \u091c\u0940\u0935\u0928\u0915\u093e\u0932 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0938\u093e\u0920 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937<\/strong>\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>RPwD Act, 2016<\/span>RPwD \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e, 2016<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>Replaced that of 1995<\/strong>; gives effect to the UNCRPD<\/strong>. 21 disabilities \u00b7 benchmark 40% \u00b7 free education 6 to 18 \u00b7 5% higher education, 4% employment<\/strong> \u00b7 information in accessible formats<\/strong>.<\/span>1995<\/strong> \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e \u0915\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928 \u0932\u093f\u092f\u093e; UNCRPD<\/strong> \u0915\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0940 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 21 \u0926\u093f\u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0917\u0924\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u00b7 \u092c\u0947\u0902\u091a\u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0915 40% \u00b7 \u0928\u093f:\u0936\u0941\u0932\u094d\u0915 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e 6 \u0938\u0947 18 \u00b7 \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e 5%, \u0928\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928 4%<\/strong> \u00b7 \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0938\u0941\u0917\u092e\u094d\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0930\u0942\u092a\u094b\u0902<\/strong> \u092e\u0947\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>RTI Act, 2005<\/span>RTI \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e, 2005<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>Ordinarily 30 days<\/strong>; where life or liberty<\/strong> is concerned, 48 hours<\/strong>. A substantially financed school is a public authority<\/strong>.<\/span>\u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0924\u0903 30 \u0926\u093f\u0928<\/strong>; \u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u091c\u0940\u0935\u0928 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093e<\/strong> \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u0939\u094b, 48 \u0918\u0902\u091f\u0947<\/strong>\u0964 \u092a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0935\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0924-\u092a\u094b\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0932\u094b\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940<\/strong> \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td>Aadhaar Act, 2016<\/span>\u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e, 2016<\/span><\/strong><\/td><td>Gave UIDAI statutory standing. Aadhaar proves identity and residence, not citizenship.<\/strong> Following the 2018<\/strong> judgment, no child may be denied admission or benefit for want of it<\/strong>.<\/span>UIDAI \u0915\u094b \u0935\u0948\u0927\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u0926\u0940\u0964 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u0939\u091a\u093e\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0928\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0938 \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0928\u093e\u0917\u0930\u093f\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964<\/strong> 2018<\/strong> \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0923\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0905\u092d\u093e\u0935 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092c\u093e\u0932\u0915 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0947\u0936 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0932\u093e\u092d \u0938\u0947 \u0935\u0902\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e<\/strong>\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <\/tbody>\n <\/table>\n\n <hr class=\"section-divider\">\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d15-8\">\n R.8<\/span>\n <h3>The Traps<\/span>\u091c\u093e\u0932<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"callout red\">\n <div class=\"callout-label\">\u26a0\ufe0f Twelve answers that look right and are not<\/span>\u26a0\ufe0f \u092c\u093e\u0930\u0939 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u091c\u094b \u0938\u0939\u0940 \u0926\u093f\u0916\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902<\/span><\/div>\n <ul class=\"split-list\" style=\"margin-top:4px;\">\n <li>1<\/span>#####<\/strong> in a cell is not<\/em> an error. The column is too narrow.<\/span>\u0915\u094b\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u092e\u0947\u0902 #####<\/strong> \u0924\u094d\u0930\u0941\u091f\u093f \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902<\/em> \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0902\u092d \u092c\u0939\u0941\u0924 \u0938\u0901\u0915\u0930\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n <li>2<\/span>A password and a security question are not two factors<\/strong> \u2014 both are things known.<\/span>\u092a\u093e\u0938\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0921 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u0926\u094b \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0915 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u0948\u0902<\/strong> \u2014 \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0924 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u090f\u0901 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n <li>3<\/span>The padlock proves encryption, not honesty.