{"id":12996,"date":"2026-06-18T13:33:39","date_gmt":"2026-06-18T13:33:39","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/promotionexams.com\/?page_id=12996"},"modified":"2026-06-19T05:36:18","modified_gmt":"2026-06-19T05:36:18","slug":"budget-manual-notes-2","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/promotionexams.com\/?page_id=12996","title":{"rendered":"Budget Manual Notes"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nBudget Manual 2022 \u2014 Interactive Study Notes<\/title>\r\n<style>\r\n.elementor-section.elementor-section-stretched,\r\n .elementor-section-full_width,\r\n .elementor-container,\r\n .elementor-column,\r\n .elementor-column-wrap,\r\n .elementor-widget-wrap,\r\n .elementor-element {\r\n padding: 0 !important;\r\n margin: 0 !important;\r\n gap: 0 !important;\r\n }\r\n\r\n *, *::before, *::after { box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0; padding: 0; }\r\n :root {\r\n --navy:#10243f; --blue:#1c5da6; --sky:#2d8ecf; --teal:#0e8f7a;\r\n --amber:#c97c10; --red:#c0392b; --gold:#c89b0a; --purple:#7e3eb5;\r\n --slate:#41617f;\r\n --text:#1c2b3a; --muted:#5a6d80; --border:#dde6ef;\r\n --blueprint:#0c3b6e;\r\n }\r\n html { scroll-behavior: smooth; }\r\n body { font-family:'DM Sans',-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,'Segoe UI',sans-serif; background:#fff; color:var(--text); font-size:15px; line-height:1.85; }\r\n a { text-decoration:none; color:inherit; }\r\n\r\n .hero { width:100%; background:linear-gradient(125deg,#0a1f3c 0%,#10243f 30%,#13507f 70%,#0e8f7a 100%); padding:60px 48px 56px; color:#fff; position:relative; overflow:hidden; }\r\n .hero::before { content:''; position:absolute; inset:0;\r\n background-image:linear-gradient(rgba(255,255,255,0.05) 1px,transparent 1px),linear-gradient(90deg,rgba(255,255,255,0.05) 1px,transparent 1px);\r\n background-size:34px 34px; pointer-events:none; }\r\n .hero::after { content:''; position:absolute; right:-90px; top:-110px; width:520px; height:520px; border-radius:50%; background:radial-gradient(circle,rgba(255,255,255,0.10) 0%,transparent 65%); pointer-events:none; }\r\n .hero-inner { max-width:1120px; margin:0 auto; position:relative; z-index:1; }\r\n .hero-grid { display:grid; grid-template-columns:1fr 340px; gap:36px; align-items:center; }\r\n .hero-text { min-width:0; }\r\n .hero-illustration { width:340px; max-width:100%; filter:drop-shadow(0 12px 24px rgba(0,0,0,0.28)); animation:heroFloat 6s ease-in-out infinite; }\r\n .hero-illustration svg { width:100%; height:auto; display:block; }\r\n @keyframes heroFloat { 0%,100%{transform:translateY(0);} 50%{transform:translateY(-7px);} }\r\n .hero-kicker { display:inline-block; background:rgba(255,255,255,0.16); color:#fff; font-size:11px; font-weight:700; padding:6px 14px; border-radius:20px; letter-spacing:0.14em; text-transform:uppercase; margin-bottom:18px; backdrop-filter:blur(4px); }\r\n .hero h1 { font-family:'Crimson Pro',Georgia,serif; font-size:clamp(28px,4.2vw,44px); font-weight:700; line-height:1.18; margin-bottom:14px; color:#fff; text-shadow:0 2px 8px rgba(0,0,0,0.20); }\r\n .hero-sub { font-size:15px; opacity:0.93; margin-bottom:24px; max-width:740px; color:#fff; }\r\n .hero-pills { display:flex; flex-wrap:wrap; gap:8px; }\r\n .hero-pill { background:rgba(255,255,255,0.16); border:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.30); color:#fff; font-size:12px; font-weight:600; padding:6px 14px; border-radius:20px; backdrop-filter:blur(6px); }\r\n\r\n .scope-banner { background:#fff7ec; border-bottom:1px solid #f0dcb8; padding:10px 48px; }\r\n .scope-inner { max-width:1120px; margin:0 auto; font-size:13px; color:#8a5a10; display:flex; align-items:center; gap:8px; }\r\n .scope-inner strong { color:#6b4408; }\r\n\r\n .breadcrumb-bar { background:#fff; border-bottom:1px solid var(--border); padding:10px 48px; }\r\n .breadcrumb-inner { max-width:1120px; margin:0 auto; font-size:12.5px; color:#aaa; display:flex; align-items:center; gap:6px; }\r\n .breadcrumb-inner a { color:var(--blue); }\r\n .breadcrumb-inner a:hover { text-decoration:underline; }\r\n .breadcrumb-inner .sep { color:#ddd; }\r\n\r\n .layout { max-width:1120px; margin:0 auto; padding:44px 48px 88px; display:grid; grid-template-columns:264px 1fr; gap:56px; align-items:start; }\r\n\r\n .chapter-heading-block { display:flex; align-items:center; gap:14px; margin:52px 0 22px; padding-bottom:14px; border-bottom:2.5px solid var(--navy); }\r\n .chapter-heading-block:first-child { margin-top:0; }\r\n .chapter-badge { background:var(--navy); color:#fff; font-size:10px; font-weight:700; padding:5px 16px; border-radius:4px; letter-spacing:0.1em; text-transform:uppercase; white-space:nowrap; flex-shrink:0; }\r\n .chapter-heading-block h2 { font-family:'Crimson Pro',Georgia,serif; font-size:23px; font-weight:700; color:var(--navy); margin:0; }\r\n\r\n .section-heading-block { display:flex; align-items:center; gap:12px; margin:38px 0 14px; }\r\n .section-badge { background:var(--blue); color:#fff; font-size:9.5px; font-weight:700; padding:4px 12px; border-radius:3px; letter-spacing:0.08em; white-space:nowrap; flex-shrink:0; }\r\n .section-badge.amber{background:var(--amber);} .section-badge.teal{background:var(--teal);}\r\n .section-badge.purple{background:var(--purple);} .section-badge.red{background:var(--red);} .section-badge.gold{background:var(--gold);} .section-badge.slate{background:var(--slate);}\r\n .section-heading-block h3 { font-size:17px; font-weight:700; color:var(--navy); margin:0; }\r\n\r\n .article h4 { font-size:14.5px; font-weight:700; color:var(--navy); margin:22px 0 10px; }\r\n .article p { color:#2c3e50; margin-bottom:12px; text-align:justify; hyphens:auto; }\r\n .article strong { color:#111; }\r\n .layout > .article, .layout > .sidebar { min-width:0; }\r\n .table-wrap { max-width:100%; }\r\n\r\n .icon-list { list-style:none; margin:0 0 14px; display:flex; flex-direction:column; gap:8px; }\r\n .icon-list li { display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:10px; font-size:15px; color:#2c3e50; line-height:1.78; text-align:justify; }\r\n .icon-list li .ico { font-size:15px; flex-shrink:0; margin-top:4px; width:20px; text-align:center; }\r\n\r\n \/* \u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500 Callouts: \"ledger-entry\" cards, one stamped index-chip + a distinct edge per role \u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500 *\/\r\n .callout { position:relative; padding:15px 18px 16px; margin:18px 0 22px; background:#f6faff;\r\n border:1px solid #e3edf8; border-left:3px solid var(--blue); border-radius:4px 9px 9px 4px;\r\n transition:box-shadow .18s ease, transform .18s ease; }\r\n .callout:hover { box-shadow:0 6px 20px -12px rgba(20,40,80,.35); }\r\n .callout > p { text-align:justify; }\r\n .callout > p:last-child { margin-bottom:0; }\r\n\r\n \/* label = stamped chip + caption *\/\r\n .callout-label { display:flex; align-items:center; gap:9px; margin-bottom:11px;\r\n font-family:'DM Sans',sans-serif; font-size:10.5px; font-weight:700;\r\n text-transform:uppercase; letter-spacing:0.11em; color:var(--blue); }\r\n .callout-label::before { content:'\\25C6'; flex:none; width:23px; height:23px; border-radius:6px;\r\n display:inline-grid; place-items:center; background:var(--blue); color:#fff;\r\n font-family:'JetBrains Mono',monospace; font-size:12px; line-height:1;\r\n box-shadow:0 1px 0 rgba(0,0,0,.12) inset, 0 2px 5px -2px rgba(0,0,0,.4); }\r\n\r\n \/* per-variant tint, accent colour, stamp glyph *\/\r\n .callout.blue { background:#f6faff; border-left-color:var(--blue); }\r\n .callout.teal { background:#f3fdf9; border-color:#cdeee0; border-left:3px dotted var(--teal); }\r\n .callout.teal .callout-label { color:var(--teal); } .callout.teal .callout-label::before{ content:'\\22A1'; background:var(--teal); }\r\n .callout.amber { background:#fffbf3; border-color:#f3e3c3; border-left-color:var(--amber); }\r\n .callout.amber .callout-label { color:#9a6a00; } .callout.amber .callout-label::before{ content:'\\0021'; background:var(--amber); }\r\n .callout.purple { background:#faf6ff; border-color:#e7dcf6; border-left-color:var(--purple); }\r\n .callout.purple .callout-label { color:var(--purple); } .callout.purple .callout-label::before{ content:'\\2756'; background:var(--purple); }\r\n .callout.slate { background:#f6f8fb; border:1px solid #dde5ee; border-left-width:1px; }\r\n .callout.slate .callout-label { color:var(--slate); } .callout.slate .callout-label::before{ content:'\\25B8'; background:var(--slate); }\r\n\r\n \/* gold = \"sealed statute\": full hairline frame + corner ticks *\/\r\n .callout.gold { background:#fffdf3; border:1.5px solid #e7cf8e; border-left-width:1.5px; border-radius:9px; }\r\n .callout.gold .callout-label { color:#8a6a00; } .callout.gold .callout-label::before{ content:'\\00A7'; background:var(--gold); color:#3a2c00; }\r\n .callout.gold::before, .callout.gold::after { content:''; position:absolute; width:9px; height:9px; border:1.5px solid var(--gold); }\r\n .callout.gold::before { top:6px; left:6px; border-right:0; border-bottom:0; }\r\n .callout.gold::after { bottom:6px; right:6px; border-left:0; border-top:0; }\r\n\r\n \/* red = \"audit flag\": louder, tinted header band behind the stamp, folded corner *\/\r\n .callout.red { background:#fff7f6; border-color:#f3cfca; border-left:4px solid var(--red); overflow:hidden; }\r\n .callout.red .callout-label { color:var(--red); margin:-15px -18px 12px; padding:11px 18px;\r\n background:linear-gradient(90deg,#fdecea,#fff7f6); border-bottom:1px solid #f3cfca; }\r\n .callout.red .callout-label::before{ content:'\\2691'; background:var(--red); }\r\n\r\n \/* purple keeps a subtle dog-ear to read as a \"special instrument\" *\/\r\n .callout.purple { overflow:hidden; }\r\n .callout.purple::after { content:''; position:absolute; top:0; right:0; border-width:0 16px 16px 0;\r\n border-style:solid; border-color:#fff #fff var(--purple) var(--purple); opacity:.55; }\r\n\r\n @media (prefers-reduced-motion: reduce){ .callout{ transition:none; } }\r\n\r\n .def-card { background:linear-gradient(135deg,#f3f8fd 0%,#e9f2fb 100%); border:1.5px solid #b9d2ec; border-radius:12px; padding:22px 26px; margin:18px 0 26px; position:relative; }\r\n .def-card::before { content:'\\201C'; position:absolute; top:6px; left:14px; font-family:Georgia,serif; font-size:60px; color:rgba(28,93,166,0.18); line-height:1; }\r\n .def-card .def-label { font-size:10.5px; font-weight:700; text-transform:uppercase; letter-spacing:0.14em; color:var(--blue); margin-bottom:8px; position:relative; z-index:1; }\r\n .def-card .def-text { font-size:15px; color:#1f3a55; line-height:1.78; position:relative; z-index:1; text-align:justify; }\r\n\r\n .compare-table { width:100%; border-collapse:collapse; margin:16px 0 24px; border-radius:8px; overflow:hidden; border:1px solid var(--border); table-layout:fixed; }\r\n .compare-intro { margin:20px 0 -2px; font-size:14.5px; color:#42526b; }\r\n .table-wrap { overflow-x:auto; -webkit-overflow-scrolling:touch; margin:16px 0 24px; }\r\n .table-wrap > .compare-table { margin:0; }\r\n .compare-table thead tr { background:var(--navy); color:#fff; }\r\n .compare-table th { padding:12px 16px; text-align:left; font-size:12.5px; font-weight:700; }\r\n .compare-table td { padding:11px 16px; font-size:14px; border-bottom:1px solid var(--border); color:#2c3e50; vertical-align:top; word-wrap:break-word; }\r\n .compare-table tr:nth-child(even) td { background:#f8fbfd; }\r\n .compare-table td.label-cell { font-weight:700; color:var(--navy); background:#eef4fa !important; }\r\n .compare-table td.code-cell { font-family:'JetBrains Mono',monospace; font-weight:700; color:var(--blue); background:#eef4fa !important; text-align:center; }\r\n\r\n .info-row { display:grid; grid-template-columns:repeat(auto-fit,minmax(150px,1fr)); gap:14px; margin:18px 0 26px; }\r\n .info-card { background:#fff; border:1.5px solid var(--border); border-top:4px solid var(--blue); border-radius:12px; padding:18px 16px; }\r\n .info-card.t-teal { border-top-color:var(--teal); }\r\n .info-card.t-amber { border-top-color:var(--amber); }\r\n .info-card.t-gold { border-top-color:var(--gold); }\r\n .info-card.t-red { border-top-color:var(--red); }\r\n .info-card.t-purple { border-top-color:var(--purple); }\r\n .info-card .ic-big { font-family:'JetBrains Mono',monospace; font-weight:800; font-size:20px; color:var(--navy); line-height:1.12; margin-bottom:5px; }\r\n .info-card .ic-cap { font-size:12.5px; color:#5a6b7d; line-height:1.5; }\r\n\r\n .parts-list { list-style:none; counter-reset:parts; margin:14px 0 22px; display:flex; flex-direction:column; gap:12px; }\r\n .parts-list > li { background:#fff; border:1.5px solid var(--border); border-radius:10px; padding:16px 18px 16px 60px; position:relative; font-size:14.5px; color:#2c3e50; line-height:1.72; counter-increment:parts; text-align:justify; }\r\n .parts-list > li::before { content:counter(parts,lower-alpha); position:absolute; left:16px; top:16px; width:32px; height:32px; background:var(--blue); color:#fff; border-radius:50%; display:flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; font-size:14px; font-weight:700; font-family:'JetBrains Mono',monospace; }\r\n .parts-list.roman > li::before { content:counter(parts,lower-roman); font-size:12px; }\r\n .parts-list.decimal > li::before { content:counter(parts); font-size:13px; }\r\n .parts-list.teal > li::before{background:var(--teal);} .parts-list.amber > li::before{background:var(--amber);}\r\n .parts-list.purple > li::before{background:var(--purple);} .parts-list.red > li::before{background:var(--red);} .parts-list.gold > li::before{background:var(--gold);} .parts-list.slate > li::before{background:var(--slate);}\r\n .parts-list > li strong { color:var(--navy); }\r\n\r\n .highlight-box { background:linear-gradient(135deg,#eef6ff 0%,#e4eefb 100%); border-left:4px solid var(--blue); border-radius:0 10px 10px 0; padding:16px 20px; margin:16px 0 22px; }\r\n .highlight-box .hl-label { font-size:10px; font-weight:700; text-transform:uppercase; letter-spacing:0.12em; color:var(--blue); margin-bottom:6px; }\r\n .highlight-box .hl-text { font-size:14.5px; color:#2c3e50; line-height:1.72; text-align:justify; }\r\n\r\n \/* flow: a genuine left-to-right (or stacked) sequence *\/\r\n .flow { display:flex; flex-wrap:wrap; gap:0; margin:20px 0 28px; align-items:stretch; }\r\n .flow-step { flex:1 1 0; min-width:140px; background:#fff; border:1.5px solid var(--border); border-radius:12px; padding:14px 15px; position:relative; }\r\n .flow-step + .flow-step { margin-left:28px; }\r\n .flow-step + .flow-step::before { content:'\\2192'; position:absolute; left:-23px; top:50%; transform:translateY(-50%); color:var(--sky); font-size:19px; font-weight:700; }\r\n .flow-step .fs-num { font-family:'JetBrains Mono',monospace; font-size:10.5px; font-weight:700; color:var(--blue); letter-spacing:0.08em; margin-bottom:6px; }\r\n .flow-step .fs-title { font-size:13px; font-weight:700; color:var(--navy); margin-bottom:4px; line-height:1.3; }\r\n .flow-step .fs-text { font-size:12px; color:#5a6b7d; line-height:1.55; }\r\n .flow.teal .flow-step+.flow-step::before{color:var(--teal);} .flow.teal .fs-num{color:var(--teal);}\r\n .flow.amber .flow-step+.flow-step::before{color:var(--amber);} .flow.amber .fs-num{color:#9a6a00;}\r\n .flow.purple .flow-step+.flow-step::before{color:var(--purple);} .flow.purple .fs-num{color:var(--purple);}\r\n @media (max-width:720px){ .flow{flex-direction:column;} .flow-step+.flow-step{margin-left:0;margin-top:28px;} .flow-step+.flow-step::before{content:'\\2193';left:50%;top:-24px;transform:translateX(-50%);} }\r\n\r\n .cat-grid { display:grid; grid-template-columns:repeat(2,1fr); gap:14px; margin:20px 0 28px; }\r\n .cat-grid.three{grid-template-columns:repeat(3,1fr);} .cat-grid.four{grid-template-columns:repeat(4,1fr);}\r\n .cat-card { border-radius:10px; padding:18px 18px; border:1.5px solid var(--border); }\r\n .cat-card.a{border-color:#9dc3ec;background:#f0f7ff;} .cat-card.b{border-color:#7fd3c5;background:#f0fdf8;}\r\n .cat-card.c{border-color:#f0d58a;background:#fffbf0;} .cat-card.d{border-color:#f5a0a0;background:#fff5f5;} .cat-card.e{border-color:#d1baf0;background:#f9f5ff;}\r\n .cat-label { font-size:9.5px; font-weight:700; text-transform:uppercase; letter-spacing:0.12em; color:var(--muted); margin-bottom:6px; }\r\n .cat-title { font-size:14.5px; font-weight:700; color:var(--navy); margin-bottom:8px; }\r\n .cat-card.a .cat-title{color:var(--blue);} .cat-card.b .cat-title{color:var(--teal);} .cat-card.c .cat-title{color:var(--amber);} .cat-card.d .cat-title{color:var(--red);} .cat-card.e .cat-title{color:var(--purple);}\r\n .cat-card p { font-size:13px; color:#2c3e50; line-height:1.7; text-align:justify; }\r\n .cat-badge { display:inline-block; font-size:22px; font-weight:900; margin-bottom:6px; font-family:'JetBrains Mono',monospace; line-height:1; }\r\n .cat-card.a .cat-badge{color:var(--blue);} .cat-card.b .cat-badge{color:var(--teal);} .cat-card.c .cat-badge{color:var(--amber);} .cat-card.d .cat-badge{color:var(--red);} .cat-card.e .cat-badge{color:var(--purple);}\r\n\r\n .chapter-pane { display:none; animation:fadeIn 0.3s ease; }\r\n .chapter-pane.active { display:block; }\r\n @keyframes fadeIn { from{opacity:0;transform:translateY(4px);} to{opacity:1;transform:translateY(0);} }\r\n\r\n .sidebar { position:sticky; top:24px; max-height:calc(100vh - 48px); }\r\n .toc-card { background:#fff; border:1px solid var(--border); border-radius:12px; padding:16px 12px; max-height:calc(100vh - 48px); overflow-y:auto; }\r\n .toc-card-title { font-size:10px; font-weight:700; text-transform:uppercase; letter-spacing:0.14em; color:var(--muted); margin:4px 0 14px; padding:0 4px; }\r\n .toc-chapter { margin-bottom:8px; }\r\n .toc-chapter-header { background:var(--navy); border-radius:10px; padding:12px; color:#fff; cursor:pointer; display:flex; align-items:center; gap:10px; list-style:none; transition:background 0.18s; }\r\n .toc-chapter-header::-webkit-details-marker { display:none; }\r\n .toc-chapter-header:hover { background:#163457; }\r\n .toc-ch-badge { background:#ffd95a; color:#10243f; font-size:10px; font-weight:800; letter-spacing:0.06em; padding:4px 8px; border-radius:5px; flex-shrink:0; min-width:38px; text-align:center; line-height:1; }\r\n .toc-ch-title { flex:1; font-size:13.5px; font-weight:700; line-height:1.25; color:#fff; }\r\n .toc-ch-chev { font-size:10px; color:rgba(255,255,255,0.8); transition:transform 0.22s ease; flex-shrink:0; }\r\n .toc-chapter[open] > .toc-chapter-header { background:#163457; }\r\n .toc-chapter[open] > .toc-chapter-header .toc-ch-chev { transform:rotate(90deg); }\r\n .toc-sub-wrap { position:relative; margin:6px 0 6px 18px; padding-left:14px; }\r\n .toc-sub-wrap::before { content:''; position:absolute; left:0; top:6px; bottom:8px; width:1px; background:repeating-linear-gradient(to bottom,#d0d8e2 0px,#d0d8e2 2px,transparent 2px,transparent 5px); }\r\n .toc-sub-list { list-style:none; }\r\n .toc-sub-list li { display:flex; align-items:flex-start; gap:6px; padding:5px 4px 5px 0; }\r\n .toc-sub-num { flex-shrink:0; font-family:'JetBrains Mono',monospace; font-size:10.5px; color:var(--muted); font-weight:600; line-height:1.5; min-width:40px; padding-top:1px; }\r\n .toc-sub-list a { flex:1; font-size:13px; color:#2c3e50; line-height:1.45; padding:1px 4px; border-radius:3px; transition:color 0.15s; }\r\n .toc-sub-list a:hover { color:var(--blue); }\r\n .toc-sub-list a.active { color:var(--blue); font-weight:700; }\r\n .toc-sub-list .toc-app .toc-sub-num, .toc-sub-list .toc-app a { color:var(--purple); }\r\n .toc-sub-list .toc-app a:hover, .toc-sub-list .toc-app a.active { color:#5a2a8a; font-weight:700; }\r\n\r\n .recap { background:linear-gradient(135deg,#10243f 0%,#193b63 100%); border-radius:14px; padding:28px 30px; margin:44px 0 0; color:#fff; }\r\n .recap-title { font-family:'Crimson Pro',Georgia,serif; font-size:20px; font-weight:700; margin-bottom:18px; display:flex; align-items:center; gap:10px; }\r\n .recap table { width:100%; border-collapse:collapse; }\r\n .recap th, .recap td { padding:10px 14px; text-align:left; border-bottom:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.12); font-size:13.5px; }\r\n .recap th { font-size:11px; text-transform:uppercase; letter-spacing:0.1em; opacity:0.7; font-weight:700; }\r\n .recap td:first-child { font-weight:700; color:#ffd700; width:38%; }\r\n .recap td strong { color:#ffd95a; font-weight:700; }\r\n .recap td:first-child strong { color:inherit; }\r\n\r\n .ix { border:1.5px solid var(--border); border-radius:14px; margin:30px 0 28px; overflow:hidden; background:#fff; }\r\n .ix-head { background:linear-gradient(135deg,#10243f 0%,#193b63 100%); color:#fff; padding:14px 20px; display:flex; align-items:center; gap:12px; }\r\n .ix-head .ix-chip { background:#ffd95a; color:#10243f; font-size:9.5px; font-weight:800; letter-spacing:0.1em; padding:4px 10px; border-radius:20px; text-transform:uppercase; flex-shrink:0; }\r\n .ix-head h4 { font-size:14px; font-weight:700; color:#fff; margin:0; }\r\n .ix-body { padding:20px; }\r\n .ix-help { font-size:12.5px; color:var(--muted); margin:0 0 14px; }\r\n .quiz-q { font-size:14.5px; font-weight:700; color:var(--navy); margin-bottom:14px; display:flex; gap:8px; align-items:baseline; }\r\n .quiz-q .q-tag { font-family:'JetBrains Mono',monospace; font-size:24px; font-weight:700; color:var(--blue); flex-shrink:0; }\r\n .quiz-opts { display:grid; grid-template-columns:repeat(2,1fr); gap:10px; margin-bottom:6px; }\r\n .quiz-opt { border:1.5px solid var(--border); border-radius:9px; padding:12px 14px; font-size:13.5px; font-weight:600; color:#2c3e50; cursor:pointer; transition:all 0.15s; text-align:left; background:#fff; }\r\n .quiz-opt:hover { border-color:var(--blue); background:#f0f7ff; }\r\n .quiz-opt.correct { border-color:var(--teal); background:#eafaf5; color:#0a6354; }\r\n .quiz-opt.wrong { border-color:var(--red); background:#fdf2f1; color:var(--red); }\r\n .quiz-opt.lock { pointer-events:none; opacity:0.55; }\r\n .quiz-opt.lock.correct, .quiz-opt.lock.wrong { opacity:1; }\r\n .quiz-fb { margin-top:12px; font-size:13px; line-height:1.6; color:var(--muted); padding:0 2px; min-height:18px; }\r\n .quiz-fb strong { color:var(--navy); }\r\n .quiz-foot { display:flex; align-items:center; justify-content:space-between; margin-top:16px; padding-top:14px; border-top:1px solid var(--border); }\r\n .quiz-score { font-size:12.5px; font-weight:700; color:var(--navy); font-family:'JetBrains Mono',monospace; }\r\n .quiz-btn { background:var(--blue); color:#fff; border:none; font-family:'DM