Uniform Format of Accounts for Central Autonomous Bodies \u2014 Study Notes<\/title>\r\n<style>\r\n .elementor-section.elementor-section-stretched,\r\n .elementor-section-full_width,\r\n .elementor-container,\r\n .elementor-column,\r\n .elementor-column-wrap,\r\n .elementor-widget-wrap,\r\n .elementor-element {\r\n padding: 0 !important;\r\n margin: 0 !important;\r\n gap: 0 !important;\r\n }\r\n *, *::before, *::after { box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0; padding: 0; }\r\n :root {\r\n --navy: #0f2a4a;\r\n --blue: #1a5fa8;\r\n --sky: #2d8ecf;\r\n --teal: #0e8f7a;\r\n --amber: #c97c10;\r\n --red: #c0392b;\r\n --gold: #c89b0a;\r\n --purple: #7e3eb5;\r\n --text: #1c2b3a;\r\n --muted: #5a6d80;\r\n --border: #e0e8f0;\r\n --dr: #993C1D;\r\n --cr: #0F6E56;\r\n }\r\n html { scroll-behavior: smooth; }\r\n body {\r\n font-family: 'DM Sans', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', sans-serif;\r\n background: #ffffff;\r\n color: var(--text);\r\n font-size: 15px;\r\n line-height: 1.85;\r\n }\r\n a { text-decoration: none; color: inherit; }\r\n\r\n \/* \u2500\u2500 HERO \u2500\u2500 *\/\r\n .hero {\r\n width: 100%;\r\n background: linear-gradient(130deg, #0f2a4a 0%, #0e8f7a 42%, #1a5fa8 78%, #c89b0a 100%);\r\n padding: 60px 48px 56px;\r\n color: #fff;\r\n position: relative;\r\n overflow: hidden;\r\n }\r\n .hero::before {\r\n content: ''; position: absolute; inset: 0;\r\n background: url(\"data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg width='60' height='60' viewBox='0 0 60 60' xmlns='http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg'%3E%3Cg fill='none'%3E%3Cg fill='%23ffffff' fill-opacity='0.05'%3E%3Cpath d='M36 34v-4h-2v4h-4v2h4v4h2v-4h4v-2h-4zm0-30V0h-2v4h-4v2h4v4h2V6h4V4h-4zM6 34v-4H4v4H0v2h4v4h2v-4h4v-2H6zM6 4V0H4v4H0v2h4v4h2V6h4V4H6z'\/%3E%3C\/g%3E%3C\/g%3E%3C\/svg%3E\");\r\n pointer-events: none;\r\n }\r\n .hero::after {\r\n content: ''; position: absolute; right: -80px; top: -100px;\r\n width: 500px; height: 500px; border-radius: 50%;\r\n background: radial-gradient(circle, rgba(255,255,255,0.10) 0%, transparent 65%);\r\n pointer-events: none;\r\n }\r\n .hero-inner { max-width: 1100px; margin: 0 auto; position: relative; z-index: 1; }\r\n .hero-grid {\r\n display: grid;\r\n grid-template-columns: 1fr 320px;\r\n gap: 36px;\r\n align-items: center;\r\n }\r\n .hero-text { min-width: 0; }\r\n .hero-illustration {\r\n width: 320px; max-width: 100%;\r\n filter: drop-shadow(0 10px 22px rgba(0,0,0,0.22));\r\n animation: heroFloat 6s ease-in-out infinite;\r\n }\r\n .hero-illustration svg { width: 100%; height: auto; display: block; }\r\n @keyframes heroFloat {\r\n 0%, 100% { transform: translateY(0); }\r\n 50% { transform: translateY(-6px); }\r\n }\r\n .hero-kicker {\r\n display: inline-block;\r\n background: rgba(255,255,255,0.18); color: #fff;\r\n font-size: 11px; font-weight: 700;\r\n padding: 6px 14px; border-radius: 20px;\r\n letter-spacing: 0.14em; text-transform: uppercase;\r\n margin-bottom: 18px;\r\n backdrop-filter: blur(4px);\r\n }\r\n .hero h1 {\r\n font-family: 'Crimson Pro', Georgia, serif;\r\n font-size: clamp(28px, 4.2vw, 44px);\r\n font-weight: 700; line-height: 1.2;\r\n margin-bottom: 14px; color: #fff;\r\n text-shadow: 0 2px 8px rgba(0,0,0,0.18);\r\n }\r\n .hero-sub { font-size: 15px; opacity: 0.92; margin-bottom: 24px; max-width: 720px; color: #fff; }\r\n .hero-pills { display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; gap: 8px; }\r\n .hero-pill {\r\n background: rgba(255,255,255,0.18);\r\n border: 1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.30);\r\n color: #fff; font-size: 12px; font-weight: 600;\r\n padding: 6px 14px; border-radius: 20px;\r\n backdrop-filter: blur(6px);\r\n }\r\n\r\n \/* \u2500\u2500 BREADCRUMB \u2500\u2500 *\/\r\n .breadcrumb-bar { background: #fff; border-bottom: 1px solid var(--border); padding: 10px 48px; }\r\n .breadcrumb-inner {\r\n max-width: 1100px; margin: 0 auto;\r\n font-size: 12.5px; color: #aaa;\r\n display: flex; align-items: center; gap: 6px;\r\n }\r\n .breadcrumb-inner a { color: var(--blue); }\r\n .breadcrumb-inner a:hover { text-decoration: underline; }\r\n .breadcrumb-inner .sep { color: #ddd; }\r\n\r\n \/* \u2500\u2500 LAYOUT \u2500\u2500 *\/\r\n .layout {\r\n max-width: 1100px; margin: 0 auto;\r\n padding: 44px 48px 88px;\r\n display: grid;\r\n grid-template-columns: 256px 1fr;\r\n gap: 56px;\r\n align-items: start;\r\n }\r\n\r\n \/* \u2500\u2500 CHAPTER HEADING \u2500\u2500 *\/\r\n .chapter-heading-block {\r\n display: flex; align-items: center; gap: 14px;\r\n margin: 52px 0 22px;\r\n padding-bottom: 14px;\r\n border-bottom: 2.5px solid var(--navy);\r\n }\r\n .chapter-heading-block:first-child { margin-top: 0; }\r\n .chapter-badge {\r\n background: var(--navy); color: #fff;\r\n font-size: 10px; font-weight: 700;\r\n padding: 5px 16px; border-radius: 4px;\r\n letter-spacing: 0.1em; text-transform: uppercase;\r\n white-space: nowrap; flex-shrink: 0;\r\n }\r\n .chapter-heading-block h2 {\r\n font-family: 'Crimson Pro', Georgia, serif;\r\n font-size: 23px; font-weight: 700; color: var(--navy); margin: 0;\r\n }\r\n\r\n \/* \u2500\u2500 SECTION HEADING \u2500\u2500 *\/\r\n .section-heading-block {\r\n display: flex; align-items: center; gap: 12px;\r\n margin: 38px 0 14px;\r\n }\r\n .section-badge {\r\n background: var(--blue); color: #fff;\r\n font-size: 9.5px; font-weight: 700;\r\n padding: 4px 12px; border-radius: 3px;\r\n letter-spacing: 0.08em; white-space: nowrap; flex-shrink: 0;\r\n }\r\n .section-badge.amber { background: var(--amber); }\r\n .section-badge.teal { background: var(--teal); }\r\n .section-badge.purple { background: var(--purple); }\r\n .section-badge.red { background: var(--red); }\r\n .section-badge.gold { background: var(--gold); }\r\n .section-heading-block h3 { font-size: 17px; font-weight: 700; color: var(--navy); margin: 0; }\r\n\r\n .article h4 { font-size: 14.5px; font-weight: 700; color: var(--navy); margin: 22px 0 10px; }\r\n .article p { color: #2c3e50; margin-bottom: 12px; text-align: justify; hyphens: auto; }\r\n .article strong { color: #111; }\r\n\r\n \/* \u2500\u2500 ICON LIST \u2500\u2500 *\/\r\n .icon-list { list-style: none; margin: 0 0 14px; display: flex; flex-direction: column; gap: 8px; }\r\n .icon-list li { display: flex; align-items: flex-start; gap: 10px; font-size: 15px; color: #2c3e50; line-height: 1.78; text-align: justify; }\r\n .icon-list li .ico { font-size: 15px; flex-shrink: 0; margin-top: 4px; width: 20px; text-align: center; }\r\n\r\n \/* \u2500\u2500 CALLOUT \u2500\u2500 *\/\r\n .callout {\r\n border-left: 3px solid var(--blue);\r\n padding: 14px 18px; margin: 16px 0 20px;\r\n background: #f8fbff; border-radius: 0 6px 6px 0;\r\n }\r\n .callout.amber { border-left-color: var(--amber); background: #fffbf5; }\r\n .callout.red { border-left-color: var(--red); background: #fff8f7; }\r\n .callout.teal { border-left-color: var(--teal); background: #f4fdf9; }\r\n .callout.purple { border-left-color: var(--purple); background: #faf6ff; }\r\n .callout.gold { border-left-color: var(--gold); background: #fffcf0; }\r\n .callout-label {\r\n font-size: 10px; font-weight: 700; text-transform: uppercase;\r\n letter-spacing: 0.12em; margin-bottom: 8px; color: var(--blue);\r\n }\r\n .callout.amber .callout-label { color: var(--amber); }\r\n .callout.red .callout-label { color: var(--red); }\r\n .callout.teal .callout-label { color: var(--teal); }\r\n .callout.purple .callout-label { color: var(--purple); }\r\n .callout.gold .callout-label { color: #8a6a00; }\r\n .callout p { text-align: justify; }\r\n\r\n \/* \u2500\u2500 DEFINITION CARD \u2500\u2500 *\/\r\n .def-card {\r\n background: linear-gradient(135deg, #fffcf0 0%, #fff7e0 100%);\r\n border: 1.5px solid #e8c87a;\r\n border-radius: 12px; padding: 22px 26px;\r\n margin: 18px 0 26px; position: relative;\r\n }\r\n .def-card::before {\r\n content: '\\201C';\r\n position: absolute; top: 6px; left: 14px;\r\n font-family: Georgia, serif;\r\n font-size: 60px; color: rgba(200,155,10,0.25); line-height: 1;\r\n }\r\n .def-card .def-label {\r\n font-size: 10.5px; font-weight: 700; text-transform: uppercase;\r\n letter-spacing: 0.14em; color: #8a6a00; margin-bottom: 8px;\r\n position: relative; z-index: 1;\r\n }\r\n .def-card .def-text {\r\n font-size: 15px; color: #4a3500; line-height: 1.78;\r\n position: relative; z-index: 1;\r\n text-align: justify;\r\n }\r\n\r\n \/* \u2500\u2500 FLOW \u2500\u2500 *\/\r\n .flow { display: flex; flex-direction: column; margin: 18px 0 24px; }\r\n .flow-step { display: flex; align-items: flex-start; gap: 18px; position: relative; }\r\n .flow-step:not(:last-child)::after {\r\n content: ''; position: absolute; left: 19px; top: 42px;\r\n width: 2px; height: calc(100% - 6px);\r\n background: linear-gradient(180deg, var(--blue) 0%, #d0dce6 100%);\r\n }\r\n .flow-num {\r\n width: 40px; height: 40px; border-radius: 50%;\r\n background: var(--blue); color: #fff;\r\n display: flex; align-items: center; justify-content: center;\r\n font-weight: 700; font-size: 14px; flex-shrink: 0;\r\n }\r\n .flow-content { flex: 1; padding: 8px 0 26px; }\r\n .flow-content h5 { font-size: 14.5px; font-weight: 700; color: var(--navy); margin-bottom: 4px; }\r\n .flow-content p { font-size: 14px; color: var(--muted); margin: 0; }\r\n\r\n \/* \u2500\u2500 COMPARE TABLE \u2500\u2500 *\/\r\n .compare-table { width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse; margin: 16px 0 24px; border-radius: 8px; overflow: hidden; border: 1px solid var(--border); }\r\n .compare-table thead tr { background: var(--navy); color: #fff; }\r\n .compare-table th { padding: 12px 16px; text-align: left; font-size: 12.5px; font-weight: 700; }\r\n .compare-table td { padding: 11px 16px; font-size: 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid var(--border); color: #2c3e50; vertical-align: top; }\r\n .compare-table tr:nth-child(even) td { background: #f9fbfd; }\r\n .compare-table td.label-cell { font-weight: 700; color: var(--navy); background: #f1f5f9 !important; width: 22%; }\r\n\r\n \/* \u2500\u2500 PARTS LIST \u2500\u2500 *\/\r\n .parts-list {\r\n list-style: none; counter-reset: parts;\r\n margin: 14px 0 22px;\r\n display: flex; flex-direction: column; gap: 12px;\r\n }\r\n .parts-list > li {\r\n background: #fff;\r\n border: 1.5px solid var(--border);\r\n border-radius: 10px;\r\n padding: 16px 18px 16px 60px;\r\n position: relative;\r\n font-size: 14.5px; color: #2c3e50;\r\n line-height: 1.72;\r\n counter-increment: parts;\r\n text-align: justify;\r\n }\r\n .parts-list > li::before {\r\n content: counter(parts, lower-alpha);\r\n position: absolute; left: 16px; top: 16px;\r\n width: 32px; height: 32px;\r\n background: var(--blue); color: #fff;\r\n border-radius: 50%;\r\n display: flex; align-items: center; justify-content: center;\r\n font-size: 14px; font-weight: 700;\r\n font-family: 'JetBrains Mono', monospace;\r\n }\r\n .parts-list.roman > li::before { content: counter(parts, lower-roman); font-size: 12px; }\r\n .parts-list.decimal > li::before { content: counter(parts); font-size: 13px; }\r\n .parts-list.teal > li::before { background: var(--teal); }\r\n .parts-list.amber > li::before { background: var(--amber); }\r\n .parts-list.purple > li::before { background: var(--purple); }\r\n .parts-list.red > li::before { background: var(--red); }\r\n .parts-list.gold > li::before { background: var(--gold); }\r\n .parts-list > li strong { color: var(--navy); }\r\n\r\n \/* \u2500\u2500 NUMBERED LIST (slim) \u2500\u2500 *\/\r\n .num-list { list-style: none; counter-reset: numlist; margin: 14px 0 18px; }\r\n .num-list li {\r\n counter-increment: numlist;\r\n display: flex; align-items: flex-start; gap: 12px;\r\n margin-bottom: 8px; font-size: 14.5px; color: #2c3e50;\r\n line-height: 1.75;\r\n text-align: justify;\r\n }\r\n .num-list li::before {\r\n content: counter(numlist);\r\n background: var(--blue); color: #fff;\r\n width: 26px; height: 26px; border-radius: 50%;\r\n display: flex; align-items: center; justify-content: center;\r\n font-size: 12px; font-weight: 700; flex-shrink: 0; margin-top: 2px;\r\n font-family: 'JetBrains Mono', monospace;\r\n }\r\n .num-list.amber li::before { background: var(--amber); }\r\n .num-list.teal li::before { background: var(--teal); }\r\n\r\n \/* \u2500\u2500 HIGHLIGHT BOX \u2500\u2500 *\/\r\n .highlight-box {\r\n background: linear-gradient(135deg, #f0f7ff 0%, #e8f1fc 100%);\r\n border-left: 4px solid var(--blue);\r\n border-radius: 0 10px 10px 0;\r\n padding: 16px 20px;\r\n margin: 16px 0 22px;\r\n }\r\n .highlight-box .hl-label {\r\n font-size: 10px; font-weight: 700; text-transform: uppercase;\r\n letter-spacing: 0.12em; color: var(--blue); margin-bottom: 6px;\r\n }\r\n .highlight-box .hl-text { font-size: 14.5px; color: #2c3e50; line-height: 1.72; text-align: justify; }\r\n\r\n \/* \u2500\u2500 STAT GRID \u2500\u2500 *\/\r\n .stat-grid { display: grid; grid-template-columns: repeat(4, 1fr); gap: 12px; margin: 18px 0 26px; }\r\n .stat-card {\r\n background: #fff; border: 1.5px solid var(--border);\r\n border-radius: 10px; padding: 16px;\r\n text-align: center;\r\n }\r\n .stat-card.b { border-color: #9dc3ec; background: #f0f7ff; }\r\n .stat-card.t { border-color: #7fd3c5; background: #f0fdf8; }\r\n .stat-card.a { border-color: #f0d58a; background: #fffbf0; }\r\n .stat-card.r { border-color: #f5a0a0; background: #fff5f5; }\r\n .stat-card .stat-num {\r\n font-family: 'JetBrains Mono', monospace;\r\n font-size: 22px; font-weight: 700;\r\n color: var(--navy); line-height: 1.1;\r\n margin-bottom: 6px;\r\n }\r\n .stat-card.b .stat-num { color: var(--blue); }\r\n .stat-card.t .stat-num { color: var(--teal); }\r\n .stat-card.a .stat-num { color: var(--amber); }\r\n .stat-card.r .stat-num { color: var(--red); }\r\n .stat-card .stat-label { font-size: 11px; font-weight: 700; text-transform: uppercase; letter-spacing: 0.06em; color: var(--muted); }\r\n .stat-card .stat-icon { font-size: 24px; margin-bottom: 4px; display: block; }\r\n\r\n \/* \u2500\u2500 CATEGORY CARDS \u2500\u2500 *\/\r\n .cat-grid { display: grid; grid-template-columns: repeat(2, 1fr); gap: 14px; margin: 20px 0 28px; }\r\n .cat-grid.three { grid-template-columns: repeat(3, 1fr); }\r\n .cat-grid.four { grid-template-columns: repeat(4, 1fr); }\r\n .cat-card { border-radius: 10px; padding: 18px 18px; border: 1.5px solid var(--border); }\r\n .cat-card.a { border-color: #9dc3ec; background: #f0f7ff; }\r\n .cat-card.b { border-color: #7fd3c5; background: #f0fdf8; }\r\n .cat-card.c { border-color: #f0d58a; background: #fffbf0; }\r\n .cat-card.d { border-color: #f5a0a0; background: #fff5f5; }\r\n .cat-card.e { border-color: #d1baf0; background: #f9f5ff; }\r\n .cat-label { font-size: 9.5px; font-weight: 700; text-transform: uppercase; letter-spacing: 0.12em; color: var(--muted); margin-bottom: 6px; }\r\n .cat-title { font-size: 14.5px; font-weight: 700; color: var(--navy); margin-bottom: 8px; }\r\n .cat-card.a .cat-title { color: var(--blue); }\r\n .cat-card.b .cat-title { color: var(--teal); }\r\n .cat-card.c .cat-title { color: var(--amber); }\r\n .cat-card.d .cat-title { color: var(--red); }\r\n .cat-card.e .cat-title { color: var(--purple); }\r\n .cat-card p { font-size: 13px; color: #2c3e50; line-height: 1.7; text-align: justify; }\r\n .cat-badge { display: inline-block; font-size: 24px; font-weight: 900; margin-bottom: 6px; font-family: 'Crimson Pro', Georgia, serif; line-height: 1; }\r\n .cat-card.a .cat-badge { color: var(--blue); }\r\n .cat-card.b .cat-badge { color: var(--teal); }\r\n .cat-card.c .cat-badge { color: var(--amber); }\r\n .cat-card.d .cat-badge { color: var(--red); }\r\n .cat-card.e .cat-badge { color: var(--purple); }\r\n\r\n \/* \u2500\u2500 SCHEDULE BANNER \u2500\u2500 *\/\r\n .schedule-banner { border: 2px solid var(--amber); border-radius: 10px; padding: 22px 24px; margin: 20px 0 26px; background: #fffcf0; position: relative; }\r\n .schedule-stamp { position: absolute; top: -11px; left: 20px; background: var(--amber); color: #fff; font-size: 10px; font-weight: 700; letter-spacing: 0.1em; text-transform: uppercase; padding: 3px 14px; border-radius: 4px; }\r\n .schedule-banner h4 { font-size: 15px; font-weight: 700; color: #4a3500; margin-bottom: 12px; margin-top: 8px; }\r\n\r\n \/* \u2500\u2500 TAGS \u2500\u2500 *\/\r\n .tag-yes { background: #edfaf6; color: var(--teal); border-radius: 4px; padding: 2px 8px; font-size: 12px; font-weight: 700; }\r\n .tag-no { background: #fef3f2; color: var(--red); border-radius: 4px; padding: 2px 8px; font-size: 12px; font-weight: 700; }\r\n .tag-b { background: #e8f2ff; color: var(--blue); border-radius: 4px; padding: 2px 8px; font-size: 12px; font-weight: 700; }\r\n .tag-c { background: #fff8e8; color: var(--amber); border-radius: 4px; padding: 2px 8px; font-size: 12px; font-weight: 700; }\r\n\r\n \/* \u2500\u2500 CHAPTER PANE (tab-style switching) \u2500\u2500 *\/\r\n .chapter-pane { display: none; animation: fadeIn 0.3s ease; }\r\n .chapter-pane.active { display: block; }\r\n @keyframes fadeIn {\r\n from { opacity: 0; transform: translateY(4px); }\r\n to { opacity: 1; transform: translateY(0); }\r\n }\r\n\r\n \/* \u2500\u2500 SIDEBAR \u2500\u2500 *\/\r\n .sidebar { position: sticky; top: 24px; max-height: calc(100vh - 48px); }\r\n .toc-card {\r\n background: #fff; border: 1px solid var(--border);\r\n border-radius: 12px; padding: 16px 12px;\r\n max-height: calc(100vh - 48px); overflow-y: auto;\r\n }\r\n .toc-card-title {\r\n font-size: 10px; font-weight: 700;\r\n text-transform: uppercase; letter-spacing: 0.14em;\r\n color: var(--muted); margin: 4px 0 14px; padding: 0 4px;\r\n }\r\n .toc-chapter { margin-bottom: 8px; }\r\n .toc-chapter-header {\r\n background: var(--navy);\r\n border-radius: 10px;\r\n padding: 12px;\r\n color: #fff;\r\n cursor: pointer;\r\n display: flex; align-items: center; gap: 10px;\r\n list-style: none;\r\n transition: background 0.18s;\r\n }\r\n .toc-chapter-header::-webkit-details-marker { display: none; }\r\n .toc-chapter-header:hover { background: #173860; }\r\n .toc-ch-badge {\r\n background: #ffd95a;\r\n color: #0f2a4a;\r\n font-size: 10px; font-weight: 800;\r\n letter-spacing: 0.06em;\r\n padding: 4px 8px; border-radius: 5px;\r\n flex-shrink: 0;\r\n min-width: 38px;\r\n text-align: center;\r\n line-height: 1;\r\n }\r\n .toc-ch-title {\r\n flex: 1;\r\n font-size: 13.5px;\r\n font-weight: 700;\r\n line-height: 1.25;\r\n color: #fff;\r\n }\r\n .toc-ch-chev {\r\n font-size: 10px;\r\n color: rgba(255,255,255,0.8);\r\n transition: transform 0.22s ease;\r\n flex-shrink: 0;\r\n }\r\n .toc-chapter[open] > .toc-chapter-header { background: #173860; }\r\n .toc-chapter[open] > .toc-chapter-header .toc-ch-chev { transform: rotate(90deg); }\r\n .toc-sub-wrap {\r\n position: relative;\r\n margin: 6px 0 6px 18px;\r\n padding-left: 14px;\r\n }\r\n .toc-sub-wrap::before {\r\n content: '';\r\n position: absolute;\r\n left: 0; top: 6px; bottom: 8px;\r\n width: 1px;\r\n background: repeating-linear-gradient(to bottom, #d0d8e2 0px, #d0d8e2 2px, transparent 2px, transparent 5px);\r\n }\r\n .toc-sub-list { list-style: none; }\r\n .toc-sub-list li {\r\n display: flex;\r\n align-items: flex-start;\r\n gap: 6px;\r\n padding: 5px 4px 5px 0;\r\n }\r\n .toc-sub-num {\r\n flex-shrink: 0;\r\n font-family: 'JetBrains Mono', monospace;\r\n font-size: 10.5px;\r\n color: var(--muted);\r\n font-weight: 600;\r\n line-height: 1.5;\r\n min-width: 32px;\r\n padding-top: 1px;\r\n }\r\n .toc-sub-list a {\r\n flex: 1;\r\n font-size: 13px;\r\n color: #2c3e50;\r\n line-height: 1.45;\r\n padding: 1px 4px;\r\n border-radius: 3px;\r\n transition: color 0.15s;\r\n }\r\n .toc-sub-list a:hover { color: var(--blue); }\r\n .toc-sub-list a.active { color: var(--blue); font-weight: 700; }\r\n .toc-sub-list .toc-app .toc-sub-num,\r\n .toc-sub-list .toc-app a { color: var(--purple); }\r\n .toc-sub-list .toc-app a:hover,\r\n .toc-sub-list .toc-app a.active { color: #5a2a8a; font-weight: 700; }\r\n\r\n \/* \u2500\u2500 RECAP \u2500\u2500 *\/\r\n .recap {\r\n background: linear-gradient(135deg, #0f2a4a 0%, #1a3d6a 100%);\r\n border-radius: 14px; padding: 28px 30px;\r\n margin: 44px 0 0; color: #fff;\r\n }\r\n .recap-title {\r\n font-family: 'Crimson Pro', Georgia, serif;\r\n font-size: 20px; font-weight: 700;\r\n margin-bottom: 18px;\r\n display: flex; align-items: center; gap: 10px;\r\n }\r\n .recap table { width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse; }\r\n .recap th, .recap td {\r\n padding: 10px 14px;\r\n text-align: left;\r\n border-bottom: 1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.12);\r\n font-size: 13.5px;\r\n }\r\n .recap th { font-size: 11px; text-transform: uppercase; letter-spacing: 0.1em; opacity: 0.7; font-weight: 700; }\r\n .recap td:first-child { font-weight: 700; color: #ffd700; width: 36%; }\r\n .recap td strong { color: #ffd95a; font-weight: 700; }\r\n .recap td:first-child strong { color: inherit; }\r\n\r\n \/* \u2500\u2500 RESPONSIVE \u2500\u2500 *\/\r\n @media (max-width: 860px) {\r\n .layout { grid-template-columns: 1fr; gap: 32px; padding: 28px 24px 64px; }\r\n .sidebar { position: static; }\r\n .stat-grid, .cat-grid, .cat-grid.three, .cat-grid.four { grid-template-columns: 1fr 1fr; }\r\n .hero { padding: 48px 24px 44px; }\r\n .breadcrumb-bar { padding: 10px 24px; }\r\n .hero-grid { grid-template-columns: 1fr; gap: 24px; text-align: left; }\r\n .hero-illustration { width: 240px; margin: 0 auto; }\r\n }\r\n @media (max-width: 500px) {\r\n .hero h1 { font-size: 24px; }\r\n .stat-grid, .cat-grid, .cat-grid.three, .cat-grid.four { grid-template-columns: 1fr; }\r\n .hero-illustration { display: none; }\r\n .compare-table td.label-cell { width: auto; }\r\n }\r\n<\/style>\r\n<link rel=\"preconnect\" href=\"https:\/\/fonts.googleapis.com\">\r\n<link rel=\"preconnect\" href=\"https:\/\/fonts.gstatic.com\" crossorigin>\r\n<link href=\"https:\/\/fonts.googleapis.com\/css2?family=Crimson+Pro:wght@400;600;700&family=DM+Sans:wght@400;500;700&family=JetBrains+Mono:wght@400;700&display=swap\" rel=\"stylesheet\">\r\n<\/head>\r\n<body>\r\n\r\n\r\n<div class=\"hero\">\r\n <div class=\"hero-inner hero-grid\">\r\n <div class=\"hero-text\">\r\n <span class=\"hero-kicker\">Study Notes \u00b7 Committee of Experts Report<\/span>\r\n <h1>Uniform Format of Accounts for Central Autonomous Bodies<\/h1>\r\n <p class=\"hero-sub\">The November 2000 report of the Committee of Experts, chaired by the Controller General of Accounts. It prescribes a single accrual-based format \u2014 Balance Sheet, Income & Expenditure Account, 25 Schedules, and a Receipts & Payments statement \u2014 to bring uniformity, comparability and transparency to the accounts of all Central autonomous organisations.<\/p>\r\n <div class=\"hero-pills\">\r\n <span class=\"hero-pill\">6 Annexures (A\u2013F)<\/span>\r\n <span class=\"hero-pill\">25 Schedules<\/span>\r\n <span class=\"hero-pill\">Accrual System<\/span>\r\n <span class=\"hero-pill\">Effective 1 April 2001<\/span>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div class=\"hero-illustration\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\r\n <svg viewBox=\"0 0 320 280\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Balance sheet ledger with scales\">\r\n <ellipse cx=\"160\" cy=\"245\" rx=\"125\" ry=\"14\" fill=\"rgba(0,0,0,0.18)\"\/>\r\n <g transform=\"translate(56,78)\">\r\n <rect x=\"6\" y=\"8\" width=\"210\" height=\"158\" rx=\"4\" fill=\"rgba(0,0,0,0.18)\"\/>\r\n <rect x=\"0\" y=\"0\" width=\"210\" height=\"158\" rx=\"6\" fill=\"#ffffff\" stroke=\"#0e8f7a\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <rect x=\"0\" y=\"0\" width=\"210\" height=\"26\" rx=\"6\" fill=\"#0e8f7a\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"105\" y=\"18\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\" font-size=\"11\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#fff\">BALANCE SHEET<\/text>\r\n <line x1=\"105\" y1=\"34\" x2=\"105\" y2=\"150\" stroke=\"#cfe6e0\" stroke-width=\"1.5\"\/>\r\n <g fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#1a5fa8\" stroke-width=\"2\">\r\n <line x1=\"14\" y1=\"46\" x2=\"92\" y2=\"46\"\/>\r\n <line x1=\"14\" y1=\"62\" x2=\"84\" y2=\"62\"\/>\r\n <line x1=\"14\" y1=\"78\" x2=\"92\" y2=\"78\"\/>\r\n <line x1=\"14\" y1=\"94\" x2=\"78\" y2=\"94\"\/>\r\n <line x1=\"14\" y1=\"110\" x2=\"88\" y2=\"110\"\/>\r\n <\/g>\r\n <g fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#c89b0a\" stroke-width=\"2\">\r\n <line x1=\"118\" y1=\"46\" x2=\"196\" y2=\"46\"\/>\r\n <line x1=\"118\" y1=\"62\" x2=\"188\" y2=\"62\"\/>\r\n <line x1=\"118\" y1=\"78\" x2=\"196\" y2=\"78\"\/>\r\n <line x1=\"118\" y1=\"94\" x2=\"182\" y2=\"94\"\/>\r\n <line x1=\"118\" y1=\"110\" x2=\"192\" y2=\"110\"\/>\r\n <\/g>\r\n <rect x=\"14\" y=\"132\" width=\"182\" height=\"3\" fill=\"#0e8f7a\"\/>\r\n <\/g>\r\n <g transform=\"translate(214,30)\">\r\n <line x1=\"20\" y1=\"10\" x2=\"20\" y2=\"60\" stroke=\"#daa520\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <line x1=\"0\" y1=\"20\" x2=\"40\" y2=\"20\" stroke=\"#daa520\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <line x1=\"6\" y1=\"20\" x2=\"6\" y2=\"30\" stroke=\"#daa520\" stroke-width=\"1.2\"\/>\r\n <path d=\"M -2 30 Q 6 42 14 30\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#daa520\" stroke-width=\"1.8\"\/>\r\n <line x1=\"34\" y1=\"20\" x2=\"34\" y2=\"30\" stroke=\"#daa520\" stroke-width=\"1.2\"\/>\r\n <path d=\"M 26 30 Q 34 42 42 30\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#daa520\" stroke-width=\"1.8\"\/>\r\n <rect x=\"14\" y=\"58\" width=\"12\" height=\"4\" fill=\"#daa520\"\/>\r\n <\/g>\r\n <g transform=\"translate(30,34)\">\r\n <circle cx=\"20\" cy=\"20\" r=\"20\" fill=\"#c89b0a\" stroke=\"#8a6a00\" stroke-width=\"1.4\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"20\" y=\"18\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-family=\"Crimson Pro, serif\" font-size=\"10\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#4a3500\">2001<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"20\" y=\"29\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\" font-size=\"6\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#4a3500\">ACCRUAL<\/text>\r\n <\/g>\r\n <g fill=\"#fff\" opacity=\"0.85\">\r\n <circle cx=\"20\" cy=\"110\" r=\"2\"\/>\r\n <circle cx=\"298\" cy=\"180\" r=\"1.5\"\/>\r\n <circle cx=\"286\" cy=\"120\" r=\"1.5\"\/>\r\n <circle cx=\"40\" cy=\"210\" r=\"2\"\/>\r\n <\/g>\r\n <\/svg>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n<div class=\"breadcrumb-bar\">\r\n <div class=\"breadcrumb-inner\">\r\n <a href=\"https:\/\/promotionexams.com\/\">Home<\/a>\r\n <span class=\"sep\">›<\/span>\r\n <a href=\"https:\/\/promotionexams.com\/?page_id=9409\">Notes<\/a>\r\n <span class=\"sep\">›<\/span>\r\n <span>Uniform Format of Accounts \u2014 Central Autonomous Bodies<\/span>\r\n <\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"layout\">\r\n\r\n \r\n <aside class=\"sidebar\">\r\n <div class=\"toc-card\">\r\n <div class=\"toc-card-title\">Table of Contents<\/div>\r\n\r\n <details class=\"toc-chapter\" data-chapter=\"1\" open>\r\n <summary class=\"toc-chapter-header\">\r\n <span class=\"toc-ch-badge\">CH 1<\/span>\r\n <span class=\"toc-ch-title\">Origin & Mandate<\/span>\r\n <span class=\"toc-ch-chev\">▶<\/span>\r\n <\/summary>\r\n <div class=\"toc-sub-wrap\">\r\n <ul class=\"toc-sub-list\">\r\n <li><span class=\"toc-sub-num\">1.1<\/span><a href=\"#ch1-why\">Why the Committee Was Formed<\/a><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"toc-sub-num\">1.2<\/span><a href=\"#ch1-comp\">Composition of the Committee<\/a><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"toc-sub-num\">1.3<\/span><a href=\"#ch1-tor\">Terms of