<\/strong> A fraudulent site can hold a certificate.<\/span>\u0924\u093e\u0932\u093e \u0915\u0942\u091f\u0932\u0947\u0916\u0928 \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0908\u092e\u093e\u0928\u0926\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964<\/strong> \u0915\u092a\u091f\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0938\u093e\u0907\u091f \u092d\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0930\u0916 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n <li>4<\/span>Incognito mode hides history from the device only<\/strong> \u2014 not from the provider or the network.<\/span>\u0917\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0935\u093f\u0927\u093e \u0907\u0924\u093f\u0939\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0938\u0947 \u091b\u093f\u092a\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948<\/strong> \u2014 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0938\u0947 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n <li>5<\/span>Mbps is not MBps.<\/strong> Divide by eight.<\/span>Mbps, MBps \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/strong> \u0906\u0920 \u0938\u0947 \u092d\u093e\u0917 \u0926\u0947\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n <li>6<\/span>PGI grades states and districts, not schools.<\/strong><\/span>PGI \u0930\u093e\u091c\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u091c\u093c\u093f\u0932\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0936\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0923\u0940\u092c\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n <li>7<\/span>NDEAR is not a platform.<\/strong> Nobody logs into it.<\/span>NDEAR \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u092e\u0902\u091a \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/strong> \u0909\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0932\u0949\u0917-\u0907\u0928 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n <li>8<\/span>Blockchain is not cryptocurrency.<\/strong> The second is one application of the first.<\/span>\u092c\u094d\u0932\u0949\u0915\u091a\u0947\u0928 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092a\u094d\u091f\u094b\u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902\u0938\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/strong> \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u093e \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u090f\u0915 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n <li>9<\/span>Aadhaar is not proof of citizenship.<\/strong><\/span>\u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u0928\u093e\u0917\u0930\u093f\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n <li>10<\/span>In a mesh of n nodes the links are n(n\u22121)\/2<\/strong> \u2014 remember to halve.<\/span>n \u0928\u094b\u0921 \u0915\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0932-\u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928 n(n\u22121)\/2<\/strong> \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u2014 \u0906\u0927\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u0928 \u092d\u0942\u0932\u0947\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n <li>11<\/span>Indian Sign Language is a language in its own right<\/strong>, not signed Hindi.<\/span>\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0938\u093e\u0902\u0915\u0947\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u0906\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u090f\u0915 \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/strong>, \u0938\u093e\u0902\u0915\u0947\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0939\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n <li>12<\/span>A modem is both an input and an output device<\/strong>, because it both modulates and demodulates.<\/span>\u092e\u0949\u0921\u0947\u092e \u0928\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0936 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0924 \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0939\u0948<\/strong>, \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u0935\u0939 \u092e\u0949\u0921\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0932\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u092e\u0949\u0921\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0932\u0928 \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n\n <hr class=\"section-divider\">\n\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"d15-9\">\n R.9<\/span>\n <h3>In the Examination Hall<\/span>\u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e-\u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u092e\u0947\u0902<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"callout amber\">\n <div class=\"callout-label\">\ud83e\uddee The arithmetic of negative marking<\/span>\ud83e\uddee \u090b\u0923\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0905\u0902\u0915\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0902\u0915\u0917\u0923\u093f\u0924<\/span><\/div>\n Each question carries 2.5 marks<\/strong>, and one-third<\/strong> is deducted for a wrong answer \u2014 a loss of about 0.83<\/strong>. The consequence is worth working out rather than assuming. A pure guess among four options is close to break-even<\/strong>: one right in four gains 2.5 and three wrong lose about 2.5. But eliminating even one option turns the odds decisively favourable<\/strong> \u2014 one right in three gains 2.5 against two wrong losing about 1.67. And eliminating two makes it strongly positive.