Sans',sans-serif; font-size:12.5px; font-weight:700; padding:9px 18px; border-radius:8px; cursor:pointer; transition:background 0.15s; }\r\n .quiz-btn:hover { background:#16538f; }\r\n .quiz-btn:disabled { background:#b9c6d4; cursor:default; }\r\n\r\n .term-grid { display:grid; grid-template-columns:repeat(auto-fit,minmax(150px,1fr)); gap:10px; margin:16px 0 24px; }\r\n .term-chip { background:#fff; border:1.5px solid var(--border); border-radius:10px; padding:11px 12px; transition:transform .15s, box-shadow .15s, border-color .15s; }\r\n .term-chip:hover { transform:translateY(-3px); box-shadow:0 8px 20px rgba(16,36,63,.10); border-color:var(--teal); }\r\n .term-chip .tc-num { font-family:'JetBrains Mono',monospace; font-weight:800; font-size:11px; color:var(--blue); }\r\n .term-chip .tc-name { font-size:12.5px; font-weight:700; color:var(--navy); line-height:1.35; margin-top:2px; }\r\n\r\n .note-list { list-style:none; display:flex; flex-direction:column; gap:10px; margin:14px 0 22px; }\r\n .note-list > li { display:flex; gap:12px; align-items:flex-start; background:#fff; border:1.5px solid var(--border); border-left:3px solid var(--blue); border-radius:0 9px 9px 0; padding:12px 16px; }\r\n .note-list > li .nl-tag { flex-shrink:0; font-family:'JetBrains Mono',monospace; font-size:10.5px; font-weight:800; color:#fff; background:var(--blue); padding:5px 9px; border-radius:6px; letter-spacing:.03em; min-width:58px; text-align:center; line-height:1.3; margin-top:1px; }\r\n .note-list > li .nl-text { font-size:14px; color:#2c3e50; line-height:1.7; text-align:justify; }\r\n .note-list > li .nl-text strong { color:var(--navy); }\r\n .note-list.amber > li { border-left-color:var(--amber); } .note-list.amber > li .nl-tag { background:var(--amber); }\r\n .note-list.red > li { border-left-color:var(--red); } .note-list.red > li .nl-tag { background:var(--red); }\r\n .note-list.teal > li { border-left-color:var(--teal); } .note-list.teal > li .nl-tag { background:var(--teal); }\r\n .note-list.purple > li { border-left-color:var(--purple); } .note-list.purple > li .nl-tag { background:var(--purple); }\r\n .note-list.gold > li { border-left-color:var(--gold); } .note-list.gold > li .nl-tag { background:#a8810f; }\r\n .note-list.slate > li { border-left-color:var(--slate); } .note-list.slate > li .nl-tag { background:var(--slate); }\r\n\r\n @media (max-width:880px) {\r\n .layout { grid-template-columns:1fr; gap:32px; padding:28px 24px 64px; }\r\n .sidebar { position:static; }\r\n .cat-grid, .cat-grid.three, .cat-grid.four { grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr; }\r\n .hero { padding:48px 24px 44px; }\r\n .breadcrumb-bar, .scope-banner { padding:10px 24px; }\r\n .hero-grid { grid-template-columns:1fr; gap:24px; }\r\n .hero-illustration { width:250px; margin:0 auto; }\r\n }\r\n @media (max-width:640px) {\r\n \/* wide head-to-head tables scroll instead of crushing; show a soft edge hint *\/\r\n .compare-table.wide { min-width:560px; }\r\n .table-wrap { border:1px solid var(--border); border-radius:10px;\r\n background:linear-gradient(90deg,#fff 30%,rgba(255,255,255,0)),\r\n linear-gradient(90deg,rgba(255,255,255,0),#fff 70%) 100% 0,\r\n radial-gradient(farthest-side at 0 50%,rgba(16,36,63,.14),transparent),\r\n radial-gradient(farthest-side at 100% 50%,rgba(16,36,63,.14),transparent) 100% 0;\r\n background-repeat:no-repeat; background-size:40px 100%,40px 100%,14px 100%,14px 100%;\r\n background-attachment:local,local,scroll,scroll; }\r\n .compare-table th { font-size:12px; padding:10px 12px; }\r\n .compare-table td { font-size:13px; padding:9px 12px; }\r\n }\r\n @media (max-width:520px) {\r\n .hero h1 { font-size:24px; }\r\n .cat-grid, .cat-grid.three, .cat-grid.four { grid-template-columns:1fr; }\r\n .quiz-opts { grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr; }\r\n .hero-illustration { display:none; }\r\n .layout { padding:22px 16px 56px; gap:26px; }\r\n .breadcrumb-bar, .scope-banner { padding:9px 16px; }\r\n .hero { padding:40px 18px 36px; }\r\n .recap { padding:20px 18px; }\r\n .callout { padding:14px 15px 15px; }\r\n .def-card { padding:18px 18px; }\r\n .def-card::before { font-size:46px; }\r\n .info-row { grid-template-columns:1fr; }\r\n .section-heading-block { margin:30px 0 12px; }\r\n }\r\n<\/style>\r\n<link rel=\"preconnect\" href=\"https:\/\/fonts.googleapis.com\">\r\n<link rel=\"preconnect\" href=\"https:\/\/fonts.gstatic.com\" crossorigin>\r\n<link href=\"https:\/\/fonts.googleapis.com\/css2?family=Crimson+Pro:wght@400;600;700&family=DM+Sans:wght@400;500;700&family=JetBrains+Mono:wght@400;700&display=swap\" rel=\"stylesheet\">\r\n<\/head>\r\n<body>\r\n\r\n<!-- \u2500\u2500 HERO \u2500\u2500 -->\r\n<div class=\"hero\">\r\n <div class=\"hero-inner hero-grid\">\r\n <div class=\"hero-text\">\r\n \r\n <h1>Budget Manual of the Government of India<\/h1>\r\n <p class=\"hero-sub\">The authoritative procedural rule-book for the entire <strong>Union Budget cycle<\/strong> \u2014 from the Budget Circular to the closing of accounts. Anchored in the <strong>Constitution (Articles 112–117, 265–267, 280)<\/strong>, the <strong>FRBM Act 2003<\/strong>, the GFR 2017 and the DFPR 1978, this revised (2nd) edition reflects the advanced budget date (1 February), the merger of the Rail Budget, the removal of the Plan\/Non-Plan distinction and the paperless, digital Budget. These notes cover the <strong>Foundations<\/strong> (glossary & constitutional provisions) and <strong>all seven chapters<\/strong>.<\/p>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div class=\"hero-illustration\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\r\n <svg viewBox=\"0 0 340 280\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"A budget briefcase with a rupee symbol before the Parliament dome\">\r\n <ellipse cx=\"170\" cy=\"262\" rx=\"132\" ry=\"12\" fill=\"rgba(0,0,0,0.18)\"\/>\r\n <!-- parliament-style dome behind -->\r\n <rect x=\"92\" y=\"78\" width=\"156\" height=\"92\" rx=\"4\" fill=\"#0f3257\" stroke=\"#0a2238\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <path d=\"M104 78 Q170 28 236 78 Z\" fill=\"#13507f\" stroke=\"#0a2238\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <circle cx=\"170\" cy=\"60\" r=\"7\" fill=\"#ffd95a\"\/>\r\n <g stroke=\"#2d8ecf\" stroke-width=\"3\">\r\n <line x1=\"112\" y1=\"92\" x2=\"112\" y2=\"162\"\/>\r\n <line x1=\"132\" y1=\"92\" x2=\"132\" y2=\"162\"\/>\r\n <line x1=\"152\" y1=\"92\" x2=\"152\" y2=\"162\"\/>\r\n <line x1=\"188\" y1=\"92\" x2=\"188\" y2=\"162\"\/>\r\n <line x1=\"208\" y1=\"92\" x2=\"208\" y2=\"162\"\/>\r\n <line x1=\"228\" y1=\"92\" x2=\"228\" y2=\"162\"\/>\r\n <\/g>\r\n <!-- budget briefcase \/ bahi-khata in front -->\r\n <rect x=\"118\" y=\"150\" width=\"104\" height=\"74\" rx=\"9\" fill=\"#c97c10\" stroke=\"#8a5a10\" stroke-width=\"3\"\/>\r\n <rect x=\"118\" y=\"166\" width=\"104\" height=\"9\" fill=\"#8a5a10\"\/>\r\n <rect x=\"156\" y=\"140\" width=\"28\" height=\"16\" rx=\"4\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#8a5a10\" stroke-width=\"3\"\/>\r\n <!-- rupee medallion -->\r\n <circle cx=\"170\" cy=\"194\" r=\"20\" fill=\"#fffaf0\" stroke=\"#8a5a10\" stroke-width=\"3\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"170\" y=\"203\" font-family=\"Georgia,serif\" font-size=\"24\" font-weight=\"700\" text-anchor=\"middle\" fill=\"#10243f\">₹<\/text>\r\n <!-- gavel for legislature -->\r\n <g transform=\"rotate(40 252 132)\">\r\n <rect x=\"240\" y=\"96\" width=\"14\" height=\"46\" rx=\"3\" fill=\"#41617f\" stroke=\"#2a4156\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <rect x=\"232\" y=\"84\" width=\"30\" height=\"20\" rx=\"4\" fill=\"#1c5da6\" stroke=\"#13456f\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <\/g>\r\n <!-- audit tick -->\r\n <circle cx=\"86\" cy=\"120\" r=\"22\" fill=\"#0e8f7a\" stroke=\"#0a6354\" stroke-width=\"3\"\/>\r\n <path d=\"M76 120 l7 8 13 -16\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#fff\" stroke-width=\"4\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/>\r\n <\/svg>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<!-- \u2500\u2500 SCOPE BANNER \u2500\u2500 -->\r\n<div class=\"scope-banner\">\r\n <div class=\"scope-inner\">\r\n <span>▶<\/span>\r\n <span><strong>This build covers the complete manual.<\/strong> Foundations (Glossary & Constitutional Provisions) · Ch 1 Introduction to the Budget · Ch 2 Roles & Responsibilities · Ch 3 Budget Process · Ch 4 Budget Finalization · Ch 5 Budget Execution · Ch 6 Budget Review · Ch 7 Structure of Government Accounts.<\/span>\r\n <\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<!-- \u2500\u2500 BREADCRUMB \u2500\u2500 -->\r\n<div class=\"breadcrumb-bar\">\r\n <div class=\"breadcrumb-inner\">\r\n <a href=\"#\">Home<\/a>\r\n <span class=\"sep\">›<\/span>\r\n <a href=\"#\">Notes<\/a>\r\n <span class=\"sep\">›<\/span>\r\n <span>Budget Manual of the Government of India (2022)<\/span>\r\n <\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"layout\">\r\n <aside class=\"sidebar\">\r\n <div class=\"toc-card\">\r\n <div class=\"toc-card-title\">Table of Contents<\/div>\r\n\r\n <details class=\"toc-chapter\" data-chapter=\"0\" open>\r\n <summary class=\"toc-chapter-header\">\r\n <span class=\"toc-ch-badge\">FND<\/span>\r\n <span class=\"toc-ch-title\">Foundations: Glossary & Constitution<\/span>\r\n <span class=\"toc-ch-chev\">▶<\/span>\r\n <\/summary>\r\n <div class=\"toc-sub-wrap\"><ul class=\"toc-sub-list\">\r\n <li><span class=\"toc-sub-num\">F.1<\/span><a href=\"#f-funds\">The Three Funds<\/a><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"toc-sub-num\">F.2<\/span><a href=\"#f-terms\">Core Budget Vocabulary<\/a><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"toc-sub-num\">F.3<\/span><a href=\"#f-grants\">Grants, Estimates & Service Terms<\/a><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"toc-sub-num\">F.4<\/span><a href=\"#f-arts\">Constitutional Provisions<\/a><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"toc-sub-num\">F.5<\/span><a href=\"#f-fc\">Finance Commission & Borrowing<\/a><\/li>\r\n <li class=\"toc-app\"><span class=\"toc-sub-num\">★<\/span><a href=\"#f-recap\">Foundations \u2014 Quick Recap<\/a><\/li>\r\n <\/ul><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n\r\n <details class=\"toc-chapter\" data-chapter=\"1\">\r\n <summary class=\"toc-chapter-header\">\r\n <span class=\"toc-ch-badge\">CH 1<\/span>\r\n <span class=\"toc-ch-title\">Introduction to the Budget<\/span>\r\n <span class=\"toc-ch-chev\">▶<\/span>\r\n <\/summary>\r\n <div class=\"toc-sub-wrap\"><ul class=\"toc-sub-list\">\r\n <li><span class=\"toc-sub-num\">1.1<\/span><a href=\"#c1-budget\">Budget & the Financial Year<\/a><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"toc-sub-num\">1.2<\/span><a href=\"#c1-features\">Features of the Budget<\/a><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"toc-sub-num\">1.3<\/span><a href=\"#c1-scope\">Scope & the Three Years<\/a><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"toc-sub-num\">1.4<\/span><a href=\"#c1-docs\">The Budget Documents (A\u2013M)<\/a><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"toc-sub-num\">1.5<\/span><a href=\"#c1-ddg\">Detailed Demands for Grants<\/a><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"toc-sub-num\">1.6<\/span><a href=\"#c1-rail\">Merger of the Rail Budget<\/a><\/li>\r\n <li class=\"toc-app\"><span class=\"toc-sub-num\">★<\/span><a href=\"#c1-recap\">Chapter 1 \u2014 Quick Recap<\/a><\/li>\r\n <\/ul><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n\r\n <details class=\"toc-chapter\" data-chapter=\"2\">\r\n <summary class=\"toc-chapter-header\">\r\n <span class=\"toc-ch-badge\">CH 2<\/span>\r\n <span class=\"toc-ch-title\">Roles & Responsibilities<\/span>\r\n <span class=\"toc-ch-chev\">▶<\/span>\r\n <\/summary>\r\n <div class=\"toc-sub-wrap\"><ul class=\"toc-sub-list\">\r\n <li><span class=\"toc-sub-num\">2.1<\/span><a href=\"#c2-parl\">Role of Parliament<\/a><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"toc-sub-num\">2.5<\/span><a href=\"#c2-present\">Presentation & General Discussion<\/a><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"toc-sub-num\">2.7<\/span><a href=\"#c2-cuts\">Cut-Motions & Guillotine<\/a><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"toc-sub-num\">2.9<\/span><a href=\"#c2-bills\">Appropriation & Finance Bills<\/a><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"toc-sub-num\">2.13<\/span><a href=\"#c2-exec\">Executive: MoF & Budget Division<\/a><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"toc-sub-num\">2.17<\/span><a href=\"#c2-fa\">Financial Advisers & CGA<\/a><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"toc-sub-num\">2.22<\/span><a href=\"#c2-cag\">C&AG & Parliamentary Control<\/a><\/li>\r\n <li class=\"toc-app\"><span class=\"toc-sub-num\">★<\/span><a href=\"#c2-recap\">Chapter 2 \u2014 Quick Recap<\/a><\/li>\r\n <\/ul><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n\r\n <details class=\"toc-chapter\" data-chapter=\"3\">\r\n <summary class=\"toc-chapter-header\">\r\n <span class=\"toc-ch-badge\">CH 3<\/span>\r\n <span class=\"toc-ch-title\">Budget Process<\/span>\r\n <span class=\"toc-ch-chev\">▶<\/span>\r\n <\/summary>\r\n <div class=\"toc-sub-wrap\"><ul class=\"toc-sub-list\">\r\n <li><span class=\"toc-sub-num\">3.1<\/span><a href=\"#c3-timeline\">Process & Budget Circular<\/a><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"toc-sub-num\">3.6<\/span><a href=\"#c3-receipts\">Estimates of Receipts<\/a><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"toc-sub-num\">3.9<\/span><a href=\"#c3-exp\">Estimates of Expenditure<\/a><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"toc-sub-num\">3.10<\/span><a href=\"#c3-sbe\">SBE & the Six Categories<\/a><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"toc-sub-num\">3.12<\/span><a href=\"#c3-ner\">NER, Pensions & SC\/ST<\/a><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"toc-sub-num\">3.16<\/span><a href=\"#c3-ddg\">Detailed Demands & FRBM Disclosures<\/a><\/li>\r\n <li class=\"toc-app\"><span class=\"toc-sub-num\">★<\/span><a href=\"#c3-recap\">Chapter 3 \u2014 Quick Recap<\/a><\/li>\r\n <\/ul><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n\r\n <details class=\"toc-chapter\" data-chapter=\"4\">\r\n <summary class=\"toc-chapter-header\">\r\n <span class=\"toc-ch-badge\">CH 4<\/span>\r\n <span class=\"toc-ch-title\">Budget Finalization<\/span>\r\n <span class=\"toc-ch-chev\">▶<\/span>\r\n <\/summary>\r\n <div class=\"toc-sub-wrap\"><ul class=\"toc-sub-list\">\r\n <li><span class=\"toc-sub-num\">4.1<\/span><a href=\"#c4-timelines\">Activities & Timelines<\/a><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"toc-sub-num\">4.3<\/span><a href=\"#c4-sbe\">SBE Scrutiny & UBIS<\/a><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"toc-sub-num\">4.4<\/span><a href=\"#c4-docs\">Preparing the Documents<\/a><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"toc-sub-num\">4.5<\/span><a href=\"#c4-press\">Budget Press & Lock-in<\/a><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"toc-sub-num\">4.6<\/span><a href=\"#c4-oomf\">Outcome Budget (OOMF)<\/a><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"toc-sub-num\">4.7<\/span><a href=\"#c4-parl\">Budget in Parliament<\/a><\/li>\r\n <li class=\"toc-app\"><span class=\"toc-sub-num\">★<\/span><a href=\"#c4-recap\">Chapter 4 \u2014 Quick Recap<\/a><\/li>\r\n <\/ul><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n\r\n <details class=\"toc-chapter\" data-chapter=\"5\">\r\n <summary class=\"toc-chapter-header\">\r\n <span class=\"toc-ch-badge\">CH 5<\/span>\r\n <span class=\"toc-ch-title\">Budget Execution<\/span>\r\n <span class=\"toc-ch-chev\">▶<\/span>\r\n <\/summary>\r\n <div class=\"toc-sub-wrap\"><ul class=\"toc-sub-list\">\r\n <li><span class=\"toc-sub-num\">5.1<\/span><a href=\"#c5-comm\">Communication & Control<\/a><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"toc-sub-num\">5.4<\/span><a href=\"#c5-cmec\">Cash Management & RE<\/a><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"toc-sub-num\">5.6<\/span><a href=\"#c5-reapp\">Re-appropriations & NS\/NIS<\/a><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"toc-sub-num\">5.7<\/span><a href=\"#c5-supp\">Supplementary Demands<\/a><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"toc-sub-num\">5.8<\/span><a href=\"#c5-excess\">Excess Grants & Surrenders<\/a><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"toc-sub-num\">5.11<\/span><a href=\"#c5-caa\">Chief Accounting Authority & Devolution<\/a><\/li>\r\n <li class=\"toc-app\"><span class=\"toc-sub-num\">★<\/span><a href=\"#c5-recap\">Chapter 5 \u2014 Quick Recap<\/a><\/li>\r\n <\/ul><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n\r\n <details class=\"toc-chapter\" data-chapter=\"6\">\r\n <summary class=\"toc-chapter-header\">\r\n <span class=\"toc-ch-badge\">CH 6<\/span>\r\n <span class=\"toc-ch-title\">Budget Review<\/span>\r\n <span class=\"toc-ch-chev\">▶<\/span>\r\n <\/summary>\r\n <div class=\"toc-sub-wrap\"><ul class=\"toc-sub-list\">\r\n <li><span class=\"toc-sub-num\">6.1<\/span><a href=\"#c6-frbm\">Reviews under FRBM & MTEF<\/a><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"toc-sub-num\">6.3<\/span><a href=\"#c6-dmeo\">Monitoring & Evaluation (DMEO)<\/a><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"toc-sub-num\">6.5<\/span><a href=\"#c6-audit\">Internal Audit & C&AG<\/a><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"toc-sub-num\">6.7<\/span><a href=\"#c6-pac\">Public Accounts Committee<\/a><\/li>\r\n <li class=\"toc-app\"><span class=\"toc-sub-num\">★<\/span><a href=\"#c6-recap\">Chapter 6 \u2014 Quick Recap<\/a><\/li>\r\n <\/ul><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n\r\n <details class=\"toc-chapter\" data-chapter=\"7\">\r\n <summary class=\"toc-chapter-header\">\r\n <span class=\"toc-ch-badge\">CH 7<\/span>\r\n <span class=\"toc-ch-title\">Structure of Govt Accounts<\/span>\r\n <span class=\"toc-ch-chev\">▶<\/span>\r\n <\/summary>\r\n <div class=\"toc-sub-wrap\"><ul class=\"toc-sub-list\">\r\n <li><span class=\"toc-sub-num\">7.2<\/span><a href=\"#c7-cfi\">Consolidated Fund<\/a><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"toc-sub-num\">7.3<\/span><a href=\"#c7-cf\">Contingency Fund<\/a><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"toc-sub-num\">7.4<\/span><a href=\"#c7-pa\">Public Account<\/a><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"toc-sub-num\">7.5<\/span><a href=\"#c7-accounts\">Union Government Accounts<\/a><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"toc-sub-num\">7.6<\/span><a href=\"#c7-features\">Features of the Accounting System<\/a><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"toc-sub-num\">7.7<\/span><a href=\"#c7-class\">Classification \u2014 Six Tiers<\/a><\/li>\r\n <li class=\"toc-app\"><span class=\"toc-sub-num\">★<\/span><a href=\"#c7-recap\">Chapter 7 \u2014 Quick Recap<\/a><\/li>\r\n <\/ul><\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n\r\n <\/div>\r\n <\/aside>\r\n\r\n <main class=\"article\">\r\n <!-- \u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550 FOUNDATIONS \u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550 -->\r\n <section class=\"chapter-pane active\" id=\"pane-ch0\" data-chapter=\"0\">\r\n\r\n <div class=\"chapter-heading-block\" id=\"f-funds\">\r\n <span class=\"chapter-badge\">FND \u00b7 FOUNDATIONS<\/span>\r\n <h2>Glossary & Constitutional Provisions on the Budget<\/h2>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"def-card\">\r\n <div class=\"def-label\">The Budget, in one line<\/div>\r\n <div class=\"def-text\">\r\n Although the word \"Budget\" never appears in the Constitution, <strong>Article 112<\/strong> requires the President to lay before both Houses, for every financial year, a statement of the Government's estimated receipts and expenditure \u2014 the <strong>Annual Financial Statement (AFS)<\/strong>. The Budget is prepared on a <strong>cash basis<\/strong> as a statement of estimated receipts and expenditure framed in line with fiscal policy.\r\n <\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\">\r\n <span class=\"section-badge teal\">F.1<\/span>\r\n <h3>The three Funds that hold all public money<\/h3>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"cat-grid three\">\r\n <div class=\"cat-card a\">\r\n <div class=\"cat-label\">Article 266(1)<\/div>\r\n <div class=\"cat-title\">Consolidated Fund of India<\/div>\r\n <p>Holds <strong>all revenues, all loans raised, and all money received in repayment of loans<\/strong>. Nothing can be withdrawn except by an <strong>appropriation made by law<\/strong>. Withdrawals need Parliament's vote (except charged items).<\/p>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div class=\"cat-card c\">\r\n <div class=\"cat-label\">Article 267<\/div>\r\n <div class=\"cat-title\">Contingency Fund of India<\/div>\r\n <p>An <strong>imprest<\/strong> at the President's disposal for <strong>unforeseen expenditure<\/strong> pending Parliament's authorisation. Set up under the <strong>Contingency Fund of India Act, 1950<\/strong>; advances are recouped after Parliament approves them via Supplementary Demands.<\/p>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div class=\"cat-card b\">\r\n <div class=\"cat-label\">Article 266(2)<\/div>\r\n <div class=\"cat-title\">Public Account of India<\/div>\r\n <p>Holds <strong>all other public money<\/strong> received by Government (provident funds, deposits, remittances). Disbursements are <strong>not subject to Parliament's vote<\/strong> as they are not issued out of the Consolidated Fund.<\/p>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"f-terms\">\r\n <span class=\"section-badge blue\">F.2<\/span>\r\n <h3>Core budget vocabulary<\/h3>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"callout blue\">\r\n <div class=\"callout-label\">Statements, estimates & the actuals<\/div>\r\n <ul class=\"note-list\">\r\n <li><span class=\"nl-tag\">AFS<\/span><span class=\"nl-text\"><strong>Annual Financial Statement<\/strong> \u2014 the document under Article 112; \"the Budget\".<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"nl-tag\">BE<\/span><span class=\"nl-text\"><strong>Budget Estimates<\/strong> \u2014 detailed estimates of receipts and expenditure for a financial year.<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"nl-tag\">RE<\/span><span class=\"nl-text\"><strong>Revised Estimates<\/strong> \u2014 a mid-year re-estimate of probable receipts\/expenditure for the current year, framed from transactions already recorded plus those anticipated for the rest of the year. <strong>Not voted<\/strong> by Parliament.