{"id":15285,"date":"2026-08-15T12:00:58","date_gmt":"2026-08-15T12:00:58","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/promotionexams.com\/?page_id=15285"},"modified":"2026-08-19T13:19:17","modified_gmt":"2026-08-19T13:19:17","slug":"mcqs-on-manual-of-procurement-of-goods","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/promotionexams.com\/?page_id=15285","title":{"rendered":"MCQS ON MANUAL OF PROCUREMENT OF GOODS"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"15285\" class=\"elementor elementor-15285\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1ebd6e3 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"1ebd6e3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3d85ce9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"3d85ce9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<!--\r\n============================================================\r\nCSS ADDA \u00b7 PromotionExams.com\r\nCHAPTER-WISE MCQ PRACTICE + AI COACH  (Reusable Template)\r\n------------------------------------------------------------\r\nTABS:\r\n  1. Practice Quiz   \u2014 chapter-wise quiz (progress, weak areas,\r\n                       chapter filter, mastery stars)\r\n  2. My Performance  \u2014 AI coach: readiness score, focus areas,\r\n                       study plan, spaced-repetition revision queue\r\n\r\nHOW TO REUSE THIS TEMPLATE (3 steps):\r\n  1. In quizConfig below, change:\r\n       quizId   -> a UNIQUE id per topic (e.g. 'RTI-chapterwise-quiz').\r\n                   This keys localStorage; two quizzes sharing an id\r\n                   will share\/overwrite each other's progress!\r\n       topic    -> heading shown in the header\r\n       paper    -> 'Paper 1' \/ 'Paper 2' (shown in the eyebrow line)\r\n  2. Paste your question bank into  const allQuestions = [ ... ]\r\n     (format documented at the array).\r\n     NOTE: No 'year' field \u2014 this template is chapter-wise only.\r\n  3. Nothing else needs editing.\r\n\r\nRESET BEHAVIOUR:\r\n  \u2022 \"Reset Session\" (Practice tab)   -> clears ONLY the current\r\n    session's answers\/score. Lifetime mastery, weak areas and the\r\n    My Performance data are KEPT.\r\n  \u2022 \"Reset My Performance\" (My Performance tab) -> wipes lifetime\r\n    stats, mastery, weak areas and attempt history (with confirm).\r\n\r\nAll progress persists in localStorage (per quizId).\r\n============================================================\r\n-->\r\n\r\n<meta name=\"viewport\" content=\"width=device-width, initial-scale=1, viewport-fit=cover\">\r\n<link rel=\"preconnect\" href=\"https:\/\/fonts.googleapis.com\">\r\n<link rel=\"preconnect\" href=\"https:\/\/fonts.gstatic.com\" crossorigin>\r\n<link href=\"https:\/\/fonts.googleapis.com\/css2?family=Crimson+Pro:wght@500;600;700&family=DM+Sans:wght@400;500;600;700&display=swap\" rel=\"stylesheet\">\r\n\r\n<style>\r\n\/* =====================================================\r\n   CSS ADDA \u2014 INTEGRATED PORTAL DESIGN SYSTEM\r\n   NOTE ON FONT STABILITY: all font sizes are in px (not\r\n   rem) so the widget looks identical on every WordPress\r\n   page\/theme, regardless of the site's root font size.\r\n   Key exam-paper typography carries !important to defeat\r\n   theme overrides. 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*\/\r\n.bar-name{font-size:13.8px;font-weight:500;line-height:1.35;overflow-wrap:break-word;word-break:break-word}\r\n.bar-track{background:#eef1f6;border-radius:8px;height:20px;overflow:hidden}\r\n.bar-fill{height:100%;border-radius:8px;transition:width .8s ease}\r\n.bar-val{font-weight:700;font-size:14.7px;min-width:64px;text-align:right}\r\n.tbl-scroll{overflow-x:auto;border:1px solid var(--line);border-radius:14px;background:#fff}\r\n.ai-hero{display:grid;grid-template-columns:280px 1fr;gap:18px;align-items:stretch}\r\n.ai-ring-card{background:linear-gradient(150deg,var(--navy-ink) 0%,var(--navy-d) 70%,#2f5fe0 100%);border-radius:var(--r-lg);padding:26px 20px;color:#fff;text-align:center;display:flex;flex-direction:column;align-items:center;justify-content:center;box-shadow:var(--sh-md)}\r\n.ai-ring{position:relative;width:150px;height:150px}\r\n.ai-ring svg{transform:rotate(-90deg)}\r\n.ai-ring .bg{fill:none;stroke:rgba(255,255,255,.14);stroke-width:11}\r\n.ai-ring .fg{fill:none;stroke:var(--gold-l);stroke-width:11;stroke-linecap:round;transition:stroke-dashoffset 1s ease}\r\n.ai-ring-txt{position:absolute;inset:0;display:flex;flex-direction:column;align-items:center;justify-content:center}\r\n.ai-ring-txt .n{font-family:var(--serif);font-size:40px;font-weight:600;color:var(--gold-l);line-height:1}\r\n.ai-ring-txt .l{font-size:9.9px;letter-spacing:.12em;text-transform:uppercase;color:#bfdbfe;margin-top:4px}\r\n.ai-verdict{margin-top:14px;font-size:13.8px;color:#dbeafe;line-height:1.5}\r\n.ai-verdict b{color:#fff}\r\n.ai-coach-card{background:var(--card);border:1px solid var(--line);border-radius:var(--r-lg);padding:22px;box-shadow:var(--sh-sm)}\r\n.ai-coach-card h3{font-size:15.2px;color:var(--navy-ink);display:flex;align-items:center;gap:8px;margin-bottom:12px}\r\n.ai-coach-card h3 i{color:var(--gold)}\r\n.ai-reco{display:flex;gap:12px;padding:11px 0;border-bottom:1px dashed var(--line);align-items:flex-start}\r\n.ai-reco:last-child{border-bottom:none}\r\n.ai-reco .ic{width:30px;height:30px;border-radius:8px;display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:center;font-size:12.8px;flex-shrink:0;margin-top:2px}\r\n.ai-reco .ic.hot{background:var(--red-bg);color:var(--red-d)}\r\n.ai-reco .ic.warm{background:#fef7e6;color:var(--amber-d)}\r\n.ai-reco .ic.cool{background:#eff6ff;color:var(--navy)}\r\n.ai-reco .ic.good{background:var(--green-bg);color:var(--green-d)}\r\n.ai-reco p{font-size:13.9px;color:#37414f}\r\n.ai-reco p b{color:var(--navy-ink)}\r\n.ai-reco .go{margin-left:auto;flex-shrink:0;background:#EFF6FF;color:var(--navy-d);border:1px solid #d4e2fb;border-radius:8px;padding:6px 12px;font-size:11.5px;font-weight:700;cursor:pointer;transition:all .25s;font-family:var(--sans);white-space:nowrap}\r\n.ai-reco .go:hover{background:var(--navy);color:#fff}\r\n\r\n.ai-kpis{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(auto-fit,minmax(150px,1fr));gap:12px;margin-top:18px}\r\n.ai-kpi{background:var(--card);border:1px solid var(--line);border-radius:var(--r-md);padding:14px 16px;box-shadow:var(--sh-sm)}\r\n.ai-kpi .n{font-family:var(--serif);font-size:25.6px;font-weight:600;color:var(--navy-d)}\r\n.ai-kpi .n.g{color:var(--green-d)} .ai-kpi .n.r{color:var(--red-d)} .ai-kpi .n.a{color:var(--amber-d)}\r\n.ai-kpi .l{font-size:10.9px;letter-spacing:.05em;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--mut);margin-top:2px}\r\n\r\ntable.perf{border-collapse:collapse;width:100%;font-size:13.1px;min-width:760px}\r\ntable.perf th,table.perf td{padding:10px 10px;border-bottom:1px solid #eef1f6;text-align:center}\r\ntable.perf thead th{background:var(--navy);color:#fff;font-weight:600;font-size:11.5px}\r\ntable.perf th:first-child,table.perf td:first-child{text-align:left;padding-left:14px}\r\n\/* WRAP FIX: chapter column wraps; bounded so metric columns stay visible *\/\r\ntable.perf td:first-child{font-weight:500;background:#fbfcfe;white-space:normal;overflow-wrap:break-word;word-break:break-word;min-width:150px;max-width:260px;line-height:1.4}\r\n.mini-track{background:#eef1f6;border-radius:6px;height:9px;overflow:hidden;min-width:80px}\r\n.mini-fill{height:100%;border-radius:6px}\r\n.tag{display:inline-block;font-size:10.6px;font-weight:700;padding:3px 9px;border-radius:20px;text-transform:uppercase;letter-spacing:.03em}\r\n.tag.hot{background:var(--red-bg);color:var(--red-d)}\r\n.tag.warm{background:#fef7e6;color:var(--amber-d)}\r\n.tag.ok{background:#eff6ff;color:var(--navy-d)}\r\n.tag.good{background:var(--green-bg);color:var(--green-d)}\r\n.tag.na{background:#f1f5f9;color:var(--faint)}\r\n.mini-go{background:none;border:1px solid var(--line);border-radius:8px;padding:5px 10px;font-size:11.2px;font-weight:700;color:var(--navy-d);cursor:pointer;transition:all .25s;font-family:var(--sans)}\r\n.mini-go:hover{background:var(--navy);color:#fff;border-color:var(--navy)}\r\n\r\n.rev-item{display:flex;align-items:center;gap:10px;background:#F8FAFC;border-left:3px solid var(--amber);border-radius:var(--r-sm);padding:10px 12px;margin-bottom:8px;font-size:12.6px;cursor:pointer;transition:all .25s}\r\n.rev-item:hover{background:#fef7e6;transform:translateX(3px)}\r\n.rev-item .q-num{font-weight:700;color:var(--amber-d);flex-shrink:0}\r\n.rev-item .q-text{flex:1;color:var(--mut);white-space:nowrap;overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis}\r\n.rev-item .days{background:var(--amber);color:#fff;padding:2px 8px;border-radius:20px;font-size:10.2px;font-weight:700;white-space:nowrap}\r\n.ai-empty{text-align:center;padding:34px 20px;color:var(--mut)}\r\n.ai-empty i{font-size:32px;color:var(--gold);margin-bottom:12px;display:block}\r\n.ai-empty .big{font-family:var(--serif);font-size:19.2px;color:var(--navy-ink);margin-bottom:6px}\r\n.ai-empty p{font-size:13.9px;max-width:52ch;margin:0 auto}\r\n.ai-two{display:grid;grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr;gap:18px}\r\n.perf-reset-wrap{margin-top:34px;padding:18px;border:1px dashed #f3c1c1;border-radius:var(--r-lg);background:#fffafa;display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:space-between;gap:14px;flex-wrap:wrap}\r\n.perf-reset-wrap p{font-size:13.1px;color:var(--mut);flex:1;min-width:220px}\r\n.perf-reset-wrap p b{color:var(--red-d)}\r\n.perf-reset-btn{padding:11px 20px;background:#fff;border:2px solid #f3c1c1;border-radius:var(--r-md);color:var(--red-d);font-size:13.1px;font-weight:700;cursor:pointer;transition:all .25s;font-family:var(--sans);display:flex;align-items:center;gap:7px;white-space:nowrap}\r\n.perf-reset-btn:hover{background:var(--red);border-color:var(--red);color:#fff}\r\n\r\n\/* ---------- RESPONSIVE ---------- *\/\r\n@media(max-width:1024px){.quiz-container{grid-template-columns:minmax(0,1fr) 270px;gap:14px}}\r\n@media(max-width:900px){\r\n  \/* MOBILE: question 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navigator becomes a horizontal strip *\/\r\n  .question-grid{display:flex;flex-wrap:nowrap;overflow-x:auto;max-height:none;padding-bottom:6px;gap:7px;-webkit-overflow-scrolling:touch}\r\n  .grid-item{flex:0 0 40px;height:40px;aspect-ratio:auto}\r\n  .weak-question-list{max-height:150px}\r\n  .ai-hero{grid-template-columns:1fr}\r\n  .ai-two{grid-template-columns:1fr}\r\n}\r\n@media(max-width:600px){\r\n  .gp-header{padding:18px 14px 0}\r\n  .gp-brand h1{font-size:20.5px}\r\n  .gp-brand p{font-size:12.5px}\r\n  .gp-tabs{overflow-x:auto;flex-wrap:nowrap;-webkit-overflow-scrolling:touch}\r\n  .gp-tab{padding:9px 13px;font-size:12px;flex:0 0 auto;white-space:nowrap}\r\n  .ai-wrap{padding:6px 12px 30px}\r\n  .question-header{padding:11px 14px}\r\n  .question-number{font-size:15px}\r\n  .question-body{padding:14px}\r\n  .question-text{font-size:17px !important;padding:15px 16px;line-height:1.68}\r\n  .q-stmt{margin-left:6px;grid-template-columns:26px 1fr}\r\n  .option-item{padding:11px 12px;gap:9px}\r\n  .option-letter{min-width:30px;font-size:16.3px !important}\r\n  .option-text{font-size:16.3px !important}\r\n  .option-item:hover:not(.disabled){transform:none}\r\n  .question-nav{flex-wrap:wrap;padding:12px;gap:9px}\r\n  .nav-btn{padding:11px 16px;font-size:12.8px;flex:1;justify-content:center}\r\n  .nav-btn.check{order:-1;width:100%;max-width:none;flex-basis:100%}\r\n  .progress-combo{grid-template-columns:auto 1fr;gap:10px}\r\n  .result-stats{grid-template-columns:repeat(3,1fr);gap:7px}\r\n  .result-content{padding:22px}\r\n  .result-buttons{flex-direction:column}\r\n  .bar-row{grid-template-columns:28px 1fr;row-gap:4px}\r\n  .bar-track{grid-column:1\/-1}\r\n  .bar-name,.bar-val{grid-column:2;text-align:left}\r\n  .sec-head{flex-wrap:wrap;gap:6px}\r\n  .sec-head .hint{margin-left:0;flex-basis:100%}\r\n  .sec-head h2{font-size:16px}\r\n  .ai-ring{transform:scale(.85);margin:-8px}\r\n  .ai-ring-txt .n{font-size:33.6px}\r\n  .ai-kpis{grid-template-columns:repeat(2,1fr)}\r\n  .ai-kpi .n{font-size:20.8px}\r\n  .ai-reco{flex-wrap:wrap}\r\n  .ai-reco .go{margin-left:42px}\r\n  .warning-toast{width:calc(100% - 32px);justify-content:center;font-size:12.8px}\r\n  .gp-stat{min-width:76px}\r\n  .perf-reset-wrap{flex-direction:column;align-items:stretch}\r\n  .perf-reset-btn{justify-content:center}\r\n}\r\n\/* very small phones *\/\r\n@media(max-width:380px){\r\n  .gp-header{padding:14px 10px 0}\r\n  .gp-tab{padding:8px 10px;font-size:11.2px}\r\n  .mode-tab{padding:8px 11px;font-size:11.7px}\r\n  .question-text{font-size:16px !important;padding:12px}\r\n  .option-text,.option-letter{font-size:15.5px !important}\r\n  .ai-wrap{padding:6px 8px 24px}\r\n  .quiz-container{padding:0 8px 8px}\r\n  .filter-bar{padding:10px 8px 0}\r\n}\r\n<\/style>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"cwq-portal\" id=\"quizWrapper\">\r\n    <!-- Warning Toast -->\r\n    <div class=\"warning-toast\" id=\"warningToast\">\r\n        <span class=\"ic\">\u26a0\ufe0f<\/span>\r\n        <span id=\"toastMessage\">Message<\/span>\r\n    <\/div>\r\n\r\n    <!-- Result Modal -->\r\n    <div class=\"result-modal\" id=\"resultModal\">\r\n        <div class=\"result-content\">\r\n            <div class=\"result-icon\" id=\"resultIcon\">\ud83c\udf89<\/div>\r\n            <h2 class=\"result-title\" id=\"resultTitle\">Great Job!<\/h2>\r\n            <p class=\"result-message\" id=\"resultMessage\">You have completed the quiz.<\/p>\r\n            <div class=\"result-stats\">\r\n                <div class=\"result-stat\">\r\n                    <div class=\"result-stat-value\" id=\"resultCorrect\">0<\/div>\r\n                    <div class=\"result-stat-label\">Correct<\/div>\r\n                <\/div>\r\n                <div class=\"result-stat\">\r\n                    <div class=\"result-stat-value\" id=\"resultIncorrect\">0<\/div>\r\n                    <div class=\"result-stat-label\">Incorrect<\/div>\r\n                <\/div>\r\n                <div class=\"result-stat\">\r\n                    <div class=\"result-stat-value\" id=\"resultScore\">0%<\/div>\r\n                    <div class=\"result-stat-label\">Score<\/div>\r\n                <\/div>\r\n            <\/div>\r\n            <div class=\"result-buttons\">\r\n                <button class=\"result-btn secondary\" id=\"reviewBtn\"><span class=\"ic\">\ud83d\udc41<\/span> Review<\/button>\r\n                <button class=\"result-btn weak\" id=\"practiceWeakBtn\" style=\"display:none;\"><span class=\"ic\">\u26a0\ufe0f<\/span> Practice Weak<\/button>\r\n                <button class=\"result-btn primary\" id=\"retryBtn\"><span class=\"ic\">\u21bb<\/span> Try Again<\/button>\r\n            <\/div>\r\n        <\/div>\r\n    <\/div>\r\n\r\n    <!-- ================= HEADER ================= -->\r\n    <header class=\"gp-header\">\r\n        <div class=\"gp-head-top\">\r\n            <div class=\"gp-brand\">\r\n                <div class=\"eyebrow\" id=\"topicEyebrow\">CSS ADDA \u00b7 PromotionExams.com<\/div>\r\n                <h1 id=\"topicName\">Manual of Procurement of Goods<\/h1>\r\n                <p>Chapter-wise MCQs \u00b7 Smart Practice, Weak-Area Drills &amp; AI Coach<\/p>\r\n            <\/div>\r\n            <div class=\"gp-stats\">\r\n                <div class=\"gp-stat\"><div class=\"n\" id=\"hdrTotalQ\">0<\/div><div class=\"l\">MCQs<\/div><\/div>\r\n                <div class=\"gp-stat\"><div class=\"n\" id=\"hdrChapters\">0<\/div><div class=\"l\">Chapters<\/div><\/div>\r\n                <div class=\"gp-stat\"><div class=\"n\" id=\"hdrMastered\">0%<\/div><div class=\"l\">Mastered<\/div><\/div>\r\n                <div class=\"gp-stat clickable\" id=\"weakBadgeHeader\" style=\"display:none;\"><div class=\"n\" id=\"weakCountHeader\">0<\/div><div class=\"l\">Weak Areas<\/div><\/div>\r\n                <div class=\"gp-stat\"><div class=\"n\" id=\"hdrReadiness\">\u2014<\/div><div class=\"l\">Readiness<\/div><\/div>\r\n            <\/div>\r\n        <\/div>\r\n        <nav class=\"gp-tabs\">\r\n            <button class=\"gp-tab active\" data-view=\"practice\"><span class=\"ic\">\u270d\ufe0f<\/span> Practice Quiz<\/button>\r\n            <button class=\"gp-tab\" data-view=\"performance\"><span class=\"ic\">\ud83e\udde0<\/span> My Performance <span class=\"pill\" id=\"perfPill\" style=\"display:none;\">!<\/span><\/button>\r\n        <\/nav>\r\n    <\/header>\r\n\r\n    <!-- ================= VIEW 1 : PRACTICE QUIZ ================= -->\r\n    <div class=\"gp-view active\" id=\"view-practice\">\r\n\r\n    <!-- Mode Selector -->\r\n    <div class=\"mode-selector\">\r\n        <div class=\"mode-tabs\">\r\n            <button class=\"mode-tab active\" data-mode=\"all\" id=\"modeAll\">\r\n                <span class=\"ic\">\ud83d\udccb<\/span> All Questions <span class=\"badge\" id=\"allCount\">0<\/span>\r\n            <\/button>\r\n            <button class=\"mode-tab\" data-mode=\"chapter\" id=\"modeChapter\">\r\n                <span class=\"ic\">\ud83d\udcda<\/span> By Chapter\r\n            <\/button>\r\n            <button class=\"mode-tab weak-mode\" data-mode=\"weak\" id=\"modeWeak\">\r\n                <span class=\"ic\">\u26a0\ufe0f<\/span> Weak Areas <span class=\"badge\" id=\"weakModeCount\">0<\/span>\r\n            <\/button>\r\n        <\/div>\r\n        <div class=\"session-info\" id=\"sessionInfo\" style=\"display:none;\">\r\n            <span class=\"ic\">\ud83d\udd58<\/span>\r\n            <span id=\"sessionText\">Last session: Q5<\/span>\r\n            <button class=\"resume-btn\" id=\"resumeBtn\"><span class=\"ic\">\u25b6<\/span> Resume<\/button>\r\n        <\/div>\r\n    <\/div>\r\n\r\n    <!-- FILTER BAR (before the MCQ content) -->\r\n    <div class=\"filter-bar\">\r\n        <div class=\"filter-bar-row\">\r\n            <div class=\"quiz-card\" id=\"chapterFilterCard\">\r\n                <div class=\"quiz-card-header light\"><h3><span class=\"ic\">\ud83d\udcda<\/span> Filter by Chapter<\/h3><\/div>\r\n                <div class=\"quiz-card-body\" style=\"padding:10px 14px\"><div class=\"filter-list\" id=\"chapterList\"><\/div><\/div>\r\n            <\/div>\r\n            <div class=\"quiz-card weak-areas-card\" id=\"weakAreasCard\" style=\"display:none;\">\r\n                <div class=\"quiz-card-header\"><h3><span class=\"ic\">\u26a0\ufe0f<\/span> Weak Areas<\/h3><\/div>\r\n                <div class=\"quiz-card-body\" style=\"padding:10px 14px\">\r\n                    <div class=\"weak-question-list\" id=\"weakQuestionList\"><\/div>\r\n                    <button class=\"practice-weak-btn\" id=\"practiceWeakAreasBtn\"><span class=\"ic\">\u21bb<\/span> Practice All Weak Areas<\/button>\r\n                <\/div>\r\n            <\/div>\r\n        <\/div>\r\n    <\/div>\r\n\r\n    <!-- Main Container -->\r\n    <div class=\"quiz-container\">\r\n        <!-- Question Panel (primary) -->\r\n        <main class=\"question-panel\">\r\n            <div class=\"question-header\">\r\n                <span class=\"question-number\" id=\"questionNumber\">Question 1 of 20<\/span>\r\n                <div class=\"question-meta\">\r\n                    <div class=\"meta-badge chapter\"><span class=\"ic\">\ud83d\udcd6<\/span> <span id=\"currentQuestionChapter\">\u2014<\/span><\/div>\r\n                    <div class=\"meta-badge weak\" id=\"weakBadge\" style=\"display:none;\"><span class=\"ic\">\u26a0\ufe0f<\/span> <span>Weak<\/span><\/div>\r\n                <\/div>\r\n            <\/div>\r\n            <div class=\"question-body\">\r\n                <div class=\"question-text\" id=\"questionText\">Loading question...<\/div>\r\n                <div class=\"options-list\" id=\"optionsList\"><\/div>\r\n                <div class=\"explanation-box\" id=\"explanationBox\">\r\n                    <div class=\"explanation-title\"><span class=\"ic\">\ud83d\udca1<\/span> Explanation<\/div>\r\n                    <p class=\"explanation-text\" id=\"explanationText\"><\/p>\r\n                <\/div>\r\n                <div class=\"mastery-indicator\" id=\"masteryIndicator\">\r\n                    <span class=\"mastery-label\"><span class=\"ic\">\u2b50<\/span> Mastery:<\/span>\r\n                    <div class=\"mastery-stars\" id=\"masteryStars\">\r\n                        <i>\u2605<\/i><i>\u2605<\/i><i>\u2605<\/i><i>\u2605<\/i><i>\u2605<\/i>\r\n                    <\/div>\r\n                <\/div>\r\n                <div class=\"question-nav\">\r\n                    <button class=\"nav-btn prev\" id=\"prevBtn\"><span class=\"ic\">\u2190<\/span> Previous<\/button>\r\n                    <button class=\"nav-btn check\" id=\"checkBtn\"><span class=\"ic\">\u2713<\/span> Check Answer<\/button>\r\n                    <button class=\"nav-btn next\" id=\"nextBtn\">Next <span class=\"ic\">\u2192<\/span><\/button>\r\n                <\/div>\r\n            <\/div>\r\n        <\/main>\r\n\r\n        <!