Reference<\/a><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"toc-sub-num\">1.4<\/span><a href=\"#ch1-process\">How the Format Was Built<\/a><\/li>\r\n <li class=\"toc-app\"><span class=\"toc-sub-num\">★<\/span><a href=\"#ch1-recap\">Chapter 1 \u2014 Quick Recap<\/a><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n\r\n <details class=\"toc-chapter\" data-chapter=\"2\">\r\n <summary class=\"toc-chapter-header\">\r\n <span class=\"toc-ch-badge\">CH 2<\/span>\r\n <span class=\"toc-ch-title\">Findings & Recommendations<\/span>\r\n <span class=\"toc-ch-chev\">▶<\/span>\r\n <\/summary>\r\n <div class=\"toc-sub-wrap\">\r\n <ul class=\"toc-sub-list\">\r\n <li><span class=\"toc-sub-num\">2.1<\/span><a href=\"#ch2-comments\">Comments from Autonomous Bodies<\/a><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"toc-sub-num\">2.2<\/span><a href=\"#ch2-issues\">Major Issues Raised<\/a><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"toc-sub-num\">2.3<\/span><a href=\"#ch2-obs\">Observations of the Committee<\/a><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"toc-sub-num\">2.4<\/span><a href=\"#ch2-recom\">The 7 Recommendations<\/a><\/li>\r\n <li class=\"toc-app\"><span class=\"toc-sub-num\">★<\/span><a href=\"#ch2-recap\">Chapter 2 \u2014 Quick Recap<\/a><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n\r\n <details class=\"toc-chapter\" data-chapter=\"3\">\r\n <summary class=\"toc-chapter-header\">\r\n <span class=\"toc-ch-badge\">CH 3<\/span>\r\n <span class=\"toc-ch-title\">Accounting Principles<\/span>\r\n <span class=\"toc-ch-chev\">▶<\/span>\r\n <\/summary>\r\n <div class=\"toc-sub-wrap\">\r\n <ul class=\"toc-sub-list\">\r\n <li><span class=\"toc-sub-num\">3.1<\/span><a href=\"#ch3-accrual\">Accrual Basis & Going Concern<\/a><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"toc-sub-num\">3.2<\/span><a href=\"#ch3-policies\">Significant Accounting Policies<\/a><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"toc-sub-num\">3.3<\/span><a href=\"#ch3-substance\">13 Instructions & Principles<\/a><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"toc-sub-num\">3.4<\/span><a href=\"#ch3-revenue\">Revenue Recognition & Provisions<\/a><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"toc-sub-num\">3.5<\/span><a href=\"#ch3-rounding\">Disclosure & Rounding-off<\/a><\/li>\r\n <li class=\"toc-app\"><span class=\"toc-sub-num\">★<\/span><a href=\"#ch3-recap\">Chapter 3 \u2014 Quick Recap<\/a><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n\r\n <details class=\"toc-chapter\" data-chapter=\"4\">\r\n <summary class=\"toc-chapter-header\">\r\n <span class=\"toc-ch-badge\">CH 4<\/span>\r\n <span class=\"toc-ch-title\">Balance Sheet & I&E<\/span>\r\n <span class=\"toc-ch-chev\">▶<\/span>\r\n <\/summary>\r\n <div class=\"toc-sub-wrap\">\r\n <ul class=\"toc-sub-list\">\r\n <li><span class=\"toc-sub-num\">4.1<\/span><a href=\"#ch4-six\">The Six Financial Statements<\/a><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"toc-sub-num\">4.2<\/span><a href=\"#ch4-bs\">Balance Sheet (Annexure A)<\/a><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"toc-sub-num\">4.3<\/span><a href=\"#ch4-ie\">Income & Expenditure (Annexure B)<\/a><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"toc-sub-num\">4.4<\/span><a href=\"#ch4-rp\">Receipts & Payments (Annexure F)<\/a><\/li>\r\n <li class=\"toc-app\"><span class=\"toc-sub-num\">★<\/span><a href=\"#ch4-recap\">Chapter 4 \u2014 Quick Recap<\/a><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n\r\n <details class=\"toc-chapter\" data-chapter=\"5\">\r\n <summary class=\"toc-chapter-header\">\r\n <span class=\"toc-ch-badge\">CH 5<\/span>\r\n <span class=\"toc-ch-title\">Liability-Side Schedules<\/span>\r\n <span class=\"toc-ch-chev\">▶<\/span>\r\n <\/summary>\r\n <div class=\"toc-sub-wrap\">\r\n <ul class=\"toc-sub-list\">\r\n <li><span class=\"toc-sub-num\">5.1<\/span><a href=\"#ch5-s1\">Sch 1 \u2014 Corpus \/ Capital Fund<\/a><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"toc-sub-num\">5.2<\/span><a href=\"#ch5-s2\">Sch 2 \u2014 Reserves & Surplus<\/a><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"toc-sub-num\">5.3<\/span><a href=\"#ch5-s3\">Sch 3 \u2014 Earmarked \/ Endowment Funds<\/a><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"toc-sub-num\">5.4<\/span><a href=\"#ch5-s456\">Sch 4\u20136 \u2014 Loans & Deferred Credit<\/a><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"toc-sub-num\">5.5<\/span><a href=\"#ch5-s7\">Sch 7 \u2014 Current Liabilities & Provisions<\/a><\/li>\r\n <li class=\"toc-app\"><span class=\"toc-sub-num\">★<\/span><a href=\"#ch5-recap\">Chapter 5 \u2014 Quick Recap<\/a><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n\r\n <details class=\"toc-chapter\" data-chapter=\"6\">\r\n <summary class=\"toc-chapter-header\">\r\n <span class=\"toc-ch-badge\">CH 6<\/span>\r\n <span class=\"toc-ch-title\">Asset-Side Schedules<\/span>\r\n <span class=\"toc-ch-chev\">▶<\/span>\r\n <\/summary>\r\n <div class=\"toc-sub-wrap\">\r\n <ul class=\"toc-sub-list\">\r\n <li><span class=\"toc-sub-num\">6.1<\/span><a href=\"#ch6-s8\">Sch 8 \u2014 Fixed Assets<\/a><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"toc-sub-num\">6.2<\/span><a href=\"#ch6-dep\">Depreciation Concepts<\/a><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"toc-sub-num\">6.3<\/span><a href=\"#ch6-s910\">Sch 9\u201310 \u2014 Investments<\/a><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"toc-sub-num\">6.4<\/span><a href=\"#ch6-s11\">Sch 11 \u2014 Current Assets, Loans & Advances<\/a><\/li>\r\n <li class=\"toc-app\"><span class=\"toc-sub-num\">★<\/span><a href=\"#ch6-recap\">Chapter 6 \u2014 Quick Recap<\/a><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n\r\n <details class=\"toc-chapter\" data-chapter=\"7\">\r\n <summary class=\"toc-chapter-header\">\r\n <span class=\"toc-ch-badge\">CH 7<\/span>\r\n <span class=\"toc-ch-title\">Income & Expenditure Schedules<\/span>\r\n <span class=\"toc-ch-chev\">▶<\/span>\r\n <\/summary>\r\n <div class=\"toc-sub-wrap\">\r\n <ul class=\"toc-sub-list\">\r\n <li><span class=\"toc-sub-num\">7.1<\/span><a href=\"#ch7-income\">Income Schedules 12\u201319<\/a><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"toc-sub-num\">7.2<\/span><a href=\"#ch7-grants\">Sch 13 \u2014 Grants \/ Subsidies<\/a><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"toc-sub-num\">7.3<\/span><a href=\"#ch7-exp\">Expenditure Schedules 20\u201323<\/a><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"toc-sub-num\">7.4<\/span><a href=\"#ch7-2425\">Sch 24\u201325 \u2014 Off-Balance-Sheet Disclosures<\/a><\/li>\r\n <li class=\"toc-app\"><span class=\"toc-sub-num\">★<\/span><a href=\"#ch7-recap\">Chapter 7 \u2014 Quick Recap<\/a><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n\r\n <details class=\"toc-chapter\" data-chapter=\"8\">\r\n <summary class=\"toc-chapter-header\">\r\n <span class=\"toc-ch-badge\">CH 8<\/span>\r\n <span class=\"toc-ch-title\">Government Grants & Special Treatments<\/span>\r\n <span class=\"toc-ch-chev\">▶<\/span>\r\n <\/summary>\r\n <div class=\"toc-sub-wrap\">\r\n <ul class=\"toc-sub-list\">\r\n <li><span class=\"toc-sub-num\">8.1<\/span><a href=\"#ch8-grants\">Treatment of Government Grants<\/a><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"toc-sub-num\">8.2<\/span><a href=\"#ch8-plan\">Plan Funds & Socio-Economic Tracking<\/a><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"toc-sub-num\">8.3<\/span><a href=\"#ch8-retire\">Retirement Benefits & Forex<\/a><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"toc-sub-num\">8.4<\/span><a href=\"#ch8-flex\">Flexibility & Special Entities<\/a><\/li>\r\n <li class=\"toc-app\"><span class=\"toc-sub-num\">★<\/span><a href=\"#ch8-recap\">Chapter 8 \u2014 Quick Recap<\/a><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n\r\n <\/div>\r\n <\/aside>\r\n\r\n <main class=\"article\">\r\n\r\n \r\n <section class=\"chapter-pane active\" id=\"pane-ch1\" data-chapter=\"1\">\r\n\r\n <div class=\"chapter-heading-block\" id=\"ch1-why\">\r\n <span class=\"chapter-badge\">CH 1 \u00b7 PART A<\/span>\r\n <h2>Why the Committee Was Formed<\/h2>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"def-card\">\r\n <div class=\"def-label\">The triggering event<\/div>\r\n <div class=\"def-text\">\r\n The <strong>Parliamentary Committee on Papers Laid on the Table<\/strong>, in its <strong>60th Report<\/strong> (tabled in the Rajya Sabha on 27 March 1998), found that there was <em>no set standard<\/em> for how grant-receiving institutions presented their accounts. Their accounts were often incomplete, unscrutinised, and in arrears for years. The Committee urged Government to set up an expert committee \u2014 including the ICAI, ICWAI and C&AG \u2014 to design a standard format bringing similarity and transparency.\r\n <\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <ul class=\"icon-list\">\r\n <li><span class=\"ico\">📋<\/span><span>The autonomous bodies were criticised for taking the <strong>\"no prescribed standard\"<\/strong> excuse \u2014 unlike companies, which follow the Companies Act 1956.<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"ico\">📅<\/span><span>The Committee of Experts was constituted with the Finance Minister's approval on <strong>12 May 1999<\/strong>; the notification issued on <strong>26 May 1999<\/strong>.<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"ico\">📝<\/span><span>The final report was signed in <strong>New Delhi on 15 November 2000<\/strong>.<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"callout teal\">\r\n <div class=\"callout-label\">The scale of the problem<\/div>\r\n <p>The latest C&AG report available to the Committee (No. 4 of 2000, year ending March 1999) showed that of <strong>437 organisations<\/strong>, accounts from as many as <strong>209<\/strong> were not received by the C&AG in time. For the remaining 228 bodies, Government grants totalled about <strong>₹4,478 crore<\/strong> and loans about <strong>₹660 crore<\/strong> that year \u2014 funds whose accounting badly needed standardising.<\/p>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"ch1-comp\">\r\n <span class=\"section-badge\">§1<\/span>\r\n <h3>Composition of the Committee<\/h3>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <p>The C&AG's representative was originally a member, but the C&AG's office withdrew \u2014 feeling it inappropriate to sit on a body whose output it would later audit (several autonomous-body Acts require consultation with the C&AG). The <strong>Chief Adviser (Cost)<\/strong> of the Indian Cost Accounts Department replaced that seat. The final composition:<\/p>\r\n\r\n <table class=\"compare-table\">\r\n <thead><tr><th>Member<\/th><th>Role<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>\r\n <tbody>\r\n <tr><td class=\"label-cell\">Controller General of Accounts<\/td><td><strong>Chairman<\/strong> (A.M. Sehgal)<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td class=\"label-cell\">Chief Adviser (Cost)<\/td><td>Member (replaced C&AG's nominee, Feb 2000)<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td class=\"label-cell\">Institute of Chartered Accountants (ICAI)<\/td><td>Member \u2014 Shri M.M. Khanna, also Chairman of the Accounting Standards Board; drafted the first basic format<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td class=\"label-cell\">Institute of Cost & Works Accountants (ICWAI)<\/td><td>Member<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td class=\"label-cell\">Indian Banks' Association<\/td><td>Member<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td class=\"label-cell\">Joint CGA<\/td><td><strong>Member-Secretary<\/strong><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <\/tbody>\r\n <\/table>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"callout\">\r\n <div class=\"callout-label\">Carved out of scope<\/div>\r\n <p>The Ministry of Surface Transport was to act separately for <strong>Ports<\/strong>, and the Department of Banking for <strong>Nationalised Banks<\/strong> \u2014 so these were outside the Committee's format.<\/p>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"ch1-tor\">\r\n <span class=\"section-badge teal\">§2<\/span>\r\n <h3>The Four Terms of Reference<\/h3>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <ol class=\"parts-list roman teal\">\r\n <li><strong>Prescribe a standard \/ model format<\/strong> of accounts and accounting reports adoptable by Central autonomous organisations.<\/li>\r\n <li><strong>Suggest measures for clarity, transparency and simplicity<\/strong> in the presentation of their accounts.<\/li>\r\n <li><strong>Enable evaluation through the accounts<\/strong> of how far the organisation achieves its socio-economic objectives \u2014 especially regarding grants released by Government.<\/li>\r\n <li><strong>Any other measures<\/strong> enhancing analytical and effective presentation of these accounts.<\/li>\r\n <\/ol>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"ch1-process\">\r\n <span class=\"section-badge amber\">§3<\/span>\r\n <h3>How the Format Was Built<\/h3>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"flow\">\r\n <div class=\"flow-step\">\r\n <div class=\"flow-num\">1<\/div>\r\n <div class=\"flow-content\">\r\n <h5>Seven meetings & outside proposals<\/h5>\r\n <p>The Committee met seven times. Proposals were sought from IIM Ahmedabad, IIM Bangalore and IPAI, New Delhi. IIM-B declined; the other two were discussed on 14 January 2000.<\/p>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div class=\"flow-step\">\r\n <div class=\"flow-num\">2<\/div>\r\n <div class=\"flow-content\">\r\n <h5>Khanna prepares the first draft<\/h5>\r\n <p>Shri M.M. Khanna (ICAI) offered to prepare the basic draft format, insisting that uniformity of <em>format<\/em> must be paired with transparency of <em>information<\/em> \u2014 so instructions, accounting principles, notes and illustrative schedules were all developed.<\/p>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div class=\"flow-step\">\r\n <div class=\"flow-num\">3<\/div>\r\n <div class=\"flow-content\">\r\n <h5>Review of 13 live annual reports<\/h5>\r\n <p>To understand existing practice, the Committee studied recent annual reports of bodies like the Rubber Board, Coir Board, Tea Board, KVIC, ESIC, ICSSR, National Productivity Council and several engineering colleges.<\/p>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div class=\"flow-step\">\r\n <div class=\"flow-num\">4<\/div>\r\n <div class=\"flow-content\">\r\n <h5>Sub-group refines it<\/h5>\r\n <p>A sub-group of the Joint CGA and the Chief Adviser (Cost)'s representative incorporated Government requirements \u2014 especially the accounting of Government assistance.<\/p>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div class=\"flow-step\">\r\n <div class=\"flow-num\">5<\/div>\r\n <div class=\"flow-content\">\r\n <h5>Circulated to 362 bodies<\/h5>\r\n <p>The draft (Annexures A\u2013F) went to 362 autonomous bodies plus Ministry Secretaries \/ FAs \/ CCAs. 120 responses came back \u2014 no major adverse comments.<\/p>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"highlight-box\">\r\n <div class=\"hl-label\">⭐ The single guiding choice<\/div>\r\n <div class=\"hl-text\">A <strong>common format for all<\/strong>, rather than different formats for different classes of body \u2014 because different formats would defeat the very purpose of comparability. The common format is a <em>benchmark<\/em> covering transactions of common nature, with built-in flexibility for exceptions.<\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"recap\" id=\"ch1-recap\">\r\n <div class=\"recap-title\">⚡ Chapter 1 \u2014 Quick Recap<\/div>\r\n <table>\r\n <thead><tr><th>Concept<\/th><th>Key Fact<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>\r\n <tbody>\r\n <tr><td>Trigger<\/td><td><strong>60th Report<\/strong> of Parliamentary Committee on Papers (27 Mar 1998)<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td>Committee approved<\/td><td>12 May 1999; notified 26 May 1999<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td>Report signed<\/td><td>15 November 2000, New Delhi<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td>Chairman<\/td><td><strong>Controller General of Accounts<\/strong> (A.M. Sehgal)<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td>Member-Secretary<\/td><td>Joint CGA<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td>C&AG nominee<\/td><td>Withdrew; replaced by <strong>Chief Adviser (Cost)<\/strong><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td>First draft prepared by<\/td><td>Shri M.M. Khanna (ICAI \/ Accounting Standards Board)<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td>Terms of reference<\/td><td>4 \u2014 format \u00b7 clarity \u00b7 socio-economic evaluation \u00b7 other measures<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td>Draft circulated to<\/td><td>362 bodies; 120 responses<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td>Carved out<\/td><td>Ports (Surface Transport) & Nationalised Banks (Banking)<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <\/tbody>\r\n <\/table>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <\/section>\r\n\r\n \r\n <section class=\"chapter-pane\" id=\"pane-ch2\" data-chapter=\"2\">\r\n\r\n <div class=\"chapter-heading-block\" id=\"ch2-comments\">\r\n <span class=\"chapter-badge\">CH 2 \u00b7 PART A<\/span>\r\n <h2>Comments from the Autonomous Bodies<\/h2>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"def-card\">\r\n <div class=\"def-label\">What this chapter does<\/div>\r\n <div class=\"def-text\">\r\n Before finalising, the Committee deliberately sought feedback \u2014 both to involve the bodies and to gauge acceptability. This chapter captures the <strong>major issues raised<\/strong>, the Committee's <strong>observations<\/strong> in response, and the <strong>seven final recommendations<\/strong> to Government.\r\n <\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"stat-grid\">\r\n <div class=\"stat-card b\">\r\n <span class=\"stat-icon\">📥<\/span>\r\n <div class=\"stat-num\">120<\/div>\r\n <div class=\"stat-label\">Responses Received<\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div class=\"stat-card t\">\r\n <span class=\"stat-icon\">✅<\/span>\r\n <div class=\"stat-num\">40<\/div>\r\n <div class=\"stat-label\">Ready to Adopt<\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div class=\"stat-card a\">\r\n <span class=\"stat-icon\">🧪<\/span>\r\n <div class=\"stat-num\">7<\/div>\r\n <div class=\"stat-label\">Tested on Past Accounts<\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div class=\"stat-card r\">\r\n <span class=\"stat-icon\">💬<\/span>\r\n <div class=\"stat-num\">~60<\/div>\r\n <div class=\"stat-label\">Gave Substantive Input<\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <p>Of the 7 bodies that tested their previous year's accounts against the format, <strong>5 found no problem<\/strong> and recommended adoption; 2 made observations. The response window was very short (2\u20133 weeks), yet interest was high.<\/p>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"ch2-issues\">\r\n <span class=\"section-badge\">§1<\/span>\r\n <h3>Major Issues Raised<\/h3>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <ol class=\"parts-list decimal\">\r\n <li><strong>Cash vs accrual:<\/strong> Most bodies kept accounts on a <em>cash basis<\/em>, not accrual.<\/li>\r\n <li><strong>No depreciation:<\/strong> Some entities did not depreciate their fixed assets at all.<\/li>\r\n <li><strong>Income-tax exemption:<\/strong> Certain accounting treatments would be needed to preserve tax exemption (taxation was treated by the Committee as incidental and secondary).<\/li>\r\n <li><strong>Statutory amendments:<\/strong> Changes to the Societies Act, Trust Acts and Companies Act might be required \u2014 a matter for Government, outside the Committee's purview.<\/li>\r\n <li><strong>UGC parallel:<\/strong> The UGC had its own committee on university accounts (report to UGC in Sept 1982, still unfinalised).<\/li>\r\n <li><strong>Hotel Management:<\/strong> NCHMCT had proposed a common format for hotel-management institutes.<\/li>\r\n <li><strong>Training & software:<\/strong> Bodies wanted proper training and, ideally, ready-made computer software before switching systems.<\/li>\r\n <\/ol>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"callout amber\">\r\n <div class=\"callout-label\">Other points flagged<\/div>\r\n <p>Suggested additions\/deletions in line items; a view that the formats suited only commercial use; a request to split income\/expenditure into <strong>Plan vs Non-Plan<\/strong>; provisions for GPF, gratuity and pension; a wish for a shorter format; SEBI's view that its own formats were more informative; and conflicting audit signals \u2014 the Energy Management Centre was told by C&AG <em>not<\/em> to show depreciated values, while Nagaland University was pulled up <em>for not<\/em> providing depreciation.<\/p>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"chapter-heading-block\" id=\"ch2-obs\">\r\n <span class=\"chapter-badge\">CH 2 \u00b7 PART B<\/span>\r\n <h2>Observations of the Committee<\/h2>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <p>The Committee noted that Central autonomous bodies are <strong>not homogeneous<\/strong> \u2014 some run education and culture, others promote social sectors. Two categories are especially numerous: <strong>educational institutions (incl. Central Universities)<\/strong> and <strong>District Rural Development Agencies<\/strong>. Within the common format, administrative Ministries may make central adjustments to suit such bodies.<\/p>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"cat-grid\">\r\n <div class=\"cat-card d\">\r\n <div class=\"cat-label\">Observation 1<\/div>\r\n <div class=\"cat-title\">Cash basis is inadequate<\/div>\r\n <p>Cash accounting gives no clear distinction between capital and revenue, and records assets and liabilities incompletely. These bodies followed neither pure Government cash accounting nor proper accrual \u2014 losing uniformity and transparency. The Committee suggests <strong>accrual only<\/strong>, also anticipating Government's own future move to accrual.<\/p>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div class=\"cat-card a\">\r\n <div class=\"cat-label\">Observation 2<\/div>\r\n <div class=\"cat-title\">Depreciation is essential<\/div>\r\n <p>Under accrual, fixed assets are shown <strong>net of depreciation<\/strong> spread over useful life, with the annual charge added to operating cost. Without it, the <em>\"True and Fair View\"<\/em> cannot be established. It is wrong to think only profit-making bodies need a true and fair view.<\/p>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div class=\"cat-card c\">\r\n <div class=\"cat-label\">Observation 3<\/div>\r\n <div class=\"cat-title\">Tax flexibility built in<\/div>\r\n <p>Depreciation is shown by the <strong>straight-line method<\/strong> only as an <em>illustrative<\/em> policy, not a mandate. To meet the Income Tax Act, a body may instead use the <strong>Written Down Value (WDV)<\/strong> method \u2014 the format is not rigid.<\/p>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div class=\"cat-card e\">\r\n <div class=\"cat-label\">Observation 4<\/div>\r\n <div class=\"cat-title\">A separate Act may be needed<\/div>\r\n <p>Bodies are registered under various Acts (Societies, Trust, or specific Acts of Parliament) that prescribe their own accounting. A <strong>separate overriding Act<\/strong> may be required to enforce one uniform format.<\/p>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <ul class=\"icon-list\">\r\n <li><span class=\"ico\">🏫<\/span><span><strong>Observation 5:<\/strong> Ministries may modify the format for large classes (e.g. universities, hotel-management institutes) or where specialised reporting warrants it.<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"ico\">🎓<\/span><span><strong>Observation 6:<\/strong> Training and common software can be arranged by Ministries or through the ICAI; since accrual is common in the private and public sectors, training sources exist.<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"ico\">📊<\/span><span><strong>Observation 7:<\/strong> Minor demands (Plan\/Non-Plan break-up, retirement-benefit provisions) are already <em>in-built<\/em>; additions\/deletions within the basic structure are permitted.<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"ico\">🎯<\/span><span><strong>Observation 8:<\/strong> The socio-economic activities \u2014 translated into income & expenditure per activity\/project \u2014 are captured, especially via <strong>Schedule 3 (Earmarked Funds)<\/strong>, which also covers Plan & Non-Plan grants.<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"chapter-heading-block\" id=\"ch2-recom\">\r\n <span class=\"chapter-badge\">CH 2 \u00b7 PART C<\/span>\r\n <h2>The Seven Recommendations<\/h2>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <ol class=\"parts-list decimal gold\">\r\n <li><strong>One common format<\/strong> for all autonomous organisations' accounting and presentation.<\/li>\r\n <li><strong>Additional information<\/strong> may be prescribed within that common format for Central Universities \/ Educational Institutions and for District Rural Development Agencies.<\/li>\r\n <li>The <strong>Financial Statements and Schedules<\/strong> shall provide full disclosure of the organisation and all accounting information.<\/li>\r\n <li>Accounting shall be on the <strong>Accrual System<\/strong>, maintaining the <strong>\"Going Concern\"<\/strong> concept.<\/li>\r\n <li><strong>Depreciation on fixed assets<\/strong> shall apply to all autonomous organisations.<\/li>\r\n <li>Financial Statements shall be prepared in the six prescribed formats \u2014 <strong>Annexures A to F<\/strong> (Balance Sheet, Income & Expenditure, Schedules, Instructions & Principles, Notes & Instructions for Schedules, Receipts & Payments).<\/li>\r\n <li>The formats apply to <strong>all accounting years commencing on or after 1 April 2001<\/strong> \u2014 earlier adoption encouraged.<\/li>\r\n <\/ol>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"recap\" id=\"ch2-recap\">\r\n <div class=\"recap-title\">⚡ Chapter 2 \u2014 Quick Recap<\/div>\r\n <table>\r\n <thead><tr><th>Concept<\/th><th>Key Fact<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>\r\n <tbody>\r\n <tr><td>Responses received<\/td><td>120 (incl. ~10 from Ministries)<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td>Ready to adopt<\/td><td>40 organisations<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td>Core issue<\/td><td>Cash basis used instead of accrual<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td>Two numerous classes<\/td><td>Educational institutions & DRDAs<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td>Accounting basis recommended<\/td><td><strong>Accrual System<\/strong> + Going Concern<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td>Depreciation<\/td><td>Mandatory for all; SLM illustrative, WDV permitted<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td>Enforcement mechanism<\/td><td>A separate overriding Act may be required<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td>Socio-economic tracking<\/td><td>Via Schedule 3 \u2014 Earmarked Funds<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td>Number of recommendations<\/td><td>7<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td>Effective date<\/td><td>Years commencing on \/ after <strong>1 April 2001<\/strong><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <\/tbody>\r\n <\/table>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <\/section>\r\n\r\n \r\n <section class=\"chapter-pane\" id=\"pane-ch3\" data-chapter=\"3\">\r\n\r\n <div class=\"chapter-heading-block\" id=\"ch3-accrual\">\r\n <span class=\"chapter-badge\">CH 3 \u00b7 PART A<\/span>\r\n <h2>The Accounting Foundation<\/h2>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"def-card\">\r\n <div class=\"def-label\">What this chapter does<\/div>\r\n <div class=\"def-text\">\r\n Annexure D sets out the <strong>Instructions and Accounting Principles<\/strong> \u2014 the conceptual bedrock on which every schedule rests. The headline switch is from <em>cash<\/em> to <strong>accrual<\/strong> accounting on a <strong>historical-cost<\/strong> basis, governed by substance over form, materiality, prudence, and consistency.