<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"nl-tag\">ACTUALS<\/span><span class=\"nl-text\"><strong>Accounts \/ Actuals<\/strong> \u2014 the receipts and disbursements of the year (1 April–31 March) as finally recorded in the accounting authority's books, audited by C&AG. <strong>Provisional Accounts<\/strong> are the unaudited accounts compiled by CGA.<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"nl-tag\">DEPT EST<\/span><span class=\"nl-text\"><strong>Departmental Estimate<\/strong> \u2014 a department's estimate of income & expenditure submitted by the estimating officer to the Finance Ministry.<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <p class=\"compare-intro\"><strong>Voted vs Charged expenditure<\/strong> \u2014 the single distinction that decides whether Parliament gets to vote on a provision at all.<\/p>\r\n <div class=\"table-wrap\"><table class=\"compare-table wide\">\r\n <colgroup><col style=\"width:22%\"><col style=\"width:39%\"><col style=\"width:39%\"><\/colgroup>\r\n <thead><tr><th>Aspect<\/th><th>Voted expenditure<\/th><th>Charged expenditure<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>\r\n <tbody>\r\n <tr><td class=\"label-cell\">Parliament's role<\/td><td>Submitted to the <strong>vote of the Lok Sabha<\/strong>; may be assented to, reduced or refused.<\/td><td><strong>Not submitted to the vote<\/strong> \u2014 the House may discuss it, but cannot vote on it.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td class=\"label-cell\">How it is shown<\/td><td>Listed as a <strong>Demand for Grant<\/strong>.<\/td><td>Shown as an <strong>Appropriation<\/strong> (Charged Appropriation), not a Demand.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td class=\"label-cell\">Underlying nature<\/td><td>Discretionary expenditure that Parliament authorises afresh each year.<\/td><td>Obligatory charges the Constitution places directly on the Consolidated Fund (e.g. debt charges, salaries of the President, judges and the C&AG).<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <\/tbody>\r\n <\/table><\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"callout slate\">\r\n <div class=\"callout-label\">Appropriation & the key officers<\/div>\r\n <ul class=\"note-list slate\">\r\n <li><span class=\"nl-tag\">APPROP<\/span><span class=\"nl-text\"><strong>Appropriation<\/strong> \u2014 the amount authorised by Parliament for expenditure; where a head needs no vote it appears as an \"Appropriation\" rather than a \"Demand\".<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"nl-tag\">CGA<\/span><span class=\"nl-text\"><strong>Controller General of Accounts<\/strong> \u2014 the principal Accounts Adviser to the Government; prepares a monthly critical analysis for the Finance Minister and the Appropriation & Union Finance Accounts.<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"nl-tag\">CO<\/span><span class=\"nl-text\"><strong>Controlling Officer (Budget)<\/strong> controls expenditure\/revenue collection; a <strong>Disbursing Officer<\/strong> draws bills and makes payments on Government's behalf.<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"nl-tag\">FA<\/span><span class=\"nl-text\"><strong>Financial Adviser<\/strong> \u2014 appointed in a Ministry to handle financial advice, budget\/accounts and expenditure control on behalf of the Finance Ministry.<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"f-grants\">\r\n <span class=\"section-badge amber\">F.3<\/span>\r\n <h3>Grants, primary units & \"new service\" terms<\/h3>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"callout amber\">\r\n <div class=\"callout-label\">The grant family<\/div>\r\n <ul class=\"note-list amber\">\r\n <li><span class=\"nl-tag\">SUPP<\/span><span class=\"nl-text\"><strong>Supplementary Demands for Grants<\/strong> \u2014 further expenditure needed in a year over the authorised appropriation; may be <strong>token, technical or cash<\/strong>.<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"nl-tag\">EXCESS<\/span><span class=\"nl-text\"><strong>Excess Grant<\/strong> \u2014 expenditure incurred over and above the original\/supplementary grant, requiring regularisation by an excess grant from Parliament under <strong>Article 115<\/strong>.<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"nl-tag\">VoA<\/span><span class=\"nl-text\"><strong>Vote on Account<\/strong> \u2014 a grant made in advance for part of the new financial year, pending completion of voting of Demands and passing of the Appropriation Act.<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"nl-tag\">RE-APP<\/span><span class=\"nl-text\"><strong>Reappropriation<\/strong> \u2014 transfer, by a competent authority, of savings from one unit of appropriation to meet additional expenditure under another unit <strong>within the same section<\/strong> of the grant\/charged appropriation.<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"nl-tag\">PRIM<\/span><span class=\"nl-text\"><strong>Primary unit of appropriation<\/strong> (Rule 8, DFPR) \u2014 the lowest unit of classification denoting the <strong>object of expenditure<\/strong>.<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <p class=\"compare-intro\"><strong>New Service vs New Instrument of Service<\/strong> \u2014 both trigger prior approval of Parliament under <strong>Article 115(1)(a)<\/strong>; the difference is whether the activity itself is new.<\/p>\r\n <div class=\"table-wrap\"><table class=\"compare-table wide\">\r\n <colgroup><col style=\"width:22%\"><col style=\"width:39%\"><col style=\"width:39%\"><\/colgroup>\r\n <thead><tr><th>Aspect<\/th><th>New Service (NS)<\/th><th>New Instrument of Service (NIS)<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>\r\n <tbody>\r\n <tr><td class=\"label-cell\">What it is<\/td><td>Expenditure from a <strong>new policy decision<\/strong> not previously brought to Parliament's notice.<\/td><td>Relatively large expenditure from the <strong>expansion of an existing activity<\/strong>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td class=\"label-cell\">Typical trigger<\/td><td>A new activity, scheme or a new form of investment.<\/td><td>Significant scaling-up of something Parliament already approved.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <\/tbody>\r\n <\/table><\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"callout teal\">\r\n <div class=\"callout-label\">A related term<\/div>\r\n <ul class=\"note-list teal\">\r\n <li><span class=\"nl-tag\">OUTCOME<\/span><span class=\"nl-text\"><strong>Outcome Budget<\/strong> \u2014 annual document reflecting the purposes\/objectives of funds, cost of programmes, and a quantitative projection of the work\/services under each programme.<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"f-arts\">\r\n <span class=\"section-badge purple\">F.4<\/span>\r\n <h3>The financial Articles of the Constitution<\/h3>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"table-wrap\"><table class=\"compare-table\">\r\n <colgroup><col style=\"width:20%\"><col style=\"width:80%\"><\/colgroup>\r\n <thead><tr><th>Article<\/th><th>What it provides<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>\r\n <tbody>\r\n <tr><td class=\"code-cell\">112<\/td><td><strong>Annual Financial Statement<\/strong> \u2014 President lays the estimated receipts & expenditure; distinguishes <strong>charged<\/strong> from <strong>voted<\/strong>, and <strong>revenue<\/strong> from <strong>capital<\/strong>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td class=\"code-cell\">113<\/td><td><strong>Procedure on estimates<\/strong> \u2014 charged estimates are not voted (only discussed); voted estimates go as <strong>Demands for Grants<\/strong> which the Lok Sabha may assent to, refuse, or reduce. No demand without the <strong>President's recommendation<\/strong>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td class=\"code-cell\">114<\/td><td><strong>Appropriation Bills<\/strong> \u2014 after demands are passed, an Appropriation Bill authorises withdrawal from the Consolidated Fund. No money is withdrawn except under appropriation made by law.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td class=\"code-cell\">115<\/td><td><strong>Supplementary, Additional or Excess Grants.<\/strong><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td class=\"code-cell\">116<\/td><td><strong>Vote on Account, Vote of Credit & Exceptional Grant.<\/strong><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td class=\"code-cell\">117<\/td><td><strong>Special provisions as to Financial Bills<\/strong> \u2014 need the President's recommendation; cannot be introduced in the Rajya Sabha.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td class=\"code-cell\">109 \/ 110<\/td><td><strong>Money Bills<\/strong> \u2014 special procedure (109) and definition (110). A Money Bill is introduced only in the Lok Sabha; the <strong>Speaker's certificate is final<\/strong>; the Rajya Sabha returns it within <strong>14 days<\/strong> with recommendations the Lok Sabha may accept or reject.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td class=\"code-cell\">265<\/td><td>No tax shall be <strong>levied or collected except by authority of law<\/strong>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td class=\"code-cell\">266 \/ 267<\/td><td>Consolidated Fund & Public Account (266); Contingency Fund (267).<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td class=\"code-cell\">150 \/ 151<\/td><td><strong>Form of accounts<\/strong> as the President prescribes on C&AG's advice (150); <strong>audit reports<\/strong> of C&AG laid before each House (151).<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <\/tbody>\r\n <\/table><\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"f-fc\">\r\n <span class=\"section-badge gold\">F.5<\/span>\r\n <h3>Finance Commission, grants & borrowing<\/h3>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"callout gold\">\r\n <div class=\"callout-label\">Articles 275, 280, 281, 292<\/div>\r\n <ul class=\"note-list gold\">\r\n <li><span class=\"nl-tag\">280<\/span><span class=\"nl-text\"><strong>Finance Commission<\/strong> \u2014 constituted by the President within two years of commencement and thereafter every <strong>fifth year<\/strong> (or earlier), to recommend the distribution of tax proceeds between Union and States, the principles for grants-in-aid, and measures to augment State Consolidated Funds for Panchayats and Municipalities.<\/td><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"nl-tag\">275<\/span><span class=\"nl-text\"><strong>Grants from the Union to certain States<\/strong> \u2014 charged on the Consolidated Fund of India as grants-in-aid to States in need; made after considering the Finance Commission's recommendations.<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"nl-tag\">281<\/span><span class=\"nl-text\"><strong>Recommendations of the Finance Commission<\/strong> \u2014 laid before each House with an explanatory memorandum on the action taken.<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"nl-tag\">292<\/span><span class=\"nl-text\"><strong>Borrowing by the Government of India<\/strong> \u2014 the Union's executive power extends to borrowing on the security of the Consolidated Fund within limits fixed by Parliament.<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <!-- QUIZ F -->\r\n <div class=\"ix\" id=\"quizF\">\r\n <div class=\"ix-head\"><span class=\"ix-chip\">Self-test<\/span><h4>Foundations Quiz \u2014 funds, terms & the Constitution<\/h4><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"ix-body\">\r\n <p class=\"ix-help\">Eight questions on the glossary and constitutional provisions. Pick an answer to lock it; the explanation appears below.<\/p>\r\n <div id=\"quizStageF\"><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"quiz-foot\"><span class=\"quiz-score\" id=\"quizScoreF\">Score 0 \/ 0<\/span><button class=\"quiz-btn\" id=\"quizNextF\" disabled>Next →<\/button><\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"recap\" id=\"f-recap\">\r\n <div class=\"recap-title\">⚡ Foundations \u2014 Quick Recap<\/div>\r\n <table>\r\n <thead><tr><th>Concept<\/th><th>Key Fact<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>\r\n <tbody>\r\n <tr><td>Budget in the Constitution<\/td><td>Word absent; <strong>Article 112<\/strong> mandates the <strong>Annual Financial Statement<\/strong><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td>Consolidated Fund<\/td><td><strong>Article 266(1)<\/strong>; withdrawal only by appropriation made by law<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td>Contingency Fund<\/td><td><strong>Article 267<\/strong>; an imprest; <strong>1950 Act<\/strong>; for unforeseen expenditure<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td>Public Account<\/td><td><strong>Article 266(2)<\/strong>; disbursements <strong>not voted<\/strong><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td>Revised Estimates<\/td><td>Mid-year re-estimate; <strong>not voted<\/strong> by Parliament<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td>Excess Grant<\/td><td>Regularised under <strong>Article 115<\/strong><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td>New Service \/ NIS<\/td><td>New policy decision vs expansion of existing activity (<strong>Art 115(1)(a)<\/strong>)<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td>Money Bill<\/td><td><strong>Art 110<\/strong>; Speaker's certificate final; RS returns in <strong>14 days<\/strong><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td>Finance Commission<\/td><td><strong>Article 280<\/strong>; every <strong>5th year<\/strong><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td>Form of accounts \/ audit<\/td><td><strong>Article 150<\/strong> (form) & <strong>151<\/strong> (audit reports)<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <\/tbody>\r\n <\/table>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <\/section><!-- \/pane-ch0 -->\r\n <!-- \u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550 CHAPTER 1 \u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550 -->\r\n <section class=\"chapter-pane\" id=\"pane-ch1\" data-chapter=\"1\">\r\n\r\n <div class=\"chapter-heading-block\" id=\"c1-budget\">\r\n <span class=\"chapter-badge\">CH 1 \u00b7 INTRODUCTION<\/span>\r\n <h2>Introduction to the Budget<\/h2>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"def-card\">\r\n <div class=\"def-label\">Budget & the financial year (1.1)<\/div>\r\n <div class=\"def-text\">\r\n The Constitution does not use the word \"Budget\", but <strong>Article 112<\/strong> requires the President to lay before both Houses \u2014 the <strong>Lok Sabha<\/strong> and the <strong>Rajya Sabha<\/strong> \u2014 a statement of estimated receipts and expenditure for every financial year: the <strong>Annual Financial Statement<\/strong>. India's financial year runs <strong>1 April to 31 March<\/strong>, introduced in <strong>1867<\/strong> (earlier it was 1 May–30 April, changed on the L.K. Jha Committee's recommendation). The Union Budget is presented on <strong>1 February<\/strong> (or another suitable date) by the Finance Minister.\r\n <\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"c1-features\">\r\n <span class=\"section-badge teal\">\u00a7 1.2<\/span>\r\n <h3>Salient features of the Union Budget<\/h3>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <p>Budget preparation is an <strong>iterative process<\/strong> between the Ministry of Finance and the line Ministries\/Departments, commencing when the Budget Division issues the <strong>Budget Circular<\/strong>.<\/p>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"cat-grid three\">\r\n <div class=\"cat-card b\"><div class=\"cat-label\">Cash<\/div><div class=\"cat-title\">Cash basis<\/div><p>Whatever is expected to be actually received or paid under proper sanction in the year (including arrears) is budgeted in that year.<\/p><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"cat-card d\"><div class=\"cat-label\">Lapse<\/div><div class=\"cat-title\">Rule of Lapse<\/div><p>Appropriations granted by Parliament expire at year-end; unspent funds <strong>lapse<\/strong> and are not carried over.<\/p><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"cat-card a\"><div class=\"cat-label\">Real<\/div><div class=\"cat-title\">Realistic estimation<\/div><p>Each Demand must carry realistic estimates of the year's actual requirement.<\/p><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"cat-card c\"><div class=\"cat-label\">Gross \/ Net<\/div><div class=\"cat-title\">Gross & net basis<\/div><p>Generally departments may not net receipts against expenditure; net budgeting applies to some Grants (e.g. <strong>Railways, Posts<\/strong>).<\/p><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"cat-card e\"><div class=\"cat-label\">Form<\/div><div class=\"cat-title\">Form follows accounts<\/div><p>The estimate form must match Government accounts, since performance is judged from those accounts.<\/p><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"cat-card a\"><div class=\"cat-label\">Dept<\/div><div class=\"cat-title\">Departmental basis<\/div><p>Each department frames its own estimates; generally <strong>one Demand per Ministry\/Department<\/strong> (large ones may get more).<\/p><\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"c1-scope\">\r\n <span class=\"section-badge blue\">\u00a7 1.3<\/span>\r\n <h3>Scope \u2014 the Budget covers three years<\/h3>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"flow\">\r\n <div class=\"flow-step\"><div class=\"fs-num\">YEAR −1<\/div><div class=\"fs-title\">Actuals<\/div><div class=\"fs-text\">Final recorded receipts & expenditure of the year preceding the current year.<\/div><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"flow-step\"><div class=\"fs-num\">CURRENT YEAR<\/div><div class=\"fs-title\">Revised Estimates<\/div><div class=\"fs-text\">Mid-year re-estimate of probable receipts & expenditure for the running year.<\/div><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"flow-step\"><div class=\"fs-num\">YEAR +1<\/div><div class=\"fs-title\">Budget Estimates<\/div><div class=\"fs-text\">Detailed estimates for the ensuing financial year \u2014 the year being voted.<\/div><\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <p>The AFS presents these under the <strong>three Funds<\/strong> (Consolidated, Contingency, Public Account) and distinguishes the <strong>Revenue<\/strong> from the <strong>Capital<\/strong> account (Article 112). Receipts are classified into <strong>tax, non-tax, and capital (debt & non-debt)<\/strong> receipts.<\/p>\r\n\r\n <p>Two FRBM-mandated statements widen this scope (1.3.6): the <strong>Macro-Economic Framework Statement<\/strong> and the <strong>Medium-Term Fiscal Policy cum Fiscal Policy Strategy Statement<\/strong> (under the <strong>FRBM Act, 2003<\/strong>) add an assessment of growth prospects, rolling targets for fiscal indicators, and the Government's strategic fiscal priorities for the ensuing year.<\/p>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"c1-docs\">\r\n <span class=\"section-badge purple\">\u00a7 1.4<\/span>\r\n <h3>The Budget documents (A–M)<\/h3>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <p>Besides the Finance Minister's Budget Speech, the documents fall into <strong>mandated<\/strong> ones and <strong>explanatory<\/strong> ones. Documents <strong>A, B, C<\/strong> are mandated by <strong>Articles 112, 113 and 110(a)<\/strong> respectively; <strong>D(i) & D(ii)<\/strong> by the <strong>FRBM Act, 2003<\/strong>. The rest (E–M) are explanatory.<\/p>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"table-wrap\"><table class=\"compare-table wide\">\r\n <colgroup><col style=\"width:10%\"><col style=\"width:32%\"><col style=\"width:58%\"><\/colgroup>\r\n <thead><tr><th>#<\/th><th>Document<\/th><th>Note<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>\r\n <tbody>\r\n <tr><td class=\"code-cell\">A<\/td><td class=\"label-cell\">Annual Financial Statement<\/td><td>Article 112; Statement I (CFI), IA (Charged), II (Contingency Fund), III (Public Account).<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td class=\"code-cell\">B<\/td><td class=\"label-cell\">Demands for Grants<\/td><td>Article 113; one DG generally per Ministry\/Department; shown by Major Heads, split charged\/voted & revenue\/capital.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td class=\"code-cell\">C<\/td><td class=\"label-cell\">Finance Bill<\/td><td>Article 110(1)(a); a <strong>Money Bill<\/strong> detailing taxation; accompanied by an explanatory Memorandum.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td class=\"code-cell\">D<\/td><td class=\"label-cell\">FRBM Statements<\/td><td>(i) Macro-Economic Framework Statement; (ii) Medium-Term Fiscal Policy cum Fiscal Policy Strategy Statement.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td class=\"code-cell\">E<\/td><td class=\"label-cell\">Expenditure Budget<\/td><td>Also called Statement of Budget Estimates (SBE); net basis on Revenue\/Capital.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td class=\"code-cell\">F<\/td><td class=\"label-cell\">Receipts Budget<\/td><td>Part A (receipts) & Part B (asset & liability statements).<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td class=\"code-cell\">G–H<\/td><td class=\"label-cell\">Expenditure Profile \u00b7 Budget at a Glance<\/td><td>Profile (formerly Exp. Budget Vol-I, recast after Plan\/Non-Plan merger); Budget at a Glance shows deficits.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td class=\"code-cell\">I–M<\/td><td class=\"label-cell\">Memo, OOMF, Key Features, Implementation, Key to Budget<\/td><td>Output-Outcome Monitoring Framework for CS\/CSS schemes with outlay <strong>\u2265 \u20b9500 crore<\/strong>; implementation status updated to the first week of January.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <\/tbody>\r\n <\/table><\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"cat-grid\">\r\n <div class=\"cat-card a\"><div class=\"cat-label\">Umbrella 1<\/div><div class=\"cat-title\">Centre's Expenditure<\/div><p>(a) Establishment expenditure of the Centre; (b) Central Sector Schemes; (c) Other Central Expenditure, including CPSEs and Autonomous Bodies.<\/p><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"cat-card b\"><div class=\"cat-label\">Umbrella 2<\/div><div class=\"cat-title\">Transfers to States \/ UTs<\/div><p>(a) Centrally Sponsored Schemes; (b) Finance Commission Transfers; (c) Other Transfers to States.