-- Right Rail: navigator \u2192 progress \u2192 actions -->\r\n        <aside class=\"dashboard-sidebar\">\r\n            <div class=\"quiz-card\">\r\n                <div class=\"quiz-card-header light\"><h3><span class=\"ic\">\ud83d\uddc2\ufe0f<\/span> Question Navigator<\/h3><\/div>\r\n                <div class=\"quiz-card-body\">\r\n                    <div class=\"question-grid\" id=\"questionGrid\"><\/div>\r\n                    <div class=\"legend\">\r\n                        <div class=\"legend-items\">\r\n                            <div class=\"legend-item\"><div class=\"legend-color unattempted\"><\/div><span>New<\/span><\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"legend-item\"><div class=\"legend-color attempted\"><\/div><span>Seen<\/span><\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"legend-item\"><div class=\"legend-color correct\"><\/div><span>Correct<\/span><\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"legend-item\"><div class=\"legend-color incorrect\"><\/div><span>Incorrect<\/span><\/div>\r\n                        <\/div>\r\n                    <\/div>\r\n                <\/div>\r\n            <\/div>\r\n            <div class=\"quiz-card\">\r\n                <div class=\"quiz-card-header\"><h3><span class=\"ic\">\ud83c\udfc6<\/span> Progress &amp; Session<\/h3><\/div>\r\n                <div class=\"quiz-card-body\">\r\n                    <div class=\"progress-combo\">\r\n                        <div class=\"progress-ring-container\">\r\n                            <div class=\"progress-ring\">\r\n                                <svg width=\"100\" height=\"100\">\r\n                                    <circle class=\"progress-ring-bg\" cx=\"50\" cy=\"50\" r=\"42\"><\/circle>\r\n                                    <circle class=\"progress-ring-fill\" cx=\"50\" cy=\"50\" r=\"42\" stroke-dasharray=\"264\" stroke-dashoffset=\"264\" id=\"progressRingFill\"><\/circle>\r\n                                <\/svg>\r\n                                <div class=\"progress-ring-text\">\r\n                                    <span class=\"progress-ring-percentage\" id=\"progressPercentage\">0%<\/span>\r\n                                    <span class=\"progress-ring-label\">Mastered<\/span>\r\n                                <\/div>\r\n                            <\/div>\r\n                        <\/div>\r\n                        <div class=\"stat-col\">\r\n                            <div class=\"stat-row\"><span class=\"stat-label\">Questions<\/span><span class=\"stat-value\" id=\"totalQuestions\">0<\/span><\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"stat-row\"><span class=\"stat-label\">Attempted<\/span><span class=\"stat-value\" id=\"attemptedCount\">0<\/span><\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"stat-row\"><span class=\"stat-label\">Correct<\/span><span class=\"stat-value correct\" id=\"correctCount\">0<\/span><\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"stat-row\"><span class=\"stat-label\">Incorrect<\/span><span class=\"stat-value incorrect\" id=\"incorrectCount\">0<\/span><\/div>\r\n                        <\/div>\r\n                    <\/div>\r\n                    <div class=\"progress-stats-mini\" style=\"margin-top:10px\">\r\n                        <div class=\"progress-stat-mini\"><div class=\"value correct\" id=\"totalCorrectProgress\">0<\/div><div class=\"label\">Lifetime Correct<\/div><\/div>\r\n                        <div class=\"progress-stat-mini\"><div class=\"value incorrect\" id=\"totalWeakProgress\">0<\/div><div class=\"label\">Weak Areas<\/div><\/div>\r\n                    <\/div>\r\n                <\/div>\r\n            <\/div>\r\n            <div class=\"action-buttons\">\r\n                <button class=\"action-btn submit\" id=\"submitBtn\"><span class=\"ic\">\ud83d\udce4<\/span> Submit &amp; View Results<\/button>\r\n                <button class=\"action-btn reset\" id=\"resetBtn\"><span class=\"ic\">\u21ba<\/span> Reset Session<\/button>\r\n                <p class=\"reset-note\">Resets only this session's answers.<br>Lifetime performance &amp; mastery are kept.<\/p>\r\n            <\/div>\r\n        <\/aside>\r\n    <\/div>\r\n    <\/div><!-- \/view-practice -->\r\n\r\n    <!-- ================= VIEW 2 : MY PERFORMANCE (AI COACH) ================= -->\r\n    <div class=\"gp-view\" id=\"view-performance\">\r\n        <div class=\"ai-wrap\">\r\n            <div id=\"aiEmptyState\" class=\"an-card ai-empty\" style=\"display:none;margin-top:24px;\">\r\n                <span class=\"ic\" style=\"font-size:32px\">\ud83e\udde0<\/span>\r\n                <div class=\"big\">Your AI coach is waiting for data<\/div>\r\n                <p>Attempt a few questions in the Practice tab. The coach will then compute your readiness score, detect weak chapters weighted by their share of the question bank, and build a personalised study plan.<\/p>\r\n            <\/div>\r\n\r\n            <div id=\"aiContent\">\r\n                <div class=\"sec-head\" style=\"margin-top:24px;\"><span class=\"num\">01<\/span><h2>Readiness \u2014 AI Assessment<\/h2><span class=\"hint\">weighted by chapter share of the bank<\/span><\/div>\r\n                <div class=\"ai-hero\">\r\n                    <div class=\"ai-ring-card\">\r\n                        <div class=\"ai-ring\">\r\n                            <svg width=\"150\" height=\"150\">\r\n                                <circle class=\"bg\" cx=\"75\" cy=\"75\" r=\"64\"><\/circle>\r\n                                <circle class=\"fg\" cx=\"75\" cy=\"75\" r=\"64\" stroke-dasharray=\"402\" stroke-dashoffset=\"402\" id=\"aiRingFill\"><\/circle>\r\n                            <\/svg>\r\n                            <div class=\"ai-ring-txt\"><span class=\"n\" id=\"aiScore\">0<\/span><span class=\"l\">Readiness \/ 100<\/span><\/div>\r\n                        <\/div>\r\n                        <div class=\"ai-verdict\" id=\"aiVerdict\"><\/div>\r\n                    <\/div>\r\n                    <div class=\"ai-coach-card\">\r\n                        <h3><span class=\"ic\">\ud83e\ude84<\/span> Smart Study Plan \u2014 What to do next<\/h3>\r\n                        <div id=\"aiRecoList\"><\/div>\r\n                    <\/div>\r\n                <\/div>\r\n                <div class=\"ai-kpis\" id=\"aiKpis\"><\/div>\r\n\r\n                <div class=\"sec-head\"><span class=\"num\">02<\/span><h2>Chapter Performance vs Chapter Weight<\/h2><span class=\"hint\">priority = high weight \u00d7 low accuracy<\/span><\/div>\r\n                <div class=\"tbl-scroll\"><table class=\"perf\">\r\n                    <thead><tr><th>Chapter<\/th><th>Weight<\/th><th>Coverage<\/th><th>Accuracy<\/th><th>Status<\/th><th>Action<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>\r\n                    <tbody id=\"perfTableBody\"><\/tbody>\r\n                <\/table><\/div>\r\n\r\n                <div class=\"ai-two\" style=\"margin-top:34px;\">\r\n                    <div>\r\n                        <div class=\"sec-head\" style=\"margin-top:0;\"><span class=\"num\">03<\/span><h2>Revision Queue<\/h2><span class=\"hint\">spaced repetition<\/span><\/div>\r\n                        <div class=\"an-card\" id=\"revisionQueue\"><\/div>\r\n                    <\/div>\r\n                    <div>\r\n                        <div class=\"sec-head\" style=\"margin-top:0;\"><span class=\"num\">04<\/span><h2>Mastery Distribution<\/h2><\/div>\r\n                        <div class=\"an-card\" id=\"masteryDist\"><\/div>\r\n                    <\/div>\r\n                <\/div>\r\n\r\n                <!-- Performance reset (lifetime data) -->\r\n                <div class=\"perf-reset-wrap\">\r\n                    <p><b>Danger zone:<\/b> this permanently erases your lifetime performance for this quiz \u2014 mastery stars, weak areas, accuracy history and the readiness score. Session reset on the Practice tab does <b>not<\/b> touch this data.<\/p>\r\n                    <button class=\"perf-reset-btn\" id=\"resetPerfBtn\"><span class=\"ic\">\ud83d\uddd1\ufe0f<\/span> Reset My Performance<\/button>\r\n                <\/div>\r\n            <\/div>\r\n        <\/div>\r\n    <\/div><!-- \/view-performance -->\r\n<\/div>\r\n<script>\r\n\/\/ ==========================================\r\n\/\/ QUIZ CONFIGURATION  \u2190 EDIT PER TOPIC\r\n\/\/ ==========================================\r\nconst quizConfig = {\r\n    \/\/ UNIQUE id per topic. Progress is stored in localStorage under this key,\r\n    \/\/ so two quizzes MUST NOT share the same quizId.\r\n    quizId: 'CHANGE-ME-chapterwise-quiz',\r\n    topic: 'Manual of Procurement of Works',                     \/\/ \u2190 shown in header h1\r\n                         \/\/ \u2190 shown in header eyebrow\r\n    masteryThreshold: 3,   \/\/ total correct needed for \"mastered\"\r\n    weakThreshold: 1,      \/\/ wrong attempts before a question is flagged weak\r\n    revisionGapDays: 7     \/\/ days after which a mastered Q re-enters revision\r\n};\r\n\r\nconst allQuestions = [\r\n  {\r\n    id: 1,\r\n    chapter: \"Ch 2: NEED ASSESSMENT, FORMULATION OF SPECIFICATIONS AND PROCUREMENT PLANNING\",\r\n    rule: \"Para 2.1-1\",\r\n    question: \"As per the Manual for Procurement of Goods, 2024, which one of the following documents is a procurement required to be initiated on the basis of, and by which authority is it to be generated?\",\r\n    options: [\r\n      \"An administrative approval, accorded by the Competent Authority\",\r\n      \"A Purchase Requisition, generated by the procuring entity\",\r\n      \"An indent from the user Department, in the form of a Purchase Requisition\",\r\n      \"An annual procurement plan, published by the procuring entity\"\r\n    ],\r\n    correct: 2,\r\n    explanation: \"<b>Para 2.1-1<\/b> \u2014 <i>\\\"Procurements should be initiated only based on an indent (Please refer to Annexure 5) from the user Department.\\\"<\/i><br><br>Option (b) is the closest trap and is half-true: <b>Para 2.3<\/b> does say the indent may be submitted <i>\\\"in the form of a Purchase Requisition (Annexure 5)\\\"<\/i> \u2014 but it is submitted <b>by the indenting authority to<\/b> the procuring entity, not generated by the latter. Option (d) is expressly excluded by <b>Para 2.5.1-1<\/b>, under which publication of planned activities <i>\\\"shall not be construed as an initiation of a procurement process\\\"<\/i>.\"\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    id: 2,\r\n    chapter: \"Ch 2: NEED ASSESSMENT, FORMULATION OF SPECIFICATIONS AND PROCUREMENT PLANNING\",\r\n    rule: \"Para 2.1-1\",\r\n    question: \"Under the Manual for Procurement of Goods, 2024, the need for the subject matter of a procurement, including its anticipated quantum, is required to be determined first by which one of the following authorities?\",\r\n    options: [\r\n      \"The procuring authority which reviews the indent on receipt\",\r\n      \"The authority in the user Department which initiates the indent\",\r\n      \"The authority empowered to grant administrative approval for the indent\",\r\n      \"The Competent Authority which lays down the scales of consumption\"\r\n    ],\r\n    correct: 1,\r\n    explanation: \"<b>Para 2.1-1<\/b> \u2014 <i>\\\"The authority in the user Department initiating the indent for procurement shall first determine the need (including anticipated quantum) for the subject matter of the procurement.\\\"<\/i><br><br>Each distractor is a real functionary of this chapter performing a later or collateral function: under <b>Para 2.5.1-2-a)<\/b> the procuring authority only <i>critically reviews<\/i> the indent within ten working days; under <b>Para 2.1-2-d)<\/b> the administrative-approval authority approves the <i>urgency<\/i> of a short-dated indent; and under <b>Para 2.1-2-c)-i)<\/b> the Competent Authority lays down <i>scales of consumption or usage limits<\/i>, against which the indent signatory then certifies.\"\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    id: 3,\r\n    chapter: \"Ch 2: NEED ASSESSMENT, FORMULATION OF SPECIFICATIONS AND PROCUREMENT PLANNING\",\r\n    rule: \"Paras 2.1-1 and 2.3\",\r\n    question: \"In terms of the Manual for Procurement of Goods, 2024, consider the following statements regarding the records to be kept in connection with an indent for procurement of goods:\\n1. The user department is required to maintain all documents relating to the determination of need and the technical, financial and budgetary approvals needed for the procurement.\\n2. Indentors are required to monitor the progress of the indents they submit, and may maintain a register in the prescribed format for the purpose.\\n3. On receipt of indents from the indenting authority, the progress of such indents is required to be monitored through a register in a separate prescribed format.\\nWhich of the statements given above are correct?\",\r\n    options: [\r\n      \"1 and 2 only\",\r\n      \"2 and 3 only\",\r\n      \"1 and 3 only\",\r\n      \"1, 2 and 3\"\r\n    ],\r\n    correct: 3,\r\n    explanation: \"<b>Para 2.1-1<\/b> \u2014 <i>\\\"The user department shall maintain all documents relating to the determination and technical\/financial\/budgetary approvals needed for procurement.\\\"<\/i> <b>Para 2.3<\/b> \u2014 <i>\\\"Indentors should monitor the progress of the Indents they submit. For this purpose, a register may be maintained in the format provided in Annexure 6\\\"<\/i>, and <i>\\\"On receipt from the procuring authority, the progress of such Indents should be monitored, and a register may be maintained in the format provided in Annexure 7.\\\"<\/i><br><br>There are thus two distinct monitoring registers \u2014 <b>Annexure 6<\/b> on the indentor's side, <b>Annexure 7<\/b> on the receiving side \u2014 besides the records of need determination kept by the user department.\"\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    id: 4,\r\n    chapter: \"Ch 2: NEED ASSESSMENT, FORMULATION OF SPECIFICATIONS AND PROCUREMENT PLANNING\",\r\n    rule: \"Para 2.1-2-a)\",\r\n    question: \"In the context of the Manual for Procurement of Goods, 2024, consider the following statements regarding the manner in which a need is to be expressed or described at the stage of need assessment:\\n1. The description of the need is an important determinant of value for money and of wide competition.\\n2. It should be unambiguous and complete, and should use the common terminology prevalent in the relevant trade.\\n3. Reference to trademarks, brand names or catalogue numbers which limit an item to a specific manufacturer should be avoided as far as possible.\\nWhich of the statements given above are correct?\",\r\n    options: [\r\n      \"1 and 2 only\",\r\n      \"2 and 3 only\",\r\n      \"1 and 3 only\",\r\n      \"1, 2 and 3\"\r\n    ],\r\n    correct: 3,\r\n    explanation: \"<b>Para 2.1-2-a)<\/b> \u2014 <i>\\\"The expression\/ description of the need is an important determinant of Value for Money (VfM) and wide competition\\\"<\/i>; it should be <i>\\\"Unambiguous, complete, using common terminology prevalent in relevant trade\\\"<\/i>; and <i>\\\"reference to trademark, brand\/ trade names, catalogue numbers, or other details that limit any materials or items to the specific manufacturer(s) should be avoided as far as possible.\\\"<\/i><br><br>The last direction is subject to a single exception \u2014 <b>proprietary purchase from a selected single source<\/b> \u2014 and where a brand reference is unavoidable it must be followed by the words <i>\\\"or substantially equivalent\\\"<\/i>.\"\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    id: 5,\r\n    chapter: \"Ch 2: NEED ASSESSMENT, FORMULATION OF SPECIFICATIONS AND PROCUREMENT PLANNING\",\r\n    rule: \"Para 2.1-2-a)-iii)\",\r\n    question: \"Under the Manual for Procurement of Goods, 2024, the direction that reference to trademarks, brand or trade names and catalogue numbers limiting an item to a specific manufacturer should be avoided is subject to an exception in which one of the following cases?\",\r\n    options: [\r\n      \"Proprietary purchase of the item concerned from a selected single source, named in the indent\",\r\n      \"Purchase of spares to be procured in accordance with an available sample of the part\",\r\n      \"Purchase where the departmental specification covers only packing, marking and inspection\",\r\n      \"Purchase of goods for which no recognised national standard exists\"\r\n    ],\r\n    correct: 0,\r\n    explanation: \"<b>Para 2.1-2-a)-iii)<\/b> \u2014 <i>\\\"Except in the case of proprietary purchase from a selected single source, reference to trademark, brand\/ trade names, catalogue numbers, or other details that limit any materials or items to the specific manufacturer(s) should be avoided as far as possible.\\\"<\/i><br><br>The distractors are all genuine situations from this chapter in which a specification departs from the ordinary pattern, but none of them permits naming a manufacturer: procurement against a sample under <b>Para 2.2.1-9-b)<\/b> is a device for spares <i>\\\"whose drawings\/specifications are not available\\\"<\/i>; departmental specifications under <b>Para 2.2.1-4<\/b> merely supplement Indian standards on packing, marking and inspection; and the absence of a national standard leads to <i>international<\/i> standards, not to a brand.\"\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    id: 6,\r\n    chapter: \"Ch 2: NEED ASSESSMENT, FORMULATION OF SPECIFICATIONS AND PROCUREMENT PLANNING\",\r\n    rule: \"Para 2.1-2-b)\",\r\n    question: \"In terms of the Manual for Procurement of Goods, 2024, in the absence of a declared policy in this regard, the method of satisfying a need \u2014 that is, whether by owning, leasing, hiring, outsourcing or through Public Private Partnership \u2014 is required to be determined on the basis of which one of the following?\",\r\n    options: [\r\n      \"A costing analysis carried out through internal or external expert costing agencies\",\r\n      \"A formal market survey conducted online on the Government e-Marketplace portal\",\r\n      \"A techno-economic evaluation of alternative methods, using life cycle cost if feasible\",\r\n      \"An assessment of the opportunity cost of not satisfying the need at all, as a last resort\"\r\n    ],\r\n    correct: 2,\r\n    explanation: \"<b>Para 2.1-2-b)<\/b> \u2014 the method <i>\\\"may be determined as per policies declared in this regard or based on a techno-economic evaluation (using life cycle cost if feasible) of various alternative methods of satisfaction of the need and compatibility and inter-operability with existing infrastructure or systems.\\\"<\/i><br><br>All three distractors are genuine techniques from the very next sub-para, but they belong to <b>cost estimation<\/b>, not to the choice of acquisition route: costing analysis is prescribed at <b>Para 2.1-2-f)-ii)<\/b> where no historical data exists, market survey at <b>(iii)-4)<\/b> for commercially available goods, and opportunity cost at <b>(iii)-3)<\/b> as a last resort.\"\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    id: 7,\r\n    chapter: \"Ch 2: NEED ASSESSMENT, FORMULATION OF SPECIFICATIONS AND PROCUREMENT PLANNING\",\r\n    rule: \"Para 2.1-2-b), footnotes 39 and 40\",\r\n    question: \"In the context of the Manual for Procurement of Goods, 2024, consider the following statements regarding the newer procurement approaches available for satisfying a need:\\n1. Hardware as a Service allows customers to outsource IT infrastructure such as servers, networking, storage and virtual machines, accessed over the Internet on a pay-as-per-use model.\\n2. Hardware as a Service is also known as Infrastructure as a Service.\\n3. Under Software as a Service, the customer is responsible for operating, managing and maintaining the application software hosted on the cloud.\\nWhich of the statements given above are correct?\",\r\n    options: [\r\n      \"1 and 2 only\",\r\n      \"2 and 3 only\",\r\n      \"1 and 3 only\",\r\n      \"1, 2 and 3\"\r\n    ],\r\n    correct: 0,\r\n    explanation: \"<b>Footnote 39 to Para 2.1-2-b)<\/b> \u2014 HaaS, <i>\\\"also known as Infrastructure as a Service - IAAS\\\"<\/i>, <i>\\\"allows customers to outsource their IT infrastructures, such as servers, networking, processing, storage, virtual machines, and other resources\u2026 using a pay-as-per-use model.\\\"<\/i><br><br>Statement 3 reverses the parties. <b>Footnote 40<\/b> provides that <i>\\\"The SaaS provider is responsible for operating, managing, and maintaining the application software hosted on the cloud and the infrastructure on which it runs. The customer simply creates an account, pays a fee and uses the software over an internet connection.\\\"<\/i> The customer's role in SaaS is confined to subscribing and using.\"\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    id: 8,\r\n    chapter: \"Ch 2: NEED ASSESSMENT, FORMULATION OF SPECIFICATIONS AND PROCUREMENT PLANNING\",\r\n    rule: \"Para 2.1-2-c)-i)\",\r\n    question: \"As per the Manual for Procurement of Goods, 2024, While assessing the quantity commensurate with economy, care is required to be taken to avoid purchasing quantities in excess of the requirement, principally so as to avoid which one of the following consequences?\",\r\n    options: [\r\n      \"Inventory carrying costs on the quantity held in excess of requirement\",\r\n      \"The necessity of obtaining the sanction of a higher authority\",\r\n      \"Restriction of competition to big firms\",\r\n      \"Adverse effect on the quality of supplies\"\r\n    ],\r\n    correct: 0,\r\n    explanation: \"<b>Para 2.1-2-c)-i)<\/b> \u2014 <i>\\\"Care should also be taken to avoid purchasing quantities in excess of the requirement to avoid inventory carrying costs.\\\"<\/i><br><br>Every distractor is a real consequence recognised elsewhere in the chapter, and each attaches to a different mischief: avoiding the sanction of a higher authority is one of the two motives <i>prohibited<\/i> by Rule 157 of GFR 2017 as quoted at <b>Para 2.5.1-2-b)-i)<\/b>; restriction of competition to big firms is the risk of an <i>exceptionally large value package<\/i> under <b>Para 2.5.1-2-b)-iii)<\/b>; and adverse effect on quality of supplies flows from an <i>inadequate cost estimate<\/i> under <b>Para 2.4-3<\/b>.\"\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    id: 9,\r\n    chapter: \"Ch 2: NEED ASSESSMENT, FORMULATION OF SPECIFICATIONS AND PROCUREMENT PLANNING\",\r\n    rule: \"Para 2.1-2-c)-iii)\",\r\n    question: \"In the context of the Manual for Procurement of Goods, 2024, consider the following statements regarding the units of quantity to be adopted while procuring an item:\\n1. For the sake of transparency, it is important to buy an item in the unit in which it is manufactured.\\n2. Steel and structural items are better bought in units of length than in units of weight, since they carry a tolerance in weight per unit of length.\\n3. The buying unit and the issuing unit of an item may be different, but should be standardised.\\nWhich of the statements given above are correct?\",\r\n    options: [\r\n      \"1 and 2 only\",\r\n      \"2 and 3 only\",\r\n      \"1 and 3 only\",\r\n      \"1, 2 and 3\"\r\n    ],\r\n    correct: 2,\r\n    explanation: \"<b>Para 2.1-2-c)-iii)<\/b> \u2014 <i>\\\"For the sake of transparency, it is important to buy an item in units of manufacture\\\"<\/i>, and <i>\\\"The buying and issuing units of an item may be different \u2013 but should be standardised.\\\"<\/i><br><br>Statement 2 inverts the illustration given in the same sub-clause: <i>\\\"it is better to buy steel\/structural in units of weight since it has a tolerance in weight per unit of length; this usually works to the disadvantage of the buyer if it is bought in units of length.\\\"<\/i> The tolerance is the very reason for preferring weight \u2014 the statement uses the correct reason to support the wrong conclusion.