<\/span>\n \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 2.5 \u0905\u0902\u0915<\/strong> \u0915\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0917\u093c\u0932\u0924 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u090f\u0915-\u0924\u093f\u0939\u093e\u0908<\/strong> \u0915\u091f\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u0932\u0917\u092d\u0917 0.83<\/strong> \u0915\u0940 \u0939\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0964 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e \u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0932\u0947\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u091c\u093e\u092f \u0928\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0932 \u0932\u0947\u0928\u093e \u0909\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0932\u0917\u092d\u0917 \u092c\u0930\u093e\u092c\u0930\u0940 \u092a\u0930 \u0939\u0948<\/strong>: \u091a\u093e\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u0939\u0940 2.5 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0924\u0940\u0928 \u0917\u093c\u0932\u0924 \u0932\u0917\u092d\u0917 2.5 \u0932\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0915\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0941 \u090f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a \u092d\u0940 \u0939\u091f\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0928\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0923\u093e\u092f\u0915 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0915\u0942\u0932 \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948<\/strong> \u2014 \u0924\u0940\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u0939\u0940 2.5 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u092c\u0915\u093f \u0926\u094b \u0917\u093c\u0932\u0924 \u0932\u0917\u092d\u0917 1.67 \u0932\u0947\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0914\u0930 \u0926\u094b \u0939\u091f\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u092f\u0939 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092c\u0932 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0927\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\n The rule that follows: attempt every question where one option can be ruled out, and leave only those where all four remain equally possible.<\/strong> On a paper of this kind that second category is small, because most questions rest on a distinction from R.5 \u2014 and even a partial memory of the distinction removes an option.<\/span>\n \u0928\u093f\u0915\u0932\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e: \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0935\u0939 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u0940\u091c\u093f\u090f \u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u090f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a \u0939\u091f\u093e\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0947, \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0935\u0947 \u091b\u094b\u0921\u093c\u093f\u090f \u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u091a\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u092d\u0935 \u0930\u0939\u0947\u0902\u0964<\/strong> \u0910\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928-\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u0939 \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u0940 \u0936\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0923\u0940 \u091b\u094b\u091f\u0940 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0902\u0936 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 R.5 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092d\u0947\u0926 \u092a\u0930 \u091f\u093f\u0915\u0947 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u2014 \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0938 \u092d\u0947\u0926 \u0915\u093e \u0906\u0902\u0936\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u092e\u0930\u0923 \u092d\u0940 \u090f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a \u0939\u091f\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"flow-wrap\">\n <div class=\"flow-note\">\n \ud83d\udcdd A working order for the paper itself.<\/span>\n \ud83d\udcdd \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928-\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u090f\u0915 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f-\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0964<\/span>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"flow-steps\">\n <div class=\"flow-step\">\n 1<\/span>\n <div class=\"fs-body\">\n First pass \u2014 the certain ones<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0925\u092e \u091a\u0915\u094d\u0930 \u2014 \u0928\u093f\u0936\u094d\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928<\/span><\/strong>\n Answer only what is known immediately: full forms, dates, figures. Mark the rest and move on. Do not let one hard question consume the time of five easy ones.