\r\n <\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"stat-grid\">\r\n <div class=\"stat-card t\">\r\n <span class=\"stat-icon\">⚖️<\/span>\r\n <div class=\"stat-num\">Accrual<\/div>\r\n <div class=\"stat-label\">Basis of Accounts<\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div class=\"stat-card b\">\r\n <span class=\"stat-icon\">🏢<\/span>\r\n <div class=\"stat-num\">Going Concern<\/div>\r\n <div class=\"stat-label\">Core Assumption<\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div class=\"stat-card a\">\r\n <span class=\"stat-icon\">💰<\/span>\r\n <div class=\"stat-num\">Historical Cost<\/div>\r\n <div class=\"stat-label\">Measurement Convention<\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div class=\"stat-card r\">\r\n <span class=\"stat-icon\">🔍<\/span>\r\n <div class=\"stat-num\">Substance<\/div>\r\n <div class=\"stat-label\">Over Legal Form<\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"highlight-box\">\r\n <div class=\"hl-label\">🧠 The starting rule (Instruction 1)<\/div>\r\n <div class=\"hl-text\">The financial statements \u2014 Balance Sheet and Income & Expenditure Account \u2014 <strong>shall be prepared on accrual basis<\/strong>, in the form suggested or as near thereto as possible. Where information cannot be conveniently shown on the face of the statements, it is given in a <em>Schedule<\/em> annexed to and forming part of them.<\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"ch3-policies\">\r\n <span class=\"section-badge teal\">§1<\/span>\r\n <h3>Significant Accounting Policies (Instructions 2\u20134)<\/h3>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <ul class=\"icon-list\">\r\n <li><span class=\"ico\">📑<\/span><span><strong>Disclose at one place:<\/strong> All significant accounting policies must be stated together. Policies are the specific principles and methods the entity adopts.<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"ico\">⚠️<\/span><span><strong>Departures flagged:<\/strong> Where a policy departs materially from accounting standards, disclose the departure, the reasons, and its financial effect (unless that effect is not ascertainable).<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"ico\">🔄<\/span><span><strong>Consistency:<\/strong> Policies are applied consistently year to year. Any change with a material effect \u2014 current or expected future \u2014 must be disclosed, along with the amount affected (or the fact that it can't be quantified).<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"ico\">🔎<\/span><span><strong>Substance over form:<\/strong> Accounting treatment and presentation are governed by the <em>substance<\/em> of transactions, not merely their legal form.<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"ch3-substance\">\r\n <span class=\"section-badge amber\">§2<\/span>\r\n <h3>Materiality, Provisions & Reserves (Instructions 5\u20137)<\/h3>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"def-card\">\r\n <div class=\"def-label\">Provision \u2014 the definition<\/div>\r\n <div class=\"def-text\">\r\n A <strong>\"provision\"<\/strong> is any amount written off or retained by way of providing for depreciation, renewals or diminution in the value of assets, OR retained for any known liability whose amount <em>cannot be determined with substantial accuracy<\/em>. Provision must be made for all known liabilities and losses even where the amount is only a best estimate.\r\n <\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"callout\">\r\n <div class=\"callout-label\">Contingent loss \u2014 the two-part test (Instruction 6)<\/div>\r\n <p>Provide for a contingent loss only if <strong>both<\/strong>: (a) it is <em>probable<\/em> that future events will confirm an asset was impaired or a liability incurred at the balance-sheet date (after any probable recovery), AND (b) a <em>reasonable estimate<\/em> of the loss can be made. If either condition fails, merely <strong>disclose<\/strong> the contingent loss by note \u2014 unless the possibility of loss is remote.<\/p>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"callout teal\">\r\n <div class=\"callout-label\">Provision vs Reserve (Instruction 7)<\/div>\r\n <p>If the amount written off \/ retained for depreciation, renewals, diminution or a known liability is <strong>in excess<\/strong> of what is reasonably necessary, the excess is treated as a <strong>reserve, not a provision<\/strong>.<\/p>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"ch3-revenue\">\r\n <span class=\"section-badge purple\">§3<\/span>\r\n <h3>Revenue Recognition & Special Items (Instructions 8\u20139)<\/h3>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"highlight-box\">\r\n <div class=\"hl-label\">💵 Revenue recognition \u2014 three gates (Instruction 8)<\/div>\r\n <div class=\"hl-text\">Revenue shall <strong>not<\/strong> be recognised unless all three hold: (a) the related <em>performance has been achieved<\/em>; (b) <em>no significant uncertainty<\/em> exists about the amount of consideration; and (c) it is <em>not unreasonable<\/em> to expect realisation and ultimate collection.<\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <p>Separate disclosure is required in the Income & Expenditure Account for: <strong>Prior-period items<\/strong> (material income\/expense arising now from errors or omissions in earlier periods); <strong>Extraordinary items<\/strong> (material, clearly distinct from ordinary activities, not expected to recur); and any <strong>Miscellaneous Income or Expense<\/strong> exceeding 1% of total turnover\/gross income or ₹50,000, whichever is higher.<\/p>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"ch3-rounding\">\r\n <span class=\"section-badge gold\">§4<\/span>\r\n <h3>Notes, Integration & Rounding-off (Instructions 10\u201313)<\/h3>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <ul class=\"icon-list\">\r\n <li><span class=\"ico\">📎<\/span><span><strong>Integral part:<\/strong> The Schedules, accounting policies and explanatory notes form an <em>integral part<\/em> of the financial statements.<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"ico\">📝<\/span><span><strong>Notes:<\/strong> Notes to the statements carry the explanatory material for each line item.<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n\r\n <h4>Rounding-off scale (Instruction 12)<\/h4>\r\n <table class=\"compare-table\">\r\n <thead><tr><th>Amount of turnover<\/th><th>Round off to<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>\r\n <tbody>\r\n <tr><td class=\"label-cell\">Less than ₹1 lakh<\/td><td>Hundred<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td class=\"label-cell\">₹1 lakh \u2013 under ₹1 crore<\/td><td>Thousand<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td class=\"label-cell\">₹1 crore \u2013 under ₹100 crore<\/td><td>Lakh<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td class=\"label-cell\">₹100 crore \u2013 under ₹1,000 crore<\/td><td>Crore<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <\/tbody>\r\n <\/table>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"recap\" id=\"ch3-recap\">\r\n <div class=\"recap-title\">⚡ Chapter 3 \u2014 Quick Recap<\/div>\r\n <table>\r\n <thead><tr><th>Concept<\/th><th>Key Fact<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>\r\n <tbody>\r\n <tr><td>Basis of accounts<\/td><td><strong>Accrual<\/strong>, on historical-cost convention<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td>Governing principle<\/td><td>Substance over legal form<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td>Accounting policies<\/td><td>Disclosed at one place; applied consistently<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td>Provision (definition)<\/td><td>Amount for depreciation\/diminution OR a known liability not measurable accurately<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td>Contingent loss<\/td><td>Provide if probable + estimable; else disclose by note<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td>Excess provision<\/td><td>Treated as a reserve<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td>Revenue recognition<\/td><td>Performance done \u00b7 no uncertainty on amount \u00b7 collection expected<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td>Separate disclosure<\/td><td>Prior-period & extraordinary items; misc > 1% or ₹50,000<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td>Schedules & notes<\/td><td>Integral part of the financial statements<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td>Rounding (₹1 cr\u2013100 cr)<\/td><td>Round to the nearest Lakh<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <\/tbody>\r\n <\/table>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <\/section>\r\n\r\n \r\n <section class=\"chapter-pane\" id=\"pane-ch4\" data-chapter=\"4\">\r\n\r\n <div class=\"chapter-heading-block\" id=\"ch4-six\">\r\n <span class=\"chapter-badge\">CH 4 \u00b7 PART A<\/span>\r\n <h2>The Six Financial Statements (Annexures A\u2013F)<\/h2>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"def-card\">\r\n <div class=\"def-label\">The architecture<\/div>\r\n <div class=\"def-text\">\r\n The format is a set of <strong>six documents<\/strong>. Two are the primary statements (Balance Sheet, Income & Expenditure); one is the bridge to the old cash world (Receipts & Payments); and three are the support apparatus (Schedules, Instructions & Principles, Notes for Schedules).\r\n <\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"cat-grid three\">\r\n <div class=\"cat-card a\">\r\n <div class=\"cat-label\">Annexure A<\/div>\r\n <div class=\"cat-title\">Balance Sheet<\/div>\r\n <p>Corpus\/Capital Fund and Liabilities against Assets, as at the year-end.<\/p>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div class=\"cat-card b\">\r\n <div class=\"cat-label\">Annexure B<\/div>\r\n <div class=\"cat-title\">Income & Expenditure A\/c<\/div>\r\n <p>The accrual \"profit & loss\" equivalent for a non-profit \u2014 surplus or deficit for the year.<\/p>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div class=\"cat-card c\">\r\n <div class=\"cat-label\">Annexure C<\/div>\r\n <div class=\"cat-title\">Schedules (1\u201325)<\/div>\r\n <p>The detailed break-up behind every line of the two primary statements.<\/p>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div class=\"cat-card d\">\r\n <div class=\"cat-label\">Annexure D<\/div>\r\n <div class=\"cat-title\">Instructions & Principles<\/div>\r\n <p>The 13 accounting principles (covered in Chapter 3 of these notes).<\/p>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div class=\"cat-card e\">\r\n <div class=\"cat-label\">Annexure E<\/div>\r\n <div class=\"cat-title\">Notes & Instructions for Schedules<\/div>\r\n <p>Line-by-line guidance on how to populate each schedule.<\/p>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div class=\"cat-card a\">\r\n <div class=\"cat-label\">Annexure F<\/div>\r\n <div class=\"cat-title\">Receipts & Payments<\/div>\r\n <p>The cash-flow style statement retained for continuity with Government reporting.<\/p>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"ch4-bs\">\r\n <span class=\"section-badge\">§1<\/span>\r\n <h3>Balance Sheet (Annexure A)<\/h3>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <p>The Balance Sheet sets Corpus\/Capital Fund and liabilities against assets, each line cross-referenced to a schedule, with a <strong>Current-Year vs Previous-Year<\/strong> column pair throughout.<\/p>\r\n\r\n <table class=\"compare-table\">\r\n <thead><tr><th>Corpus\/Fund & Liabilities (Sch)<\/th><th>Assets (Sch)<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>\r\n <tbody>\r\n <tr><td>Corpus \/ Capital Fund \u2014 <strong>Sch 1<\/strong><\/td><td>Fixed Assets \u2014 <strong>Sch 8<\/strong><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td>Reserves & Surplus \u2014 <strong>Sch 2<\/strong><\/td><td>Investments \u2014 from Earmarked\/Endowment Funds \u2014 <strong>Sch 9<\/strong><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td>Earmarked \/ Endowment Funds \u2014 <strong>Sch 3<\/strong><\/td><td>Investments \u2014 Others \u2014 <strong>Sch 10<\/strong><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td>Secured Loans & Borrowings \u2014 <strong>Sch 4<\/strong><\/td><td>Current Assets, Loans, Advances etc. \u2014 <strong>Sch 11<\/strong><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td>Unsecured Loans & Borrowings \u2014 <strong>Sch 5<\/strong><\/td><td>Miscellaneous Expenditure (not yet written off)<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td>Deferred Credit Liabilities \u2014 <strong>Sch 6<\/strong><\/td><td>—<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td>Current Liabilities & Provisions \u2014 <strong>Sch 7<\/strong><\/td><td>—<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <\/tbody>\r\n <\/table>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"callout\">\r\n <div class=\"callout-label\">The two foot-note schedules<\/div>\r\n <p>Both the Balance Sheet and the Income & Expenditure Account carry, at their foot, references to <strong>Schedule 24 \u2014 Significant Accounting Policies<\/strong> and <strong>Schedule 25 \u2014 Contingent Liabilities and Notes on Accounts<\/strong>. These are the off-balance-sheet disclosures.<\/p>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"ch4-ie\">\r\n <span class=\"section-badge teal\">§2<\/span>\r\n <h3>Income & Expenditure Account (Annexure B)<\/h3>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <table class=\"compare-table\">\r\n <thead><tr><th>Income \u2014 Total (A) \u00b7 Sch<\/th><th>Expenditure \u2014 Total (B) \u00b7 Sch<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>\r\n <tbody>\r\n <tr><td>Income from Sales\/Services \u2014 <strong>12<\/strong><\/td><td>Establishment Expenses \u2014 <strong>20<\/strong><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td>Grants \/ Subsidies \u2014 <strong>13<\/strong><\/td><td>Other Administrative Expenses etc. \u2014 <strong>21<\/strong><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td>Fees \/ Subscriptions \u2014 <strong>14<\/strong><\/td><td>Expenditure on Grants, Subsidies etc. \u2014 <strong>22<\/strong><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td>Income from Investments \u2014 <strong>15<\/strong><\/td><td>Interest \u2014 <strong>23<\/strong><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td>Income from Royalty, Publication etc. \u2014 <strong>16<\/strong><\/td><td>Depreciation (net total \u2014 per Sch 8)<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td>Interest Earned \u2014 <strong>17<\/strong><\/td><td>—<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td>Other Income \u2014 <strong>18<\/strong><\/td><td>—<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td>Increase\/(decrease) in stock of finished goods & WIP \u2014 <strong>19<\/strong><\/td><td>—<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <\/tbody>\r\n <\/table>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"highlight-box\">\r\n <div class=\"hl-label\">💲 The bottom line<\/div>\r\n <div class=\"hl-text\">Balance = Excess of Income over Expenditure (A − B). After transfers <em>to Special Reserve<\/em> and <em>to\/from General Reserve<\/em>, the residual <strong>Surplus\/(Deficit) is carried to the Corpus\/Capital Fund<\/strong> \u2014 which is exactly the link captured in Schedule 1.<\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"ch4-rp\">\r\n <span class=\"section-badge amber\">§3<\/span>\r\n <h3>Receipts & Payments Statement (Annexure F)<\/h3>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <p>Although the system is now accrual, the format <strong>retains a Receipts & Payments statement<\/strong> \u2014 a purely cash summary of what came in and went out during the year. This preserves continuity with Government's cash-based reporting and helps users reconcile cash movements against the accrual results. It is the last of the six annexures.<\/p>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"recap\" id=\"ch4-recap\">\r\n <div class=\"recap-title\">⚡ Chapter 4 \u2014 Quick Recap<\/div>\r\n <table>\r\n <thead><tr><th>Concept<\/th><th>Key Fact<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>\r\n <tbody>\r\n <tr><td>Number of annexures<\/td><td>6 (A\u2013F)<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td>Primary statements<\/td><td>Balance Sheet (A) & Income & Expenditure (B)<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td>Total schedules<\/td><td>25 (Annexure C)<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td>Liability-side schedules<\/td><td>Sch 1\u20137<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td>Asset-side schedules<\/td><td>Sch 8\u201311<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td>Income schedules<\/td><td>Sch 12\u201319<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td>Expenditure schedules<\/td><td>Sch 20\u201323<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td>Disclosure schedules<\/td><td>Sch 24 (Policies) & 25 (Contingent Liabilities \/ Notes)<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td>Comparative columns<\/td><td>Current Year vs Previous Year throughout<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td>Surplus\/Deficit flows to<\/td><td>Corpus \/ Capital Fund (Sch 1)<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td>Cash continuity<\/td><td>Receipts & Payments retained (Annexure F)<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <\/tbody>\r\n <\/table>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <\/section>\r\n\r\n \r\n <section class=\"chapter-pane\" id=\"pane-ch5\" data-chapter=\"5\">\r\n\r\n <div class=\"chapter-heading-block\" id=\"ch5-s1\">\r\n <span class=\"chapter-badge\">CH 5 \u00b7 PART A<\/span>\r\n <h2>Liability-Side Schedules (1\u20137)<\/h2>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"def-card\">\r\n <div class=\"def-label\">What this chapter does<\/div>\r\n <div class=\"def-text\">\r\n Schedules 1\u20137 detail the <strong>\"Corpus\/Capital Fund and Liabilities\"<\/strong> side of the Balance Sheet \u2014 from the entity's own funds, through reserves and earmarked grants, to its borrowings, deferred credit, current liabilities and provisions.\r\n <\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\">\r\n <span class=\"section-badge\">§1<\/span>\r\n <h3>Schedule 1 \u2014 Corpus \/ Capital Fund<\/h3>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <ul class=\"icon-list\">\r\n <li><span class=\"ico\">🏦<\/span><span>The Corpus\/Capital Fund is <strong>akin to Capital \/ Share Capital \/ Owners' Funds<\/strong>. It comprises amounts contributed specifically to the Corpus, increased or decreased by the net operating result from the Income & Expenditure Account (excluding any surplus moved to Reserves or Earmarked Funds).<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"ico\">📊<\/span><span>Show the <strong>Opening Balance, Additions, Deductions and Closing Balance<\/strong>. Additions are shown <em>net<\/em> of any transfers required by statute to a Reserve or Earmarked Fund.<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"ch5-s2\">\r\n <span class=\"section-badge teal\">§2<\/span>\r\n <h3>Schedule 2 \u2014 Reserves & Surplus<\/h3>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <table class=\"compare-table\">\r\n <thead><tr><th>Reserve<\/th><th>What it captures<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>\r\n <tbody>\r\n <tr><td class=\"label-cell\">Capital Reserve<\/td><td>Shall <strong>not<\/strong> include any amount free for distribution through the I&E Account. Surplus on revaluation is shown here, separately.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td class=\"label-cell\">Revaluation Reserve<\/td><td>Arises when fixed assets at historical cost are revalued upward (normally by competent valuers). It is an <strong>unrealised gain<\/strong> and must NOT be credited as income.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td class=\"label-cell\">Special Reserves<\/td><td>Created pursuant to any statutory \/ regulatory requirement; clarified in the Notes on Accounts.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td class=\"label-cell\">General Reserve<\/td><td>Any reserve <em>other than<\/em> capital and revaluation reserve \u2014 a residual catch-all.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <\/tbody>\r\n <\/table>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"callout teal\">\r\n <div class=\"callout-label\">Reserve ≠ Provision<\/div>\r\n <p>The expression <strong>\"reserve\"<\/strong> shall not include any amount written off or retained for depreciation, renewals, diminution in asset value, or for a known liability. Movements in each category of reserve are shown (opening, additions, deductions).<\/p>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"ch5-s3\">\r\n <span class=\"section-badge amber\">§3<\/span>\r\n <h3>Schedule 3 \u2014 Earmarked \/ Endowment Funds<\/h3>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"highlight-box\">\r\n <div class=\"hl-label\">⭐ The socio-economic engine<\/div>\r\n <div class=\"hl-text\">This is the schedule the Committee singled out for tracking socio-economic objectives. It records grants or assistance received (in cash or kind) to be used for <strong>specific, earmarked purposes<\/strong>, subject to stipulated terms and conditions \u2014 showing each fund's opening balance, additions, utilisation and net year-end balance.<\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <ul class=\"icon-list\">\r\n <li><span class=\"ico\">🏛️<\/span><span><strong>Plan Funds shown separately:<\/strong> Plan Funds from Central\/State Governments must be a <em>distinct category<\/em>, never mixed with other funds. Other earmarked\/endowed funds (for a chair, building, trust, etc.) are also shown distinctly.<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"ico\">💰<\/span><span><strong>Backed by assets:<\/strong> Earmarked funds are represented by specifically earmarked investments or other assets.<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"callout red\">\r\n <div class=\"callout-label\">⚠ What is NOT an Earmarked Fund<\/div>\r\n <p><strong>(a)<\/strong> Grants with the character of promoters' contribution \u2014 these add to the Corpus Fund. <strong>(b)<\/strong> Funds received as compensation for expenditure\/losses of earlier years \u2014 these go to the I&E Account. <strong>(c)<\/strong> Non-monetary grants of capital assets (credited as capital reserve), unless specified as an irrevocable Corpus contribution.<\/p>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"ch5-s456\">\r\n <span class=\"section-badge purple\">§4<\/span>\r\n <h3>Schedules 4\u20136 \u2014 Loans, Borrowings & Deferred Credit<\/h3>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"cat-grid three\">\r\n <div class=\"cat-card a\">\r\n <div class=\"cat-label\">Schedule 4<\/div>\r\n <div class=\"cat-title\">Secured Loans<\/div>\r\n <p>Loans against <strong>hypothecation\/pledge\/charge<\/strong> on the entity's assets \u2014 from Central\/State Govt, financial institutions (IDBI, EXIM, NABARD), banks, debentures & bonds. State nature of security and repayment terms.<\/p>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div class=\"cat-card b\">\r\n <div class=\"cat-label\">Schedule 5<\/div>\r\n <div class=\"cat-title\">Unsecured Loans<\/div>\r\n <p>Loans with <strong>no asset charged<\/strong> as security. Includes Fixed Deposits from the public, bridge loans pending charge creation. Overdrawn balances are loans only if an overdraft facility is sanctioned.<\/p>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div class=\"cat-card c\">\r\n <div class=\"cat-label\">Schedule 6<\/div>\r\n <div class=\"cat-title\">Deferred Credit Liabilities<\/div>\r\n <p>Acceptances \/ long-term obligations for acquiring assets, payable beyond 12 months. State if assets are charged and if repayment is Government\/bank-guaranteed.<\/p>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"callout\">\r\n <div class=\"callout-label\">Common thread across Sch 4\u20136<\/div>\r\n <p><strong>Interest accrued and due<\/strong> is included under each sub-head; <strong>interest accrued but not due<\/strong> is NOT \u2014 it goes to Current Liabilities (Sch 7). And amounts <strong>due within 12 months<\/strong> of the Balance Sheet date must be separately disclosed in each schedule.<\/p>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"ch5-s7\">\r\n <span class=\"section-badge gold\">§5<\/span>\r\n <h3>Schedule 7 \u2014 Current Liabilities & Provisions<\/h3>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <p>A <strong>current liability<\/strong> falls due within a relatively short period \u2014 normally not more than 12 months. The schedule splits into two halves:<\/p>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"cat-grid\">\r\n <div class=\"cat-card a\">\r\n <div class=\"cat-label\">Part A<\/div>\r\n <div class=\"cat-title\">Current Liabilities<\/div>\r\n <p>Acceptances; Sundry Creditors (goods \/ others); Advances Received; <strong>Interest accrued but not due<\/strong>; Statutory Liabilities (TDS, PF, pension, gratuity, ESI, sales\/excise\/customs \u2014 split into overdue vs others); Other Current Liabilities (incl. unsanctioned bank overdrafts).<\/p>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div class=\"cat-card d\">\r\n <div class=\"cat-label\">Part B<\/div>\r\n <div class=\"cat-title\">Provisions<\/div>\r\n <p>Taxation; <strong>Gratuity, Superannuation\/Pension, Accumulated Leave Encashment<\/strong> \u2014 all accrued on an <em>actuarial basis<\/em>; Trade Warranties\/Claims; Others. Note: provision for doubtful debts is <em>not<\/em> here \u2014 it reduces the relevant asset.