\"\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    id: 10,\r\n    chapter: \"Ch 2: NEED ASSESSMENT, FORMULATION OF SPECIFICATIONS AND PROCUREMENT PLANNING\",\r\n    rule: \"Paras 2.1-2-d) and 2.4-2\",\r\n    question: \"Under the Manual for Procurement of Goods, 2024, where an indent provides a delivery period shorter than the established lead time, such urgency is required to be approved by which one of the following authorities, and on what condition?\",\r\n    options: [\r\n      \"The procuring entity, on recording that the indent has been entertained by way of exception\",\r\n      \"The Competent Authority, on recording that the prescribed usage limits are not exceeded\",\r\n      \"The authority empowered to grant administrative approval, on justification being recorded\",\r\n      \"The head of the user Department, on the concurrence of the procuring authority being obtained in writing\"\r\n    ],\r\n    correct: 2,\r\n    explanation: \"<b>Para 2.1-2-d)<\/b> \u2014 <i>\\\"In urgent cases, the procuring entity may entertain indents providing shorter periods, but such urgencies should be approved by the authority empowered to grant administrative approval for the indent and must be accompanied by proper justification.\\\"<\/i> The mitigation column at <b>Para 2.4-2<\/b> repeats the requirement and sharpens it: the justification must record <i>\\\"why the need could not be formulated earlier.\\\"<\/i><br><br>Option (a) is the closest trap \u2014 the procuring entity may indeed <b>entertain<\/b> a short-dated indent, but the power to <b>approve the urgency<\/b> stays on the user side.\"\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    id: 11,\r\n    chapter: \"Ch 2: NEED ASSESSMENT, FORMULATION OF SPECIFICATIONS AND PROCUREMENT PLANNING\",\r\n    rule: \"Para 2.1-2-d)\",\r\n    question: \"In terms of the Manual for Procurement of Goods, 2024, consider the following statements regarding the time schedule and place of delivery to be indicated while assessing a need:\\n1. Need assessment and generation of the indent should be done sufficiently in advance of the time when the goods are required.\\n2. Delays in need assessment have an adverse impact on value for money and on transparency.\\n3. Great care is required in filling up realistic dates for the requirement of material, and the procuring entity should be allowed time in accordance with the established lead times.\\nWhich of the statements given above are correct?\",\r\n    options: [\r\n      \"1 and 2 only\",\r\n      \"2 and 3 only\",\r\n      \"1 and 3 only\",\r\n      \"1, 2 and 3\"\r\n    ],\r\n    correct: 3,\r\n    explanation: \"<b>Para 2.1-2-d)<\/b> contains all three propositions: <i>\\\"Need assessment and generation of indent for procurement should be done sufficiently in advance of the time when goods are required. Delays in need assessment have an adverse impact on the value for money and transparency. Great care is required to be exercised in filling up realistic dates for the requirement of material. The procuring entity should be allowed time in accordance with the established lead times.\\\"<\/i><br><br>The corresponding risk row, <b>Para 2.4-2<\/b>, explains the concern: delay <i>\\\"may lead to shortcut procurement procedures that dilute transparency and prevent the achievement of value for money.\\\"<\/i>\"\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    id: 12,\r\n    chapter: \"Ch 2: NEED ASSESSMENT, FORMULATION OF SPECIFICATIONS AND PROCUREMENT PLANNING\",\r\n    rule: \"Para 2.1-2-f)\",\r\n    question: \"In the context of the Manual for Procurement of Goods, 2024, consider the following statements regarding the suggested methods of estimating the cost of a procurement:\\n1. They are neither mandatory nor comprehensive, and are not set out in any order of preference.\\n2. They are mutually exclusive, so that only one of them may be adopted for a given estimate.\\n3. Triangulation from different methods would give a more accurate estimate of cost.\\nWhich of the statements given above are correct?\",\r\n    options: [\r\n      \"1 and 2 only\",\r\n      \"2 and 3 only\",\r\n      \"1 and 3 only\",\r\n      \"1, 2 and 3\"\r\n    ],\r\n    correct: 2,\r\n    explanation: \"<b>Para 2.1-2-f)<\/b> \u2014 the suggested methods <i>\\\"are neither mandatory nor comprehensive nor in any order of preference. These methods are not mutually exclusive, and triangulation from different methods would give a more accurate estimate of cost.\\\"<\/i><br><br>Statement 2 is falsified by a single word \u2014 the text says they are <b>not<\/b> mutually exclusive. The practical consequence is significant: an estimator may combine an updated last-purchase price with a market survey and a budgetary quote, and reconcile the three, rather than being confined to one route.\"\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    id: 13,\r\n    chapter: \"Ch 2: NEED ASSESSMENT, FORMULATION OF SPECIFICATIONS AND PROCUREMENT PLANNING\",\r\n    rule: \"Para 2.1-2-f)-iii)\",\r\n    question: \"In terms of the Manual for Procurement of Goods, 2024, consider the following statements regarding the rough methods of assessing cost available where there is no historical cost data and a costing analysis is also not feasible:\\n1. A rough assessment may be made from the price of the assembly or machine of which the item is a part, or vice versa.\\n2. The Maximum Retail Price printed on the item usually includes significant margins for distributors, wholesalers and retailers.\\n3. A rough assessment of the opportunity cost of not using the item at all may be made as a last resort.\\nWhich of the statements given above are correct?\",\r\n    options: [\r\n      \"1 and 2 only\",\r\n      \"2 and 3 only\",\r\n      \"1 and 3 only\",\r\n      \"1, 2 and 3\"\r\n    ],\r\n    correct: 3,\r\n    explanation: \"<b>Para 2.1-2-f)-iii)<\/b> lists all three: <i>\\\"Rough assessment from the price of the assembly\/ machine of which the item is a part or vice versa\\\"<\/i>; <i>\\\"Published catalogues\/ Maximum Retail Price (MRP) printed on the item is the main source\u2026 It may be noted that MRPs usually include significant margins for distributors, wholesalers, and retailers\\\"<\/i>; and <i>\\\"As a last resort, a rough assessment of the opportunity cost of not using this item at all.\\\"<\/i><br><br>The caution on MRP matters practically \u2014 an unadjusted MRP-based estimate is pitched too high and would make unreasonable bids appear reasonable at the evaluation stage.\"\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    id: 14,\r\n    chapter: \"Ch 2: NEED ASSESSMENT, FORMULATION OF SPECIFICATIONS AND PROCUREMENT PLANNING\",\r\n    rule: \"Para 2.1-2-f)-iii)-4) and 5)\",\r\n    question: \"In the context of the Manual for Procurement of Goods, 2024, match List-I with List-II and select the correct answer using the codes given below:\\nList-I (Nature of the item)\\nA. Commercially available goods\\nB. Equipment or craft custom-built to the buyer's specifications\\nC. An item forming part of a larger assembly or machine\\nD. An item for which past purchase rates are on record\\nList-II (Suggested method of cost estimation)\\n1. Budgetary quotes from potential parties\\n2. Last purchase price, after due updation\\n3. Formal online or physical market survey\\n4. Rough assessment from the price of the assembly\",\r\n    options: [\r\n      \"A-3, B-1, C-4, D-2\",\r\n      \"A-1, B-3, C-4, D-2\",\r\n      \"A-3, B-4, C-1, D-2\",\r\n      \"A-2, B-1, C-4, D-3\"\r\n    ],\r\n    correct: 0,\r\n    explanation: \"<b>Para 2.1-2-f)<\/b> assigns a method to each situation: sub-para (iii)-4) \u2014 <i>\\\"Market Survey: For commercially available goods, a formal market survey online (GeM portal or other commercial market apps) or a physical survey of the market can provide a reasonable estimate of cost\\\"<\/i>; sub-para (iii)-5) \u2014 <i>\\\"For equipment\/ craft that are custom-built to the buyer's specifications, the best way to get a rough assessment of costs is by obtaining budgetary quotes\\\"<\/i>; sub-para (iii)-1) \u2014 assembly price; sub-para (i) \u2014 last purchase price after updation.<br><br>The commonest error is to exchange A and B, since both involve approaching the market \u2014 but a survey suits a catalogued product and a quote suits a bespoke one.\"\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    id: 15,\r\n    chapter: \"Ch 2: NEED ASSESSMENT, FORMULATION OF SPECIFICATIONS AND PROCUREMENT PLANNING\",\r\n    rule: \"Para 2.1-2-f)-iii)-5)\",\r\n    question: \"As per the Manual for Procurement of Goods, 2024, consider the following statements regarding the obtaining of budgetary quotes for the purpose of estimating cost:\\n1. Ideally there should be three quotes, and a time of ten to twenty-one days, if feasible, should be indicated for their receipt.\\n2. In the event of receipt of less than three quotes, two extensions, if feasible of five days each, may be considered.\\n3. In the event of non-availability of three quotes even within the extended period, the estimation exercise is required to be abandoned and a costing analysis resorted to.\\nWhich of the statements given above are correct?\",\r\n    options: [\r\n      \"1 and 2 only\",\r\n      \"2 and 3 only\",\r\n      \"1 and 3 only\",\r\n      \"1, 2 and 3\"\r\n    ],\r\n    correct: 0,\r\n    explanation: \"<b>Para 2.1-2-f)-iii)-5)<\/b> \u2014 <i>\\\"Ideally, there should be three quotes\u2026 a time (if feasible, ten to twenty-one days) should be indicated. In the event of receipt of less than three budgetary quotes, two extensions (if feasible, of five to days each) may be considered.\\\"<\/i><br><br>Statement 3 is the opposite of the express provision, which is an anti-delay device: <i>\\\"In the event of the non-availability of three quotes within the above extended period, the estimates should be prepared based on the number of budgetary quote(s) received, which may even be one.\\\"<\/i> Costing analysis, in any case, belongs to the situation where <b>no historical data<\/b> exists (sub-para ii).\"\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    id: 16,\r\n    chapter: \"Ch 2: NEED ASSESSMENT, FORMULATION OF SPECIFICATIONS AND PROCUREMENT PLANNING\",\r\n    rule: \"Para 2.1-2-f)-iii)-5)\",\r\n    question: \"Under the Manual for Procurement of Goods, 2024, after both the permitted extensions have expired, only two budgetary quotes have been received against a requirement. The estimate of cost is required to be framed on:\",\r\n    options: [\r\n      \"The lower of the two quotes received\",\r\n      \"An average of the two quotes received\",\r\n      \"The higher of the two quotes received, so that the estimate is not exceeded by the bids\",\r\n      \"The last purchase price of a nearly equivalent requirement, the quotes received being disregarded\"\r\n    ],\r\n    correct: 1,\r\n    explanation: \"<b>Para 2.1-2-f)-iii)-5)<\/b> \u2014 <i>\\\"where more than one budgetary quote is received, the estimate should be framed on an average of the quotes which will reduce variations and fluctuations.\\\"<\/i><br><br>The averaging rule answers the distortion identified in the same sub-para: <i>\\\"the bidder who expects to be short-listed may quote high rates, and the bidder who does not expect to be shortlisted may quote abnormally low prices to queer the pitch for others.\\\"<\/i> Since the distortions run in <b>both<\/b> directions, adopting either the lowest or the highest quote would import one of them wholesale into the estimate.\"\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    id: 17,\r\n    chapter: \"Ch 2: NEED ASSESSMENT, FORMULATION OF SPECIFICATIONS AND PROCUREMENT PLANNING\",\r\n    rule: \"Para 2.1-2-f)-iv)\",\r\n    question: \"In terms of the Manual for Procurement of Goods, 2024, consider the following statements regarding the updation of historical cost data for the purpose of framing estimates:\\n1. Historical cost data may be supplemented with escalations to cater for inflation, price increases of raw materials, labour and energy, statutory changes and price indices.\\n2. Where the historical data is in foreign currency, the rate should be reduced to a common denomination of Indian Rupees.\\n3. Price trends of nonferrous items, which often show volatile trends, are available from the London Metal Exchange.\\nWhich of the statements given above are correct?\",\r\n    options: [\r\n      \"1 and 2 only\",\r\n      \"2 and 3 only\",\r\n      \"1 and 3 only\",\r\n      \"1, 2 and 3\"\r\n    ],\r\n    correct: 3,\r\n    explanation: \"<b>Para 2.1-2-f)-iv)<\/b> contains all three: escalation for <i>\\\"inflation, price increases of raw materials, labour, energy, statutory changes, price indices, and so on, to make them usable in conditions prevailing currently\\\"<\/i>; <i>\\\"In the case of foreign currencies, the rate should be reduced to a common denomination of Indian Rupees\\\"<\/i>; and, at sub-clause (3), the London Metal Exchange, which <i>\\\"gives price trends of nonferrous details, which often show volatile trends.\\\"<\/i><br><br>The remaining sources listed there are the Ministry of Industry portal for indices of <b>indigenous items<\/b>, the Centre for Monitoring Indian Economy, the IMF for <b>price trends of different countries<\/b>, IEEMA, MCX and Fastmarkets.\"\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    id: 18,\r\n    chapter: \"Ch 2: NEED ASSESSMENT, FORMULATION OF SPECIFICATIONS AND PROCUREMENT PLANNING\",\r\n    rule: \"Para 2.2.1\",\r\n    question: \"In the context of the Manual for Procurement of Goods, 2024, consider the following statements regarding Technical Specifications:\\n1. They constitute the benchmarks against which the procuring entity verifies the technical responsiveness of bids and subsequently evaluates them.\\n2. Being well-defined, they facilitate the preparation of responsive bids by bidders as well as the examination, evaluation and comparison of bids by the procuring entity.\\n3. They establish the reasonableness of the prices quoted by the bidders at the time of evaluation.\\nWhich of the statements given above are correct?\",\r\n    options: [\r\n      \"1 and 2 only\",\r\n      \"2 and 3 only\",\r\n      \"1 and 3 only\",\r\n      \"1, 2 and 3\"\r\n    ],\r\n    correct: 0,\r\n    explanation: \"<b>Para 2.2.1<\/b>, invoking <b>Rule 173(ix) of GFR 2017<\/b> \u2014 <i>\\\"The TS constitute the benchmarks against which the procuring entity will verify the technical responsiveness of bids and, subsequently, evaluate the bids. Therefore, well-defined TS will facilitate the preparation of responsive bids by bidders as well as the examination, evaluation, and comparison of the bids by the procuring entity.\\\"<\/i><br><br>Statement 3 transfers to the specification a function that belongs to the <b>estimated cost<\/b>: under <b>Para 2.1-2-f)<\/b> it is the estimate that enters into <i>\\\"the establishment of reasonable prices at the time of evaluation of the bids.\\\"<\/i> The specification is a <i>technical<\/i> benchmark; the estimate is the <i>price<\/i> benchmark.\"\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    id: 19,\r\n    chapter: \"Ch 2: NEED ASSESSMENT, FORMULATION OF SPECIFICATIONS AND PROCUREMENT PLANNING\",\r\n    rule: \"Paras 2.2.1-2 and 2.2.1-3\",\r\n    question: \"As per the Manual for Procurement of Goods, 2024, all of the following are attributes which Technical Specifications are required to possess EXCEPT that they should be:\",\r\n    options: [\r\n      \"Unambiguous, precise, objective, functional and measurable\",\r\n      \"Broad-based or generic, and standardised in the case of items procured repeatedly\",\r\n      \"Restrictive as to workmanship, materials and equipment commonly used in manufacture\",\r\n      \"Confined to the bare essential specific needs, without superfluous and non-essential features which cause unwarranted expenditure\"\r\n    ],\r\n    correct: 2,\r\n    explanation: \"<b>Para 2.2.1-2<\/b> \u2014 TS should <i>\\\"Be unambiguous, precise, objective, functional, broad-based\/generic, standardised (for items procured repeatedly) and measurable. TS should be broad enough to avoid restrictions on workmanship, materials and equipment commonly used in manufacturing similar kinds of goods.\\\"<\/i> <b>Para 2.2.1-3<\/b> requires characteristics meeting <i>\\\"just the bare essential specific needs\u2026 without including superfluous and non-essential features, which may result in unwarranted expenditure.\\\"<\/i><br><br>Option (c) reverses the last limb of Para 2.2.1-2 \u2014 the very mischief flagged at <b>Para 2.4-5<\/b>, where specifications <i>\\\"made to tilt in favour of one or a group of vendor(s)\\\"<\/i> restrict competition artificially.\"\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    id: 20,\r\n    chapter: \"Ch 2: NEED ASSESSMENT, FORMULATION OF SPECIFICATIONS AND PROCUREMENT PLANNING\",\r\n    rule: \"Para 2.2.1-4\",\r\n    question: \"Under the Manual for Procurement of Goods, 2024, consider the following statements regarding the standards on which Technical Specifications are to be based:\\n1. Normally, they should be based on national technical regulations, recognised national standards or building codes, wherever such standards exist.\\n2. Preference should be given to procure goods which carry the Bureau of Indian Standards mark.\\n3. In the absence of national standards, Technical Specifications may be based on the relevant international standards.\\nWhich of the statements given above are correct?\",\r\n    options: [\r\n      \"1 and 2 only\",\r\n      \"2 and 3 only\",\r\n      \"1 and 3 only\",\r\n      \"1, 2 and 3\"\r\n    ],\r\n    correct: 3,\r\n    explanation: \"<b>Para 2.2.1-4<\/b> \u2014 <i>\\\"Normally, these standards should be based on national technical regulations or recognised national standards (Bureau of Indian Standards - BIS) or building codes, wherever such standards exist. Preference should be given to procure the goods which carry the BIS mark. In the absence of national standards, TS may be based on the relevant International standards.\\\"<\/i><br><br>The hierarchy is national first, international as a fallback. Footnote 41 records the Department of Expenditure's reiteration by <b>OM F.No.12\/17\/2019-PPD dated 12.05.2020<\/b> that <i>\\\"wherever Indian Technical specifications and Quality Certifications exists, the procuring entity should prescribe them.\\\"<\/i>\"\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    id: 21,\r\n    chapter: \"Ch 2: NEED ASSESSMENT, FORMULATION OF SPECIFICATIONS AND PROCUREMENT PLANNING\",\r\n    rule: \"Para 2.2.1-4\",\r\n    question: \"In terms of the Manual for Procurement of Goods, 2024, an indenting authority proposes to base its Technical Specifications on equivalent international standards although Bureau of Indian Standards standards exist for the item. Such a course is permissible subject to which one of the following requirements?\",\r\n    options: [\r\n      \"The prior approval of the Competent Authority is obtained for the departure\",\r\n      \"The reasons for the course adopted are recorded in writing by the indenting authority\",\r\n      \"The concurrence of the Bureau of Indian Standards is obtained beforehand\",\r\n      \"The departure is declared in the tender document as a limitation on participation\"\r\n    ],\r\n    correct: 1,\r\n    explanation: \"<b>Para 2.2.1-4<\/b> \u2014 <i>\\\"Provided that an indenting authority may, for reasons to be recorded in writing, base the TS on equivalent international standards even in cases where BIS standards exist.\\\"<\/i> Footnote 41 adds that in such rare or exceptional cases the entity <i>\\\"must record its reasons in writing\u2026 This may also be subject to matter of audit.\\\"<\/i><br><br>Option (a) is the deliberate trap and is the answer to a <b>different<\/b> question in the same paragraph: it is for <i>\\\"deviations from Indian standards or\u2026 additional parameters for better performance\\\"<\/i> that reasons must be recorded <b>with the approval of the CA<\/b>. Adopting an equivalent international standard needs recorded reasons alone.\"\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    id: 22,\r\n    chapter: \"Ch 2: NEED ASSESSMENT, FORMULATION OF SPECIFICATIONS AND PROCUREMENT PLANNING\",\r\n    rule: \"Para 2.2.1-4\",\r\n    question: \"In the context of the Manual for Procurement of Goods, 2024, where a deviation from Indian standards is proposed, or an additional parameter is sought to be prescribed for better performance, the specific reasons for such deviation or modification are required to be duly recorded with the approval of which one of the following?\",\r\n    options: [\r\n      \"The indenting authority initiating the indent\",\r\n      \"The Competent Authority\",\r\n      \"The procuring authority reviewing the specifications\",\r\n      \"The Bureau of Indian Standards\"\r\n    ],\r\n    correct: 1,\r\n    explanation: \"<b>Para 2.2.1-4<\/b> \u2014 <i>\\\"For any deviations from Indian standards or for any additional parameters for better performance, specific reasons for deviations\/modifications should be duly recorded with the approval of the CA.\\\"<\/i><br><br>The paragraph draws a fine but examinable distinction. Substituting an <b>equivalent international standard<\/b> requires only reasons recorded in writing by the <i>indenting authority<\/i>; <b>deviating from or adding to<\/b> Indian standards requires reasons recorded <b>plus the Competent Authority's approval<\/b>. Option (a) is therefore right for the first situation and wrong for this one.\"\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    id: 23,\r\n    chapter: \"Ch 2: NEED ASSESSMENT, FORMULATION OF SPECIFICATIONS AND PROCUREMENT PLANNING\",\r\n    rule: \"Para 2.2.1-4\",\r\n    question: \"As per the Manual for Procurement of Goods, 2024, where the technical parameters required for a particular end use are only marginally different from the Indian standards, the course indicated is to specify the Indian standards and to confine the departmental specifications to which one of the following?