<\/strong><\/span>\u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0935\u0939\u0940 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0926\u0940\u091c\u093f\u090f \u091c\u094b \u0924\u0924\u094d\u0915\u093e\u0932 \u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0924 \u0939\u094b: \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0930\u0942\u092a, \u0924\u093f\u0925\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901, \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u0947\u0964 \u0936\u0947\u0937 \u091a\u093f\u0939\u094d\u0928\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930 \u0906\u0917\u0947 \u092c\u0922\u093c\u093f\u090f\u0964 \u090f\u0915 \u0915\u0920\u093f\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u093e\u0901\u091a \u0938\u0930\u0932 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u092e\u092f \u0928 \u0932\u0947\u0928\u0947 \u0926\u0940\u091c\u093f\u090f\u0964<\/strong><\/span><\/span>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"flow-step\">\n 2<\/span>\n <div class=\"fs-body\">\n Second pass \u2014 elimination<\/span>\u0926\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0924\u0940\u092f \u091a\u0915\u094d\u0930 \u2014 \u0909\u0928\u094d\u092e\u0942\u0932\u0928<\/span><\/strong>\n Return to the marked questions and strike out what is certainly wrong<\/strong> before choosing among the rest. This is where the arithmetic above pays.<\/span>\u091a\u093f\u0939\u094d\u0928\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u0932\u094c\u091f\u093f\u090f \u0914\u0930 \u0936\u0947\u0937 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u091a\u0941\u0928\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u091c\u094b \u0928\u093f\u0936\u094d\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0917\u093c\u0932\u0924 \u0939\u0948 \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u091f \u0926\u0940\u091c\u093f\u090f<\/strong>\u0964 \u090a\u092a\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0902\u0915\u0917\u0923\u093f\u0924 \u092f\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u092b\u0932 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/span>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"flow-step\">\n 3<\/span>\n <div class=\"fs-body\">\n Read the stem for the reversal<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u0932\u091f\u093e\u0935 \u092a\u0922\u093c\u093f\u090f<\/span><\/strong>\n Watch for EXCEPT, NOT, INCORRECT<\/strong>. A question asking which statement is false<\/em> is answered wrongly more often through misreading than through ignorance.<\/span>EXCEPT, NOT, INCORRECT<\/strong> \u092a\u0930 \u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0928 \u0926\u0940\u091c\u093f\u090f\u0964 \u091c\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u092a\u0942\u091b\u0947 \u0915\u093f \u0915\u094c\u0928-\u0938\u093e \u0915\u0925\u0928 \u0905\u0938\u0924\u094d\u092f<\/em> \u0939\u0948, \u0935\u0939 \u0905\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u092e \u0914\u0930 \u0917\u093c\u0932\u0924 \u092a\u0922\u093c\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092c\u093e\u0930 \u0917\u093c\u0932\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/span>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"flow-step\">\n 4<\/span>\n <div class=\"fs-body\">\n The OMR sheet<\/span>OMR \u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0915\u093e<\/span><\/strong>\n Darken completely, keep the sheet clean, never erase<\/strong>, and check the serial number against the question number every ten answers<\/strong> \u2014 one misplaced mark shifts every answer after it.<\/span>\u092a\u0942\u0930\u093e \u092d\u0930\u093f\u090f, \u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0915\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0935\u091a\u094d\u091b \u0930\u0916\u093f\u090f, \u0915\u092d\u0940 \u0928 \u092e\u093f\u091f\u093e\u0907\u090f<\/strong>, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0926\u0938 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e-\u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928-\u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u093e\u0907\u090f<\/strong> \u2014 \u090f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u091a\u093f\u0939\u094d\u0928 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0916\u093f\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/span>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"flow-step\">\n 5<\/span>\n <div class=\"fs-body\">\n The last ten minutes<\/span>\u0905\u0902\u0924\u093f\u092e \u0926\u0938 \u092e\u093f\u0928\u091f<\/span><\/strong>\n Reserve them for transferring and verifying<\/strong>, not for attempting more. A correct answer marked in the wrong row scores nothing.<\/span>\u0909\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u0923 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u0928<\/strong> \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0930\u0916\u093f\u090f, \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964 \u0917\u093c\u0932\u0924 \u092a\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091a\u093f\u0939\u094d\u0928\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u0939\u0940 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0905\u0902\u0915 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0924\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/span>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"recap-box\">\n The Fourteen Organising Ideas<\/span>\u091a\u094c\u0926\u0939 \u0938\u0902\u0917\u0920\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u091a\u093e\u0930<\/span><\/span>\n <h5 class=\"sub\">One sentence from each chapter \u2014 the thread the whole document hangs on<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f \u0938\u0947 \u090f\u0915 \u0935\u093e\u0915\u094d\u092f \u2014 \u0935\u0939 \u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u091c\u093f\u0938 \u092a\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0926\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0947\u091c\u093c \u091f\u0901\u0917\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/span><\/h5>\n <table class=\"data-table\">\n <thead>\n <tr>\n <th class=\"narrow\">Ch.