<\/p>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"recap\" id=\"ch5-recap\">\r\n <div class=\"recap-title\">⚡ Chapter 5 \u2014 Quick Recap<\/div>\r\n <table>\r\n <thead><tr><th>Schedule<\/th><th>Key Fact<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>\r\n <tbody>\r\n <tr><td>Sch 1 \u2014 Corpus\/Capital Fund<\/td><td>Like Owners' Funds; absorbs net I&E result<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td>Sch 2 \u2014 Reserves<\/td><td>Capital \u00b7 Revaluation (unrealised) \u00b7 Special \u00b7 General<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td>Revaluation Reserve<\/td><td>NOT credited as income<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td>Sch 3 \u2014 Earmarked Funds<\/td><td>Socio-economic tracker; Plan Funds shown separately<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td>Not earmarked funds<\/td><td>Promoter-type, prior-loss compensation, capital-asset grants<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td>Sch 4 \u2014 Secured Loans<\/td><td>Against charge on assets<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td>Sch 5 \u2014 Unsecured Loans<\/td><td>No asset charged; includes Fixed Deposits<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td>Sch 6 \u2014 Deferred Credit<\/td><td>Asset-acquisition obligations > 12 months<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td>Interest accrued & due<\/td><td>In the loan schedule; \"not due\" → Current Liabilities<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td>Sch 7 \u2014 Provisions<\/td><td>Gratuity, Pension, Leave \u2014 on actuarial basis<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <\/tbody>\r\n <\/table>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <\/section>\r\n\r\n \r\n <section class=\"chapter-pane\" id=\"pane-ch6\" data-chapter=\"6\">\r\n\r\n <div class=\"chapter-heading-block\" id=\"ch6-s8\">\r\n <span class=\"chapter-badge\">CH 6 \u00b7 PART A<\/span>\r\n <h2>Asset-Side Schedules (8\u201311)<\/h2>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"def-card\">\r\n <div class=\"def-label\">What this chapter does<\/div>\r\n <div class=\"def-text\">\r\n Schedules 8\u201311 detail the <strong>Assets<\/strong> side: fixed assets and their depreciation, the two investment schedules (earmarked vs other), and the omnibus current-assets-loans-and-advances schedule.\r\n <\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\">\r\n <span class=\"section-badge\">§1<\/span>\r\n <h3>Schedule 8 \u2014 Fixed Assets<\/h3>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <p>Fixed assets are those <strong>held for use in producing or providing services, not for sale<\/strong> in the normal course of trade. The schedule is a full movement grid \u2014 Gross Block, Depreciation, and Net Block \u2014 with eleven asset categories plus capital work-in-progress.<\/p>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"cat-grid four\">\r\n <div class=\"cat-card a\"><span class=\"cat-badge\">1\u20132<\/span><div class=\"cat-label\">Immovable<\/div><div class=\"cat-title\">Land & Buildings<\/div><p>Land (freehold\/leasehold); Buildings incl. roads, bridges, culverts. Leasehold land amortised over the lease.<\/p><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"cat-card b\"><span class=\"cat-badge\">3\u20134<\/span><div class=\"cat-label\">Operating<\/div><div class=\"cat-title\">Plant, Machinery & Vehicles<\/div><p>Boilers, generators, dies\/moulds; tractors, trucks, cars, two-wheelers.<\/p><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"cat-card c\"><span class=\"cat-badge\">5\u20139<\/span><div class=\"cat-label\">Office<\/div><div class=\"cat-title\">Furniture to Library Books<\/div><p>Furniture & fixtures, office equipment, computers\/peripherals, electric installations, library books (incl. CD-ROMs).<\/p><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"cat-card d\"><span class=\"cat-badge\">10\u201311<\/span><div class=\"cat-label\">Other & WIP<\/div><div class=\"cat-title\">Tubewells & Capital WIP<\/div><p>Tubewells\/water supply; assets under construction and uninstalled plant.<\/p><\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"callout\">\r\n <div class=\"callout-label\">What each sub-head must show<\/div>\r\n <p>Cost\/valuation at the start; additions during the year (acquisitions <em>and<\/em> grants); deductions (sales, disposals, write-offs); total cost at year-end; depreciation to last year-end, on additions\/deductions, and accumulated; and the <strong>net block<\/strong> at year-end. Assets costing ₹5,000 or less may be fully provided (per the illustrative policy).<\/p>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"ch6-dep\">\r\n <span class=\"section-badge teal\">§2<\/span>\r\n <h3>Depreciation \u2014 The Core Concepts<\/h3>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"def-card\">\r\n <div class=\"def-label\">Depreciation defined<\/div>\r\n <div class=\"def-text\">\r\n Depreciation is a measure of the <strong>wearing out, consumption or loss of value<\/strong> of a depreciable asset from use, passage of time, or obsolescence. It is provided so as to charge the <em>depreciable amount<\/em> over the asset's <em>useful life<\/em>, and includes amortisation and depletion of wasting assets.\r\n <\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"cat-grid three\">\r\n <div class=\"cat-card a\">\r\n <div class=\"cat-label\">Term 1<\/div>\r\n <div class=\"cat-title\">Depreciable Asset<\/div>\r\n <p>Used over more than one accounting period; has a <strong>limited useful life<\/strong>; held for use (not for sale in the ordinary course).<\/p>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div class=\"cat-card b\">\r\n <div class=\"cat-label\">Term 2<\/div>\r\n <div class=\"cat-title\">Depreciable Amount<\/div>\r\n <p>Original cost (or substituted amount) <strong>less the residual value<\/strong>.<\/p>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div class=\"cat-card c\">\r\n <div class=\"cat-label\">Term 3<\/div>\r\n <div class=\"cat-title\">Useful Life<\/div>\r\n <p>The period over which the asset is expected to be used, OR the number of production units expected from it.<\/p>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"highlight-box\">\r\n <div class=\"hl-label\">💡 Grants linked to specific assets<\/div>\r\n <div class=\"hl-text\">Where a grant covers the whole \/ virtually the whole cost of a fixed asset, that asset is shown in the Balance Sheet at a <strong>nominal value<\/strong>. Alternatively, grants for depreciable assets may be treated as <em>deferred income<\/em> recognised over the asset's useful life (in step with depreciation). Grants for <strong>non-depreciable assets<\/strong> are credited to <strong>Capital Reserve<\/strong> unless pre-conditions remain to be fulfilled.<\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"ch6-s910\">\r\n <span class=\"section-badge purple\">§3<\/span>\r\n <h3>Schedules 9 & 10 \u2014 Investments<\/h3>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <p>Two parallel schedules with identical structure \u2014 the difference is the <em>source<\/em> of the money: <strong>Schedule 9<\/strong> covers investments made out of Earmarked\/Endowment Funds; <strong>Schedule 10<\/strong> covers all other investments. Both classify into Government Securities, Other Approved Securities, Shares, Debentures & Bonds, Subsidiaries\/Joint Ventures, and Others.<\/p>\r\n\r\n <table class=\"compare-table\">\r\n <thead><tr><th>Concept<\/th><th>Treatment<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>\r\n <tbody>\r\n <tr><td class=\"label-cell\">Current investment<\/td><td>Readily realisable, held <strong>not more than one year<\/strong> \u2014 valued at <em>lower of cost or fair value<\/em> (shortfall provided, appreciation ignored).<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td class=\"label-cell\">Long-term investment<\/td><td>Held for capital appreciation\/yield \u2014 carried at <strong>cost<\/strong>, reduced only for a decline that is <em>other than temporary<\/em>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td class=\"label-cell\">Subsidiary test<\/td><td>An entity is a \"subsidiary\" if > <strong>25%<\/strong> of its corpus is held, or if control over its management\/governing body exists.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td class=\"label-cell\">Premium on permanent investment<\/td><td>Amortised on a time-proportion basis up to maturity; <strong>discount is not amortised<\/strong>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <\/tbody>\r\n <\/table>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"ch6-s11\">\r\n <span class=\"section-badge gold\">§4<\/span>\r\n <h3>Schedule 11 \u2014 Current Assets, Loans, Advances etc.<\/h3>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"cat-grid\">\r\n <div class=\"cat-card a\">\r\n <div class=\"cat-label\">Part A<\/div>\r\n <div class=\"cat-title\">Current Assets<\/div>\r\n <p>Inventories (stores, loose tools, stock-in-trade); Sundry Debtors (split into <em>over six months<\/em> vs others); Cash in hand (incl. cheques\/imprest); Bank Balances (scheduled \/ non-scheduled \u2014 current, deposit, savings); Post Office Savings. Doubtful debts shown separately, with provision deducted.<\/p>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div class=\"cat-card b\">\r\n <div class=\"cat-label\">Part B<\/div>\r\n <div class=\"cat-title\">Loans, Advances & Other Assets<\/div>\r\n <p>Loans (staff, similar entities, others); Advances recoverable in cash\/kind (capital account, prepayments, others); Income Accrued (on earmarked-fund investments, other investments, loans, others); Claims Receivable. Only amounts considered <strong>good and recoverable<\/strong> are shown.<\/p>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"callout teal\">\r\n <div class=\"callout-label\">Two interest nuances<\/div>\r\n <p><strong>Staff-loan interest<\/strong> is accrued even though actual recovery of interest may begin only after the principal is repaid. <strong>Dividends<\/strong> are recognised based on the date of declaration. Income accrued but not realised is disclosed separately, and if realisation is uncertain it should not be recognised (or should be provided for).<\/p>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"recap\" id=\"ch6-recap\">\r\n <div class=\"recap-title\">⚡ Chapter 6 \u2014 Quick Recap<\/div>\r\n <table>\r\n <thead><tr><th>Schedule \/ Concept<\/th><th>Key Fact<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>\r\n <tbody>\r\n <tr><td>Sch 8 \u2014 Fixed Assets<\/td><td>Gross Block → Depreciation → Net Block; 11 categories + WIP<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td>Buildings include<\/td><td>Roads, bridges and culverts<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td>Small assets<\/td><td>₹5,000 or less may be fully provided<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td>Depreciable amount<\/td><td>Cost − residual value<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td>Asset fully grant-funded<\/td><td>Shown at nominal value (or grant as deferred income)<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td>Grant for non-depreciable asset<\/td><td>Credited to Capital Reserve<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td>Sch 9 vs Sch 10<\/td><td>Earmarked-fund investments vs other investments<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td>Current investment<\/td><td>Lower of cost or fair value; held ≤ 1 year<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td>Long-term investment<\/td><td>At cost; written down only for non-temporary decline<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td>Subsidiary threshold<\/td><td>> 25% of corpus held \/ control of management<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td>Sch 11 \u2014 Sundry Debtors<\/td><td>Split at the six-month mark<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <\/tbody>\r\n <\/table>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <\/section>\r\n\r\n \r\n <section class=\"chapter-pane\" id=\"pane-ch7\" data-chapter=\"7\">\r\n\r\n <div class=\"chapter-heading-block\" id=\"ch7-income\">\r\n <span class=\"chapter-badge\">CH 7 \u00b7 PART A<\/span>\r\n <h2>Income Schedules (12\u201319)<\/h2>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"def-card\">\r\n <div class=\"def-label\">What this chapter does<\/div>\r\n <div class=\"def-text\">\r\n Schedules 12\u201323 unpack the Income & Expenditure Account. Income flows through Schedules 12\u201319; expenditure through 20\u201323; and the two illustrative disclosure schedules \u2014 24 (Significant Accounting Policies) and 25 (Contingent Liabilities & Notes) \u2014 handle off-balance-sheet matters.\r\n <\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <table class=\"compare-table\">\r\n <thead><tr><th>Sch<\/th><th>Income head<\/th><th>Key note<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>\r\n <tbody>\r\n <tr><td class=\"label-cell\">12<\/td><td><strong>Sales \/ Services<\/strong><\/td><td>Sale of finished goods, raw material, scrap; labour, consultancy, agency, maintenance. The home for a body whose <em>major<\/em> activity is consultancy, seminars or publishing.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td class=\"label-cell\">13<\/td><td><strong>Grants \/ Subsidies<\/strong><\/td><td>Irrevocable grants \u2014 covered in detail below.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td class=\"label-cell\">14<\/td><td><strong>Fees \/ Subscriptions<\/strong><\/td><td>Entrance, annual, seminar, consultancy fees. If a fee is <em>capital<\/em> in nature, it goes to the Corpus Fund instead.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td class=\"label-cell\">15<\/td><td><strong>Income from Investments<\/strong><\/td><td>Interest, dividends, rents. Income on earmarked-fund investments is transferred to the Funds via Schedule 3.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td class=\"label-cell\">16<\/td><td><strong>Royalty, Publication etc.<\/strong><\/td><td>Gross receipts here; related expenditure goes to Sch 21.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td class=\"label-cell\">17<\/td><td><strong>Interest Earned<\/strong><\/td><td>On term deposits, savings, loans, debtors. Shown gross; TDS stated separately.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td class=\"label-cell\">18<\/td><td><strong>Other Income<\/strong><\/td><td>Profit on sale of assets (owned vs grant-funded), export incentives realised, misc services.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td class=\"label-cell\">19<\/td><td><strong>Increase\/(Decrease) in Stock<\/strong><\/td><td>Closing stock of finished goods & WIP less opening stock \u2014 valuation policy disclosed.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <\/tbody>\r\n <\/table>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"ch7-grants\">\r\n <span class=\"section-badge teal\">§1<\/span>\r\n <h3>Schedule 13 \u2014 Grants \/ Subsidies (Irrevocable)<\/h3>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"highlight-box\">\r\n <div class=\"hl-label\">💰 The gross-receipt rule<\/div>\r\n <div class=\"hl-text\">Schedule 13 records grants, subsidies or similar assistance received on an <strong>irrevocable basis<\/strong> (or to cover prior-period expenditure) \u2014 without conditions attached, and of the nature of non-refundable amounts appropriated to income. <strong>Gross receipts<\/strong> are shown against each source.<\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <ul class=\"icon-list\">\r\n <li><span class=\"ico\">🏛️<\/span><span><strong>Sources listed:<\/strong> Central Government \u00b7 State Government(s) \u00b7 Government Agencies \u00b7 Institutions\/Welfare Bodies \u00b7 International Organisations \u00b7 Others.<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"ico\">🔄<\/span><span><strong>Pass-through grants:<\/strong> Grants the body in turn gives to <em>other<\/em> institutions on an irrevocable basis are shown as <strong>expenditure in Schedule 22<\/strong> \u2014 not netted off here.<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"ico\">⚠️<\/span><span><strong>Conditional grants differ:<\/strong> Grants tied to specific purposes \/ conditions belong in the Earmarked Funds (Schedule 3), not here.<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"chapter-heading-block\" id=\"ch7-exp\">\r\n <span class=\"chapter-badge\">CH 7 \u00b7 PART B<\/span>\r\n <h2>Expenditure Schedules (20\u201323)<\/h2>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"cat-grid\">\r\n <div class=\"cat-card a\">\r\n <div class=\"cat-label\">Schedule 20<\/div>\r\n <div class=\"cat-title\">Establishment Expenses<\/div>\r\n <p>Salaries & wages; allowances & bonus; contribution to Provident Fund and other funds; staff welfare; <strong>employees' retirement & terminal benefits<\/strong>; others.<\/p>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div class=\"cat-card b\">\r\n <div class=\"cat-label\">Schedule 21<\/div>\r\n <div class=\"cat-title\">Other Administrative Expenses<\/div>\r\n <p>The big catch-all: purchases, power, water, insurance, repairs, rent\/rates\/taxes, vehicle running, postage\/telephone, printing, travel, seminars, auditors' remuneration, professional charges, bad-debt provision, advertisement, etc.<\/p>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div class=\"cat-card c\">\r\n <div class=\"cat-label\">Schedule 22<\/div>\r\n <div class=\"cat-title\">Expenditure on Grants, Subsidies<\/div>\r\n <p>Grants and subsidies the entity <em>gives out<\/em> to other institutions. Names, activities and amounts of recipient entities must be disclosed.<\/p>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div class=\"cat-card d\">\r\n <div class=\"cat-label\">Schedule 23<\/div>\r\n <div class=\"cat-title\">Interest<\/div>\r\n <p>Interest on fixed loans, on other loans (incl. bank charges), and others.<\/p>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <p>Depreciation is the fifth expenditure line on the face of the I&E Account, taken directly as the net total from Schedule 8 rather than a separate numbered schedule.<\/p>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"ch7-2425\">\r\n <span class=\"section-badge purple\">§2<\/span>\r\n <h3>Schedules 24 & 25 \u2014 The Disclosure Pair<\/h3>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"schedule-banner\">\r\n <span class=\"schedule-stamp\">Schedule 24 \u2014 Illustrative<\/span>\r\n <h4>Significant Accounting Policies<\/h4>\r\n <p style=\"color:#4a3500; text-align:justify; margin:0;\">An illustrative statement covering: accounting convention (historical cost + accrual); inventory valuation (weighted-average cost; finished goods at lower of cost and NRV); investments (long-term at cost, current at lower of cost\/fair value); excise duty; fixed assets (at acquisition cost incl. freight & duties); <strong>depreciation by straight-line method at Income-tax Act 1961 rates<\/strong> (pro-rata for additions; assets ≤ ₹5,000 fully provided); miscellaneous expenditure written off over 5 years; government grants (capital-cost grants → Capital Reserve; specific-asset grants deducted from asset cost; grants accounted on realisation); foreign-currency transactions; lease; and retirement benefits (gratuity & leave encashment on actuarial valuation).<\/p>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"callout amber\">\r\n <div class=\"callout-label\">Schedule 25 \u2014 Contingent Liabilities & Notes on Accounts (Illustrative)<\/div>\r\n <p>Discloses claims not acknowledged as debts; bank guarantees, letters of credit, bills discounted; disputed income-tax \/ sales-tax \/ municipal-tax demands; capital commitments (contracts remaining to be executed, net of advances); lease obligations; a management statement on realisable value of current assets; the taxation position; and foreign-currency details (CIF imports, forex expenditure, FOB export earnings, auditors' remuneration break-up).<\/p>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"recap\" id=\"ch7-recap\">\r\n <div class=\"recap-title\">⚡ Chapter 7 \u2014 Quick Recap<\/div>\r\n <table>\r\n <thead><tr><th>Schedule<\/th><th>Key Fact<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>\r\n <tbody>\r\n <tr><td>Sch 12 \u2014 Sales\/Services<\/td><td>Home for major consultancy\/seminar\/publishing activity<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td>Sch 13 \u2014 Grants<\/td><td>Irrevocable, unconditional grants; shown gross<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td>Pass-through grants<\/td><td>Shown as expenditure in Sch 22<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td>Capital-nature fee<\/td><td>Goes to Corpus Fund, not Sch 14<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td>Earmarked-fund investment income<\/td><td>Transferred to Funds via Sch 3<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td>Interest earned<\/td><td>Gross; TDS stated separately (Sch 17)<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td>Sch 20 \u2014 Establishment<\/td><td>Salaries, PF, retirement & terminal benefits<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td>Sch 21 \u2014 Other Admin<\/td><td>Largest catch-all expenditure schedule<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td>Sch 22 \u2014 Grants given out<\/td><td>Disclose recipient names, activities, amounts<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td>Sch 24 \/ 25<\/td><td>Accounting Policies \/ Contingent Liabilities (both illustrative)<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <\/tbody>\r\n <\/table>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <\/section>\r\n\r\n \r\n <section class=\"chapter-pane\" id=\"pane-ch8\" data-chapter=\"8\">\r\n\r\n <div class=\"chapter-heading-block\" id=\"ch8-grants\">\r\n <span class=\"chapter-badge\">CH 8 \u00b7 PART A<\/span>\r\n <h2>Government Grants \u2014 The Three Treatments<\/h2>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"def-card\">\r\n <div class=\"def-label\">Why this deserves its own chapter<\/div>\r\n <div class=\"def-text\">\r\n Government assistance is the lifeblood of these bodies \u2014 and its accounting was the very reason for the report. The format prescribes <strong>three distinct treatments<\/strong> depending on what the grant is <em>for<\/em>. Getting this right is the heart of the whole exercise.\r\n <\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"cat-grid three\">\r\n <div class=\"cat-card a\">\r\n <div class=\"cat-label\">Treatment 1<\/div>\r\n <div class=\"cat-title\">Capital-cost grants → Capital Reserve<\/div>\r\n <p>Grants of the nature of a contribution towards the <strong>capital cost of setting up a project<\/strong> are treated as <strong>Capital Reserve<\/strong>.<\/p>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div class=\"cat-card b\">\r\n <div class=\"cat-label\">Treatment 2<\/div>\r\n <div class=\"cat-title\">Specific-asset grants → net off asset<\/div>\r\n <p>Grants for <strong>specific fixed assets acquired<\/strong> are shown as a <strong>deduction from the cost<\/strong> of the related asset (or the asset is shown at nominal value \/ the grant deferred over useful life).<\/p>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div class=\"cat-card c\">\r\n <div class=\"cat-label\">Treatment 3<\/div>\r\n <div class=\"cat-title\">General grants → income<\/div>\r\n <p>Irrevocable, unconditional grants for general purposes are <strong>appropriated to income<\/strong> (Schedule 13), generally <strong>accounted on a realisation basis<\/strong>.<\/p>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"callout teal\">\r\n <div class=\"callout-label\">And the fourth route \u2014 conditional grants<\/div>\r\n <p>Grants tied to <strong>specific earmarked purposes<\/strong> with stipulated terms go to <strong>Earmarked \/ Endowment Funds (Schedule 3)<\/strong> until utilised \u2014 neither income nor a simple capital reserve, but a tracked fund.<\/p>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"ch8-plan\">\r\n <span class=\"section-badge\">§1<\/span>\r\n <h3>Plan Funds & Socio-Economic Tracking<\/h3>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <ul class=\"icon-list\">\r\n <li><span class=\"ico\">📊<\/span><span><strong>Plan vs Non-Plan:<\/strong> Plan Funds received from Central\/State Governments are shown as a <em>separate, distinct category of Fund<\/em> in Schedule 3 \u2014 never mixed with other funds. This satisfies the demand for Plan\/Non-Plan break-up.<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"ico\">🎯<\/span><span><strong>Activity-wise view:<\/strong> The Committee's third term of reference \u2014 evaluating achievement of socio-economic objectives \u2014 is met by tracking income & expenditure for each activity\/project, anchored in the Earmarked Funds schedule.<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"ico\">📑<\/span><span><strong>Fixed assets per fund:<\/strong> Records of fixed assets acquired\/constructed should be kept for <em>each<\/em> earmarked fund; the annual statements disclose the accumulated cost of such assets per fund, unless they are absorbed into Schedule 8.<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"ch8-retire\">\r\n <span class=\"section-badge amber\">§2<\/span>\r\n <h3>Retirement Benefits & Foreign Currency<\/h3>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"cat-grid\">\r\n <div class=\"cat-card d\">\r\n <div class=\"cat-label\">Retirement benefits<\/div>\r\n <div class=\"cat-title\">Accrue on actuarial basis<\/div>\r\n <p>Gratuity (payable on death\/retirement) and accumulated leave-encashment liability are accrued on <strong>actuarial valuation<\/strong>, provided up to the year-end. Superannuation\/Pension likewise. This builds the demanded GPF\/gratuity\/pension provisions into the format.<\/p>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div class=\"cat-card b\">\r\n <div class=\"cat-label\">Foreign currency<\/div>\r\n <div class=\"cat-title\">Transaction-date rate<\/div>\r\n <p>Transactions are recorded at the rate on the transaction date. Year-end balances on current assets, forex loans and current liabilities are converted at the closing rate \u2014 the gain\/loss adjusts <strong>fixed-asset cost<\/strong> if the liability relates to fixed assets, otherwise goes to revenue.<\/p>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"ch8-flex\">\r\n <span class=\"section-badge purple\">§3<\/span>\r\n <h3>Flexibility & Special Entities<\/h3>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"highlight-box\">\r\n <div class=\"hl-label\">⭐ \"As near thereto as possible\"<\/div>\r\n <div class=\"hl-text\">To avoid rigidity, the Committee prescribed that the formats be adhered to <strong>subject to special features of specialised entities<\/strong> \u2014 statements may be prepared in the formats <em>\"or as near thereto as possible.\"<\/em> The format gives an overall structure, not a straitjacket: suitable additions and deletions within the basic structure are permitted, and there is no bar on giving additional information.<\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <ul class=\"icon-list\">\r\n <li><span class=\"ico\">🏫<\/span><span><strong>Large classes:<\/strong> For numerous, distinctive classes \u2014 Central Universities & other educational institutions, and District Rural Development Agencies \u2014 administrative Ministries may centrally prescribe additional information within the common format.<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"ico\">📝<\/span><span><strong>Tax method choice:<\/strong> A body may switch to the WDV depreciation method to meet the Income Tax Act, since the straight-line policy is only illustrative.<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"ico\">⚖️<\/span><span><strong>The end goal:<\/strong> uniformity, comparability and transparency \u2014 for the autonomous organisations and for the Government alike.