\",\r\n    options: [\r\n      \"Such additional details as packing, marking and inspection required for that end use\",\r\n      \"The guaranteed or acceptable maximum and minimum values of the performance characteristics required\",\r\n      \"The material composition, dimensions and tolerances required for that particular end use\",\r\n      \"The warranty requirements and the after-sales service obligations of the supplier\"\r\n    ],\r\n    correct: 0,\r\n    explanation: \"<b>Para 2.2.1-4<\/b> \u2014 <i>\\\"Where the technical parameters are only marginally different, Indian standards may be specified, and the Departmental specifications could cover only such additional details as packing, marking, inspection, and so on, as are specially required for a particular end use.\\\"<\/i><br><br>The device avoids drafting a whole bespoke standard for a trivial variation. The distractors are all genuine contents of a tender document but under <b>Para 2.2.2<\/b> \u2014 guaranteed values and material composition, dimensions and tolerances at item 2, and warranty at item 10 \u2014 and are not what \\\"departmental specifications\\\" means here.\"\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    id: 24,\r\n    chapter: \"Ch 2: NEED ASSESSMENT, FORMULATION OF SPECIFICATIONS AND PROCUREMENT PLANNING\",\r\n    rule: \"Para 2.2.1-5\",\r\n    question: \"Under the Manual for Procurement of Goods, 2024, consider the following statements regarding the units and standards in which specifications are to be framed:\\n1. All dimensions incorporated in the specifications are required to be indicated in metric units.\\n2. Where for some unavoidable reason dimensions are mentioned in FPS units, the corresponding equivalents in the metric system must also be indicated.\\n3. In the case of Government of India funded projects abroad, the technical specifications may be framed on the requirements and standards of the host beneficiary Government, where such standards exist.\\nWhich of the statements given above are correct?\",\r\n    options: [\r\n      \"1 and 2 only\",\r\n      \"2 and 3 only\",\r\n      \"1 and 3 only\",\r\n      \"1, 2 and 3\"\r\n    ],\r\n    correct: 3,\r\n    explanation: \"<b>Para 2.2.1-5<\/b> \u2014 <i>\\\"All dimensions incorporated in the specifications shall be indicated in metric units. If, for some unavoidable reason, dimensions in FPS units are to be mentioned, the corresponding equivalents in the metric system must also be indicated. In the case of Government of India funded projects abroad, the technical specifications may be framed based on the requirements and standards of the host beneficiary Government, where such standards exist.\\\"<\/i><br><br>The metric rule is one of <b>dual indication<\/b>, not of substitution. Even for projects abroad an escape is retained: a procuring entity may <i>\\\"for reasons to be recorded in writing, adopt any other technical specification.\\\"<\/i>\"\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    id: 25,\r\n    chapter: \"Ch 2: NEED ASSESSMENT, FORMULATION OF SPECIFICATIONS AND PROCUREMENT PLANNING\",\r\n    rule: \"Para 2.2.1-7\",\r\n    question: \"In terms of the Manual for Procurement of Goods, 2024, Consistently with value for money and the avoidance of procurement of obsolete goods, tender documents are required to stipulate that all goods and materials shall be:\",\r\n    options: [\r\n      \"New and unused, and of a model that has been in regular production for a reasonable period\",\r\n      \"New, unused and of the most recent or current models, incorporating all recent improvements\",\r\n      \"New and unused, and of the same model as was supplied against the immediately preceding contract of the entity\",\r\n      \"New, unused and conforming to the model displayed as the purchaser's reference sample\"\r\n    ],\r\n    correct: 1,\r\n    explanation: \"<b>Para 2.2.1-7<\/b> \u2014 specifications should be <i>\\\"Commensurate with VfM, avoid procurement of obsolete goods and require that all goods and materials be new, unused and of the most recent or current models and that they incorporate all recent improvements in design and materials unless provided for otherwise in the tender documents.\\\"<\/i><br><br>Options (a) and (c) both anchor the purchase to an <b>older<\/b> model and defeat the stated object; (c) additionally entrenches the year-on-year sameness that <b>Para 2.5.1-2-i)-iii)<\/b> identifies as fertile ground for cartels. A reference sample under Para 2.2.1-9-c) illustrates only <i>indeterminable characteristics<\/i>, never the model.\"\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    id: 26,\r\n    chapter: \"Ch 2: NEED ASSESSMENT, FORMULATION OF SPECIFICATIONS AND PROCUREMENT PLANNING\",\r\n    rule: \"Para 2.2.1-8-a), b) and d)\",\r\n    question: \"In the context of the Manual for Procurement of Goods, 2024, consider the following statements regarding environmental considerations in the formulation of specifications:\\n1. Specifications should comply with sustainability criteria and the legal requirements of environment or pollution control and other mandatory and statutory regulations applicable to the goods.\\n2. While specifying packaging requirements, packaging having minimal impact on the environment may be emphasised, without compromising on safety and security.\\n3. Specifications should emphasise factors such as efficiency, optimum fuel or power consumption, reduced noise and emission levels and low maintenance cost.\\nWhich of the statements given above are correct?\",\r\n    options: [\r\n      \"1 and 2 only\",\r\n      \"2 and 3 only\",\r\n      \"1 and 3 only\",\r\n      \"1, 2 and 3\"\r\n    ],\r\n    correct: 3,\r\n    explanation: \"<b>Para 2.2.1-8<\/b> contains all three: sub-clause (a) requires compliance with <i>\\\"sustainability criteria and legal requirements of environment or pollution control and other mandatory and statutory regulations or internal guidelines\\\"<\/i>; sub-clause (b) \u2014 <i>\\\"the procuring entity may emphasise packaging that has minimal impact on the environment without compromising on safety and security\\\"<\/i>; sub-clause (d) \u2014 <i>\\\"It should emphasize factors such as efficiency, optimum fuel\/power consumption, use of environmentally friendly materials, reduced noise and emission levels, low maintenance cost, and so on.\\\"<\/i>\"\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    id: 27,\r\n    chapter: \"Ch 2: NEED ASSESSMENT, FORMULATION OF SPECIFICATIONS AND PROCUREMENT PLANNING\",\r\n    rule: \"Para 2.2.1-8-c)\",\r\n    question: \"As per the Manual for Procurement of Goods, 2024, consider the following statements regarding the Ecomark Label:\\n1. A procuring entity may include a requirement for the Ecomark Label, to the extent feasible, in the description or specification of the goods being procured.\\n2. It applies to any product produced or supplied for distribution or use in the market, unless otherwise excluded under the Ecomark Certification Rules.\\n3. Its objective is to encourage consumers to adopt such products and manufacturers to transition to the production of Ecomark-certified products, thereby supporting the principles of 'LiFE (Lifestyle for Environment)'.\\nWhich of the statements given above are correct?\",\r\n    options: [\r\n      \"1 and 2 only\",\r\n      \"2 and 3 only\",\r\n      \"1 and 3 only\",\r\n      \"1, 2 and 3\"\r\n    ],\r\n    correct: 3,\r\n    explanation: \"<b>Para 2.2.1-8-c)<\/b> \u2014 <i>\\\"The procuring Entity may include a requirement for the Ecomark Label to the extent feasible in their Description\/ Specification of the goods being procured\\\"<\/i>; <i>\\\"It shall be applicable to any product that is produced or supplied for distribution or use in the market unless otherwise excluded under the Ecomark Certification Rules\\\"<\/i>; and the objective is <i>\\\"to encourage consumers to adopt such products and the manufacturers to transition to the production of Ecomark-certified products to promote sustainability\\\"<\/i>, thereby <i>\\\"supporting the principles of 'LiFE (Lifestyle for Environment)'.\\\"<\/i> It would also prevent misleading environmental claims.\"\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    id: 28,\r\n    chapter: \"Ch 2: NEED ASSESSMENT, FORMULATION OF SPECIFICATIONS AND PROCUREMENT PLANNING\",\r\n    rule: \"Para 2.2.1-8-d)-iii)\",\r\n    question: \"In terms of the Manual for Procurement of Goods, 2024, match List-I with List-II and select the correct answer using the codes given below:\\nList-I (Appliance)\\nA. Split air conditioner, where annual usage is expected to exceed 1000 hours\\nB. Split air conditioner in a conference room, where usage of the air conditioner is limited\\nC. Frost free refrigerator\\nD. Water heater\\nList-II (Threshold star rating prescribed)\\n1. 3 Star\\n2. 4 Star\\n3. 5 Star\\n4. 5 Star\",\r\n    options: [\r\n      \"A-1, B-3, C-2, D-4\",\r\n      \"A-3, B-1, C-2, D-4\",\r\n      \"A-2, B-1, C-3, D-4\",\r\n      \"A-3, B-2, C-1, D-4\"\r\n    ],\r\n    correct: 1,\r\n    explanation: \"<b>Para 2.2.1-8-d)-iii)<\/b> tabulates the threshold ratings prescribed by the Ministry of Finance: split air conditioners \u2014 <i>\\\"5 Star (under normal conditions where annual usages are expected to be more than 1000 Hrs)\\\"<\/i> and <i>\\\"3 Star (where usage of AC is limited, e.g., in conference rooms)\\\"<\/i>; frost free refrigerators \u2014 <b>4 Star<\/b>; ceiling fans \u2014 <b>5 Star<\/b>; water heaters \u2014 <b>5 Star<\/b>.<br><br>The examinable subtlety is that the <b>same appliance<\/b> carries two different thresholds according to expected running hours, since the capital premium of a higher rating is recovered only through sustained use. As the sub-clause notes, <i>\\\"The higher the stars, the more efficient the appliance is.\\\"<\/i>\"\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    id: 29,\r\n    chapter: \"Ch 2: NEED ASSESSMENT, FORMULATION OF SPECIFICATIONS AND PROCUREMENT PLANNING\",\r\n    rule: \"Para 2.2.1-8-d)-iv)\",\r\n    question: \"In the context of the Manual for Procurement of Goods, 2024, a procuring entity is framing specifications for an appliance for which the Bureau of Energy Efficiency has not yet notified any star rating. In such a case, what is it required to endeavour to build into the Technical Specifications?\",\r\n    options: [\r\n      \"A minimum energy efficiency, where such star ratings are not yet available\",\r\n      \"A requirement of the Ecomark Label\",\r\n      \"An Environmental Product Declaration under ISO 14025\",\r\n      \"A requirement of the Bureau of Indian Standards mark\"\r\n    ],\r\n    correct: 0,\r\n    explanation: \"<b>Para 2.2.1-8-d)-iv)<\/b> \u2014 <i>\\\"The procuring Entity should try to build either the BEE Star rating, where applicable and minimum energy efficiency, where such star ratings are not yet available, into the TS (in accordance with Rule 173 (xvii) of GFR 2017). Such benchmarking illustrates the use of neutral and dependable benchmarking in the procurement of sustainable, environmentally favourable goods.\\\"<\/i><br><br>The Ecomark Label (Para 2.2.1-8-c)) and the EPD (same sub-clause) are additional sustainability tools available generally; the specific fallback where no star rating exists is a <b>minimum energy efficiency<\/b> requirement.\"\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    id: 30,\r\n    chapter: \"Ch 2: NEED ASSESSMENT, FORMULATION OF SPECIFICATIONS AND PROCUREMENT PLANNING\",\r\n    rule: \"Para 2.2.1-8-d)-iv)\",\r\n    question: \"As per the Manual for Procurement of Goods, 2024, an Environmental Product Declaration, which may be included in Technical Specifications to implement sustainability goals, is defined by the International Organization for Standardization 14025 as a declaration of which type, and with what content?\",\r\n    options: [\r\n      \"A Type I declaration, certifying compliance with the applicable pollution control regulations\",\r\n      \"A Type II declaration, being a self-declaration by the manufacturer of environmentally friendly manufacture\",\r\n      \"A Type III declaration, quantifying life cycle environmental information to enable comparison between products fulfilling the same function\",\r\n      \"A Type III declaration, certifying the resource efficiency and circular economy performance of the product against approved environment criteria\"\r\n    ],\r\n    correct: 2,\r\n    explanation: \"<b>Para 2.2.1-8-d)-iv)<\/b> \u2014 TS <i>\\\"may include an Environmental Product Declaration (EPD) as defined by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 14025 as a Type III declaration that 'quantifies environmental information on the life cycle of a product to enable comparisons between products fulfilling the same function'.\\\"<\/i><br><br>Option (d) is the near-miss: it names the right type but imports the content of the <b>Ecomark Certification Rules, 2023<\/b>, which under Para 2.2.1-8-c) address <i>\\\"resource efficiency, circular economy and environmental impacts.\\\"<\/i> The distinguishing element of an EPD is <b>life-cycle quantification enabling comparison<\/b>.\"\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    id: 31,\r\n    chapter: \"Ch 2: NEED ASSESSMENT, FORMULATION OF SPECIFICATIONS AND PROCUREMENT PLANNING\",\r\n    rule: \"Para 2.2.1-9-b)\",\r\n    question: \"In terms of the Manual for Procurement of Goods, 2024, a built-in sample clause in a specification is usually stipulated for the purpose of illustrating indeterminable characteristics. Which one of the following sets consists only of such indeterminable characteristics?\",\r\n    options: [\r\n      \"Shade or tone, make-up, feel, finish and workmanship\",\r\n      \"Material composition, dimensions, tolerances and workmanship\",\r\n      \"Shade or tone, packing, marking and finish\",\r\n      \"Feel, finish, guaranteed performance values and shelf life\"\r\n    ],\r\n    correct: 0,\r\n    explanation: \"<b>Para 2.2.1-9-b)<\/b> \u2014 <i>\\\"Usually, such clauses are stipulated to illustrate indeterminable characteristics such as shade\/tone, make-up, feel, finish, workmanship, and so on.\\\"<\/i> The mitigation at <b>Para 2.4-4<\/b> repeats the list, adding size.<br><br>Each distractor contaminates the set with a <b>determinable<\/b> parameter which the specification must state in writing under <b>Para 2.2.2<\/b>: material composition, dimensions and tolerances at item 2; packing and marking at item 6; guaranteed values at item 2; and shelf life at item 12. If a parameter can be written down and measured, it is not indeterminable and no sample is needed for it.\"\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    id: 32,\r\n    chapter: \"Ch 2: NEED ASSESSMENT, FORMULATION OF SPECIFICATIONS AND PROCUREMENT PLANNING\",\r\n    rule: \"Para 2.2.1-9-c)\",\r\n    question: \"In the context of the Manual for Procurement of Goods, 2024, where indeterminable characteristics are sought to be illustrated in a procurement made in accordance with a sample, the indent is required to be accompanied, as far as possible, by three sealed reference samples. On placement of the contract, these three copies are to be dealt with in which one of the following ways?\",\r\n    options: [\r\n      \"One to the contractor, one to the inspecting agency and one to the consignee\",\r\n      \"One to the contractor, one to the consignee and one kept under lock and key in the sample room\",\r\n      \"One to the consignee, one to the indenting officer and one kept secure in the sample room of the procuring entity\",\r\n      \"One to the contractor, one to the indenting officer and one displayed for prospective bidders\"\r\n    ],\r\n    correct: 1,\r\n    explanation: \"<b>Para 2.2.1-9-c)<\/b> \u2014 <i>\\\"On placement of the contract, one of the copies of the purchaser's reference sample may be given to the contractor for preparing pre-production sample\/ supplies, one copy to the consignee for matching with the pre-production sample\/ supplies and one should be kept secure under lock and key in the sample room of the procuring entity.\\\"<\/i><br><br>Each copy answers a distinct function \u2014 production, verification on receipt, and an untouched control copy for resolving disputes. The number three is not accidental: it matches the <i>\\\"three copies of the purchaser's reference sample with seal\/ label\\\"<\/i> that may be displayed for prospective bidders, and the three sealed samples accompanying the indent.\"\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    id: 33,\r\n    chapter: \"Ch 2: NEED ASSESSMENT, FORMULATION OF SPECIFICATIONS AND PROCUREMENT PLANNING\",\r\n    rule: \"Para 2.2.1-9-b) and c)\",\r\n    question: \"Under the Manual for Procurement of Goods, 2024, where certain spares are to be indigenised and their drawings or specifications are not available, the course indicated is to procure them in accordance with an available sample of the part. In such a case, the supply is required to conform to:\",\r\n    options: [\r\n      \"The agreed reference sample in all respects, the drawings being superseded to that extent\",\r\n      \"The reference sample as to the indeterminable characteristics, and the drawings or specifications as to the rest\",\r\n      \"The pre-production sample submitted by the successful bidder, in all respects\",\r\n      \"The drawings or specifications alone, the reference sample serving only as an illustration for prospective bidders\"\r\n    ],\r\n    correct: 1,\r\n    explanation: \"<b>Para 2.2.1-9-b)<\/b> \u2014 <i>\\\"One way to procure\/indigenise certain spares whose drawings\/specifications are not available is to procure in accordance with an available sample of the part. In such cases, the supply must conform to an agreed reference sample only, whereas the remaining characteristics must conform to the drawings\/specifications.\\\"<\/i><br><br>The sample and the written specification therefore operate on <b>different parameters of the same supply<\/b>, not as alternatives to each other. This is reinforced by sub-clause (c), under which final supplies must meet the displayed reference sample <i>\\\"in addition to the specifications\/drawings.\\\"<\/i>\"\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    id: 34,\r\n    chapter: \"Ch 2: NEED ASSESSMENT, FORMULATION OF SPECIFICATIONS AND PROCUREMENT PLANNING\",\r\n    rule: \"Para 2.2.2\",\r\n    question: \"In terms of the Manual for Procurement of Goods, 2024, consider the following, in the context of the essential technical particulars required to be specified in a tender document to the extent applicable:\\n1. Scope of supply and end use of the required goods.\\n2. Inspection procedure for the goods ordered and criteria of conformity.\\n3. Requirement of a pre-production sample, if any, at the post-contract stage before bulk production.\\n4. Qualification criteria of the bidders, if any.\\nHow many of the above are essential technical particulars?\",\r\n    options: [\r\n      \"Only one\",\r\n      \"Only two\",\r\n      \"Only three\",\r\n      \"All four\"\r\n    ],\r\n    correct: 3,\r\n    explanation: \"<b>Para 2.2.2<\/b> enumerates twelve essential technical particulars and all four items appear in it \u2014 item 1 (<i>\\\"Scope of supply and end use of the required goods\\\"<\/i>), item 5 (<i>\\\"Requirement of a pre-production sample, if any, at the post-contract stage before bulk production\\\"<\/i>), item 7 (<i>\\\"Inspection procedure for goods ordered and criteria of conformity\\\"<\/i>) and item 11 (<i>\\\"Qualification criteria of the bidders, if any\\\"<\/i>).<br><br>The remaining eight cover technical and performance characteristics, drawings, the BIS mark requirement, preservation, packing and marking, special or type tests, related services including AMC, warranty, and any peculiar aspect such as shelf life.\"\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    id: 35,\r\n    chapter: \"Ch 2: NEED ASSESSMENT, FORMULATION OF SPECIFICATIONS AND PROCUREMENT PLANNING\",\r\n    rule: \"Para 2.2.2-2\",\r\n    question: \"In the context of the Manual for Procurement of Goods, 2024, the additional format for guaranteed technical parameters, which the user may include as an attachment to the bid submission sheet, is intended to enable the bidder to furnish which one of the following?\",\r\n    options: [\r\n      \"The break-up of the price quoted for each component of the supply\",\r\n      \"Detailed information on the technical performance characteristics against the corresponding guaranteed values\",\r\n      \"Details of the orders for similar goods executed by it during the preceding three years, in support of its qualification\",\r\n      \"An undertaking that the goods offered are new, unused and of the most recent model\"\r\n    ],\r\n    correct: 1,\r\n    explanation: \"<b>Para 2.2.2-2<\/b> \u2014 <i>\\\"Whenever necessary, the user may include an additional format for guaranteed technical parameters (as an attachment to the bid submission sheet), where the bidder shall provide detailed information on such technical performance characteristics in reference to the corresponding acceptable or guaranteed values.\\\"<\/i><br><br>The same item requires the specification itself to state all essential characteristics <i>\\\"including guaranteed or acceptable maximum or minimum values, as appropriate.\\\"<\/i> The format is thus the mirror in which the bidder answers those benchmarks parameter by parameter \u2014 which is precisely what makes technical responsiveness verifiable under Para 2.2.1.\"\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    id: 36,\r\n    chapter: \"Ch 2: NEED ASSESSMENT, FORMULATION OF SPECIFICATIONS AND PROCUREMENT PLANNING\",\r\n    rule: \"Para 2.2.2-8\",\r\n    question: \"As per the Manual for Procurement of Goods, 2024, among the essential technical particulars, the requirement of special tests, or of a type test certificate or type approval, is to be specified for compliance of statutory requirements with reference to which one of the following?\",\r\n    options: [\r\n      \"Preservation, packing and marking of the goods\",\r\n      \"Pollution, emission and noise, where applicable to the goods in question\",\r\n      \"Shelf life and conditions of storage of the goods\",\r\n      \"Installation, commissioning and after-sales service\"\r\n    ],\r\n    correct: 1,\r\n    explanation: \"<b>Para 2.2.2-8<\/b> \u2014 <i>\\\"Requirements of special tests or type test certificate or type approval for compliance of statutory requirements with reference to pollution, emission, noise, if any.