<\/span>\u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f<\/span><\/th>\n <th>The idea<\/span>\u0935\u093f\u091a\u093e\u0930<\/span><\/th>\n <\/tr>\n <\/thead>\n <tbody>\n <tr><td class=\"narrow\">1<\/strong><\/td><td>A computer does exactly what it is told, which is why garbage in gives garbage out<\/strong>.<\/span>\u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u0920\u0940\u0915 \u0935\u0939\u0940 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0939\u093e \u091c\u093e\u090f, \u0907\u0938\u0940\u0932\u093f\u090f \u0915\u091a\u0930\u093e \u092d\u0940\u0924\u0930, \u0915\u091a\u0930\u093e \u092c\u093e\u0939\u0930<\/strong>\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"narrow\">2<\/strong><\/td><td>A file that cannot be found has not been saved in any sense that matters.<\/span>\u091c\u094b \u092b\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0932 \u092e\u093f\u0932 \u0939\u0940 \u0928 \u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0935\u0939 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092d\u0940 \u0938\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0915 \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u0941\u0908\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"narrow\">3<\/strong><\/td><td>Format once through a style; never repeat the work by hand.<\/strong><\/span>\u0936\u0948\u0932\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u090f\u0915 \u092c\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u0942\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0940\u091c\u093f\u090f; \u0935\u0939 \u0936\u094d\u0930\u092e \u0939\u093e\u0925 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u092d\u0940 \u0928 \u0926\u094b\u0939\u0930\u093e\u0907\u090f\u0964<\/strong><\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"narrow\">4<\/strong><\/td><td>A spreadsheet cell displays a result but stores an instruction<\/strong>.<\/span>\u0938\u094d\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0921\u0936\u0940\u091f \u0915\u093e \u0915\u094b\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e \u0926\u093f\u0916\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0941 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/strong>\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"narrow\">5<\/strong><\/td><td>A slide supports a speaker; it does not replace one.<\/span>\u0938\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u0935\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0939\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0939\u0948; \u0909\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u093e\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"narrow\">6<\/strong><\/td><td>A network turns a machine into a door \u2014 outward and inward alike.<\/span>\u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u094b \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930 \u092c\u0928\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u092c\u093e\u0939\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0913\u0930 \u092d\u0940, \u092d\u0940\u0924\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0913\u0930 \u092d\u0940\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"narrow\">7<\/strong><\/td><td>Every message sent is a record that outlives the moment it was written in.<\/span>\u092d\u0947\u091c\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u0910\u0938\u093e \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0932\u0947\u0916 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u0932\u0947\u0916\u0928-\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u091c\u0940\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"narrow\">8<\/strong><\/td><td>The weakest point is a person, not a program.<\/strong><\/span>\u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u0926\u0941\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0932 \u092c\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0941 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0939\u0948, \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964<\/strong><\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"narrow\">9<\/strong><\/td><td>Every scheme exists to close a gap, and the gap explains its design.<\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928\u093e \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093e\u0932 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u093e\u091f\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u0939\u0940 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093e\u0932 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a \u0938\u092e\u091d\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"narrow\">10<\/strong><\/td><td>The head stands where data enters the system; nothing above can correct what is wrong below.<\/strong><\/span>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0941\u0916 \u0935\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0916\u0921\u093c\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0906\u0901\u0915\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0947\u0936 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902; \u090a\u092a\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u0928\u0940\u091a\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0917\u093c\u0932\u0924\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0938\u0941\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940\u0964<\/strong><\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"narrow\">11<\/strong><\/td><td>A rule a child can apply unaided is worth more than one an adult must enforce.