<\/p><\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <p>The <strong>Budget at a Glance<\/strong> then draws on this to show the Central Government's <strong>revenue deficit, gross primary deficit and gross fiscal deficit<\/strong>.<\/p>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"c1-ddg\">\r\n <span class=\"section-badge slate\">\u00a7 1.5<\/span>\r\n <h3>Detailed Demands for Grants (DDG)<\/h3>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <p>The Detailed Demands for Grants are prepared by Ministries\/Departments from the provisions in the Demands for Grants, and laid on the Table of the Lok Sabha <strong>after<\/strong> the Budget presentation but <strong>before<\/strong> discussion on the Demands begins. They show the break-up by <strong>objects of expenditure<\/strong> for provisions of <strong>\u20b91 lakh or more<\/strong> individually, followed by recoveries taken in reduction of expenditure, with totals shown Major-Head and Section-wise (Total \/ Charged \/ Voted provision).<\/p>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"c1-rail\">\r\n <span class=\"section-badge red\">\u00a7 1.6<\/span>\r\n <h3>Merger of the Rail Budget with the General Budget<\/h3>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"flow\">\r\n <div class=\"flow-step\"><div class=\"fs-num\">1924 → 2016<\/div><div class=\"fs-title\">Separate Railway Budget<\/div><div class=\"fs-text\">Began in 1924 and continued after independence as a <strong>convention<\/strong>, not a constitutional requirement.<\/div><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"flow-step\"><div class=\"fs-num\">FY 2017-18<\/div><div class=\"fs-title\">Merged with the General Budget<\/div><div class=\"fs-text\">Railway appropriations folded into the main <strong>Appropriation Bill<\/strong>; capital-at-charge wiped off.<\/div><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"flow-step\"><div class=\"fs-num\">RESULT<\/div><div class=\"fs-title\">16 Demands → 1<\/div><div class=\"fs-text\">Railways now operate a <strong>single Demand for Grant<\/strong>, down from 16.<\/div><\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <p>The Railways nonetheless retain their <strong>distinct entity<\/strong> as a departmentally-run commercial undertaking, with functional autonomy and delegated powers, and continue to receive <strong>Gross Budgetary Support<\/strong> for part of their capital expenditure.<\/p>\r\n\r\n <!-- QUIZ 1 -->\r\n <div class=\"ix\" id=\"quiz1\">\r\n <div class=\"ix-head\"><span class=\"ix-chip\">Self-test<\/span><h4>Chapter 1 Quiz \u2014 introduction, features & documents<\/h4><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"ix-body\">\r\n <p class=\"ix-help\">Eight questions from Chapter 1. Pick an answer to lock it; the explanation appears below.<\/p>\r\n <div id=\"quizStage1\"><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"quiz-foot\"><span class=\"quiz-score\" id=\"quizScore1\">Score 0 \/ 0<\/span><button class=\"quiz-btn\" id=\"quizNext1\" disabled>Next →<\/button><\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"recap\" id=\"c1-recap\">\r\n <div class=\"recap-title\">⚡ Chapter 1 \u2014 Quick Recap<\/div>\r\n <table>\r\n <thead><tr><th>Concept<\/th><th>Key Fact<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>\r\n <tbody>\r\n <tr><td>Financial year<\/td><td><strong>1 Apr \u2013 31 Mar<\/strong>; introduced <strong>1867<\/strong> (L.K. Jha Committee)<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td>Presentation date<\/td><td><strong>1 February<\/strong> (or other suitable date)<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td>Preparation<\/td><td><strong>Iterative<\/strong> MoF <-> line Ministries; starts with the <strong>Budget Circular<\/strong><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td>Accounting basis<\/td><td><strong>Cash basis<\/strong>; Rule of Lapse<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td>Net budgeting<\/td><td>Allowed for <strong>Railways, Posts<\/strong> etc.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td>Three years shown<\/td><td>BE (current+ensuing) \u00b7 RE (current) \u00b7 Actuals (prev.)<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td>Mandated documents<\/td><td>AFS (<strong>112<\/strong>) \u00b7 DG (<strong>113<\/strong>) \u00b7 Finance Bill (<strong>110(a)<\/strong>) \u00b7 FRBM stmts<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td>OOMF threshold<\/td><td>CS\/CSS schemes with outlay <strong>\u2265 \u20b9500 crore<\/strong><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td>DDG object-head cut-off<\/td><td>Provisions <strong>\u20b91 lakh or more<\/strong><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td>Rail Budget merger<\/td><td><strong>FY 2017-18<\/strong>; DGs cut <strong>16 \u2192 1<\/strong><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <\/tbody>\r\n <\/table>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <\/section><!-- \/pane-ch1 -->\r\n <!-- \u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550 CHAPTER 2 \u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550 -->\r\n <section class=\"chapter-pane\" id=\"pane-ch2\" data-chapter=\"2\">\r\n\r\n <div class=\"chapter-heading-block\" id=\"c2-parl\">\r\n <span class=\"chapter-badge\">CH 2 \u00b7 ROLES<\/span>\r\n <h2>Roles & Responsibilities of the Stakeholders<\/h2>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"def-card\">\r\n <div class=\"def-label\">Who does what (2.1)<\/div>\r\n <div class=\"def-text\">\r\n The Government <strong>formulates<\/strong> the Budget; <strong>Parliament approves<\/strong> it and enforces accountability of the Executive. Parliamentary control over the public purse rests on <strong>Articles 265, 266, 112 and 114<\/strong> \u2014 no tax without authority of law, no expenditure without legislative authorisation, and the AFS laid before Parliament each year.\r\n <\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"callout slate\">\r\n <div class=\"callout-label\">Approvals before presentation (2.2–2.4)<\/div>\r\n <ul class=\"note-list slate\">\r\n <li><span class=\"nl-tag\">11 AM<\/span><span class=\"nl-text\">Budget is presented at <strong>11:00 am on 1 February<\/strong> (or another date). The President's approval for presentation is obtained by the Secretary-General, Lok Sabha Secretariat, after the Speaker agrees the date.<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"nl-tag\">PRES<\/span><span class=\"nl-text\"><strong>Summary for the President<\/strong> seeks recommendation under <strong>Article 117(1) & 117(3)<\/strong> for the Finance Bill (with Art 274) and Appropriation Bill; approved by FM and PM before the President's approval.<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"nl-tag\">CAB<\/span><span class=\"nl-text\"><strong>Summary for the Cabinet<\/strong> \u2014 the FM briefs the Cabinet on proposals and the Finance Bill <strong>immediately before<\/strong> presentation; the Budget is presented right after.<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"nl-tag\">ELECT<\/span><span class=\"nl-text\">In a <strong>General Election year<\/strong>, the Budget may be presented twice \u2014 first for a <strong>Vote on Account<\/strong>, later for the full year.<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"c2-present\">\r\n <span class=\"section-badge teal\">\u00a7 2.5–2.6<\/span>\r\n <h3>Presentation & General Discussion<\/h3>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"callout teal\">\r\n <div class=\"callout-label\">The Speech & the debate<\/div>\r\n <ul class=\"note-list teal\">\r\n <li><span class=\"nl-tag\">SPEECH<\/span><span class=\"nl-text\">The Budget Speech is largely a <strong>policy document<\/strong>; the Budget is laid on the Table of the <strong>Rajya Sabha<\/strong> after the Speech. <strong>No discussion<\/strong> takes place on the day of presentation.<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"nl-tag\">5 COPIES<\/span><span class=\"nl-text\">Five copies of the FM's speech are provided to the Secretary-General, Lok Sabha as soon as the FM starts reading.<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"nl-tag\">GD<\/span><span class=\"nl-text\"><strong>General Discussion<\/strong> \u2014 the House may discuss the Budget as a whole or any question of principle, but <strong>no motion is moved<\/strong> and the Budget is <strong>not voted<\/strong> after it. The FM has a <strong>right of reply<\/strong>.<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"nl-tag\">NOTES<\/span><span class=\"nl-text\">Officers not below <strong>Under Secretary<\/strong> rank cover the discussions and prepare \"Notes\"\/\"Gist of Points\" for the FM <strong>the same day<\/strong>.<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"c2-cuts\">\r\n <span class=\"section-badge amber\">\u00a7 2.7–2.8<\/span>\r\n <h3>Cut-Motions & the Guillotine<\/h3>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"cat-grid three\">\r\n <div class=\"cat-card a\">\r\n <div class=\"cat-label\">Re. 1<\/div>\r\n <div class=\"cat-title\">Disapproval of Policy Cut<\/div>\r\n <p>\"That the amount of the demand be reduced to <strong>Re. 1<\/strong>\" \u2014 represents disapproval of the policy underlying the demand; discussion confined to the specified policy; member may advocate an alternative.<\/p>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div class=\"cat-card c\">\r\n <div class=\"cat-label\">Specified \u20b9<\/div>\r\n <div class=\"cat-title\">Economy Cut<\/div>\r\n <p>\"That the amount be reduced by a <strong>specified amount<\/strong>\" \u2014 to effect economy; may be a lump-sum reduction or omission\/reduction of an item.<\/p>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div class=\"cat-card d\">\r\n <div class=\"cat-label\">Rs. 100<\/div>\r\n <div class=\"cat-title\">Token Cut<\/div>\r\n <p>\"That the amount be reduced by <strong>Rs. 100<\/strong>\" \u2014 to ventilate a specific grievance within the Government of India's responsibility; discussion limited to that grievance.<\/p>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"callout amber\">\r\n <div class=\"callout-label\">Guillotine (2.8)<\/div>\r\n <p>On the <strong>last day<\/strong> of discussion on Demands, the Speaker puts <strong>all outstanding Demands to the vote at once<\/strong> \u2014 the \"Guillotine\" \u2014 bringing debate to an end within a fixed time, so several Demands are voted <strong>without discussion<\/strong>. Cut Motions already moved are put to vote and negated; the Ministry of Parliamentary Affairs ensures concerned Ministers are present.<\/p>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"c2-bills\">\r\n <span class=\"section-badge purple\">\u00a7 2.9–2.11<\/span>\r\n <h3>Appropriation Bill, Finance Bill & Vote on Account<\/h3>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"callout purple\">\r\n <div class=\"callout-label\">The two Bills and the interim grant<\/div>\r\n <ul class=\"note-list purple\">\r\n <li><span class=\"nl-tag\">APP<\/span><span class=\"nl-text\"><strong>Appropriation Bill (Art 114)<\/strong> \u2014 introduced after Demands are voted, to authorise withdrawal from the Consolidated Fund. Passed by the Lok Sabha, then transmitted to the Rajya Sabha for consideration & return.<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"nl-tag\">FIN<\/span><span class=\"nl-text\"><strong>Finance Bill<\/strong> \u2014 a <strong>Money Bill<\/strong> introduced with the President's recommendation under Art 117(1) immediately after the AFS; considered after the Appropriation Bill passes. It is a <strong>Secret Bill<\/strong> (copies not circulated two days in advance).<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"nl-tag\">75 DAYS<\/span><span class=\"nl-text\">Under the <strong>Provisional Collection of Taxes Act, 1931<\/strong>, the Finance Bill must be passed and assented within <strong>75 days<\/strong> of introduction; customs\/excise changes take effect immediately and stay in force for <strong>75 days or till enactment<\/strong>, whichever is earlier.<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"nl-tag\">VoA<\/span><span class=\"nl-text\"><strong>Vote on Account (Art 116)<\/strong> \u2014 keeps Government functioning pending the final Budget vote; treated as a <strong>formal affair<\/strong> passed by the Lok Sabha. After the advanced budget cycle, it is used in election years when an <strong>interim Budget<\/strong> is presented.<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"c2-exec\">\r\n <span class=\"section-badge blue\">\u00a7 2.12–2.16<\/span>\r\n <h3>The Executive \u2014 MoF, Budget Division & Ministries<\/h3>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"callout blue\">\r\n <div class=\"callout-label\">Inside the Finance Ministry<\/div>\r\n <ul class=\"note-list\">\r\n <li><span class=\"nl-tag\">BUDGET DIV<\/span><span class=\"nl-text\">The <strong>Budget Division<\/strong> (Dept. of Economic Affairs) prepares the Union Budget; headed by <strong>Joint Secretary \/ Additional Secretary (Budget)<\/strong>. Its functions flow from the <strong>Allocation of Business Rules, 1961<\/strong> (ways & means, market borrowing, public debt, NSSF, Contingency Fund, Finance Commission, etc.).<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"nl-tag\">SCRUTINY<\/span><span class=\"nl-text\">Its primary task is <strong>scrutiny of receipt & expenditure estimates<\/strong> item by item, adopting figures, communicating them to Ministries, and assessing the consolidated position with competent-authority approval.<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"nl-tag\">DoE<\/span><span class=\"nl-text\"><strong>Department of Expenditure<\/strong> \u2014 financial rules & DFPR, sanctions beyond delegated powers, staffing review, government accounting principles, and administering Finance Commission grants (revenue deficit, Calamity Relief, local-body, etc.).<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"nl-tag\">CAA<\/span><span class=\"nl-text\">The <strong>Secretary of each Ministry is the Chief Accounting Authority<\/strong>, responsible for revenue collection and expenditure control, discharged via the <strong>Financial Adviser<\/strong> and the <strong>Chief Controller of Accounts<\/strong>.<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"c2-fa\">\r\n <span class=\"section-badge gold\">\u00a7 2.17–2.19<\/span>\r\n <h3>Financial Advisers, CGA & NITI Aayog<\/h3>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"callout gold\">\r\n <div class=\"callout-label\">Financial Adviser (Redefined Charter, 1 June 2006)<\/div>\r\n <ul class=\"note-list gold\">\r\n <li><span class=\"nl-tag\">ROLE<\/span><span class=\"nl-text\">Acts on behalf of the MoF for matters <strong>outside<\/strong> the Ministry's delegated powers; responsible for <strong>Budget formulation<\/strong>, FRBM tasks, expenditure & cash management, scheme appraisal\/monitoring\/evaluation, and proposal screening.<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"nl-tag\">CHECKS<\/span><span class=\"nl-text\">Ensures the Budget schedule is met; scrutinises proposals for correctness of classification, full coverage and reasonableness; screens Supplementary Demands; submits the SBE with <strong>18 copies<\/strong>.<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"nl-tag\">NS\/NIS<\/span><span class=\"nl-text\">Ensures the <strong>New Service\/New Instrument of Service<\/strong> statement is included; ensures classification matches the <strong>List of Major & Minor Heads of Accounts<\/strong>.<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"cat-grid\">\r\n <div class=\"cat-card b\">\r\n <div class=\"cat-label\">2.18<\/div>\r\n <div class=\"cat-title\">Controller General of Accounts<\/div>\r\n <p>Maintains a technically sound accounting system; prepares a <strong>monthly analytical report<\/strong> for the FM; prepares annual <strong>Appropriation Accounts & Union Finance Accounts<\/strong>; maintains line-item accounts of the three Funds. Its submission of these accounts to Parliament <strong>completes the budget cycle<\/strong>.<\/p>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div class=\"cat-card e\">\r\n <div class=\"cat-label\">2.19–2.21<\/div>\r\n <div class=\"cat-title\">NITI Aayog, FC & RBI<\/div>\r\n <p><strong>NITI Aayog<\/strong> (1 Jan 2015, replacing the Planning Commission) is the Government's think-tank and finalises the <strong>OOMF<\/strong>. The <strong>Finance Commission<\/strong> fixes the States' share. The <strong>RBI<\/strong>, as banker to Government, manages the public debt and securities.<\/p>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"c2-cag\">\r\n <span class=\"section-badge red\">\u00a7 2.22–2.23<\/span>\r\n <h3>C&AG & Parliamentary financial control<\/h3>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"callout red\">\r\n <div class=\"callout-label\">C&AG (Article 151)<\/div>\r\n <p>The audited Appropriation & Finance Accounts, with the C&AG's reports, are submitted to the President under <strong>Article 151<\/strong> and laid before Parliament. The C&AG verifies (i) that money disbursed was <strong>legally available and applied<\/strong> to the right service and conforms to the governing authority, and (ii) that revenue <strong>assessment, collection and allocation<\/strong> were proper. It may also audit grants\/loans and other bodies under the <strong>1971 Act<\/strong>.<\/p>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"info-row\">\r\n <div class=\"info-card\"><div class=\"ic-big\">Estimates<\/div><div class=\"ic-cap\"><strong>Rule 310, LS.<\/strong> Reports economies & efficiency, suggests alternative policies and the form of estimates; may examine estimates throughout the year.<\/div><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"info-card t-red\"><div class=\"ic-big\">PAC<\/div><div class=\"ic-cap\"><strong>Rule 308, LS.<\/strong> Examines Appropriation Accounts & C&AG reports \u2014 money legally available, conforming to authority, re-appropriations in order; takes up <strong>excess expenditure<\/strong>.<\/div><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"info-card t-purple\"><div class=\"ic-big\">CPU<\/div><div class=\"ic-cap\">Committee on Public Undertakings \u2014 examines accounts\/reports of State corporations and trading\/manufacturing schemes.<\/div><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"info-card t-teal\"><div class=\"ic-big\">DRSCs<\/div><div class=\"ic-cap\">Full system from <strong>1993<\/strong>; consider Demands & Bills (Rule 270, RS), but their report on Demands <strong>cannot suggest cut motions<\/strong>.<\/div><\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <!-- QUIZ 2 -->\r\n <div class=\"ix\" id=\"quiz2\">\r\n <div class=\"ix-head\"><span class=\"ix-chip\">Self-test<\/span><h4>Chapter 2 Quiz \u2014 Parliament, Bills & the Executive<\/h4><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"ix-body\">\r\n <p class=\"ix-help\">Eight questions from Chapter 2. Pick an answer to lock it; the explanation appears below.<\/p>\r\n <div id=\"quizStage2\"><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"quiz-foot\"><span class=\"quiz-score\" id=\"quizScore2\">Score 0 \/ 0<\/span><button class=\"quiz-btn\" id=\"quizNext2\" disabled>Next →<\/button><\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"recap\" id=\"c2-recap\">\r\n <div class=\"recap-title\">⚡ Chapter 2 \u2014 Quick Recap<\/div>\r\n <table>\r\n <thead><tr><th>Concept<\/th><th>Key Fact<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>\r\n <tbody>\r\n <tr><td>Parliamentary control<\/td><td>Articles <strong>265, 266, 112, 114<\/strong><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td>Presentation<\/td><td><strong>11 am, 1 Feb<\/strong>; laid in RS after the Speech; no discussion that day<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td>President's recommendation<\/td><td>Article <strong>117(1) & 117(3)<\/strong> (Finance & Appropriation Bills)<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td>Cut Motions<\/td><td>Policy (<strong>Re. 1<\/strong>) \u00b7 Economy (specified) \u00b7 Token (<strong>Rs. 100<\/strong>)<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td>Guillotine<\/td><td>All outstanding Demands voted at once on the last day<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td>Finance Bill deadline<\/td><td><strong>75 days<\/strong> (Provisional Collection of Taxes Act, 1931)<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td>Budget Division<\/td><td>DEA; headed by <strong>JS\/AS (Budget)<\/strong>; AoBR 1961<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td>Chief Accounting Authority<\/td><td><strong>Secretary<\/strong> of each Ministry<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td>FA Charter<\/td><td>Redefined <strong>1 June 2006<\/strong>; SBE in <strong>18 copies<\/strong><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td>CGA<\/td><td>Monthly report to FM; Appropriation & Finance Accounts; <strong>completes cycle<\/strong><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td>NITI Aayog<\/td><td><strong>1 Jan 2015<\/strong>; finalises OOMF<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td>Financial Committees<\/td><td>EC (Rule 310) \u00b7 PAC (Rule 308) \u00b7 CPU; DRSCs from <strong>1993<\/strong><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <\/tbody>\r\n <\/table>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <\/section><!-- \/pane-ch2 -->\r\n <!-- \u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550 CHAPTER 3 \u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550 -->\r\n <section class=\"chapter-pane\" id=\"pane-ch3\" data-chapter=\"3\">\r\n\r\n <div class=\"chapter-heading-block\" id=\"c3-timeline\">\r\n <span class=\"chapter-badge\">CH 3 \u00b7 PROCESS<\/span>\r\n <h2>The Budget Process<\/h2>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"def-card\">\r\n <div class=\"def-label\">When it all happens (3.1–3.5)<\/div>\r\n <div class=\"def-text\">\r\n Although the Budget is presented on <strong>1 February<\/strong>, preparation begins in <strong>mid-August<\/strong> of the previous year and runs to the <strong>end of March<\/strong>. The Budget Division frames a comprehensive <strong>Schedule<\/strong> of activities and roles. The process has two halves \u2014 the <strong>administrative process<\/strong> (preparing documents with stakeholders) and the <strong>legislative process<\/strong> (passage by Parliament). It begins with the <strong>Budget Circular<\/strong>, normally issued in <strong>September<\/strong>, giving instructions, formats and statements for framing RE (current year) and BE (ensuing year).