\\\"<\/i><br><br>The distractors are all neighbouring items of the same list \u2014 preservation, packing and marking at item 6; installation, commissioning, training and after-sales service at item 9; shelf life at item 12 \u2014 but none of them is tied to a <b>statutory<\/b> compliance certificate. The link is with <b>Para 2.2.1-8-a)<\/b>, which requires compliance with <i>\\\"legal requirements of environment or pollution control and other mandatory and statutory regulations.\\\"<\/i>\"\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    id: 37,\r\n    chapter: \"Ch 2: NEED ASSESSMENT, FORMULATION OF SPECIFICATIONS AND PROCUREMENT PLANNING\",\r\n    rule: \"Para 2.3\",\r\n    question: \"Under the Manual for Procurement of Goods, 2024, Before administrative and budgetary approval is granted to an indent for procurement of goods, which one of the following is required to be certified?\",\r\n    options: [\r\n      \"That the goods proposed to be procured are not available on the Government e-Marketplace portal\",\r\n      \"That the prescribed scales of consumption or usage limits laid down have not been exceeded\",\r\n      \"That funds in the budget are available and the liability is noted against the total available budget\",\r\n      \"That the estimated cost has been arrived at by triangulation from more than one method\"\r\n    ],\r\n    correct: 2,\r\n    explanation: \"<b>Para 2.3<\/b> \u2014 <i>\\\"Before granting such approvals, it should be certified that funds in the budget are available and liability for this indent is noted against the total available budget.\\\"<\/i><br><br>This is a <b>double certificate<\/b> \u2014 availability plus booking of the liability \u2014 so that the same provision is not committed twice over. Option (b) is the closest trap: it is a genuine certificate, but under <b>Para 2.1-2-c)-i)<\/b> it is given by the <i>officer signing the indent<\/i> and only where the Competent Authority has laid down such scales; it is not a condition precedent to budgetary approval.\"\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    id: 38,\r\n    chapter: \"Ch 2: NEED ASSESSMENT, FORMULATION OF SPECIFICATIONS AND PROCUREMENT PLANNING\",\r\n    rule: \"Para 2.3\",\r\n    question: \"In terms of the Manual for Procurement of Goods, 2024, an urgency certificate justifying the urgency is required to be recorded on an indent in which one of the following circumstances?\",\r\n    options: [\r\n      \"Where the delivery schedule is urgent, or is shorter than the usual lead time\",\r\n      \"Where the estimated cost of the indent exceeds the powers delegated to the indenting authority\",\r\n      \"Where the specifications depart from the recognised national standards\",\r\n      \"Where the requirement is proposed to be met from a single source\"\r\n    ],\r\n    correct: 0,\r\n    explanation: \"<b>Para 2.3<\/b> \u2014 <i>\\\"In case the delivery schedule is urgent (or shorter than the usual lead time), an urgency certificate should be recorded to justify the urgency.\\\"<\/i> Read with <b>Para 2.1-2-d)<\/b>, the urgency must be approved by the authority empowered to grant administrative approval for the indent, and under <b>Para 2.4-2<\/b> the certificate must record <i>\\\"why the need could not be formulated earlier.\\\"<\/i><br><br>Option (c) attracts a different safeguard altogether \u2014 recorded reasons plus the Competent Authority's approval under <b>Para 2.2.1-4<\/b>. Different mischiefs attract different certificates.\"\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    id: 39,\r\n    chapter: \"Ch 2: NEED ASSESSMENT, FORMULATION OF SPECIFICATIONS AND PROCUREMENT PLANNING\",\r\n    rule: \"Para 2.3\",\r\n    question: \"In the context of the Manual for Procurement of Goods, 2024, consider the following statements regarding the approvals and documentation preceding a procurement:\\n1. Procuring entities may lay down a schedule of powers for administrative and budgetary approval of indents generated for the procurement of goods.\\n2. The indenting authority may submit an indent to the procuring entity in the form of a Purchase Requisition, giving it adequate time for procurement.\\n3. Where the delivery schedule is shorter than the usual lead time, an urgency certificate is required to be recorded to justify the urgency.\\nWhich of the statements given above are correct?\",\r\n    options: [\r\n      \"1 and 2 only\",\r\n      \"2 and 3 only\",\r\n      \"1 and 3 only\",\r\n      \"1, 2 and 3\"\r\n    ],\r\n    correct: 3,\r\n    explanation: \"<b>Para 2.3<\/b> contains all three: <i>\\\"Procuring Entities may lay down a schedule of powers for administrative and budgetary approval of indents generated for the procurement of goods (Please refer to Annexure 4 for suggested Structure of SoPP)\\\"<\/i>; <i>\\\"The indenting authority may submit an indent in the form of a Purchase Requisition (Annexure 5) to the procuring entity, giving it adequate time for procurement\\\"<\/i>; and the requirement of an urgency certificate where the delivery schedule is urgent or shorter than the usual lead time.<br><br>The Schedule of Procurement Powers (Annexure 4) and the Purchase Requisition (Annexure 5) are distinct instruments and are frequently confused.\"\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    id: 40,\r\n    chapter: \"Ch 2: NEED ASSESSMENT, FORMULATION OF SPECIFICATIONS AND PROCUREMENT PLANNING\",\r\n    rule: \"Para 2.4-3\",\r\n    question: \"Under the Manual for Procurement of Goods, 2024, consider the following consequences apprehended from an inadequate estimate of the costs of a procurement:\\n1. An inadequate response from the bidders.\\n2. Delay in the finalisation of the procurement.\\n3. Adverse effect on the quality of supplies.\\n4. Restriction of competition to big firms.\\nHow many of the above are consequences identified as flowing from an inadequate estimate?\",\r\n    options: [\r\n      \"Only one\",\r\n      \"Only two\",\r\n      \"Only three\",\r\n      \"All four\"\r\n    ],\r\n    correct: 2,\r\n    explanation: \"<b>Para 2.4-3<\/b> \u2014 <i>\\\"The estimate of the costs may be inadequate. This may lead to an inadequate response from the bidders and may delay the finalisation of procurement. It may also adversely affect the quality of supplies.\\\"<\/i> The mitigation is that <i>\\\"Estimates of procurement should be prepared with due diligence, keeping inflation, technology changes, profit margins, etc., in view.\\\"<\/i><br><br>Item 4 belongs elsewhere: restriction of competition to big firms is the consequence of an <b>exceptionally large value package contract<\/b> under <b>Para 2.5.1-2-b)-iii)<\/b>, and is addressed in the risk table at Para 2.5.2 by permitting bids for slices against proportional EMD.\"\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    id: 41,\r\n    chapter: \"Ch 2: NEED ASSESSMENT, FORMULATION OF SPECIFICATIONS AND PROCUREMENT PLANNING\",\r\n    rule: \"Para 2.5.1-1\",\r\n    question: \"In the context of the Manual for Procurement of Goods, 2024, Information regarding the planned procurement activities of a procuring entity for the forthcoming year or years is required to be published on which of the following?\",\r\n    options: [\r\n      \"The Government e-Marketplace alone, no other publication being required\",\r\n      \"The Government e-Marketplace and the GeM-Central Public Procurement portal only\",\r\n      \"The Government e-Marketplace, the GeM-Central Public Procurement portal and the entity's own website\",\r\n      \"The GeM-Central Public Procurement portal and the website of the administrative Ministry concerned only\"\r\n    ],\r\n    correct: 2,\r\n    explanation: \"<b>Para 2.5.1-1<\/b>, citing <b>Rule 144(x) of GFR 2017<\/b> \u2014 <i>\\\"The procuring entity shall publish information regarding the planned procurement activities for the forthcoming year or years on the Government e-Marketplace (GeM), GeM-Central Public Procurement portal and website\/e-procurement portal used by the procuring entity.\\\"<\/i><br><br>The three destinations are cumulative, not alternative, which is what makes the truncated options tempting. The corresponding GFR obligation requires Ministries and Departments to project the Annual Procurement Plan on GeM after budget approval, making it a budget-linked annual exercise.\"\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    id: 42,\r\n    chapter: \"Ch 2: NEED ASSESSMENT, FORMULATION OF SPECIFICATIONS AND PROCUREMENT PLANNING\",\r\n    rule: \"Para 2.5.1-1\",\r\n    question: \"As per the Manual for Procurement of Goods, 2024, the publication of planned procurement activities is required to carry a caveat to which one of the following effects?\",\r\n    options: [\r\n      \"That the procuring entity shall issue the tender documents within the financial year to which the publication relates\",\r\n      \"That it shall not be construed as initiation of a procurement process, nor confer any right on prospective bidders\",\r\n      \"That prospective bidders responding to the publication shall be treated as having submitted an Expression of Interest\",\r\n      \"That the timeframe for completing the various stages of the procurement stands declared by such publication\"\r\n    ],\r\n    correct: 1,\r\n    explanation: \"<b>Para 2.5.1-1<\/b> \u2014 publication is to be made <i>\\\"with a caveat that such publication shall not be construed as an initiation of a procurement process and cast any obligation on the procuring entity to issue the tender document or confer any right on prospective bidders.\\\"<\/i><br><br>The caveat preserves the entity's freedom to drop, defer or recast a planned procurement while still giving the market advance visibility. Option (d) confuses this with <b>Para 2.5.1-2-f)<\/b>, under which the timeframe for the stages of procurement is declared in the <i>pre-qualification, bidder registration or tender documents<\/i> under Rule 144(ix) of GFR 2017.\"\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    id: 43,\r\n    chapter: \"Ch 2: NEED ASSESSMENT, FORMULATION OF SPECIFICATIONS AND PROCUREMENT PLANNING\",\r\n    rule: \"Para 2.5.1-2-a)\",\r\n    question: \"Under the Manual for Procurement of Goods, 2024, on receipt of an indent from the user Department, the procuring authorities are required to critically review the description and Technical Specifications enclosed with it for completeness, approvals, funding, value for money and the possibility of the widest competition, within which one of the following periods?\",\r\n    options: [\r\n      \"Seven working days of receipt of the indent\",\r\n      \"Ten working days of receipt of the indent from the user Department\",\r\n      \"Ten to twenty-one days of receipt of the indent\",\r\n      \"Fifteen working days of receipt of the indent\"\r\n    ],\r\n    correct: 1,\r\n    explanation: \"<b>Para 2.5.1-2-a)<\/b> \u2014 <i>\\\"Within 10 (Ten) working days of receipt of the indent from the user Department, the procuring authorities should critically review the description and TS enclosed with the indent for completeness\/approvals\/funding, VfM and possibility of the widest competition and seek clarifications from the indenting officer, if needed, before initiating such procurement.\\\"<\/i><br><br>Note that the period runs in <b>working days<\/b>. Option (c) is the deliberate trap \u2014 <i>ten to twenty-one days<\/i> is the window to be indicated for receipt of <b>budgetary quotes<\/b> under Para 2.1-2-f)-iii)-5), and that period is in ordinary days.\"\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    id: 44,\r\n    chapter: \"Ch 2: NEED ASSESSMENT, FORMULATION OF SPECIFICATIONS AND PROCUREMENT PLANNING\",\r\n    rule: \"Para 2.5.1-2-b)-ii)\",\r\n    question: \"In the context of the Manual for Procurement of Goods, 2024, consider the following grounds on which a procuring authority may, for reasons to be recorded in writing, divide its procurement into appropriate packages or club the requirements of other users:\\n1. Efficiency, economy and timely completion or supply.\\n2. Wider competition.\\n3. Access to Micro and Small Enterprises.\\n4. Avoiding the necessity of obtaining the sanction of a higher authority.\\nHow many of the above are valid grounds?\",\r\n    options: [\r\n      \"Only one\",\r\n      \"Only two\",\r\n      \"Only three\",\r\n      \"All four\"\r\n    ],\r\n    correct: 2,\r\n    explanation: \"<b>Para 2.5.1-2-b)-ii)<\/b> \u2014 <i>\\\"Provided that in the interest of efficiency, economy, timely completion or supply, wider competition, or access to MSEs, a procuring authority may, for reasons to be recorded in writing, divide its procurement into appropriate packages or club requirements of other users.\\\"<\/i><br><br>Ground 4 is the exact opposite: evading the sanction of a higher authority is one of the two motives prohibited by Rule 157 of GFR 2017 in the preceding sub-clause. The proviso is thus an exception grounded in <b>procurement outcomes<\/b>, never in evasion of financial control, and it operates only on <b>recorded reasons<\/b>.\"\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    id: 45,\r\n    chapter: \"Ch 2: NEED ASSESSMENT, FORMULATION OF SPECIFICATIONS AND PROCUREMENT PLANNING\",\r\n    rule: \"Paras 2.5.1-2-b)-iii) and 2.5.2\",\r\n    question: \"As per the Manual for Procurement of Goods, 2024, consider the following statements regarding the packaging of requirements at the stage of procurement planning:\\n1. Packaging of the contract should be done keeping in view market conditions and availability, the possibility of eliciting the interest of qualified firms, effective competition for the type and size of the contract, and access to Micro and Small Enterprises.\\n2. An exceptionally large value package contract may restrict competition to big firms.\\n3. In large packages, bidders may be allowed to bid for slices of the package by depositing proportional Earnest Money Deposit.\\nWhich of the statements given above are correct?\",\r\n    options: [\r\n      \"1 and 2 only\",\r\n      \"2 and 3 only\",\r\n      \"1 and 3 only\",\r\n      \"1, 2 and 3\"\r\n    ],\r\n    correct: 3,\r\n    explanation: \"<b>Para 2.5.1-2-b)-iii)<\/b> \u2014 <i>\\\"Packaging of the contract and procurement planning should be done while keeping in view the market conditions and availability and the possibility of eliciting the interest of the qualified firms, effective competition for the type and size of the contract, and access to MSEs. An exceptionally large value package contract may restrict competition to big firms.\\\"<\/i> <b>Para 2.5.2<\/b> supplies the remedy \u2014 <i>\\\"the affordability of EMD and resultant restriction on competition may be kept in view, and bidders may be allowed to bid for slices of the package by depositing proportional EMD.\\\"<\/i>\"\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    id: 46,\r\n    chapter: \"Ch 2: NEED ASSESSMENT, FORMULATION OF SPECIFICATIONS AND PROCUREMENT PLANNING\",\r\n    rule: \"Para 2.5.1-2-b)-iv) and v)\",\r\n    question: \"Under the Manual for Procurement of Goods, 2024, a requirement such as an IT system has elements of goods, works and services. Which one of the following is the course indicated in such a case?\",\r\n    options: [\r\n      \"It must invariably be sliced into separate goods, works and services elements, each being tendered separately\",\r\n      \"It may either be sliced into separate elements or combined into a single package, the dominant aspect being examined\",\r\n      \"It must invariably be combined into a single composite package, the dominant element determining its category\",\r\n      \"It must be divided in accordance with the schedule of procurement powers applicable to the indenting authority concerned\"\r\n    ],\r\n    correct: 1,\r\n    explanation: \"<b>Para 2.5.1-2-b)-iv)<\/b> \u2014 <i>\\\"Some requirements, e.g., IT Systems, may have elements of Goods, Works, and Services. It could be either sliced into separate Goods, Works and Services elements or combined into a single package.\\\"<\/i> Sub-clause (v) adds that <i>\\\"the dominant aspect of the requirement and value for money aspects of a composite all-inclusive contract versus dividing the contract into respective categories should be carefully examined at the time of Need assessment\/ Procurement Planning. This is a crucial stage of decision-making in procurement planning for a better outcome and VfM considerations.\\\"<\/i><br><br>The decision is one of judgement on the facts, not a rule of invariable application either way.\"\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    id: 47,\r\n    chapter: \"Ch 2: NEED ASSESSMENT, FORMULATION OF SPECIFICATIONS AND PROCUREMENT PLANNING\",\r\n    rule: \"Para 2.5.1-2-c)\",\r\n    question: \"In terms of the Manual for Procurement of Goods, 2024, a procuring entity shall not establish any requirement aimed at limiting the participation of bidders which discriminates against or amongst bidders or against any category of them, except to lay down which one of the following?\",\r\n    options: [\r\n      \"A reasonable and justifiable eligibility or pre-qualification criteria for the bidders\",\r\n      \"A ceiling on the number of bids that may be received against a single tender enquiry\",\r\n      \"A requirement of prior satisfactory supply of the same goods to the procuring entity itself\",\r\n      \"A preference for bidders located within the jurisdiction of the consignee concerned\"\r\n    ],\r\n    correct: 0,\r\n    explanation: \"<b>Para 2.5.1-2-c)<\/b> \u2014 <i>\\\"The procuring entity shall not establish any requirement aimed at limiting the participation of bidders in the procurement process that discriminates against or amongst bidders or against any category thereof except to lay down a reasonable and justifiable eligibility or pre-qualification criteria for the bidders.\\\"<\/i><br><br>The same clause obliges the entity to <i>\\\"Determine and declare in documents any limitation on the participation of bidders as per the government's procurement policy regarding preference for certain sections of industry, if any.\\\"<\/i> So a limitation survives only if it is either policy-based and declared, or a reasonable and justifiable qualification criterion.\"\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    id: 48,\r\n    chapter: \"Ch 2: NEED ASSESSMENT, FORMULATION OF SPECIFICATIONS AND PROCUREMENT PLANNING\",\r\n    rule: \"Para 2.5.1-2-f) and g)\",\r\n    question: \"In the context of the Manual for Procurement of Goods, 2024, the decisions on the timeframe for completing the various stages of procurement, from the date of issuing the tender to the date of issuing the contract, are required to be declared in which one of the following?\",\r\n    options: [\r\n      \"The published annual procurement plan of the procuring entity\",\r\n      \"The indent submitted by the user Department to the procuring entity\",\r\n      \"The pre-qualification, bidder registration or tender documents\",\r\n      \"The schedule of procurement powers laid down by the procuring entity\"\r\n    ],\r\n    correct: 2,\r\n    explanation: \"<b>Para 2.5.1-2-f)<\/b> \u2014 <i>\\\"Decisions on the timeframe for completing various stages of procurement from the date of issuing the tender to the date of issuing the contract, which should be declared in the pre-qualification\/ bidder registration or tender documents. (Rule 144(ix), GFR 2017).\\\"<\/i> Sub-clause (g) adds the discipline: <i>\\\"The procuring entity should endeavour to adhere to the time limit, so decided and recorded reasons for any modification of such limits.\\\"<\/i><br><br>Option (a) invokes the neighbouring provision, <b>Rule 144(x)<\/b> at Para 2.5.1-1, which concerns publication of the <i>annual plan<\/i> and expressly confers no rights on bidders.\"\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    id: 49,\r\n    chapter: \"Ch 2: NEED ASSESSMENT, FORMULATION OF SPECIFICATIONS AND PROCUREMENT PLANNING\",\r\n    rule: \"Para 2.5.1-2-h)\",\r\n    question: \"As per the Manual for Procurement of Goods, 2024, an integrated annual procurement plan for the ensuing financial year, prepared on the basis of the latest cost estimates and a realistic time schedule, is required to serve which one of the following purposes?\",\r\n    options: [\r\n      \"To confine the procurements of the year to the modes available on the Government e-Marketplace\",\r\n      \"To stagger the procurements over the year, ensuring an even load on the entity and the market\",\r\n      \"To fix the ceiling of expenditure beyond which fresh administrative approval will become necessary\",\r\n      \"To determine the packages into which the requirements of the year are to be divided\"\r\n    ],\r\n    correct: 1,\r\n    explanation: \"<b>Para 2.5.1-2-h)<\/b> \u2014 such a plan should be prepared <i>\\\"for goods, works and services for the ensuing financial year based on the latest cost estimates and realistic time schedule for procurement activities and contract implementation and thus schedule and stagger the procurements over the year with a view to ensure an even load on the procuring entity and the market and to co-ordinate matching procurements of Goods, Works, and Services for a project.\\\"<\/i><br><br>Two objects converge \u2014 capacity smoothing on both sides of the transaction, and coordination of the goods, works and services components of a single project.\"\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    id: 50,\r\n    chapter: \"Ch 2: NEED ASSESSMENT, FORMULATION OF SPECIFICATIONS AND PROCUREMENT PLANNING\",\r\n    rule: \"Para 2.5.1-2-i)\",\r\n    question: \"Under the Manual for Procurement of Goods, 2024, which one of the following is identified as the main stage at which the menace of cartel formation can be addressed effectively?\",\r\n    options: [\r\n      \"Need assessment and procurement planning, before the tender is issued\",\r\n      \"Registration and empanelment of suppliers\",\r\n      \"Evaluation of bids and negotiation of prices\",\r\n      \"Review of the progress of the indent by the indenting authority\"\r\n    ],\r\n    correct: 0,\r\n    explanation: \"<b>Para 2.5.1-2-i)<\/b> \u2014 <i>\\\"Mitigating Cartel Formation. Need Assessment and Procurement Planning is the main stage where this menace can be addressed effectively.\\\"<\/i><br><br>The reason is structural: once the tender issues with a settled specification, quantity, mode and qualification criteria, the configuration of the market is fixed and collusion is difficult to disturb. Every remedy listed operates upstream \u2014 encouraging new firms to register, reviewing tailor-made specifications, and varying the mode, quantity and pre-qualification criteria from one cycle to the next.