<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"recap\" id=\"ch8-recap\">\r\n <div class=\"recap-title\">⚡ Chapter 8 \u2014 Quick Recap<\/div>\r\n <table>\r\n <thead><tr><th>Concept<\/th><th>Key Fact<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>\r\n <tbody>\r\n <tr><td>Capital-cost project grant<\/td><td>→ Capital Reserve<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td>Specific fixed-asset grant<\/td><td>→ Deduct from asset cost (or nominal value \/ deferred income)<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td>General irrevocable grant<\/td><td>→ Income (Sch 13), on realisation basis<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td>Conditional \/ earmarked grant<\/td><td>→ Earmarked Funds (Sch 3)<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td>Plan Funds<\/td><td>Distinct category in Sch 3 \u2014 never mixed<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td>Socio-economic tracking<\/td><td>Activity-wise via Earmarked Funds<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td>Gratuity \/ leave \/ pension<\/td><td>Accrued on actuarial basis<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td>Forex gain\/loss<\/td><td>Adjusts fixed-asset cost (if asset-related) else revenue<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td>Flexibility clause<\/td><td>Formats followed \"or as near thereto as possible\"<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td>Special classes<\/td><td>Universities & 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color: #fff;\r\n text-shadow: 0 2px 8px rgba(0,0,0,0.18);\r\n }\r\n .hero-sub { font-size: 15px; opacity: 0.92; margin-bottom: 24px; max-width: 720px; color: #fff; }\r\n .hero-pills { display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; gap: 8px; }\r\n .hero-pill {\r\n background: rgba(255,255,255,0.18);\r\n border: 1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.30);\r\n color: #fff; font-size: 12px; font-weight: 600;\r\n padding: 6px 14px; border-radius: 20px;\r\n backdrop-filter: blur(6px);\r\n }\r\n\r\n \/* \u2500\u2500 BREADCRUMB \u2500\u2500 *\/\r\n .breadcrumb-bar { background: #fff; border-bottom: 1px solid var(--border); padding: 10px 48px; }\r\n .breadcrumb-inner {\r\n max-width: 1100px; margin: 0 auto;\r\n font-size: 12.5px; color: #aaa;\r\n display: flex; align-items: center; gap: 6px;\r\n }\r\n .breadcrumb-inner a { color: var(--blue); }\r\n .breadcrumb-inner a:hover { text-decoration: underline; }\r\n .breadcrumb-inner .sep { color: #ddd; }\r\n\r\n \/* \u2500\u2500 LAYOUT \u2500\u2500 *\/\r\n .layout {\r\n max-width: 1100px; margin: 0 auto;\r\n padding: 44px 48px 88px;\r\n display: grid;\r\n grid-template-columns: 256px 1fr;\r\n gap: 56px;\r\n align-items: start;\r\n }\r\n\r\n \/* \u2500\u2500 CHAPTER HEADING \u2500\u2500 *\/\r\n .chapter-heading-block {\r\n display: flex; align-items: center; gap: 14px;\r\n margin: 52px 0 22px;\r\n padding-bottom: 14px;\r\n border-bottom: 2.5px solid var(--navy);\r\n }\r\n .chapter-heading-block:first-child { margin-top: 0; }\r\n .chapter-badge {\r\n background: var(--navy); color: #fff;\r\n font-size: 10px; font-weight: 700;\r\n padding: 5px 16px; border-radius: 4px;\r\n letter-spacing: 0.1em; text-transform: uppercase;\r\n white-space: nowrap; flex-shrink: 0;\r\n }\r\n .chapter-heading-block h2 {\r\n font-family: 'Crimson Pro', Georgia, serif;\r\n font-size: 23px; font-weight: 700; color: var(--navy); margin: 0;\r\n }\r\n\r\n \/* \u2500\u2500 SECTION HEADING \u2500\u2500 *\/\r\n .section-heading-block {\r\n display: flex; align-items: center; gap: 12px;\r\n margin: 38px 0 14px;\r\n }\r\n .section-badge {\r\n background: var(--blue); color: #fff;\r\n font-size: 9.5px; font-weight: 700;\r\n padding: 4px 12px; border-radius: 3px;\r\n letter-spacing: 0.08em; white-space: nowrap; flex-shrink: 0;\r\n }\r\n .section-badge.amber { background: var(--amber); }\r\n .section-badge.teal { background: var(--teal); }\r\n .section-badge.purple { background: var(--purple); }\r\n .section-badge.red { background: var(--red); }\r\n .section-badge.gold { background: var(--gold); }\r\n .section-heading-block h3 { font-size: 17px; font-weight: 700; color: var(--navy); margin: 0; }\r\n\r\n .article h4 { font-size: 14.5px; font-weight: 700; color: var(--navy); margin: 22px 0 10px; }\r\n .article p { color: #2c3e50; margin-bottom: 12px; text-align: justify; hyphens: auto; }\r\n .article strong { color: #111; }\r\n\r\n \/* \u2500\u2500 ICON LIST \u2500\u2500 *\/\r\n .icon-list { list-style: none; margin: 0 0 14px; display: flex; flex-direction: column; gap: 8px; }\r\n .icon-list li { display: flex; align-items: flex-start; gap: 10px; font-size: 15px; color: #2c3e50; line-height: 1.78; text-align: justify; }\r\n .icon-list li .ico { font-size: 15px; flex-shrink: 0; margin-top: 4px; width: 20px; text-align: center; }\r\n\r\n \/* \u2500\u2500 CALLOUT \u2500\u2500 *\/\r\n .callout {\r\n border-left: 3px solid var(--blue);\r\n padding: 14px 18px; margin: 16px 0 20px;\r\n background: #f8fbff; border-radius: 0 6px 6px 0;\r\n }\r\n .callout.amber { border-left-color: var(--amber); background: #fffbf5; }\r\n .callout.red { border-left-color: var(--red); background: #fff8f7; }\r\n .callout.teal { border-left-color: var(--teal); background: #f4fdf9; }\r\n .callout.purple { border-left-color: var(--purple); background: #faf6ff; }\r\n .callout.gold { border-left-color: var(--gold); background: #fffcf0; }\r\n .callout-label {\r\n font-size: 10px; font-weight: 700; text-transform: uppercase;\r\n letter-spacing: 0.12em; margin-bottom: 8px; color: var(--blue);\r\n }\r\n .callout.amber .callout-label { color: var(--amber); }\r\n .callout.red .callout-label { color: var(--red); }\r\n .callout.teal .callout-label { color: var(--teal); }\r\n .callout.purple .callout-label { color: var(--purple); }\r\n .callout.gold .callout-label { color: #8a6a00; }\r\n .callout p { text-align: justify; }\r\n\r\n \/* \u2500\u2500 DEFINITION CARD \u2500\u2500 *\/\r\n .def-card {\r\n background: linear-gradient(135deg, #fffcf0 0%, #fff7e0 100%);\r\n border: 1.5px solid #e8c87a;\r\n border-radius: 12px; padding: 22px 26px;\r\n margin: 18px 0 26px; position: relative;\r\n }\r\n .def-card::before {\r\n content: '\\201C';\r\n position: absolute; top: 6px; left: 14px;\r\n font-family: Georgia, serif;\r\n font-size: 60px; color: rgba(200,155,10,0.25); line-height: 1;\r\n }\r\n .def-card .def-label {\r\n font-size: 10.5px; font-weight: 700; text-transform: uppercase;\r\n letter-spacing: 0.14em; color: #8a6a00; margin-bottom: 8px;\r\n position: relative; z-index: 1;\r\n }\r\n .def-card .def-text {\r\n font-size: 15px; color: #4a3500; line-height: 1.78;\r\n position: relative; z-index: 1;\r\n text-align: justify;\r\n }\r\n\r\n \/* \u2500\u2500 FLOW \u2500\u2500 *\/\r\n .flow { display: flex; flex-direction: column; margin: 18px 0 24px; }\r\n .flow-step { display: flex; align-items: flex-start; gap: 18px; position: relative; }\r\n .flow-step:not(:last-child)::after {\r\n content: ''; position: absolute; left: 19px; top: 42px;\r\n width: 2px; height: calc(100% - 6px);\r\n background: linear-gradient(180deg, var(--blue) 0%, #d0dce6 100%);\r\n }\r\n .flow-num {\r\n width: 40px; height: 40px; border-radius: 50%;\r\n background: var(--blue); color: #fff;\r\n display: flex; align-items: center; justify-content: center;\r\n font-weight: 700; font-size: 14px; flex-shrink: 0;\r\n }\r\n .flow-content { flex: 1; padding: 8px 0 26px; }\r\n .flow-content h5 { font-size: 14.5px; font-weight: 700; color: var(--navy); margin-bottom: 4px; }\r\n .flow-content p { font-size: 14px; color: var(--muted); margin: 0; }\r\n\r\n \/* \u2500\u2500 COMPARE TABLE \u2500\u2500 *\/\r\n .compare-table { width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse; margin: 16px 0 24px; border-radius: 8px; overflow: hidden; border: 1px solid var(--border); }\r\n .compare-table thead tr { background: var(--navy); color: #fff; }\r\n .compare-table th { padding: 12px 16px; text-align: left; font-size: 12.5px; font-weight: 700; }\r\n .compare-table td { padding: 11px 16px; font-size: 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid var(--border); color: #2c3e50; vertical-align: top; }\r\n .compare-table tr:nth-child(even) td { background: #f9fbfd; }\r\n .compare-table td.label-cell { font-weight: 700; color: var(--navy); background: #f1f5f9 !important; width: 22%; }\r\n\r\n \/* \u2500\u2500 PARTS LIST \u2500\u2500 *\/\r\n .parts-list {\r\n list-style: none; counter-reset: parts;\r\n margin: 14px 0 22px;\r\n display: flex; flex-direction: column; gap: 12px;\r\n }\r\n .parts-list > li {\r\n background: #fff;\r\n border: 1.5px solid var(--border);\r\n border-radius: 10px;\r\n padding: 16px 18px 16px 60px;\r\n position: relative;\r\n font-size: 14.5px; color: #2c3e50;\r\n line-height: 1.72;\r\n counter-increment: parts;\r\n text-align: justify;\r\n }\r\n .parts-list > li::before {\r\n content: counter(parts, lower-alpha);\r\n position: absolute; left: 16px; top: 16px;\r\n width: 32px; height: 32px;\r\n background: var(--blue); color: #fff;\r\n border-radius: 50%;\r\n display: flex; align-items: center; justify-content: center;\r\n font-size: 14px; font-weight: 700;\r\n font-family: 'JetBrains Mono', monospace;\r\n }\r\n .parts-list.roman > li::before { content: counter(parts, lower-roman); font-size: 12px; }\r\n .parts-list.decimal > li::before { content: counter(parts); font-size: 13px; }\r\n .parts-list.teal > li::before { background: var(--teal); }\r\n .parts-list.amber > li::before { background: var(--amber); }\r\n .parts-list.purple > li::before { background: var(--purple); }\r\n .parts-list.red > li::before { background: var(--red); }\r\n .parts-list.gold > li::before { background: var(--gold); }\r\n .parts-list > li strong { color: var(--navy); }\r\n\r\n \/* \u2500\u2500 NUMBERED LIST (slim) \u2500\u2500 *\/\r\n .num-list { list-style: none; counter-reset: numlist; margin: 14px 0 18px; }\r\n .num-list li {\r\n counter-increment: numlist;\r\n display: flex; align-items: flex-start; gap: 12px;\r\n margin-bottom: 8px; font-size: 14.5px; color: #2c3e50;\r\n line-height: 1.75;\r\n text-align: justify;\r\n }\r\n .num-list li::before {\r\n content: counter(numlist);\r\n background: var(--blue); color: #fff;\r\n width: 26px; height: 26px; border-radius: 50%;\r\n display: flex; align-items: center; justify-content: center;\r\n font-size: 12px; font-weight: 700; flex-shrink: 0; margin-top: 2px;\r\n font-family: 'JetBrains Mono', monospace;\r\n }\r\n .num-list.amber li::before { background: var(--amber); }\r\n .num-list.teal li::before { background: var(--teal); }\r\n\r\n \/* \u2500\u2500 HIGHLIGHT BOX \u2500\u2500 *\/\r\n .highlight-box {\r\n background: linear-gradient(135deg, #f0f7ff 0%, #e8f1fc 100%);\r\n border-left: 4px solid var(--blue);\r\n border-radius: 0 10px 10px 0;\r\n padding: 16px 20px;\r\n margin: 16px 0 22px;\r\n }\r\n .highlight-box .hl-label {\r\n font-size: 10px; font-weight: 700; text-transform: uppercase;\r\n letter-spacing: 0.12em; color: var(--blue); margin-bottom: 6px;\r\n }\r\n .highlight-box .hl-text { font-size: 14.5px; color: #2c3e50; line-height: 1.72; text-align: justify; }\r\n\r\n \/* \u2500\u2500 STAT GRID \u2500\u2500 *\/\r\n .stat-grid { display: grid; grid-template-columns: repeat(4, 1fr); gap: 12px; margin: 18px 0 26px; }\r\n .stat-card {\r\n background: #fff; border: 1.5px solid var(--border);\r\n border-radius: 10px; padding: 16px;\r\n text-align: center;\r\n }\r\n .stat-card.b { border-color: #9dc3ec; background: #f0f7ff; }\r\n .stat-card.t { border-color: #7fd3c5; background: #f0fdf8; }\r\n .stat-card.a { border-color: #f0d58a; background: #fffbf0; }\r\n .stat-card.r { border-color: #f5a0a0; background: #fff5f5; }\r\n .stat-card .stat-num {\r\n font-family: 'JetBrains Mono', monospace;\r\n font-size: 22px; font-weight: 700;\r\n color: var(--navy); line-height: 1.1;\r\n margin-bottom: 6px;\r\n }\r\n .stat-card.b .stat-num { color: var(--blue); }\r\n .stat-card.t .stat-num { color: var(--teal); }\r\n .stat-card.a .stat-num { color: var(--amber); }\r\n .stat-card.r .stat-num { color: var(--red); }\r\n .stat-card .stat-label { font-size: 11px; font-weight: 700; text-transform: uppercase; letter-spacing: 0.06em; color: var(--muted); }\r\n .stat-card .stat-icon { font-size: 24px; margin-bottom: 4px; display: block; }\r\n\r\n \/* \u2500\u2500 CATEGORY CARDS \u2500\u2500 *\/\r\n .cat-grid { display: grid; grid-template-columns: repeat(2, 1fr); gap: 14px; margin: 20px 0 28px; }\r\n .cat-grid.three { grid-template-columns: repeat(3, 1fr); }\r\n .cat-grid.four { grid-template-columns: repeat(4, 1fr); }\r\n .cat-card { border-radius: 10px; padding: 18px 18px; border: 1.5px solid var(--border); }\r\n .cat-card.a { border-color: #9dc3ec; background: #f0f7ff; }\r\n .cat-card.b { border-color: #7fd3c5; background: #f0fdf8; }\r\n .cat-card.c { border-color: #f0d58a; background: #fffbf0; }\r\n .cat-card.d { border-color: #f5a0a0; background: #fff5f5; }\r\n .cat-card.e { border-color: #d1baf0; background: #f9f5ff; }\r\n .cat-label { font-size: 9.5px; font-weight: 700; text-transform: uppercase; letter-spacing: 0.12em; color: var(--muted); margin-bottom: 6px; }\r\n .cat-title { font-size: 14.5px; font-weight: 700; color: var(--navy); margin-bottom: 8px; }\r\n .cat-card.a .cat-title { color: var(--blue); }\r\n .cat-card.b .cat-title { color: var(--teal); }\r\n .cat-card.c .cat-title { color: var(--amber); }\r\n .cat-card.d .cat-title { color: var(--red); }\r\n .cat-card.e .cat-title { color: var(--purple); }\r\n .cat-card p { font-size: 13px; color: #2c3e50; line-height: 1.7; text-align: justify; }\r\n .cat-badge { display: inline-block; font-size: 24px; font-weight: 900; margin-bottom: 6px; font-family: 'Crimson Pro', Georgia, serif; line-height: 1; }\r\n .cat-card.a .cat-badge { color: var(--blue); }\r\n .cat-card.b .cat-badge { color: var(--teal); }\r\n .cat-card.c .cat-badge { color: var(--amber); }\r\n .cat-card.d .cat-badge { color: var(--red); }\r\n .cat-card.e .cat-badge { color: var(--purple); }\r\n\r\n \/* \u2500\u2500 SCHEDULE BANNER \u2500\u2500 *\/\r\n .schedule-banner { border: 2px solid var(--amber); border-radius: 10px; padding: 22px 24px; margin: 20px 0 26px; background: #fffcf0; position: relative; }\r\n .schedule-stamp { position: absolute; top: -11px; left: 20px; background: var(--amber); color: #fff; font-size: 10px; font-weight: 700; letter-spacing: 0.1em; text-transform: uppercase; padding: 3px 14px; border-radius: 4px; }\r\n .schedule-banner h4 { font-size: 15px; font-weight: 700; color: #4a3500; margin-bottom: 12px; margin-top: 8px; }\r\n\r\n \/* \u2500\u2500 TAGS \u2500\u2500 *\/\r\n .tag-yes { background: #edfaf6; color: var(--teal); border-radius: 4px; padding: 2px 8px; font-size: 12px; font-weight: 700; }\r\n .tag-no { background: #fef3f2; color: var(--red); border-radius: 4px; padding: 2px 8px; font-size: 12px; font-weight: 700; }\r\n .tag-b { background: #e8f2ff; color: var(--blue); border-radius: 4px; padding: 2px 8px; font-size: 12px; font-weight: 700; }\r\n .tag-c { background: #fff8e8; color: var(--amber); border-radius: 4px; padding: 2px 8px; font-size: 12px; font-weight: 700; }\r\n\r\n \/* \u2500\u2500 CHAPTER PANE (tab-style switching) \u2500\u2500 *\/\r\n .chapter-pane { display: none; animation: fadeIn 0.3s ease; }\r\n .chapter-pane.active { display: block; }\r\n @keyframes fadeIn {\r\n from { opacity: 0; transform: translateY(4px); }\r\n to { opacity: 1; transform: translateY(0); }\r\n }\r\n\r\n \/* \u2500\u2500 SIDEBAR \u2500\u2500 *\/\r\n .sidebar { position: sticky; top: 24px; max-height: calc(100vh - 48px); }\r\n .toc-card {\r\n background: #fff; border: 1px solid var(--border);\r\n border-radius: 12px; padding: 16px 12px;\r\n max-height: calc(100vh - 48px); overflow-y: auto;\r\n }\r\n .toc-card-title {\r\n font-size: 10px; font-weight: 700;\r\n text-transform: uppercase; letter-spacing: 0.14em;\r\n color: var(--muted); margin: 4px 0 14px; padding: 0 4px;\r\n }\r\n .toc-chapter { margin-bottom: 8px; }\r\n .toc-chapter-header {\r\n background: var(--navy);\r\n border-radius: 10px;\r\n padding: 12px;\r\n color: #fff;\r\n cursor: pointer;\r\n display: flex; align-items: center; gap: 10px;\r\n list-style: none;\r\n transition: background 0.18s;\r\n }\r\n .toc-chapter-header::-webkit-details-marker { display: none; }\r\n .toc-chapter-header:hover { background: #173860; }\r\n .toc-ch-badge {\r\n background: #ffd95a;\r\n color: #0f2a4a;\r\n font-size: 10px; font-weight: 800;\r\n letter-spacing: 0.06em;\r\n padding: 4px 8px; border-radius: 5px;\r\n flex-shrink: 0;\r\n min-width: 38px;\r\n text-align: center;\r\n line-height: 1;\r\n }\r\n .toc-ch-title {\r\n flex: 1;\r\n font-size: 13.5px;\r\n font-weight: 700;\r\n line-height: 1.25;\r\n color: #fff;\r\n }\r\n .toc-ch-chev {\r\n font-size: 10px;\r\n color: rgba(255,255,255,0.8);\r\n transition: transform 0.22s ease;\r\n flex-shrink: 0;\r\n }\r\n .toc-chapter[open] > .toc-chapter-header { background: #173860; }\r\n .toc-chapter[open] > .toc-chapter-header .toc-ch-chev { transform: rotate(90deg); }\r\n .toc-sub-wrap {\r\n position: relative;\r\n margin: 6px 0 6px 18px;\r\n padding-left: 14px;\r\n }\r\n .toc-sub-wrap::before {\r\n content: '';\r\n position: absolute;\r\n left: 0; top: 6px; bottom: 8px;\r\n width: 1px;\r\n background: repeating-linear-gradient(to bottom, #d0d8e2 0px, #d0d8e2 2px, transparent 2px, transparent 5px);\r\n }\r\n .toc-sub-list { list-style: none; }\r\n .toc-sub-list li {\r\n display: flex;\r\n align-items: flex-start;\r\n gap: 6px;\r\n padding: 5px 4px 5px 0;\r\n }\r\n .toc-sub-num {\r\n flex-shrink: 0;\r\n font-family: 'JetBrains Mono', monospace;\r\n font-size: 10.5px;\r\n color: var(--muted);\r\n font-weight: 600;\r\n line-height: 1.5;\r\n min-width: 32px;\r\n padding-top: 1px;\r\n }\r\n .toc-sub-list a {\r\n flex: 1;\r\n font-size: 13px;\r\n color: #2c3e50;\r\n line-height: 1.45;\r\n padding: 1px 4px;\r\n border-radius: 3px;\r\n transition: color 0.15s;\r\n }\r\n .toc-sub-list a:hover { color: var(--blue); }\r\n .toc-sub-list a.active { color: var(--blue); font-weight: 700; }\r\n .toc-sub-list .toc-app .toc-sub-num,\r\n .toc-sub-list .toc-app a { color: var(--purple); }\r\n .toc-sub-list .toc-app a:hover,\r\n .toc-sub-list .toc-app a.active { color: #5a2a8a; font-weight: 700; }\r\n\r\n \/* \u2500\u2500 RECAP \u2500\u2500 *\/\r\n .recap {\r\n background: linear-gradient(135deg, #0f2a4a 0%, #1a3d6a 100%);\r\n border-radius: 14px; padding: 28px 30px;\r\n margin: 44px 0 0; color: #fff;\r\n }\r\n .recap-title {\r\n font-family: 'Crimson Pro', Georgia, serif;\r\n font-size: 20px; font-weight: 700;\r\n margin-bottom: 18px;\r\n display: flex; align-items: center; gap: 10px;\r\n }\r\n .recap table { width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse; }\r\n .recap th, .recap td {\r\n padding: 10px 14px;\r\n text-align: left;\r\n border-bottom: 1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.12);\r\n font-size: 13.5px;\r\n }\r\n .recap th { font-size: 11px; text-transform: uppercase; letter-spacing: 0.1em; opacity: 0.7; font-weight: 700; }\r\n .recap td:first-child { font-weight: 700; color: #ffd700; width: 36%; }\r\n .recap td strong { color: #ffd95a; font-weight: 700; }\r\n .recap td:first-child strong { color: inherit; }\r\n\r\n \/* \u2500\u2500 RESPONSIVE \u2500\u2500 *\/\r\n @media (max-width: 860px) {\r\n .layout { grid-template-columns: 1fr; gap: 32px; padding: 28px 24px 64px; }\r\n .sidebar { position: static; }\r\n .stat-grid, .cat-grid, .cat-grid.three, .cat-grid.four { grid-template-columns: 1fr 1fr; }\r\n .hero { padding: 48px 24px 44px; }\r\n .breadcrumb-bar { padding: 10px 24px; }\r\n .hero-grid { grid-template-columns: 1fr; gap: 24px; text-align: left; }\r\n .hero-illustration { width: 240px; margin: 0 auto; }\r\n }\r\n @media (max-width: 500px) {\r\n .hero h1 { font-size: 24px; }\r\n .stat-grid, .cat-grid, .cat-grid.three, .cat-grid.four { grid-template-columns: 1fr; }\r\n .hero-illustration { display: none; }\r\n .compare-table td.label-cell { width: auto; }\r\n }\r\n<\/style>\r\n<link rel=\"preconnect\" href=\"https:\/\/fonts.googleapis.com\">\r\n<link rel=\"preconnect\" href=\"https:\/\/fonts.gstatic.com\" crossorigin>\r\n<link href=\"https:\/\/fonts.googleapis.com\/css2?family=Crimson+Pro:wght@400;600;700&family=DM+Sans:wght@400;500;700&family=JetBrains+Mono:wght@400;700&display=swap\" rel=\"stylesheet\">\r\n<\/head>\r\n<body>\r\n\r\n\r\n<div class=\"hero\">\r\n <div class=\"hero-inner hero-grid\">\r\n <div class=\"hero-text\">\r\n <span class=\"hero-kicker\">Study Notes \u00b7 Committee of Experts Report<\/span>\r\n <h1>Uniform Format of Accounts for Central Autonomous Bodies<\/h1>\r\n <p class=\"hero-sub\">The November 2000 report of the Committee of Experts, chaired by the Controller General of Accounts. It prescribes a single accrual-based format \u2014 Balance Sheet, Income & Expenditure Account, 25 Schedules, and a Receipts & Payments statement \u2014 to bring uniformity, comparability and transparency to the accounts of all Central autonomous organisations.<\/p>\r\n <div class=\"hero-pills\">\r\n <span class=\"hero-pill\">6 Annexures (A\u2013F)<\/span>\r\n <span class=\"hero-pill\">25 Schedules<\/span>\r\n <span class=\"hero-pill\">Accrual System<\/span>\r\n <span class=\"hero-pill\">Effective 1 April 2001<\/span>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div class=\"hero-illustration\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\r\n <svg viewBox=\"0 0 320 280\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Balance sheet ledger with scales\">\r\n <ellipse cx=\"160\" cy=\"245\" rx=\"125\" ry=\"14\" fill=\"rgba(0,0,0,0.18)\"\/>\r\n <g transform=\"translate(56,78)\">\r\n <rect x=\"6\" y=\"8\" width=\"210\" height=\"158\" rx=\"4\" fill=\"rgba(0,0,0,0.18)\"\/>\r\n <rect x=\"0\" y=\"0\" width=\"210\" height=\"158\" rx=\"6\" fill=\"#ffffff\" stroke=\"#0e8f7a\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <rect x=\"0\" y=\"0\" width=\"210\" height=\"26\" rx=\"6\" fill=\"#0e8f7a\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"105\" y=\"18\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\" font-size=\"11\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#fff\">BALANCE SHEET<\/text>\r\n <line x1=\"105\" y1=\"34\" x2=\"105\" y2=\"150\" stroke=\"#cfe6e0\" stroke-width=\"1.5\"\/>\r\n <g fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#1a5fa8\" stroke-width=\"2\">\r\n <line x1=\"14\" y1=\"46\" x2=\"92\" y2=\"46\"\/>\r\n <line x1=\"14\" y1=\"62\" x2=\"84\" y2=\"62\"\/>\r\n <line x1=\"14\" y1=\"78\" x2=\"92\" y2=\"78\"\/>\r\n <line x1=\"14\" y1=\"94\" x2=\"78\" y2=\"94\"\/>\r\n <line x1=\"14\" y1=\"110\" x2=\"88\" y2=\"110\"\/>\r\n <\/g>\r\n <g fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#c89b0a\" stroke-width=\"2\">\r\n <line x1=\"118\" y1=\"46\" x2=\"196\" y2=\"46\"\/>\r\n <line x1=\"118\" y1=\"62\" x2=\"188\" y2=\"62\"\/>\r\n <line x1=\"118\" y1=\"78\" x2=\"196\" y2=\"78\"\/>\r\n <line x1=\"118\" y1=\"94\" x2=\"182\" y2=\"94\"\/>\r\n <line x1=\"118\" y1=\"110\" x2=\"192\" y2=\"110\"\/>\r\n <\/g>\r\n <rect x=\"14\" y=\"132\" width=\"182\" height=\"3\" fill=\"#0e8f7a\"\/>\r\n <\/g>\r\n <g transform=\"translate(214,30)\">\r\n <line x1=\"20\" y1=\"10\" x2=\"20\" y2=\"60\" stroke=\"#daa520\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <line x1=\"0\" y1=\"20\" x2=\"40\" y2=\"20\" stroke=\"#daa520\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/>\r\n <line x1=\"6\" y1=\"20\" x2=\"6\" y2=\"30\" stroke=\"#daa520\" stroke-width=\"1.2\"\/>\r\n <path d=\"M -2 30 Q 6 42 14 30\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#daa520\" stroke-width=\"1.8\"\/>\r\n <line x1=\"34\" y1=\"20\" x2=\"34\" y2=\"30\" stroke=\"#daa520\" stroke-width=\"1.2\"\/>\r\n <path d=\"M 26 30 Q 34 42 42 30\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#daa520\" stroke-width=\"1.8\"\/>\r\n <rect x=\"14\" y=\"58\" width=\"12\" height=\"4\" fill=\"#daa520\"\/>\r\n <\/g>\r\n <g transform=\"translate(30,34)\">\r\n <circle cx=\"20\" cy=\"20\" r=\"20\" fill=\"#c89b0a\" stroke=\"#8a6a00\" stroke-width=\"1.4\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"20\" y=\"18\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-family=\"Crimson Pro, serif\" font-size=\"10\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#4a3500\">2001<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"20\" y=\"29\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-family=\"DM Sans, sans-serif\" font-size=\"6\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#4a3500\">ACCRUAL<\/text>\r\n <\/g>\r\n <g fill=\"#fff\" opacity=\"0.85\">\r\n <circle cx=\"20\" cy=\"110\" r=\"2\"\/>\r\n <circle cx=\"298\" cy=\"180\" r=\"1.5\"\/>\r\n <circle cx=\"286\" cy=\"120\" r=\"1.5\"\/>\r\n <circle cx=\"40\" cy=\"210\" r=\"2\"\/>\r\n <\/g>\r\n <\/svg>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n<div class=\"breadcrumb-bar\">\r\n <div class=\"breadcrumb-inner\">\r\n <a href=\"https:\/\/promotionexams.com\/\">Home<\/a>\r\n <span class=\"sep\">›<\/span>\r\n <a href=\"https:\/\/promotionexams.com\/?page_id=9409\">Notes<\/a>\r\n <span class=\"sep\">›<\/span>\r\n <span>Uniform Format of Accounts \u2014 Central Autonomous Bodies<\/span>\r\n <\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"layout\">\r\n\r\n \r\n <aside class=\"sidebar\">\r\n <div class=\"toc-card\">\r\n <div class=\"toc-card-title\">Table of Contents<\/div>\r\n\r\n <details class=\"toc-chapter\" data-chapter=\"1\" open>\r\n <summary class=\"toc-chapter-header\">\r\n <span class=\"toc-ch-badge\">CH 1<\/span>\r\n <span class=\"toc-ch-title\">Origin & Mandate<\/span>\r\n <span class=\"toc-ch-chev\">▶<\/span>\r\n <\/summary>\r\n <div class=\"toc-sub-wrap\">\r\n <ul class=\"toc-sub-list\">\r\n <li><span class=\"toc-sub-num\">1.1<\/span><a href=\"#ch1-why\">Why the Committee Was Formed<\/a><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"toc-sub-num\">1.2<\/span><a href=\"#ch1-comp\">Composition of the Committee<\/a><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"toc-sub-num\">1.3<\/span><a href=\"#ch1-tor\">Terms of Reference<\/a><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"toc-sub-num\">1.4<\/span><a href=\"#ch1-process\">How the Format Was Built<\/a><\/li>\r\n <li class=\"toc-app\"><span class=\"toc-sub-num\">★<\/span><a href=\"#ch1-recap\">Chapter 1 \u2014 Quick Recap<\/a><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n\r\n <details class=\"toc-chapter\" data-chapter=\"2\">\r\n <summary class=\"toc-chapter-header\">\r\n <span class=\"toc-ch-badge\">CH 2<\/span>\r\n <span class=\"toc-ch-title\">Findings & Recommendations<\/span>\r\n <span class=\"toc-ch-chev\">▶<\/span>\r\n <\/summary>\r\n <div class=\"toc-sub-wrap\">\r\n <ul class=\"toc-sub-list\">\r\n <li><span class=\"toc-sub-num\">2.1<\/span><a href=\"#ch2-comments\">Comments from Autonomous Bodies<\/a><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"toc-sub-num\">2.2<\/span><a href=\"#ch2-issues\">Major Issues Raised<\/a><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"toc-sub-num\">2.3<\/span><a href=\"#ch2-obs\">Observations of the Committee<\/a><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"toc-sub-num\">2.4<\/span><a href=\"#ch2-recom\">The 7 Recommendations<\/a><\/li>\r\n <li class=\"toc-app\"><span class=\"toc-sub-num\">★<\/span><a href=\"#ch2-recap\">Chapter 2 \u2014 Quick Recap<\/a><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n\r\n <details class=\"toc-chapter\" data-chapter=\"3\">\r\n <summary class=\"toc-chapter-header\">\r\n <span class=\"toc-ch-badge\">CH 3<\/span>\r\n <span class=\"toc-ch-title\">Accounting Principles<\/span>\r\n <span class=\"toc-ch-chev\">▶<\/span>\r\n <\/summary>\r\n <div class=\"toc-sub-wrap\">\r\n <ul class=\"toc-sub-list\">\r\n <li><span class=\"toc-sub-num\">3.1<\/span><a href=\"#ch3-accrual\">Accrual Basis & Going Concern<\/a><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"toc-sub-num\">3.2<\/span><a href=\"#ch3-policies\">Significant Accounting Policies<\/a><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"toc-sub-num\">3.3<\/span><a href=\"#ch3-substance\">13 Instructions & Principles<\/a><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"toc-sub-num\">3.4<\/span><a href=\"#ch3-revenue\">Revenue Recognition & Provisions<\/a><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"toc-sub-num\">3.5<\/span><a href=\"#ch3-rounding\">Disclosure & Rounding-off<\/a><\/li>\r\n <li class=\"toc-app\"><span class=\"toc-sub-num\">★<\/span><a href=\"#ch3-recap\">Chapter 3 \u2014 Quick Recap<\/a><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n\r\n <details class=\"toc-chapter\" data-chapter=\"4\">\r\n <summary class=\"toc-chapter-header\">\r\n <span class=\"toc-ch-badge\">CH 4<\/span>\r\n <span class=\"toc-ch-title\">Balance Sheet & I&E<\/span>\r\n <span class=\"toc-ch-chev\">▶<\/span>\r\n <\/summary>\r\n <div class=\"toc-sub-wrap\">\r\n <ul class=\"toc-sub-list\">\r\n <li><span class=\"toc-sub-num\">4.1<\/span><a href=\"#ch4-six\">The Six Financial Statements<\/a><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"toc-sub-num\">4.2<\/span><a href=\"#ch4-bs\">Balance Sheet (Annexure A)<\/a><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"toc-sub-num\">4.3<\/span><a href=\"#ch4-ie\">Income & Expenditure (Annexure B)<\/a><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"toc-sub-num\">4.4<\/span><a href=\"#ch4-rp\">Receipts & Payments (Annexure F)<\/a><\/li>\r\n <li class=\"toc-app\"><span class=\"toc-sub-num\">★<\/span><a href=\"#ch4-recap\">Chapter 4 \u2014 Quick Recap<\/a><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n\r\n <details class=\"toc-chapter\" data-chapter=\"5\">\r\n <summary class=\"toc-chapter-header\">\r\n <span class=\"toc-ch-badge\">CH 5<\/span>\r\n <span class=\"toc-ch-title\">Liability-Side Schedules<\/span>\r\n <span class=\"toc-ch-chev\">▶<\/span>\r\n <\/summary>\r\n <div class=\"toc-sub-wrap\">\r\n <ul class=\"toc-sub-list\">\r\n <li><span class=\"toc-sub-num\">5.1<\/span><a href=\"#ch5-s1\">Sch 1 \u2014 Corpus \/ Capital Fund<\/a><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"toc-sub-num\">5.2<\/span><a href=\"#ch5-s2\">Sch 2 \u2014 Reserves & Surplus<\/a><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"toc-sub-num\">5.3<\/span><a href=\"#ch5-s3\">Sch 3 \u2014 Earmarked \/ Endowment Funds<\/a><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"toc-sub-num\">5.4<\/span><a href=\"#ch5-s456\">Sch 4\u20136 \u2014 Loans & Deferred Credit<\/a><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"toc-sub-num\">5.5<\/span><a href=\"#ch5-s7\">Sch 7 \u2014 Current Liabilities & Provisions<\/a><\/li>\r\n <li class=\"toc-app\"><span class=\"toc-sub-num\">★<\/span><a href=\"#ch5-recap\">Chapter 5 \u2014 Quick Recap<\/a><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n\r\n <details class=\"toc-chapter\" data-chapter=\"6\">\r\n <summary class=\"toc-chapter-header\">\r\n <span class=\"toc-ch-badge\">CH 6<\/span>\r\n <span class=\"toc-ch-title\">Asset-Side Schedules<\/span>\r\n <span class=\"toc-ch-chev\">▶<\/span>\r\n <\/summary>\r\n <div class=\"toc-sub-wrap\">\r\n <ul class=\"toc-sub-list\">\r\n <li><span class=\"toc-sub-num\">6.1<\/span><a href=\"#ch6-s8\">Sch 8 \u2014 Fixed Assets<\/a><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"toc-sub-num\">6.2<\/span><a href=\"#ch6-dep\">Depreciation Concepts<\/a><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"toc-sub-num\">6.3<\/span><a href=\"#ch6-s910\">Sch 9\u201310 \u2014 Investments<\/a><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"toc-sub-num\">6.4<\/span><a href=\"#ch6-s11\">Sch 11 \u2014 Current Assets, Loans & Advances<\/a><\/li>\r\n <li class=\"toc-app\"><span class=\"toc-sub-num\">★<\/span><a href=\"#ch6-recap\">Chapter 6 \u2014 Quick Recap<\/a><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n\r\n <details class=\"toc-chapter\" data-chapter=\"7\">\r\n <summary class=\"toc-chapter-header\">\r\n <span class=\"toc-ch-badge\">CH 7<\/span>\r\n <span class=\"toc-ch-title\">Income & Expenditure Schedules<\/span>\r\n <span class=\"toc-ch-chev\">▶<\/span>\r\n <\/summary>\r\n <div class=\"toc-sub-wrap\">\r\n <ul class=\"toc-sub-list\">\r\n <li><span class=\"toc-sub-num\">7.1<\/span><a href=\"#ch7-income\">Income Schedules 12\u201319<\/a><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"toc-sub-num\">7.2<\/span><a href=\"#ch7-grants\">Sch 13 \u2014 Grants \/ Subsidies<\/a><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"toc-sub-num\">7.3<\/span><a href=\"#ch7-exp\">Expenditure Schedules 20\u201323<\/a><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"toc-sub-num\">7.4<\/span><a href=\"#ch7-2425\">Sch 24\u201325 \u2014 Off-Balance-Sheet Disclosures<\/a><\/li>\r\n <li class=\"toc-app\"><span class=\"toc-sub-num\">★<\/span><a href=\"#ch7-recap\">Chapter 7 \u2014 Quick Recap<\/a><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n\r\n <details class=\"toc-chapter\" data-chapter=\"8\">\r\n <summary class=\"toc-chapter-header\">\r\n <span class=\"toc-ch-badge\">CH 8<\/span>\r\n <span class=\"toc-ch-title\">Government Grants & Special Treatments<\/span>\r\n <span class=\"toc-ch-chev\">▶<\/span>\r\n <\/summary>\r\n <div class=\"toc-sub-wrap\">\r\n <ul class=\"toc-sub-list\">\r\n <li><span class=\"toc-sub-num\">8.1<\/span><a href=\"#ch8-grants\">Treatment of Government Grants<\/a><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"toc-sub-num\">8.2<\/span><a href=\"#ch8-plan\">Plan Funds & Socio-Economic Tracking<\/a><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"toc-sub-num\">8.3<\/span><a href=\"#ch8-retire\">Retirement Benefits & Forex<\/a><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"toc-sub-num\">8.4<\/span><a href=\"#ch8-flex\">Flexibility & Special Entities<\/a><\/li>\r\n <li class=\"toc-app\"><span class=\"toc-sub-num\">★<\/span><a href=\"#ch8-recap\">Chapter 8 \u2014 Quick Recap<\/a><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <\/details>\r\n\r\n <\/div>\r\n <\/aside>\r\n\r\n <main class=\"article\">\r\n\r\n \r\n <section class=\"chapter-pane active\" id=\"pane-ch1\" data-chapter=\"1\">\r\n\r\n <div class=\"chapter-heading-block\" id=\"ch1-why\">\r\n <span class=\"chapter-badge\">CH 1 \u00b7 PART A<\/span>\r\n <h2>Why the Committee Was Formed<\/h2>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"def-card\">\r\n <div class=\"def-label\">The triggering event<\/div>\r\n <div class=\"def-text\">\r\n The <strong>Parliamentary Committee on Papers Laid on the Table<\/strong>, in its <strong>60th Report<\/strong> (tabled in the Rajya Sabha on 27 March 1998), found that there was <em>no set standard<\/em> for how grant-receiving institutions presented their accounts. Their accounts were often incomplete, unscrutinised, and in arrears for years. The Committee urged Government to set up an expert committee \u2014 including the ICAI, ICWAI and C&AG \u2014 to design a standard format bringing similarity and transparency.\r\n <\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <ul class=\"icon-list\">\r\n <li><span class=\"ico\">📋<\/span><span>The autonomous bodies were criticised for taking the <strong>\"no prescribed standard\"<\/strong> excuse \u2014 unlike companies, which follow the Companies Act 1956.<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"ico\">📅<\/span><span>The Committee of Experts was constituted with the Finance Minister's approval on <strong>12 May 1999<\/strong>; the notification issued on <strong>26 May 1999<\/strong>.<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"ico\">📝<\/span><span>The final report was signed in <strong>New Delhi on 15 November 2000<\/strong>.<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"callout teal\">\r\n <div class=\"callout-label\">The scale of the problem<\/div>\r\n <p>The latest C&AG report available to the Committee (No. 4 of 2000, year ending March 1999) showed that of <strong>437 organisations<\/strong>, accounts from as many as <strong>209<\/strong> were not received by the C&AG in time. For the remaining 228 bodies, Government grants totalled about <strong>₹4,478 crore<\/strong> and loans about <strong>₹660 crore<\/strong> that year \u2014 funds whose accounting badly needed standardising.<\/p>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"ch1-comp\">\r\n <span class=\"section-badge\">§1<\/span>\r\n <h3>Composition of the Committee<\/h3>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <p>The C&AG's representative was originally a member, but the C&AG's office withdrew \u2014 feeling it inappropriate to sit on a body whose output it would later audit (several autonomous-body Acts require consultation with the C&AG). The <strong>Chief Adviser (Cost)<\/strong> of the Indian Cost Accounts Department replaced that seat. The final composition:<\/p>\r\n\r\n <table class=\"compare-table\">\r\n <thead><tr><th>Member<\/th><th>Role<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>\r\n <tbody>\r\n <tr><td class=\"label-cell\">Controller General of Accounts<\/td><td><strong>Chairman<\/strong> (A.M. Sehgal)<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td class=\"label-cell\">Chief Adviser (Cost)<\/td><td>Member (replaced C&AG's nominee, Feb 2000)<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td class=\"label-cell\">Institute of Chartered Accountants (ICAI)<\/td><td>Member \u2014 Shri M.M. Khanna, also Chairman of the Accounting Standards Board; drafted the first basic format<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td class=\"label-cell\">Institute of Cost & Works Accountants (ICWAI)<\/td><td>Member<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td class=\"label-cell\">Indian Banks' Association<\/td><td>Member<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td class=\"label-cell\">Joint CGA<\/td><td><strong>Member-Secretary<\/strong><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <\/tbody>\r\n <\/table>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"callout\">\r\n <div class=\"callout-label\">Carved out of scope<\/div>\r\n <p>The Ministry of Surface Transport was to act separately for <strong>Ports<\/strong>, and the Department of Banking for <strong>Nationalised Banks<\/strong> \u2014 so these were outside the Committee's format.<\/p>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"ch1-tor\">\r\n <span class=\"section-badge teal\">§2<\/span>\r\n <h3>The Four Terms of Reference<\/h3>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <ol class=\"parts-list roman teal\">\r\n <li><strong>Prescribe a standard \/ model format<\/strong> of accounts and accounting reports adoptable by Central autonomous organisations.<\/li>\r\n <li><strong>Suggest measures for clarity, transparency and simplicity<\/strong> in the presentation of their accounts.<\/li>\r\n <li><strong>Enable evaluation through the accounts<\/strong> of how far the organisation achieves its socio-economic objectives \u2014 especially regarding grants released by Government.<\/li>\r\n <li><strong>Any other measures<\/strong> enhancing analytical and effective presentation of these accounts.<\/li>\r\n <\/ol>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"ch1-process\">\r\n <span class=\"section-badge amber\">§3<\/span>\r\n <h3>How the Format Was Built<\/h3>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"flow\">\r\n <div class=\"flow-step\">\r\n <div class=\"flow-num\">1<\/div>\r\n <div class=\"flow-content\">\r\n <h5>Seven meetings & outside proposals<\/h5>\r\n <p>The Committee met seven times. Proposals were sought from IIM Ahmedabad, IIM Bangalore and IPAI, New Delhi. IIM-B declined; the other two were discussed on 14 January 2000.<\/p>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div class=\"flow-step\">\r\n <div class=\"flow-num\">2<\/div>\r\n <div class=\"flow-content\">\r\n <h5>Khanna prepares the first draft<\/h5>\r\n <p>Shri M.M. Khanna (ICAI) offered to prepare the basic draft format, insisting that uniformity of <em>format<\/em> must be paired with transparency of <em>information<\/em> \u2014 so instructions, accounting principles, notes and illustrative schedules were all developed.<\/p>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div class=\"flow-step\">\r\n <div class=\"flow-num\">3<\/div>\r\n <div class=\"flow-content\">\r\n <h5>Review of 13 live annual reports<\/h5>\r\n <p>To understand existing practice, the Committee studied recent annual reports of bodies like the Rubber Board, Coir Board, Tea Board, KVIC, ESIC, ICSSR, National Productivity Council and several engineering colleges.<\/p>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div class=\"flow-step\">\r\n <div class=\"flow-num\">4<\/div>\r\n <div class=\"flow-content\">\r\n <h5>Sub-group refines it<\/h5>\r\n <p>A sub-group of the Joint CGA and the Chief Adviser (Cost)'s representative incorporated Government requirements \u2014 especially the accounting of Government assistance.<\/p>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div class=\"flow-step\">\r\n <div class=\"flow-num\">5<\/div>\r\n <div class=\"flow-content\">\r\n <h5>Circulated to 362 bodies<\/h5>\r\n <p>The draft (Annexures A\u2013F) went to 362 autonomous bodies plus Ministry Secretaries \/ FAs \/ CCAs. 120 responses came back \u2014 no major adverse comments.<\/p>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"highlight-box\">\r\n <div class=\"hl-label\">⭐ The single guiding choice<\/div>\r\n <div class=\"hl-text\">A <strong>common format for all<\/strong>, rather than different formats for different classes of body \u2014 because different formats would defeat the very purpose of comparability. The common format is a <em>benchmark<\/em> covering transactions of common nature, with built-in flexibility for exceptions.<\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"recap\" id=\"ch1-recap\">\r\n <div class=\"recap-title\">⚡ Chapter 1 \u2014 Quick Recap<\/div>\r\n <table>\r\n <thead><tr><th>Concept<\/th><th>Key Fact<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>\r\n <tbody>\r\n <tr><td>Trigger<\/td><td><strong>60th Report<\/strong> of Parliamentary Committee on Papers (27 Mar 1998)<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td>Committee approved<\/td><td>12 May 1999; notified 26 May 1999<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td>Report signed<\/td><td>15 November 2000, New Delhi<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td>Chairman<\/td><td><strong>Controller General of Accounts<\/strong> (A.M. Sehgal)<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td>Member-Secretary<\/td><td>Joint CGA<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td>C&AG nominee<\/td><td>Withdrew; replaced by <strong>Chief Adviser (Cost)<\/strong><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td>First draft prepared by<\/td><td>Shri M.M. Khanna (ICAI \/ Accounting Standards Board)<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td>Terms of reference<\/td><td>4 \u2014 format \u00b7 clarity \u00b7 socio-economic evaluation \u00b7 other measures<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td>Draft circulated to<\/td><td>362 bodies; 120 responses<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td>Carved out<\/td><td>Ports (Surface Transport) & Nationalised Banks (Banking)<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <\/tbody>\r\n <\/table>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <\/section>\r\n\r\n \r\n <section class=\"chapter-pane\" id=\"pane-ch2\" data-chapter=\"2\">\r\n\r\n <div class=\"chapter-heading-block\" id=\"ch2-comments\">\r\n <span class=\"chapter-badge\">CH 2 \u00b7 PART A<\/span>\r\n <h2>Comments from the Autonomous Bodies<\/h2>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"def-card\">\r\n <div class=\"def-label\">What this chapter does<\/div>\r\n <div class=\"def-text\">\r\n Before finalising, the Committee deliberately sought feedback \u2014 both to involve the bodies and to gauge acceptability. This chapter captures the <strong>major issues raised<\/strong>, the Committee's <strong>observations<\/strong> in response, and the <strong>seven final recommendations<\/strong> to Government.\r\n <\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"stat-grid\">\r\n <div class=\"stat-card b\">\r\n <span class=\"stat-icon\">📥<\/span>\r\n <div class=\"stat-num\">120<\/div>\r\n <div class=\"stat-label\">Responses Received<\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div class=\"stat-card t\">\r\n <span class=\"stat-icon\">✅<\/span>\r\n <div class=\"stat-num\">40<\/div>\r\n <div class=\"stat-label\">Ready to Adopt<\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div class=\"stat-card a\">\r\n <span class=\"stat-icon\">🧪<\/span>\r\n <div class=\"stat-num\">7<\/div>\r\n <div class=\"stat-label\">Tested on Past Accounts<\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div class=\"stat-card r\">\r\n <span class=\"stat-icon\">💬<\/span>\r\n <div class=\"stat-num\">~60<\/div>\r\n <div class=\"stat-label\">Gave Substantive Input<\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <p>Of the 7 bodies that tested their previous year's accounts against the format, <strong>5 found no problem<\/strong> and recommended adoption; 2 made observations. The response window was very short (2\u20133 weeks), yet interest was high.<\/p>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"ch2-issues\">\r\n <span class=\"section-badge\">§1<\/span>\r\n <h3>Major Issues Raised<\/h3>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <ol class=\"parts-list decimal\">\r\n <li><strong>Cash vs accrual:<\/strong> Most bodies kept accounts on a <em>cash basis<\/em>, not accrual.<\/li>\r\n <li><strong>No depreciation:<\/strong> Some entities did not depreciate their fixed assets at all.<\/li>\r\n <li><strong>Income-tax exemption:<\/strong> Certain accounting treatments would be needed to preserve tax exemption (taxation was treated by the Committee as incidental and secondary).<\/li>\r\n <li><strong>Statutory amendments:<\/strong> Changes to the Societies Act, Trust Acts and Companies Act might be required \u2014 a matter for Government, outside the Committee's purview.<\/li>\r\n <li><strong>UGC parallel:<\/strong> The UGC had its own committee on university accounts (report to UGC in Sept 1982, still unfinalised).<\/li>\r\n <li><strong>Hotel Management:<\/strong> NCHMCT had proposed a common format for hotel-management institutes.<\/li>\r\n <li><strong>Training & software:<\/strong> Bodies wanted proper training and, ideally, ready-made computer software before switching systems.<\/li>\r\n <\/ol>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"callout amber\">\r\n <div class=\"callout-label\">Other points flagged<\/div>\r\n <p>Suggested additions\/deletions in line items; a view that the formats suited only commercial use; a request to split income\/expenditure into <strong>Plan vs Non-Plan<\/strong>; provisions for GPF, gratuity and pension; a wish for a shorter format; SEBI's view that its own formats were more informative; and conflicting audit signals \u2014 the Energy Management Centre was told by C&AG <em>not<\/em> to show depreciated values, while Nagaland University was pulled up <em>for not<\/em> providing depreciation.<\/p>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"chapter-heading-block\" id=\"ch2-obs\">\r\n <span class=\"chapter-badge\">CH 2 \u00b7 PART B<\/span>\r\n <h2>Observations of the Committee<\/h2>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <p>The Committee noted that Central autonomous bodies are <strong>not homogeneous<\/strong> \u2014 some run education and culture, others promote social sectors. Two categories are especially numerous: <strong>educational institutions (incl. Central Universities)<\/strong> and <strong>District Rural Development Agencies<\/strong>. Within the common format, administrative Ministries may make central adjustments to suit such bodies.<\/p>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"cat-grid\">\r\n <div class=\"cat-card d\">\r\n <div class=\"cat-label\">Observation 1<\/div>\r\n <div class=\"cat-title\">Cash basis is inadequate<\/div>\r\n <p>Cash accounting gives no clear distinction between capital and revenue, and records assets and liabilities incompletely. These bodies followed neither pure Government cash accounting nor proper accrual \u2014 losing uniformity and transparency. The Committee suggests <strong>accrual only<\/strong>, also anticipating Government's own future move to accrual.<\/p>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div class=\"cat-card a\">\r\n <div class=\"cat-label\">Observation 2<\/div>\r\n <div class=\"cat-title\">Depreciation is essential<\/div>\r\n <p>Under accrual, fixed assets are shown <strong>net of depreciation<\/strong> spread over useful life, with the annual charge added to operating cost. Without it, the <em>\"True and Fair View\"<\/em> cannot be established. It is wrong to think only profit-making bodies need a true and fair view.<\/p>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div class=\"cat-card c\">\r\n <div class=\"cat-label\">Observation 3<\/div>\r\n <div class=\"cat-title\">Tax flexibility built in<\/div>\r\n <p>Depreciation is shown by the <strong>straight-line method<\/strong> only as an <em>illustrative<\/em> policy, not a mandate. To meet the Income Tax Act, a body may instead use the <strong>Written Down Value (WDV)<\/strong> method \u2014 the format is not rigid.<\/p>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div class=\"cat-card e\">\r\n <div class=\"cat-label\">Observation 4<\/div>\r\n <div class=\"cat-title\">A separate Act may be needed<\/div>\r\n <p>Bodies are registered under various Acts (Societies, Trust, or specific Acts of Parliament) that prescribe their own accounting. A <strong>separate overriding Act<\/strong> may be required to enforce one uniform format.<\/p>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <ul class=\"icon-list\">\r\n <li><span class=\"ico\">🏫<\/span><span><strong>Observation 5:<\/strong> Ministries may modify the format for large classes (e.g. universities, hotel-management institutes) or where specialised reporting warrants it.<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"ico\">🎓<\/span><span><strong>Observation 6:<\/strong> Training and common software can be arranged by Ministries or through the ICAI; since accrual is common in the private and public sectors, training sources exist.<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"ico\">📊<\/span><span><strong>Observation 7:<\/strong> Minor demands (Plan\/Non-Plan break-up, retirement-benefit provisions) are already <em>in-built<\/em>; additions\/deletions within the basic structure are permitted.<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"ico\">🎯<\/span><span><strong>Observation 8:<\/strong> The socio-economic activities \u2014 translated into income & expenditure per activity\/project \u2014 are captured, especially via <strong>Schedule 3 (Earmarked Funds)<\/strong>, which also covers Plan & Non-Plan grants.<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"chapter-heading-block\" id=\"ch2-recom\">\r\n <span class=\"chapter-badge\">CH 2 \u00b7 PART C<\/span>\r\n <h2>The Seven Recommendations<\/h2>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <ol class=\"parts-list decimal gold\">\r\n <li><strong>One common format<\/strong> for all autonomous organisations' accounting and presentation.<\/li>\r\n <li><strong>Additional information<\/strong> may be prescribed within that common format for Central Universities \/ Educational Institutions and for District Rural Development Agencies.<\/li>\r\n <li>The <strong>Financial Statements and Schedules<\/strong> shall provide full disclosure of the organisation and all accounting information.<\/li>\r\n <li>Accounting shall be on the <strong>Accrual System<\/strong>, maintaining the <strong>\"Going Concern\"<\/strong> concept.<\/li>\r\n <li><strong>Depreciation on fixed assets<\/strong> shall apply to all autonomous organisations.<\/li>\r\n <li>Financial Statements shall be prepared in the six prescribed formats \u2014 <strong>Annexures A to F<\/strong> (Balance Sheet, Income & Expenditure, Schedules, Instructions & Principles, Notes & Instructions for Schedules, Receipts & Payments).<\/li>\r\n <li>The formats apply to <strong>all accounting years commencing on or after 1 April 2001<\/strong> \u2014 earlier adoption encouraged.<\/li>\r\n <\/ol>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"recap\" id=\"ch2-recap\">\r\n <div class=\"recap-title\">⚡ Chapter 2 \u2014 Quick Recap<\/div>\r\n <table>\r\n <thead><tr><th>Concept<\/th><th>Key Fact<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>\r\n <tbody>\r\n <tr><td>Responses received<\/td><td>120 (incl. ~10 from Ministries)<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td>Ready to adopt<\/td><td>40 organisations<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td>Core issue<\/td><td>Cash basis used instead of accrual<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td>Two numerous classes<\/td><td>Educational institutions & DRDAs<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td>Accounting basis recommended<\/td><td><strong>Accrual System<\/strong> + Going Concern<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td>Depreciation<\/td><td>Mandatory for all; SLM illustrative, WDV permitted<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td>Enforcement mechanism<\/td><td>A separate overriding Act may be required<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td>Socio-economic tracking<\/td><td>Via Schedule 3 \u2014 Earmarked Funds<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td>Number of recommendations<\/td><td>7<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td>Effective date<\/td><td>Years commencing on \/ after <strong>1 April 2001<\/strong><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <\/tbody>\r\n <\/table>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <\/section>\r\n\r\n \r\n <section class=\"chapter-pane\" id=\"pane-ch3\" data-chapter=\"3\">\r\n\r\n <div class=\"chapter-heading-block\" id=\"ch3-accrual\">\r\n <span class=\"chapter-badge\">CH 3 \u00b7 PART A<\/span>\r\n <h2>The Accounting Foundation<\/h2>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"def-card\">\r\n <div class=\"def-label\">What this chapter does<\/div>\r\n <div class=\"def-text\">\r\n Annexure D sets out the <strong>Instructions and Accounting Principles<\/strong> \u2014 the conceptual bedrock on which every schedule rests. The headline switch is from <em>cash<\/em> to <strong>accrual<\/strong> accounting on a <strong>historical-cost<\/strong> basis, governed by substance over form, materiality, prudence, and consistency.\r\n <\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"stat-grid\">\r\n <div class=\"stat-card t\">\r\n <span class=\"stat-icon\">⚖️<\/span>\r\n <div class=\"stat-num\">Accrual<\/div>\r\n <div class=\"stat-label\">Basis of Accounts<\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div class=\"stat-card b\">\r\n <span class=\"stat-icon\">🏢<\/span>\r\n <div class=\"stat-num\">Going Concern<\/div>\r\n <div class=\"stat-label\">Core Assumption<\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div class=\"stat-card a\">\r\n <span class=\"stat-icon\">💰<\/span>\r\n <div class=\"stat-num\">Historical Cost<\/div>\r\n <div class=\"stat-label\">Measurement Convention<\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div class=\"stat-card r\">\r\n <span class=\"stat-icon\">🔍<\/span>\r\n <div class=\"stat-num\">Substance<\/div>\r\n <div class=\"stat-label\">Over Legal Form<\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"highlight-box\">\r\n <div class=\"hl-label\">🧠 The starting rule (Instruction 1)<\/div>\r\n <div class=\"hl-text\">The financial statements \u2014 Balance Sheet and Income & Expenditure Account \u2014 <strong>shall be prepared on accrual basis<\/strong>, in the form suggested or as near thereto as possible. Where information cannot be conveniently shown on the face of the statements, it is given in a <em>Schedule<\/em> annexed to and forming part of them.