\r\n <\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"c3-receipts\">\r\n <span class=\"section-badge teal\">\u00a7 3.6–3.8<\/span>\r\n <h3>Estimates of Receipts<\/h3>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"callout teal\">\r\n <div class=\"callout-label\">How receipts are classified<\/div>\r\n <ul class=\"note-list teal\">\r\n <li><span class=\"nl-tag\">REVENUE<\/span><span class=\"nl-text\"><strong>Revenue Receipts<\/strong> = Tax Revenue + Non-Tax Revenue. Non-tax revenue has three components: <strong>interest<\/strong> (from States\/UTs & others), <strong>dividends<\/strong> (PSUs, RBI, banks & insurers), and <strong>other NTR<\/strong>.<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"nl-tag\">CAPITAL<\/span><span class=\"nl-text\"><strong>Capital Receipts<\/strong> = debt receipts (borrowing) + non-debt receipts (disinvestment, loan repayments & other receipts).<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"nl-tag\">TAX<\/span><span class=\"nl-text\">Estimates of central taxes\/duties & cesses are furnished by <strong>Department of Revenue<\/strong> \u2014 the <strong>TRU (CBIC)<\/strong> for indirect taxes and <strong>TPL Division (CBDT)<\/strong> for direct taxes; tax rates and growth assumptions drive direct-tax estimates.<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"nl-tag\">INTEREST<\/span><span class=\"nl-text\">Interest receipt estimates are prepared by the <strong>Chief Controllers of Accounts<\/strong> against loans outstanding in their books (after the FA's approval); <strong>NIL information must still be submitted<\/strong> in writing.<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"nl-tag\">DISINVEST<\/span><span class=\"nl-text\">Disinvestment of equity & dividend receipts are furnished by <strong>DIPAM<\/strong>; bonus-share receipts classify under Major Head <strong>4000 - Miscellaneous Capital Receipts<\/strong>.<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <p>Furnished by the Chief Controllers of Accounts and UT Accounts Officers in the Budget Circular form. Group Insurance Scheme estimates are <strong>not<\/strong> included by Ministries (furnished centrally). <strong>Railways, Defence (Finance Division) and Telecommunications<\/strong> furnish their Public Account transactions in their <strong>Cash Requirement Estimates<\/strong>. Ideally there should be <strong>no net debit\/credit<\/strong> in a year in Public Account transactions, except with full justification.<\/p>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"c3-exp\">\r\n <span class=\"section-badge amber\">\u00a7 3.9<\/span>\r\n <h3>Estimates of Expenditure \u2014 general guidelines<\/h3>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"callout amber\">\r\n <div class=\"callout-label\">Discipline in framing expenditure estimates<\/div>\r\n <ul class=\"note-list amber\">\r\n <li><span class=\"nl-tag\">MID-OCT<\/span><span class=\"nl-text\"><strong>Pre-Budget discussions<\/strong> commence around <strong>mid-October<\/strong>, chaired by <strong>Secretary (Expenditure)<\/strong>, to fix net budgetary ceilings; estimates must conform to the <strong>MTEF Statement<\/strong>.<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"nl-tag\">PRUNE<\/span><span class=\"nl-text\">Ministries first review the existing Expenditure Budget to prioritise and identify schemes that can be <strong>eliminated, reduced or merged<\/strong>; discontinued schemes must not appear in RE or the next BE.<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"nl-tag\">SCRUTINY<\/span><span class=\"nl-text\">No provision normally without <strong>pre-Budget scrutiny\/appraisal<\/strong> of a project\/scheme.<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"nl-tag\">\u20b9100 cr<\/span><span class=\"nl-text\">The <strong>PAC requires savings of \u20b9100 crore and above in a Grant<\/strong> to be explained; surrender of savings should be minimised.<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"nl-tag\">VACANT<\/span><span class=\"nl-text\">No establishment provision for posts <strong>vacant for one year or more<\/strong>; provision for vacant posts is made cautiously.<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"c3-sbe\">\r\n <span class=\"section-badge purple\">\u00a7 3.10<\/span>\r\n <h3>SBE & the six categories of expenditure<\/h3>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"callout purple\">\r\n <div class=\"callout-label\">Statement of Budget Estimates \u2014 rules<\/div>\r\n <ul class=\"note-list purple\">\r\n <li><span class=\"nl-tag\">3 LEVELS<\/span><span class=\"nl-text\">Schemes are depicted to a maximum of <strong>three levels<\/strong>: (a) Umbrella Schemes; (b) Schemes; (c) Sub-Schemes.<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"nl-tag\">2 TYPES<\/span><span class=\"nl-text\">All schemes are categorised as either <strong>Centrally Sponsored Schemes<\/strong> or <strong>Central Sector Schemes<\/strong> (including provision for North East & Sikkim).<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"nl-tag\">SUB<\/span><span class=\"nl-text\">Schemes with an EAP component or funding from a Public Account Fund show separate sub-scheme lines: <strong>Gross Budgetary Support, EAP Component, Amount met from Fund<\/strong>.<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"nl-tag\">NER HEADS<\/span><span class=\"nl-text\"><strong>'Transfers to'\/'amount met from'<\/strong> a reserve fund are <strong>not<\/strong> made from NER Major Heads <strong>2552 \/ 4552 \/ 6552<\/strong> (which only disclose transitory provisions re-appropriated later to functional heads).<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <ol class=\"parts-list roman\">\r\n <li><strong>Establishment Expenditure of the Centre<\/strong> \u2014 salaries, wages, office & administrative expenses, etc.<\/li>\r\n <li><strong>Central Sector Schemes<\/strong> \u2014 entirely funded & implemented by the Centre or its agencies.<\/li>\r\n <li><strong>Other Central Expenditure<\/strong> \u2014 CPSEs, autonomous bodies, interest payments, debt repayment, contributions to international organisations.<\/li>\r\n <li><strong>Centrally Sponsored Schemes<\/strong> \u2014 implemented by States\/UTs with an approved sharing pattern; central share routed through State treasuries (except DBT).<\/li>\r\n <li><strong>Finance Commission Transfers<\/strong> \u2014 appear only in the \"Transfers to States\" Demand under the Department of Expenditure.<\/li>\r\n <li><strong>Other Transfers to States<\/strong> \u2014 e.g. NDRF, assistance under proviso (i) to Article 275(1).<\/li>\r\n <\/ol>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"callout teal\">\r\n <div class=\"callout-label\">Information for pre-Budget discussions (3.10.4–3.10.5)<\/div>\r\n <ul class=\"note-list teal\">\r\n <li><span class=\"nl-tag\">COMMIT<\/span><span class=\"nl-text\">Budget for all <strong>committed and continuing expenditure<\/strong> first, before new schemes; take account of latest actuals, prior-year actuals, re-appropriations and pending arrears.<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"nl-tag\">UC<\/span><span class=\"nl-text\">Furnish <strong>unspent balances<\/strong> and pending <strong>Utilization Certificates<\/strong> (State-wise\/scheme-wise) as on <strong>31 March \/ 30 June \/ 30 September<\/strong> for bodies receiving over <strong>\u20b91 crore<\/strong> grant\/loan.<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"nl-tag\">USER FEE<\/span><span class=\"nl-text\">Detail measures to increase <strong>user charges<\/strong> and efforts to recover Non-Tax revenue arrears; CPSU dividends per DIPAM's policy (OM 27.05.2016).<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"c3-ner\">\r\n <span class=\"section-badge gold\">\u00a7 3.12–3.17<\/span>\r\n <h3>NER & Sikkim, Pensions & SC\/ST sub-components<\/h3>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"callout gold\">\r\n <div class=\"callout-label\">Earmarking & the composite Pensions demand<\/div>\r\n <ul class=\"note-list gold\">\r\n <li><span class=\"nl-tag\">10%<\/span><span class=\"nl-text\">All Ministries (unless exempted by <strong>DoNER<\/strong>) must spend <strong>10% of Gross Budget Support<\/strong> from CS\/CSS allocations on the <strong>North Eastern Region & Sikkim<\/strong>; provisions go under Major Heads <strong>2552 \/ 4552 \/ 6552<\/strong> for eventual re-appropriation.<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"nl-tag\">PENSIONS<\/span><span class=\"nl-text\">The composite Demand <strong>'Pensions'<\/strong> is administered by the <strong>Central Pension Accounting Office (CPAO)<\/strong>, Department of Expenditure; the CPAO consolidates pensionary estimates.<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"nl-tag\">SCSP\/TASP<\/span><span class=\"nl-text\"><strong>SC Sub-Plan (Minor Head 789)<\/strong> & <strong>Tribal Area Sub-Plan (Minor Head 796)<\/strong> \u2014 obligated Ministries keep the required percentage per NITI Aayog guidelines; nodal Ministries are <strong>Social Justice & Empowerment (SCSP)<\/strong> and <strong>Tribal Affairs (TASP)<\/strong>; allocation not less than previous year's BE.<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"c3-ddg\">\r\n <span class=\"section-badge red\">\u00a7 3.16–3.18<\/span>\r\n <h3>Detailed Demands & FRBM disclosure statements<\/h3>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <p>DDG information must <strong>exactly match<\/strong> the Demands for Grants; classification follows the <strong>List of Major & Minor Heads of Accounts<\/strong>, and the DDG is entered in <strong>UBIS<\/strong> and fed to <strong>PFMS<\/strong> for incurring expenditure. The schedules attach at these thresholds:<\/p>\r\n <div class=\"info-row\">\r\n <div class=\"info-card t-red\"><div class=\"ic-big\">\u20b925 L+<\/div><div class=\"ic-cap\">Schedule of broad <strong>non-scheme<\/strong> expenditure.<\/div><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"info-card t-red\"><div class=\"ic-big\">\u20b95 cr+<\/div><div class=\"ic-cap\">Statement of individual <strong>works\/projects<\/strong>.<\/div><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"info-card t-red\"><div class=\"ic-big\">\u20b95 L \/ \u20b910 L<\/div><div class=\"ic-cap\"><strong>Grants-in-aid<\/strong> to private bodies \u2014 recurring \/ non-recurring.<\/div><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"info-card t-red\"><div class=\"ic-big\">\u20b910 L \/ yr<\/div><div class=\"ic-cap\">Source-of-funds disclosure for bodies receiving above this.<\/div><\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"callout amber\">\r\n <div class=\"callout-label\">FRBM disclosure statements (Rules, 2004)<\/div>\r\n <ul class=\"note-list amber\">\r\n <li><span class=\"nl-tag\">FOUR<\/span><span class=\"nl-text\">Disclosure statements: (i) <strong>Guarantees<\/strong> given by Government; (ii) <strong>Tax Revenues raised but not realised<\/strong>; (iii) <strong>Arrears of Non-Tax Revenues<\/strong>; (iv) <strong>Asset Register<\/strong>.<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"nl-tag\">6 CLASS<\/span><span class=\"nl-text\">Guarantees are classified into <strong>six classes<\/strong> (GFR 2017); a revised <strong>Government Guarantee Policy, 2022<\/strong> was published in May 2022.<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"nl-tag\">\u20b9500 cr<\/span><span class=\"nl-text\">Where Non-Tax revenue arrears exceed <strong>\u20b9500 crore<\/strong>, reasons must be explained; values shown in <strong>crore of rupees<\/strong> (e.g. \u20b90.40 crore, not lakhs).<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <!-- QUIZ 3 -->\r\n <div class=\"ix\" id=\"quiz3\">\r\n <div class=\"ix-head\"><span class=\"ix-chip\">Self-test<\/span><h4>Chapter 3 Quiz \u2014 process, receipts & SBE<\/h4><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"ix-body\">\r\n <p class=\"ix-help\">Eight questions from Chapter 3. Pick an answer to lock it; the explanation appears below.<\/p>\r\n <div id=\"quizStage3\"><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"quiz-foot\"><span class=\"quiz-score\" id=\"quizScore3\">Score 0 \/ 0<\/span><button class=\"quiz-btn\" id=\"quizNext3\" disabled>Next →<\/button><\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"recap\" id=\"c3-recap\">\r\n <div class=\"recap-title\">⚡ Chapter 3 \u2014 Quick Recap<\/div>\r\n <table>\r\n <thead><tr><th>Concept<\/th><th>Key Fact<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>\r\n <tbody>\r\n <tr><td>Process window<\/td><td>Starts <strong>mid-August<\/strong>; Budget Circular in <strong>September<\/strong><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td>Receipts split<\/td><td>Revenue (Tax + Non-Tax) \u00b7 Capital (debt + non-debt)<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td>Non-tax revenue<\/td><td>Interest \u00b7 Dividends \u00b7 Other NTR<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td>Tax estimates<\/td><td><strong>TRU (CBIC)<\/strong> & <strong>TPL (CBDT)<\/strong>, Dept. of Revenue<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td>Disinvestment estimates<\/td><td>By <strong>DIPAM<\/strong>; bonus shares MH <strong>4000<\/strong><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td>Pre-Budget meetings<\/td><td><strong>Mid-October<\/strong>, chaired by <strong>Secretary (Expenditure)<\/strong><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td>PAC savings threshold<\/td><td><strong>\u20b9100 crore<\/strong> & above explained<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td>SBE levels<\/td><td><strong>3<\/strong>: Umbrella \/ Scheme \/ Sub-Scheme<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td>Six categories<\/td><td>Centre's: estt, CS schemes, other; Transfers: CSS, FC, other<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td>NER earmarking<\/td><td><strong>10%<\/strong> of GBS; MH <strong>2552\/4552\/6552<\/strong><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td>SCSP \/ TASP heads<\/td><td>Minor Head <strong>789 \/ 796<\/strong><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td>FRBM disclosures<\/td><td>Guarantees \u00b7 Tax not realised \u00b7 NTR arrears \u00b7 Asset Register<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <\/tbody>\r\n <\/table>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <\/section><!-- \/pane-ch3 -->\r\n <!-- \u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550 CHAPTER 4 \u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550 -->\r\n <section class=\"chapter-pane\" id=\"pane-ch4\" data-chapter=\"4\">\r\n\r\n <div class=\"chapter-heading-block\" id=\"c4-timelines\">\r\n <span class=\"chapter-badge\">CH 4 \u00b7 FINALIZATION<\/span>\r\n <h2>Budget Finalization<\/h2>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"def-card\">\r\n <div class=\"def-label\">Three watchwords (4.1)<\/div>\r\n <div class=\"def-text\">\r\n Through the whole preparation \u2014 from the Budget Circular onwards \u2014 the Budget Division maintains <strong>secrecy, accuracy and timeliness<\/strong>. Manually generated statements get an <strong>additional level of check<\/strong>. A <strong>Budget Activity Schedule<\/strong> circulates the tentative timelines; since <strong>2021-22<\/strong> the Budget has been brought out in <strong>digital (paperless) mode<\/strong>, sent by e-mail to the Lok Sabha & Rajya Sabha Secretariats after the FM's Speech.\r\n <\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"c4-sbe\">\r\n <span class=\"section-badge teal\">\u00a7 4.3<\/span>\r\n <h3>Scrutiny of the SBE & UBIS<\/h3>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"callout teal\">\r\n <div class=\"callout-label\">From approved ceilings to the final SBE<\/div>\r\n <ul class=\"note-list teal\">\r\n <li><span class=\"nl-tag\">CEILINGS<\/span><span class=\"nl-text\">After pre-Budget meetings, approved ceilings (Revenue & Capital separately) are communicated; Financial Advisers prepare the <strong>SBE (Final)<\/strong> and forward it to the Budget Division.<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"nl-tag\">UBIS<\/span><span class=\"nl-text\">The <strong>Union Budget Information System (UBIS)<\/strong> \u2014 an online software \u2014 handles submission, processing and finalisation of the SBE and other documents. Since <strong>BE 2017-18<\/strong>, expenditure is classified into the <strong>six broad categories<\/strong>.<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"nl-tag\">TYPE<\/span><span class=\"nl-text\">Expenditure Type codes: <strong>Voted (E), Charged (C), Recovery (Y), Receipt (R)<\/strong>. Each Demand worksheet (D + demand number, e.g. D10) is both input and final output for SBE & Demands.<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"nl-tag\">TRAINING<\/span><span class=\"nl-text\">The <strong>NIC of the Ministry of Finance<\/strong> conducts comprehensive training for Ministry\/Department staff on the SBE and its format.<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"c4-docs\">\r\n <span class=\"section-badge amber\">\u00a7 4.4<\/span>\r\n <h3>Preparing the Budget documents<\/h3>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"callout amber\">\r\n <div class=\"callout-label\">Document-by-document checks<\/div>\r\n <ul class=\"note-list amber\">\r\n <li><span class=\"nl-tag\">SPEECH<\/span><span class=\"nl-text\">For the <strong>FM's Speech<\/strong>, all Departments provide inputs; the Budget Division checks facts\/figures referred to in other documents.<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"nl-tag\">KEY<\/span><span class=\"nl-text\"><strong>Key to Budget Documents<\/strong> is submitted for approval in the <strong>first week of January<\/strong>.<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"nl-tag\">DEMANDS<\/span><span class=\"nl-text\">The <strong>Demands Section<\/strong> verifies the correctness of the Demand number, Ministry nomenclature and Heads of Accounts (from the LMMHA), and tallies DG summary with individual DGs; it also prepares the <strong>New Service\/NIS<\/strong> statement.<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"nl-tag\">EXP<\/span><span class=\"nl-text\"><strong>Expenditure Budget<\/strong> figures come from the SBE in UBIS, net of recoveries; expenditure from dedicated Public Account reserve funds is shown as <strong>negative recoveries<\/strong>.<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"nl-tag\">AFS<\/span><span class=\"nl-text\"><strong>AFS<\/strong> is generated from UBIS; actuals come from <strong>CGA<\/strong>. Two FRBM Fiscal Policy Statements accompany the Budget.<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <p>Direct & Indirect tax estimates are furnished by the <strong>Department of Revenue (CBDT & CBIC) by 7 January<\/strong>. States' share is computed from the shareable pool per the Finance Commission's percentage after deducting cost of collection. Non-Tax Revenue estimates are approved by the designated Director by <strong>end-December<\/strong> and consolidated for the <strong>Secretary (DEA)<\/strong> by the first week of January. Trend statements (Annex 1&2) give actuals for <strong>8 preceding years<\/strong>; the Liability\/Asset statement (Part B) shows actuals from <strong>1950-51<\/strong> and four preceding years.<\/p>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"c4-press\">\r\n <span class=\"section-badge red\">\u00a7 4.5<\/span>\r\n <h3>Budget Press & lock-in arrangements<\/h3>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"callout red\">\r\n <div class=\"callout-label\">Secrecy at the printing stage<\/div>\r\n <ul class=\"note-list red\">\r\n <li><span class=\"nl-tag\">PRESS<\/span><span class=\"nl-text\">The Finance Ministry has its <strong>own press<\/strong> to print all Budget papers; entry is restricted in the months before presentation.<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"nl-tag\">LOCK-IN<\/span><span class=\"nl-text\">Press employees, staff and officers are <strong>locked-in<\/strong> for the last few days to ensure foolproof secrecy. Construction\/maintenance around the Budget Press must finish by <strong>30 November<\/strong>.<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"nl-tag\">IB<\/span><span class=\"nl-text\">Security for the entire Budget period is arranged by the <strong>Intelligence Bureau<\/strong> in consultation with the Budget Division; it screens all associated officers\/staff.<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"c4-oomf\">\r\n <span class=\"section-badge purple\">\u00a7 4.6<\/span>\r\n <h3>Outcome Budget \/ Output-Outcome Monitoring Framework<\/h3>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"flow purple\">\r\n <div class=\"flow-step\"><div class=\"fs-num\">STEP 1<\/div><div class=\"fs-title\">Outlay<\/div><div class=\"fs-text\">The amount provided for a scheme\/project in the Budget.<\/div><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"flow-step\"><div class=\"fs-num\">STEP 2<\/div><div class=\"fs-title\">Output<\/div><div class=\"fs-text\">The direct, measurable product of programme activities, often in physical units.<\/div><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"flow-step\"><div class=\"fs-num\">STEP 3<\/div><div class=\"fs-title\">Outcome<\/div><div class=\"fs-text\">The collective results or qualitative improvements from delivering the services.<\/div><\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <p>Since <strong>2017-18<\/strong> the OOMF covers major <strong>CS & CSS schemes with outlay \u2265 \u20b9500 crore<\/strong>. Ministries submit it to <strong>NITI Aayog<\/strong> (English & Hindi), which finalises it and forwards it to <strong>DoE (PFC-II)<\/strong>; DoE reviews the targets with DMEO and sends the final document to the Budget Division.<\/p>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"c4-parl\">\r\n <span class=\"section-badge blue\">\u00a7 4.7<\/span>\r\n <h3>Budget in Parliament \u2014 the legislative paperwork<\/h3>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"callout blue\">\r\n <div class=\"callout-label\">Letters, Bill numbers & the recess work<\/div>\r\n <ul class=\"note-list\">\r\n <li><span class=\"nl-tag\">BILL NO<\/span><span class=\"nl-text\">The <strong>Demands Section<\/strong> obtains the <strong>Bill Number<\/strong> for the Finance Bill from the <strong>Ministry of Law & Justice<\/strong>. The first Finance Bill of the year gets <strong>no number<\/strong> (\"Finance Bill, Year\"); a second carries a number (\"Finance (No. 2) Bill, Year\"). The same applies to the Appropriation Bill.