\"\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    id: 51,\r\n    chapter: \"Ch 2: NEED ASSESSMENT, FORMULATION OF SPECIFICATIONS AND PROCUREMENT PLANNING\",\r\n    rule: \"Para 2.5.1-2-i)-i)\",\r\n    question: \"In terms of the Manual for Procurement of Goods, 2024, consider the following measures indicated where competition is inadequate on account of an inadequate number of suppliers on the list or panel of registered suppliers:\\n1. New firms may be encouraged to register themselves for the subject goods.\\n2. Technical specifications, especially tailor-made specifications, may be reviewed to examine why a commercially available alternative cannot be used instead.\\n3. The features of the specification may be reviewed so that more suppliers become eligible, and the use of substitute items or new developments in the market may be considered.\\nWhich of the statements given above are correct?\",\r\n    options: [\r\n      \"1 and 2 only\",\r\n      \"2 and 3 only\",\r\n      \"1 and 3 only\",\r\n      \"1, 2 and 3\"\r\n    ],\r\n    correct: 3,\r\n    explanation: \"<b>Para 2.5.1-2-i)-i)<\/b> \u2014 <i>\\\"New firms may be encouraged to register themselves for the subject goods\\\"<\/i>; and <i>\\\"A review of technical specifications (especially tailor-made specifications) may be done to examine why a commercially available alternative cannot be used instead, or at least review its features so that more suppliers become eligible. Consider using substitute items or new developments in the Market.\\\"<\/i><br><br>Both limbs address the supply side of the equation \u2014 widening the pool of registered firms, and widening the specification so that the existing pool qualifies.\"\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    id: 52,\r\n    chapter: \"Ch 2: NEED ASSESSMENT, FORMULATION OF SPECIFICATIONS AND PROCUREMENT PLANNING\",\r\n    rule: \"Para 2.5.1-2-i)-ii)\",\r\n    question: \"In the context of the Manual for Procurement of Goods, 2024, consider the following statements regarding pre-bid conferences in the context of cartel formation:\\n1. They may facilitate cartel formation, since a considerable number of competing bidders come together on a platform.\\n2. Where such a risk exists, they may be avoided as far as feasible, or be held only virtually.\\n3. They may nevertheless be advantageous in the case of turnkey contracts, sophisticated and costly equipment, large works and complex consultancy assignments, and must be held wherever necessary.\\nWhich of the statements given above are correct?\",\r\n    options: [\r\n      \"1 and 2 only\",\r\n      \"2 and 3 only\",\r\n      \"1 and 3 only\",\r\n      \"1, 2 and 3\"\r\n    ],\r\n    correct: 3,\r\n    explanation: \"<b>Para 2.5.1-2-i)-ii)<\/b> \u2014 <i>\\\"Processes, e.g., pre-bid conferences (where a considerable number of competing bidders come together on a platform), may facilitate such cartel formation. This may be avoided as far as feasible or be held only virtually. However, a pre-bid conference may be advantageous in case of turnkey contract(s) and sophisticated and costly equipment, large works, and complex consultancy assignments\u2026 and pre-bid conferences must be done wherever necessary.\\\"<\/i><br><br>The provision is deliberately two-sided: the instrument recommended for market discovery at <b>Para 2.4-5<\/b> carries a collusion risk, reconciled by holding it virtually where competition is thin.\"\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    id: 53,\r\n    chapter: \"Ch 2: NEED ASSESSMENT, FORMULATION OF SPECIFICATIONS AND PROCUREMENT PLANNING\",\r\n    rule: \"Para 2.5.1-2-i)-iii)\",\r\n    question: \"As per the Manual for Procurement of Goods, 2024, the practice of tendering similar quantities with similar conditions year on year is discouraged for which one of the following reasons?\",\r\n    options: [\r\n      \"It prevents the updation of historical cost data for the purpose of framing estimates\",\r\n      \"It provides a stable conspiring environment for bidders to agree on prices and quantities\",\r\n      \"It results in the accumulation of inventory and the consequential carrying costs\",\r\n      \"It amounts to dividing the procurement so as to avoid the sanction of a higher authority under the rules\"\r\n    ],\r\n    correct: 1,\r\n    explanation: \"<b>Para 2.5.1-2-i)-iii)<\/b> \u2014 <i>\\\"Tendering similar quantities with similar conditions, year on year, provides a stable conspiring environment for the bidders to come to an agreement for quoting prices and quantities.\\\"<\/i><br><br>Three counter-measures follow: change the mode of procurement; change the quantity by packaging, slicing or clubbing more than one similar item; and change the pre-qualification criteria, <i>\\\"especially in the case of slicing\/ packaging, to broaden the target bidders.\\\"<\/i> The unifying idea is that predictability, not size, is what sustains a cartel.\"\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    id: 54,\r\n    chapter: \"Ch 2: NEED ASSESSMENT, FORMULATION OF SPECIFICATIONS AND PROCUREMENT PLANNING\",\r\n    rule: \"Para 2.5.1-3-a) to f)\",\r\n    question: \"In terms of the Manual for Procurement of Goods, 2024, all of the following are market parameters to be looked for while strategizing a large procurement EXCEPT:\",\r\n    options: [\r\n      \"Total production capacities and total demand for the item in the country and abroad, and whether there is an unbalanced demand or supply\",\r\n      \"Supply chain constraints, raw material bottlenecks, logistics and geopolitical issues\",\r\n      \"The threshold star rating prescribed for the item by the Ministry of Finance\",\r\n      \"Seasonality of prices, and whether it is the appropriate time to enter the market\"\r\n    ],\r\n    correct: 2,\r\n    explanation: \"<b>Para 2.5.1-3<\/b> lists six market parameters: (a) total production capacities and total demand, and whether demand and supply are unbalanced; (b) volumes of procurement; (c) level of competition, location-wise, including coordination or cartelisation among suppliers; (d) <i>\\\"Supply chain constraints, Raw materials bottlenecks, logistics, geopolitical issues\\\"<\/i>; (e) specifications and variations \u2014 patents, manufacturing processes, pollution and other legal restrictions; and (f) <i>\\\"Pricing Trends: Seasonality of prices, is it the appropriate time to enter the market?\\\"<\/i><br><br>Threshold star ratings are prescribed under <b>Para 2.2.1-8-d)-iii)<\/b> \u2014 a specification input, not a market parameter.\"\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    id: 55,\r\n    chapter: \"Ch 2: NEED ASSESSMENT, FORMULATION OF SPECIFICATIONS AND PROCUREMENT PLANNING\",\r\n    rule: \"Para 2.5.1-3-b) and c)\",\r\n    question: \"In the context of the Manual for Procurement of Goods, 2024, consider the following questions which the market parameters for a large procurement require to be asked:\\n1. How significant is our requirement vis-a-vis the market, and would clubbing demands increase bargaining power?\\n2. Can we collaborate with another large public-sector buyer, and has there been a recent major procurement that may constrict available capacity?\\n3. What is the location-wise number of suppliers, and is there co-ordination or cartelization among them?\\nWhich of the questions given above are contemplated?\",\r\n    options: [\r\n      \"1 and 2 only\",\r\n      \"2 and 3 only\",\r\n      \"1 and 3 only\",\r\n      \"1, 2 and 3\"\r\n    ],\r\n    correct: 3,\r\n    explanation: \"<b>Para 2.5.1-3-b)<\/b> \u2014 <i>\\\"Volumes of procurement: How significant is our requirement vis-\u00e0-vis the market? Would clubbing demands increase bargaining power? Can we collaborate with another large public-sector buyer? Has there been a recent major procurement that may constrict available capacity?\\\"<\/i> <b>Para 2.5.1-3-c)<\/b> \u2014 <i>\\\"Level of competition \u2013 location-wise number of suppliers, co-ordination\/ cartelization among them, major suppliers\/ buyers controlling the market.\\\"<\/i><br><br>The last question under (b) is a supply-side timing check: a competitor's recent bulk order can absorb manufacturing capacity and drive prices up.\"\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    id: 56,\r\n    chapter: \"Ch 2: NEED ASSESSMENT, FORMULATION OF SPECIFICATIONS AND PROCUREMENT PLANNING\",\r\n    rule: \"Paras 2.1-1, 2.3, 2.5.1-2-a) and e)\",\r\n    question: \"Under the Manual for Procurement of Goods, 2024, arrange the following stages of a procurement in the correct chronological order in which they are required to occur:\\n1. Critical review of the description and Technical Specifications by the procuring authority\\n2. Determination of the need, including the anticipated quantum, by the user Department\\n3. Certification that funds are available and that the liability is noted against the total available budget\\n4. Selection of the mode of procurement\",\r\n    options: [\r\n      \"2 - 3 - 1 - 4\",\r\n      \"2 - 1 - 3 - 4\",\r\n      \"3 - 2 - 1 - 4\",\r\n      \"2 - 3 - 4 - 1\"\r\n    ],\r\n    correct: 0,\r\n    explanation: \"The sequence follows the architecture of the chapter. <b>Para 2.1-1<\/b> \u2014 the user Department first determines the need. <b>Para 2.3<\/b> \u2014 administrative and budgetary approval follows, and <i>\\\"Before granting such approvals, it should be certified that funds in the budget are available and liability for this indent is noted\\\"<\/i>; only then is the indent submitted as a Purchase Requisition. <b>Para 2.5.1-2-a)<\/b> \u2014 <i>\\\"Within 10 (Ten) working days of receipt of the indent\\\"<\/i> the procuring authority critically reviews the description and TS. <b>Para 2.5.1-2-e)<\/b> \u2014 the mode of procurement is selected thereafter.<br><br>The funding certificate therefore precedes, and does not follow, the procuring entity's review.\"\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    id: 57,\r\n    chapter: \"Ch 2: NEED ASSESSMENT, FORMULATION OF SPECIFICATIONS AND PROCUREMENT PLANNING\",\r\n    rule: \"Paras 2.1-2-f)-iii)-5), 2.5.1-1 and 2.5.1-2-a)\",\r\n    question: \"As per the Manual for Procurement of Goods, 2024, match List-I with List-II and select the correct answer using the codes given below:\\nList-I (Requirement)\\nA. Time to be indicated, if feasible, for receipt of budgetary quotes\\nB. Length of each of the two extensions allowed where fewer than three budgetary quotes are received\\nC. Period within which the description and Technical Specifications enclosed with an indent are to be critically reviewed\\nD. Period covered by the information on planned procurement activities required to be published\\nList-II (Period)\\n1. Five days\\n2. Ten to twenty-one days\\n3. Ten working days\\n4. The forthcoming year or years\",\r\n    options: [\r\n      \"A-2, B-1, C-3, D-4\",\r\n      \"A-3, B-1, C-2, D-4\",\r\n      \"A-2, B-3, C-1, D-4\",\r\n      \"A-1, B-2, C-3, D-4\"\r\n    ],\r\n    correct: 0,\r\n    explanation: \"<b>Para 2.1-2-f)-iii)-5)<\/b> \u2014 <i>\\\"a time (if feasible, ten to twenty-one days) should be indicated. In the event of receipt of less than three budgetary quotes, two extensions (if feasible, of five to days each) may be considered.\\\"<\/i> <b>Para 2.5.1-2-a)<\/b> \u2014 <i>\\\"Within 10 (Ten) working days of receipt of the indent from the user Department, the procuring authorities should critically review the description and TS.\\\"<\/i> <b>Para 2.5.1-1<\/b> \u2014 publication covers <i>\\\"the planned procurement activities for the forthcoming year or years.\\\"<\/i><br><br>Note that only C runs in <b>working<\/b> days; A and B are in ordinary days.\"\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    id: 58,\r\n    chapter: \"Ch 2: NEED ASSESSMENT, FORMULATION OF SPECIFICATIONS AND PROCUREMENT PLANNING\",\r\n    rule: \"Paras 2.1-2-f)-iii)-5), 2.2.1-8-d)-ii) and 2.2.1-9-c)\",\r\n    question: \"As per the Manual for Procurement of Goods, 2024, match List-I with List-II and select the correct answer using the codes given below:\\nList-I (Item)\\nA. Extensions that may be considered where fewer than three budgetary quotes are received\\nB. Sealed reference samples that must accompany an indent for items procured in accordance with a sample\\nC. Equipment or appliances for which labelling under the energy Standards and Labelling scheme is mandatory\\nD. Equipment or appliances for which the energy Standards and Labelling scheme is invoked\\nList-II (Number)\\n1. Two\\n2. Three\\n3. Eleven\\n4. Thirty-four\",\r\n    options: [\r\n      \"A-2, B-1, C-3, D-4\",\r\n      \"A-1, B-2, C-4, D-3\",\r\n      \"A-1, B-2, C-3, D-4\",\r\n      \"A-2, B-1, C-4, D-3\"\r\n    ],\r\n    correct: 2,\r\n    explanation: \"<b>Para 2.1-2-f)-iii)-5)<\/b> \u2014 <i>\\\"two extensions (if feasible, of five to days each) may be considered.\\\"<\/i> <b>Para 2.2.1-9-c)<\/b> \u2014 <i>\\\"The Indent for items that are to be procured in accordance with a sample must be accompanied by three sealed reference samples as far as possible.\\\"<\/i> <b>Para 2.2.1-8-d)-ii)<\/b> \u2014 <i>\\\"The scheme is invoked for 34 equipment\/appliances, out of which labelling is mandatory for 11 equipment\/appliances.\\\"<\/i><br><br>The trap in C and D is the direction of the pair: the scheme's <b>coverage<\/b> (34) is wider than its <b>compulsory core<\/b> (11), the balance being under voluntary labelling.\"\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    id: 59,\r\n    chapter: \"Ch 2: NEED ASSESSMENT, FORMULATION OF SPECIFICATIONS AND PROCUREMENT PLANNING\",\r\n    rule: \"Paras 2.1-1, 2.1-2-c)-i) and 2.3\",\r\n    question: \"In the context of the Manual for Procurement of Goods, 2024, match List-I with List-II and select the correct answer using the codes given below:\\nList-I (Function)\\nA. Determination of the need, including the anticipated quantum\\nB. Maintenance of all documents relating to the determination of need and the technical, financial and budgetary approvals\\nC. Laying down of scales of consumption or usage limits of requirements\\nD. Laying down of a schedule of powers for administrative and budgetary approval of indents\\nList-II (Authority)\\n1. Competent Authority\\n2. Procuring entities\\n3. The authority in the user Department initiating the indent\\n4. The user department\",\r\n    options: [\r\n      \"A-3, B-4, C-1, D-2\",\r\n      \"A-4, B-3, C-1, D-2\",\r\n      \"A-3, B-4, C-2, D-1\",\r\n      \"A-3, B-1, C-4, D-2\"\r\n    ],\r\n    correct: 0,\r\n    explanation: \"<b>Para 2.1-1<\/b> \u2014 <i>\\\"The authority in the user Department initiating the indent for procurement shall first determine the need\\\"<\/i>, and <i>\\\"The user department shall maintain all documents relating to the determination and technical\/financial\/budgetary approvals.\\\"<\/i> <b>Para 2.1-2-c)-i)<\/b> \u2014 scales of consumption or usage limits are <i>\\\"laid down by the Competent Authority (CA)\\\"<\/i>. <b>Para 2.3<\/b> \u2014 <i>\\\"Procuring Entities may lay down a schedule of powers for administrative and budgetary approval of indents.\\\"<\/i><br><br>A and B are deliberately kept adjacent: the <b>individual authority<\/b> initiating the indent determines the need, while the <b>department<\/b> as such holds the record.\"\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    id: 60,\r\n    chapter: \"Ch 2: NEED ASSESSMENT, FORMULATION OF SPECIFICATIONS AND PROCUREMENT PLANNING\",\r\n    rule: \"Paras 2.1-2-c)-i), 2.1-2-d), 2.2.1-4 and 2.5.1-2-a)\",\r\n    question: \"As per the Manual for Procurement of Goods, 2024, which one of the following pairs of function and the authority competent to discharge it is NOT correctly matched?\",\r\n    options: [\r\n      \"Approval of the urgency of an indent providing a delivery period shorter than the lead time \u2014 the procuring entity\",\r\n      \"Certification that the prescribed scales of consumption or usage limits have not been exceeded \u2014 the officer signing the indent\",\r\n      \"Approval of a deviation from Indian standards or of an additional parameter for better performance \u2014 the Competent Authority\",\r\n      \"Critical review of the description and Technical Specifications within ten working days \u2014 the procuring authority\"\r\n    ],\r\n    correct: 0,\r\n    explanation: \"<b>Para 2.1-2-d)<\/b> \u2014 <i>\\\"In urgent cases, the procuring entity may entertain indents providing shorter periods, but such urgencies should be approved by the authority empowered to grant administrative approval for the indent.\\\"<\/i><br><br>This is the finest distinction in the chapter: the procuring entity may <b>entertain<\/b> a short-dated indent, but the power to <b>approve the urgency<\/b> stays with the administrative-approval authority on the user side, and under Para 2.4-2 the justification must record why the need could not be formulated earlier. The other three pairings are correct.\"\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    id: 61,\r\n    chapter: \"Ch 2: NEED ASSESSMENT, FORMULATION OF SPECIFICATIONS AND PROCUREMENT PLANNING\",\r\n    rule: \"Para 2.4, rows 1, 2, 3 and 5\",\r\n    question: \"In the context of the Manual for Procurement of Goods, 2024, match List-I with List-II and select the correct answer using the codes given below:\\nList-I (Risk)\\nA. The need is artificially created or exaggerated so as to channel benefits to an individual or an organisation\\nB. Delays in the assessment of need and in generation of the indent\\nC. The estimate of the costs is inadequate\\nD. Need description or specifications are disproportionate, or tilted in favour of a vendor\\nList-II (Mitigation)\\n1. Estimates to be prepared with due diligence, keeping inflation, technology changes and profit margins in view\\n2. Records of decision-making and data to be kept, procurement and finance functions to be involved, and stakeholders consulted\\n3. Urgency certificate to be approved by the authority empowered to grant administrative approval, recording why the need could not be formulated earlier\\n4. A formal market discovery tool, such as a pre-bid conference or a well-publicised Expression of Interest\",\r\n    options: [\r\n      \"A-2, B-3, C-1, D-4\",\r\n      \"A-3, B-2, C-1, D-4\",\r\n      \"A-2, B-1, C-3, D-4\",\r\n      \"A-4, B-3, C-1, D-2\"\r\n    ],\r\n    correct: 0,\r\n    explanation: \"<b>Para 2.4<\/b> pairs each risk with its own remedy: row 1 \u2014 <i>\\\"Keep records and involve stakeholders\u2026 End-user and stakeholder consultations should be part of the process\\\"<\/i>; row 2 \u2014 need assessment sufficiently in advance, and for urgent requirements an urgency certificate approved by the administrative-approval authority <i>\\\"recording justification \u2013 why the need could not be formulated earlier\\\"<\/i>; row 3 \u2014 <i>\\\"Estimates of procurement should be prepared with due diligence\\\"<\/i>; row 5 \u2014 <i>\\\"Use a formal market discovery tool.\\\"<\/i><br><br>A and D are the likeliest exchange, since both concern manipulation \u2014 but one is internal fabrication of demand, the other external tilting of the specification.\"\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    id: 62,\r\n    chapter: \"Ch 2: NEED ASSESSMENT, FORMULATION OF SPECIFICATIONS AND PROCUREMENT PLANNING\",\r\n    rule: \"Para 2.4, rows 2, 3, 4 and 6\",\r\n    question: \"As per the Manual for Procurement of Goods, 2024, which one of the following pairs of risk and its prescribed mitigation is NOT correctly matched?\",\r\n    options: [\r\n      \"Delays in the assessment of need \u2014 urgency certificate approved by the authority empowered to grant administrative approval, recording why the need could not be formulated earlier\",\r\n      \"Inadequate estimate of costs \u2014 estimates to be prepared with due diligence, keeping inflation, technology changes and profit margins in view\",\r\n      \"Asymmetric dissemination of vital need information \u2014 encouraging new firms to register themselves for the subject goods\",\r\n      \"Subjective evaluation of samples submitted along with the offer \u2014 display of a stock sample for indeterminable parameters, with provision for a pre-production sample by the successful bidder\"\r\n    ],\r\n    correct: 2,\r\n    explanation: \"<b>Para 2.4-6<\/b> describes the risk of asymmetric dissemination, where <i>\\\"Dialogue for determining solutions available in the market is held only with selected prospective bidders, giving them an undue advantage\\\"<\/i>; the answer to selectivity is a <b>public<\/b> market-discovery process, not the recruitment of new registrants.<br><br>Encouraging new firms to register belongs to <b>Para 2.5.1-2-i)-i)<\/b>, which addresses inadequate competition arising from too few suppliers on the registered panel \u2014 a numbers problem, not an information-asymmetry problem. The other three pairings are correct.\"\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    id: 63,\r\n    chapter: \"Ch 2: NEED ASSESSMENT, FORMULATION OF SPECIFICATIONS AND PROCUREMENT PLANNING\",\r\n    rule: \"Para 2.5.1-2-c) to f)\",\r\n    question: \"Under the Manual for Procurement of Goods, 2024, consider the following decisions which a procuring entity is required to take, after receipt of the indent, so as to initiate the procurement:\\n1. Determination and declaration in the documents of any limitation on the participation of bidders as per the Government's procurement policy.\\n2. Selection of the tendering system, that is, whether single or two stages and single or two bids.\\n3. Selection of the mode of procurement, that is, open tenders, limited tenders or single tenders.\\n4. Fixing of the timeframe for completing the various stages of procurement, from the date of issuing the tender to the date of issuing the contract.\\nHow many of the above are decisions to be taken at that stage?\",\r\n    options: [\r\n      \"Only one\",\r\n      \"Only two\",\r\n      \"Only three\",\r\n      \"All four\"\r\n    ],\r\n    correct: 3,\r\n    explanation: \"<b>Para 2.5.1-2<\/b> lists all four among the decisions the procuring entity makes on receipt of the indent \u2014 sub-clause (c) on limitations on participation, (d) <i>\\\"Selection of a Tendering System (single\/two stages; single\/two bids; suitability for e-procurement or reverse auction)\\\"<\/i>, (e) <i>\\\"Select the mode of procurement (open tenders, limited tenders, single tenders, and so on)\\\"<\/i>, and (f) the timeframe for the stages of procurement, which under <b>Rule 144(ix) of GFR 2017<\/b> must be declared in the pre-qualification, bidder registration or tender documents.