<\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"ch3-policies\">\r\n <span class=\"section-badge teal\">§1<\/span>\r\n <h3>Significant Accounting Policies (Instructions 2\u20134)<\/h3>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <ul class=\"icon-list\">\r\n <li><span class=\"ico\">📑<\/span><span><strong>Disclose at one place:<\/strong> All significant accounting policies must be stated together. Policies are the specific principles and methods the entity adopts.<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"ico\">⚠️<\/span><span><strong>Departures flagged:<\/strong> Where a policy departs materially from accounting standards, disclose the departure, the reasons, and its financial effect (unless that effect is not ascertainable).<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"ico\">🔄<\/span><span><strong>Consistency:<\/strong> Policies are applied consistently year to year. Any change with a material effect \u2014 current or expected future \u2014 must be disclosed, along with the amount affected (or the fact that it can't be quantified).<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"ico\">🔎<\/span><span><strong>Substance over form:<\/strong> Accounting treatment and presentation are governed by the <em>substance<\/em> of transactions, not merely their legal form.<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"ch3-substance\">\r\n <span class=\"section-badge amber\">§2<\/span>\r\n <h3>Materiality, Provisions & Reserves (Instructions 5\u20137)<\/h3>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"def-card\">\r\n <div class=\"def-label\">Provision \u2014 the definition<\/div>\r\n <div class=\"def-text\">\r\n A <strong>\"provision\"<\/strong> is any amount written off or retained by way of providing for depreciation, renewals or diminution in the value of assets, OR retained for any known liability whose amount <em>cannot be determined with substantial accuracy<\/em>. Provision must be made for all known liabilities and losses even where the amount is only a best estimate.\r\n <\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"callout\">\r\n <div class=\"callout-label\">Contingent loss \u2014 the two-part test (Instruction 6)<\/div>\r\n <p>Provide for a contingent loss only if <strong>both<\/strong>: (a) it is <em>probable<\/em> that future events will confirm an asset was impaired or a liability incurred at the balance-sheet date (after any probable recovery), AND (b) a <em>reasonable estimate<\/em> of the loss can be made. If either condition fails, merely <strong>disclose<\/strong> the contingent loss by note \u2014 unless the possibility of loss is remote.<\/p>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"callout teal\">\r\n <div class=\"callout-label\">Provision vs Reserve (Instruction 7)<\/div>\r\n <p>If the amount written off \/ retained for depreciation, renewals, diminution or a known liability is <strong>in excess<\/strong> of what is reasonably necessary, the excess is treated as a <strong>reserve, not a provision<\/strong>.<\/p>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"ch3-revenue\">\r\n <span class=\"section-badge purple\">§3<\/span>\r\n <h3>Revenue Recognition & Special Items (Instructions 8\u20139)<\/h3>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"highlight-box\">\r\n <div class=\"hl-label\">💵 Revenue recognition \u2014 three gates (Instruction 8)<\/div>\r\n <div class=\"hl-text\">Revenue shall <strong>not<\/strong> be recognised unless all three hold: (a) the related <em>performance has been achieved<\/em>; (b) <em>no significant uncertainty<\/em> exists about the amount of consideration; and (c) it is <em>not unreasonable<\/em> to expect realisation and ultimate collection.<\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <p>Separate disclosure is required in the Income & Expenditure Account for: <strong>Prior-period items<\/strong> (material income\/expense arising now from errors or omissions in earlier periods); <strong>Extraordinary items<\/strong> (material, clearly distinct from ordinary activities, not expected to recur); and any <strong>Miscellaneous Income or Expense<\/strong> exceeding 1% of total turnover\/gross income or ₹50,000, whichever is higher.<\/p>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"ch3-rounding\">\r\n <span class=\"section-badge gold\">§4<\/span>\r\n <h3>Notes, Integration & Rounding-off (Instructions 10\u201313)<\/h3>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <ul class=\"icon-list\">\r\n <li><span class=\"ico\">📎<\/span><span><strong>Integral part:<\/strong> The Schedules, accounting policies and explanatory notes form an <em>integral part<\/em> of the financial statements.<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"ico\">📝<\/span><span><strong>Notes:<\/strong> Notes to the statements carry the explanatory material for each line item.<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n\r\n <h4>Rounding-off scale (Instruction 12)<\/h4>\r\n <table class=\"compare-table\">\r\n <thead><tr><th>Amount of turnover<\/th><th>Round off to<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>\r\n <tbody>\r\n <tr><td class=\"label-cell\">Less than ₹1 lakh<\/td><td>Hundred<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td class=\"label-cell\">₹1 lakh \u2013 under ₹1 crore<\/td><td>Thousand<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td class=\"label-cell\">₹1 crore \u2013 under ₹100 crore<\/td><td>Lakh<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td class=\"label-cell\">₹100 crore \u2013 under ₹1,000 crore<\/td><td>Crore<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <\/tbody>\r\n <\/table>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"recap\" id=\"ch3-recap\">\r\n <div class=\"recap-title\">⚡ Chapter 3 \u2014 Quick Recap<\/div>\r\n <table>\r\n <thead><tr><th>Concept<\/th><th>Key Fact<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>\r\n <tbody>\r\n <tr><td>Basis of accounts<\/td><td><strong>Accrual<\/strong>, on historical-cost convention<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td>Governing principle<\/td><td>Substance over legal form<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td>Accounting policies<\/td><td>Disclosed at one place; applied consistently<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td>Provision (definition)<\/td><td>Amount for depreciation\/diminution OR a known liability not measurable accurately<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td>Contingent loss<\/td><td>Provide if probable + estimable; else disclose by note<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td>Excess provision<\/td><td>Treated as a reserve<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td>Revenue recognition<\/td><td>Performance done \u00b7 no uncertainty on amount \u00b7 collection expected<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td>Separate disclosure<\/td><td>Prior-period & extraordinary items; misc > 1% or ₹50,000<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td>Schedules & notes<\/td><td>Integral part of the financial statements<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td>Rounding (₹1 cr\u2013100 cr)<\/td><td>Round to the nearest Lakh<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <\/tbody>\r\n <\/table>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <\/section>\r\n\r\n \r\n <section class=\"chapter-pane\" id=\"pane-ch4\" data-chapter=\"4\">\r\n\r\n <div class=\"chapter-heading-block\" id=\"ch4-six\">\r\n <span class=\"chapter-badge\">CH 4 \u00b7 PART A<\/span>\r\n <h2>The Six Financial Statements (Annexures A\u2013F)<\/h2>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"def-card\">\r\n <div class=\"def-label\">The architecture<\/div>\r\n <div class=\"def-text\">\r\n The format is a set of <strong>six documents<\/strong>. Two are the primary statements (Balance Sheet, Income & Expenditure); one is the bridge to the old cash world (Receipts & Payments); and three are the support apparatus (Schedules, Instructions & Principles, Notes for Schedules).\r\n <\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"cat-grid three\">\r\n <div class=\"cat-card a\">\r\n <div class=\"cat-label\">Annexure A<\/div>\r\n <div class=\"cat-title\">Balance Sheet<\/div>\r\n <p>Corpus\/Capital Fund and Liabilities against Assets, as at the year-end.<\/p>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div class=\"cat-card b\">\r\n <div class=\"cat-label\">Annexure B<\/div>\r\n <div class=\"cat-title\">Income & Expenditure A\/c<\/div>\r\n <p>The accrual \"profit & loss\" equivalent for a non-profit \u2014 surplus or deficit for the year.<\/p>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div class=\"cat-card c\">\r\n <div class=\"cat-label\">Annexure C<\/div>\r\n <div class=\"cat-title\">Schedules (1\u201325)<\/div>\r\n <p>The detailed break-up behind every line of the two primary statements.<\/p>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div class=\"cat-card d\">\r\n <div class=\"cat-label\">Annexure D<\/div>\r\n <div class=\"cat-title\">Instructions & Principles<\/div>\r\n <p>The 13 accounting principles (covered in Chapter 3 of these notes).<\/p>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div class=\"cat-card e\">\r\n <div class=\"cat-label\">Annexure E<\/div>\r\n <div class=\"cat-title\">Notes & Instructions for Schedules<\/div>\r\n <p>Line-by-line guidance on how to populate each schedule.<\/p>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div class=\"cat-card a\">\r\n <div class=\"cat-label\">Annexure F<\/div>\r\n <div class=\"cat-title\">Receipts & Payments<\/div>\r\n <p>The cash-flow style statement retained for continuity with Government reporting.<\/p>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"ch4-bs\">\r\n <span class=\"section-badge\">§1<\/span>\r\n <h3>Balance Sheet (Annexure A)<\/h3>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <p>The Balance Sheet sets Corpus\/Capital Fund and liabilities against assets, each line cross-referenced to a schedule, with a <strong>Current-Year vs Previous-Year<\/strong> column pair throughout.<\/p>\r\n\r\n <table class=\"compare-table\">\r\n <thead><tr><th>Corpus\/Fund & Liabilities (Sch)<\/th><th>Assets (Sch)<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>\r\n <tbody>\r\n <tr><td>Corpus \/ Capital Fund \u2014 <strong>Sch 1<\/strong><\/td><td>Fixed Assets \u2014 <strong>Sch 8<\/strong><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td>Reserves & Surplus \u2014 <strong>Sch 2<\/strong><\/td><td>Investments \u2014 from Earmarked\/Endowment Funds \u2014 <strong>Sch 9<\/strong><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td>Earmarked \/ Endowment Funds \u2014 <strong>Sch 3<\/strong><\/td><td>Investments \u2014 Others \u2014 <strong>Sch 10<\/strong><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td>Secured Loans & Borrowings \u2014 <strong>Sch 4<\/strong><\/td><td>Current Assets, Loans, Advances etc. \u2014 <strong>Sch 11<\/strong><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td>Unsecured Loans & Borrowings \u2014 <strong>Sch 5<\/strong><\/td><td>Miscellaneous Expenditure (not yet written off)<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td>Deferred Credit Liabilities \u2014 <strong>Sch 6<\/strong><\/td><td>—<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td>Current Liabilities & Provisions \u2014 <strong>Sch 7<\/strong><\/td><td>—<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <\/tbody>\r\n <\/table>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"callout\">\r\n <div class=\"callout-label\">The two foot-note schedules<\/div>\r\n <p>Both the Balance Sheet and the Income & Expenditure Account carry, at their foot, references to <strong>Schedule 24 \u2014 Significant Accounting Policies<\/strong> and <strong>Schedule 25 \u2014 Contingent Liabilities and Notes on Accounts<\/strong>. These are the off-balance-sheet disclosures.<\/p>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"ch4-ie\">\r\n <span class=\"section-badge teal\">§2<\/span>\r\n <h3>Income & Expenditure Account (Annexure B)<\/h3>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <table class=\"compare-table\">\r\n <thead><tr><th>Income \u2014 Total (A) \u00b7 Sch<\/th><th>Expenditure \u2014 Total (B) \u00b7 Sch<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>\r\n <tbody>\r\n <tr><td>Income from Sales\/Services \u2014 <strong>12<\/strong><\/td><td>Establishment Expenses \u2014 <strong>20<\/strong><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td>Grants \/ Subsidies \u2014 <strong>13<\/strong><\/td><td>Other Administrative Expenses etc. \u2014 <strong>21<\/strong><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td>Fees \/ Subscriptions \u2014 <strong>14<\/strong><\/td><td>Expenditure on Grants, Subsidies etc. \u2014 <strong>22<\/strong><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td>Income from Investments \u2014 <strong>15<\/strong><\/td><td>Interest \u2014 <strong>23<\/strong><\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td>Income from Royalty, Publication etc. \u2014 <strong>16<\/strong><\/td><td>Depreciation (net total \u2014 per Sch 8)<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td>Interest Earned \u2014 <strong>17<\/strong><\/td><td>—<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td>Other Income \u2014 <strong>18<\/strong><\/td><td>—<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td>Increase\/(decrease) in stock of finished goods & WIP \u2014 <strong>19<\/strong><\/td><td>—<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <\/tbody>\r\n <\/table>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"highlight-box\">\r\n <div class=\"hl-label\">💲 The bottom line<\/div>\r\n <div class=\"hl-text\">Balance = Excess of Income over Expenditure (A − B). After transfers <em>to Special Reserve<\/em> and <em>to\/from General Reserve<\/em>, the residual <strong>Surplus\/(Deficit) is carried to the Corpus\/Capital Fund<\/strong> \u2014 which is exactly the link captured in Schedule 1.<\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"ch4-rp\">\r\n <span class=\"section-badge amber\">§3<\/span>\r\n <h3>Receipts & Payments Statement (Annexure F)<\/h3>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <p>Although the system is now accrual, the format <strong>retains a Receipts & Payments statement<\/strong> \u2014 a purely cash summary of what came in and went out during the year. This preserves continuity with Government's cash-based reporting and helps users reconcile cash movements against the accrual results. It is the last of the six annexures.<\/p>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"recap\" id=\"ch4-recap\">\r\n <div class=\"recap-title\">⚡ Chapter 4 \u2014 Quick Recap<\/div>\r\n <table>\r\n <thead><tr><th>Concept<\/th><th>Key Fact<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>\r\n <tbody>\r\n <tr><td>Number of annexures<\/td><td>6 (A\u2013F)<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td>Primary statements<\/td><td>Balance Sheet (A) & Income & Expenditure (B)<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td>Total schedules<\/td><td>25 (Annexure C)<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td>Liability-side schedules<\/td><td>Sch 1\u20137<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td>Asset-side schedules<\/td><td>Sch 8\u201311<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td>Income schedules<\/td><td>Sch 12\u201319<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td>Expenditure schedules<\/td><td>Sch 20\u201323<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td>Disclosure schedules<\/td><td>Sch 24 (Policies) & 25 (Contingent Liabilities \/ Notes)<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td>Comparative columns<\/td><td>Current Year vs Previous Year throughout<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td>Surplus\/Deficit flows to<\/td><td>Corpus \/ Capital Fund (Sch 1)<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td>Cash continuity<\/td><td>Receipts & Payments retained (Annexure F)<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <\/tbody>\r\n <\/table>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <\/section>\r\n\r\n \r\n <section class=\"chapter-pane\" id=\"pane-ch5\" data-chapter=\"5\">\r\n\r\n <div class=\"chapter-heading-block\" id=\"ch5-s1\">\r\n <span class=\"chapter-badge\">CH 5 \u00b7 PART A<\/span>\r\n <h2>Liability-Side Schedules (1\u20137)<\/h2>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"def-card\">\r\n <div class=\"def-label\">What this chapter does<\/div>\r\n <div class=\"def-text\">\r\n Schedules 1\u20137 detail the <strong>\"Corpus\/Capital Fund and Liabilities\"<\/strong> side of the Balance Sheet \u2014 from the entity's own funds, through reserves and earmarked grants, to its borrowings, deferred credit, current liabilities and provisions.\r\n <\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\">\r\n <span class=\"section-badge\">§1<\/span>\r\n <h3>Schedule 1 \u2014 Corpus \/ Capital Fund<\/h3>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <ul class=\"icon-list\">\r\n <li><span class=\"ico\">🏦<\/span><span>The Corpus\/Capital Fund is <strong>akin to Capital \/ Share Capital \/ Owners' Funds<\/strong>. It comprises amounts contributed specifically to the Corpus, increased or decreased by the net operating result from the Income & Expenditure Account (excluding any surplus moved to Reserves or Earmarked Funds).<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"ico\">📊<\/span><span>Show the <strong>Opening Balance, Additions, Deductions and Closing Balance<\/strong>. Additions are shown <em>net<\/em> of any transfers required by statute to a Reserve or Earmarked Fund.<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"ch5-s2\">\r\n <span class=\"section-badge teal\">§2<\/span>\r\n <h3>Schedule 2 \u2014 Reserves & Surplus<\/h3>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <table class=\"compare-table\">\r\n <thead><tr><th>Reserve<\/th><th>What it captures<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>\r\n <tbody>\r\n <tr><td class=\"label-cell\">Capital Reserve<\/td><td>Shall <strong>not<\/strong> include any amount free for distribution through the I&E Account. Surplus on revaluation is shown here, separately.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td class=\"label-cell\">Revaluation Reserve<\/td><td>Arises when fixed assets at historical cost are revalued upward (normally by competent valuers). It is an <strong>unrealised gain<\/strong> and must NOT be credited as income.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td class=\"label-cell\">Special Reserves<\/td><td>Created pursuant to any statutory \/ regulatory requirement; clarified in the Notes on Accounts.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td class=\"label-cell\">General Reserve<\/td><td>Any reserve <em>other than<\/em> capital and revaluation reserve \u2014 a residual catch-all.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <\/tbody>\r\n <\/table>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"callout teal\">\r\n <div class=\"callout-label\">Reserve ≠ Provision<\/div>\r\n <p>The expression <strong>\"reserve\"<\/strong> shall not include any amount written off or retained for depreciation, renewals, diminution in asset value, or for a known liability. Movements in each category of reserve are shown (opening, additions, deductions).<\/p>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"ch5-s3\">\r\n <span class=\"section-badge amber\">§3<\/span>\r\n <h3>Schedule 3 \u2014 Earmarked \/ Endowment Funds<\/h3>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"highlight-box\">\r\n <div class=\"hl-label\">⭐ The socio-economic engine<\/div>\r\n <div class=\"hl-text\">This is the schedule the Committee singled out for tracking socio-economic objectives. It records grants or assistance received (in cash or kind) to be used for <strong>specific, earmarked purposes<\/strong>, subject to stipulated terms and conditions \u2014 showing each fund's opening balance, additions, utilisation and net year-end balance.<\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <ul class=\"icon-list\">\r\n <li><span class=\"ico\">🏛️<\/span><span><strong>Plan Funds shown separately:<\/strong> Plan Funds from Central\/State Governments must be a <em>distinct category<\/em>, never mixed with other funds. Other earmarked\/endowed funds (for a chair, building, trust, etc.) are also shown distinctly.<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"ico\">💰<\/span><span><strong>Backed by assets:<\/strong> Earmarked funds are represented by specifically earmarked investments or other assets.<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"callout red\">\r\n <div class=\"callout-label\">⚠ What is NOT an Earmarked Fund<\/div>\r\n <p><strong>(a)<\/strong> Grants with the character of promoters' contribution \u2014 these add to the Corpus Fund. <strong>(b)<\/strong> Funds received as compensation for expenditure\/losses of earlier years \u2014 these go to the I&E Account. <strong>(c)<\/strong> Non-monetary grants of capital assets (credited as capital reserve), unless specified as an irrevocable Corpus contribution.<\/p>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"ch5-s456\">\r\n <span class=\"section-badge purple\">§4<\/span>\r\n <h3>Schedules 4\u20136 \u2014 Loans, Borrowings & Deferred Credit<\/h3>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"cat-grid three\">\r\n <div class=\"cat-card a\">\r\n <div class=\"cat-label\">Schedule 4<\/div>\r\n <div class=\"cat-title\">Secured Loans<\/div>\r\n <p>Loans against <strong>hypothecation\/pledge\/charge<\/strong> on the entity's assets \u2014 from Central\/State Govt, financial institutions (IDBI, EXIM, NABARD), banks, debentures & bonds. State nature of security and repayment terms.<\/p>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div class=\"cat-card b\">\r\n <div class=\"cat-label\">Schedule 5<\/div>\r\n <div class=\"cat-title\">Unsecured Loans<\/div>\r\n <p>Loans with <strong>no asset charged<\/strong> as security. Includes Fixed Deposits from the public, bridge loans pending charge creation. Overdrawn balances are loans only if an overdraft facility is sanctioned.<\/p>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div class=\"cat-card c\">\r\n <div class=\"cat-label\">Schedule 6<\/div>\r\n <div class=\"cat-title\">Deferred Credit Liabilities<\/div>\r\n <p>Acceptances \/ long-term obligations for acquiring assets, payable beyond 12 months. State if assets are charged and if repayment is Government\/bank-guaranteed.<\/p>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"callout\">\r\n <div class=\"callout-label\">Common thread across Sch 4\u20136<\/div>\r\n <p><strong>Interest accrued and due<\/strong> is included under each sub-head; <strong>interest accrued but not due<\/strong> is NOT \u2014 it goes to Current Liabilities (Sch 7). And amounts <strong>due within 12 months<\/strong> of the Balance Sheet date must be separately disclosed in each schedule.<\/p>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"ch5-s7\">\r\n <span class=\"section-badge gold\">§5<\/span>\r\n <h3>Schedule 7 \u2014 Current Liabilities & Provisions<\/h3>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <p>A <strong>current liability<\/strong> falls due within a relatively short period \u2014 normally not more than 12 months. The schedule splits into two halves:<\/p>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"cat-grid\">\r\n <div class=\"cat-card a\">\r\n <div class=\"cat-label\">Part A<\/div>\r\n <div class=\"cat-title\">Current Liabilities<\/div>\r\n <p>Acceptances; Sundry Creditors (goods \/ others); Advances Received; <strong>Interest accrued but not due<\/strong>; Statutory Liabilities (TDS, PF, pension, gratuity, ESI, sales\/excise\/customs \u2014 split into overdue vs others); Other Current Liabilities (incl. unsanctioned bank overdrafts).<\/p>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div class=\"cat-card d\">\r\n <div class=\"cat-label\">Part B<\/div>\r\n <div class=\"cat-title\">Provisions<\/div>\r\n <p>Taxation; <strong>Gratuity, Superannuation\/Pension, Accumulated Leave Encashment<\/strong> \u2014 all accrued on an <em>actuarial basis<\/em>; Trade Warranties\/Claims; Others. Note: provision for doubtful debts is <em>not<\/em> here \u2014 it reduces the relevant asset.<\/p>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"recap\" id=\"ch5-recap\">\r\n <div class=\"recap-title\">⚡ Chapter 5 \u2014 Quick Recap<\/div>\r\n <table>\r\n <thead><tr><th>Schedule<\/th><th>Key Fact<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>\r\n <tbody>\r\n <tr><td>Sch 1 \u2014 Corpus\/Capital Fund<\/td><td>Like Owners' Funds; absorbs net I&E result<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td>Sch 2 \u2014 Reserves<\/td><td>Capital \u00b7 Revaluation (unrealised) \u00b7 Special \u00b7 General<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td>Revaluation Reserve<\/td><td>NOT credited as income<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td>Sch 3 \u2014 Earmarked Funds<\/td><td>Socio-economic tracker; Plan Funds shown separately<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td>Not earmarked funds<\/td><td>Promoter-type, prior-loss compensation, capital-asset grants<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td>Sch 4 \u2014 Secured Loans<\/td><td>Against charge on assets<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td>Sch 5 \u2014 Unsecured Loans<\/td><td>No asset charged; includes Fixed Deposits<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td>Sch 6 \u2014 Deferred Credit<\/td><td>Asset-acquisition obligations > 12 months<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td>Interest accrued & due<\/td><td>In the loan schedule; \"not due\" → Current Liabilities<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td>Sch 7 \u2014 Provisions<\/td><td>Gratuity, Pension, Leave \u2014 on actuarial basis<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <\/tbody>\r\n <\/table>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <\/section>\r\n\r\n \r\n <section class=\"chapter-pane\" id=\"pane-ch6\" data-chapter=\"6\">\r\n\r\n <div class=\"chapter-heading-block\" id=\"ch6-s8\">\r\n <span class=\"chapter-badge\">CH 6 \u00b7 PART A<\/span>\r\n <h2>Asset-Side Schedules (8\u201311)<\/h2>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"def-card\">\r\n <div class=\"def-label\">What this chapter does<\/div>\r\n <div class=\"def-text\">\r\n Schedules 8\u201311 detail the <strong>Assets<\/strong> side: fixed assets and their depreciation, the two investment schedules (earmarked vs other), and the omnibus current-assets-loans-and-advances schedule.\r\n <\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\">\r\n <span class=\"section-badge\">§1<\/span>\r\n <h3>Schedule 8 \u2014 Fixed Assets<\/h3>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <p>Fixed assets are those <strong>held for use in producing or providing services, not for sale<\/strong> in the normal course of trade. The schedule is a full movement grid \u2014 Gross Block, Depreciation, and Net Block \u2014 with eleven asset categories plus capital work-in-progress.<\/p>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"cat-grid four\">\r\n <div class=\"cat-card a\"><span class=\"cat-badge\">1\u20132<\/span><div class=\"cat-label\">Immovable<\/div><div class=\"cat-title\">Land & Buildings<\/div><p>Land (freehold\/leasehold); Buildings incl. roads, bridges, culverts. Leasehold land amortised over the lease.