<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"nl-tag\">800<\/span><span class=\"nl-text\">During recess, the Demand Section prepares the <strong>List of Demands for Grants<\/strong> in the Budget Press \u2014 <strong>800 copies<\/strong> for the Lok Sabha before the 2nd session after recess.<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"nl-tag\">VETTING<\/span><span class=\"nl-text\">The draft Appropriation Bill (with Statement & Objects\/Reasons) goes to the <strong>Leg-I Section, Ministry of Law & Justice<\/strong> for vetting; the Bill is introduced, passed by Lok Sabha, sent to Rajya Sabha, then the <strong>President's Assent<\/strong> is obtained and the Act published in the <strong>Gazette<\/strong> by the Minto Road Government Press.<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"nl-tag\">PRES RULE<\/span><span class=\"nl-text\">For a <strong>State\/UT under President's Rule<\/strong>, the powers of the State legislature are exercised by Parliament; the <strong>MHA<\/strong> sends Budget proposals (Articles 202, 239, 239A); a similar laying\/passing\/assent exercise follows.<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <!-- QUIZ 4 -->\r\n <div class=\"ix\" id=\"quiz4\">\r\n <div class=\"ix-head\"><span class=\"ix-chip\">Self-test<\/span><h4>Chapter 4 Quiz \u2014 finalization, UBIS & the Press<\/h4><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"ix-body\">\r\n <p class=\"ix-help\">Seven questions from Chapter 4. Pick an answer to lock it; the explanation appears below.<\/p>\r\n <div id=\"quizStage4\"><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"quiz-foot\"><span class=\"quiz-score\" id=\"quizScore4\">Score 0 \/ 0<\/span><button class=\"quiz-btn\" id=\"quizNext4\" disabled>Next →<\/button><\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"recap\" id=\"c4-recap\">\r\n <div class=\"recap-title\">⚡ Chapter 4 \u2014 Quick Recap<\/div>\r\n <table>\r\n <thead><tr><th>Concept<\/th><th>Key Fact<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>\r\n <tbody>\r\n <tr><td>Three watchwords<\/td><td><strong>Secrecy, accuracy, timeliness<\/strong><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td>Paperless Budget<\/td><td>From <strong>2021-22<\/strong>; e-mailed to LS\/RS after the Speech<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td>UBIS<\/td><td>Online system for SBE & documents; six-category classification<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td>Expenditure Type codes<\/td><td>Voted <strong>E<\/strong> \u00b7 Charged <strong>C<\/strong> \u00b7 Recovery <strong>Y<\/strong> \u00b7 Receipt <strong>R<\/strong><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td>Tax estimates due<\/td><td><strong>7 January<\/strong> (CBDT & CBIC)<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td>Key to Budget docs<\/td><td>Approved <strong>first week of January<\/strong><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td>Trend statements<\/td><td>Actuals for <strong>8 preceding years<\/strong><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td>Press readiness<\/td><td>Works finish by <strong>30 November<\/strong>; staff <strong>locked-in<\/strong>; IB security<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td>OOMF threshold<\/td><td>CS\/CSS schemes <strong>\u2265 \u20b9500 crore<\/strong>; finalised by NITI Aayog<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td>Finance Bill number<\/td><td>First = no number; from <strong>Ministry of Law & Justice<\/strong><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td>List of Demands copies<\/td><td><strong>800 copies<\/strong> for Lok Sabha<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td>State under President's Rule<\/td><td>Proposals via <strong>MHA<\/strong>; Articles <strong>202, 239, 239A<\/strong><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <\/tbody>\r\n <\/table>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <\/section><!-- \/pane-ch4 -->\r\n <!-- \u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550 CHAPTER 5 \u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550 -->\r\n <section class=\"chapter-pane\" id=\"pane-ch5\" data-chapter=\"5\">\r\n\r\n <div class=\"chapter-heading-block\" id=\"c5-comm\">\r\n <span class=\"chapter-badge\">CH 5 \u00b7 EXECUTION<\/span>\r\n <h2>Budget Execution<\/h2>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"def-card\">\r\n <div class=\"def-label\">From grant to spending (5.1–5.3)<\/div>\r\n <div class=\"def-text\">\r\n After the Appropriation Bill is passed, the Ministry of Finance communicates the grants to Ministries\/Departments, which distribute them to subordinate formations and the <strong>Pay & Accounts Officers<\/strong>. Control of expenditure runs through the Heads of Departments, Controlling Officers and Disbursing Officers, who ensure expenditure is <strong>for the approved purpose, within the sums allotted, under competent sanction, and with due prudence<\/strong>.\r\n <\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"callout blue\">\r\n <div class=\"callout-label\">The cardinal limits on spending (5.3)<\/div>\r\n <ul class=\"note-list\">\r\n <li><span class=\"nl-tag\">YEAR<\/span><span class=\"nl-text\">A Grant\/Appropriation covers only charges paid <strong>during its financial year<\/strong>; no charge can be authorised after the year expires.<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"nl-tag\">CEILING<\/span><span class=\"nl-text\">No expenditure may <strong>exceed the total grant<\/strong> authorised by Parliament except via a <strong>supplementary grant or an advance from the Contingency Fund<\/strong>.<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"nl-tag\">SANCTION<\/span><span class=\"nl-text\">No expenditure\/liability without sanction by <strong>general or special orders<\/strong> of Government or a delegated authority; comply with the <strong>GFR<\/strong> and <strong>DFPR<\/strong>.<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"c5-cmec\">\r\n <span class=\"section-badge teal\">\u00a7 5.4–5.5<\/span>\r\n <h3>Cash management & Revised Estimates<\/h3>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"callout teal\">\r\n <div class=\"callout-label\">Modified Cash Management System (from 1 April 2006)<\/div>\r\n <ul class=\"note-list teal\">\r\n <li><span class=\"nl-tag\">EVEN<\/span><span class=\"nl-text\">Aims for greater <strong>evenness<\/strong> in budgeted expenditure, to <strong>reduce the rush of expenditure<\/strong> in the last quarter\/month, reduce parking of funds, monitor the expenditure pattern, and plan the Indicative Market Borrowing Calendar.<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"nl-tag\">RE<\/span><span class=\"nl-text\"><strong>Revised Estimates<\/strong> arise after the mid-year review; they are <strong>not voted<\/strong> and do not themselves authorise expenditure \u2014 additional projections need <strong>Parliament's approval (NS\/NIS)<\/strong> or a <strong>re-appropriation order<\/strong> under the DFPR.<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"c5-reapp\">\r\n <span class=\"section-badge amber\">\u00a7 5.6<\/span>\r\n <h3>Re-appropriations & New Service \/ NIS<\/h3>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"callout amber\">\r\n <div class=\"callout-label\">Rule 10, DFPR \u2014 when re-appropriation is barred<\/div>\r\n <ul class=\"note-list amber\">\r\n <li><span class=\"nl-tag\">NO-1<\/span><span class=\"nl-text\">To meet expenditure <strong>not sanctioned<\/strong> by a competent authority.<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"nl-tag\">NO-2<\/span><span class=\"nl-text\">From <strong>charged<\/strong> appropriations to <strong>voted<\/strong> expenditure or vice-versa.<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"nl-tag\">NO-3<\/span><span class=\"nl-text\">From <strong>one Grant\/Appropriation to another<\/strong>.<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"nl-tag\">NO-4<\/span><span class=\"nl-text\">To meet expenditure on a <strong>New Service \/ New Instrument of Service<\/strong>.<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"nl-tag\">EAP<\/span><span class=\"nl-text\">No re-appropriation from EAP savings to non-EAP purposes, nor from <strong>'Salaries'<\/strong> savings to <strong>'Non-Salaries'<\/strong>.<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"callout slate\">\r\n <div class=\"callout-label\">Delegated powers & finance-ministry consent<\/div>\r\n <ul class=\"note-list slate\">\r\n <li><span class=\"nl-tag\">\u20b95 cr<\/span><span class=\"nl-text\">Power to augment provisions via re-appropriation <strong>below \u20b95 crore<\/strong> is delegated to administrative Ministries; full powers exist within the <strong>same section<\/strong> for 'Salaries', 'Wages', 'Pensionary Charges', 'Medical Expenses' and 'Rent, Rates & Taxes'.<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"nl-tag\">NS<\/span><span class=\"nl-text\"><strong>New Service<\/strong> = expenditure from a policy decision not earlier before Parliament (Art 115(1)(a)); <strong>New Instrument of Service<\/strong> = large expenditure from important expansion of an existing activity. Financial limits are in the <strong>OM dated 25.05.2006<\/strong>.<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"nl-tag\">CONSENT<\/span><span class=\"nl-text\">Without the Finance Ministry's prior consent, no re-appropriation from\/to <strong>Secret Service<\/strong> expenditure, nor to augment 'Salaries\/Wages\/Office Expenses\/Other Charges' taken together for the whole Grant. NS\/NIS limits apply only to <strong>voted<\/strong> expenditure (not charged).<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"nl-tag\">GFR 4<\/span><span class=\"nl-text\">A re-appropriation application is supported by <strong>Form GFR 4<\/strong>; reasons for saving\/excess of <strong>\u20b91 lakh or over<\/strong> must be stated, with a copy to the Accounts Officer.<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"c5-supp\">\r\n <span class=\"section-badge purple\">\u00a7 5.7<\/span>\r\n <h3>Supplementary Demands for Grants<\/h3>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"cat-grid three\">\r\n <div class=\"cat-card d\">\r\n <div class=\"cat-label\">Cash<\/div>\r\n <div class=\"cat-title\">Cash Supplementary<\/div>\r\n <p>Over and above the original provision \u2014 <strong>enhances<\/strong> the allocation when no savings exist. <strong>Impacts the fiscal\/revenue deficit<\/strong>; obtained as a <strong>last resort<\/strong> with the specific approval of <strong>Secretary (Expenditure)<\/strong>.<\/p>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div class=\"cat-card a\">\r\n <div class=\"cat-label\">Technical<\/div>\r\n <div class=\"cat-title\">Technical Supplementary<\/div>\r\n <p>Transfers savings between the <strong>4 sections<\/strong> of a Demand (Revenue-Voted, Revenue-Charged, Capital-Voted, Capital-Charged), or moves a scheme between Demands, or covers waivers\/write-offs and matching receipts.<\/p>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div class=\"cat-card c\">\r\n <div class=\"cat-label\">\u20b90.01 cr<\/div>\r\n <div class=\"cat-title\">Token Supplementary<\/div>\r\n <p>A token of <strong>\u20b90.01 crore<\/strong> obtained when NS\/NIS limits require Parliament's approval to re-appropriate savings <strong>within the same section<\/strong>. Does <strong>not alter<\/strong> the revenue\/fiscal deficit.<\/p>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <p>Ministries explore <strong>economy & rationalisation<\/strong>, the possibility of meeting needs by <strong>Token\/Technical<\/strong> Supplementary, and matching savings from other schemes; <strong>no new schemes<\/strong> (except Budget announcements) mid-year; only for schemes approved by the competent authority and limited to the relevant financial year, after enforcing austerity cuts. Excess expenditure attracting NS\/NIS may be allowed by FAs only on the <strong>specific approval of Secretary (Expenditure)<\/strong> that funds will come via the next Supplementary batch (GFR 61 & 69, Appendix 10).<\/p>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"c5-excess\">\r\n <span class=\"section-badge red\">\u00a7 5.8–5.10<\/span>\r\n <h3>Excess Grants & surrender of savings<\/h3>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"callout red\">\r\n <div class=\"callout-label\">Excess & surrenders<\/div>\r\n <ul class=\"note-list red\">\r\n <li><span class=\"nl-tag\">EXCESS<\/span><span class=\"nl-text\">If total expenditure exceeds the original + supplementary grant, the excess requires <strong>regularisation by an Excess Grant from Parliament under Article 115<\/strong>.<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"nl-tag\">SURRENDER<\/span><span class=\"nl-text\">Ministries surrender <strong>anticipated savings<\/strong> to the Finance Ministry by the prescribed dates <strong>before the close of the year<\/strong>, so they can be reallocated; <strong>no savings held in reserve<\/strong> for possible future excesses.<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"nl-tag\">RUSH<\/span><span class=\"nl-text\">A <strong>rush of expenditure in the closing months<\/strong> is a breach of financial propriety and must be avoided.<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"c5-caa\">\r\n <span class=\"section-badge gold\">\u00a7 5.11–5.12<\/span>\r\n <h3>Chief Accounting Authority & devolution of taxes<\/h3>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"callout gold\">\r\n <div class=\"callout-label\">Duties of the Chief Accounting Authority (the Secretary)<\/div>\r\n <ul class=\"note-list gold\">\r\n <li><span class=\"nl-tag\">ACCT<\/span><span class=\"nl-text\">Responsible & accountable for the Ministry's <strong>financial management<\/strong>; ensures funds are used for their intended purpose and resources are used <strong>effectively, efficiently, economically and transparently<\/strong>.<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"nl-tag\">PAC<\/span><span class=\"nl-text\">Appears before the <strong>PAC<\/strong> and other Committees; reviews and monitors programme\/project performance against objectives.<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"nl-tag\">PROCURE<\/span><span class=\"nl-text\">Ensures the Ministry follows fair, transparent, competitive, cost-effective <strong>procurement<\/strong>, collects all money due, and avoids unauthorised\/irregular\/wasteful expenditure.<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"callout slate\">\r\n <div class=\"callout-label\">Devolution of shareable taxes (Articles 270 & 279)<\/div>\r\n <ul class=\"note-list slate\">\r\n <li><span class=\"nl-tag\">270<\/span><span class=\"nl-text\"><strong>Article 270<\/strong> \u2014 Union taxes\/duties (except those in Arts 268, 269, 269A, surcharge under 271, and cesses) are levied & collected by the GoI and distributed between Union and States.<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"nl-tag\">279<\/span><span class=\"nl-text\"><strong>Article 279<\/strong> empowers the <strong>C&AG to ascertain & certify the \"Net Proceeds\"<\/strong> (proceeds reduced by cost of collection).<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"nl-tag\">MONTHLY<\/span><span class=\"nl-text\">Devolution is monthly, by tax-wise\/State-wise sanctions through <strong>UBIS<\/strong>, paid via PFMS\/RBI; releases are based on estimates, subject to final adjustment per the <strong>C&AG certificate<\/strong>.<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"nl-tag\">10th<\/span><span class=\"nl-text\">From <strong>FY 2022-23<\/strong>, the date of devolution is the <strong>10th of each month<\/strong> (earlier the 20th); total shareable receipts are distributed in <strong>14 instalments<\/strong>.<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <!-- QUIZ 5 -->\r\n <div class=\"ix\" id=\"quiz5\">\r\n <div class=\"ix-head\"><span class=\"ix-chip\">Self-test<\/span><h4>Chapter 5 Quiz \u2014 control, re-appropriation & supplementaries<\/h4><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"ix-body\">\r\n <p class=\"ix-help\">Eight questions from Chapter 5. Pick an answer to lock it; the explanation appears below.<\/p>\r\n <div id=\"quizStage5\"><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"quiz-foot\"><span class=\"quiz-score\" id=\"quizScore5\">Score 0 \/ 0<\/span><button class=\"quiz-btn\" id=\"quizNext5\" disabled>Next →<\/button><\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"recap\" id=\"c5-recap\">\r\n <div class=\"recap-title\">⚡ Chapter 5 \u2014 Quick Recap<\/div>\r\n <table>\r\n <thead><tr><th>Concept<\/th><th>Key Fact<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>\r\n <tbody>\r\n <tr><td>Exceeding a grant<\/td><td>Only via supplementary grant or <strong>Contingency Fund advance<\/strong><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td>Cash management<\/td><td>Modified CMS from <strong>1 Apr 2006<\/strong>; curb last-quarter rush<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td>Revised Estimates<\/td><td><strong>Not voted<\/strong>; no authority to spend by itself<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td>Re-appropriation bar<\/td><td>No charged\u2194voted; no grant-to-grant; no NS\/NIS (Rule 10 DFPR)<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td>Delegated re-app.<\/td><td>Augment <strong>below \u20b95 crore<\/strong> within same section<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td>Re-app. form<\/td><td><strong>Form GFR 4<\/strong>; reasons for \u20b91 lakh+ saving\/excess<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td>Cash Supplementary<\/td><td>Enhances allocation; impacts deficit; <strong>Secretary (Exp.)<\/strong> approval<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td>Token Supplementary<\/td><td><strong>\u20b90.01 crore<\/strong>; no change to deficit<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td>4 sections of a Demand<\/td><td>Revenue\/Capital \u00d7 Voted\/Charged<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td>Excess Grant<\/td><td>Regularised under <strong>Article 115<\/strong><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td>Devolution<\/td><td><strong>10th<\/strong> of each month (FY 2022-23); <strong>14 instalments<\/strong><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td>Net Proceeds certified by<\/td><td><strong>C&AG<\/strong> (Articles 270 & 279)<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <\/tbody>\r\n <\/table>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <\/section><!-- \/pane-ch5 -->\r\n <!-- \u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550 CHAPTER 6 \u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550 -->\r\n <section class=\"chapter-pane\" id=\"pane-ch6\" data-chapter=\"6\">\r\n\r\n <div class=\"chapter-heading-block\" id=\"c6-frbm\">\r\n <span class=\"chapter-badge\">CH 6 \u00b7 REVIEW<\/span>\r\n <h2>Budget Review<\/h2>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"def-card\">\r\n <div class=\"def-label\">Closing the accountability loop<\/div>\r\n <div class=\"def-text\">\r\n Review happens through several channels: the <strong>FRBM<\/strong> statements and half-yearly review, the <strong>OOMF<\/strong>, monitoring & evaluation by <strong>DMEO<\/strong>, mid-term evaluation of schemes, <strong>Internal Audit<\/strong>, <strong>C&AG audit<\/strong>, and scrutiny by the <strong>Public Accounts Committee<\/strong>.\r\n <\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\">\r\n <span class=\"section-badge teal\">\u00a7 6.1<\/span>\r\n <h3>Reviews under the FRBM Act & MTEF<\/h3>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"cat-grid three\">\r\n <div class=\"cat-card a\"><div class=\"cat-label\">With AFS & Demands<\/div><div class=\"cat-title\">MTFP + FPS<\/div><p>The <strong>Medium-Term Fiscal Policy Statement<\/strong> and the <strong>Fiscal Policy Strategy Statement<\/strong>, laid each year with the Budget.<\/p><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"cat-card b\"><div class=\"cat-label\">With AFS & Demands<\/div><div class=\"cat-title\">Macro-Economic Framework<\/div><p>Assesses growth prospects and the macro-economic setting underlying the Budget.<\/p><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"cat-card e\"><div class=\"cat-label\">Next session<\/div><div class=\"cat-title\">MTEF Statement<\/div><p>Laid in the session <strong>immediately following<\/strong>; sets <strong>three-year rolling targets<\/strong> for prescribed indicators, with assumptions and risks, to support fiscal consolidation.<\/p><\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <p>Separately, under <strong>Section 7(1)<\/strong> the Government lays a <strong>half-yearly review<\/strong> of receipt and expenditure trends in the <strong>Monsoon and Winter<\/strong> sessions.<\/p>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"c6-dmeo\">\r\n <span class=\"section-badge purple\">\u00a7 6.2–6.4<\/span>\r\n <h3>OOMF, DMEO & mid-term evaluation<\/h3>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"callout purple\">\r\n <div class=\"callout-label\">Monitoring & Evaluation machinery<\/div>\r\n <ul class=\"note-list purple\">\r\n <li><span class=\"nl-tag\">OOMF<\/span><span class=\"nl-text\">Outcome Budget has been part of the process since <strong>2006-07<\/strong>; from <strong>2017-18<\/strong> outputs\/outcomes are presented in a consolidated document, in <strong>measurable terms<\/strong>, covering CS & CSS schemes with outlay <strong>\u2265 \u20b9500 crore<\/strong>.<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"nl-tag\">DMEO<\/span><span class=\"nl-text\">The <strong>Development Monitoring and Evaluation Office (DMEO)<\/strong> \u2014 the apex M&E office \u2014 was established on <strong>18 September 2015<\/strong> as an attached office of <strong>NITI Aayog<\/strong>, merging the erstwhile Program Evaluation Office and Independent Evaluation Office; it has <strong>functional autonomy<\/strong> with separate budget & manpower.<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"nl-tag\">3PARTY<\/span><span class=\"nl-text\">For continuation, <strong>DoE insists on third-party independent evaluation<\/strong> of schemes (OM dated 08.12.2020). The Cabinet Secretary (Dec 2002) had advised all Ministries to evaluate ongoing schemes.