<br><br>Sub-clause (g) adds that the entity should endeavour to adhere to that timeframe and record reasons for any modification.\"\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    id: 64,\r\n    chapter: \"Ch 2: NEED ASSESSMENT, FORMULATION OF SPECIFICATIONS AND PROCUREMENT PLANNING\",\r\n    rule: \"Paras 2.2.2 and 2.1-2-f)\",\r\n    question: \"In terms of the Manual for Procurement of Goods, 2024, all of the following are essential technical particulars required to be specified in the tender document, to the extent applicable for a particular purchase, EXCEPT:\",\r\n    options: [\r\n      \"Drawings, and the requirement of the Bureau of Indian Standards mark where applicable, mentioning all parameters where such a specification provides options\",\r\n      \"The estimated cost of the goods, worked out realistically and objectively\",\r\n      \"Requirements of special tests, or a type test certificate or type approval, for compliance of statutory requirements\",\r\n      \"Annual Maintenance Contract requirements, and other additional work or related services required to achieve full delivery and completion\"\r\n    ],\r\n    correct: 1,\r\n    explanation: \"<b>Para 2.2.2<\/b> enumerates twelve essential technical particulars, including drawings (item 3), the BIS mark requirement <i>\\\"mentioning all parameters where such a specification provides options\\\"<\/i> (item 4), special or type tests for statutory compliance (item 8), and related services including AMC (item 9). The estimated cost is not among them.<br><br>The estimate belongs to a different document and a different stage: under <b>Para 2.1-2-f)<\/b> it is worked out in the <b>indent<\/b>, and it feeds into approvals and the assessment of price reasonableness at evaluation. Disclosing it as a technical particular of the tender would defeat that purpose entirely.\"\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    id: 65,\r\n    chapter: \"Ch 2: NEED ASSESSMENT, FORMULATION OF SPECIFICATIONS AND PROCUREMENT PLANNING\",\r\n    rule: \"Para 2.5.1-2-i)-iii)\",\r\n    question: \"In the context of the Manual for Procurement of Goods, 2024, consider the following actions which may be considered so as to vary the quantity and the conditions of a tender, and thereby make it difficult for cartels to operate:\\n1. Changing the mode of procurement, or bypassing the pre-qualification stage and vice versa.\\n2. Changing the quantity to be procured by packaging or slicing the tendered quantity, or by clubbing more than one similar item in a tender.\\n3. Changing the pre-qualification criteria, especially in the case of slicing or packaging, so as to broaden the target bidders.\\nWhich of the actions given above are contemplated?\",\r\n    options: [\r\n      \"1 and 2 only\",\r\n      \"2 and 3 only\",\r\n      \"1 and 3 only\",\r\n      \"1, 2 and 3\"\r\n    ],\r\n    correct: 3,\r\n    explanation: \"<b>Para 2.5.1-2-i)-iii)<\/b> prescribes all three, the mischief being predictability: <i>\\\"Tendering similar quantities with similar conditions, year on year, provides a stable conspiring environment for the bidders to come to an agreement for quoting prices and quantities.\\\"<\/i> The remedies are to <i>\\\"Change the mode of procurement - OTE instead of LTE, or GTE instead of OTE; or bypass the pre-qualification stage and vice versa\\\"<\/i>, to change the quantity by packaging, slicing or clubbing, and to <i>\\\"Change the pre-qualification criteria, especially in the case of slicing\/ packaging, to broaden the target bidders.\\\"<\/i><br><br>Note that packaging and slicing, prohibited by Rule 157 when used to limit competition, here serve to widen it.\"\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    id: 66,\r\n    chapter: \"Ch 2: NEED ASSESSMENT, FORMULATION OF SPECIFICATIONS AND PROCUREMENT PLANNING\",\r\n    rule: \"Paras 2.2.1-2, 2.2.1-6 and 2.2.1-7\",\r\n    question: \"As per the Manual for Procurement of Goods, 2024, consider the following statements regarding the drafting of Technical Specifications:\\n1. For items procured repeatedly, the specifications should be standardised.\\n2. Examples of specifications from successful similar procurements in other organisations or sectors may provide a sound basis for drafting them.\\n3. They should require all goods and materials to be new, unused and of the most recent or current models, unless the tender documents provide otherwise.\\nWhich of the statements given above are correct?\",\r\n    options: [\r\n      \"1 and 2 only\",\r\n      \"2 and 3 only\",\r\n      \"1 and 3 only\",\r\n      \"1, 2 and 3\"\r\n    ],\r\n    correct: 3,\r\n    explanation: \"<b>Para 2.2.1-2<\/b> requires specifications to be <i>\\\"standardised (for items procured repeatedly)\\\"<\/i>; <b>Para 2.2.1-6<\/b> \u2014 <i>\\\"Make use of best practices: Examples of specifications from successful similar procurements in other organisations or sectors may provide a sound basis for drafting the TS\\\"<\/i>; <b>Para 2.2.1-7<\/b> requires goods to be <i>\\\"new, unused and of the most recent or current models\u2026 unless provided for otherwise in the tender documents.\\\"<\/i><br><br>Statements 1 and 3 sit in tension only apparently: standardising the <i>document<\/i> is not the same as freezing the <i>model<\/i>, and the latter would invite both obsolescence and, under Para 2.5.1-2-i)-iii), cartel formation.\"\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    id: 67,\r\n    chapter: \"Ch 2: NEED ASSESSMENT, FORMULATION OF SPECIFICATIONS AND PROCUREMENT PLANNING\",\r\n    rule: \"Para 2.2.1-9\",\r\n    question: \"Under the Manual for Procurement of Goods, 2024, a specification for a material requires a particular shade, feel and finish which cannot be reduced to writing. Which one of the following courses is open to the procuring entity?\",\r\n    options: [\r\n      \"To call for a sample from each bidder along with its bid, and to decide on the basis of an evaluation of those samples after bid opening\",\r\n      \"To require a demonstration by each bidder after opening of the technical bids, the result being taken into account in the evaluation\",\r\n      \"To display three copies of its own sealed reference sample, and to stipulate a pre-production sample from the successful bidder\",\r\n      \"To leave the characteristics unspecified in the tender, to be settled with the successful bidder after award of the contract\"\r\n    ],\r\n    correct: 2,\r\n    explanation: \"<b>Para 2.2.1-9-c)<\/b> \u2014 <i>\\\"no sample should be called for or evaluated along with the bids. If desired, three copies of the purchaser's reference sample with seal\/ label may be displayed for prospective bidders to illustrate the desired indeterminable characteristics\u2026 the provision for the submission of a pre-production sample matching the purchaser's sample by the successful bidder(s) may be stipulated\u2026 before giving clearance for bulk production.\\\"<\/i><br><br>Options (a) and (b) are barred by sub-clauses (a) and (d), a post-bid demonstration being permissible only at the <b>pre-bid<\/b> stage and never as an evaluation input \u2014 the risk row at <b>Para 2.4-4<\/b> explaining that such subjectivity <i>\\\"may lead to allegations of corruption.\\\"<\/i>\"\r\n  },\r\n  {\r\n    id: 68,\r\n    chapter: \"Ch 2: NEED ASSESSMENT, FORMULATION OF SPECIFICATIONS AND PROCUREMENT PLANNING\",\r\n    rule: \"Para 2.5.1-2-b)\",\r\n    question: \"In the context of the Manual for Procurement of Goods, 2024, a procuring entity proposes to divide a single requirement into three packages, each of a value falling below the limit that would attract the sanction of the higher authority, and to record its reasons for doing so in writing. Such a course is:\",\r\n    options: [\r\n      \"Permissible, since the proviso allows a procurement to be divided into packages for reasons duly recorded in writing\",\r\n      \"Impermissible, avoidance of the sanction of a higher authority being an object reasons cannot validate\",\r\n      \"Impermissible, unless the total value of the requirement exceeds the threshold for an advertised tender\",\r\n      \"Permissible, provided the division is also shown to give access to Micro and Small Enterprises\"\r\n    ],\r\n    correct: 1,\r\n    explanation: \"<b>Para 2.5.1-2-b)-i)<\/b>, reproducing <b>Rule 157 of GFR 2017<\/b> \u2014 the procuring authority <i>\\\"shall normally neither package nor divide its procurement or take any other action to limit competition among bidders or to avoid the necessity of obtaining the sanction of higher authority required with reference to the estimated value of the total demand.\\\"<\/i><br><br>The proviso in sub-clause (ii) is not an answer to this: it permits division only <i>\\\"in the interest of efficiency, economy, timely completion or supply, wider competition, or access to MSEs\\\"<\/i>. Recording reasons is a <b>condition<\/b> attached to a permitted object; it cannot convert a prohibited object into a permitted one, and option (b) fails because the stated object here remains evasion of sanction.\"\r\n  }\r\n];\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\/\/ ==========================================\r\n\/\/ STATE\r\n\/\/ ==========================================\r\nlet initDone = false;\r\nlet currentMode = 'all';\r\nlet currentFilter = null;\r\nlet filteredQuestions = [...allQuestions];\r\nlet currentQuestionIndex = 0;\r\nlet selectedOption = null;\r\nlet answerChecked = false;\r\nlet sessionStats = { attempted: 0, correct: 0, incorrect: 0 };\r\nlet sessionStartTs = Date.now();\r\nlet sessionAnswers = {};\r\nlet progress = { questionStats: {}, weakAreas: [], lastQuestionId: null, lastMode: 'all', lastFilter: null, attemptLog: [] };\r\n\r\nconst $id = (x) => document.getElementById(x);\r\nconst CHAPTERS = [...new Set(allQuestions.map(q => q.chapter))];\r\n\/\/ Case-insensitive helpers: work for \"Ch 1:\", \"CH 1:\", \"ch 1:\" alike.\r\nconst chShort = (c) => c.replace(\/^CH\\s*(\\d+):.*$\/i, 'CH $1').replace('ANNEXURE\/Appendices', 'Annexures');\r\nconst chFull = (c) => { const m = c.match(\/^CH\\s*\\d+:\\s*(.+)$\/i); return m ? m[1] : c; };\r\n\/\/ One label, printed once (avoids the \"name: name\" doubling bug).\r\nconst chLabel = (c) => \/^CH\\s*\\d+:\/i.test(c) ? (chShort(c) + ': ' + chFull(c)) : c;\r\n\r\n\/\/ ==========================================\r\n\/\/ PERSISTENCE (localStorage)\r\n\/\/ ==========================================\r\nfunction loadProgress() {\r\n    try {\r\n        const saved = localStorage.getItem('quiz_progress_' + quizConfig.quizId);\r\n        if (saved) {\r\n            const p = JSON.parse(saved);\r\n            progress = Object.assign(progress, p);\r\n            if (!progress.questionStats) progress.questionStats = {};\r\n            if (!Array.isArray(progress.weakAreas)) progress.weakAreas = [];\r\n            if (!Array.isArray(progress.attemptLog)) progress.attemptLog = [];\r\n        }\r\n    } catch (e) { console.warn('Progress load failed', e); }\r\n}\r\nfunction saveProgress() {\r\n    try {\r\n        if (progress.attemptLog.length > 500) progress.attemptLog = progress.attemptLog.slice(-500);\r\n        localStorage.setItem('quiz_progress_' + quizConfig.quizId, JSON.stringify(progress));\r\n    } catch (e) { console.warn('Progress save failed', e); }\r\n}\r\nfunction getQStat(qid) {\r\n    if (!progress.questionStats[qid]) progress.questionStats[qid] = { correct: 0, incorrect: 0, lastAttempt: null, lastCorrect: null };\r\n    return progress.questionStats[qid];\r\n}\r\n\r\n\/\/ ==========================================\r\n\/\/ TOAST\r\n\/\/ ==========================================\r\nlet toastTimer = null;\r\nfunction showToast(msg, type) {\r\n    const t = $id('warningToast');\r\n    $id('toastMessage').textContent = msg;\r\n    t.classList.toggle('success', type === 'success');\r\n    t.classList.add('show');\r\n    clearTimeout(toastTimer);\r\n    toastTimer = setTimeout(() => t.classList.remove('show'), 2600);\r\n}\r\n\r\n\/\/ ==========================================\r\n\/\/ TAB NAVIGATION\r\n\/\/ ==========================================\r\nfunction switchView(view) {\r\n    document.querySelectorAll('.cwq-portal .gp-tab').forEach(b => b.classList.toggle('active', b.dataset.view === view));\r\n    document.querySelectorAll('.cwq-portal .gp-view').forEach(v => v.classList.toggle('active', v.id === 'view-' + view));\r\n    if (view === 'performance') renderAI();\r\n}\r\n\r\n\/\/ ==========================================\r\n\/\/ MODE \/ FILTERS\r\n\/\/ ==========================================\r\nfunction setMode(mode, filter) {\r\n    currentMode = mode;\r\n    currentFilter = filter || null;\r\n    document.querySelectorAll('.cwq-portal .mode-tab').forEach(t => t.classList.toggle('active', t.dataset.mode === mode));\r\n    $id('chapterFilterCard').style.display = (mode === 'chapter') ? '' : 'none';\r\n    $id('weakAreasCard').style.display = (mode === 'weak') ? '' : 'none';\r\n    applyFilters();\r\n    progress.lastMode = mode; progress.lastFilter = currentFilter; saveProgress();\r\n}\r\nfunction applyFilters() {\r\n    if (currentMode === 'all') filteredQuestions = [...allQuestions];\r\n    else if (currentMode === 'chapter') filteredQuestions = currentFilter ? allQuestions.filter(q => q.chapter === currentFilter) : [...allQuestions];\r\n    else if (currentMode === 'weak') {\r\n        filteredQuestions = allQuestions.filter(q => progress.weakAreas.includes(q.id));\r\n        if (!filteredQuestions.length) { showToast('No weak areas yet \u2014 great going!', 'success'); filteredQuestions = [...allQuestions]; setMode('all'); return; }\r\n    }\r\n    currentQuestionIndex = 0;\r\n    sessionStats = { attempted: 0, correct: 0, incorrect: 0 };\r\n    sessionStartTs = Date.now();\r\n    sessionAnswers = {};\r\n    renderFilters(); renderGrid(); loadQuestion(); updateStats();\r\n}\r\nfunction renderFilters() {\r\n    $id('chapterList').innerHTML = CHAPTERS.map(c => {\r\n        const n = allQuestions.filter(q => q.chapter === c).length;\r\n        return '<div class=\"filter-item' + (currentMode === 'chapter' && currentFilter === c ? ' active' : '') + '\" data-chapter=\"' + encodeURIComponent(c) + '\" title=\"' + c + '\"><span class=\"filter-text\">' + chLabel(c) + '<\/span><span class=\"filter-count\">' + n + '<\/span><\/div>';\r\n    }).join('');\r\n    renderWeakList();\r\n}\r\nfunction renderWeakList() {\r\n    const list = $id('weakQuestionList');\r\n    const weak = allQuestions.filter(q => progress.weakAreas.includes(q.id));\r\n    list.innerHTML = weak.length ? weak.map(q => {\r\n        const s = getQStat(q.id);\r\n        return '<div class=\"weak-question-item\" data-goto=\"' + q.id + '\"><span class=\"q-num\">Q' + q.id + '<\/span><span class=\"q-text\">' + q.question.replace(\/<br\\s*\\\/?>|\\n\/gi, ' ').substring(0, 60) + '\u2026<\/span><span class=\"wrong-count\">' + s.incorrect + '\u2717<\/span><\/div>';\r\n    }).join('') : '<p style=\"font-size:12.5px;color:var(--mut);text-align:center;padding:14px 4px;\">No weak areas. Keep practising!<\/p>';\r\n}\r\n\r\n\/\/ ==========================================\r\n\/\/ QUESTION RENDERING\r\n\/\/ ==========================================\r\nfunction loadQuestion() {\r\n    const q = filteredQuestions[currentQuestionIndex];\r\n    if (!q) {\r\n        $id('questionText').innerHTML = '<b>No questions loaded yet.<\/b> Paste your question bank into the <code>allQuestions<\/code> array in this file (format documented at the array) and reload.';\r\n        $id('optionsList').innerHTML = '';\r\n        $id('questionNumber').textContent = 'Question 0 of 0';\r\n        return;\r\n    }\r\n    selectedOption = null; answerChecked = false;\r\n    $id('questionNumber').textContent = 'Question ' + (currentQuestionIndex + 1) + ' of ' + filteredQuestions.length;\r\n    $id('currentQuestionChapter').textContent = chLabel(q.chapter);\r\n    $id('weakBadge').style.display = progress.weakAreas.includes(q.id) ? '' : 'none';\r\n    $id('questionText').innerHTML = formatQuestion(q);\r\n    $id('explanationBox').classList.remove('show');\r\n    renderOptions(q);\r\n    renderMastery(q);\r\n    const prior = sessionAnswers[q.id];\r\n    if (prior !== undefined) revealAnswer(q, prior, true);\r\n    $id('prevBtn').disabled = currentQuestionIndex === 0;\r\n    $id('nextBtn').disabled = currentQuestionIndex === filteredQuestions.length - 1;\r\n    $id('checkBtn').disabled = prior !== undefined;\r\n    renderGrid();\r\n    progress.lastQuestionId = q.id; saveProgress();\r\n    if (initDone && window.innerWidth <= 900) {\r\n        const p = document.querySelector('.cwq-portal .question-panel');\r\n        if (p) p.scrollIntoView({ behavior: 'smooth', block: 'start' });\r\n    }\r\n}\r\n\/\/ UPSC exam-paper formatting: numbered statements get their own spaced rows,\r\n\/\/ the \"Select the correct answer \/ Which of the above\" lead sits on its own line.\r\n\/\/ Splits on BOTH \"\\n\" and \"<br>\" so either style works in pasted data.\r\n\r\n\r\nfunction formatQuestion(q) {\r\n    const parts = q.question.split(\/<br\\s*\\\/?>|\\n\/i);\r\n    let html = '<span class=\"q-stem\"><b>Q.<\/b> ' + (parts[0] || '') + '<\/span>';\r\n \r\n    \/\/ accept  \"P.\"  \"(P)\"  \"P)\"   and   \"1.\"  \"(1)\"  \"1)\"\r\n    const ALPHA = \/^\\(?\\s*([A-Za-z])\\s*[).]\\s*(.+)$\/s;\r\n    const NUM   = \/^\\(?\\s*(\\d+)\\s*[).]\\s*(.+)$\/s;\r\n    \/\/ header lines: \"List I\", \"List-I\", \"List I (Requirement)\", \"LIST II (Period)\" ...\r\n    const LIST1 = \/^list[\\s\\-\\u2013]*i\\b\/i;\r\n    const LIST2 = \/^list[\\s\\-\\u2013]*ii\\b\/i;\r\n \r\n    let i = 1;\r\n    while (i < parts.length) {\r\n        const seg = parts[i].trim();\r\n        if (!seg) { i++; continue; }\r\n \r\n        \/\/ ---- Match-the-Following block ----\r\n        if (LIST1.test(seg) && !LIST2.test(seg)) {\r\n            const head1 = seg;                 \/\/ keep the real heading text\r\n            i++;\r\n            const listI = [];\r\n            while (i < parts.length) {\r\n                const s2 = parts[i].trim();\r\n                if (!s2) { i++; continue; }\r\n                const m = s2.match(ALPHA);\r\n                if (m) { listI.push({ n: m[1], t: m[2] }); i++; } else break;\r\n            }\r\n \r\n            let head2 = 'List-II';\r\n            const listII = [];\r\n            if (i < parts.length && LIST2.test(parts[i].trim())) {\r\n                head2 = parts[i].trim();\r\n                i++;\r\n                while (i < parts.length) {\r\n                    const s3 = parts[i].trim();\r\n                    if (!s3) { i++; continue; }\r\n                    const m2 = s3.match(NUM);\r\n                    if (m2) { listII.push({ n: m2[1], t: m2[2] }); i++; } else break;\r\n                }\r\n            }\r\n \r\n            html += '<div class=\"match-columns\">' +\r\n                '<div><div class=\"match-col-head\">' + head1 + '<\/div>' +\r\n                listI.map(it => '<div class=\"match-item\"><span class=\"mn\">(' + it.n + ')<\/span><span>' + it.t + '<\/span><\/div>').join('') +\r\n                '<\/div>' +\r\n                '<div><div class=\"match-col-head\">' + head2 + '<\/div>' +\r\n                listII.map(it => '<div class=\"match-item\"><span class=\"mn\">(' + it.n + ')<\/span><span>' + it.t + '<\/span><\/div>').join('') +\r\n                '<\/div><\/div>';\r\n            continue;\r\n        }\r\n \r\n        \/\/ ---- numbered statement row (statement-combo questions) ----\r\n        const m = seg.match(NUM);\r\n        if (m) {\r\n            html += '<span class=\"q-stmt\"><span class=\"sn\">' + m[1] + '.<\/span><span>' + m[2] + '<\/span><\/span>';\r\n            i++; continue;\r\n        }\r\n \r\n        \/\/ ---- lead-in line ----\r\n        if (\/^(select the correct|which of the (above|following|statements)|choose the correct|consider the following|statement)\/i.test(seg)) {\r\n            html += '<span class=\"q-lead\">' + seg + '<\/span>'; i++; continue;\r\n        }\r\n \r\n        html += '<span class=\"q-lead\" style=\"font-style:normal\">' + seg + '<\/span>';\r\n        i++;\r\n    }\r\n    return html;\r\n}\r\nfunction renderOptions(q) {\r\n    $id('optionsList').innerHTML = q.options.map((opt, i) =>\r\n        '<div class=\"option-item\" data-opt=\"' + i + '\"><span class=\"option-letter\">(' + String.fromCharCode(97 + i) + ')<\/span><span class=\"option-text\">' + opt + '<\/span><i class=\"option-icon\" style=\"margin-top:4px\"><\/i><\/div>'\r\n    ).join('');\r\n}\r\nfunction renderMastery(q) {\r\n    const s = getQStat(q.id);\r\n    const mi = $id('masteryIndicator');\r\n    if (s.correct + s.incorrect === 0) { mi.classList.remove('show'); return; }\r\n    mi.classList.add('show');\r\n    const stars = $id('masteryStars').querySelectorAll('i');\r\n    stars.forEach((st, i) => st.classList.toggle('filled', i < Math.min(s.correct, 5)));\r\n}\r\nfunction checkAnswer() {\r\n    if (answerChecked || selectedOption === null) { if (selectedOption === null) showToast('Select an option first'); return; }\r\n    const q = filteredQuestions[currentQuestionIndex];\r\n    const isCorrect = selectedOption === q.correct;\r\n    sessionAnswers[q.id] = selectedOption;\r\n    sessionStats.attempted++; isCorrect ? sessionStats.correct++ : sessionStats.incorrect++;\r\n    updateQuestionStats(q, isCorrect);\r\n    revealAnswer(q, selectedOption, false);\r\n    updateStats(); renderGrid(); renderWeakList(); updateHeader();\r\n}\r\nfunction revealAnswer(q, chosen, restoring) {\r\n    answerChecked = true;\r\n    const items = $id('optionsList').querySelectorAll('.option-item');\r\n    items.forEach((it, i) => {\r\n        it.classList.add('disabled');\r\n        if (i === q.correct) { it.classList.add('correct'); const oi = it.querySelector('.option-icon'); oi.textContent = '\\u2713'; oi.style.fontStyle = 'normal'; }\r\n        else if (i === chosen) { it.classList.add('incorrect'); const oj = it.querySelector('.option-icon'); oj.textContent = '\\u2717'; oj.style.fontStyle = 'normal'; }\r\n    });\r\n    $id('explanationText').innerHTML = q.explanation;\r\n    $id('explanationBox').classList.add('show');\r\n    $id('checkBtn').disabled = true;\r\n    renderMastery(q);\r\n    if (!restoring) showToast(chosen === q.correct ? 