<\/span>\u0935\u0939 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0932\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u0932\u093e\u0917\u0942 \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0947, \u0909\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092e\u0942\u0932\u094d\u092f\u0935\u093e\u0928 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u0935\u092f\u0938\u094d\u0915 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u092a\u0921\u093c\u0947\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"narrow\">12<\/strong><\/td><td>Ask not whether a technology is impressive but what problem the school actually has.<\/span>\u092f\u0939 \u0928 \u092a\u0942\u091b\u093f\u090f \u0915\u093f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0936\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u092f\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0905\u092a\u093f\u0924\u0941 \u092f\u0939 \u0915\u093f \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u0938 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924\u0903 \u0915\u094c\u0928-\u0938\u0940 \u0938\u092e\u0938\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"narrow\">13<\/strong><\/td><td>The test of a digital service is whether anybody has been shut out who was previously let in<\/strong>.<\/span>\u0905\u0902\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u0938\u094c\u091f\u0940 \u092f\u0939 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0910\u0938\u093e \u092c\u093e\u0939\u0930 \u0939\u0941\u0906 \u091c\u094b \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u092d\u0940\u0924\u0930 \u0906\u0924\u093e \u0925\u093e<\/strong>\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <tr><td class=\"narrow\">14<\/strong><\/td><td>A child who cannot read a scanned circular has not failed \u2014 the circular has failed to be readable<\/strong>.<\/span>\u091c\u094b \u092c\u093e\u0932\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u0915\u0948\u0928 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0928 \u092a\u0922\u093c \u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0935\u0939 \u0935\u093f\u092b\u0932 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u0941\u0906 \u2014 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092a\u0920\u0928\u0940\u092f \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u092b\u0932 \u0939\u0941\u0906<\/strong>\u0964<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n <\/tbody>\n <\/table>\n <div class=\"recap-foot\">\n \ud83d\udccc These fourteen sentences are the document in miniature. A candidate who holds them holds the reasoning, and the facts in R.1 to R.7 hang on that reasoning rather than floating free of it. Good luck.<\/strong><\/span>\n \ud83d\udccc \u092f\u0947 \u091a\u094c\u0926\u0939 \u0935\u093e\u0915\u094d\u092f \u0932\u0918\u0941 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0926\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0947\u091c\u093c \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u091c\u094b \u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0907\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0930\u0947 \u0935\u0939 \u0924\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 R.1 \u0938\u0947 R.7 \u0924\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u0924\u0925\u094d\u092f \u0909\u0938\u0940 \u0924\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u092a\u0930 \u091f\u0901\u0917\u0947 \u0930\u0939\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0909\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u092e\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0915\u0930 \u0924\u0948\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964 \u0936\u0941\u092d\u0915\u093e\u092e\u0928\u093e\u090f\u0901\u0964<\/strong><\/span>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <\/section>\n\n <\/main>\n<\/div>\n\n<button class=\"to-top\" id=\"toTop\" aria-label=\"Back to top\">\u2191<\/button>\n\n<script>\n(function () {\n 'use strict';\n\n \/* \u2500\u2500 LANGUAGE TOGGLE \u2500\u2500 *\/\n var langToggle = document.getElementById('langToggle');\n var optEn = document.getElementById('optEn');\n var optHi = document.getElementById('optHi');\n\n function setLanguage(lang) {\n if (lang === 'hi') {\n document.body.classList.add('hindi-mode');\n optHi.classList.add('active');\n optEn.classList.remove('active');\n document.title = '\u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u0938\u093e\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0930\u0924\u093e \u2014 UPSC \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0927\u093e\u0928\u093e\u091a\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0909\u092a-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0927\u093e\u0928\u093e\u091a\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f | \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u0940 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092f\u0928 \u0928\u094b\u091f\u094d\u0938';\n document.documentElement.lang = 'hi';\n } else {\n document.body.classList.remove('hindi-mode');\n optEn.classList.add('active');\n optHi.classList.remove('active');\n document.title = 'Digital Literacy \u2014 UPSC Principal & Vice-Principal | Bilingual Study Notes';\n document.documentElement.lang = 'en';\n }\n }\n\n if (langToggle) {\n langToggle.addEventListener('click', function () {\n setLanguage(document.body.classList.contains('hindi-mode') ? 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