<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"c6-audit\">\r\n <span class=\"section-badge amber\">\u00a7 6.5–6.6<\/span>\r\n <h3>Internal Audit & the C&AG audit<\/h3>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"callout amber\">\r\n <div class=\"callout-label\">Internal Audit (under the Chief Controllers of Accounts)<\/div>\r\n <ul class=\"note-list amber\">\r\n <li><span class=\"nl-tag\">UNIT<\/span><span class=\"nl-text\">Each Ministry has a special <strong>Internal Audit unit<\/strong> under the direct control of the <strong>Financial Adviser<\/strong>; important findings go to the Secretary for corrective action.<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"nl-tag\">SCOPE<\/span><span class=\"nl-text\">Per the Revised Charter, the Chief Controllers of Accounts carry out: scheme appraisal\/monitoring\/evaluation; assessment of <strong>internal controls & financial systems<\/strong>; <strong>risk<\/strong> identification (including Outcome Budget risks); a value-for-money review of service delivery; and an effective monitoring system for <strong>mid-course corrections<\/strong>.<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <p>The C&AG conducts not only accounting and compliance audit but also <strong>evaluation of end results<\/strong> \u2014 economy, efficiency and effectiveness. It audits Union Government Finance & Appropriation Accounts and submits its report under <strong>Article 151<\/strong>, and is entrusted with auditing <strong>compliance with the FRBM Act & Rules<\/strong>. The <strong>PAC selects subjects<\/strong> for consideration based on the C&AG's report.<\/p>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"c6-pac\">\r\n <span class=\"section-badge blue\">\u00a7 6.7<\/span>\r\n <h3>The Public Accounts Committee in review<\/h3>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <p>The PAC is constituted each year to examine the appropriation of the sums granted. It satisfies itself that money disbursed was <strong>legally available and applied<\/strong>, that expenditure <strong>conforms to authority<\/strong>, that every <strong>re-appropriation<\/strong> followed the rules, and that spending stayed <strong>within the scope of the Demand<\/strong> \u2014 examining the circumstances of any spending more or less than sanctioned.<\/p>\r\n <div class=\"flow teal\">\r\n <div class=\"flow-step\"><div class=\"fs-num\">GOVT<\/div><div class=\"fs-title\">Action-Taken Note<\/div><div class=\"fs-text\">Government acts on the PAC's recommendations and submits ATNs.<\/div><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"flow-step\"><div class=\"fs-num\">PAC<\/div><div class=\"fs-title\">Action-Taken Report<\/div><div class=\"fs-text\">The PAC presents its report on the action taken.<\/div><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"flow-step\"><div class=\"fs-num\">GOVT<\/div><div class=\"fs-title\">Action-Taken Statement<\/div><div class=\"fs-text\">Government files a final statement, generally laid before the House without further examination.<\/div><\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <!-- QUIZ 6 -->\r\n <div class=\"ix\" id=\"quiz6\">\r\n <div class=\"ix-head\"><span class=\"ix-chip\">Self-test<\/span><h4>Chapter 6 Quiz \u2014 FRBM review, DMEO & audit<\/h4><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"ix-body\">\r\n <p class=\"ix-help\">Seven questions from Chapter 6. Pick an answer to lock it; the explanation appears below.<\/p>\r\n <div id=\"quizStage6\"><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"quiz-foot\"><span class=\"quiz-score\" id=\"quizScore6\">Score 0 \/ 0<\/span><button class=\"quiz-btn\" id=\"quizNext6\" disabled>Next →<\/button><\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"recap\" id=\"c6-recap\">\r\n <div class=\"recap-title\">⚡ Chapter 6 \u2014 Quick Recap<\/div>\r\n <table>\r\n <thead><tr><th>Concept<\/th><th>Key Fact<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>\r\n <tbody>\r\n <tr><td>FRBM statements<\/td><td>MTFP+FPS & Macro-Economic Framework (Section 3)<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td>MTEF<\/td><td><strong>3-year rolling targets<\/strong>; laid the session after fiscal policy stmts<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td>Half-yearly review<\/td><td><strong>Section 7(1)<\/strong>; Monsoon & Winter sessions<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td>Outcome Budget since<\/td><td><strong>2006-07<\/strong>; consolidated outputs\/outcomes from <strong>2017-18<\/strong><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td>DMEO<\/td><td>Established <strong>18 Sep 2015<\/strong>; attached to NITI Aayog; PEO + IEO merged<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td>Scheme continuation<\/td><td>DoE insists on <strong>third-party independent evaluation<\/strong><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td>Internal Audit<\/td><td>Under the <strong>Financial Adviser<\/strong>; via Chief Controllers of Accounts<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td>C&AG<\/td><td>Audit report under <strong>Article 151<\/strong>; audits FRBM compliance<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td>PAC subject selection<\/td><td>Based on the <strong>C&AG report<\/strong><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td>Action-Taken cycle<\/td><td>ATN \u2192 ATR \u2192 Action-Taken Statement<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <\/tbody>\r\n <\/table>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <\/section><!-- \/pane-ch6 -->\r\n <!-- \u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550 CHAPTER 7 \u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550 -->\r\n <section class=\"chapter-pane\" id=\"pane-ch7\" data-chapter=\"7\">\r\n\r\n <div class=\"chapter-heading-block\" id=\"c7-cfi\">\r\n <span class=\"chapter-badge\">CH 7 \u00b7 ACCOUNTS<\/span>\r\n <h2>Structure of Government Accounts<\/h2>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"def-card\">\r\n <div class=\"def-label\">Three categories (7.1)<\/div>\r\n <div class=\"def-text\">\r\n In line with constitutional requirements, Government accounts are kept in three parts \u2014 <strong>Part I: Consolidated Fund<\/strong>, <strong>Part II: Contingency Fund<\/strong>, and <strong>Part III: Public Account<\/strong>. Budgeting and accounting classification follow a common pattern.\r\n <\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"callout blue\">\r\n <div class=\"callout-label\">Consolidated Fund of India \u2014 Part I (7.2)<\/div>\r\n <p>Under <strong>Article 266(1)<\/strong>, it holds all revenues, loans raised (treasury bills, loans, Ways & Means advances) and money received in repayment of loans. It has two divisions:<\/p>\r\n <ul class=\"note-list\">\r\n <li><span class=\"nl-tag\">REVENUE<\/span><span class=\"nl-text\"><strong>Revenue Account<\/strong> \u2014 proceeds of taxation and other receipts classed as revenue, and the expenditure met from them.<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"nl-tag\">CAPITAL<\/span><span class=\"nl-text\"><strong>Capital Account<\/strong> \u2014 expenditure to <strong>increase concrete durable assets or reduce recurring liabilities<\/strong>, plus capital receipts. Its sections: <em>Receipt heads<\/em> (capital receipts not set off against capital expenditure), <em>Expenditure heads<\/em>, and <strong>'Public Debt'<\/strong> & <strong>'Loans & Advances'<\/strong> (internal\/external debt and recoveries). For budgeting, the Revenue–Capital distinction is crucial.<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"c7-cf\">\r\n <span class=\"section-badge teal\">\u00a7 7.3<\/span>\r\n <h3>Contingency Fund of India \u2014 Part II<\/h3>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"callout teal\">\r\n <div class=\"callout-label\">An imprest for the unforeseen (Article 267)<\/div>\r\n <ul class=\"note-list teal\">\r\n <li><span class=\"nl-tag\">IMPREST<\/span><span class=\"nl-text\">Placed at the President's disposal for <strong>unforeseen expenditure<\/strong> pending Parliament's authorisation; established under the <strong>Contingency Fund of India Act, 1950<\/strong>, with Rules framed under <strong>Section 4<\/strong>.<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"nl-tag\">CORPUS<\/span><span class=\"nl-text\">The corpus is created by <strong>debit to the Consolidated Fund<\/strong>; on regularisation by Parliament's vote, the advance is <strong>recouped<\/strong> to the corpus by debit to the Consolidated Fund and re-booked there as revenue\/capital.<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"nl-tag\">1 HEAD<\/span><span class=\"nl-text\">In accounts, the Contingency Fund has a <strong>single Major Head<\/strong> for all its transactions.<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"c7-pa\">\r\n <span class=\"section-badge amber\">\u00a7 7.4<\/span>\r\n <h3>Public Account \u2014 Part III<\/h3>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <p>Shows transactions in <strong>Debt<\/strong> (other than Part I), <strong>'Deposits', 'Advances', 'Remittances' and 'Suspense'<\/strong>. These funds remain merged in the Central Government's <strong>cash balance with the RBI<\/strong> until paid out or adjusted (e.g. Reserve Funds, inter-Government transactions); the <strong>net funds are available to finance Government expenditure<\/strong>. Transactions are grouped by sectors\/sub-sectors, then Major Heads.<\/p>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"c7-accounts\">\r\n <span class=\"section-badge purple\">\u00a7 7.5<\/span>\r\n <h3>Union Government Accounts & the three account types<\/h3>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"callout purple\">\r\n <div class=\"callout-label\">Who prepares them and when<\/div>\r\n <ul class=\"note-list purple\">\r\n <li><span class=\"nl-tag\">FORM<\/span><span class=\"nl-text\">Accounts of the Union & States are kept in the form the <strong>President prescribes on the C&AG's advice<\/strong> (Article 150).<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"nl-tag\">6 MONTHS<\/span><span class=\"nl-text\">Prepared by the <strong>CGA<\/strong>, certified by the <strong>C&AG<\/strong>, submitted to the President preferably <strong>within six months<\/strong> of the close of the financial year, and laid before each House.<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"nl-tag\">MONTHLY<\/span><span class=\"nl-text\"><strong>Monthly & Annual Accounts<\/strong> \u2014 consolidated by CGA; the Monthly Account analyses expenditure, revenue, borrowings & deficit on a <strong>net basis<\/strong>.<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"nl-tag\">FINANCE<\/span><span class=\"nl-text\"><strong>Finance Accounts<\/strong> \u2014 Part I (summarised statements) & Part II (detailed); similar to the AFS, receipts net of refunds and expenditure net of recoveries; <strong>no fiscal adjustments<\/strong>.<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"nl-tag\">APPROP<\/span><span class=\"nl-text\"><strong>Appropriation Accounts<\/strong> \u2014 compare expenditure (voted & charged) with the grants\/appropriations in the Appropriation Acts; prepared on a <strong>gross basis<\/strong>, without adjustments.<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"c7-features\">\r\n <span class=\"section-badge gold\">\u00a7 7.6<\/span>\r\n <h3>Features of the accounting system<\/h3>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"callout gold\">\r\n <div class=\"callout-label\">Cash basis & commercial exceptions<\/div>\r\n <ul class=\"note-list gold\">\r\n <li><span class=\"nl-tag\">CASH<\/span><span class=\"nl-text\">Accounts are kept on a <strong>cash basis<\/strong>; all appropriations lapse at the year's close; only actual receipts\/payments are taken in, with no accrued liabilities or income.<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"nl-tag\">MINOR<\/span><span class=\"nl-text\">Uniform classification up to the <strong>Minor Head level<\/strong> enables financial comparisons between Union and State Governments.<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"nl-tag\">COMM<\/span><span class=\"nl-text\">Purely\/largely commercial departments keep accounts on a <strong>commercial basis (modified accrual)<\/strong> as subsidiary accounts; for major commercial departments (<strong>Railways, Posts<\/strong>) detailed capital & revenue accounts are prepared separately.<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"nl-tag\">ANNUAL<\/span><span class=\"nl-text\">Since Budgets are annual, governmental transactions are finalised in accounts on an <strong>annual basis<\/strong>.<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"c7-class\">\r\n <span class=\"section-badge red\">\u00a7 7.7–7.8<\/span>\r\n <h3>Classification \u2014 the six-tier structure<\/h3>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"table-wrap\"><table class=\"compare-table wide\">\r\n <colgroup><col style=\"width:34%\"><col style=\"width:22%\"><col style=\"width:44%\"><\/colgroup>\r\n <thead><tr><th>Tier<\/th><th>Digits<\/th><th>Denotes<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>\r\n <tbody>\r\n <tr><td class=\"label-cell\">Major Head<\/td><td class=\"code-cell\">4<\/td><td>Function<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td class=\"label-cell\">Sub-Major Head<\/td><td class=\"code-cell\">2<\/td><td>Sub-Function<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td class=\"label-cell\">Minor Head<\/td><td class=\"code-cell\">3<\/td><td>Programme<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td class=\"label-cell\">Sub-Head<\/td><td class=\"code-cell\">2<\/td><td>Scheme<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td class=\"label-cell\">Detailed Head<\/td><td class=\"code-cell\">2<\/td><td>Sub-Scheme<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td class=\"label-cell\">Object Head<\/td><td class=\"code-cell\">2<\/td><td>Object \/ Primary unit of appropriation<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <\/tbody>\r\n <\/table><\/div>\r\n\r\n <p>Classification has closer reference to <strong>functions, programmes and activities<\/strong> and the object of revenue\/expenditure than to the department. The <strong>List of Major & Minor Heads<\/strong> is maintained by the <strong>CGA (Dept. of Expenditure)<\/strong>, which opens new heads on the <strong>C&AG's advice<\/strong> under powers flowing from <strong>Article 150<\/strong>. Normally a new head is opened only where budget provision is available (for re-appropriation) or obtained through a Supplementary Demand; <strong>Supplementary Demands are for additionality \/ New Service \u2014 not for opening new heads<\/strong>, which can be operated only after the budget is obtained.<\/p>\r\n\r\n <!-- QUIZ 7 -->\r\n <div class=\"ix\" id=\"quiz7\">\r\n <div class=\"ix-head\"><span class=\"ix-chip\">Self-test<\/span><h4>Chapter 7 Quiz \u2014 the three funds & classification<\/h4><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"ix-body\">\r\n <p class=\"ix-help\">Eight questions from Chapter 7. Pick an answer to lock it; the explanation appears below.<\/p>\r\n <div id=\"quizStage7\"><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"quiz-foot\"><span class=\"quiz-score\" id=\"quizScore7\">Score 0 \/ 0<\/span><button class=\"quiz-btn\" id=\"quizNext7\" disabled>Next →<\/button><\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"recap\" id=\"c7-recap\">\r\n <div class=\"recap-title\">⚡ Chapter 7 \u2014 Quick Recap<\/div>\r\n <table>\r\n <thead><tr><th>Concept<\/th><th>Key Fact<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>\r\n <tbody>\r\n <tr><td>Three parts<\/td><td>Consolidated Fund \u00b7 Contingency Fund \u00b7 Public Account<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td>Consolidated Fund<\/td><td><strong>Art 266(1)<\/strong>; Revenue + Capital accounts<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td>Capital Account heads<\/td><td>Receipt, Expenditure, Public Debt, Loans & Advances<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td>Contingency Fund<\/td><td><strong>Art 267<\/strong>; imprest; <strong>single Major Head<\/strong>; 1950 Act<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td>Public Account<\/td><td><strong>Art 266(2)<\/strong>; Debt\/Deposits\/Advances\/Remittances\/Suspense<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td>Accounts prepared by<\/td><td><strong>CGA<\/strong>, certified by <strong>C&AG<\/strong>; within <strong>6 months<\/strong><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td>Finance Accounts<\/td><td>Net of refunds\/recoveries; <strong>no fiscal adjustments<\/strong><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td>Appropriation Accounts<\/td><td><strong>Gross basis<\/strong>; compare expenditure vs grants<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td>Accounting basis<\/td><td><strong>Cash basis<\/strong>; uniform to <strong>Minor Head<\/strong> level<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td>Commercial depts<\/td><td>Modified accrual (Railways, Posts)<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td>Six tiers<\/td><td>Major(4)\/Sub-Major(2)\/Minor(3)\/Sub(2)\/Detailed(2)\/Object(2)<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td>New heads<\/td><td><strong>Rule 79 GFR<\/strong>; CGA on C&AG advice (<strong>Art 150<\/strong>)<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <\/tbody>\r\n <\/table>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <\/section><!-- \/pane-ch7 -->\r\n <\/main>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<script>\r\n\/* \u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500 Chapter (tab) switching + sidebar navigation \u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500 *\/\r\n(function(){\r\n var details = Array.prototype.slice.call(document.querySelectorAll('details.toc-chapter'));\r\n var panes = Array.prototype.slice.call(document.querySelectorAll('section.chapter-pane'));\r\n\r\n function showChapter(n, scrollTop){\r\n panes.forEach(function(p){ p.classList.toggle('active', p.getAttribute('data-chapter') === String(n)); });\r\n if (scrollTop){\r\n var pane = document.getElementById('pane-ch'+n);\r\n if (pane) pane.scrollIntoView({behavior:'smooth', block:'start'});\r\n }\r\n }\r\n\r\n details.forEach(function(d){\r\n d.addEventListener('toggle', function(){\r\n if (d.open){\r\n details.forEach(function(o){ if (o !== d) o.open = false; });\r\n showChapter(d.getAttribute('data-chapter'), false);\r\n }\r\n });\r\n });\r\n\r\n Array.prototype.slice.call(document.querySelectorAll('.toc-sub-list a[href^=\"#\"]')).forEach(function(a){\r\n a.addEventListener('click', function(e){\r\n var id = a.getAttribute('href').slice(1);\r\n var target = document.getElementById(id);\r\n if (!target) return;\r\n e.preventDefault();\r\n var pane = target.closest('.chapter-pane');\r\n if (pane){\r\n var ch = pane.getAttribute('data-chapter');\r\n var d = document.querySelector('details.toc-chapter[data-chapter=\"'+ch+'\"]');\r\n if (d && !d.open) d.open = true;\r\n showChapter(ch, false);\r\n }\r\n Array.prototype.slice.call(document.querySelectorAll('.toc-sub-list a.active')).forEach(function(x){ x.classList.remove('active'); });\r\n a.classList.add('active');\r\n requestAnimationFrame(function(){ target.scrollIntoView({behavior:'smooth', block:'start'}); });\r\n });\r\n });\r\n})();\r\n\r\n\/* \u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500 Quiz factory \u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500 *\/\r\nfunction buildQuiz(stageId, scoreId, nextId, questions){\r\n var stage = document.getElementById(stageId);\r\n var scoreEl = document.getElementById(scoreId);\r\n var nextBtn = document.getElementById(nextId);\r\n if (!stage) return;\r\n var idx = 0, score = 0, answered = 0;\r\n\r\n function render(){\r\n var q = questions[idx];\r\n var html = '<div class=\"quiz-q\"><span class=\"q-tag\">Q'+(idx+1)+'<\/span><span>'+q.q+'<\/span><\/div><div class=\"quiz-opts\">';\r\n q.opts.forEach(function(opt, i){ html += '<button class=\"quiz-opt\" data-i=\"'+i+'\">'+opt+'<\/button>'; });\r\n html += '<\/div><div class=\"quiz-fb\"><\/div>';\r\n stage.innerHTML = html;\r\n var fb = stage.querySelector('.quiz-fb');\r\n var opts = Array.prototype.slice.call(stage.querySelectorAll('.quiz-opt'));\r\n opts.forEach(function(b){\r\n b.addEventListener('click', function(){\r\n var chosen = parseInt(b.getAttribute('data-i'), 10);\r\n opts.forEach(function(x){ x.classList.add('lock'); });\r\n opts[q.a].classList.add('correct');\r\n if (chosen === q.a){ score++; }\r\n else { b.classList.add('wrong'); }\r\n answered++;\r\n scoreEl.textContent = 'Score '+score+' \/ '+answered;\r\n fb.innerHTML = (chosen === q.a ? '<strong>Correct.<\/strong> ' : '<strong>Not quite.<\/strong> ') + q.fb;\r\n nextBtn.disabled = (idx >= questions.length - 1);\r\n if (idx >= questions.length - 1){ nextBtn.textContent = 'Done \\u2713'; }\r\n });\r\n });\r\n }\r\n nextBtn.addEventListener('click', function(){\r\n if (idx < questions.length - 1){ idx++; nextBtn.disabled = true; render(); }\r\n });\r\n render();\r\n}\r\n\r\nbuildQuiz('quizStageF','quizScoreF','quizNextF',[\r\n {q:'The word \"Budget\" does not appear in the Constitution. The document the Constitution actually mandates is the \\u2014', opts:['Demand for Grants','Annual Financial Statement','Appropriation Statement','Finance Statement'], a:1, fb:'Article 112 requires the President to lay before Parliament an Annual Financial Statement of estimated receipts and expenditure for the year \\u2014 popularly called the Budget.'},\r\n {q:'Withdrawal of money from the Consolidated Fund of India is permissible only \\u2014', opts:['On the President\\u2019s order','By an appropriation made by law','With C&AG sanction','By a Finance Ministry circular'], a:1, fb:'The Consolidated Fund (Article 266(1)) can be drawn upon only under appropriation made by law passed by Parliament.'},\r\n {q:'The Contingency Fund of India is established under \\u2014', opts:['Article 266(2)','Article 267','Article 280','Article 112'], a:1, fb:'Article 267 provides for the Contingency Fund \\u2014 an imprest placed at the disposal of the President to meet unforeseen expenditure pending parliamentary authorisation (Act of 1950).'},\r\n {q:'Disbursements out of the Public Account of India \\u2014', opts:['Are voted by Parliament annually','Are not voted by Parliament','Require a Money Bill','Need C&AG approval'], a:1, fb:'Public Account transactions (Article 266(2)) are not subject to the vote of Parliament; the executive operates them as a banker.'