<\/p><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"cat-card b\"><span class=\"cat-badge\">3\u20134<\/span><div class=\"cat-label\">Operating<\/div><div class=\"cat-title\">Plant, Machinery & Vehicles<\/div><p>Boilers, generators, dies\/moulds; tractors, trucks, cars, two-wheelers.<\/p><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"cat-card c\"><span class=\"cat-badge\">5\u20139<\/span><div class=\"cat-label\">Office<\/div><div class=\"cat-title\">Furniture to Library Books<\/div><p>Furniture & fixtures, office equipment, computers\/peripherals, electric installations, library books (incl. CD-ROMs).<\/p><\/div>\r\n <div class=\"cat-card d\"><span class=\"cat-badge\">10\u201311<\/span><div class=\"cat-label\">Other & WIP<\/div><div class=\"cat-title\">Tubewells & Capital WIP<\/div><p>Tubewells\/water supply; assets under construction and uninstalled plant.<\/p><\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"callout\">\r\n <div class=\"callout-label\">What each sub-head must show<\/div>\r\n <p>Cost\/valuation at the start; additions during the year (acquisitions <em>and<\/em> grants); deductions (sales, disposals, write-offs); total cost at year-end; depreciation to last year-end, on additions\/deductions, and accumulated; and the <strong>net block<\/strong> at year-end. Assets costing ₹5,000 or less may be fully provided (per the illustrative policy).<\/p>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"ch6-dep\">\r\n <span class=\"section-badge teal\">§2<\/span>\r\n <h3>Depreciation \u2014 The Core Concepts<\/h3>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"def-card\">\r\n <div class=\"def-label\">Depreciation defined<\/div>\r\n <div class=\"def-text\">\r\n Depreciation is a measure of the <strong>wearing out, consumption or loss of value<\/strong> of a depreciable asset from use, passage of time, or obsolescence. It is provided so as to charge the <em>depreciable amount<\/em> over the asset's <em>useful life<\/em>, and includes amortisation and depletion of wasting assets.\r\n <\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"cat-grid three\">\r\n <div class=\"cat-card a\">\r\n <div class=\"cat-label\">Term 1<\/div>\r\n <div class=\"cat-title\">Depreciable Asset<\/div>\r\n <p>Used over more than one accounting period; has a <strong>limited useful life<\/strong>; held for use (not for sale in the ordinary course).<\/p>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div class=\"cat-card b\">\r\n <div class=\"cat-label\">Term 2<\/div>\r\n <div class=\"cat-title\">Depreciable Amount<\/div>\r\n <p>Original cost (or substituted amount) <strong>less the residual value<\/strong>.<\/p>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div class=\"cat-card c\">\r\n <div class=\"cat-label\">Term 3<\/div>\r\n <div class=\"cat-title\">Useful Life<\/div>\r\n <p>The period over which the asset is expected to be used, OR the number of production units expected from it.<\/p>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"highlight-box\">\r\n <div class=\"hl-label\">💡 Grants linked to specific assets<\/div>\r\n <div class=\"hl-text\">Where a grant covers the whole \/ virtually the whole cost of a fixed asset, that asset is shown in the Balance Sheet at a <strong>nominal value<\/strong>. Alternatively, grants for depreciable assets may be treated as <em>deferred income<\/em> recognised over the asset's useful life (in step with depreciation). Grants for <strong>non-depreciable assets<\/strong> are credited to <strong>Capital Reserve<\/strong> unless pre-conditions remain to be fulfilled.<\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"ch6-s910\">\r\n <span class=\"section-badge purple\">§3<\/span>\r\n <h3>Schedules 9 & 10 \u2014 Investments<\/h3>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <p>Two parallel schedules with identical structure \u2014 the difference is the <em>source<\/em> of the money: <strong>Schedule 9<\/strong> covers investments made out of Earmarked\/Endowment Funds; <strong>Schedule 10<\/strong> covers all other investments. Both classify into Government Securities, Other Approved Securities, Shares, Debentures & Bonds, Subsidiaries\/Joint Ventures, and Others.<\/p>\r\n\r\n <table class=\"compare-table\">\r\n <thead><tr><th>Concept<\/th><th>Treatment<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>\r\n <tbody>\r\n <tr><td class=\"label-cell\">Current investment<\/td><td>Readily realisable, held <strong>not more than one year<\/strong> \u2014 valued at <em>lower of cost or fair value<\/em> (shortfall provided, appreciation ignored).<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td class=\"label-cell\">Long-term investment<\/td><td>Held for capital appreciation\/yield \u2014 carried at <strong>cost<\/strong>, reduced only for a decline that is <em>other than temporary<\/em>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td class=\"label-cell\">Subsidiary test<\/td><td>An entity is a \"subsidiary\" if > <strong>25%<\/strong> of its corpus is held, or if control over its management\/governing body exists.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td class=\"label-cell\">Premium on permanent investment<\/td><td>Amortised on a time-proportion basis up to maturity; <strong>discount is not amortised<\/strong>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <\/tbody>\r\n <\/table>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"ch6-s11\">\r\n <span class=\"section-badge gold\">§4<\/span>\r\n <h3>Schedule 11 \u2014 Current Assets, Loans, Advances etc.<\/h3>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"cat-grid\">\r\n <div class=\"cat-card a\">\r\n <div class=\"cat-label\">Part A<\/div>\r\n <div class=\"cat-title\">Current Assets<\/div>\r\n <p>Inventories (stores, loose tools, stock-in-trade); Sundry Debtors (split into <em>over six months<\/em> vs others); Cash in hand (incl. cheques\/imprest); Bank Balances (scheduled \/ non-scheduled \u2014 current, deposit, savings); Post Office Savings. Doubtful debts shown separately, with provision deducted.<\/p>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div class=\"cat-card b\">\r\n <div class=\"cat-label\">Part B<\/div>\r\n <div class=\"cat-title\">Loans, Advances & Other Assets<\/div>\r\n <p>Loans (staff, similar entities, others); Advances recoverable in cash\/kind (capital account, prepayments, others); Income Accrued (on earmarked-fund investments, other investments, loans, others); Claims Receivable. Only amounts considered <strong>good and recoverable<\/strong> are shown.<\/p>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"callout teal\">\r\n <div class=\"callout-label\">Two interest nuances<\/div>\r\n <p><strong>Staff-loan interest<\/strong> is accrued even though actual recovery of interest may begin only after the principal is repaid. <strong>Dividends<\/strong> are recognised based on the date of declaration. Income accrued but not realised is disclosed separately, and if realisation is uncertain it should not be recognised (or should be provided for).<\/p>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"recap\" id=\"ch6-recap\">\r\n <div class=\"recap-title\">⚡ Chapter 6 \u2014 Quick Recap<\/div>\r\n <table>\r\n <thead><tr><th>Schedule \/ Concept<\/th><th>Key Fact<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>\r\n <tbody>\r\n <tr><td>Sch 8 \u2014 Fixed Assets<\/td><td>Gross Block → Depreciation → Net Block; 11 categories + WIP<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td>Buildings include<\/td><td>Roads, bridges and culverts<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td>Small assets<\/td><td>₹5,000 or less may be fully provided<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td>Depreciable amount<\/td><td>Cost − residual value<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td>Asset fully grant-funded<\/td><td>Shown at nominal value (or grant as deferred income)<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td>Grant for non-depreciable asset<\/td><td>Credited to Capital Reserve<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td>Sch 9 vs Sch 10<\/td><td>Earmarked-fund investments vs other investments<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td>Current investment<\/td><td>Lower of cost or fair value; held ≤ 1 year<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td>Long-term investment<\/td><td>At cost; written down only for non-temporary decline<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td>Subsidiary threshold<\/td><td>> 25% of corpus held \/ control of management<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td>Sch 11 \u2014 Sundry Debtors<\/td><td>Split at the six-month mark<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <\/tbody>\r\n <\/table>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <\/section>\r\n\r\n \r\n <section class=\"chapter-pane\" id=\"pane-ch7\" data-chapter=\"7\">\r\n\r\n <div class=\"chapter-heading-block\" id=\"ch7-income\">\r\n <span class=\"chapter-badge\">CH 7 \u00b7 PART A<\/span>\r\n <h2>Income Schedules (12\u201319)<\/h2>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"def-card\">\r\n <div class=\"def-label\">What this chapter does<\/div>\r\n <div class=\"def-text\">\r\n Schedules 12\u201323 unpack the Income & Expenditure Account. Income flows through Schedules 12\u201319; expenditure through 20\u201323; and the two illustrative disclosure schedules \u2014 24 (Significant Accounting Policies) and 25 (Contingent Liabilities & Notes) \u2014 handle off-balance-sheet matters.\r\n <\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <table class=\"compare-table\">\r\n <thead><tr><th>Sch<\/th><th>Income head<\/th><th>Key note<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>\r\n <tbody>\r\n <tr><td class=\"label-cell\">12<\/td><td><strong>Sales \/ Services<\/strong><\/td><td>Sale of finished goods, raw material, scrap; labour, consultancy, agency, maintenance. The home for a body whose <em>major<\/em> activity is consultancy, seminars or publishing.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td class=\"label-cell\">13<\/td><td><strong>Grants \/ Subsidies<\/strong><\/td><td>Irrevocable grants \u2014 covered in detail below.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td class=\"label-cell\">14<\/td><td><strong>Fees \/ Subscriptions<\/strong><\/td><td>Entrance, annual, seminar, consultancy fees. If a fee is <em>capital<\/em> in nature, it goes to the Corpus Fund instead.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td class=\"label-cell\">15<\/td><td><strong>Income from Investments<\/strong><\/td><td>Interest, dividends, rents. Income on earmarked-fund investments is transferred to the Funds via Schedule 3.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td class=\"label-cell\">16<\/td><td><strong>Royalty, Publication etc.<\/strong><\/td><td>Gross receipts here; related expenditure goes to Sch 21.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td class=\"label-cell\">17<\/td><td><strong>Interest Earned<\/strong><\/td><td>On term deposits, savings, loans, debtors. Shown gross; TDS stated separately.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td class=\"label-cell\">18<\/td><td><strong>Other Income<\/strong><\/td><td>Profit on sale of assets (owned vs grant-funded), export incentives realised, misc services.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td class=\"label-cell\">19<\/td><td><strong>Increase\/(Decrease) in Stock<\/strong><\/td><td>Closing stock of finished goods & WIP less opening stock \u2014 valuation policy disclosed.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <\/tbody>\r\n <\/table>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"ch7-grants\">\r\n <span class=\"section-badge teal\">§1<\/span>\r\n <h3>Schedule 13 \u2014 Grants \/ Subsidies (Irrevocable)<\/h3>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"highlight-box\">\r\n <div class=\"hl-label\">💰 The gross-receipt rule<\/div>\r\n <div class=\"hl-text\">Schedule 13 records grants, subsidies or similar assistance received on an <strong>irrevocable basis<\/strong> (or to cover prior-period expenditure) \u2014 without conditions attached, and of the nature of non-refundable amounts appropriated to income. <strong>Gross receipts<\/strong> are shown against each source.<\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <ul class=\"icon-list\">\r\n <li><span class=\"ico\">🏛️<\/span><span><strong>Sources listed:<\/strong> Central Government \u00b7 State Government(s) \u00b7 Government Agencies \u00b7 Institutions\/Welfare Bodies \u00b7 International Organisations \u00b7 Others.<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"ico\">🔄<\/span><span><strong>Pass-through grants:<\/strong> Grants the body in turn gives to <em>other<\/em> institutions on an irrevocable basis are shown as <strong>expenditure in Schedule 22<\/strong> \u2014 not netted off here.<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"ico\">⚠️<\/span><span><strong>Conditional grants differ:<\/strong> Grants tied to specific purposes \/ conditions belong in the Earmarked Funds (Schedule 3), not here.<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"chapter-heading-block\" id=\"ch7-exp\">\r\n <span class=\"chapter-badge\">CH 7 \u00b7 PART B<\/span>\r\n <h2>Expenditure Schedules (20\u201323)<\/h2>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"cat-grid\">\r\n <div class=\"cat-card a\">\r\n <div class=\"cat-label\">Schedule 20<\/div>\r\n <div class=\"cat-title\">Establishment Expenses<\/div>\r\n <p>Salaries & wages; allowances & bonus; contribution to Provident Fund and other funds; staff welfare; <strong>employees' retirement & terminal benefits<\/strong>; others.<\/p>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div class=\"cat-card b\">\r\n <div class=\"cat-label\">Schedule 21<\/div>\r\n <div class=\"cat-title\">Other Administrative Expenses<\/div>\r\n <p>The big catch-all: purchases, power, water, insurance, repairs, rent\/rates\/taxes, vehicle running, postage\/telephone, printing, travel, seminars, auditors' remuneration, professional charges, bad-debt provision, advertisement, etc.<\/p>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div class=\"cat-card c\">\r\n <div class=\"cat-label\">Schedule 22<\/div>\r\n <div class=\"cat-title\">Expenditure on Grants, Subsidies<\/div>\r\n <p>Grants and subsidies the entity <em>gives out<\/em> to other institutions. Names, activities and amounts of recipient entities must be disclosed.<\/p>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div class=\"cat-card d\">\r\n <div class=\"cat-label\">Schedule 23<\/div>\r\n <div class=\"cat-title\">Interest<\/div>\r\n <p>Interest on fixed loans, on other loans (incl. bank charges), and others.<\/p>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <p>Depreciation is the fifth expenditure line on the face of the I&E Account, taken directly as the net total from Schedule 8 rather than a separate numbered schedule.<\/p>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"ch7-2425\">\r\n <span class=\"section-badge purple\">§2<\/span>\r\n <h3>Schedules 24 & 25 \u2014 The Disclosure Pair<\/h3>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"schedule-banner\">\r\n <span class=\"schedule-stamp\">Schedule 24 \u2014 Illustrative<\/span>\r\n <h4>Significant Accounting Policies<\/h4>\r\n <p style=\"color:#4a3500; text-align:justify; margin:0;\">An illustrative statement covering: accounting convention (historical cost + accrual); inventory valuation (weighted-average cost; finished goods at lower of cost and NRV); investments (long-term at cost, current at lower of cost\/fair value); excise duty; fixed assets (at acquisition cost incl. freight & duties); <strong>depreciation by straight-line method at Income-tax Act 1961 rates<\/strong> (pro-rata for additions; assets ≤ ₹5,000 fully provided); miscellaneous expenditure written off over 5 years; government grants (capital-cost grants → Capital Reserve; specific-asset grants deducted from asset cost; grants accounted on realisation); foreign-currency transactions; lease; and retirement benefits (gratuity & leave encashment on actuarial valuation).<\/p>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"callout amber\">\r\n <div class=\"callout-label\">Schedule 25 \u2014 Contingent Liabilities & Notes on Accounts (Illustrative)<\/div>\r\n <p>Discloses claims not acknowledged as debts; bank guarantees, letters of credit, bills discounted; disputed income-tax \/ sales-tax \/ municipal-tax demands; capital commitments (contracts remaining to be executed, net of advances); lease obligations; a management statement on realisable value of current assets; the taxation position; and foreign-currency details (CIF imports, forex expenditure, FOB export earnings, auditors' remuneration break-up).<\/p>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"recap\" id=\"ch7-recap\">\r\n <div class=\"recap-title\">⚡ Chapter 7 \u2014 Quick Recap<\/div>\r\n <table>\r\n <thead><tr><th>Schedule<\/th><th>Key Fact<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>\r\n <tbody>\r\n <tr><td>Sch 12 \u2014 Sales\/Services<\/td><td>Home for major consultancy\/seminar\/publishing activity<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td>Sch 13 \u2014 Grants<\/td><td>Irrevocable, unconditional grants; shown gross<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td>Pass-through grants<\/td><td>Shown as expenditure in Sch 22<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td>Capital-nature fee<\/td><td>Goes to Corpus Fund, not Sch 14<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td>Earmarked-fund investment income<\/td><td>Transferred to Funds via Sch 3<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td>Interest earned<\/td><td>Gross; TDS stated separately (Sch 17)<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td>Sch 20 \u2014 Establishment<\/td><td>Salaries, PF, retirement & terminal benefits<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td>Sch 21 \u2014 Other Admin<\/td><td>Largest catch-all expenditure schedule<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td>Sch 22 \u2014 Grants given out<\/td><td>Disclose recipient names, activities, amounts<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td>Sch 24 \/ 25<\/td><td>Accounting Policies \/ Contingent Liabilities (both illustrative)<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <\/tbody>\r\n <\/table>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <\/section>\r\n\r\n \r\n <section class=\"chapter-pane\" id=\"pane-ch8\" data-chapter=\"8\">\r\n\r\n <div class=\"chapter-heading-block\" id=\"ch8-grants\">\r\n <span class=\"chapter-badge\">CH 8 \u00b7 PART A<\/span>\r\n <h2>Government Grants \u2014 The Three Treatments<\/h2>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"def-card\">\r\n <div class=\"def-label\">Why this deserves its own chapter<\/div>\r\n <div class=\"def-text\">\r\n Government assistance is the lifeblood of these bodies \u2014 and its accounting was the very reason for the report. The format prescribes <strong>three distinct treatments<\/strong> depending on what the grant is <em>for<\/em>. Getting this right is the heart of the whole exercise.\r\n <\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"cat-grid three\">\r\n <div class=\"cat-card a\">\r\n <div class=\"cat-label\">Treatment 1<\/div>\r\n <div class=\"cat-title\">Capital-cost grants → Capital Reserve<\/div>\r\n <p>Grants of the nature of a contribution towards the <strong>capital cost of setting up a project<\/strong> are treated as <strong>Capital Reserve<\/strong>.<\/p>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div class=\"cat-card b\">\r\n <div class=\"cat-label\">Treatment 2<\/div>\r\n <div class=\"cat-title\">Specific-asset grants → net off asset<\/div>\r\n <p>Grants for <strong>specific fixed assets acquired<\/strong> are shown as a <strong>deduction from the cost<\/strong> of the related asset (or the asset is shown at nominal value \/ the grant deferred over useful life).<\/p>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div class=\"cat-card c\">\r\n <div class=\"cat-label\">Treatment 3<\/div>\r\n <div class=\"cat-title\">General grants → income<\/div>\r\n <p>Irrevocable, unconditional grants for general purposes are <strong>appropriated to income<\/strong> (Schedule 13), generally <strong>accounted on a realisation basis<\/strong>.<\/p>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"callout teal\">\r\n <div class=\"callout-label\">And the fourth route \u2014 conditional grants<\/div>\r\n <p>Grants tied to <strong>specific earmarked purposes<\/strong> with stipulated terms go to <strong>Earmarked \/ Endowment Funds (Schedule 3)<\/strong> until utilised \u2014 neither income nor a simple capital reserve, but a tracked fund.<\/p>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"ch8-plan\">\r\n <span class=\"section-badge\">§1<\/span>\r\n <h3>Plan Funds & Socio-Economic Tracking<\/h3>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <ul class=\"icon-list\">\r\n <li><span class=\"ico\">📊<\/span><span><strong>Plan vs Non-Plan:<\/strong> Plan Funds received from Central\/State Governments are shown as a <em>separate, distinct category of Fund<\/em> in Schedule 3 \u2014 never mixed with other funds. This satisfies the demand for Plan\/Non-Plan break-up.<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"ico\">🎯<\/span><span><strong>Activity-wise view:<\/strong> The Committee's third term of reference \u2014 evaluating achievement of socio-economic objectives \u2014 is met by tracking income & expenditure for each activity\/project, anchored in the Earmarked Funds schedule.<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"ico\">📑<\/span><span><strong>Fixed assets per fund:<\/strong> Records of fixed assets acquired\/constructed should be kept for <em>each<\/em> earmarked fund; the annual statements disclose the accumulated cost of such assets per fund, unless they are absorbed into Schedule 8.<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"ch8-retire\">\r\n <span class=\"section-badge amber\">§2<\/span>\r\n <h3>Retirement Benefits & Foreign Currency<\/h3>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"cat-grid\">\r\n <div class=\"cat-card d\">\r\n <div class=\"cat-label\">Retirement benefits<\/div>\r\n <div class=\"cat-title\">Accrue on actuarial basis<\/div>\r\n <p>Gratuity (payable on death\/retirement) and accumulated leave-encashment liability are accrued on <strong>actuarial valuation<\/strong>, provided up to the year-end. Superannuation\/Pension likewise. This builds the demanded GPF\/gratuity\/pension provisions into the format.<\/p>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div class=\"cat-card b\">\r\n <div class=\"cat-label\">Foreign currency<\/div>\r\n <div class=\"cat-title\">Transaction-date rate<\/div>\r\n <p>Transactions are recorded at the rate on the transaction date. Year-end balances on current assets, forex loans and current liabilities are converted at the closing rate \u2014 the gain\/loss adjusts <strong>fixed-asset cost<\/strong> if the liability relates to fixed assets, otherwise goes to revenue.<\/p>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"section-heading-block\" id=\"ch8-flex\">\r\n <span class=\"section-badge purple\">§3<\/span>\r\n <h3>Flexibility & Special Entities<\/h3>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"highlight-box\">\r\n <div class=\"hl-label\">⭐ \"As near thereto as possible\"<\/div>\r\n <div class=\"hl-text\">To avoid rigidity, the Committee prescribed that the formats be adhered to <strong>subject to special features of specialised entities<\/strong> \u2014 statements may be prepared in the formats <em>\"or as near thereto as possible.\"<\/em> The format gives an overall structure, not a straitjacket: suitable additions and deletions within the basic structure are permitted, and there is no bar on giving additional information.<\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <ul class=\"icon-list\">\r\n <li><span class=\"ico\">🏫<\/span><span><strong>Large classes:<\/strong> For numerous, distinctive classes \u2014 Central Universities & other educational institutions, and District Rural Development Agencies \u2014 administrative Ministries may centrally prescribe additional information within the common format.<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"ico\">📝<\/span><span><strong>Tax method choice:<\/strong> A body may switch to the WDV depreciation method to meet the Income Tax Act, since the straight-line policy is only illustrative.<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li><span class=\"ico\">⚖️<\/span><span><strong>The end goal:<\/strong> uniformity, comparability and transparency \u2014 for the autonomous organisations and for the Government alike.<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"recap\" id=\"ch8-recap\">\r\n <div class=\"recap-title\">⚡ Chapter 8 \u2014 Quick Recap<\/div>\r\n <table>\r\n <thead><tr><th>Concept<\/th><th>Key Fact<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>\r\n <tbody>\r\n <tr><td>Capital-cost project grant<\/td><td>→ Capital Reserve<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td>Specific fixed-asset grant<\/td><td>→ Deduct from asset cost (or nominal value \/ deferred income)<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td>General irrevocable grant<\/td><td>→ Income (Sch 13), on realisation basis<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td>Conditional \/ earmarked grant<\/td><td>→ Earmarked Funds (Sch 3)<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td>Plan Funds<\/td><td>Distinct category in Sch 3 \u2014 never mixed<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td>Socio-economic tracking<\/td><td>Activity-wise via Earmarked Funds<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td>Gratuity \/ leave \/ pension<\/td><td>Accrued on actuarial basis<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td>Forex gain\/loss<\/td><td>Adjusts fixed-asset cost (if asset-related) else revenue<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td>Flexibility clause<\/td><td>Formats followed \"or as near thereto as possible\"<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <tr><td>Special classes<\/td><td>Universities & DRDAs \u2014 Ministry may add information<\/td><\/tr>\r\n <\/tbody>\r\n <\/table>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <\/section>\r\n\r\n <\/main>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<script>\r\n \/\/ \u2500\u2500 Chapter tab switching \u2500\u2500\r\n document.addEventListener('click', function (e) {\r\n const header = e.target.closest('.toc-chapter-header');\r\n if (header) {\r\n const chapterEl = header.parentElement;\r\n const chNum = chapterEl.getAttribute('data-chapter');\r\n switchChapter(chNum);\r\n setTimeout(function () {\r\n document.querySelectorAll('.toc-chapter').forEach(function (other) {\r\n if (other !== chapterEl) other.removeAttribute('open');\r\n });\r\n }, 0);\r\n return;\r\n }\r\n\r\n const subLink = e.target.closest('.toc-sub-list a');\r\n if (subLink) {\r\n const chapterEl = subLink.closest('.toc-chapter');\r\n const chNum = chapterEl.getAttribute('data-chapter');\r\n switchChapter(chNum);\r\n document.querySelectorAll('.toc-chapter').forEach(function (other) {\r\n if (other !== chapterEl) 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Committee of Experts Report Uniform Format 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