'Correct! Well done.' : 'Incorrect \u2014 read the explanation.', chosen === q.correct ? 'success' : '');\r\n}\r\nfunction updateQuestionStats(q, isCorrect) {\r\n    const s = getQStat(q.id);\r\n    isCorrect ? s.correct++ : s.incorrect++;\r\n    s.lastAttempt = Date.now(); s.lastCorrect = isCorrect;\r\n    progress.attemptLog.push({ qid: q.id, correct: isCorrect, ts: Date.now() });\r\n    const isWeak = progress.weakAreas.includes(q.id);\r\n    if (!isCorrect && s.incorrect >= quizConfig.weakThreshold && !isWeak) progress.weakAreas.push(q.id);\r\n    if (isCorrect && isWeak && s.correct >= quizConfig.masteryThreshold) progress.weakAreas = progress.weakAreas.filter(id => id !== q.id);\r\n    saveProgress();\r\n}\r\n\r\n\/\/ ==========================================\r\n\/\/ GRID + STATS\r\n\/\/ ==========================================\r\nfunction renderGrid() {\r\n    $id('questionGrid').innerHTML = filteredQuestions.map((q, i) => {\r\n        let cls = 'unattempted';\r\n        const ans = sessionAnswers[q.id];\r\n        if (ans !== undefined) cls = (ans === q.correct) ? 'correct-answered' : 'incorrect-answered';\r\n        else { const s = progress.questionStats[q.id]; if (s && (s.correct + s.incorrect) > 0) cls = 'attempted'; }\r\n        if (i === currentQuestionIndex) cls = 'current';\r\n        const weak = progress.weakAreas.includes(q.id) ? ' weak-marked' : '';\r\n        return '<div class=\"grid-item ' + cls + weak + '\" data-idx=\"' + i + '\" title=\"Q' + q.id + '\">' + (i + 1) + '<\/div>';\r\n    }).join('');\r\n}\r\nfunction masteredCount() { return allQuestions.filter(q => { const s = progress.questionStats[q.id]; return s && s.correct >= quizConfig.masteryThreshold; }).length; }\r\nfunction updateStats() {\r\n    $id('totalQuestions').textContent = filteredQuestions.length;\r\n    $id('attemptedCount').textContent = sessionStats.attempted;\r\n    $id('correctCount').textContent = sessionStats.correct;\r\n    $id('incorrectCount').textContent = sessionStats.incorrect;\r\n    const mastered = masteredCount();\r\n    const pct = allQuestions.length ? Math.round(mastered \/ allQuestions.length * 100) : 0;\r\n    $id('progressPercentage').textContent = pct + '%';\r\n    $id('progressRingFill').style.strokeDashoffset = 264 - (264 * pct \/ 100);\r\n    $id('totalCorrectProgress').textContent = Object.values(progress.questionStats).reduce((a, s) => a + s.correct, 0);\r\n    $id('totalWeakProgress').textContent = progress.weakAreas.length;\r\n    $id('allCount').textContent = allQuestions.length;\r\n    $id('weakModeCount').textContent = progress.weakAreas.length;\r\n}\r\nfunction updateHeader() {\r\n    $id('hdrTotalQ').textContent = allQuestions.length;\r\n    $id('hdrChapters').textContent = CHAPTERS.length;\r\n    const pct = allQuestions.length ? Math.round(masteredCount() \/ allQuestions.length * 100) : 0;\r\n    $id('hdrMastered').textContent = pct + '%';\r\n    const w = progress.weakAreas.length;\r\n    $id('weakBadgeHeader').style.display = w ? '' : 'none';\r\n    $id('weakCountHeader').textContent = w;\r\n    const r = computeReadiness();\r\n    $id('hdrReadiness').textContent = r.attempted ? r.score + '%' : '\u2014';\r\n    $id('perfPill').style.display = w >= 5 ? '' : 'none';\r\n}\r\n\r\n\/\/ ==========================================\r\n\/\/ SUBMIT \/ RESULT \/ RESETS\r\n\/\/ ==========================================\r\nfunction submitExam() {\r\n    if (!sessionStats.attempted) { showToast('Attempt at least one question first'); return; }\r\n    const pct = Math.round(sessionStats.correct \/ sessionStats.attempted * 100);\r\n    $id('resultCorrect').textContent = sessionStats.correct;\r\n    $id('resultIncorrect').textContent = sessionStats.incorrect;\r\n    $id('resultScore').textContent = pct + '%';\r\n    $id('resultIcon').textContent = pct >= 80 ? '\ud83c\udfc6' : pct >= 60 ? '\ud83c\udf89' : pct >= 40 ? '\ud83d\udcd6' : '\ud83d\udcaa';\r\n    $id('resultTitle').textContent = pct >= 80 ? 'Outstanding!' : pct >= 60 ? 'Great Job!' : pct >= 40 ? 'Keep Practising!' : 'Needs Revision';\r\n    $id('resultMessage').textContent = 'You attempted ' + sessionStats.attempted + ' of ' + filteredQuestions.length + ' questions in this session.';\r\n    $id('practiceWeakBtn').style.display = progress.weakAreas.length ? '' : 'none';\r\n    $id('resultModal').classList.add('show');\r\n}\r\nfunction reviewAnswers() { $id('resultModal').classList.remove('show'); currentQuestionIndex = 0; loadQuestion(); }\r\nfunction retryQuiz() { $id('resultModal').classList.remove('show'); sessionStats = { attempted: 0, correct: 0, incorrect: 0 }; sessionAnswers = {}; currentQuestionIndex = 0; loadQuestion(); updateStats(); }\r\n\/\/ SESSION RESET (Practice tab): clears ONLY this session's answers\/score.\r\n\/\/ Lifetime performance (mastery, weak areas, attempt history) is preserved.\r\nfunction resetSession() {\r\n    if (!confirm('Reset this session? Only the current answers and session score are cleared \u2014 your lifetime performance and mastery are kept.')) return;\r\n    sessionStats = { attempted: 0, correct: 0, incorrect: 0 };\r\n    sessionAnswers = {};\r\n    sessionStartTs = Date.now();\r\n    currentQuestionIndex = 0;\r\n    loadQuestion(); updateStats(); renderGrid();\r\n    showToast('Session reset \u2014 performance data kept', 'success');\r\n}\r\n\/\/ PERFORMANCE RESET (My Performance tab): wipes lifetime data after confirm.\r\nfunction resetPerformance() {\r\n    if (!confirm('Permanently erase ALL lifetime performance for this quiz?\\n\\nThis clears mastery stars, weak areas, accuracy history and the readiness score. This cannot be undone.')) return;\r\n    progress = { questionStats: {}, weakAreas: [], lastQuestionId: null, lastMode: 'all', lastFilter: null, attemptLog: [] };\r\n    saveProgress();\r\n    sessionStats = { attempted: 0, correct: 0, incorrect: 0 };\r\n    sessionAnswers = {};\r\n    sessionStartTs = Date.now();\r\n    setMode('all');\r\n    updateHeader();\r\n    renderAI();\r\n    showToast('Lifetime performance erased', 'success');\r\n}\r\n\r\n\/\/ ==========================================\r\n\/\/ TAB 2 \u2014 AI COACH ENGINE (rule-based, client-side)\r\n\/\/ Chapter weight = chapter's share of the question bank\r\n\/\/ ==========================================\r\nfunction chapterCounts() {\r\n    const map = {};\r\n    allQuestions.forEach(q => { map[q.chapter] = (map[q.chapter] || 0) + 1; });\r\n    return Object.entries(map).sort((a, b) => b[1] - a[1]);\r\n}\r\nfunction chapterStats() {\r\n    const total = allQuestions.length;\r\n    return chapterCounts().map(([c, n]) => {\r\n        const qs = allQuestions.filter(q => q.chapter === c);\r\n        let attempted = 0, correct = 0, incorrect = 0, scoreSum = 0;\r\n        qs.forEach(q => {\r\n            const s = progress.questionStats[q.id];\r\n            if (s && (s.correct + s.incorrect) > 0) { attempted++; correct += s.correct; incorrect += s.incorrect; }\r\n            scoreSum += s ? Math.min(s.correct \/ quizConfig.masteryThreshold, 1) : 0;\r\n        });\r\n        const acc = (correct + incorrect) ? correct \/ (correct + incorrect) : null;\r\n        const weight = n \/ total;\r\n        const coverage = attempted \/ n;\r\n        const mastery = scoreSum \/ n;\r\n        const priority = weight * (acc === null ? 0.85 : (1 - acc)) * (0.5 + 0.5 * (1 - coverage));\r\n        return { chapter: c, count: n, weight, attempted, coverage, acc, mastery, priority };\r\n    });\r\n}\r\nfunction computeReadiness() {\r\n    const stats = chapterStats();\r\n    const score = Math.round(stats.reduce((a, s) => a + s.weight * s.mastery, 0) * 100);\r\n    const attempted = Object.values(progress.questionStats).some(s => (s.correct + s.incorrect) > 0);\r\n    return { score, attempted, stats };\r\n}\r\nfunction renderAI() {\r\n    if (!allQuestions.length) {\r\n        $id('aiEmptyState').style.display = '';\r\n        $id('aiContent').style.display = 'none';\r\n        return;\r\n    }\r\n    const { score, attempted, stats } = computeReadiness();\r\n    $id('aiEmptyState').style.display = attempted ? 'none' : '';\r\n    $id('aiContent').style.display = attempted ? '' : 'none';\r\n    if (!attempted) return;\r\n\r\n    \/\/ Readiness ring\r\n    $id('aiScore').textContent = score;\r\n    $id('aiRingFill').style.strokeDashoffset = 402 - (402 * score \/ 100);\r\n    const verdict = score >= 80 ? '<b>Exam-ready.<\/b> Maintain with the revision queue and weak-area drills.'\r\n        : score >= 60 ? '<b>Strong base.<\/b> Close the gaps in your top-weight chapters to cross 80.'\r\n        : score >= 35 ? '<b>Building up.<\/b> Focus on the priority chapters below \u2014 they move your score fastest.'\r\n        : '<b>Early stage.<\/b> Start with the highest-weight chapters; every mastered question compounds.';\r\n    $id('aiVerdict').innerHTML = verdict + '<br><span style=\"font-size:11.8px;opacity:.8\">Score = \u03a3 (chapter weight \u00d7 your mastery), computed across ' + CHAPTERS.length + ' chapters of the bank.<\/span>';\r\n\r\n    \/\/ KPIs\r\n    const totalAttempted = allQuestions.filter(q => { const s = progress.questionStats[q.id]; return s && (s.correct + s.incorrect) > 0; }).length;\r\n    const allC = Object.values(progress.questionStats).reduce((a, s) => a + s.correct, 0);\r\n    const allI = Object.values(progress.questionStats).reduce((a, s) => a + s.incorrect, 0);\r\n    const accAll = (allC + allI) ? Math.round(allC \/ (allC + allI) * 100) : 0;\r\n    const recent = progress.attemptLog.slice(-20);\r\n    const accRecent = recent.length ? Math.round(recent.filter(a => a.correct).length \/ recent.length * 100) : 0;\r\n    const trendArrow = recent.length >= 5 ? (accRecent > accAll ? ' <span style=\"color:var(--green)\">\\u2197<\/span>' : accRecent < accAll ? ' <span style=\"color:var(--red)\">\\u2198<\/span>' : '') : '';\r\n    $id('aiKpis').innerHTML =\r\n        '<div class=\"ai-kpi\"><div class=\"n\">' + totalAttempted + '\/' + allQuestions.length + '<\/div><div class=\"l\">Coverage<\/div><\/div>' +\r\n        '<div class=\"ai-kpi\"><div class=\"n ' + (accAll >= 70 ? 'g' : accAll >= 45 ? 'a' : 'r') + '\">' + accAll + '%<\/div><div class=\"l\">Lifetime Accuracy<\/div><\/div>' +\r\n        '<div class=\"ai-kpi\"><div class=\"n ' + (accRecent >= 70 ? 'g' : accRecent >= 45 ? 'a' : 'r') + '\">' + accRecent + '%' + trendArrow + '<\/div><div class=\"l\">Last 20 Attempts<\/div><\/div>' +\r\n        '<div class=\"ai-kpi\"><div class=\"n g\">' + masteredCount() + '<\/div><div class=\"l\">Mastered (' + quizConfig.masteryThreshold + '\u2605)<\/div><\/div>' +\r\n        '<div class=\"ai-kpi\"><div class=\"n r\">' + progress.weakAreas.length + '<\/div><div class=\"l\">Weak Questions<\/div><\/div>';\r\n\r\n    \/\/ Smart study plan\r\n    const byPriority = [...stats].sort((a, b) => b.priority - a.priority);\r\n    const recos = [];\r\n    byPriority.slice(0, 3).forEach(s => {\r\n        if (s.acc === null) recos.push({ ic: 'warm', icon: '\ud83e\udded', txt: '<b>' + chShort(s.chapter) + '<\/b> carries <b>' + Math.round(s.weight * 100) + '%<\/b> of the bank but you haven\\u2019t attempted it yet \u2014 begin here.', ch: s.chapter });\r\n        else if (s.acc < 0.6) recos.push({ ic: 'hot', icon: '\ud83d\udd25', txt: '<b>' + chShort(s.chapter) + '<\/b>: chapter weight <b>' + Math.round(s.weight * 100) + '%<\/b>, your accuracy only <b>' + Math.round(s.acc * 100) + '%<\/b> \u2014 highest payoff zone right now.', ch: s.chapter });\r\n        else if (s.coverage < 0.6) recos.push({ ic: 'cool', icon: '\ud83d\udd0d', txt: '<b>' + chShort(s.chapter) + '<\/b>: accuracy is fine (' + Math.round(s.acc * 100) + '%) but you\\u2019ve only covered <b>' + Math.round(s.coverage * 100) + '%<\/b> of its questions \u2014 finish the set.', ch: s.chapter });\r\n    });\r\n    if (progress.weakAreas.length >= 3) recos.push({ ic: 'hot', icon: '\u26a0\ufe0f', txt: 'You have <b>' + progress.weakAreas.length + ' weak questions<\/b> flagged. One focused Weak-Areas session will clear the backlog.', weak: true });\r\n    const due = revisionDue();\r\n    if (due.length) recos.push({ ic: 'warm', icon: '\ud83d\udd01', txt: '<b>' + due.length + ' mastered questions<\/b> haven\\u2019t been touched in over ' + quizConfig.revisionGapDays + ' days \u2014 revise before they fade.' });\r\n    const best = [...stats].filter(s => s.acc !== null).sort((a, b) => b.acc - a.acc)[0];\r\n    if (best && best.acc >= 0.75) recos.push({ ic: 'good', icon: '\ud83c\udfc5', txt: 'Strongest area: <b>' + chShort(best.chapter) + '<\/b> at <b>' + Math.round(best.acc * 100) + '%<\/b> accuracy \u2014 bank these marks on exam day.' });\r\n    $id('aiRecoList').innerHTML = recos.map(r =>\r\n        '<div class=\"ai-reco\"><span class=\"ic ' + r.ic + '\">' + r.icon + '<\/span><p>' + r.txt + '<\/p>' +\r\n        (r.ch ? '<button class=\"go\" data-practice-ch=\"' + encodeURIComponent(r.ch) + '\">Practice \\u2192<\/button>' : r.weak ? '<button class=\"go\" data-practice-weak=\"1\">Start \\u2192<\/button>' : '') + '<\/div>'\r\n    ).join('');\r\n\r\n    \/\/ Performance table\r\n    $id('perfTableBody').innerHTML = byPriority.map(s => {\r\n        const accPct = s.acc === null ? null : Math.round(s.acc * 100);\r\n        const tag = s.acc === null ? '<span class=\"tag na\">Not started<\/span>'\r\n            : accPct < 45 ? '<span class=\"tag hot\">Critical<\/span>'\r\n            : accPct < 65 ? '<span class=\"tag warm\">Needs work<\/span>'\r\n            : accPct < 85 ? '<span class=\"tag ok\">On track<\/span>'\r\n            : '<span class=\"tag good\">Strong<\/span>';\r\n        const accBar = s.acc === null ? '\u2014' : '<div class=\"mini-track\"><div class=\"mini-fill\" style=\"width:' + accPct + '%;background:' + (accPct < 45 ? 'var(--red)' : accPct < 65 ? 'var(--amber)' : 'var(--green)') + '\"><\/div><\/div><span style=\"font-size:11.5px\">' + accPct + '%<\/span>';\r\n        return '<tr><td title=\"' + s.chapter + '\">' + chLabel(s.chapter) + '<\/td><td><b>' + Math.round(s.weight * 100) + '%<\/b> <span style=\"color:var(--faint);font-size:11.2px\">(' + s.count + ' Qs)<\/span><\/td><td>' + s.attempted + '\/' + s.count + '<\/td><td>' + accBar + '<\/td><td>' + tag + '<\/td><td><button class=\"mini-go\" data-practice-ch=\"' + encodeURIComponent(s.chapter) + '\">Practice<\/button><\/td><\/tr>';\r\n    }).join('');\r\n\r\n    \/\/ Revision queue\r\n    $id('revisionQueue').innerHTML = due.length ? due.slice(0, 8).map(({ q, days }) =>\r\n        '<div class=\"rev-item\" data-goto=\"' + q.id + '\"><span class=\"q-num\">Q' + q.id + '<\/span><span class=\"q-text\">' + q.question.replace(\/<br\\s*\\\/?>|\\n\/gi, ' ').substring(0, 55) + '\u2026<\/span><span class=\"days\">' + days + 'd ago<\/span><\/div>'\r\n    ).join('') : '<div class=\"ai-empty\" style=\"padding:18px\"><p style=\"font-size:13.3px\">Nothing due for revision. Mastered questions reappear here after ' + quizConfig.revisionGapDays + ' days.<\/p><\/div>';\r\n\r\n    \/\/ Mastery distribution\r\n    const buckets = [0, 0, 0, 0]; \/\/ untouched, learning, close, mastered\r\n    allQuestions.forEach(q => {\r\n        const s = progress.questionStats[q.id];\r\n        if (!s || (s.correct + s.incorrect) === 0) buckets[0]++;\r\n        else if (s.correct >= quizConfig.masteryThreshold) buckets[3]++;\r\n        else if (s.correct >= 2) buckets[2]++;\r\n        else buckets[1]++;\r\n    });\r\n    const labels = ['Untouched', 'Learning (0\u20131\u2605)', 'Almost there (2\u2605)', 'Mastered (' + quizConfig.masteryThreshold + '\u2605+)'];\r\n    const colors = ['#cbd5e1', 'var(--amber)', 'var(--navy-l)', 'var(--green)'];\r\n    $id('masteryDist').innerHTML = buckets.map((n, i) =>\r\n        '<div class=\"bar-row\" style=\"grid-template-columns:minmax(130px,1fr) 2fr auto\"><span class=\"bar-name\">' + labels[i] + '<\/span><div class=\"bar-track\"><div class=\"bar-fill\" style=\"width:' + (allQuestions.length ? n \/ allQuestions.length * 100 : 0) + '%;background:' + colors[i] + '\"><\/div><\/div><span class=\"bar-val\">' + n + '<\/span><\/div>'\r\n    ).join('');\r\n}\r\nfunction revisionDue() {\r\n    const now = Date.now(), gap = quizConfig.revisionGapDays * 86400000;\r\n    return allQuestions.map(q => {\r\n        const s = progress.questionStats[q.id];\r\n        if (s && s.correct >= quizConfig.masteryThreshold && s.lastAttempt && (now - s.lastAttempt) > gap)\r\n            return { q, days: Math.floor((now - s.lastAttempt) \/ 86400000) };\r\n        return null;\r\n    }).filter(Boolean).sort((a, b) => b.days - a.days);\r\n}\r\nfunction gotoQuestion(qid) {\r\n    switchView('practice');\r\n    let idx = filteredQuestions.findIndex(q => q.id === qid);\r\n    if (idx === -1) { setMode('all'); idx = filteredQuestions.findIndex(q => q.id === qid); }\r\n    if (idx !== -1) { currentQuestionIndex = idx; loadQuestion(); }\r\n}\r\nfunction practiceChapter(ch) {\r\n    switchView('practice');\r\n    setMode('chapter', ch);\r\n    showToast('Filtered to ' + chShort(ch), 'success');\r\n}\r\n\r\n\/\/ ==========================================\r\n\/\/ EVENT DELEGATION (single listener)\r\n\/\/ ==========================================\r\ndocument.addEventListener('click', function (e) {\r\n    const w = e.target.closest('.cwq-portal');\r\n    if (!w) return;\r\n    const tab = e.target.closest('.gp-tab'); if (tab) { switchView(tab.dataset.view); return; }\r\n    const mode = e.target.closest('.mode-tab'); if (mode) { setMode(mode.dataset.mode); return; }\r\n    const cf = e.target.closest('.filter-item[data-chapter]'); if (cf) { const c = decodeURIComponent(cf.dataset.chapter); setMode('chapter', currentFilter === c ? null : c); return; }\r\n    const gi = e.target.closest('.grid-item'); if (gi) { currentQuestionIndex = parseInt(gi.dataset.idx, 10); loadQuestion(); return; }\r\n    const go = e.target.closest('[data-goto]'); if (go) { gotoQuestion(parseInt(go.dataset.goto, 10)); return; }\r\n    const pc = e.target.closest('[data-practice-ch]'); if (pc) { practiceChapter(decodeURIComponent(pc.dataset.practiceCh)); return; }\r\n    const pw = e.target.closest('[data-practice-weak]'); if (pw) { switchView('practice'); setMode('weak'); return; }\r\n    const opt = e.target.closest('.option-item'); if (opt && !answerChecked) {\r\n        $id('optionsList').querySelectorAll('.option-item').forEach(o => o.classList.remove('selected'));\r\n        opt.classList.add('selected'); selectedOption = parseInt(opt.dataset.opt, 10); return;\r\n    }\r\n    switch (e.target.closest('button') ? e.target.closest('button').id : '') {\r\n        case 'checkBtn': checkAnswer(); break;\r\n        case 'prevBtn': if (currentQuestionIndex > 0) { currentQuestionIndex--; loadQuestion(); } break;\r\n        case 'nextBtn': if (currentQuestionIndex < filteredQuestions.length - 1) { currentQuestionIndex++; loadQuestion(); } break;\r\n        case 'submitBtn': submitExam(); break;\r\n        case 'resetBtn': resetSession(); break;\r\n        case 'resetPerfBtn': resetPerformance(); break;\r\n        case 'reviewBtn': reviewAnswers(); break;\r\n        case 'retryBtn': retryQuiz(); break;\r\n        case 'practiceWeakBtn': $id('resultModal').classList.remove('show'); setMode('weak'); break;\r\n        case 'practiceWeakAreasBtn': setMode('weak'); break;\r\n        case 'resumeBtn': {\r\n            const qid = progress.lastQuestionId;\r\n            if (progress.lastMode) setMode(progress.lastMode, progress.lastFilter);\r\n            if (qid) gotoQuestion(qid);\r\n            $id('sessionInfo').style.display = 'none';\r\n            break;\r\n        }\r\n    }\r\n});\r\n\r\n\/\/ Screenshot \/ copy deterrents\r\ndocument.addEventListener('contextmenu', function (e) { if (e.target.closest('.cwq-portal')) { e.preventDefault(); showToast('Right-click is disabled to protect content'); } });\r\ndocument.addEventListener('keydown', function (e) {\r\n    if ((e.ctrlKey || e.metaKey) && ['c', 's', 'p', 'u'].includes(e.key.toLowerCase()) && document.querySelector('.cwq-portal')) {\r\n        e.preventDefault(); showToast('Copying is disabled to protect content');\r\n    }\r\n    if (e.key === 'PrintScreen') showToast('Screenshots are discouraged \u2014 content is protected');\r\n});\r\n\r\n\/\/ ==========================================\r\n\/\/ INIT\r\n\/\/ ==========================================\r\ndocument.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', function () {\r\n    $id('topicName').textContent = quizConfig.topic;\r\n    $id('topicEyebrow').textContent = 'CSS ADDA \u00b7 PromotionExams.com \u00b7 ' + quizConfig.paper;\r\n    loadProgress();\r\n    renderFilters();\r\n    setMode(progress.lastMode || 'all', progress.lastFilter || null);\r\n    updateHeader();\r\n    if (progress.lastQuestionId) {\r\n        const q = allQuestions.find(x => x.id === progress.lastQuestionId);\r\n        if (q) { $id('sessionInfo').style.display = ''; $id('sessionText').textContent = 'Last session: Q' + q.id + ' (' + chShort(q.chapter) + ')'; }\r\n    }\r\n    initDone = true;\r\n});\r\n<\/script>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u26a0\ufe0f Message \ud83c\udf89 Great Job! You have completed the quiz. 0 Correct 0 Incorrect 0% Score \ud83d\udc41 Review \u26a0\ufe0f Practice [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"site-sidebar-layout":"no-sidebar","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"full-width-container","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"disabled","ast-banner-title-visibility":"disabled","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"disabled","footer-sml-layout":"disabled","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"categories":[52],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-15285","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry","category-test-series"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.2 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>MCQS ON MANUAL OF PROCUREMENT OF GOODS - PromotionExams<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/promotionexams.com\/?page_id=15285\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_GB\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"MCQS ON MANUAL OF PROCUREMENT OF GOODS - PromotionExams\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"\u26a0\ufe0f Message \ud83c\udf89 Great Job! 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