},\r\n {q:'Excess expenditure over a grant is regularised by Parliament under \\u2014', opts:['Article 114','Article 115','Article 116','Article 117'], a:1, fb:'Article 115 covers supplementary, additional or excess grants; excess grants are regularised on the recommendation of the Public Accounts Committee.'},\r\n {q:'A Bill is finally certified to be a Money Bill by the \\u2014', opts:['President','Speaker of the Lok Sabha','Finance Minister','Chairman of the Rajya Sabha'], a:1, fb:'Under Article 110, the Speaker\\u2019s certificate that a Bill is a Money Bill is final; the Rajya Sabha must return it within 14 days with recommendations only.'},\r\n {q:'The Finance Commission is constituted under Article 280 \\u2014', opts:['Every year','Every third year','Every fifth year or earlier','Only when Parliament resolves'], a:2, fb:'Article 280 requires the President to constitute a Finance Commission every fifth year, or earlier, mainly to recommend the distribution of taxes between the Union and the States.'},\r\n {q:'The form of accounts of the Union and States is prescribed under which article?', opts:['Article 148','Article 149','Article 150','Article 151'], a:2, fb:'Article 150 governs the form of accounts (President prescribes it on the C&AG\\u2019s advice); Article 151 deals with the audit reports of the C&AG.'}\r\n]);\r\n\r\nbuildQuiz('quizStage1','quizScore1','quizNext1',[\r\n {q:'The Indian financial year (1 April to 31 March) was introduced in \\u2014', opts:['1858','1867','1921','1950'], a:1, fb:'The 1 April\\u201331 March financial year was introduced in 1867; the L.K. Jha Committee later examined a change but the existing cycle was retained.'},\r\n {q:'In each Budget, \"Actuals\" are shown for \\u2014', opts:['The current year','The ensuing year','The year preceding the current year','The next two years'], a:2, fb:'The Budget displays three years: Budget & Revised Estimates of the current year, Budget Estimates of the ensuing year, and Actuals of the immediately preceding completed year.'},\r\n {q:'Which accounting feature means that unspent provision lapses at the close of the financial year?', opts:['Net budgeting','Rule of Lapse','Gross budgeting','Cash basis'], a:1, fb:'The Rule of Lapse: an unspent budget grant cannot be carried forward and lapses at the end of the financial year, reinforcing annual parliamentary control.'},\r\n {q:'Net budgeting (showing expenditure net of receipts) is permitted for \\u2014', opts:['All civil ministries','Departmentally-run commercial undertakings such as Railways and Posts','Only the Defence Services','Autonomous bodies'], a:1, fb:'While the Budget is generally on a gross basis, net budgeting is allowed for departmental commercial undertakings like the Railways and Posts.'},\r\n {q:'The Annual Financial Statement, the Demands for Grants and the Finance Bill are mandated respectively by \\u2014', opts:['Articles 112, 113 and 110(a)','Articles 110, 112 and 114','Articles 266, 267 and 280','Articles 114, 115 and 116'], a:0, fb:'The AFS flows from Article 112, the Demands for Grants from Article 113, and the Finance Bill from Article 110(a); the FRBM statements are added under the FRBM Act, 2003.'},\r\n {q:'Output\\u2013Outcome Monitoring Framework (OOMF) coverage applies to Central Sector \/ Centrally Sponsored Schemes with an outlay of \\u2014', opts:['\u20b9100 crore or more','\u20b9250 crore or more','\u20b9500 crore or more','\u20b91000 crore or more'], a:2, fb:'Schemes with an outlay of \u20b9500 crore or more are covered under the OOMF, with measurable outputs and outcomes finalised in consultation with NITI Aayog.'},\r\n {q:'In Detailed Demands for Grants, provisions are typically shown down to the object-head wherever they are \\u2014', opts:['\u20b91 lakh or more','\u20b910 lakh or more','\u20b950 lakh or more','\u20b91 crore or more'], a:0, fb:'The Detailed Demands for Grants give an object-head break-up, generally for provisions of \u20b91 lakh and above.'},\r\n {q:'The separate Railway Budget was merged with the General Budget from \\u2014', opts:['FY 2015-16','FY 2016-17','FY 2017-18','FY 2018-19'], a:2, fb:'From FY 2017-18 the Railway Budget was merged with the General Budget, and the number of Demands for Grants was reduced from 16 to a single Demand.'}\r\n]);\r\n\r\nbuildQuiz('quizStage2','quizScore2','quizNext2',[\r\n {q:'A Cut Motion that reduces a Demand to Re. 1 to register disapproval of the underlying policy is a \\u2014', opts:['Economy Cut','Token Cut','Disapproval of Policy Cut','Guillotine'], a:2, fb:'A Disapproval-of-Policy Cut seeks to reduce the Demand to Re. 1; an Economy Cut reduces it by a specified amount; a Token Cut reduces it by Rs. 100.'},\r\n {q:'The device by which all outstanding Demands for Grants are put to vote together on the last allotted day is called the \\u2014', opts:['Vote on Account','Guillotine','Token Cut','Appropriation'], a:1, fb:'On the last day earmarked for Demands, the Speaker applies the \"Guillotine\", putting all remaining Demands to vote at once regardless of discussion.'},\r\n {q:'The Finance Bill must be passed by Parliament within \\u2014', opts:['30 days','60 days','75 days','90 days'], a:2, fb:'Under the Provisional Collection of Taxes Act, 1931, declared tax changes have force for a limited period, so the Finance Bill must be enacted within 75 days of its introduction.'},\r\n {q:'The President\\u2019s recommendation for Finance and Appropriation Bills is required under \\u2014', opts:['Article 110 only','Article 113','Articles 117(1) & 117(3)','Article 116'], a:2, fb:'Article 117(1) and 117(3) require the President\\u2019s recommendation for introduction and consideration of Bills involving taxation or expenditure from the Consolidated Fund.'},\r\n {q:'The Budget Division, which coordinates Budget preparation, is located in the \\u2014', opts:['Department of Expenditure','Department of Economic Affairs','Office of the CGA','NITI Aayog'], a:1, fb:'The Budget Division sits in the Department of Economic Affairs, headed by a Joint\/Additional Secretary (Budget); its work draws on the Allocation of Business Rules, 1961.'},\r\n {q:'The Chief Accounting Authority of a Ministry\/Department is the \\u2014', opts:['Financial Adviser','Joint Secretary (Budget)','Secretary of the Ministry','Controller General of Accounts'], a:2, fb:'The Secretary of each Ministry\/Department is its Chief Accounting Authority, discharging that role through and with the assistance of the Financial Adviser.'},\r\n {q:'NITI Aayog, which now finalises the OOMF, was set up on \\u2014', opts:['1 January 2014','1 January 2015','15 August 2014','26 January 2015'], a:1, fb:'NITI Aayog was constituted on 1 January 2015 in place of the Planning Commission.'},\r\n {q:'Departmentally-Related Standing Committees (DRSCs), which examine Demands for Grants, have functioned since \\u2014', opts:['1985','1991','1993','2000'], a:2, fb:'The DRSC system began in 1993; the Estimates Committee operates under Rule 310 and the Public Accounts Committee under Rule 308 of the Lok Sabha rules.'}\r\n]);\r\n\r\nbuildQuiz('quizStage3','quizScore3','quizNext3',[\r\n {q:'Receipts in the Budget are first classified into \\u2014', opts:['Tax and non-tax','Revenue and Capital','Plan and non-Plan','Voted and Charged'], a:1, fb:'Receipts are split into Revenue receipts (tax + non-tax) and Capital receipts (debt + non-debt); each is then sub-classified.'},\r\n {q:'Estimates of direct and indirect taxes are prepared respectively by \\u2014', opts:['TPL (CBDT) and TRU (CBIC)','TRU (CBDT) and TPL (CBIC)','DIPAM and DEA','CGA and C&AG'], a:0, fb:'The Tax Policy & Legislation wing (TPL, CBDT) handles direct taxes and the Tax Research Unit (TRU, CBIC) handles indirect taxes, both under the Department of Revenue.'},\r\n {q:'Estimates of disinvestment receipts are prepared by \\u2014', opts:['DEA','DIPAM','NITI Aayog','CGA'], a:1, fb:'The Department of Investment and Public Asset Management (DIPAM) prepares disinvestment estimates; receipts such as bonus shares are booked under Major Head 4000.'},\r\n {q:'The pre-Budget expenditure meetings with Ministries are chaired by the \\u2014', opts:['Finance Secretary','Secretary (Expenditure)','Secretary (Economic Affairs)','Cabinet Secretary'], a:1, fb:'Pre-Budget meetings, held around mid-October, are chaired by the Secretary (Expenditure) to settle the Revised and Budget Estimates of each Ministry.'},\r\n {q:'Of the total Gross Budgetary Support, the share earmarked for the North-Eastern Region and Sikkim is \\u2014', opts:['5%','10%','15%','20%'], a:1, fb:'Identified Ministries earmark 10% of their GBS for the North-Eastern Region and Sikkim, accounted under Major Heads 2552\/4552\/6552 and monitored by the Ministry of DoNER.'},\r\n {q:'Allocations for the Scheduled Castes Sub-Plan and the Tribal Area Sub-Plan are booked under which Minor Heads?', opts:['789 and 796','796 and 789','794 and 795','800 and 911'], a:0, fb:'The SCSP is captured under Minor Head 789 and the TASP under Minor Head 796; the nodal ministries are Social Justice & Empowerment and Tribal Affairs respectively.'},\r\n {q:'In the Statement of Budget Estimates, schemes are presented at how many levels?', opts:['Two','Three','Four','Five'], a:1, fb:'The SBE shows three levels \\u2014 Umbrella Programme, Scheme, and Sub-Scheme \\u2014 across two scheme types (Central Sector and Centrally Sponsored).'},\r\n {q:'Under the FRBM disclosures, the reason for a shortfall in collection must be explained where arrears of non-tax revenue exceed \\u2014', opts:['\u20b9100 crore','\u20b9250 crore','\u20b9500 crore','\u20b91000 crore'], a:2, fb:'The FRBM disclosure statements (guarantees, taxes not realised, NTR arrears, asset register) require an explanation where arrears of non-tax revenue exceed \u20b9500 crore.'}\r\n]);\r\n\r\nbuildQuiz('quizStage4','quizScore4','quizNext4',[\r\n {q:'The three watchwords governing the finalisation of the Budget are \\u2014', opts:['Speed, scale and scope','Secrecy, accuracy and timeliness','Equity, economy and efficiency','Transparency, audit and review'], a:1, fb:'Budget finalisation is dominated by the need for secrecy, accuracy and timeliness, given its market sensitivity and constitutional deadlines.'},\r\n {q:'The Budget became a fully paperless exercise (documents e-mailed to members after the Speech) from \\u2014', opts:['2019-20','2020-21','2021-22','2022-23'], a:2, fb:'From 2021-22 the Union Budget went paperless, with documents made available electronically to members of both Houses after the Budget Speech.'},\r\n {q:'In the Budget classification, the Expenditure Type code \"C\" denotes \\u2014', opts:['A capital item','Charged expenditure','A recovery','A receipt'], a:1, fb:'Type codes are E (Voted), C (Charged), Y (Recovery) and R (Receipt); charged expenditure is not submitted to the vote of Parliament.'},\r\n {q:'Final estimates of tax revenue from the CBDT and CBIC are due by \\u2014', opts:['7 December','31 December','7 January','31 January'], a:2, fb:'Final tax-revenue estimates from the CBDT and CBIC are required by 7 January as the Budget is firmed up.'},\r\n {q:'Trend statements in the Budget documents present actuals for how many preceding years?', opts:['Three','Five','Eight','Ten'], a:2, fb:'Several trend statements provide actuals for the eight preceding years to set the latest estimates in context.'},\r\n {q:'For the Government Press, all Budget printing work should be completed by \\u2014', opts:['31 October','30 November','31 December','15 January'], a:1, fb:'Press work is targeted for completion by 30 November; thereafter the press staff are \"locked in\" under Intelligence Bureau security until presentation.'},\r\n {q:'The number on the Finance Bill is assigned by the Ministry of Law & Justice; the very first Finance Bill of the session \\u2014', opts:['Carries number 1','Carries no number','Is numbered by the Speaker','Takes the previous year\\u2019s number'], a:1, fb:'The first Finance Bill introduced with the Budget carries no number; subsequent Finance Bills in the session are numbered by the Ministry of Law & Justice.'},\r\n {q:'Budget proposals of a State under President\\u2019s Rule are routed through the Ministry of Home Affairs, drawing on \\u2014', opts:['Articles 112 and 113','Articles 202, 239 and 239A','Articles 266 and 267','Articles 270 and 280'], a:1, fb:'For a State under President\\u2019s Rule, the Budget is handled via the MHA under Articles 202 (State AFS), 239 and 239A.'}\r\n]);\r\n\r\nbuildQuiz('quizStage5','quizScore5','quizNext5',[\r\n {q:'Expenditure in excess of a sanctioned grant during the year can be met only by \\u2014', opts:['Re-appropriation alone','A supplementary grant or an advance from the Contingency Fund','A Finance Ministry order','Drawing on the Public Account'], a:1, fb:'A grant cannot be exceeded except through a supplementary\/additional grant or an advance from the Contingency Fund pending regularisation.'},\r\n {q:'The Modified Cash Management System, intended to curb the last-quarter spending rush, has applied since \\u2014', opts:['1 April 2004','1 April 2006','1 April 2010','1 April 2017'], a:1, fb:'The Modified Cash Management System has operated from 1 April 2006, capping expenditure in the last quarter and the last month.'},\r\n {q:'Under Rule 10 of the DFPR, re-appropriation is barred between \\u2014', opts:['Sub-heads of the same grant','Charged and Voted expenditure','Object heads','Detailed heads'], a:1, fb:'Re-appropriation cannot be made between Charged and Voted expenditure, from one grant to another, or to meet New Service \/ New Instrument of Service expenditure.'},\r\n {q:'Delegated re-appropriation powers allow augmentation within the same section up to \\u2014', opts:['\u20b91 crore','\u20b95 crore','\u20b910 crore','\u20b950 crore'], a:1, fb:'Within the same section of a grant, augmentation below \u20b95 crore is delegated; re-appropriation is done on Form GFR 4 with reasons recorded for variations of \u20b91 lakh and above.'},\r\n {q:'A Token Supplementary grant is taken for a nominal sum of \\u2014', opts:['Re. 1','Rs. 100','\u20b90.01 crore','\u20b91 crore'], a:2, fb:'A Token Supplementary seeks a token \u20b90.01 crore (mainly to obtain parliamentary approval for re-appropriation) and does not change the fiscal deficit; a Cash Supplementary, needing Secretary (Expenditure) approval, does.'},\r\n {q:'Excess expenditure that has actually been incurred is regularised by Parliament as an Excess Grant under \\u2014', opts:['Article 114','Article 115','Article 116','Article 117'], a:1, fb:'Excess grants are regularised under Article 115, after examination and recommendation by the Public Accounts Committee.'},\r\n {q:'The net proceeds of taxes shareable with the States are certified by the \\u2014', opts:['Finance Commission','Controller General of Accounts','Comptroller & Auditor General','Secretary (Expenditure)'], a:2, fb:'Under Articles 270 and 279, the C&AG certifies the \"net proceeds\"; tax devolution to States is released in 14 instalments, on the 10th of each month from FY 2022-23.'},\r\n {q:'A Revised Estimate, by itself, \\u2014', opts:['Authorises additional spending','Confers no authority to incur expenditure','Must be voted by Parliament','Lapses on 31 March'], a:1, fb:'A Revised Estimate is only a mid-year re-assessment; it is not voted and confers no authority to spend \\u2014 any additional spending still needs a supplementary grant.'}\r\n]);\r\n\r\nbuildQuiz('quizStage6','quizScore6','quizNext6',[\r\n {q:'The half-yearly review of fiscal trends mandated by the FRBM Act is placed before Parliament under \\u2014', opts:['Section 3','Section 4','Section 7(1)','Section 11'], a:2, fb:'Section 7(1) of the FRBM Act requires a half-yearly review of receipts and expenditure, laid in the Monsoon and Winter sessions.'},\r\n {q:'The Medium-Term Expenditure Framework (MTEF) sets rolling targets over \\u2014', opts:['A single year','Two years','Three years','Five years'], a:2, fb:'The MTEF Statement sets out three-year rolling expenditure targets; it is laid in the session following the one in which the fiscal-policy statements are presented.'},\r\n {q:'The Outcome Budget has been presented since \\u2014', opts:['2004-05','2006-07','2017-18','2021-22'], a:1, fb:'The Outcome Budget has been presented since 2006-07; from 2017-18 outputs and outcomes were consolidated into a single document covering all schemes.'},\r\n {q:'The Development Monitoring and Evaluation Office (DMEO) was established on \\u2014', opts:['1 January 2015','18 September 2015','1 April 2016','31 March 2017'], a:1, fb:'The DMEO was set up on 18 September 2015 as an attached office of NITI Aayog, merging the Programme Evaluation Organisation (PEO) and the Independent Evaluation Office (IEO).'},\r\n {q:'Within a Ministry, the internal audit function is placed under the \\u2014', opts:['Secretary','Financial Adviser','Controller General of Accounts','C&AG'], a:1, fb:'Internal audit operates under the Financial Adviser, discharged through the Chief Controllers \/ Controllers of Accounts.'},\r\n {q:'The C&AG\\u2019s audit reports are submitted to the President \/ Governor under \\u2014', opts:['Article 148','Article 149','Article 150','Article 151'], a:3, fb:'Article 151 governs the submission of C&AG audit reports; the C&AG also audits compliance with the FRBM Act.'},\r\n {q:'The Public Accounts Committee primarily selects subjects for examination on the basis of \\u2014', opts:['Ministry requests','The C&AG report','Media reports','The Budget Speech'], a:1, fb:'The PAC selects subjects mainly from the C&AG\\u2019s audit reports; the follow-up runs through the Action-Taken Note \\u2192 Action-Taken Report \\u2192 Action-Taken Statement cycle.'}\r\n]);\r\n\r\nbuildQuiz('quizStage7','quizScore7','quizNext7',[\r\n {q:'Government accounts are kept in how many parts?', opts:['Two','Three','Four','Five'], a:1, fb:'Government accounts have three parts: the Consolidated Fund, the Contingency Fund and the Public Account.'},\r\n {q:'The Consolidated Fund of India is divided into Revenue and Capital accounts under \\u2014', opts:['Article 266(1)','Article 266(2)','Article 267','Article 112'], a:0, fb:'The Consolidated Fund (Article 266(1)) comprises Revenue and Capital accounts; the Capital side has Receipt heads, Expenditure heads, Public Debt, and Loans & Advances.'},\r\n {q:'Within the accounts, the Contingency Fund is operated as \\u2014', opts:['Several major heads','A single Major Head','Part of the Public Account','A Revenue head'], a:1, fb:'The Contingency Fund (Article 267, Act of 1950) is an imprest held as a single Major Head, recouped once Parliament authorises the expenditure.'},\r\n {q:'Debt, Deposits, Advances, Remittances and Suspense are the heads of the \\u2014', opts:['Consolidated Fund','Contingency Fund','Public Account','Capital Account'], a:2, fb:'These five form the Public Account (Article 266(2)), where Government acts as a banker and transactions are not voted by Parliament.'},\r\n {q:'The accounts of the Union are compiled by the CGA and certified by the C&AG, normally within \\u2014', opts:['Three months','Six months','Nine months','One year'], a:1, fb:'The Controller General of Accounts compiles the annual accounts, which the C&AG certifies, normally within six months of the close of the year.'},\r\n {q:'The key distinction between the Finance Accounts and the Appropriation Accounts is that \\u2014', opts:['Finance Accounts are gross; Appropriation Accounts are net','Finance Accounts are net of recoveries; Appropriation Accounts are on a gross basis','Both are on a net basis','Both are on a gross basis'], a:1, fb:'Finance Accounts are presented net of refunds\/recoveries with no fiscal adjustments, while Appropriation Accounts are on a gross basis, comparing expenditure against the grants voted.'},\r\n {q:'In the six-tier classification, the Major Head, Minor Head and Object Head represent respectively the \\u2014', opts:['Scheme, Sub-Scheme and Programme','Function, Programme and Object of expenditure','Programme, Function and Scheme','Sub-Scheme, Scheme and Function'], a:1, fb:'The Major Head (4-digit) denotes the function, the Minor Head (3-digit) the programme, and the Object Head (2-digit) the object\/economic nature of expenditure; Sub-Major, Sub-Head and Detailed Head complete the six tiers.'},\r\n {q:'Opening of a new head of account is done under Rule 79 of the GFR by the \\u2014', opts:['C&AG directly','CGA on the advice of the C&AG (Article 150)','Finance Minister','Budget Division'], a:1, fb:'New heads are opened under Rule 79 of the GFR by the CGA, on the advice of the C&AG, consistent with the President\\u2019s power to prescribe the form of accounts under Article 150.'}\r\n]);\r\n<\/script>\r\n\r\n<\/body>\r\n<\/html>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Budget Manual 2022 \u2014 Interactive Study Notes Budget Manual of the Government of India The authoritative procedural rule-book for the […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"site-sidebar-layout":"no-sidebar","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"full-width-container","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"disabled","ast-banner-title-visibility":"disabled","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"disabled","footer-sml-layout":"disabled","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"categories":[],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-12996","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/promotionexams.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/12996","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/promotionexams.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/promotionexams.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/promotionexams.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/promotionexams.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=12996"}],"version-history":[{"count":7,"href":"https:\/\/promotionexams.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/12996\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":13010,"href":"https:\/\/promotionexams.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/12996\/revisions\/13010"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/promotionexams.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=12996"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/promotionexams.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=12996"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/promotionexams.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=12996"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}